{ "builtAt": "2026-10-10", "applications": [ { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD20A/0283/EP", "received": "2026-05-27", "decided": "2026-07-21", "decision": "Grant Extension of Duration of Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Extension of permission", "operator": "Microsoft", "applicant": "Microsoft Operations Ireland Ltd.", "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "Demolition of existing single storey vacant house, garage and outhouse (total gross floor area (GFA) c.291.2sq.m) and removal of existing temporary construction car park; Construction of a single 1-4 storey Central Administration Building and 2 2-storey (with mezzanine) data centres (DUB14 & DUB15) all to be located west of data centres DUB9, DUB10, DUB12 & DUB13 within the MS campus; The Central Administration Building (c.6.03m to c.19.85m high) will comprise central office administration, with staff cafeteria, staff gym and reception (GFA c.3,520sq.m), with provision of PV panels on the roof", "lat": 53.32311915025674, "lng": -6.447931350625392, "gas": true, "battery": true, "generators": true, "substation": false, "renewable": true, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/70427", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD20A/0283/EP" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD20A/0309/EP", "received": "2026-04-27", "decided": "2026-06-16", "decision": "Grant Extension of Duration of Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Extension of permission", "operator": "Crag Digital", "applicant": "Crag Digital Limited", "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "3-4, Crag Avenue, Clondalkin Industrial Estate, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "Provision of 4 new information and communications technology (ICT) Facility buildings and associated development at the subject site, superseding elements of the extant planning permissions on site (Reg. Ref.: SD18A/0068 and Reg, Ref.: SD19A/0185). The application site is subject to an EPA Industrial Emissions Licence (Ref. No,: P1113-01) relating to the Energy Centre permitted on site, The single storey Energy Centre, gas pressure reduction station, and 110kV Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) substation permitted under Reg, Ref.: SD18AI0068 and Reg. Ref.: SD19AI0185 will be constructed as previo", "lat": 53.3302348403934, "lng": -6.3831476723593665, "gas": true, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/70226", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD20A/0309/EP" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD20A/0324/EP", "received": "2026-04-15", "decided": "2026-06-23", "decision": "Grant Extension of Duration of Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Extension of permission", "operator": "Data & Power Hub Services Limited", "applicant": "Data & Power Hub Services Limited", "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Within the townland of Milltown, located to the north of Peamount Road (R120), Newcastle, Co. Dublin", "description": "Demolition of existing two storey dwelling of 'Bulmer' and associated outbuildings and demolition of the existing single storey house of 'Little Acre' and its associated garage and other buildings; demolition of single storey stable building on the overall site; construction of 2 two storey Information Communication Technology (ICT) facilities each with three storey plant levels and associated ancillary development which will have a gross floor area of 30,518sq.m on an overall site of 8.2 hectares; 1 two storey ICT facility (building A) will be located to the south-east of the site and will ha", "lat": 53.32014772364013, "lng": -6.4663471486000965, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/70165", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD20A/0324/EP" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD20A/0295/EP", "received": "2026-04-02", "decided": "2026-05-26", "decision": "Grant Extension of Duration of Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Extension of permission", "operator": "CyrusOne", "applicant": "CyrusOne Irish Datacentres Holdings Ltd.", "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Townlands within Grange Castle South Business Park, Baldonnel, Dublin 22", "description": "Amendments and modifications to the permitted data centre development granted under Reg. Ref. SD18A/0134 - ABP Ref. ABP-302813-18 and the temporary substation permission granted under SD19A/0300 to include: Demolition of the two storey dwelling of Weston House; single storey dwelling and outbuildings/ stables of Weston Lodge; and the single storey dwelling and converted garage of Kent Cottage. Retention of sprinkler tank and pump house to the south-west of Building A Data Centre to replace 4 sprinkler tanks; Retention of 40kW(p) PV panels on the roof of Building A Data Centre; Retention of rev", "lat": 53.31605474419408, "lng": -6.4548005338514, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": true, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/70089", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD20A/0295/EP" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD25A/0301W", "received": "2026-03-12", "decided": "2026-04-08", "decision": "Grant Permission for Retention", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Echelon", "applicant": "Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited", "floorArea": 149, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "3-4, Crag Avenue, Clondalkin Industrial Estate, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "The development comprises the retention of the following amendments to the development permitted under Reg. Ref.: SD20A/0309, as amended by Reg. Ref.: SD22A/0093 and Reg. Ref.: SD23A/0158, which arose during the detailed design / construction stage of the project: Amendments at plant and roof level including the reconfiguration of plant and associated extracts, provision of a roof level package plantroom, provision of 2 no. backup landlord generators, reconfigured gantry associated with the 2 no. back-up landlord generators, and reconfiguration of solar PV panels; The provision of 2 no. pumpro", "lat": 53.329485140517434, "lng": -6.381255115184124, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": false, "renewable": true, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/69452", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD25A/0301W" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD25A/0257W", "received": "2026-01-27", "decided": "2026-02-23", "decision": "Grant Permission & Grant Retention", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Echelon", "applicant": "Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited", "floorArea": 86, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "3-4, Crag Avenue, Clondalkin Industrial Estate, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "Permission and retention permission is sought for the following development: Permission for an ancillary generator structure with a total height of c. 22m located between ICT Facility 2 and ICT Facility 3 including 13 no. double-stacked back-up generators with flues of c. 25m, fuel storage, transformers, and associated electrical equipment and plant. Permission for 13 no. ancillary generators within a fenced compound, with a total height of c. 8.1m located to the north of ICT Facility 3, including 13 no. back-up generators with flues of c. 25m, fuel storage tanks and fuel pump room building, t", "lat": 53.33190002250997, "lng": -6.383387293217897, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/69134", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD25A/0257W" }, { "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW26A/0021E", "received": "2026-01-20", "decided": "2026-03-13", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "South Dublin Routing 4 No.2 Limited", "applicant": "South Dublin Routing 4 No.2 Limited", "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": "PL-501133-DF-26", "appealDecision": "To Amend Condition(s)", "address": "Orion Business Park, North-West Business Park, Ballycoolin, D15XE2N", "description": "Construction of a data centre building with all associated site works", "lat": 53.408006282255705, "lng": -6.348382548173833, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/fingal/application-details/?ref=FW26A/0021E", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW26A/0021E" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "ED26/0001", "received": "2026-01-13", "decided": "2026-02-09", "decision": "Declared Exempt", "status": "exempt", "kind": "Exemption query", "operator": "Microsoft", "applicant": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "DUB07 DUB09 DUB13 and DUB14, Data Centres, Grange Castle Business Park", "description": "The proposed works consist of the erection of 6 No. platforms at the DUB07, DUB 09, DUB13, and DUB14 data centres at Grange Castle Business Park for the purpose of monitoring flue emissions.", "lat": 53.32109945294755, "lng": -6.4476691026968345, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/69623", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/ED26/0001" }, { "la": "WICKLOW", "ref": "2560806", "received": "2025-10-09", "decided": "2025-11-27", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Avoca River Park , Arklow , Co. Wicklow", "description": "The proposed development seeks permission to amend the development permitted under WCC Reg. Ref.: 23/72 and will consist of the following: \u2022 Reconfiguration of the internal layout of the 3-no. permitted ICT facility buildings to include ICT equipment rooms, mechanical rooms, switch rooms, electrical equipment rooms, office accommodation, storage and staff facilities at ground and first floor levels; \u2022 Amendments to the southern fa\u00e7ade on all ICT facility buildings to include alterations to fenestration, extension of permitted louvered fa\u00e7ade treatment, and associated alterations; \u2022 An increase", "lat": 52.811127673530656, "lng": -6.179177568303768, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/2560806/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/wicklow/2560806" }, { "la": "WICKLOW", "ref": "2560594", "received": "2025-08-01", "decided": "2026-04-24", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Site located at and to the east of Avoca River Park , Arklow , Co. Wicklow", "description": "\u2022 1 no. ICT facility building with a gross floor area (GFA) of c. 36,655 sq.m and a total parapet height of c.19.5m. \u2022 2 no. ICT facilities each with a GFA of c. 4,428 sq.m and a total parapet height of c. 10.5m. \u2022 Each of the ICT facilities will accommodate ICT equipment rooms, external mechanical equipment areas, electrical equipment rooms, network rooms, ancillary office space, storage and loading bays; \u2022 The construction of a solar farm development consisting of photovoltaic (PV) panel arrays covering an area of approximately c. 2.7 ha in the east of the site, on ground mounted steel frame", "lat": 52.80897766035527, "lng": -6.172959036427126, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": true, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/2560594/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/wicklow/2560594" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "ED25/0053", "received": "2025-07-09", "decided": "2025-08-05", "decision": "Declared Exempt", "status": "exempt", "kind": "Exemption query", "operator": "Microsoft", "applicant": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Unit 74, DB03 & DB04, Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Dublin 22, D22 A259", "description": "The erection of 3. no platforms at the DB03 and DB04 data centres for the purpose of monitoring flue emissions.", "lat": 53.3249415606302, "lng": -6.453723737363563, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/68566", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/ED25/0053" }, { "la": "WESTMEATH", "ref": "2560344", "received": "2025-07-08", "decided": "2026-06-02", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": "PL-501596-WH-26", "appealDecision": null, "address": "Gneevebane Oldtown Farthingstown Castlelost and Kiltotan and Collinstown , Rochfortbridge , County Westmeath", "description": "the development of a Data Centre Facility and Decentralised Energy Resource within an overall development boundary area of 243 hectares comprising: \r\n\u2022\t1 No. Security control building (floor area 23.5m2).\r\n\u2022\t6 No. new data buildings including administration blocks (each 228m x 62m x 18m high), 6 No. MV switch room buildings, within a secure campus having an area of 39 hectares, 1 No. fire water tank (Volume: 2000m3), pump house and proprietary modular water treatment plant.\r\n\u2022\t6 No. fuel cell towers (each 89m x 29m x 20m high), 2 No. chilled water tanks (Volume: 1000m3 each), pump house, ancil", "lat": 53.400595480161996, "lng": -7.317336408160767, "gas": true, "battery": true, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": true, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/WestmeathCC/AppFileRefDetails/2560344/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/westmeath/2560344" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD25A/0035W", "received": "2025-02-14", "decided": "2025-04-10", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Microsoft", "applicant": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Ltd.", "floorArea": 1384, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Lands at Castlebaggot, in the townland of Kilmactalway, Newcastle, Co. Dublin.", "description": "The development of a Regional Network Gateway (RNG) facility (supporting infrastructure for the MS data centres) comprising the following: \u2022 Construction of a single storey main building (RNG Building - c.1,124.3 sq.m) with air handling units (AHUs). \u2022 External plant/equipment yards including 3 no. diesel generators; sprinkler tank and pump house; electrical plant rooms, PV panels. \u2022 MV substation & Stormwater attenuation pond. \u2022 12 no. car parking spaces (2 of which are EV parking spaces and with 1 accessible parking space). Bike parking shelter and bin store. \u2022 New road access provided from ", "lat": 53.31282667699383, "lng": -6.45928724272229, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": true, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/67712", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD25A/0035W" }, { "la": "CORKCO", "ref": "25/4033", "received": "2025-01-17", "decided": "2025-03-12", "decision": "Unconditional Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Extension of permission", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Wallingstown Little Island Co. Cork", "description": "2 no. data centre buildings on a site formerly occupied by Mitsui Denman. The proposed development provides for the construction of 2 no. data centre buildings as stand alone units (to be built in phases) including ancillary offices with associated structures including a substation building, waste compound, telecoms cabinet (PoP Cabinet) new access off the R623 to provide for independent access, car park, external generator & transformer areas to the west of the proposed data centre and all ancillary works. The proposal will modify part of permission granted under 16/5011, for a data centre de", "lat": 51.89867207183026, "lng": -8.366998750215217, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/corkcoco/application-details/?ref=25/4033", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/corkco/25/4033" }, { "la": "LOUTH", "ref": "24226", "received": "2024-12-19", "decided": "2025-05-29", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Eir Telephone Exchange , Patrick Street , Drogheda Co Louth", "description": "Permission for a change of use of part of the building (2413sqm) from existing Telephone Exchange use to complementary information, communications and telecoms data centre use; Internal reconfiguration of the existing building to facilitate data storage floorspace and ancillary uses and associated alterations to the north, east, south and west elevations, including modifications to door and window positions and sizes, removal and relocation of openings, the incorporation of louvers on existing, enlarged and new openings and the repositioning of the loading bay ramp on eastern elevation; Provi", "lat": 53.71883679036948, "lng": -6.35483463556919, "gas": false, "battery": true, "generators": true, "substation": false, "renewable": true, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/LouthCC/AppFileRefDetails/24226/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/louth/24226" }, { "la": "MAYO", "ref": "2460708", "received": "2024-11-21", "decided": "2025-04-25", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": "ABP-322575-25", "appealDecision": null, "address": "Mullafarry and Tawnaghmore Upper , Killala , Co. Mayo", "description": "The construction of a single data centre building located to the north of the site, with an overall gross floor area of c. 29,076 sq.m across two levels and an overall maximum height of c. 22.764m at parapet level. The data centre building includes data halls and associated electrical and mechanical plant rooms (c. 23,908 sq.m), an administrative and staff services block (c. 5,052 sq.m) and circulation and stairs (c. 116 sq.m). 2 no. external terraces are proposed to the east of the building (c. 309 sq.m) and an external generator yard to the south of the building (c. 5,205 sq.m) accommodating", "lat": 54.1913628339683, "lng": -9.220731024142433, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": false, "renewable": true, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/MayoCC/AppFileRefDetails/2460708/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/mayo/2460708" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "ED24/0060", "received": "2024-10-30", "decided": "2024-11-26", "decision": "Declared Not Exempt", "status": "not exempt", "kind": "Exemption query", "operator": "Microsoft", "applicant": "Microsoft Operations Ireland Ltd", "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Microsoft DUB Campus, Grange Castle Business Park, Dublin 22", "description": "Implementation and use of 13 no. temporary replacement generators at the Dub15 Data Centre building within the Microsoft Campus to operate the data hall until the recently permitted Gas Network Ireland (GNI) Skid (SDCC Reg Ref. SD24A/0019) is constructed and operational.", "lat": 53.32148480267749, "lng": -6.451644447121585, "gas": true, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/67175", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/ED24/0060" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD24A/0201W", "received": "2024-08-21", "decided": "2024-10-15", "decision": "Refuse Permission", "status": "refused", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Echelon", "applicant": "Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited", "floorArea": 15855, "mw": null, "appeal": "ABP-321230-24", "appealDecision": null, "address": "3-4, Crag Avenue, Clondalkin Industrial Estate, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "Construction of an ICT facility building, revised internal road network and all associated site works. An EPA-Industrial Emissions Directive (IE) licence will be required to facilitate the operation of the proposed development.", "lat": 53.32928938853905, "lng": -6.38469075188372, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/66736", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD24A/0201W" }, { "la": "KILDARE", "ref": "2460787", "received": "2024-08-13", "decided": "2025-08-20", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": "323677-25", "appealDecision": null, "address": "Townlands of Halverstown , Jigginstown and Newhall , Naas", "description": "for a Data Centre and will comprise of: The demolition of 3 no. dwelling houses, associated garages and farm outbuildings / agricultural buildings (total floor area 1,591m2); The construction of 6 no. two storey data centre buildings, each with loading bays, external plant area including electrical and mechanical plant rooms, fuel compound, sprinkler tanks and associated ancillary development; Data centre building Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 will consist of: a data hall (24,756m2, overall height 19m), an administration block (2,505m2 overall height 15m) and include an external screened plant area of", "lat": 53.220159836138734, "lng": -6.706154942965943, "gas": true, "battery": true, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": true, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/KildareCC/AppFileRefDetails/2460787/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/kildare/2460787" }, { "la": "KILDARE", "ref": "2460740", "received": "2024-08-01", "decided": null, "decision": "N/A", "status": "pending", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Townlands of Halverstown Jigginstown and Newhall , Naas , County Kildare.", "description": "for a Data Centre and will comprise of: The demolition of 3 no. dwelling houses, associated garages and farm outbuildings / agricultural buildings (total floor area 1,591m2); The construction of 6 no. two storey data centre buildings, each with loading bays, external plant area including electrical and mechanical plant rooms, fuel compound, sprinkler tanks and associated ancillary development; Data centre building Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 will consist of: a data hall (24,756m2, overall height 19m), an administration block (2,505m2 overall height 15m) and include an external screened plant area of", "lat": 53.220159836138734, "lng": -6.706154942965943, "gas": true, "battery": true, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": true, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/KildareCC/AppFileRefDetails/2460740/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/kildare/2460740" }, { "la": "WICKLOW", "ref": "24306", "received": "2024-07-08", "decided": "2024-07-30", "decision": "REFUSED", "status": "refused", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Mountkennedy Demesne & Tinnapark Demesne , Co. Wicklow", "description": "Section 42(1) on PRR 10/2123 (access road from the south western roundabout of the Ballyronan interchange to the site entrance. The road continues northward for an additional c 0.3km terminating in a cul de sac formed by bollards at its junction with the laneway located at the northern site boundaries (total road length c 1.1km). The proposed road will include a two way cycle track and a footpath and will involve restoration / modification of the existing Demesne wall; closure of the existing left in / left out access to Mountkennedy House (protected structure) off the N.11. Access will be pro", "lat": 53.1069977042645, "lng": -6.112208956541352, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/24306/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/wicklow/24306" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD23A/0339", "received": "2024-07-01", "decided": "2024-07-29", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Ancillary works", "operator": "Grid Beyond Limited", "applicant": "Grid Beyond Limited", "floorArea": 324, "mw": null, "appeal": "ABP-320651-24", "appealDecision": "To Attach Condition(s)", "address": "Keppel Data Centre, Citywest Avenue, Citywest Business Campus, Dublin 24", "description": "Installation of energy storage units at an existing datacentre facility.", "lat": 53.291543929121445, "lng": -6.416469336707401, "gas": false, "battery": true, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/65336", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD23A/0339" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD24A/0166W", "received": "2024-07-01", "decided": "2024-08-23", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Microsoft", "applicant": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Ltd", "floorArea": 1537, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Profile Park, New Nangor Road (R134), Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "The development will consist of the development of a Regional Network Gateway (RNG) facility (supporting infrastructure for the MS data centres) comprising the following: Demolition of existing, temporary, single storey showroom. Construction of a single storey main building (RNG Building - c.1,297.7 sq.m) with air handling units (AHUs). External plant/equipment yards including 3 no. diesel generators; sprinkler tank and pump house; electrical plant rooms, PV panels. Replacement of existing estate road access with new main access and secondary/emergency access. MV substation (with separate est", "lat": 53.31503545780758, "lng": -6.440485005436473, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": true, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/66443", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD24A/0166W" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD24A/0164W", "received": "2024-06-28", "decided": "2024-08-22", "decision": "Refuse Permission", "status": "refused", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Google", "applicant": "Google Ireland Limited", "floorArea": 38115, "mw": null, "appeal": "ABP-320852-24", "appealDecision": null, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park South and Profile Park,, Baldonnell, Dublin, D22 X602", "description": "Ten-year planning permission is sought for the expansion of existing Google Ireland Limited operations operations including the development of a data storage facility and all associated works. Environmental Impact Assessment Report (EIAR) was submitted with the application.", "lat": 53.31310039081883, "lng": -6.448766773665036, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/66435", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD24A/0164W" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD24A/0162W", "received": "2024-06-24", "decided": "2024-08-19", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Vantage", "applicant": "Vantage Data Centers DUB11 Ltd.", "floorArea": 71, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Lands south of the New Nangor Road (R134), Profile Park, Dublin 22", "description": "We, Vantage Data Centers DUB11 Ltd. are applying for permission for development at this site on lands to the south of the New Nangor Road (R134), Dublin 22; and on land within the townland of Ballybane within Profile Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22. The development will consist of an amendment and modification of the permitted Gas Networks Ireland (GNI compound that was granted as part of, and under SDCC Planning Ref. SD21A/0241 that will include: - Replacement of the permitted vehicular access to the GNI compound from within the data centre campus to being directly off Legacy Drive that will incl", "lat": 53.31560392015991, "lng": -6.446268976159082, "gas": true, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/66408", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD24A/0162W" }, { "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW24A/0246E", "received": "2024-06-11", "decided": "2024-07-24", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "South Dublin Routing 4 No.2 Limited", "applicant": "South Dublin Routing 4 No.2 Limited", "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Orion Business Park, Ballycoolin, Dublin 15, D15 XE2N", "description": "The application for planning permission consists of modifications to permission Ref. FW17A/0167 (for demolition of existing warehouse and construction of 3 no. data centres and associated works) and p", "lat": 53.4072520564205, "lng": -6.349266641089428, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/fingal/application-details/?ref=FW24A/0246E", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW24A/0246E" }, { "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW24A/0239E", "received": "2024-06-04", "decided": "2024-06-06", "decision": "Invalid Application", "status": "refused", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "South Dublin Routing 4 No.2 Limited", "applicant": "South Dublin Routing 4 No.2 Limited", "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Orion Business Park, Ballycoolin, Dublin15, D15 XE2N", "description": "The application for planning permission consists of modifications to permission Ref. FW17A/0167 (for demolition of existing warehouse and construction of 3 no. data centres and associated works) and p", "lat": 53.407262001483495, "lng": -6.349239527519562, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/fingal/application-details/?ref=FW24A/0239E", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW24A/0239E" }, { "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW24A/0214E", "received": "2024-05-17", "decided": "2024-07-02", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "status": "granted", "kind": "Ancillary works", "operator": "Grid Beyond Limited", "applicant": "Grid Beyond Limited", "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Keppel Data Centre, 4 Ballycoolin Rd, Ballycoolin, Dublin 15, D15 AKK1", "description": "We, Grid Beyond Limited, intend to apply for Permission for development at this site address: Keppel Data Centre, 4 Ballycoolin Rd, Ballycoolin, Dublin 15, D15AKK1. The development will consist of the", "lat": 53.405883133579316, "lng": -6.36235487104827, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/fingal/application-details/?ref=FW24A/0214E", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW24A/0214E" }, { "la": "WICKLOW", "ref": "2488", "received": "2024-02-27", "decided": "2024-07-17", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Site located to the north and northeast of the existing Kish Business Park , Arklow , Co. Wicklow", "description": "alterations to the development permitted under Reg. Ref. 20/1088, as amended by Reg. Ref. 23/62, and will supersede the permitted information and communications technology (ICT) facility buildings permitted on site. In summary, the development comprises the replacement of the 3 no. part one and part two storey ICT facility buildings permitted on site, with 5 no. part two and part three storey ICT facility buildings with a reduced building footprint, along with an energy centre compound. The Battery Energy Storage System permitted under Reg. Ref. 23/62 and the substation and transmission line c", "lat": 52.77497549479077, "lng": -6.167986276266451, "gas": false, "battery": true, "generators": false, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/2488/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/wicklow/2488" }, { "la": "MEATH", "ref": "2460041", "received": "2024-01-22", "decided": "2024-03-08", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "4 Portan Clonee Co. Meath (D15 XR71) , Site Formerly Known as Merrycourt Kilbride Road Gunnocks Clonee Co. Meath (No Eircode) , \u00c1ras Mhuire Gunnocks Clonee Co. Meath (D15 K853) D15XR71", "description": "Runways Information Services Limited, intend to apply for Planning Permission for demolition works at three separate disused residential properties and associated former agricultural outbuildings located in the townlands of Portan and Gunnocks, Clonee, Co. Meath, and Retention of the 3-no. existing disused outbuildings at the rear of 4 Portan and change of use to ancillary storage facilities for grounds maintenance materials and apparatus associated with the applicants adjacent Data Centre Campus. The proposed works will consist of the demolition of disused residential properties and associate", "lat": 53.4213566907735, "lng": -6.437789134927683, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/MeathCC/AppFileRefDetails/2460041/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/meath/2460041" }, { "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW23A/0184", "received": "2023-11-07", "decided": "2023-11-29", "decision": "REFUSE PERMISSION", "status": "refused", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": "ABP-318790-24", "appealDecision": "Appeal Withdrawn", "address": "Plot 3, Old Corduff Road, Blanchardstown Corporate Park 2, Ballycoolin", "description": "To amend a previously permitted scheme (reg. ref. FW22A/0038). Change of use from a warehouse/logistics unit to a data centre and all associated site works.", "lat": 53.41515650367476, "lng": -6.360865782006929, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/fingal/application-details/?ref=FW23A/0184", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW23A/0184" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD18A/0134/EP2", "received": "2023-09-15", "decided": "2023-11-08", "decision": "Grant Extension of Duration of Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Extension of permission", "operator": "CyrusOne", "applicant": "CyrusOne Irish Datacentres Holdings Ltd.", "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "Demolition of the existing single storey house of 'Erganagh' and the construction of a two storey data centre and delivery bays with associated three storey office block and services that will have a gross floor area of 35,426sq.m on an overall site of 9.2 hectares. The two storey data centre facility and delivery bay (32,419sq.m) will be separated into two adjoined blocks over two floors with a single data hall on each floor of each data centre with service and technical space around each data hall (4 data halls overall) with a two storey delivery bay attached to the east of the data centre b", "lat": 53.316160308750355, "lng": -6.4548406654961825, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/64814", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD18A/0134/EP2" }, { "la": "MEATH", "ref": "23836", "received": "2023-08-25", "decided": "2023-10-18", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Lands at Loughsallagh to the north of Clonee Village , Co. Meath", "description": "the proposed development will consist of a retention application for a building already in existence on the datacentre campus. The building was previously used as temporary substation to help power the campus during construction stage. The site area is circa 0.04 Ha. The building has since been decommissioned and the applicant is applying for retention permission to retain the building for storage of landscaping materials and maintenance equipment. The building is two tiered with different heights. The building measures approximately 12.5 metres in length and has a height of 2.9 metres on the ", "lat": 53.41558629630978, "lng": -6.446257355556734, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/MeathCC/AppFileRefDetails/23836/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/meath/23836" }, { "la": "MEATH", "ref": "2360219", "received": "2023-08-16", "decided": null, "decision": "N/A", "status": "pending", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Lands at Loughsallagh to the north of Clonee Village , Clonee , Co. Meath", "description": "the proposed development will consist of a retention application for a building already in existence on the datacentre campus. The building was previously used as a temporary substation to help power the campus during construction stage. The site are is circa 0.04Ha. The building has since been decommissioned and the applicant is applying for retention permission to retain the building for storage of landscaping materials and maintenance equipment. The building is two tiered with different heights. The building measures approximately 12.5 metres in length and has a height of 2.9 metres on the ", "lat": 53.415584819530274, "lng": -6.4462636585128665, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/MeathCC/AppFileRefDetails/2360219/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/meath/2360219" }, { "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW22A/0308", "received": "2023-08-03", "decided": "2023-09-18", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": "ABP-318180-23", "appealDecision": "Grant Permission", "address": "Cruiserath Road, Dublin 15.", "description": "Construction of data centre and associated site works. An Environmental Impact Assessment Report (EIAR) has been submitted to the planning authority with the planning application.", "lat": 53.41633183960043, "lng": -6.381038386420706, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/fingal/application-details/?ref=FW22A/0308", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW22A/0308" }, { "la": "KILDARE", "ref": "2360047", "received": "2023-07-18", "decided": "2023-09-07", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": "ABP-318151-23", "appealDecision": "CONDITIONAL", "address": "Kildare Innovation Campus (KIC) , Barnhall Meadows , Leixlip", "description": "will consist of Demolition of existing Buildings No\u2019s 7, 8 and 9 (total gfa c. 84,838sqm). - Existing Buildings No\u2019s 1 \u2013 6 will be retained for deep tech and innovation related uses (total gfa c.42,862sqm) - Construction of 2 no. new deep tech buildings and 4 no. new data centre buildings, all including ancillary office spaces. The deep tech buildings will have an overall maximum height of c.16m and vary in size from30,945sqm \u2013 41,190sqm with a combined total gfa of c. 72,135 sqm. The data centres will be c.15 m in height to parapet and c.16.5m in height to top of roof plant screening. The dat", "lat": 53.35475087407287, "lng": -6.514765075283624, "gas": true, "battery": true, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": true, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/KildareCC/AppFileRefDetails/2360047/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/kildare/2360047" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD18A/0134/EP", "received": "2023-07-14", "decided": "2023-09-07", "decision": "Refuse Ext. of Duration of Permission", "status": "refused", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "CyrusOne", "applicant": "CyrusOne Irish Datacentres Holdings Ltd.", "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "Demolition of the existing single storey house of 'Erganagh' and the construction of a two storey data centre and delivery bays with associated three storey office block and services that will have a gross floor area of 35,426sq.m on an overall site of 9.2 hectares. The two storey data centre facility and delivery bay (32,419sq.m) will be separated into two adjoined blocks over two floors with a single data hall on each floor of each data centre with service and technical space around each data hall (4 data halls overall) with a two storey delivery bay attached to the east of the data centre b", "lat": 53.31616030876107, "lng": -6.454840665527042, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/64550", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD18A/0134/EP" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD23A/0151", "received": "2023-07-05", "decided": "2023-08-25", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "applicant": "EdgeConneX Ireland Limited", "floorArea": 4065, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Site within the townland of Ballymakaily, West of Newcastle Road (R120), Lucan, Co. Dublin", "description": "Permission for development at this site within the townland of Ballymakaily to the west of the Newcastle Road, Lucan, Co. Dublin. The development will consist of amendments to the permitted development as granted under SDCC Planning Ref. SD19A/0042 that will include: - Reduction in the number of back-up generators, flues and other related plant from 32 to 24 within the permitted generator compound located to the west of the data centre granted under SDCC Planning Ref. SD19A/0042; and - Repositioning of the 24 no. back-up generators, flues and other plant within the permitted generator compound", "lat": 53.326313188675876, "lng": -6.460424245019306, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/64447", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD23A/0151" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD22A/0156", "received": "2023-06-14", "decided": "2023-08-08", "decision": "Refuse Permission", "status": "refused", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Equinix", "applicant": "Equinix (Ireland) Ltd", "floorArea": 9795, "mw": null, "appeal": "ABP-317936-23", "appealDecision": "Refuse Permission", "address": "Plot 100, Profile Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "10 year permission for modifications to permitted data centre granted under planning register reference number SD21A/0186 consisting of reconfiguration and alterations to data centre building, on a site bounded to the east and south by Grange Castle Golf Club, to the north by Nangor Road (R134) and to the west by an estate road known as Falcon Avenue. The application is accompanied by a Natura Impact Statement.", "lat": 53.31718485072864, "lng": -6.438953292256611, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/62502", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD22A/0156" }, { "la": "CORKCO", "ref": "23/5131", "received": "2023-06-02", "decided": "2023-10-28", "decision": "UNCONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "Extension of permission", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Wallingstown Little Island Co.Cork", "description": "1 no. data centre building with ancillary offices, car parking, waste compound, generators, landscaping, lighting, provision of an access off the R623, the provision of back-up accesses connecting the proposal to the data centre development permitted under 17/5895 and associated boundary alterations and all ancillary site works. The proposal will modify part of an existing consent, 16/5011 for data centre development, modifying that part and also superseding an existing consent for office development under 07/12475. Extension of Duration to Permission granted under Planning Ref. No. 17/6980.", "lat": 51.898410197113556, "lng": -8.370441303438144, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/corkcoco/application-details/?ref=23/5131", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/corkco/23/5131" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD22A/0333", "received": "2023-05-26", "decided": "2023-07-20", "decision": "Refuse Permission", "status": "refused", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "applicant": "EdgeConneX Ireland Limited", "floorArea": 15274, "mw": null, "appeal": "ABP-317802-23", "appealDecision": "Grant Permission", "address": "Site within the townland of Ballymakaily, West of Newcastle Road (R120), Lucan, Co. Dublin", "description": "Construction of 2 adjoined single storey data centres with associated site works. An Environmental Impact Assessment Report (EIAR) has been submitted with this application.", "lat": 53.32830197880144, "lng": -6.457735120893241, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/62959", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD22A/0333" }, { "la": "CORKCO", "ref": "23/5015", "received": "2023-05-18", "decided": "2023-09-04", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "The former Mitsui Denman site Wallingstown Little Island Co. Cork", "description": "The installation of 8 No. external diesel back-up generators, including 1 No. vent stack per generator; the construction of a single-storey 10/20kV ESB substation; and all ancillary works, including an additional yard area, relocation of a permitted internal road, construction of a new internal road, and an extended 6m panel fence, to the west of each of the 2 No. data centre buildings (under construction) (4 No. diesel back-up generators per building), permitted under application register reference 17/5895, as extended under application register reference 22/06358.", "lat": 51.898434116399706, "lng": -8.367706959362538, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/corkcoco/application-details/?ref=23/5015", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/corkco/23/5015" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD22A/0420", "received": "2023-04-04", "decided": "2023-05-29", "decision": "Refuse Permission", "status": "refused", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Vantage", "applicant": "Vantage Data Centers DUB11 Ltd.", "floorArea": 12893, "mw": null, "appeal": "ABP-317446-23", "appealDecision": "Refuse Permission", "address": "Site within the townlands of Ballybane & Kilbride, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "Demolition of structures, construction of a data centre and all associated works. Environmental Impact Assessment Report (EIAR) submitted with application.", "lat": 53.31724713304045, "lng": -6.441891529465913, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/63410", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD22A/0420" }, { "la": "WICKLOW", "ref": "2372", "received": "2023-01-27", "decided": "2023-06-14", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Site located at Avoca River Park , Arklow , Co. Wicklow", "description": "the proposed development occupies part of the site of (and will supersede) a previously permitted data centre development under Reg. Ref. 20/1285. The proposed development, for which a ten-year permission is sought, consists of the following: Demolition of the existing structures on site (industrial structures and outbuildings) and site clearance works; construction of 3 no. three storey information and communication technology (ICT) facility buildings, each with a gross floor area (GFA) of c. 16,206 sq.m (c. 48,618sq.m GFA in total), and with a parapet height of c. 19.5 metres; each of the 3 ", "lat": 52.811376074206265, "lng": -6.178774160016916, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/2372/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/wicklow/2372" }, { "la": "CLARE", "ref": "221062", "received": "2022-11-25", "decided": "2023-01-27", "decision": "REFUSED", "status": "refused", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Westpark Business Campus , Shannon , Co Clare", "description": "to extend the appropriate period of Planning Permission P17/583 for the further completion of construction of Westpark Business Campus with the construction of Block 6000, (immediately south of existing Block 7000), a mixed use, multi-storey block, similar to that granted under parent planning permission under Clare County Council PA Ref: P01-1066 and APB Ref: PL03.130244. Block 6000 will have a total gross internal area of 12,045 sqms with offices at upper floors 300-500 and data centre/light industrial / storage/ Research and Development uses at lower levels 100-200. The construction of an a", "lat": 52.70880290788079, "lng": -8.895119758089184, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/ClareCC/AppFileRefDetails/221062/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/clare/221062" }, { "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW22A/0257", "received": "2022-11-02", "decided": "2022-12-14", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "CGTD Limited", "applicant": "CGTD Limited", "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": "ABP-315599-22", "appealDecision": "Appeal Withdrawn", "address": "In the Townland of Bay, Corduff Road, Ballycoolin, Dublin 15", "description": "Modification of approved plans (reg. refs. FW21A/0077 and FW21A/0222) for the change of use of the revised warehouse/logistics building, including 2 storey ancillary office accommodation (in reg. ref. FW21A/0222) to an energy centre containing 12 generators with flues to power 2 data storage buildings. High acoustic louvre screen surround comprising a radiator farm with 12 radiators, 2 black start emergency generators and associated site works.", "lat": 53.42039528959544, "lng": -6.360210526211031, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/fingal/application-details/?ref=FW22A/0257", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW22A/0257" }, { "la": "CORKCO", "ref": "22/6358", "received": "2022-10-19", "decided": "2023-01-26", "decision": "UNCONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "Extension of permission", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Wallingstown Little island Co.Cork", "description": "2 no. data centre buildings on a site formerly occupied by Mitsui Denman. The proposed development provides for the construction of 2 no. data centre buildings as stand alone units (to be built in phases) including ancillary offices with associated structures including a substation building, waste compound, telecoms cabinet (PoP Cabinet) new access off the R623 to provide for independent access, car park, external generator & transformer areas to the west of the proposed data centre and all ancillary works. The proposal will modify part of permission granted under 16/5011, for a data centre de", "lat": 51.89867207183026, "lng": -8.366998750215217, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/corkcoco/application-details/?ref=22/6358", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/corkco/22/6358" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD22A/0311", "received": "2022-07-26", "decided": "2022-09-19", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "K2", "applicant": "K2 Strategic Infrastructure Ltd", "floorArea": 7582, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Site at Kingswood Drive and Kingswood Road within the Citywest Business Campus, Naas Road, Dublin 24", "description": "Amendments to the development permitted under Reg. Ref. SD18A/0301 comprising of alterations to the permitted two storey data centre building including internal reconfiguration, alterations to finished floor levels, alterations to the building footprint to provide for the relocation of an internal staircore to the south of the building, and the replacement of the enclosed first floor level with an open screened roof mounted plant space (resulting in a reduction of 4,091sq.m in the gross floor area (GFA) of the data centre building); Associated alterations to the facade of the data centre build", "lat": 53.293591736262485, "lng": -6.41360574239808, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/62857", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD22A/0311" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD21A/0217", "received": "2022-07-05", "decided": "2022-08-02", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": 34433, "mw": null, "appeal": "ABP-314461-22", "appealDecision": "Refuse Permission", "address": "Profile Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "10 year permission for development consisting of removal of waste water treatment system and the construction of 2 data centre buildings. Natura Impact Statement will be submitted to the planning authority with the application. A Natura Impact Statement (NIS) is submitted with this application.", "lat": 53.31274087593862, "lng": -6.441415733107566, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/61170", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD21A/0217" }, { "la": "DCC", "ref": "4377/22", "received": "2022-07-01", "decided": "2022-08-25", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "status": "granted", "kind": "Ancillary works", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Site at junction of St. John's Road West and Military Road, Kilmainham, Dublin 8", "description": "Permission for the continuation of temporary use, as previously granted under planning permission reference number 3295/10 and 3614/17 of the existing development at this site at the junction of St. John's Road West and Military Road, Kilmainham, Dublin 8 with access from Military Road. Kilmainham. The existing development consists of the installation of service plant items to facilitate the operations of the existing data centre. The service plant is currently housed in a number of cabins on a temporary basis. Planning permission is sought for a period of ten years. The existing service plant", "lat": 53.3452991720232, "lng": -6.295692388335906, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": null, "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/dcc/4377/22" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD22A/0093", "received": "2022-06-23", "decided": "2022-07-20", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Echelon", "applicant": "Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited", "floorArea": 53004, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "3-4, Crag Avenue, Clondalkin Industrial Estate, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "Amendments to the development permitted under Reg. Ref. SD20A/0309 comprising: alterations to permitted ICT Facility buildings 2 and 3, to include internal reconfiguration of the ICT equipment halls, associated electrical and mechanical plant rooms, loading bays, maintenance and storage space, office administration areas, and reconfiguration of screened plant; alterations to the external facades of permitted ICT Facility buildings 2 and 3 to include modification and reconfiguration of fenestration, louvers, loading bays, and access doors, along with an increase in height of 1.2 metres to main ", "lat": 53.33021549383682, "lng": -6.383146917801242, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/62166", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD22A/0093" }, { "la": "DCC", "ref": "4282/22", "received": "2022-06-22", "decided": "2022-06-27", "decision": "APPLICATION DECLARED INVA", "status": "pending", "kind": "Ancillary works", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Site at junction of St. John's Road West and Military Road, Kilmainham, Dublin 8, with access from Military Road", "description": "Permission for the continuation of temporary use, as previously granted under planning permission reference number 3295/10 of the existing development at this site junction of St. John's Road West and Military Road, Kilmainham, Dublin 8, with access from Military Road. The development consists of the installation of service plant items to facilitate the operations of the existing Data Centre. The service plant is currently housed in a number of cabins on a temporary basis. Planning permission is sought for a period of ten years. The existing service plant items and cabins are as follows : 2 no", "lat": 53.3452991720232, "lng": -6.295692388335906, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": null, "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/dcc/4282/22" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD22A/0148", "received": "2022-05-23", "decided": "2022-07-18", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Ancillary works", "operator": "Digital Realty", "applicant": "Interxion Ireland DAC", "floorArea": 55, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "1 screened bin compound to be relocated to the south-east corner of the site; 2 transformers within individual compounds and adjoining switch room (35.2sq.m) to be located to the east of the permitted data centre to replace screened transformer compound permitted to the south-east of the site; 1 new plantroom (19.8sq.m) and 1 water storage tank to be located to the west of the permitted data centre to replace previously approved fire suppression enclosure and new double gates to replace sliding gates at entrance into the permitted data centre site.", "lat": 53.32903159590781, "lng": -6.442822379129573, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/62453", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD22A/0148" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD21A/0346", "received": "2022-05-05", "decided": "2022-06-01", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Pfizer Ireland Pharmaceuticals", "applicant": "Pfizer Ireland Pharmaceuticals", "floorArea": 621, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, New Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "New external Freezer Plant Platform Structure; single storey MRO Stores building within the existing construction compound; external Data Centre unit to the south of the existing Manufacturing Suites Building; airlock extension & relocated external double emergency exit doors to the south of the existing Manufacturing Suites Building; Pallet Storage building adjacent to the existing Drum Store West building within the Utility Yard and boiler Water Chemical Dosing Unit within the CUB yard and all associated site works.", "lat": 53.32474728138861, "lng": -6.4336293820988155, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/61702", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD21A/0346" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD22A/0013", "received": "2022-03-24", "decided": "2022-04-20", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Ancillary works", "operator": "Energy Optimisation Solutions Limited", "applicant": "Energy Optimisation Solutions Limited", "floorArea": 108, "mw": null, "appeal": "ABP-313603-22", "appealDecision": "Grant Permission", "address": "4033, Citywest Avenue, Citywest Business Park, Dublin 24", "description": "The installation of an energy storage unit at an existing data centre facility. The development involves the placement of three ISO 40ft. shipping containers containing back up storage units at Keppel Data Centre.", "lat": 53.291548044333446, "lng": -6.416472551379038, "gas": false, "battery": true, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/61778", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD22A/0013" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD21A/0241", "received": "2022-03-21", "decided": "2022-05-16", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Vantage", "applicant": "Vantage Data Centers Dub 11 Ltd.", "floorArea": 40589, "mw": null, "appeal": "ABP-313787-22", "appealDecision": "Appeal Withdrawn", "address": "In the townlands of Ballybane & Kilbride within Profile Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "demolition of house and outbuildings and the construction of two Data Centres and ancillary buildings, plant, and site development works. A revised EAIR was submitted as part of the Additional Information response to the council.", "lat": 53.31672770648402, "lng": -6.444379226718394, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/61269", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD21A/0241" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD21A/0186", "received": "2022-02-25", "decided": "2022-03-24", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Equinix", "applicant": "Equinix (Ireland) Ltd.", "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Plot 100, Profile Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "Construction of a 3 storey (part 4 storey) data centre known as 'DB8' to include data halls, electrical/plant rooms including internal generators, offices, lobbies, ancillary staff areas including break rooms and toilets, stores, stair/lift cores throughout and photovoltaic panels at roof level; the total gross floor area excluding hot air plenums and external staircase is c.9,601sq.m and the overall height of the data centre ranges from c.16m to c.20m to roof parapet level and up to c.24.48m including roof top plant, flues and lift overrun; provision of 5 external generators, 8 fuel tanks and", "lat": 53.31718484789614, "lng": -6.438953289335689, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/61048", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD21A/0186" }, { "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW21A/0151", "received": "2022-02-24", "decided": "2022-04-20", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Huntstown Power Company Limited", "applicant": "Huntstown Power Company Limited", "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": "ABP-313583-22", "appealDecision": "Grant Permission", "address": "Lands adjacent to Huntstown Power Station, North Road, Finglas, Dublin", "description": "Demolition of 2 no. existing residential dwellings and construction of 2 no. data hall buildings. EIAR submitted with application", "lat": 53.410855866254444, "lng": -6.320520379983754, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/fingal/application-details/?ref=FW21A/0151", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW21A/0151" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD21A/0042", "received": "2021-12-14", "decided": "2022-01-19", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "applicant": "EdgeConneX Ireland Limited", "floorArea": 24624, "mw": null, "appeal": "ABP-312749-22", "appealDecision": "Appeal Withdrawn", "address": "Site within the townland of Ballymakaily, West of Newcastle Road (R120), Lucan, Co. Dublin", "description": "Demolition of abandoned house, shed and derelict farm building. Construction of 2 data centres and 3 gas powered generation plants. EIAR submitted to PA.", "lat": 53.327764760354974, "lng": -6.45972752680241, "gas": true, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/60282", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD21A/0042" }, { "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW21A/0046", "received": "2021-11-09", "decided": "2021-12-06", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "status": "granted", "kind": "Ancillary works", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": "ABP-312424-22", "appealDecision": "Grant Permission", "address": "Parslickstown, Navan Road, Mulhuddart, Dublin 15", "description": "Light industrial warehouse/data centre containing office space", "lat": 53.407592781683974, "lng": -6.415603862144119, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/fingal/application-details/?ref=FW21A/0046", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW21A/0046" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD21A/0288", "received": "2021-10-21", "decided": "2021-12-08", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Ancillary works", "operator": "Microsoft", "applicant": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "floorArea": 329, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Unit 75 (DUB12), Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "Erect 329sq.m or 67.34 KWp of photovoltaic panels on the roof of the building DUB12 in data centre; all associated site works.", "lat": 53.32077308837768, "lng": -6.445589364808402, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/61451", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD21A/0288" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD21A/0203", "received": "2021-10-13", "decided": "2021-11-10", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Microsoft", "applicant": "Microsoft Operations Ireland Ltd.", "floorArea": 57986, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "Modifications and minor additions to previously approved scheme (Planning Register Reference SD20A/0283) at this site of c.16.23ha (in total) comprising of the following changes to previously approved scheme SD20A/0283; Approved Central Administration Building (CAB), relocation of building to the east by approx. 7m; reconfiguration and setting out of building plans at all levels (including roof level) resulting in increase in building footprint of approximately 170sq.m (from 1,424sq.m to 1,594sq.m) associated changes to building elevations (design and finishes); approved single storey Cafeteri", "lat": 53.32149897187705, "lng": -6.452068836092626, "gas": true, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": false, "renewable": true, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/61113", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD21A/0203" }, { "la": "DCC", "ref": "3641/21", "received": "2021-10-06", "decided": "2022-07-13", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Site at Clonshaugh Business and Technology Park, Dublin 17. The subject site (with an area of c. 3.75 ha) comprises the site of former Units 15 and 16 (previously demolished) and the former Ricoh Building. The site is located, to the north of the Santry", "description": "Permission for development on a site at Clonshaugh Business and Technology Park, Dublin 17. The subject site (with an area of c. 3.75 ha) comprises the site of former Units 15 and 16 (previously demolished) and the former Ricoh Building. The site is located to the north of the Santry River and the R104 Oscar Traynor Road, to the west of Clonshaugh Road, and to the south and east of existing estate roads. The proposed development, for which a seven-year permission is sought, comprises the following: -Demolition of the existing former Ricoh building, and all other associated site clearance works", "lat": 53.39861900936003, "lng": -6.2176803190848835, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": true, "councilUrl": null, "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/dcc/3641/21" }, { "la": "DCC", "ref": "3640/21", "received": "2021-10-06", "decided": "2022-08-18", "decision": "WITHDRAWN ARTICLE 33 (NO", "status": "pending", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Unit B, Willsborough Industrial Estate, Clonshaugh Business and Technology Park, Dublin 17, D17 TH94", "description": "Planning permission for the development will consist of : 1) the change of use of the warehouse/storage space within the existing building to data storage use; 2) the construction of a 980 sq.m. two storey extension on the western elevation of the existing building for data storage use; 3) the installation of 16 no. condenser units and 2 no. air handling units on the roof of the extension; 4) the installation of 2 no. generator units in the north west corner of the site; 48 no. dry air cooler units on a steel frame with 4 no. transformer units beneath on the northern side of the building; 5) t", "lat": 53.40786491255868, "lng": -6.222704751397318, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": null, "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/dcc/3640/21" }, { "la": "DCC", "ref": "3600/21", "received": "2021-09-29", "decided": "2021-10-04", "decision": "APPLICATION DECLARED INVA", "status": "pending", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Unit B, Willsborough Industrial Estate, Clonshaugh Business and Technology Park, Dublin 17", "description": "The development will consist of: 1) the change of use of the warehouse/storage space within the existing building to data storage use; 2)the construction of a 980 sq. m. extension on the western elevation of the existing building for data storage use; 3) the installation of 16 no. condenser units and 2 no. air handling units on the roof of the extension; 4) the installation of 2 no. generator units in the north west corner of the site; 48 no. dry air cooler units on a steel frame with 4 no. transformer units beneath on the northern side of the building and: 5)the installation of a sliding gate", "lat": 53.40786491255868, "lng": -6.222704751397318, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": null, "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/dcc/3600/21" }, { "la": "WICKLOW", "ref": "211080", "received": "2021-08-31", "decided": "2022-05-13", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Avoca River Park , Arklow , Co. Wicklow", "description": "Full ten-year planning permission for development on this site located at Avoca River Park, Arklow, Co. Wicklow. The proposed development is to be located within the townlands of Shelton Abbey and Marsh. The site is bound to the west by the site of a permitted data storage facility development (permitted under Reg. Ref.: 201285), to the north by the access road to Avoca River Park, to the south by undeveloped lands and to the east by undeveloped lands beyond which is the M11 motorway. The proposed development consists of the following: \u2022All site clearance and enabling works required to facilit", "lat": 52.81081030913205, "lng": -6.1731161647000174, "gas": false, "battery": true, "generators": true, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/211080/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/wicklow/211080" }, { "la": "CLARE", "ref": "21757", "received": "2021-07-16", "decided": "2022-08-08", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": "ABP-314474-22", "appealDecision": "MODIFIED", "address": "Tooreen Cahernalough Knockanean , Ballymacahill Muckinish and Rosslevan , Tulla Road Ennis Co Clare", "description": "- a permission of 10 years in duration is sought. The application site has a total of c. 60 hectares with a nett area for development of c. 45 hectares, and is bound to the south by R352 (Tulla Road), to the east and the north by agriculture land, to the west by the M18. The development will consist of: the demolition of an existing single storey with pitched roof farm dwelling house together with 8 No. farm outbuildings on the overall site. The construction of 6 No. two storey data centre buildings with three storey plant/office levels and associated ancillary development that will have a com", "lat": 52.86364485961432, "lng": -8.92958630263318, "gas": true, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/ClareCC/AppFileRefDetails/21757/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/clare/21757" }, { "la": "GALWAYCO", "ref": "211047", "received": "2021-06-14", "decided": "2021-08-05", "decision": "UNCONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Palmerstown Toberroe & Derrydonnell ,", "description": "to construct the following: a 24,505sqm single storey data centre building, a 5232sqm single storey Logistics and Administration Building, a 289sqm single storey Maintenance Building, a 16sqm Security Hut and associated barriers, 2 number 48sqm Fibre Huts (max building eaves height = 10m), 18 external standby generators, all associated external plant, a 20kV Electricity Substation, contractor facilities, a main entrance including a new right turning lane, internal access roads and associated infrastructure, proprietary waste water treatment plants including percolation areas, mains water conne", "lat": 53.28945927785463, "lng": -8.826488915217782, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/GalwayCC/AppFileRefDetails/211047/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/galwayco/211047" }, { "la": "CORKCO", "ref": "21/5574", "received": "2021-06-04", "decided": "2022-06-03", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Hoffmann Park Inchera Little Island Co. Cork", "description": "Proposed change of use/alterations of an existing pharmaceutical facility building to a data centre including ground and first floor extension to the existing building. The proposed development will include demolition of an existing storage shed, connection to existing mains services and provision of ancillary plant/services including 3 no. chillers, 1 no. fuel storage tank, 3 no. generators, 1 no. medium voltage electrical substation, and 3 no. switch rooms, together with all associated site works.", "lat": 51.90035877910762, "lng": -8.383233990521175, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/corkcoco/application-details/?ref=21/5574", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/corkco/21/5574" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD21A/0127", "received": "2021-05-21", "decided": "2021-07-16", "decision": "Grant Permission for Retention", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "applicant": "EdgeConneX Ireland Limited", "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Newcastle Road, Lucan, Co Dublin", "description": "Retention of 1 standby diesel generator with an associated flue (15m high) within the permitted generator compound located to the east of the data centre granted under SDCC Reg. SD16A/0345 increasing the number of standby diesel generators from 5 to 6 within the permitted compound.", "lat": 53.32696995544479, "lng": -6.4534533354433945, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/60838", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD21A/0127" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD20A/0324", "received": "2021-05-19", "decided": "2021-06-15", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Data & Power Hub Services Ltd.", "applicant": "Data & Power Hub Services Ltd.", "floorArea": 30518, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Within the townland of Milltown, located to the north of Peamount Road (R120), Newcastle, Co. Dublin", "description": "Demolition of existing two storey dwelling of 'Bulmer' and associated outbuildings and demolition of the existing single storey house of 'Little Acre' and its associated garage and other buildings; demolition of single storey stable building on the overall site; construction of 2 two storey Information Communication Technology (ICT) facilities each with three storey plant levels and associated ancillary development which will have a gross floor area of 30,518sq.m on an overall site of 8.2 hectares; 1 two storey ICT facility (building A) will be located to the south-east of the site and will ha", "lat": 53.32014772148057, "lng": -6.466347152333243, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/59904", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD20A/0324" }, { "la": "CORKCO", "ref": "21/5226", "received": "2021-05-07", "decided": "2021-06-29", "decision": "UNCONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "Extension of permission", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Wallingstown Little Island Co. Cork", "description": "Data centre development on a site formerly occupied by Mitsui Denman. The proposed development provides for the construction of 3 no. data centre buildings as one development or in phases. The proposal will modify an existing consent for 3 no. office buildings and access infrastructure at the site consented under 07/12475, as extended under 15/5450, so that one permitted office building is omitted and the permitted access off the R623 is also omitted in favour of a priority junction at the R623 with the permitted remaining offices accessed off the proposed internal access road. The proposed de", "lat": 51.898500362096605, "lng": -8.367878808458935, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/corkcoco/application-details/?ref=21/5226", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/corkco/21/5226" }, { "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW21A/0073", "received": "2021-04-26", "decided": "2021-06-17", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Equinix", "applicant": "Equinix Ireland Limited", "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Site of C.3.34ha at the Former Clyde House, IDA Blanchardstown Busines", "description": "The development will consist of revisions to parent permission FCC Reg. Ref. FW20A/0087 to include the following: Alterations to plant areas at second/third floor level of the permitted DB5x data hall", "lat": 53.40497191805821, "lng": -6.370958372359881, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/fingal/application-details/?ref=FW21A/0073", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW21A/0073" }, { "la": "MEATH", "ref": "21663", "received": "2021-04-12", "decided": "2021-06-04", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": "ABP-310729-21", "appealDecision": "MODIFIED", "address": "Drogheda IDA Business & Technology Park , Donore Road , Drogheda Co Meath", "description": "the proposed development consists of the following: construction of a two storey (with mezzanine levels at both storeys) data storage facility building with a maximum overall height of c. 25 metres, containing data halls, associated electrical and mechanical Plant Rooms, a loading bay, maintenance and storage space, office administration areas, screened plant and solar panels at roof level, all within a building with a total gross floor area (FGA) of c. 28,566 sq.m. The proposed data storage facility building will be located to the north of the data storage facility building previously permitt", "lat": 53.70515964088085, "lng": -6.384397716131513, "gas": true, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": true, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/MeathCC/AppFileRefDetails/21663/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/meath/21663" }, { "la": "CORKCO", "ref": "21/4777", "received": "2021-03-29", "decided": null, "decision": null, "status": "pending", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Hoffmann Park Inchera Little Island Co. Cork", "description": "Proposed change of use and alterations/extension of an existing pharmaceutical facility building to a data centre. The proposed development will include demolition of an existing storage shed, provision of ancillary plant/services and boundary treatments with connection to existing mains services and all associated site works.", "lat": 51.90035877910762, "lng": -8.383233990521175, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/corkcoco/application-details/?ref=21/4777", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/corkco/21/4777" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD20A/0309", "received": "2021-02-24", "decided": "2021-03-23", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Crag Digital", "applicant": "Crag Digital Ltd.", "floorArea": 47714, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "3-4, Crag Avenue, Clondalkin Industrial Estate, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "Provision of 4 new information and communications technology (ICT) Facility buildings and associated development at the subject site, superseding elements of the extant planning permissions on site (Reg. Ref.: SD18A/0068 and Reg, Ref.: SD19A/0185). The application site is subject to an EPA Industrial Emissions Licence (Ref. No,: P1113-01) relating to the Energy Centre permitted on site, The single storey Energy Centre, gas pressure reduction station, and 110kV Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) substation permitted under Reg, Ref.: SD18AI0068 and Reg. Ref.: SD19AI0185 will be constructed as previo", "lat": 53.330234840150595, "lng": -6.383147672744703, "gas": true, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/59825", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD20A/0309" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD20A/0295", "received": "2021-02-17", "decided": "2021-03-16", "decision": "Grant Permission & Grant Retention", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "CyrusOne", "applicant": "CyrusOne Irish Datacentres Holdings Ltd.", "floorArea": 37, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Townlands within Grange Castle South Business Park, Baldonnel, Dublin 22", "description": "Amendments and modifications to the permitted data centre development granted under Reg. Ref. SD18A/0134 - ABP Ref. ABP-302813-18 and the temporary substation permission granted under SD19A/0300 to include: Demolition of the two storey dwelling of Weston House; single storey dwelling and outbuildings/ stables of Weston Lodge; and the single storey dwelling and converted garage of Kent Cottage. Retention of sprinkler tank and pump house to the south-west of Building A Data Centre to replace 4 sprinkler tanks; Retention of 40kW(p) PV panels on the roof of Building A Data Centre; Retention of rev", "lat": 53.31605474419411, "lng": -6.454800533851396, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": true, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/59762", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD20A/0295" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD20A/0283", "received": "2021-02-01", "decided": "2021-03-29", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Microsoft", "applicant": "Microsoft Operations Ireland Ltd.", "floorArea": 59766, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "Demolition of existing single storey vacant house, garage and outhouse (total gross floor area (GFA) c.291.2sq.m) and removal of existing temporary construction car park; Construction of a single 1-4 storey Central Administration Building and 2 2-storey (with mezzanine) data centres (DUB14 & DUB15) all to be located west of data centres DUB9, DUB10, DUB12 & DUB13 within the MS campus; The Central Administration Building (c.6.03m to c.19.85m high) will comprise central office administration, with staff cafeteria, staff gym and reception (GFA c.3,520sq.m), with provision of PV panels on the roof", "lat": 53.32311915025674, "lng": -6.447931350625392, "gas": true, "battery": true, "generators": true, "substation": false, "renewable": true, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/59672", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD20A/0283" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "ABP-309146-21", "received": "2021-01-21", "decided": "2021-07-19", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "CyrusOne", "applicant": "CyrusOne Irish Data Centres Ltd.", "floorArea": 1307, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Grange Castle South Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "The proposed development primarily comprises the provision of two 110kV transmission lines and a 110kV Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) substation compound along with associated and ancillary works and is described as follows: The proposed 110kV GIS Substation Compound is to be located on lands to the north-east of the two storey data centre facility and associated three storey office block that was permitted under SDCC Reg. Ref. SD18A/0134/An Bord Plean\u00e1la Ref. ABP-302813-18, and within an overall landholding bound to the north by the Grange Castle South Business Park access road; to the west b", "lat": 53.316211230315, "lng": -6.451723303235661, "gas": true, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/60160", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/ABP-309146-21" }, { "la": "WICKLOW", "ref": "201285", "received": "2020-12-15", "decided": "2021-02-16", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "Ancillary works", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": 1, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Avoca River Park , Shelton Abbey & Kilbride , Arklow", "description": "1. Demolition of existing ind building units totalling (C.2784.4m2) comprising of a c.7.1m high Overall Main Building (c.2460m2), a c.4.2m high Sub-station (c. 107.3m2), a c.3.6m high Guardhouse (c.106.2m2), a c.3.6m high East-Building (c.39.1m2), c.5m high Water Tank (c.56.8m2) &c.2.6m high Pump House Building (c.15.1m2), assoc works. 2. Dev of 3 no. Data Centre Buildings, ancillary offices & plant comprising of: Data Centre Building A, - a single storey Data Centre Building, with mezzanine 1st floor level offices (GFA c.10,564m2, building height c.13,658m & structures c.15,137m), made up of ", "lat": 52.81177000293454, "lng": -6.1782723837432725, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/201285/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/wicklow/201285" }, { "la": "WICKLOW", "ref": "201247", "received": "2020-12-08", "decided": null, "decision": "N/A", "status": "pending", "kind": "Ancillary works", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Avoca River Park , Shelton Abbey & Kilbride , Arklow", "description": "1. Demolition of existing ind building units totalling (C.2784.4m2) comprising of a c.7.1m high Overall Main Building (c.2460m2), a c.4.2m high Sub-station (c. 107.3m2), a c.3.6m high Guardhouse (c.106.2m2), a c.3.6m high East-Building (c.39.1m2), c.5m high Water Tank (c.56.8m2) &c.2.6m high Pump House Building (c.15.1m2), assoc works. 2. Dev of 3 no. Data Centre Buildings, ancillary offices & plant comprising of: Data Centre Building A, - a single storey Data Centre Building, with mezzanine 1st floor level offices (GFA c.10,564m2, building height c.13,658m & structures c.15,137m), made up of ", "lat": 52.81177000293454, "lng": -6.1782723837432725, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/201247/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/wicklow/201247" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD20A/0242", "received": "2020-12-01", "decided": "2021-01-06", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Crag Digital", "applicant": "Crag Digital Limited", "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "3-4, Crag Avenue, Clondalkin Industrial Estate, Clondalkin, Dublin 12", "description": "The provision of alternate entrance and access arrangements from Crag Avenue to serve the permitted data storage centre, energy centre and substation development permitted under Reg. Ref. SD18A/0068, as amended by Reg. Ref. SD19A/0185 including the provision of ducted services connections between the permitted substation on site (permitted under Reg. Ref. SD18A/0068 as amended by Reg. Ref. SD19A/0185) and existing services to the south of the Grand Canal. The proposed ducted services connections will exit the permitted substation compound and run southward, crossing beneath the Grand Canal by ", "lat": 53.328661802025465, "lng": -6.38504781790853, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/59403", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD20A/0242" }, { "la": "DCC", "ref": "3803/20", "received": "2020-11-25", "decided": "2021-07-08", "decision": null, "status": "pending", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Woodlands & Former Diamond Innovations Site, Clonshaugh Business & Technology Park, Dublin 17", "description": "The proposed development comprises: 1. 2 no. 2 storey data centre buildings (each 16,576 sqm), which are 16m in height at the main parapet level. Each building to include: Office administration area, data halls, associated electrical and mechanical plant rooms, a loading bay, maintenance and storage spaces, screened plant and solar panel array at roof level, with rainwater harvesting system to support industrial water requirements. 16 no. emergency generators with emission stacks along with a single emergency house supply generator, all contained in a fenced compound adjacent to each building.", "lat": 53.408182420884, "lng": -6.223500587650064, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": true, "councilUrl": null, "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/dcc/3803/20" }, { "la": "WICKLOW", "ref": "201088", "received": "2020-10-28", "decided": "2021-04-29", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "North & Northeast of Kish Business Park , Arklow , Co. Wicklow", "description": "proposed development, for which a ten-year permission is sought, consists of the following: Demolition of existing outbuildings on the subject site, along with all site clearance and enabling works; Construction of 3 no. part one storey, part two storey, information and communication technology (ICT) facility buildings, each with a gross floor area (GFA) of C. 22,210 sq. m (66,630 sq. m GAF in total), and with a height (to parapet level) of c. 10.4 metres; Each of the 3 no. ICT facility buildings will accommodate ICT equipment rooms, associated electrical and mechanical equipment rooms, loadin", "lat": 52.77497704170684, "lng": -6.167916275440486, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/201088/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/wicklow/201088" }, { "la": "DCC", "ref": "3577/20", "received": "2020-10-16", "decided": "2020-12-07", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Rear of Long Mile Works, Long Mile Road, Dublin 12", "description": "The development will consist of 1.) Change of use of part of the first floor from data hall to office space (884.6m2), 2.) 3 no. large new windows on both the North & West elevations at first floor level to match existing, 3.) Amendments to 3 no. existing fire exit doors on the North & South elevations at ground floor level, 4.) 2 no. new fire exit doors on the North & East elevations at ground floor level, 5.) All associated site works. Note no additional floor area is being created as part of this application.", "lat": 53.32478999554461, "lng": -6.335248626586732, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": true, "councilUrl": null, "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/dcc/3577/20" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD20A/0244", "received": "2020-09-24", "decided": "2020-11-18", "decision": "Grant Permission for Retention", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "CyrusOne", "applicant": "CyrusOne Irish Datacentres Holdings Ltd.", "floorArea": 248, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Grange Castle South Business Park, Baldonnel, Dublin 22", "description": "Retention of single storey client control room (248.5sq.m) associated with the planned future substation that will be located to the north-east of the permitted data centre development granted under Reg. Ref. SD18A/0134/ABP Ref. ABP-302813-18; the development will form an amendment and modification of the permission granted for a single storey transformer building (125sq.m) under Reg. Ref. SD18A/0134/ABP Ref. ABP-302813-18; no other changes to the permission granted under this decision are proposed under this application on a site within the townland of Aungierstown & Ballybane.", "lat": 53.315792881431996, "lng": -6.452688832309815, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/59421", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD20A/0244" }, { "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW20A/0087", "received": "2020-09-16", "decided": "2020-10-13", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Equinix", "applicant": "Equinix Ireland Limited", "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Former Clyde House, IDA Blanchardstown Business and Technology Park, S", "description": "Construction of 3 no. data hall buildings with ancillary offices, staff areas, front and back of house areas, entrance lobbies, toilets, storage, associated plant throughout, photovoltaic panels and s", "lat": 53.40497191751614, "lng": -6.370958372347076, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/fingal/application-details/?ref=FW20A/0087", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW20A/0087" }, { "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW19A/0232", "received": "2020-08-27", "decided": "2020-09-23", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Damastown Avenue, Damastown Industrial Park, Macetown Middle, Mulhudda", "description": "The construction of a Data Centre comprised of 4 no. buildings consisting of (a) Data Hall Building, (48,303 sq.m) 4 storey building with plant room over (b) Generator Building, (4,064 sq.m) 4 storey", "lat": 53.41581294945321, "lng": -6.4136440709916815, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/fingal/application-details/?ref=FW19A/0232", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW19A/0232" }, { "la": "DCC", "ref": "3200/20", "received": "2020-08-14", "decided": "2020-10-08", "decision": "GRANT RETENTION PERMISSIO", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Units 15/16 Clonshaugh Business & Technology Park, Clonshaugh, Dublin 17", "description": "RETENTION: Retention Permission for development at a site located at Units 15/16 Business & Technology Park, Clonshaugh, Dublin 17. The development comprises a modification to Permission DCC Ref. 2229/19 (currently under construction) granted for a 2 storey data centre, (with generator yard and all associated works). The development now provides a larger, single storey substation (increased in size from c.34.5 sq.m (as permitted) to c.68.4 sq.m) and located to the south-west of the data centre building as per the parent permission DCC Ref. 2229/19.", "lat": 53.398491776734815, "lng": -6.217935956384198, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": null, "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/dcc/3200/20" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD20A/0121", "received": "2020-07-16", "decided": "2020-07-29", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "UBC Properties LLC", "applicant": "UBC Properties LLC", "floorArea": 80269, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Townlands within Grange Castle South Business Park, Baldonnel, Dublin 22", "description": "Permission for a period of ten years for development at this site of 16.5 hectares that is located within lands in the Grange Castle South Business Park and includes the residential property of Ballybane, Old Nangor Road on land within the townlands of Milltown; Ballybane and; Aungierstown and Ballybane; and bounding Baldonnel Road to the west; both the Old and New Nangor Road to the north; and Grange Castle South Access Road to the South, Baldonnel, Dublin 22. The development will consist of the following: (1) The demolition of the existing two storey dwelling of Ballybane and associated farm", "lat": 53.318259700833636, "lng": -6.451988025857299, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": true, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/58726", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD20A/0121" }, { "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW19A/0076", "received": "2020-03-25", "decided": "2020-06-16", "decision": "REFUSE PERMISSION", "status": "refused", "kind": "Ancillary works", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Parslickstown, Navan Road, Mulhuddart, Dublin 15", "description": "The development will consist of a light industrial warehouse/data centre totalling 1800 sq.m, 370 sq.m of which will be office space, the provision for 20 car parking spaces, landscaping and all assoc", "lat": 53.4075962459084, "lng": -6.4156034296929985, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/fingal/application-details/?ref=FW19A/0076", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW19A/0076" }, { "la": "MEATH", "ref": "RA200214", "received": "2020-02-21", "decided": "2020-06-05", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Portan , Gunnocks To The North Of Clonee , Co. Meath", "description": "the proposed development will consist of an amendment to the existing approved Data Centre campus (Meath County Council ref: RA/150605 / An Bord Pleanala ref; PL17.245347) and associated boundary treatments application (Meath County Council ref: RA/180048) comprising the following elements: (a) Addition of grasscrete and 6 no. circa 8m high lighting poles for the provision of circa 54 no. overflow car parking spaces to the north of building CLN 3 for commissioning contractors; (b) Demolition of vacant properties at the following addresses (including removal of all services / utilities and sept", "lat": 53.419546154053805, "lng": -6.436832911975852, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/MeathCC/AppFileRefDetails/RA200214/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/meath/RA200214" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD20A/0031", "received": "2020-02-03", "decided": "2020-04-09", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Ancillary works", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "applicant": "EdgeConneX Ireland Limited", "floorArea": 2836, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Grange, Newcastle Road, Lucan, Co. Dublin", "description": "Relocation of the temporary gas powered generation plant for a further two years from lands to the rear of the Takeda Ireland complex to the east of the site; to lands to the immediate north-west within the Edgeconnex campus and to the immediate east of the data centre granted and built under Reg. Ref. SD17A/0141 and SD17A/0392; the relocated temporary gas powered generation plant will be enclosed within a walled yard of 2,836sq.m containing 12 generator units with associated flues (each 15m high) that was permitted for a period of three years on the 15th May 2017 under condition No. 4 of perm", "lat": 53.32893179982413, "lng": -6.453515477265167, "gas": true, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/58163", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD20A/0031" }, { "la": "MEATH", "ref": "LB191735", "received": "2019-12-19", "decided": "2020-02-06", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Drogheda IDA Business and Technology Park , Donore Road , Drogheda Co. Meath", "description": "alterations to existing road infrastructure within the site and clearance of the site (including removal of existing internal roadways and removal / diversion of services) to make way for the proposed development; Construction of a two storey (with mezzanine levels at both storeys) data storage facility building with a maximum overall height of c. 25 metres, containing data halls, associated electrical and AHU Plant Rooms, a loading bay, maintenance and storage space, office administration areas, screened plant and solar panels at roof level, all within a building with a total gross floor area", "lat": 53.70390107372246, "lng": -6.383121142844709, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": true, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/MeathCC/AppFileRefDetails/LB191735/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/meath/LB191735" }, { "la": "MEATH", "ref": "RA191560", "received": "2019-11-22", "decided": null, "decision": "N/A", "status": "pending", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Bracetown & Gunnocks , To the North Of Clonee , Co. Meath", "description": "the development being applied for consists of the following to be constructed in a minimum of four phases: The construction of 4 number 2 storey data storage buildings with a combined gross floor area of c. 92, 172 sq.m, associated single storey energy centre with a grass floor area of c. 8,906 sq.m with an ancillary 1 storey MV operations building with part basement with a gross floor area of c. 1,016 sq.m, EngineNode 2 storey offices with a gross floor area of 736 sq.m. The data Storage Campus shall comprise of the following uses: offices, canteen, computer and associated support areas, elec", "lat": 53.42844668544731, "lng": -6.454133207930112, "gas": true, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/MeathCC/AppFileRefDetails/RA191560/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/meath/RA191560" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD19A/0300", "received": "2019-09-24", "decided": "2019-11-18", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "CyrusOne", "applicant": "CyrusOne Irish Datacentres Holdings Ltd.", "floorArea": 27, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park South, Townland of Milltown and bounding the Grange Castle South Access Road to the North, Baldonnel, Dublin 22", "description": "Single storey ESB substation (27sq.m) that will be accessed from the north off the Grange Castle South Access Road via the Baldonnel Road and off the permitted internal road granted under Reg. Ref. SD18A/0134, An Bord Plean\u00e1la Ref. ABP-302813-18 to the south; the proposal will result in a minor and temporary amendment to the landscaping and fencing permitted under Reg. Ref. SD18A/0134, An Bord Plean\u00e1la Ref. ABP-302813-18 that granted permission for a two storey data centre and delivery bays with associated three storey office block and services within the overall lands; no other changes to the", "lat": 53.31659732787054, "lng": -6.452756556284114, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/57340", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD19A/0300" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD19A/0042", "received": "2019-08-29", "decided": "2019-10-23", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "applicant": "EdgeConnex Ireland Ltd.", "floorArea": 17685, "mw": null, "appeal": "ABP-305948-19", "appealDecision": "Grant Permission", "address": "Newcastle Road, Lucan, Co Dublin", "description": "Phased development of 4 single storey data halls all with associated plant at roof level, 32 standby generators, office and service areas, service road infrastructure, car parking, ESB substation/transformer yard, An EIAR was submitted with the application.", "lat": 53.32776412455799, "lng": -6.459726275377178, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/55820", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD19A/0042" }, { "la": "DCC", "ref": "3400/19", "received": "2019-07-02", "decided": "2019-08-26", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "status": "granted", "kind": "Ancillary works", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Clonshaugh Business and Technology Park, Dublin 17", "description": "Planning permission for development on a site of c. 0.025 hectares at Clonshaugh Business and Technology Park, Dublin 17. The site is located to the south of an existing data storage facility at the former Cahill Printers building (Building B). The proposed development comprises of a container compound for the purposes of providing ancillary modular plant, electronic equipment and machinery space. The development comprises 4 no. prefabricated metal containers (stacked to form 2 no. storeys), associated access arrangements and staircases, a boundary fence enclosure around the proposed developme", "lat": 53.40161081872004, "lng": -6.2203499986563955, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": null, "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/dcc/3400/19" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD12A/0002/EP", "received": "2019-06-14", "decided": "2019-08-07", "decision": "Refuse Ext. of Duration of Permission", "status": "refused", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Digital Realty", "applicant": "Digital Realty Trust", "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Profile Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "Revisions and alterations to the permitted development of a data processing facility under planning reference SD11A/0023 consisting of minor alterations to the four permitted data centre/warehouse structures, additional internal floor areas, alterations to sub-station structures and car park layout to be provided on a phased basis (it is proposed to extend the life of the planning permission to 7 years). The construction of the four data centre/warehouse buildings totals 23278 sq.m. (an increase of 2188sq.m.) and associated site works comprising the following areas: Two Type 'A' buildings each", "lat": 53.31302967426379, "lng": -6.442201445469733, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/56662", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD12A/0002/EP" }, { "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW19A/0089", "received": "2019-06-05", "decided": "2019-07-29", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "K2", "applicant": "K2 Strategic Infrastructure Ireland Ltd", "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Ballycoolin Business Park, Ballycoolin Road, Dublin 15", "description": "Demolition of two existing light industrial / commercial buildings and site clearance works (on a phased basis); Construction of two data storage facilities (both over two and three levels), to be", "lat": 53.40751619426644, "lng": -6.363173232045598, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/fingal/application-details/?ref=FW19A/0089", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW19A/0089" }, { "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW19A/0087", "received": "2019-05-29", "decided": "2019-07-23", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "MIK Developments LLC", "applicant": "MIK Developments LLC", "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Cruiserath Road, Dublin 15, within an overall landholding bound to the", "description": "\u2022 Construction of two data storage facilities with a maximum overall height of c. 22 metres; \u2022 Each of the two data storage facilities will accommodate data halls, associated electrical and mechanica", "lat": 53.415656050567584, "lng": -6.378820906020001, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/fingal/application-details/?ref=FW19A/0087", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW19A/0087" }, { "la": "KILDARE", "ref": "19164", "received": "2019-02-21", "decided": "2019-10-24", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": "305962-19", "appealDecision": "MODIFIED", "address": "Backweston Campus , Ballymadeer , Celbridge", "description": "the construction of 1 No. building described as follows: The building is c.5474sqm with an additional c.2826sqm in external plant area and is made up of three distinct parts. The central two storey block has a mono-pitch roof structure, the ridge height of which is c.15.15m and it accommodates the data halls and associated plant and equipment rooms. The front block has a flat roof structure with a parapet and is two storey with a parapet height of c.10.60m and it accommodates the entrance reception, offices, meeting room, associated support areas, tea station, w.c.\u2019s, stores, plant areas inclu", "lat": 53.339516598567556, "lng": -6.49757889277922, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/KildareCC/AppFileRefDetails/19164/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/kildare/19164" }, { "la": "DCC", "ref": "2229/19", "received": "2019-02-08", "decided": "2019-05-30", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": 9520, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Units 15/16, Clonshaugh Business & Technology Park, Clonshaugh, Dublin 17", "description": "Planning permission for development at a site of c.3.1ha comprising Units 15/16, Clonshaugh Business & Technology Park, Clonshaugh, Dublin 17. The development will comprise the following: Demolition of existing former industrial buildings (c.7,400 sq.m total GFA), associated plant and hard-standing. Construction of a 2 storey data centre including data halls, offices/admin, staff areas, storage/loading areas, circulation, UPS rooms, and roof plant (total floor area c.9,250 sq.m). Provision of a generator yard with 3 no. buildings (total floor area c.275 sq.m) housing 5 no. back-up generators. ", "lat": 53.398491776734815, "lng": -6.217935956384198, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": null, "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/dcc/2229/19" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD18A/0301", "received": "2018-11-23", "decided": "2018-12-18", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Citywest Ltd.", "applicant": "Citywest Ltd.", "floorArea": 11548, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Site at the junction of Kingswood Drive and Kingswood Road within Citywest Business Campus, Naas Road, Dublin 24", "description": "Construction of a 2 storey data centre (including associated office space) of 10,622sq.m, associated generators, sprinkler tank and sprinkler pump, and 10kV electricity substation. The proposed development also provides for associated plant at roof level, all associated site development works, landscaping, car parking, and 2 vehicular entrances off Kingswood Drive and Kingswood Road, all on a site area of 1.9ha.", "lat": 53.29359127729875, "lng": -6.413590733695339, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/54738", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD18A/0301" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD18A/0068", "received": "2018-10-23", "decided": "2018-12-17", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Crag Digital", "applicant": "Crag Digital Limited", "floorArea": 56560, "mw": null, "appeal": "ABP-303517-19", "appealDecision": "Appeal Withdrawn", "address": "3-4, Crag Avenue, Clondalkin Industrial Estate, Clondalkin, Dublin 22.", "description": "Construction of data centre and combined heat and power plant (Energy Centre) with ancillary operations building and associated site works.", "lat": 53.330215523729144, "lng": -6.383212687022351, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/53799", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD18A/0068" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD18A/0323", "received": "2018-09-12", "decided": "2018-11-02", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Digital Realty", "applicant": "Interxion Ireland DAC", "floorArea": 7380, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "Construction of a two storey data centre with three storey central service spine (7,246sq.m) with plant at roof level, that includes a reception area (274.4sq.m), shipping area (264.3sq.m) and three data halls (each 582.5sq.m - total 1,747.5sq.m) plus service spine and ancillary space at ground floor; storage (476sq.m) at mezzanine level above the shipping area; and office (560sq.m), three data halls (each 582.5sq.m - total 1,747.5sq.m) plus service spine and ancillary space at first floor level; and service spine at second floor level only. The new data centre will include plant at roof level", "lat": 53.32955220421858, "lng": -6.444183953862213, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/54855", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD18A/0323" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD18A/0298", "received": "2018-08-22", "decided": "2018-10-16", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "applicant": "EdgeConnex Ireland Limited", "floorArea": 6559, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Site within the townlands of Ballymakaily & The Grange, Newcastle Road, Lucan, Co. Dublin", "description": "Amendment and completion of the permissions granted under Reg. Ref. SD16A/0214, SD16A/0345, SD17A/0141 and SD17A/0392 as well as the construction of two new single storey data halls and associated office areas and plant, with a gross floor area of 5,823sq.m. 1 new single storey data hall (1,857sq.m) plus single storey offices (719sq.m) will be located to the immediate east of the data hall that was permitted and subsequently extended under Reg. Ref. SD17A/0141 and SD17A/0392. The new data hall will include plant at roof level; associated support services, 4 standby generators with associated f", "lat": 53.328523127217466, "lng": -6.453985031847036, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/54733", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD18A/0298" }, { "la": "WICKLOW", "ref": "18940", "received": "2018-08-20", "decided": "2019-02-15", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": "ABP-303938-19", "appealDecision": "CONDITIONAL", "address": "Avoca River Park , Shelton Abbey & Kilbride , Arklow", "description": "demolition of buildings & structures on site & construction of Data Storage Facility comprising 3 data storage buildings & all assoc site infrastructure: data storage facility 1 (6 Pod Data Centre) located to north of site served by 1 gas generator compound to south of Data Storage building including 5 flues & 2 bunded fuel tanks located to south east & south west of Data Storage building & powered by (-part grid / - part gas) with emergency diesel fuel backup. Data storage facility 2 (8 pod data centre) located to south of Data Storage Facility 1 served by 1 gas generator compound to the sout", "lat": 52.811540358924034, "lng": -6.178591941204174, "gas": true, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/18940/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/wicklow/18940" }, { "la": "WICKLOW", "ref": "18914", "received": "2018-08-10", "decided": null, "decision": "N/A", "status": "pending", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Avoca River Park , Shelton Abbey & Kilbride , Arklow", "description": "demolition of buildings & structures on site & construction of Data Storage Facility comprising 3 data storage buildings & all assoc site infrastructure: data storage facility 1 (6 Pod Data Centre) located to north of site served by 1 gas generator compound to south of Data Storage building including 5 flues & 2 bunded fuel tanks located to south east & south west of Data Storage building & powered by (-part grid / - part gas) with emergency diesel fuel backup. Data storage facility 2 (8 pod data centre) located to south of Data Storage Facility 1 served by 1 gas generator compound to the sout", "lat": 52.811540358924034, "lng": -6.178591941204174, "gas": true, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/18914/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/wicklow/18914" }, { "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW18A/0114", "received": "2018-07-31", "decided": "2018-09-21", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Former Brian Daly Transport Services Building, Orion Business Park, Ba", "description": "Modifications to permission Ref. FW17A/0167 (for demolition of existing warehouse and construction of 3 no. data centres and associated works). The proposed modifications to the permitted development", "lat": 53.40770305027593, "lng": -6.349338203102123, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/fingal/application-details/?ref=FW18A/0114", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW18A/0114" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD18A/0134", "received": "2018-07-30", "decided": "2018-09-24", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "CyrusOne", "applicant": "CyrusOne Irish Datacentres Holdings Ltd.", "floorArea": 35426, "mw": null, "appeal": "ABP-302813-18", "appealDecision": "Grant Permission", "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "Construction of a two storey data centre and delivery bays with associated three storey office block and services.", "lat": 53.31616030875044, "lng": -6.454840665496185, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/54061", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD18A/0134" }, { "la": "MEATH", "ref": "RA180671", "received": "2018-06-21", "decided": "2018-07-27", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": "ABP-302393-18", "appealDecision": "WITHDRAWN", "address": "Portan Gunnocks Loughsallagh & Clonee , Co. Meath", "description": "the proposed development will consist of an expansion of the existing approved data centre Campus (Meath County Council ref: RA/150605 / An Bord Pleanala ref: PL 17.245347) comprising the following elements (a) Construction of two single-storey data centre buildings with a gross floor area (GFA) of circa 57,400m2; (b) A single storey administration / office building with a GFA of circa 5,710m2 which is physically linked to the proposed data centre buildings; (c) Site infrastructure to include entrance gates and appropriate signage, a security guardhouse of circa 60m2 and associated canopy; (d)", "lat": 53.41360432545306, "lng": -6.44047499019112, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/MeathCC/AppFileRefDetails/RA180671/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/meath/RA180671" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD18A/0219", "received": "2018-06-13", "decided": "2018-08-07", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Ancillary works", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "applicant": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Ltd.", "floorArea": 23283, "mw": null, "appeal": "ABP-302478-18", "appealDecision": "Appeal Withdrawn", "address": "Former Jacob's/Allied Biscuits Site, Belgard Road, Tallaght, Dublin 24, D24 DA27", "description": "Two-storey c23,283 sq. m data storage centre, 27 carparking spaces and demolition of single storey building", "lat": 53.295061526467975, "lng": -6.367632713114816, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/54378", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD18A/0219" }, { "la": "DONEGAL", "ref": "1850236", "received": "2018-02-20", "decided": "2018-05-25", "decision": "UNCONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "BUNNAMAYNE , BRIDGEND , LIFFORD PO", "description": "ERECTION OF A TWO-STOREY DATA CENTRE BUILDING WITH ANCILLARY OFFICES AND ROOF LEVEL PLANT AREA AND SCREEN FENCE, NEW ACCESS ROAD, CARPARKING, LANDSCAPING, TWO NO. OPEN AIR PLANT COMPOUNDS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM AND ASSOCIATED WORKS AT KEVLIN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PARK", "lat": 55.03819917131944, "lng": -7.368347201940252, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/DonegalCC/AppFileRefDetails/1850236/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/donegal/1850236" }, { "la": "MEATH", "ref": "RA180048", "received": "2018-01-22", "decided": "2018-03-06", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Lands at Portan Gunnocks & Clonee County Meath - bounded to the south by the R147 , to the west by the Kilbride Road to the north by The Mayne and to the east by , lands at Damastown Industrial Park", "description": "the development will consist of alterations to a previously approved Data Centre Campus application (Meath County Council ref: RA/150605/An Bord Pleanala ref: PL17.245347) comprising the following elements: 1) Alterations to the layout, design, external lighting and siting of the previously consented entrance guardhouse of the Data Centre Campus (granted under reg. ref: RA/150605 and ABP reg. ref: PL17.245347) involving the extension of the guardhouse canopy and adddition of Corten steel to the facade and canopy of the building; 2) Proposed boundary treatment improvements including: 3.0m high ", "lat": 53.41471170270958, "lng": -6.440469439101531, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/MeathCC/AppFileRefDetails/RA180048/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/meath/RA180048" }, { "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW18A/0008", "received": "2018-01-17", "decided": "2018-03-06", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Runaways Information Services Limited", "applicant": "Runaways Information Services Limited", "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Lands within the townlands of Portan Gunnocks Co. Meath, site bounded", "description": "The development will consist of alterations to a previously approved Data Centre application (Meath County Council ref: RA/150605 / An Bord Plean\u00e1la ref: PL17.245347 and Fingal County Council ref: F", "lat": 53.415715297224956, "lng": -6.423012554643795, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/fingal/application-details/?ref=FW18A/0008", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW18A/0008" }, { "la": "MEATH", "ref": "RA180030", "received": "2018-01-17", "decided": null, "decision": "N/A", "status": "pending", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Lands at Portan Clonee County Meath - bounded to the south by the R147 , to the west by the Kilbride Road to the norht by The Mayne and to the east by , lands at Damastown Industrial Park", "description": "the developlment will consist of alterations to a previously approved Data Centre Campus application (Meath County Council ref: RA/150605/An Bord Pleanala ref: PL17.245347) comprising the following elements: 1) Alterations to the layout, design, external lighting and siting of the previously consented entrance guardhouse of the Data Centre Campus (granted under reg. ref: RA/150605 and ABP reg. ref: PL17.245347) involving the extension of the guardhouse canopy and adddition of Corten steel to the facade and canopy of the building; 2) Proposed boundary treatment improvements including: 3.0m high", "lat": 53.41595851867339, "lng": -6.435612149374857, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/MeathCC/AppFileRefDetails/RA180030/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/meath/RA180030" }, { "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW17A/0237", "received": "2017-12-22", "decided": "2018-02-21", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "status": "granted", "kind": "Ancillary works", "operator": "DCF Technology Limited", "applicant": "DCF Technology Limited", "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Hexagon Building Site, IDA Blanchardstown Business & Technology Park,", "description": "1. The proposed extension of the existing 'Hexagon' data storage facility, with a GFA of 4,055sq.m. over two storeys with plant at roof level, and including an additional plant area at roof level of t", "lat": 53.403964402771635, "lng": -6.363197422820681, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/fingal/application-details/?ref=FW17A/0237", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW17A/0237" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD17A/0469", "received": "2017-12-22", "decided": "2018-02-26", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": 8229, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Greenhills Business Park, Greenhills Road, Dublin 24", "description": "Construction of a new 2 storey building (c.8229sq.m) for use as a data storage facility. The new facility will be an annex to, and accessed through, the neighbouring data storage facility to the north via the existing site entrance serving same. The development will include electrical rooms for electronic operations, mechanical plant rooms and support areas including offices and welfare facilities, a loading bay and back-up generators in a fenced compound. Existing boundary structures including railings, fencing and gates will be replaced with a new 3, high perimeter railing. Ventilation plant", "lat": 53.29585428072403, "lng": -6.350594541565442, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/53494", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD17A/0469" }, { "la": "CORKCO", "ref": "17/6980", "received": "2017-11-17", "decided": "2018-01-19", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Wallingstown Little Island Co.Cork", "description": "The proposed development includes 1 no. data centre building with ancillary offices, car parking, waste compound, generators, landscaping, lighting, provision of an access off the R623, the provision of back-up accesses connecting the proposal to the data centre development permitted under 17/5895 and associated boundary alterations and all ancillary site works. The proposal will modify part of an existing consent, 16/5011 for data centre development, modifying that part and also superseding an existing consent for office development under 07/12475.", "lat": 51.898410197113556, "lng": -8.370441303438144, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/corkcoco/application-details/?ref=17/6980", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/corkco/17/6980" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD17A/0392", "received": "2017-11-03", "decided": "2017-12-19", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "applicant": "EdgeConneX Ireland Ltd.", "floorArea": 125, "mw": null, "appeal": "ABP-300752-18", "appealDecision": "Grant Permission", "address": "Site within the townlands of Ballymakaily & The Grange, Newcastle Road, Lucan, Co. Dublin", "description": "Amendment and completion of the permission granted under SD17A/0141 to facilitate a 125sq.m extension to the north and south of the permitted stand-alone single storey data hall of 1,515sq.m to create an extended stand-alone single storey data hall of 1,640s.qm.", "lat": 53.32852312723242, "lng": -6.453985031825338, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/53220", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD17A/0392" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD17A/0377", "received": "2017-10-23", "decided": "2017-12-15", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Digital Realty", "applicant": "Digital Realty Trust", "floorArea": 4557, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Profile Park, Baldonnell, Dublin 22, D22 TY06", "description": "Revisions and alterations of the permitted development of a data processing facility under planning Ref: SD12A/0002 on a 3.85 hectare site. The revised application consists of alterations to the DUB14 (previously DUB12) data centre/warehouse structure, granted in the previous application. The alterations to the DUB14 (Previously DUB12) include: (i) 2 data halls 2137 sq.m (increase of 180sq.m), (ii) offices/reception 478sq.m (decrease of 190 sq.m), (iii) support space/staff facilities and internal plant with a floor area of 953sq.m (increase of 84sq.m), (iv) external plant of 1,777sq.m (footpri", "lat": 53.31305588359671, "lng": -6.442234989464117, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/53181", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD17A/0377" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD17A/0318", "received": "2017-09-06", "decided": "2017-10-27", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Ancillary works", "operator": "Microsoft", "applicant": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "floorArea": 125, "mw": 18.0, "appeal": "300305", "appealDecision": "invalid", "address": "Grangecastle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "The provision of temporary (3 years) 18MW gas powered electricity generator compound to provide electricity to the DUB08 data centre located within the Microsoft Data Centre Campus.", "lat": 53.32101082939884, "lng": -6.447738480042622, "gas": true, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/52971", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD17A/0318" }, { "la": "CLARE", "ref": "17583", "received": "2017-07-28", "decided": "2017-09-20", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Westpark Business Campus , Shannon , Co. Clare", "description": "for the further completion of construction of Westpark Business Campus with the construction of Block 6000, ( immediately south of existing Block 7000), a mixed use, multi-storey block, similar to that granted under parent planning permission under Clare County Council PA Ref: P01-1066 and APB Ref: PL03.130244. Block 6000 will have a total gross internal area of 12,045 sqms with offices at upper floors 300-500 and data centre/light industrial / storage/ Research and Development uses at lower levels 100-200. The construction of an ancillary, multi-deck carpark (MDCP) located to the South of Bl", "lat": 52.708802263668034, "lng": -8.895118509331859, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/ClareCC/AppFileRefDetails/17583/0", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/clare/17583" }, { "la": "CORKCO", "ref": "17/5895", "received": "2017-07-21", "decided": "2017-09-12", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Wallingstown Little Island Co. Cork", "description": "2 no. data centre buildings on a site formerly occupied by Mitsui Denman. The proposed development provides for the construction of 2 no. data centre buildings as stand alone units (to be built in phases) including ancillary offices with associated structures including a substation building, waste compound, telecoms cabinet (PoP Cabinet) new access off the R623 to provide for independent access, car park, external generator & transformer areas to the west of the proposed data centre and all ancillary works. The proposal will modify part of permission granted under 16/5011, for a data centre de", "lat": 51.89867207183026, "lng": -8.366998750215217, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/corkcoco/application-details/?ref=17/5895", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/corkco/17/5895" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "ED17/0028", "received": "2017-05-29", "decided": "2017-06-22", "decision": "Declared Exempt", "status": "exempt", "kind": "Exemption query", "operator": "Moffash Ltd.", "applicant": "Moffash Ltd.", "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Former C&C Building, Site F, Kilcarbery Business Park, New Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "Change of use from warehouse ( with ancillary offices) to data centre (with ancillary offices).", "lat": 53.31921321603927, "lng": -6.443509157332394, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/52352", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/ED17/0028" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD17A/0141", "received": "2017-05-11", "decided": "2017-07-04", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "applicant": "EdgeConnex Ireland Limited", "floorArea": 1515, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Site within the townlands of Ballymakaily & The Grange, Newcastle Road, Lucan, Co. Dublin", "description": "Construction of a new stand-alone data hall of 1,515sq.m that will be located to the north of the data hall and its extension, and to the west of the temporary gas powered generation plant permitted under Reg. Ref. SD16A/0214 and SD16A/0345 and to the immediate east of the R120. The new data hall will include plant at roof level; associated support services, 4 standby generators with associated flues (each 15m high). The development will also include ancillary site works, a new water tower, pump room and connections to existing Grange Castle infrastructural services as well as fencing, signage", "lat": 53.3285230986293, "lng": -6.453985058811378, "gas": true, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/52263", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD17A/0141" }, { "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW17A/0025", "received": "2017-03-01", "decided": "2017-04-25", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": "PL06F.248544", "appealDecision": "Grant Permission", "address": "Bounded to the south by the R121/ Cruiserath Road, to the west by R121", "description": "Construction of a data storage facility. An Environmental Impact Statement was lodged with the application. Site bounded by the R121 Cruiserath Road, R121/Church Road and", "lat": 53.41528550425798, "lng": -6.381070555461907, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/fingal/application-details/?ref=FW17A/0025", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW17A/0025" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD17A/0027", "received": "2017-02-09", "decided": "2017-04-04", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "applicant": "EdgeConneX Ireland Ltd.", "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Site within the townlands of Ballymakaily & The Grange, Newcastle Road, Lucan, Co. Dublin", "description": "Amendment of permission granted under SD16A/0345 that will relocate the temporary gas powered generation plant from lands to the rear of the Takeda Ireland complex to the east of the site, to lands to the immediate north of Phase 1 data hall and single storey office granted under SD16A/0214 and to the south of the ESB substation and transformer yard that was permitted under SD16A/0345. The relocated temporary gas powered generation plant will be enclosed within a walled yard containing 12 generator units with associated flues (each 15m high). The development will also include new vehicular acc", "lat": 53.32841277489892, "lng": -6.45388530119247, "gas": true, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/51767", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD17A/0027" }, { "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW16A/0159", "received": "2016-11-01", "decided": "2016-12-21", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "status": "granted", "kind": "Ancillary works", "operator": "Gemini DC Fund", "applicant": "Gemini DC Fund", "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Unit 1, Block 4B, IDA Business Park, Ballycoolin, Dublin 15", "description": "The development will comprise removal of existing car park and provision of an electricity substation compound to serve the data centre (granted under FCC Ref. FW15A/0117) at the adjoining (former Cre", "lat": 53.406544112023674, "lng": -6.356521196830595, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/fingal/application-details/?ref=FW16A/0159", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW16A/0159" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD16A/0345", "received": "2016-10-04", "decided": "2016-11-25", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "applicant": "EdgeconneX Ireland Ltd.", "floorArea": 4840, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Site within the townlands of Ballymakaily & The Grange, Newcastle Road, Lucan, Co. Dublin", "description": "Construction of a new single storey data hall of 4,176sq.m as an extension to the immediate south of the data hall and single storey office (5,776sq.m) permitted under Reg. Ref. SD16A/0214 to create an overall development of 9,952sq.m. The new data hall will include plant at roof level, associated support services, 5 standby generators with associated flues (each 15m high) and services road. The development will also include a temporary gas powered generation plant within a walled yard containing 12 generator units with associated flues (each 15m high) to be located within and to the rear of t", "lat": 53.328518957950365, "lng": -6.45393996136929, "gas": true, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/51163", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD16A/0345" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD16A/0214", "received": "2016-06-20", "decided": "2016-08-11", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "applicant": "EdgeConneX Ireland Ltd.", "floorArea": 5839, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "The Grange, Newcastle Road, Lucan, Co. Dublin.", "description": "Construction of a single storey data centre (4,435sq.m) with plant at roof level: associated support services and 6 standby generators with associated flues (each 15m high): and single storey office and loading bay (1,341sq.m) as well as an electricity sub-station (63sq.m) with a total floor area of 5,839sq.m. The development will also include ancillary site works, including attenuation tank, to connect to existing Grange Castle infrastructural services as well as fencing, signage, services road, entrance gate, 26 car parking spaces including 2 disabled car parking spaces, as well as sheltered", "lat": 53.3284128583096, "lng": -6.453885304483208, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/50640", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD16A/0214" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD16A/0093", "received": "2016-05-16", "decided": "2016-06-02", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": 22147, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "former Jacobs/Allied Biscuits Site, Belgard Road, Tallaght, Dublin 24", "description": "(1) The redevelopment of the former single storey c. 20,892sq.m Jacob's factory building for use as electrical rooms for electronic operations, mechanical plant rooms and support areas including loading bays, stores, offices and welfare facilities. The development will also contain new external plant areas including; (2) back up generators; (3) two electrical substations; (4) an electrical transformer compound with associated control rooms; (5) a sprinkler water tank and pump house; (6) a humidifier water tank compound and pump house; (7) a fuel tank compound and pump house; (8) a security ent", "lat": 53.29514690790046, "lng": -6.367606951760777, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/50179", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD16A/0093" }, { "la": "CORKCO", "ref": "16/5011", "received": "2016-04-29", "decided": "2016-06-22", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Wallingstown Little Island Co. Cork", "description": "Data centre development on a site formerly occupied by Mitsui Denman. The proposed development provides for the construction of 3 no. data centre buildings as one development or in phases. The proposal will modify an existing consent for 3 no. office buildings and access infrastructure at the site consented under 07/12475, as extended under 15/5450, so that one permitted office building is omitted and the permitted access off the R623 is also omitted in favour of a priority junction at the R623 with the permitted remaining offices accessed off the proposed internal access road. The proposed de", "lat": 51.898500362096605, "lng": -8.367878808458935, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/corkcoco/application-details/?ref=16/5011", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/corkco/16/5011" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD16A/0088", "received": "2016-03-18", "decided": "2016-05-06", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Microsoft", "applicant": "Microsoft Operations Ireland Ltd.", "floorArea": 71231, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Microsoft, Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22.", "description": "Site enabling works including demolition of existing vacant house and outbuildings (total floor area c.241sq.m), diversion of Baldonnel stream, provision of below ground attenuation. Development of 4 single storey data centres (DUB09, DUB10, DUB12, DUB13) located west of data centres DUB06 (existing), DUB07 & DUB08 (both granted under SD15A/0343), each data centre will contain the following: offices, computer and associated support areas, electrical component rooms, plant and associated equipment, plant at roof level and 5 flues each (each c.25m high) (gross floor area of each data centre c.17", "lat": 53.322596198673445, "lng": -6.448937560523898, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/50158", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD16A/0088" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD15A/0343", "received": "2015-11-17", "decided": "2016-01-20", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Microsoft", "applicant": "Microsoft Operations Ireland Ltd.", "floorArea": 33800, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "Provision of 2 single storey data centres (DUB07 & DUB08) immediately west of existing data centre (DUB06). These data centres replace 6 buildings permitted under SD14A/0194. Each data centre will contain the following; offices, computer and associated support areas, electrical component rooms, plant and associated equipment, 5 flues (each c.25m high), plant at roof level. Gross floor area of each c.16,900sq.m (c.33,800sq.m in total). The height of each data centre will range between c.6.5m & c.13m high. Also proposed are ancillary site works for connection to infrastructural services, as well", "lat": 53.32248294430764, "lng": -6.4438448087360785, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/49585", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD15A/0343" }, { "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW15A/0135", "received": "2015-10-06", "decided": "2015-11-30", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "status": "granted", "kind": "Ancillary works", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Hexagon Building, IDA Blanchardstown Busines & Technology Park, Snugbo", "description": "Permission for a new 2-storey building for use as electrical rooms for electronic operations, together with mechanical plant rooms, a double vehicle loading bay and ancillary workshops. Included withi", "lat": 53.40473072640477, "lng": -6.364775467096511, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/fingal/application-details/?ref=FW15A/0135", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW15A/0135" }, { "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "F15A/0266", "received": "2015-09-22", "decided": "2015-10-19", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "McHale Partnership", "applicant": "McHale Partnership", "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": "PL06F.245778", "appealDecision": "Appeal Withdrawn", "address": "Staffordstown Business Park, Staffordstown, Turvey, Swords, Co. Dublin", "description": "Construction of a Data Centre development consisting of 5 no. single storey data halls (circa 925sq.m. each), with associated single storey electrical service rooms and loading bay (circa 2407 sq.m.)", "lat": 53.492646085873176, "lng": -6.200996266477643, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/fingal/application-details/?ref=F15A/0266", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/F15A/0266" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD15A/0133", "received": "2015-09-18", "decided": "2015-10-15", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Microsoft", "applicant": "Microsoft Operations Ireland Ltd.", "floorArea": 7609, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Grangecastle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22.", "description": "Construction of a single storey data centre, with offices (of circa. 1,560sq.m), storage space, computer and associated support areas, electrical component rooms, loading dock area (the building having a total gross floor area of c.7,609sq.m), roof plant and externally a generator compound (635sq.m), evaporative cooling tank, (150m3) & associated pump house (c.75sq.m), ESB sub station (c.68sq.m), drivers toilet (c.5sq.m), smoking shelter and carparking and bicycle facilities for the sole and only use of Microsoft Operations Ireland Ltd. in connection with this installation. For site safety pur", "lat": 53.31970526977448, "lng": -6.437119822936577, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/48725", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD15A/0133" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD15A/0034", "received": "2015-02-16", "decided": "2015-04-09", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Digital Realty", "applicant": "Interxion Ireland Ltd.", "floorArea": 5530, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22.", "description": "Construction of a single storey data centre (4,214sq.m) with services above and plant at roof level that includes water treatment plant; computer and associated support services; loading bay; plant; 6 standby generators with associated flues; three storey office (1,243sq.m); electricity sub-station (73sq.m) with a total floor area of 5,530sq.m. The development will include ancillary site works to connect to existing Grange Castle infrastructural services as well as fencing; signage; services road; entrance gate; 30 car parking spaces including two disabled car parking spaces; sheltered bicycle", "lat": 53.329466570435706, "lng": -6.443044847156388, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/48248", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD15A/0034" }, { "la": "CORKCO", "ref": "14/6757", "received": "2014-12-19", "decided": "2015-02-23", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "IDA Industrial Estate Barnagore Ovens", "description": "Planning permission for a new office building and data centre within the existing facility. The proposed development includes the construction of a 4 storey office building with an elevated atrium, a screened roof top plant area and roof top satellite dishes; a single storey data centre building with rooftop plant/air handling units; a 4 storey multi-storey car park with bicycle storage, dry room and staff locker rooms; the addition of a single storey deck to an existing car park; and all associated landscaping, fencing, signage and site development works. The proposed site development works", "lat": 51.877196213416134, "lng": -8.639815587959003, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/corkcoco/application-details/?ref=14/6757", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/corkco/14/6757" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD14A/0232", "received": "2014-11-04", "decided": "2014-12-12", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": 11920, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Former Shinko Building, Greenhills Road, Tallaght, Dublin 24", "description": "Construction of a new two storey c.11,700sq.m building for use as electrical rooms for electronic operations, mechanical plant rooms and support areas including a loading bay, offices and welfare facilities; mechanical plant at roof level is screened from view on all sides; a new 50sq.m electrical substation; a new plant array along the east site boundary including an electrical substation transformer compound; a 90sq.m electrical substation control room; a diesel fuel tank farm and loading bay; a 10sq.m fuel pump house; a sprinkler water tank; a 70sq.m water pump house; a humidifier water tan", "lat": 53.296183928355255, "lng": -6.35031843632223, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/47776", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD14A/0232" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD14A/0091", "received": "2014-05-13", "decided": "2014-06-17", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": 4491, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Existing Adsil Complex, Greenhills Road, Tallaght, Dublin 24.", "description": "Demolition of an existing single storey office building; construction of a new two storey extension (4,491sq.m.) to the existing DUB09 building for use as electrical rooms for electronic operations and mechanical plant rooms; works will include external roof top engineering plant with associated visual screening, revised levels of the existing site to facilitate the new extension and sundry associated works.", "lat": 53.29385676350445, "lng": -6.350055848007243, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/47014", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD14A/0091" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD14A/0023", "received": "2014-02-18", "decided": "2014-04-14", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Google", "applicant": "Google Ireland Ltd.", "floorArea": 33407, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Townlands of Aungierstown & Ballybane, lying to the west of the existing facility in, Newcastle, Clondalkin, Dublin 22.", "description": "Construction of a two storey data storage facility (30,361sq.m.), a double height warehouse building (1,670 sq.m) and a HV Substation area with two buildings; 1 no. 2 storey building (968sq.m.) and 1 no. single storey building (190 sq.m) and associated site development works. Permission is also sought for a new site access and entrance gates, a security gatehouse, security gates, load bank garage, perimeter fencing, internal roadways, sprinkler tank, pump house, 10KV substation, water and fuel tanks, attenuation ponds, hard and soft landscaping, 83 no. new car parking spaces and bicycle shelte", "lat": 53.31412538797049, "lng": -6.450867220755724, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/46569", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD14A/0023" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD13A/0271", "received": "2013-12-23", "decided": "2014-02-21", "decision": "Grant Permission & Grant Retention", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Eircom / eir", "applicant": "Eircom Ltd.", "floorArea": 59239, "mw": null, "appeal": "PL06S.243151", "appealDecision": "To Amend Condition(s)", "address": "3-4, Crag Avenue, Clondalkin Industrial Estate, Clondalkin, Co. Dublin.", "description": "Demolition of existing logistics centre and associated ancillary buildings; retention of existing mobile phone mast and ancillary plant; the construction of a two storey data centre with a gross floor area of 43,805sq.m.; two storey ancillary office building of 4,308sq.m. gross floor area; associated single storey combined heat and power plant (Energy Centre) with a gross floor area of 5,306sq.m. with ancillary two storey operations building with a gross floor area of 2,322sq.m. and single storey generator building 228sq.m. The Data Centre shall comprise the following uses: offices, computer a", "lat": 53.33021549383682, "lng": -6.383146917801242, "gas": true, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/46343", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD13A/0271" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD13A/0265", "received": "2013-12-20", "decided": "2014-02-20", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Microsoft", "applicant": "Microsoft Operations Ireland Ltd.", "floorArea": 35000, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "Construction of a single data centre with plant at roof level (total gross floor area 35,000 sq.m. as the approved SD13A/0143 scheme). The single change between the approved SD13A/0143 and this application being that the finished floor level is now proposed to be 71.00 OD and not 69.00 OD as per the approved - as a result of this change the heights of the permitted flues, 93.85 OD will be 95.85 OD but will remain 25 metres tall as per SD13A/0143). Otherwise the proposed development remains as the granted SD13A/0143 and comprises of the following uses : - offices, computer and associated suppor", "lat": 53.32250000985521, "lng": -6.443796380291206, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/46332", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD13A/0265" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD13A/0166", "received": "2013-08-16", "decided": "2013-10-04", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Microsoft", "applicant": "Microsoft Operations Ireland Ltd.", "floorArea": 74, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Grangecastle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22.", "description": "Proposed single storey 74sq.m. extension to the south-east entrance of the existing DB3 Data Centre; the extension will house a proposed conference room with supporting storage and tea station, while the scope of works will also include alterations to the existing entrance lobby, security lobby and WC; alterations will include the removal of an existing conference room, the relocation of the primary access door from the north-east to the south-east facade; the installation of additional glazed curtain walling and insulated metal cladding to match existing and the provision of separate male and", "lat": 53.32425548585389, "lng": -6.452163686287213, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/45765", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD13A/0166" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD13A/0143", "received": "2013-07-19", "decided": "2013-09-09", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Microsoft", "applicant": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Ltd.", "floorArea": 40718, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22.", "description": "Construction of a single storey data centre with plant at roof level (total gross floor area 35000sq.m.) which comprises the following uses: offices, computer and associated support areas, electrical component rooms, plant and associated equipment and new three string 110KV transformer of 974sq.m. for the sole and only use of Microsoft Ireland in connection with this installation. For site safety purposes the provision of sprinkler tanks of 670m3 and associated tank pump room of 69sq.m. are also proposed. Also included are ancillary site works for connection to existing Grange Caste infrastruc", "lat": 53.32250000782056, "lng": -6.443796383389102, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/45617", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD13A/0143" }, { "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW13A/0067", "received": "2013-06-21", "decided": "2013-08-12", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "status": "granted", "kind": "Ancillary works", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Hexagon Building, IDA Blanchardstown Business, and Technology Park, Sn", "description": "Permission for a development that will consist of a new 2-storey building for use as electrical rooms for electronic operations, mechanical plant rooms, a double vehicle loading bay, ancillary worksho", "lat": 53.40355391200425, "lng": -6.362463719759504, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/fingal/application-details/?ref=FW13A/0067", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW13A/0067" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD13A/0015", "received": "2013-02-06", "decided": "2013-03-21", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Microsoft", "applicant": "Microsoft Operations Ireland Ltd.", "floorArea": 15825, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Grangecastle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22.", "description": "Construction of a single storey data centre with plant at roof level (total gross floor area 15,825sq.m.) which comprises the following uses: offices, computer and associated support areas, electrical component rooms, plant and associated equipment and new ground level link between the proposed and the existing buildings; also included are ancillary site works for connection to existing infrastructural services (installed under granted permission SD07A/0632), fencing, signage, perimeter services road around the building, 17 no. car parking spaces along with disabled car parking spaces for serv", "lat": 53.32413824689228, "lng": -6.455479063716725, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/44955", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD13A/0015" }, { "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW12A/0116", "received": "2012-11-08", "decided": "2012-12-17", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Not stated", "applicant": null, "floorArea": null, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Building B10, IDA Business Park, Ballycoolin Industrial Estate, Blanch", "description": "Change of use from factory unit to electronic data storage centre, with external generator compound, office extension and boundary fencing", "lat": 53.40604104066612, "lng": -6.361238337767213, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": true, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/fingal/application-details/?ref=FW12A/0116", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW12A/0116" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD12A/0002", "received": "2012-01-09", "decided": "2012-03-01", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Digital Realty", "applicant": "Digital Realty Trust", "floorArea": 23278, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Profile Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "Revisions and alterations to the permitted development of a data processing facility under planning reference SD11A/0023 consisting on minor alterations to the four permitted data centre/warehouse structures, additional internal floor areas, alterations to sub-station structures and car park layout to be provided on a phased basis (it is proposed to extend the life of the planning permission to 7 years). The construction of the four data centre/warehouse buildings totals 23278 sq.m. (an increase of 2188sq.m.) and associated site works comprising the following areas: Two Type 'A' buildings each", "lat": 53.313055883691845, "lng": -6.44223498940559, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/43396", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD12A/0002" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD11A/0211", "received": "2011-09-02", "decided": "2011-10-17", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Microsoft", "applicant": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Ltd.", "floorArea": 11090, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22.", "description": "Construction of a single storey data centre with external plant at roof and ground level adjoining existing two storey, with roof plant, data centre consisting of a total gross floor area of 11090sq.m. approx. comprising office area, loading area, storage areas, customer and associated support areas with external support plant to be constructed in two phases. The development includes the completion of internal roadwork with additional car parking for four cars; surface water drainage, foul sewage system, sprinkler mains and external landscaping shall be completed in accordance with previously ", "lat": 53.324992684709365, "lng": -6.4542136435359385, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/42941", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD11A/0211" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD11A/0023", "received": "2011-04-06", "decided": "2011-04-14", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Digital Realty", "applicant": "Digital Realty Trust", "floorArea": 21106, "mw": null, "appeal": "LV06S.LV3104", "appealDecision": "Refuse Leave to Appeal", "address": "Profile Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "Development of a data processing facility on a 4.04ha site consisting of: the construction of four buildings totalling 21090sq.m. and associated site works comprising the following: two 'Type A' buildings each with a data hall (1870sq.m.), offices/reception (607sq.m.), support space/staff facilities and internal plant with a floor area of 3572sq.m. each and external plant 1975sq.m. each (total 'Type A' structures is 11094sq.m.); two 'Type B' buildings each with a data hall (1870sq.m.), reception (67sq.m.), support space/staff facilities and internal plant with a floor area of 3005sq.m. each an", "lat": 53.31303281623681, "lng": -6.442199398001337, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": true, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/42004", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD11A/0023" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD07A/0632", "received": "2007-08-03", "decided": "2007-09-27", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "New data centre", "operator": "Microsoft", "applicant": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Ltd.", "floorArea": 51155, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22.", "description": "Construction in two phases of a two storey data centre with plant at roof level (total gross floor area 51,155sqm) which comprises the following uses: offices; computer and associated support and workshop areas; loading docks and storage of electrical components; plant and equipment. Ancillary site works will include parking for 80 no. cars; site lighting an 110kv electrical compound (5,408sqm enclosure); associated plant; fencing; an access bridge and signage from the Technology Park road; a perimeter service road around the building, berming and landscaping. This planning application is for ", "lat": 53.32499268476358, "lng": -6.45421364346861, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/33560", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD07A/0632" }, { "la": "SDCC", "ref": "S99A/0144", "received": "1999-12-03", "decided": "2000-01-27", "decision": "Grant Permission", "status": "granted", "kind": "Change to existing", "operator": "Elsair Ltd.", "applicant": "Elsair Ltd.", "floorArea": 543, "mw": null, "appeal": null, "appealDecision": null, "address": "Unit 25, Western Parkway Business Centre, Ballymount Road, Dublin 12.", "description": "Conversion of existing light industrial/warehouse to data processing centre and storage facility with alterations to elevations.", "lat": 53.31529704196371, "lng": -6.350875371063055, "gas": false, "battery": false, "generators": false, "substation": false, "renewable": false, "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/14566", "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/S99A/0144" } ], "epa": [ { "ref": "P1066", "name": "Crag Digital Limited", "la": "SDCC", "status": "Withdrawn", "substatus": null, "town": null, "activity": "1.1. Combustion of fuels in installations with a total rated thermal input of 50 MW or more", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1066", "lat": 53.3300577, "lng": -6.3838262, "operator": "Crag Digital" }, { "ref": "P1113", "name": "Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited", "la": "SDCC", "status": "Licensed", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "town": "Dublin 22", "activity": "1.1. Combustion of fuels in installations with a total rated thermal input of 50 MW or more", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1113", "lat": 53.3302572, "lng": -6.3832957, "operator": "Echelon" }, { "ref": "P1165", "name": "Data And Power Hub Services Limited", "la": "SDCC", "status": "Licensed", "substatus": "Not Commenced", "town": "Newcastle", "activity": "1.1. Combustion of fuels in installations with a total rated thermal input of 50 MW or more", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1165", "lat": 53.3203963, "lng": -6.4667464, "operator": "Data & Power Hub" }, { "ref": "P1168", "name": "Equinix Hyperscale 1 (DB5) Limited", "la": "FINGAL", "status": "Licensed", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "town": "Dublin 15", "activity": "1.1. Combustion of fuels in installations with a total rated thermal input of 50 MW or more", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1168", "lat": 53.4046661, "lng": -6.3704427, "operator": "Equinix" }, { "ref": "P1170", "name": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "la": "SDCC", "status": "Licensed", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "town": null, "activity": "1.1. Combustion of fuels in installations with a total rated thermal input of 50 MW or more", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1170", "lat": 53.3184228, "lng": -6.4523959, "operator": "Amazon (AWS)" }, { "ref": "P1171", "name": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "la": "DCC", "status": "Licensed", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "town": null, "activity": "1.1. Combustion of fuels in installations with a total rated thermal input of 50 MW or more", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1171", "lat": 53.4091819, "lng": -6.2215963, "operator": "Amazon (AWS)" }, { "ref": "P1187", "name": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "la": "SDCC", "status": "Licensed", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "town": "Clondalkin", "activity": "1.1. Combustion of fuels in installations with a total rated thermal input of 50 MW or more", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1187", "lat": 53.3215802, "lng": -6.4519665, "operator": "Microsoft" }, { "ref": "P1189", "name": "Google Ireland Limited", "la": "SDCC", "status": "Licensed", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "town": "Baldonnel Rd", "activity": "1.1. Combustion of fuels in installations with a total rated thermal input of 50 MW or more", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1189", "lat": 53.3139206, "lng": -6.4503081, "operator": "Google" }, { "ref": "P1190", "name": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "la": "SDCC", "status": "Licensed", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "town": "Clondalkin", "activity": "1.1. Combustion of fuels in installations with a total rated thermal input of 50 MW or more", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1190", "lat": 53.3248625, "lng": -6.4549244, "operator": "Microsoft" }, { "ref": "P1191", "name": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "la": "SDCC", "status": "Licensed", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "town": "Clondalkin", "activity": "1.1. Combustion of fuels in installations with a total rated thermal input of 50 MW or more", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1191", "lat": 53.3221532, "lng": -6.4455824, "operator": "Microsoft" }, { "ref": "P1203", "name": "Vantage Data Centers Dub11 Limited", "la": "SDCC", "status": "Compliance Failure/Rejected", "substatus": null, "town": "Dublin", "activity": "1.1. Combustion of fuels in installations with a total rated thermal input of 50 MW or more", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1203", "lat": 53.3152847, "lng": -6.4453369, "operator": "Vantage" }, { "ref": "P1204", "name": "Edgeconnex Ireland Limited", "la": "SDCC", "status": "Licensed", "substatus": "Not Commenced", "town": "County Dublin", "activity": "1.1. Combustion of fuels in installations with a total rated thermal input of 50 MW or more", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1204", "lat": 53.327779, "lng": -6.4601775, "operator": "EdgeConneX" }, { "ref": "P1222", "name": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "la": "KILDARE", "status": "Compliance Failure/Rejected", "substatus": null, "town": "Leixlip", "activity": "1.1. Combustion of fuels in installations with a total rated thermal input of 50 MW or more", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1222", "lat": 53.3568704, "lng": -6.5194038, "operator": "Amazon (AWS)" }, { "ref": "P1227", "name": "Vantage Data Centers DUB11 Limited", "la": "SDCC", "status": "Applied", "substatus": null, "town": "Dublin 22", "activity": "1.1. Combustion of fuels in installations with a total rated thermal input of 50 MW or more", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1227", "lat": 53.3168813, "lng": -6.4444235, "operator": "Vantage" }, { "ref": "P1238", "name": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "la": "KILDARE", "status": "Applied", "substatus": null, "town": "Leixlip", "activity": "1.1. Combustion of fuels in installations with a total rated thermal input of 50 MW or more", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1238", "lat": null, "lng": null, "operator": "Amazon (AWS)" }, { "ref": "P1240", "name": "Crag Digital Avoca Limited", "la": "WICKLOW", "status": "Applied", "substatus": null, "town": "Arklow", "activity": "1.1. Combustion of fuels in installations with a total rated thermal input of 50 MW or more", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1240", "lat": null, "lng": null, "operator": "Crag Digital" } ], "cso": { "updated": "2026-07-07T11:00:00.000Z", "annual": [ { "year": 2015, "dcGWh": 1240.0, "allGWh": 24599.0, "share": 5.0 }, { "year": 2016, "dcGWh": 1483.0, "allGWh": 25355.0, "share": 5.8 }, { "year": 2017, "dcGWh": 1762.0, "allGWh": 25726.0, "share": 6.8 }, { "year": 2018, "dcGWh": 2183.0, "allGWh": 26730.0, "share": 8.2 }, { "year": 2019, "dcGWh": 2489.0, "allGWh": 26504.0, "share": 9.4 }, { "year": 2020, "dcGWh": 3031.0, "allGWh": 27056.0, "share": 11.2 }, { "year": 2021, "dcGWh": 4013.0, "allGWh": 28506.0, "share": 14.1 }, { "year": 2022, "dcGWh": 5274.0, "allGWh": 29825.0, "share": 17.7 }, { "year": 2023, "dcGWh": 6339.0, "allGWh": 30581.0, "share": 20.7 }, { "year": 2024, "dcGWh": 6974.0, "allGWh": 31904.0, "share": 21.9 }, { "year": 2025, "dcGWh": 7662.0, "allGWh": 32987.0, "share": 23.2 } ], "source": "https://data.gov.ie/dataset/mec02-data-centres-metered-electricity-consumption" }, "ress": { "auction": "RESS 5", "date": "2025-10-15", "totalMW": 1072.22, "deqGWh": 1493.28, "avgPrice": 98.79, "solarPrice": 100.6, "windPrice": 96.56, "projects": [ { "ref": "RESS 5-0044", "applicant": "Cooleasts Limited", "project": "Coolboy Solar Farm", "mw": 5.99, "tech": "Solar" }, { "ref": "RESS 5-0172", "applicant": "Foxhall Solar DAC", "project": "Foxhall PV", "mw": 3.99, "tech": "Solar" }, { "ref": "RESS 5-0306", "applicant": "Kilbrew Eco Developments Limited", "project": "Reask Solar farm", "mw": 55.0, "tech": "Solar" }, { "ref": "RESS 5-0333", "applicant": "Barna Wind Energy (B.W.E.) Limited", "project": "Carrigdangan Wind Farm", "mw": 13.65, "tech": "Onshore Wind" }, { "ref": "RESS 5-0340", "applicant": "Clonymeath Solar Limited", "project": "Clonymeath Solar", "mw": 15.8, "tech": "Solar" }, { "ref": "RESS 5-0345", "applicant": "Toolestown Solar DAC", "project": "Toolestown Solar", "mw": 50.0, "tech": "Solar" }, { "ref": "RESS 5-0347", "applicant": "Lysaghtstown Solar Farm 2 Limited", "project": "Lysaghtstown Solar Farm Phase 2", "mw": 45.0, "tech": "Solar" }, { "ref": "RESS 5-0349", "applicant": "BNRG Ballymoney Limited", "project": "Ballymoney PV", "mw": 7.6, "tech": "Solar" }, { "ref": "RESS 5-0352", "applicant": "Ballymanus Windfarm LTD", "project": "Ballymanus Wind Farm", "mw": 39.99, "tech": "Onshore Wind" }, { "ref": "RESS 5-0357", "applicant": "Harmony Solar Limerick Limited", "project": "Ballyvalode Solar", "mw": 100.0, "tech": "Solar" }, { "ref": "RESS 5-0358", "applicant": "Harmony Solar Offaly Limited", "project": "Kilcormac Solar", "mw": 105.0, "tech": "Solar" }, { "ref": "RESS 5-0360", "applicant": "Clonswees Limited", "project": "Templemichael Solar plus Storage", "mw": 30.0, "tech": "Solar" }, { "ref": "RESS 5-0362", "applicant": "Mill Farm Solar Project Limited", "project": "Mill Farm Solar", "mw": 63.0, "tech": "Solar" }, { "ref": "RESS 5-0365", "applicant": "Knockroe Windfarm Limited", "project": "Knockroe Wind Farm", "mw": 33.6, "tech": "Onshore Wind" }, { "ref": "RESS 5-0366", "applicant": "Curns Energy Limited", "project": "Lyrenacarriga Wind Farm & Bess", "mw": 81.6, "tech": "Onshore Wind" }, { "ref": "RESS 5-0367", "applicant": "Lodgewood Solar Farm Limited", "project": "Tincurry Solar Farm", "mw": 109.0, "tech": "Solar" }, { "ref": "RESS 5-0368", "applicant": "Coolcarrigan Solar Limited", "project": "Coolcarrigan Solar", "mw": 100.0, "tech": "Solar" }, { "ref": "RESS 5-0369", "applicant": "Blue Pine Solar 09 Limited", "project": "Friarstown Solar Farm", "mw": 50.0, "tech": "Solar" }, { "ref": "RESS 5-0374", "applicant": "Tullabeg Solar Farm 2 Limited", "project": "Tullabeg Phase 3", "mw": 30.0, "tech": "Solar" }, { "ref": "RESS 5-0375", "applicant": "Ballin Solar Limited", "project": "Gortdrum Solar PV", "mw": 48.0, "tech": "Solar" }, { "ref": "RESS 5-0376", "applicant": "Seskin Solar Farm Limited", "project": "Barnaleen Solar Phase 2", "mw": 35.0, "tech": "Solar" }, { "ref": "RESS 5-0378", "applicant": "Oweninny Wind Farm Power 3 DAC", "project": "Oweninny 3", "mw": 50.0, "tech": "Onshore Wind" } ], "source": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-5-Final-Auction-Results-R5FAR.pdf" }, "capacity": { "auction": "T-4 2029/30", "held": "2026-03-26", "totalMW": 3862.323, "newMW": 206.035, "qualifiedNewMW": 1194.471, "clearingPrice": 135499.99, "tech": [ { "tech": "Autoproducer", "existing": 110.37, "new": 0.0 }, { "tech": "Demand Side Unit", "existing": 220.325, "new": 111.5 }, { "tech": "Gas Turbine", "existing": 2454.908, "new": 68.027 }, { "tech": "Hydro", "existing": 185.046, "new": 0.0 }, { "tech": "Interconnector", "existing": 505.25, "new": 0.0 }, { "tech": "Battery Storage", "existing": 13.158, "new": 25.594 }, { "tech": "Pumped Hydro Storage", "existing": 61.758, "new": 0.0 }, { "tech": "Steam Turbine", "existing": 62.54, "new": 0.0 }, { "tech": "Wind", "existing": 42.933, "new": 0.914 } ], "newUnits": [ { "unit": "GU_404840", "company": "Crag Digital Avoca Limited", "mw": 20.0, "dataCentre": true }, { "unit": "DSU_401870", "company": "Electricity Exchange Limited", "mw": 3.645, "dataCentre": false }, { "unit": "DSU_402100", "company": "Electricity Exchange Limited", "mw": 3.349, "dataCentre": false }, { "unit": "DSU_403630", "company": "Electricity Exchange Limited", "mw": 20.311, "dataCentre": false }, { "unit": "DSU_403860", "company": "Electricity Exchange Limited", "mw": 7.407, "dataCentre": false }, { "unit": "DSU_404090", "company": "ENDECO TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED", "mw": 16.395, "dataCentre": false }, { "unit": "GU_504450", "company": "Energy Trading Ireland Limited", "mw": 1.885, "dataCentre": false }, { "unit": "DSU_403450", "company": "EnerNOC Ireland Limited", "mw": 14.033, "dataCentre": false }, { "unit": "DSU_403470", "company": "EnerNOC Ireland Limited", "mw": 9.66, "dataCentre": false }, { "unit": "GU_400500", "company": "ESB", "mw": 16.185, "dataCentre": false }, { "unit": "GU_400850", "company": "ESB", "mw": 4.581, "dataCentre": false }, { "unit": "GU_407770", "company": "ESB", "mw": 0.794, "dataCentre": false }, { "unit": "DSU_404100", "company": "Greenfish Power Limited", "mw": 6.14, "dataCentre": false }, { "unit": "DSU_503760", "company": "Greenfish Power Limited", "mw": 6.14, "dataCentre": false }, { "unit": "DSU_503770", "company": "Greenfish Power Limited", "mw": 6.14, "dataCentre": false }, { "unit": "DSU_503780", "company": "Greenfish Power Limited", "mw": 6.14, "dataCentre": false }, { "unit": "GU_504380", "company": "Heron Storage Limited", "mw": 4.587, "dataCentre": false }, { "unit": "GU_504390", "company": "Heron Storage Limited", "mw": 2.502, "dataCentre": false }, { "unit": "GU_504360", "company": "Lagan Energy (Lurgan) Ltd", "mw": 13.968, "dataCentre": false }, { "unit": "GU_407180", "company": "Orsted Ireland Green Energy Limited", "mw": 16.62, "dataCentre": false }, { "unit": "DSU_403500", "company": "Powerhouse Generation Limited", "mw": 2.93, "dataCentre": false }, { "unit": "DSU_503660", "company": "Powerhouse Generation Limited", "mw": 3.07, "dataCentre": false }, { "unit": "DSU_503670", "company": "Powerhouse Generation Limited", "mw": 6.14, "dataCentre": false }, { "unit": "GU_407300", "company": "Rengen Power Ltd", "mw": 0.12, "dataCentre": false }, { "unit": "GU_405780", "company": "SSE Generation Ireland Ltd", "mw": 4.431, "dataCentre": false }, { "unit": "GU_407610", "company": "SSE Generation Ireland Ltd", "mw": 4.431, "dataCentre": false }, { "unit": "GU_407620", "company": "SSE Generation Ireland Ltd", "mw": 4.431, "dataCentre": false } ], "source": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-04/PCAR2930T-4%20report.pdf" }, "facts": { "eirgrid": { "connectedContractedMVA": 2400, "queueMVA": 5800, "contractedBasis": "EirGrid AIRAA 2026\u20132035: ~2,100 MVA transmission + ~300 MVA distribution contracted (incl. some other new-technology loads)", "queueBasis": "~5.8 GW of possible new data-centre demand from the system operators' market sounding (cited in CRU2025236)", "demand2025TWh": 9.4, "demand2034TWh": 14.6, "note": "Earlier figures (1,300 MVA connected/contracted, 1,600 MVA applied) date from EirGrid's July 2020 consultation. The 2025/2034 TWh forecast is EirGrid's as cited in CRU2025236.", "source": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/" }, "cru": { "decided": "2025-12-12", "rules": [ { "title": "Bring your own power", "text": "Data centres of 10 MVA or more need dispatchable generation or storage, on site or nearby, with de-rated capacity at least equal to their grid import capacity (MIC). It must take part in the wholesale market." }, { "title": "Small sites", "text": "From 1 MVA to below 10 MVA, an autoproducer unit covering 100% of the site's import capacity. Below 1 MVA the policy does not apply." }, { "title": "80% new Irish renewables", "text": "At least 80% of annual demand matched by additional renewable projects generating in Ireland." }, { "title": "Data centres only", "text": "Called a Large Energy User policy, but it applies only to data centres." } ], "source": "https://www.cru.ie/about-us/news/the-cru-publishes-its-decision-on-new-electricity-connection-policy-for-data-centres/" } }, "sources": [ { "name": "Planning applications (all 31 councils)", "via": "planningregister.ie / PlanSight", "status": "pulled", "url": "https://planningregister.ie" }, { "name": "EPA industrial emissions licences", "via": "EPA LEAP, via PlanSight", "status": "pulled", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie" }, { "name": "Data-centre electricity use, quarterly", "via": "CSO MEC02", "status": "pulled", "url": "https://data.gov.ie/dataset/mec02-data-centres-metered-electricity-consumption" }, { "name": "RESS 5 renewable auction winners", "via": "EirGrid", "status": "pulled", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-5-Final-Auction-Results-R5FAR.pdf" }, { "name": "Capacity auction T-4 2029/30", "via": "SEMO / EirGrid", "status": "pulled", "url": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-04/PCAR2930T-4%20report.pdf" }, { "name": "CRU data-centre connection rules", "via": "CRU decision, Dec 2025", "status": "summarised", "url": "https://www.cru.ie/about-us/news/the-cru-publishes-its-decision-on-new-electricity-connection-policy-for-data-centres/" }, { "name": "Grid demand totals and forecast", "via": "EirGrid AIRAA 2026\u20132035 and CRU2025236", "status": "summarised", "url": "https://www.mccannfitzgerald.com/knowledge/digital-infrastructure/storm-in-a-dccopp-irelands-new-data-centre-connection-framework" }, { "name": "Data-centre buildings on the map", "via": "https://www.openstreetmap.org (\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors, ODbL) via Overpass API", "status": "pulled", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org (\u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors, ODbL) via Overpass API" }, { "name": "US hyperscaler capex", "via": "SEC EDGAR XBRL company facts API (data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts)", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "What big users pay for electricity", "via": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205 (electricity prices for non-household consumers, bi-annual) - https://\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/nrg_pc_205?format=JSON&lang=EN&unit=KWH¤cy=EUR&tax=X_VAT&sinceTimePeriod=2015-S1&geo=IE&geo=EU27_2020&geo=DE&geo=FR&geo=NL&geo=BE&geo=DK&geo=SE&geo=NO&geo=FI&geo=ES&geo=PT&geo=IT&geo=PL&geo=UK&nrg_cons=MWH_GE150000&nrg_cons=MWH70000-149999" }, { "name": "Ireland's power vs Europe", "via": "Ember, Yearly electricity data - https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "status": "pulled", "url": "https://files.ember-energy.org/public-downloads/generation/outputs/release_generation_yearly_global.csv" }, { "name": "What data centres pay councils", "via": "https://tailte.ie/home/api/; https://opendata.tailte.ie/api/Property/GetProperties?Fields=\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "What people ask", "via": "Google autocomplete (gl=ie, hl=en); Wikimedia pageviews REST API", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Data centres in the Oireachtas", "via": "Houses of the Oireachtas Open Data API, https://api.oireachtas.ie/v1/questions and /v1/deb\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "What the planning inspectors found", "via": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la inspector reports (pleanala.ie), case list from planning register mi\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case-search" }, { "name": "Generators behind the data centres", "via": "EPA LEAP Industrial Emissions licences (class 2.1 combustion >= 50 MWth): https://leap.epa\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Ireland's grid, every 15 minutes", "via": "EirGrid Smart Grid Dashboard, https://www.smartgriddashboard.com (JSON route https://www.s\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Where the next one could go", "via": "Zoning: DHLGH Generalised Zoning Types (https://services.arcgis.com/NzlPQPKn5QF9v2US/arcgi\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "From permission to power-on", "via": "Council planning registers via PlanSight mirror (local, read-only); plansight-2026-10-10.j\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Every data centre in Ireland", "via": "Joined from this project's pipelines: OpenStreetMap (osm_datacentres), EPA LEAP licences +\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "What it does to emissions", "via": "Government of Ireland, Sectoral Emissions Ceilings, September 2022; EPA, Ireland's Provisi\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "How policy got here", "via": "Primary documents from gov.ie/enterprise.gov.ie (DETE), CRU, EirGrid, DECC, local authorit\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Who can supply the renewables", "via": "PlanSight planning database (council registers + An Coimisiun Pleanala); EirGrid RESS 1-5 \u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Who holds the grid capacity", "via": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la inspector reports (pleanala.ie); EPA LEAP licence documents (leap.ep\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Top sites, checked", "via": "Zoning: DHLGH Generalised Zoning Types (https://services.arcgis.com/NzlPQPKn5QF9v2US/arcgi\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "How much lands in Ireland", "via": "Building Control Management System commencement notices (NBCO national CSV via local PlanS\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "How much water they use", "via": "EPA LEAP Annual Environmental Reports (Table 5 'Water Used'); Oireachtas PQ answers on dat\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "What's been reported", "via": "Hand-compiled review of journalism, academic, NGO, industry and official publications on I\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Gas: the next limit", "via": "CRU202657 (25 Jun 2026); GNI NDP 2024 and 2023; GNI Winter Outlook 2025/26; D\u00e1il PQ 33, 6 \u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "How big is a data centre, really?", "via": "Curated constants: CRU, CSO, SEAI, Uisce \u00c9ireann, Google, Epoch AI, IEA, NVIDIA, Uptime In\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Offshore wind: Ireland's North Sea", "via": "EirGrid ORESS 1 Final Auction Results (14 Jun 2023); ORESS 1 T&Cs (Nov 2022, v1.3 27 Mar 2\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Your council and data centres", "via": "Joins extra.directory, extra.valuation, extra.water and applications from ireland.json; Oi\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": "https://planningregister.ie" }, { "name": "How Ireland makes its electricity", "via": "Ember monthly electricity data (https://ember-energy.org/data/monthly-electricity-data/, C\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Data centres hiding in the planning register", "via": "PlanSight mirror of the Irish planning register (planningregister.ie), all councils; OpenS\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "What changed", "via": "Dated snapshots of EPA LEAP, An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la case pages, CRU publications API and Ei\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "What to watch", "via": "Official timetables (EirGrid RESS 6, SEMO capacity auction), ACP case pages (change feed, \u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "From orbit", "via": "Copernicus Sentinel-2 L2A via Element84 Earth Search STAC (https://earth-search.aws.elemen\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Who's behind the companies", "via": "Curated from public registers: PlanSight planning mirror (planningregister.ie), council eP\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Europe's AI build-out and Ireland's place in it", "via": "EuroHPC JU selection releases (Dec 2024, Mar 2025, Oct 2025) and AI Gigafactories call (Ju\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Ireland's risk register", "via": "Computed from this project's pipelines (generation, legacy_capacity, gas, emissions, euros\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Ireland 2026\u20132032: scenarios", "via": "Model built on this index's checked data (CSO MEC02, Ember, EirGrid AIRAA 2026-35, CRU/202\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Facility specifications", "via": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la inspector reports and orders (pleanala.ie); EPA LEAP licence documen\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "The grid's limits on big loads", "via": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-10/Wk42_2026_Weekly_Operational_Constraints_Up\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-10/Wk42_2026_Weekly_Operational_Constraints_Update.pdf (EirGrid/SONI Weekly Operational Constraints Update) \u00b7 CRU202704/CRU202705 \u00b7 CRU2026145 (MPID 345 decision, 22 Sep 2026) and Framework \u00b7 EirGrid MPID 345 \u00b7 EirGrid Operating Security Standards v3.0 and DASSA volumes paper \u00b7 CRU/2025/236 \u00b7 DCCOPP v3" }, { "name": "Critical-infrastructure law and data centres", "via": "irishstatutebook.ie (S.I. 559/2024, S.I. 347/2026, S.I. 387-395/2026) \u00b7 Oireachtas (Critic\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Wholesale electricity prices", "via": "SEMOpx day-ahead market results (https://www.semopx.com/market-data/); Ember European whol\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Interconnectors", "via": "EirGrid, CRU, EIB, AIRAA 2026-2035, promoters and press (quotes checked against cached tex\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Import dependence", "via": "EirGrid Smart Grid Dashboard 15-minute ROI data (https://www.smartgriddashboard.com); CSO \u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Where there is grid headroom", "via": "ESB Networks, Network capacity heatmap, Customer heatmap download (2026-07) https://www.es\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": "https://www.esbnetworks.ie/services/get-connected/renewable-connection/network-capacity-heatmap" }, { "name": "Who says what", "via": "Houses of the Oireachtas debates XML (data.oireachtas.ie); CRU consultation CRU/2025/04 re\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/consultation/review-large-energy-users-connection-policy" }, { "name": "Budget 2027: what it means for data centres and power", "via": "Government of Ireland Budget 2027 documents (gov.ie / assets.gov.ie)", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "AI data centres and Ireland's fleet", "via": "Curated: NVIDIA datasheets and engineering blogs, Uptime Institute, IEA, Epoch AI, NERC, M\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Data centres and construction labour", "via": "CSO (BEA04, BEA05, QLF03, EHQ03, NDQ01); DHLGH commencements; NBCO BCMS commencement notic\u2026", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "The firm-power gap, campus by campus", "via": "StackPath gap table (issue 01): planning, ACP, EPA and capacity-market documents, page-c", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Servers and AI hardware imported into EU member states", "via": "Eurostat Comext DS-045409 (EU trade since 1988 by HS2-4-6 and CN8), monthly, 27 reporters:", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Electricity prices for data centres in Europe", "via": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205 - https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/ta", "status": "pulled", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en" }, { "name": "EU Chips Act ledger: aid, fabs and delivery", "via": "Hand-compiled from Commission state-aid decisions, company releases and trade press (resea", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Capacity-market delivery check: data-centre-linked units", "via": "SEMO/EirGrid capacity auction reports (2022-2026); EirGrid Contracted TSO Non-Wind list (5", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Europe's AI compute vs the US and China", "via": "TOP500 (top500.org) June lists 2016-2026; Epoch AI GPU clusters (CC BY 4.0); Arq Europe 20", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "European neoclouds: signed vs live capacity", "via": "SEC EDGAR filings (Nscale S-1, Nebius), company releases and reputable press; SemiAnalysis", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Data-centre grid queues in Europe", "via": "TSO, regulator and ministry publications and press reports citing them (Terna, Ofgem, NESO", "status": "pulled", "url": "https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/consultation/proposed-data-centre-connection-reforms" }, { "name": "Hyperscaler investment pledges in Europe", "via": "Company announcements and public reporting (hand-compiled, research/datasets/eu_pledges.js", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Sovereign cloud offers in Europe", "via": "Provider announcements, ANSSI SecNumCloud register, BSI C5, European Commission (hand-comp", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "European AI labs: funding, models and compute", "via": "Hand-compiled from company releases and free press (research/datasets/eu_ai_labs.json); Ep", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "The AI race across the stack: US, China, Europe, Ireland", "via": "Epoch AI (GPU clusters, AI data centres, AI chip owners; CC BY 4.0) plus hand-checked head", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Data-centre electricity use by country in Europe", "via": "EU EED data-centre reporting (Commission dashboard, updated 25 Sep 2026; first technical r", "status": "pulled", "url": "https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/83be4c3e-5c79-11f0-a9d0-01aa75ed71a1/language-en" }, { "name": "Germany's data-centre register (RZReg)", "via": "Energieeffizienzregister f\u00fcr Rechenzentren (RZReg), BMWE/BAFA: annual-report export and an", "status": "pulled", "url": "https://rechenzentrumsregister.bund.de/de/" }, { "name": "Claims about Europe's AI stack, checked", "via": "Hand-checked claims (research/datasets/eu_claims.json) with Eurostat nrg_pc_205, US EIA Ta", "status": "pulled", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en" }, { "name": "Hardware arriving in Ireland", "via": "Eurostat Comext DS-045409 (EU trade since 1988 by HS2-4-6 and CN8), monthly, reporter IE: ", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "AI usage: tokens, users and what people use it for", "via": "OpenRouter rankings (CC BY 4.0); Anthropic Economic Index (MIT / CC-BY); Alphabet, Microso", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "What AI is worth: GDP, consumer surplus and productivity", "via": "BEA NIPA (Tables 1.1.1, 1.5.2, 4.2.1, 4.2.5); BLS PPI; Stanford Digital Economy Lab; publi", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Gas turbines and grid equipment: backlog, output and prices", "via": "GE Vernova SEC filings (10-Q/10-K, 8-K earnings releases, XBRL); BLS producer price indice", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "AI-lab compute commitments from filings and releases", "via": "Counterparty SEC filings (EDGAR), company releases and press reports, hand-compiled with a", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "US power: capacity prices, queues, load forecasts and the gas build", "via": "PJM 2028/2029 BRA report and load-forecast workbooks; EIA-860M and Electric Power Monthly ", "status": "pulled", "url": "https://www.pjm.com/-/media/DotCom/markets-ops/rpm/rpm-auction-info/2028-2029/2028-2029-bra-results-report.pdf" }, { "name": "AI compute added per year, and cloud vs AI cloud", "via": "Epoch AI chip sales and data-centre timelines (CC BY 4.0); SEC EDGAR XBRL 10-Q/10-K; TWSE ", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "AI adoption by firms and people: US, Europe, Ireland", "via": "US Census BTOS; Eurostat isoc_eb_ai and isoc_ai_iaiu; Real-Time Population Survey via FRED", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Who pays for the AI build-out (capital ledger)", "via": "SEC EDGAR XBRL company facts, 10-Q/10-K text and 424B prospectus supplements; FRED; ECB re", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "AI token prices ($ per million tokens)", "via": "OpenRouter models API and rankings (CC BY 4.0), Wayback Machine snapshots; Epoch AI (CC BY", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Taiwan AI supply chain monthly revenue (MOPS)", "via": "MOPS monthly revenue summary (mopsov.twse.com.tw), TWSE open data t187ap05_L; BIS exchange", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "AI supplier revenue by quarter and layer", "via": "SEC EDGAR XBRL (10-Q/10-K instances) and 8-K earnings exhibits; MOPS monthly revenue; comp", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "GPU rental prices ($/GPU-hour)", "via": "AWS EC2 price files, Azure Retail Prices API, Oracle price list API, RunPod API, CoreWeave", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "The cost of GPU debt and GPU depreciation lives", "via": "SEC EDGAR filings and company releases (hand-compiled, research/datasets/gpu_finance.json)", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "US data-centre construction spending", "via": "US Census Bureau, Construction Spending (C30), privsatime.xlsx; BEA NIPA flat file (NipaDa", "status": "pulled", "url": "https://www.census.gov/construction/c30/xlsx/privsatime.xlsx" }, { "name": "AI supply chain: monthly chokepoint indicators", "via": "Taiwan Ministry of Finance; TSMC and Nvidia filings (SEC EDGAR); BLS producer price indice", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "AI lab economics: revenue, valuations, margins and compute", "via": "Epoch AI 'Data on AI companies' (CC BY 4.0) with each original publisher credited; SEC EDG", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Global hyperscaler capex and asset geography", "via": "SEC EDGAR XBRL company facts and 10-K filings (data.sec.gov); company earnings releases fo", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "The StackPath firm-power gap table: versions and changes", "via": "StackPath gap table versions, issues/data/gap-table-*.json (planning, ACP, EPA and capacit", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "StackPath calls ledger: predictions and outcomes", "via": "StackPath repository (research/, issues/, docs/): calls quoted with file path and date; ou", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Data-centre restrictions in Europe", "via": "Hand-compiled by StackPath from regulators, governments, councils, TSOs and press (see eac", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Data-centre energy rules in Europe", "via": "Hand-compiled by StackPath from EUR-Lex, the European Commission, national legislation and", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "European AI-chip startups: funding and status", "via": "Hand-compiled from company releases and press (research/datasets/eu_ai_chip_startups.json)", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "EU AI Factories and AI Gigafactories tracker", "via": "EuroHPC JU, European Commission, national HPC centres and governments, TED notices, compan", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "Daily digest: what changed in the data", "via": "StackPath daily digest (Claude routine reading the site's own published data)", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "AI model rankings with a European lens", "via": "OpenRouter rankings (CC BY 4.0); Arena leaderboard dataset (CC BY 4.0); Epoch AI models da", "status": "pulled", "url": null }, { "name": "European AI Stack Index: country scorecard", "via": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205 and Comext DS-045409; Ember yearly electricity data; national data-cen", "status": "pulled", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en" }, { 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"id": "way/714007220", "name": "Digital Realty DUB2", "operator": "Digital Realty", "lat": 53.33106, "lng": -6.36237, "footprintM2": 6103, "tags": { "name": "Digital Realty DUB2", "operator": "Digital Realty", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/714007220" }, { "id": "way/1446107922", "name": null, "operator": null, "lat": 53.2937, "lng": -6.41384, "footprintM2": 6014, "tags": { "building": "data_center", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1446107922" }, { "id": "way/1003253891", "name": null, "operator": null, "lat": 53.40592, "lng": -6.37069, "footprintM2": 5960, "tags": { "building": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1003253891" }, { "id": "way/697470448", "name": "Amazon Web Services", "operator": "Amazon Web Services", "lat": 53.29617, "lng": -6.35039, "footprintM2": 5886, "tags": { "building": "data_center", "name": "Amazon Web Services", "operator": "Amazon Web Services", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/697470448" }, { "id": "way/23610623", "name": null, "operator": null, "lat": 53.40494, "lng": -6.35933, "footprintM2": 5817, "tags": { "building": "data_center", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/23610623" }, { "id": "way/51336797", "name": "Amazon DUB-2", "operator": "Amazon Web Services", "lat": 53.29142, "lng": -6.41611, "footprintM2": 5805, "tags": { "addr:city": "Citywest", "building": "data_center", "name": "Amazon DUB-2", "operator": "Amazon Web Services", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/51336797" }, { "id": "way/709143741", "name": "EdgeConneX", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "lat": 53.32897, "lng": -6.45411, "footprintM2": 5521, "tags": { "building": "data_center", "name": "EdgeConneX", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/709143741" }, { "id": "way/4421159", "name": "Digital Realty DUB10", "operator": "Digital Realty", "lat": 53.4123, "lng": -6.3709, "footprintM2": 5518, "tags": { "building": "yes", "name": "Digital Realty DUB10", "operator": "Digital Realty", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/4421159" }, { "id": "way/68337029", "name": "Eir Data Centre", "operator": "Eir Business", "lat": 53.40003, "lng": -6.21669, "footprintM2": 5428, "tags": { "building": "data_center", "name": "Eir Data Centre", "operator": "Eir Business", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/68337029" }, { "id": "way/1307057020", "name": null, "operator": null, "lat": 53.39879, "lng": -6.21755, "footprintM2": 5360, "tags": { "building": "yes", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1307057020" }, { "id": "way/23750778", "name": "Equinix DB3", "operator": "Equinix", "lat": 53.41112, "lng": -6.34656, "footprintM2": 5332, "tags": { "building": "data_center", "name": "Equinix DB3", "operator": "Equinix", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/23750778" }, { "id": "way/1003253890", "name": null, "operator": null, "lat": 53.40549, "lng": -6.37166, "footprintM2": 4993, "tags": { "building": "data_center", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1003253890" }, { "id": "way/262199046", "name": "Google", "operator": "Google", "lat": 53.31356, "lng": -6.44745, "footprintM2": 4710, "tags": { "building": "data_center", "name": "Google", "operator": "Google", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/262199046" }, { "id": "way/1339609875", "name": null, "operator": null, "lat": 53.40519, "lng": -6.3708, "footprintM2": 4500, "tags": { "building": "data_center", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1339609875" }, { "id": "way/47924347", "name": null, "operator": null, "lat": 53.40133, "lng": -6.22547, "footprintM2": 4390, "tags": { "building": "data_center", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/47924347" }, { "id": "way/1186696253", "name": "EXA Infrastructure", "operator": "EXA Infrastructure", "lat": 53.4001, "lng": -6.21789, "footprintM2": 4366, "tags": { "addr:city": "Dublin", "building": "data_center", "name": "EXA Infrastructure", "operator": "EXA Infrastructure", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1186696253" }, { "id": "way/1004745825", "name": "EdgeConneX", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "lat": 53.32968, "lng": -6.45387, "footprintM2": 4364, "tags": { "building": "data_center", "name": "EdgeConneX", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1004745825" }, { "id": "way/28352285", "name": null, "operator": null, "lat": 53.40369, "lng": -6.3659, "footprintM2": 4332, "tags": { "building": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/28352285" }, { "id": "way/37596453", "name": "Amazon Web Services", "operator": "Amazon Web Services", "lat": 53.29518, "lng": -6.35111, "footprintM2": 4306, "tags": { "building": "data_center", "name": "Amazon Web Services", "operator": "Amazon Web Services", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/37596453" }, { "id": "way/538103967", "name": "Digital Realty Dublin DUB3", "operator": "Digital Realty", "lat": 53.32968, "lng": -6.44311, "footprintM2": 4140, "tags": { "building": "data_center", "name": "Digital Realty Dublin DUB3", "operator": "Digital Realty", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/538103967" }, { "id": "way/714007221", "name": "Digital Realty DUB1", "operator": "Digital Realty", "lat": 53.33436, "lng": -6.36517, "footprintM2": 3869, "tags": { "name": "Digital Realty DUB1", "operator": "Digital Realty", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/714007221" }, { "id": "way/691934423", "name": "Digital Realty DUB3", "operator": "Digital Realty", "lat": 53.31345, "lng": -6.44231, "footprintM2": 3825, "tags": { "building": "data_center", "name": "Digital Realty DUB3", "operator": "Digital Realty", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/691934423" }, { "id": "way/68337079", "name": "Vodafone Data Centre", "operator": "Vodafone", "lat": 53.40785, "lng": -6.22249, "footprintM2": 3609, "tags": { "building": "data_center", "name": "Vodafone Data Centre", "operator": "Vodafone", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/68337079" }, { "id": "way/547351129", "name": "Digital Realty DUB4", "operator": "Digital Realty", "lat": 53.3139, "lng": -6.44227, "footprintM2": 3586, "tags": { "building": "data_center", "name": "Digital Realty DUB4", "operator": "Digital Realty", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/547351129" }, { "id": "way/23750729", "name": "Equinix DB4", "operator": "Equinix", "lat": 53.41191, "lng": -6.35168, "footprintM2": 3437, "tags": { "building": "data_center", "name": "Equinix DB4", "operator": "Equinix", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/23750729" }, { "id": "way/256107907", "name": "Equinix DB2", "operator": "Equinix", "lat": 53.3184, "lng": -6.44072, "footprintM2": 3184, "tags": { "building": "data_center", "name": "Equinix DB2", "operator": "Equinix", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/256107907" }, { "id": "way/47924345", "name": null, "operator": null, "lat": 53.40168, "lng": -6.22647, "footprintM2": 3153, "tags": { "building": "data_center", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/47924345" }, { "id": "way/1293518358", "name": "Digital Realty Dublin DUB4", "operator": "Digital Realty", "lat": 53.32913, "lng": -6.44313, "footprintM2": 3144, "tags": { "building": "data_center", "name": "Digital Realty Dublin DUB4", "operator": "Digital Realty", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1293518358" }, { "id": "way/37682016", "name": "Equinix Dublin DB1", "operator": "Equinix", "lat": 53.29157, "lng": -6.41529, "footprintM2": 2959, "tags": { "building": "data_center", "name": "Equinix Dublin DB1", "operator": "Equinix", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/37682016" }, { "id": "way/68337058", "name": "Verizon Data Centre", "operator": "Verizon", "lat": 53.40734, "lng": -6.22258, "footprintM2": 2877, "tags": { "building": "industrial", "name": "Verizon Data Centre", "operator": "Verizon", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/68337058" }, { "id": "way/51335423", "name": "Eir Hosting Services", "operator": "Eir", "lat": 53.29534, "lng": -6.41589, "footprintM2": 2441, "tags": { "addr:city": "Citywest", "building": "data_center", "name": "Eir Hosting Services", "operator": "Eir", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/51335423" }, { "id": "way/68996550", "name": "Cork Internet Exchange (CIX)", "operator": "Cork Internet Exchange (CIX)", "lat": 51.90359, "lng": -8.51243, "footprintM2": 2388, "tags": { "addr:city": "Cork", "building": "data_center", "name": "Cork Internet Exchange (CIX)", "operator": "Cork Internet Exchange (CIX)", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/68996550" }, { "id": "way/702455910", "name": "BT Application Hosting", "operator": "BT Ireland", "lat": 53.29206, "lng": -6.41559, "footprintM2": 2075, "tags": { "addr:city": "Citywest", "building": "data_center", "name": "BT Application Hosting", "operator": "BT Ireland", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/702455910" }, { "id": "way/1560086782", "name": "Ericsson", "operator": null, "lat": 53.42971, "lng": -7.89895, "footprintM2": 700, "tags": { "building": "yes", "name": "Ericsson", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1560086782" }, { "id": "way/1443002192", "name": null, "operator": null, "lat": 53.31932, "lng": -6.45377, "footprintM2": 188, "tags": { "building": "yes", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1443002192" }, { "id": "node/6696027683", "name": "ISS Data Centre South (DCS)", "operator": null, "lat": 53.28069, "lng": -9.05976, "footprintM2": 0, "tags": { "name": "ISS Data Centre South (DCS)", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/node/6696027683" }, { "id": "node/12760190386", "name": "Digital Realty DUB11", "operator": "Digital Realty", "lat": 53.40014, "lng": -6.21644, "footprintM2": 0, "tags": { "name": "Digital Realty DUB11", "operator": "Digital Realty", "telecom": "data_center" }, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/node/12760190386" } ], "note": "Volunteer-mapped: coverage is incomplete and footprints are building outlines, not power capacity." }, "edgar_capex": { "title": "US hyperscaler capex", "source": "SEC EDGAR XBRL company facts API (data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts)", "sourceUrls": [ "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0000789019.json", "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001018724.json", "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001652044.json", "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001326801.json", "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001341439.json" ], "asOf": "2026-10-10", "concept": [ "us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquireProductiveAssets", "us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment" ], "unit": "USD bn, cash payments for PP&E, as reported in 10-K", "companies": [ { "name": "Microsoft", "cik": "0000789019", "fiscalYearEnd": "06-30", "concept": "us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment", "annual": [ { "fy": 2019, "end": "2019-06-30", "usdBn": 13.925 }, { "fy": 2020, "end": "2020-06-30", "usdBn": 15.441 }, { "fy": 2021, "end": "2021-06-30", "usdBn": 20.622 }, { "fy": 2022, "end": "2022-06-30", "usdBn": 23.886 }, { "fy": 2023, "end": "2023-06-30", "usdBn": 28.107 }, { "fy": 2024, "end": "2024-06-30", "usdBn": 44.477 }, { "fy": 2025, "end": "2025-06-30", "usdBn": 64.551 }, { "fy": 2026, "end": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 115.948 } ], "ttm": { "end": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 115.948, "method": "FY2026 (no 10-Q filed since the 10-K)" }, "url": "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0000789019.json", "rawFile": "CIK0000789019_2026-10-10.json" }, { "name": "Amazon", "cik": "0001018724", "fiscalYearEnd": "12-31", "concept": "us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquireProductiveAssets", "annual": [ { "fy": 2018, "end": "2018-12-31", "usdBn": 13.427 }, { "fy": 2019, "end": "2019-12-31", "usdBn": 16.861 }, { "fy": 2020, "end": "2020-12-31", "usdBn": 40.14 }, { "fy": 2021, "end": "2021-12-31", "usdBn": 61.053 }, { "fy": 2022, "end": "2022-12-31", "usdBn": 63.645 }, { "fy": 2023, "end": "2023-12-31", "usdBn": 52.729 }, { "fy": 2024, "end": "2024-12-31", "usdBn": 82.999 }, { "fy": 2025, "end": "2025-12-31", "usdBn": 131.819 } ], "ttm": { "end": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 173.028, "method": "FY2025 + YTD to 2026-06-30 - YTD to 2025-06-30" }, "url": "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001018724.json", "rawFile": "CIK0001018724_2026-10-10.json" }, { "name": "Alphabet", "cik": "0001652044", "fiscalYearEnd": "12-31", "concept": "us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment", "annual": [ { "fy": 2018, "end": "2018-12-31", "usdBn": 25.139 }, { "fy": 2019, "end": "2019-12-31", "usdBn": 23.548 }, { "fy": 2020, "end": "2020-12-31", "usdBn": 22.281 }, { "fy": 2021, "end": "2021-12-31", "usdBn": 24.64 }, { "fy": 2022, "end": "2022-12-31", "usdBn": 31.485 }, { "fy": 2023, "end": "2023-12-31", "usdBn": 32.251 }, { "fy": 2024, "end": "2024-12-31", "usdBn": 52.535 }, { "fy": 2025, "end": "2025-12-31", "usdBn": 91.447 } ], "ttm": { "end": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 132.402, "method": "FY2025 + YTD to 2026-06-30 - YTD to 2025-06-30" }, "url": "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001652044.json", "rawFile": "CIK0001652044_2026-10-10.json" }, { "name": "Meta", "cik": "0001326801", "fiscalYearEnd": "12-31", "concept": "us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment", "annual": [ { "fy": 2018, "end": "2018-12-31", "usdBn": 13.915 }, { "fy": 2019, "end": "2019-12-31", "usdBn": 15.102 }, { "fy": 2020, "end": "2020-12-31", "usdBn": 15.163 }, { "fy": 2021, "end": "2021-12-31", "usdBn": 18.69 }, { "fy": 2022, "end": "2022-12-31", "usdBn": 31.186 }, { "fy": 2023, "end": "2023-12-31", "usdBn": 27.045 }, { "fy": 2024, "end": "2024-12-31", "usdBn": 37.256 }, { "fy": 2025, "end": "2025-12-31", "usdBn": 69.691 } ], "ttm": { "end": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 89.325, "method": "FY2025 + YTD to 2026-06-30 - YTD to 2025-06-30" }, "url": "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001326801.json", "rawFile": "CIK0001326801_2026-10-10.json" }, { "name": "Oracle", "cik": "0001341439", "fiscalYearEnd": "05-31", "concept": "us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment", "annual": [ { "fy": 2019, "end": "2019-05-31", "usdBn": 1.66 }, { "fy": 2020, "end": "2020-05-31", "usdBn": 1.564 }, { "fy": 2021, "end": "2021-05-31", "usdBn": 2.135 }, { "fy": 2022, "end": "2022-05-31", "usdBn": 4.511 }, { "fy": 2023, "end": "2023-05-31", "usdBn": 8.695 }, { "fy": 2024, "end": "2024-05-31", "usdBn": 6.866 }, { "fy": 2025, "end": "2025-05-31", "usdBn": 21.215 }, { "fy": 2026, "end": "2026-05-31", "usdBn": 55.663 } ], "ttm": { "end": "2026-08-31", "usdBn": 75.66, "method": "FY2026 + YTD to 2026-08-31 - YTD to 2025-08-31" }, "url": "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001341439.json", "rawFile": "CIK0001341439_2026-10-10.json" } ], "totalByYear": [ { "year": 2019, "usdBn": 71.096 }, { "year": 2020, "usdBn": 94.589 }, { "year": 2021, "usdBn": 127.14 }, { "year": 2022, "usdBn": 154.713 }, { "year": 2023, "usdBn": 148.827 }, { "year": 2024, "usdBn": 224.133 }, { "year": 2025, "usdBn": 378.723 } ], "ttmTotal": { "usdBn": 586.363, "ends": { "Microsoft": "2026-06-30", "Amazon": "2026-06-30", "Alphabet": "2026-06-30", "Meta": "2026-06-30", "Oracle": "2026-08-31" } }, "caveats": [ "Cash paid for property and equipment (cash-flow statement); excludes assets acquired under finance leases and other non-cash additions, which are large for Microsoft, Amazon and Meta.", "Amazon capex covers all segments (AWS plus retail fulfilment/logistics), not just data centres.", "Amazon tags capex as us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquireProductiveAssets (its 'Purchases of property and equipment' line, gross of incentives); the others use PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment.", "Fiscal years differ: Microsoft ends 30 June, Oracle 31 May, the others 31 December. totalByYear sums by the calendar year in which each fiscal year ends.", "Amounts are as last reported (latest filing wins), so restated prior years reflect the restatement." ] }, "eurostat_prices": { "title": "What big users pay for electricity", "source": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205 (electricity prices for non-household consumers, bi-annual) - https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en", "sourceUrl": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/nrg_pc_205?format=JSON&lang=EN&unit=KWH¤cy=EUR&tax=X_VAT&sinceTimePeriod=2015-S1&geo=IE&geo=EU27_2020&geo=DE&geo=FR&geo=NL&geo=BE&geo=DK&geo=SE&geo=NO&geo=FI&geo=ES&geo=PT&geo=IT&geo=PL&geo=UK&nrg_cons=MWH_GE150000&nrg_cons=MWH70000-149999", "asOf": "2026-10-09", "fetched": "2026-10-10", "band": "MWH_GE150000", "bandLabel": "Consumption 150 000 MWh or over - band IG", "fallbackBand": "MWH70000-149999", "tax": "X_VAT", "taxLabel": "Excluding VAT and other recoverable taxes and levies", "unit": "EUR/kWh", "latestPeriod": "2026-S1", "ieVsEuRatio": null, "latest": [ { "geo": "PL", "name": "Poland", "eurPerKWh": 0.1844, "band": "MWH_GE150000" }, { "geo": "IE", "name": "Ireland", "eurPerKWh": 0.1654, "band": "MWH_GE150000" }, { "geo": "IT", "name": "Italy", "eurPerKWh": 0.1332, "band": "MWH_GE150000" }, { "geo": "DE", "name": "Germany", "eurPerKWh": 0.1267, "band": "MWH_GE150000" }, { "geo": "DK", "name": "Denmark", "eurPerKWh": 0.1246, "band": "MWH_GE150000" }, { "geo": "NL", "name": "Netherlands", "eurPerKWh": 0.1058, "band": "MWH_GE150000" }, { "geo": "BE", "name": "Belgium", "eurPerKWh": 0.1014, "band": "MWH_GE150000" }, { "geo": "SE", "name": "Sweden", "eurPerKWh": 0.0881, "band": "MWH_GE150000" }, { "geo": "FI", "name": "Finland", "eurPerKWh": 0.0793, "band": "MWH70000-149999" }, { "geo": "ES", "name": "Spain", "eurPerKWh": 0.0777, "band": "MWH_GE150000" }, { "geo": "FR", "name": "France", "eurPerKWh": 0.0722, "band": "MWH_GE150000" }, { "geo": "PT", "name": "Portugal", "eurPerKWh": 0.0666, "band": "MWH_GE150000" }, { "geo": "NO", "name": "Norway", "eurPerKWh": 0.0502, "band": "MWH_GE150000" } ], "irelandSeries": [ { "period": "2018-S2", "ie": 0.0877, "eu": 0.0646, "ieBandIF": 0.0965, "euBandIF": 0.0735 }, { "period": "2019-S1", "ie": 0.0848, "eu": 0.0625, "ieBandIF": 0.092, "euBandIF": 0.0779 }, { "period": "2019-S2", "ie": 0.0819, "eu": 0.0662, "ieBandIF": 0.0877, "euBandIF": 0.075 }, { "period": "2020-S1", "ie": 0.0786, "eu": 0.0588, "ieBandIF": 0.0846, "euBandIF": 0.0738 }, { "period": "2020-S2", "ie": 0.0802, "eu": 0.0625, "ieBandIF": 0.0872, "euBandIF": 0.0776 }, { "period": "2021-S1", "ie": 0.1053, "eu": 0.0719, "ieBandIF": 0.1082, "euBandIF": 0.0836 }, { "period": "2021-S2", "ie": 0.1752, "eu": 0.1129, "ieBandIF": 0.167, "euBandIF": 0.1154 }, { "period": "2022-S1", "ie": 0.2306, "eu": 0.1644, "ieBandIF": 0.2006, "euBandIF": 0.1644 }, { "period": "2022-S2", "ie": 0.2882, "eu": 0.1933, "ieBandIF": 0.2209, "euBandIF": 0.1965 }, { "period": "2023-S1", "ie": 0.2128, "eu": 0.1447, "ieBandIF": 0.2397, "euBandIF": 0.1627 }, { "period": "2023-S2", "ie": 0.1779, "eu": 0.1321, "ieBandIF": 0.203, "euBandIF": 0.1507 }, { "period": "2024-S1", "ie": 0.1633, "eu": 0.1067, "ieBandIF": 0.1966, "euBandIF": 0.1186 }, { "period": "2024-S2", "ie": 0.1759, "eu": 0.1187, "ieBandIF": 0.1903, "euBandIF": 0.1264 }, { "period": "2025-S1", "ie": 0.1927, "eu": 0.113, "ieBandIF": 0.1956, "euBandIF": 0.1246 }, { "period": "2025-S2", "ie": 0.1592, "eu": 0.1096, "ieBandIF": 0.1724, "euBandIF": 0.1217 }, { "period": "2026-S1", "ie": 0.1654, "eu": null, "ieBandIF": 0.1799, "euBandIF": null } ], "notes": [ "Band IG (>=150 GWh/yr) unless the row's band says otherwise (fallback to band IF).", "UK not reported by Eurostat after 2020-S1.", "Average prices reported by national statistics offices; individual large-user contracts vary." ] }, "ember": { "title": "Ireland's power vs Europe", "source": "Ember, Yearly electricity data - https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "sourceUrl": "https://files.ember-energy.org/public-downloads/generation/outputs/release_generation_yearly_global.csv", "asOf": "2026-10-10", "year": 2025, "irelandLatestYear": 2025, "units": { "carbonIntensity": "gCO2e/kWh (lifecycle, generation-based)", "pct": "% of domestic generation unless noted", "demandTWh": "TWh" }, "countries": [ { "key": "IE", "name": "Ireland", "year": 2025, "carbonIntensity": 263.0, "windPct": 37.7, "solarPct": 4.7, "fossilPct": 52.3, "gasPct": 47.9, "cleanPct": 47.7, "netImportsPctOfGeneration": 19.6, "netImportsPctOfDemand": 16.4, "demandTWh": 37.4, "generationTWh": 31.27 }, { "key": "EU", "name": "EU", "year": 2025, "carbonIntensity": 211.0, "windPct": 17.1, "solarPct": 13.1, "fossilPct": 29.0, "gasPct": 16.7, "cleanPct": 71.0, "netImportsPctOfGeneration": -0.9, "netImportsPctOfDemand": -0.9, "demandTWh": 2774.51, "generationTWh": 2798.49 }, { "key": "DE", "name": "Germany", "year": 2025, "carbonIntensity": 334.0, "windPct": 26.6, "solarPct": 18.0, "fossilPct": 41.5, "gasPct": 16.8, "cleanPct": 58.5, "netImportsPctOfGeneration": 3.9, "netImportsPctOfDemand": 3.8, "demandTWh": 516.52, "generationTWh": 497.04 }, { "key": "FR", "name": "France", "year": 2025, "carbonIntensity": 41.0, "windPct": 8.8, "solarPct": 5.6, "fossilPct": 5.1, "gasPct": 3.0, "cleanPct": 94.9, "netImportsPctOfGeneration": -16.3, "netImportsPctOfDemand": -19.5, "demandTWh": 480.57, "generationTWh": 574.37 }, { "key": "NL", "name": "Netherlands", "year": 2025, "carbonIntensity": 254.0, "windPct": 25.0, "solarPct": 21.1, "fossilPct": 45.8, "gasPct": 34.9, "cleanPct": 54.2, "netImportsPctOfGeneration": -10.4, "netImportsPctOfDemand": -11.6, "demandTWh": 120.99, "generationTWh": 135.04 }, { "key": "DK", "name": "Denmark", "year": 2025, "carbonIntensity": 100.0, "windPct": 58.8, "solarPct": 13.2, "fossilPct": 5.8, "gasPct": 0.3, "cleanPct": 94.2, "netImportsPctOfGeneration": 21.5, "netImportsPctOfDemand": 17.7, "demandTWh": 41.88, "generationTWh": 34.47 }, { "key": "ES", "name": "Spain", "year": 2025, "carbonIntensity": 153.0, "windPct": 20.4, "solarPct": 21.9, "fossilPct": 25.3, "gasPct": 21.5, "cleanPct": 74.7, "netImportsPctOfGeneration": -4.4, "netImportsPctOfDemand": -4.6, "demandTWh": 275.25, "generationTWh": 288.04 }, { "key": "UK", "name": "United Kingdom", "year": 2025, "carbonIntensity": 218.0, "windPct": 29.4, "solarPct": 6.6, "fossilPct": 35.8, "gasPct": 31.4, "cleanPct": 64.2, "netImportsPctOfGeneration": 6.1, "netImportsPctOfDemand": 5.8, "demandTWh": 311.29, "generationTWh": 293.36 }, { "key": "NO", "name": "Norway", "year": 2025, "carbonIntensity": 28.0, "windPct": 8.4, "solarPct": 0.3, "fossilPct": 1.0, "gasPct": 0.6, "cleanPct": 99.0, "netImportsPctOfGeneration": -14.2, "netImportsPctOfDemand": -16.5, "demandTWh": 138.06, "generationTWh": 160.85 }, { "key": "SE", "name": "Sweden", "year": 2025, "carbonIntensity": 35.0, "windPct": 22.8, "solarPct": 2.6, "fossilPct": 1.2, "gasPct": 0.1, "cleanPct": 98.8, "netImportsPctOfGeneration": -19.8, "netImportsPctOfDemand": -24.7, "demandTWh": 136.47, "generationTWh": 170.17 }, { "key": "PL", "name": "Poland", "year": 2025, "carbonIntensity": 591.0, "windPct": 13.9, "solarPct": 11.3, "fossilPct": 68.8, "gasPct": 14.4, "cleanPct": 31.2, "netImportsPctOfGeneration": 0.6, "netImportsPctOfDemand": 0.5, "demandTWh": 173.7, "generationTWh": 172.75 }, { "key": "US", "name": "United States", "year": 2025, "carbonIntensity": 384.0, "windPct": 10.3, "solarPct": 8.6, "fossilPct": 57.0, "gasPct": 40.0, "cleanPct": 43.0, "netImportsPctOfGeneration": 0.3, "netImportsPctOfDemand": 0.3, "demandTWh": 4532.14, "generationTWh": 4519.79 } ], "irelandTrend": [ { "year": 2015, "windPct": 23.7, "gasPct": 43.9, "carbonIntensity": 440.0, "demandTWh": 28.82, "netImportsPctOfDemand": 2.3 }, { "year": 2016, "windPct": 20.6, "gasPct": 50.6, "carbonIntensity": 442.0, "demandTWh": 29.59, "netImportsPctOfDemand": -2.4 }, { "year": 2017, "windPct": 24.6, "gasPct": 50.9, "carbonIntensity": 404.0, "demandTWh": 30.11, "netImportsPctOfDemand": -2.3 }, { "year": 2018, "windPct": 28.3, "gasPct": 51.6, "carbonIntensity": 362.0, "demandTWh": 31.01, "netImportsPctOfDemand": -0.1 }, { "year": 2019, "windPct": 33.0, "gasPct": 51.5, "carbonIntensity": 312.0, "demandTWh": 31.51, "netImportsPctOfDemand": 2.0 }, { "year": 2020, "windPct": 36.5, "gasPct": 50.5, "carbonIntensity": 291.0, "demandTWh": 32.01, "netImportsPctOfDemand": -0.5 }, { "year": 2021, "windPct": 31.3, "gasPct": 47.8, "carbonIntensity": 352.0, "demandTWh": 33.33, "netImportsPctOfDemand": 4.8 }, { "year": 2022, "windPct": 33.7, "gasPct": 48.9, "carbonIntensity": 331.0, "demandTWh": 34.04, "netImportsPctOfDemand": 0.7 }, { "year": 2023, "windPct": 37.6, "gasPct": 48.7, "carbonIntensity": 282.0, "demandTWh": 34.81, "netImportsPctOfDemand": 9.4 }, { "year": 2024, "windPct": 37.3, "gasPct": 48.6, "carbonIntensity": 271.0, "demandTWh": 36.13, "netImportsPctOfDemand": 14.0 }, { "year": 2025, "windPct": 37.7, "gasPct": 47.9, "carbonIntensity": 263.0, "demandTWh": 37.4, "netImportsPctOfDemand": 16.4 } ], "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "attribution": "Ember (ember-energy.org), CC-BY-4.0" }, "valuation": { "title": "What data centres pay councils", "source": { "valuationList": "https://tailte.ie/home/api/", "api": "https://opendata.tailte.ie/api/Property/GetProperties?Fields=*&LocalAuthority=&Download=false", "dataGovIe": "https://data.gov.ie/dataset/valuation-office-api", "arv": "https://tailte.ie/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/2026_Annual_Rates_on_Valuation.pdf", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0 (Tailte \u00c9ireann)" }, "asOf": "2026-10-03", "method": "Downloaded the full Tailte \u00c9ireann valuation list for all 31 rating authorities via the open-data API and kept every property whose 'Uses' or any valuation-report floor use is DATA CENTRE. NAV is the list's 'Valuation' (net annual value, euro). Estimated annual rates = NAV x the council's 2026 Annual Rate on Valuation from Tailte \u00c9ireann's ARV table (parsed via pdf). Operator is taken from the address text where the list names it; Clonee is attributed to Meta from public site knowledge; the rest are 'Unattributed' because the list publishes no occupier.", "propertiesScannedByCouncil": { "Carlow County Council": 1969, "Cavan County Council": 2511, "Clare County Council": 4154, "Cork City Council": 9734, "Cork County Council": 16950, "Donegal County Council": 6097, "Dublin City Council": 19796, "Fingal County Council": 6529, "Dun Laoghaire Rathdown Co Co": 4998, "South Dublin County Council": 6925, "Galway City Council": 3554, "Galway County Council": 4466, "Kerry County Council": 5334, "Kildare County Council": 5315, "Kilkenny County Council": 2889, "Laois County Council": 2066, "Leitrim County Council": 1118, "Limerick City And County Council": 6587, "Longford County Council": 1458, "Louth County Council": 4478, "Mayo County Council": 4512, "Meath County Council": 5223, "Monaghan County Council": 2373, "Offaly County Council": 2466, "Roscommon County Council": 2122, "Sligo County Council": 2156, "Waterford City And County Council": 4031, "Westmeath County Council": 3098, "Wexford County Council": 4529, "Wicklow County Council": 3752, "Tipperary County Council": 5375 }, "properties": [ { "propertyNumber": 5015330, "occupier": null, "operator": "Meta", "operatorBasis": "site: Meta's Clonee campus (Loughsallagh/Portan, Co. Meath)", "address": "Data Centre, Portan, Clonee, Co Meath", "eircode": "D15NN9V", "la": "Meath County Council", "category": "INDUSTRIAL USES", "use": "-, DATA CENTRE", "navEur": 25321000, "floorAreaM2": 17197, "dataCentreFloorM2": 17197, "dataCentreNavPerM2": 1472.4, "valuationDate": "15/09/2017", "publicationDate": "25/08/2021", "itm": [ 704296.27, 742023.59 ], "arv": 0.2132, "estRatesEur": 5398437 }, { "propertyNumber": 5026249, "occupier": null, "operator": "Meta", "operatorBasis": "site: Meta's Clonee campus (Loughsallagh/Portan, Co. Meath)", "address": "CLN 4 & 5, LOUGHSALLAGH, CLONEE, Co. 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DUBLIN", "eircode": "D15E205", "la": "Fingal County Council", "category": "INDUSTRIAL USES", "use": "DATA CENTRE", "navEur": 1327000, "floorAreaM2": 6623, "dataCentreFloorM2": 4818, "dataCentreNavPerM2": null, "valuationDate": "15/09/2017", "publicationDate": "04/03/2024", "itm": [ 709594.03, 741481.6 ], "arv": 0.1868, "estRatesEur": 247884 }, { "propertyNumber": 10031105, "occupier": null, "operator": "Unattributed", "operatorBasis": "", "address": "Dub 90, Clonshaugh Business & Technology Park, Dublin 17", "eircode": "D17CX46", "la": "Dublin City Council", "category": "INDUSTRIAL USES", "use": "DATA CENTRE", "navEur": 1248000, "floorAreaM2": 5847, "dataCentreFloorM2": 5847, "dataCentreNavPerM2": 213.6, "valuationDate": "07/04/2011", "publicationDate": "01/11/2024", "itm": [ 718528.23, 740188.59 ], "arv": 0.289, "estRatesEur": 360672 }, { "propertyNumber": 5022891, "occupier": null, "operator": "Unattributed", "operatorBasis": "", "address": "Drogheda Business & Technology Park, Donore Road, Drogheda Co Meath", "eircode": "A92VX98", "la": "Meath County Council", "category": "INDUSTRIAL USES", "use": "-, DATA CENTRE", "navEur": 1241000, "floorAreaM2": 1909, "dataCentreFloorM2": 1909, "dataCentreNavPerM2": 650.0, "valuationDate": "15/09/2017", "publicationDate": "14/09/2022", "itm": [ 706688.78, 774072.14 ], "arv": 0.2132, "estRatesEur": 264581 }, { "propertyNumber": 1545277, "occupier": null, "operator": "Unattributed", "operatorBasis": "", "address": "Unit B10, Ballycoolin Business Park, Dublin 15", "eircode": "D15YN9K", "la": "Fingal County Council", "category": "INDUSTRIAL USES", "use": "-, DATA CENTRE", "navEur": 1213000, "floorAreaM2": 7601, "dataCentreFloorM2": 5112, "dataCentreNavPerM2": null, "valuationDate": "15/09/2017", "publicationDate": "17/09/2019", "itm": [ 708968.65, 740795.7 ], "arv": 0.1868, "estRatesEur": 226588 }, { "propertyNumber": 5013950, "occupier": null, "operator": "Unattributed", "operatorBasis": "", "address": "DUB 11, Grangecastle Business Park, Nangor Road Clondalkin, Dublin 22., DUBLIN 22", "eircode": "D22F1W8", "la": "South Dublin County Council", "category": "INDUSTRIAL USES", "use": "-, DATA CENTRE", "navEur": 1096000, "floorAreaM2": 1674, "dataCentreFloorM2": 1674, "dataCentreNavPerM2": 655.0, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "27/11/2020", "itm": [ 704114.49, 731113.32 ], "arv": 0.28, "estRatesEur": 306880 }, { "propertyNumber": 2167106, "occupier": null, "operator": "Unattributed", "operatorBasis": "", "address": "Unit 9, East Park, Shannon Free Zone, Shannon, Co. Clare", "eircode": "V14YD96", "la": "Clare County Council", "category": "INDUSTRIAL USES", "use": "-, DATA CENTRE", "navEur": 959000, "floorAreaM2": 3752, "dataCentreFloorM2": 1134, "dataCentreNavPerM2": 635.0, "valuationDate": "01/02/2022", "publicationDate": "22/09/2023", "itm": [ 541687.53, 663760.76 ], "arv": 0.2581, "estRatesEur": 247518 }, { "propertyNumber": 2181210, "occupier": null, "operator": "Unattributed", "operatorBasis": "", "address": "Xerox Technology Campus, Dundalk, Co. Louth", "eircode": "A91H9N9", "la": "Louth County Council", "category": "INDUSTRIAL USES", "use": "-, OFFICE", "navEur": 855000, "floorAreaM2": 13533, "dataCentreFloorM2": 1167, "dataCentreNavPerM2": 100.0, "valuationDate": "15/09/2017", "publicationDate": "17/09/2019", "itm": [ 705257.93, 804235.34 ], "arv": 0.2235, "estRatesEur": 191092 }, { "propertyNumber": 2111913, "occupier": null, "operator": "Unattributed", "operatorBasis": "", "address": "5B BLANCHARDSTOWN CORPORATE PARK, DUBLIN, CO. DUBLIN", "eircode": "D15PY54", "la": "Fingal County Council", "category": "INDUSTRIAL USES", "use": "DATA CENTRE", "navEur": 773000, "floorAreaM2": 2134, "dataCentreFloorM2": 953, "dataCentreNavPerM2": 685.0, "valuationDate": "15/09/2017", "publicationDate": "21/10/2025", "itm": [ 708257.39, 741313.76 ], "arv": 0.1868, "estRatesEur": 144396 }, { "propertyNumber": 10030760, "occupier": null, "operator": "Unattributed", "operatorBasis": "", "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Dublin", "eircode": "D22 C8XN", "la": "South Dublin County Council", "category": "INDUSTRIAL USES", "use": "DATA CENTRE", "navEur": 766000, "floorAreaM2": 1153, "dataCentreFloorM2": 1153, "dataCentreNavPerM2": 665.0, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "02/12/2024", "itm": [ 703813.75, 732191.22 ], "arv": 0.28, "estRatesEur": 214480 }, { "propertyNumber": 2110580, "occupier": null, "operator": "Unattributed", "operatorBasis": "", "address": "WAREHOUSE/WAREROOMS/DARA CENTRE YARD, 6H/2 LONGMILE ROAD, DUBLIN 12", "eircode": "D12C620", "la": "Dublin City Council", "category": "INDUSTRIAL USES", "use": "-, DATA CENTRE", "navEur": 421000, "floorAreaM2": 3503, "dataCentreFloorM2": 0, "dataCentreNavPerM2": null, "valuationDate": "07/04/2011", "publicationDate": "31/12/2013", "itm": [ 710903.43, 731802.39 ], "arv": 0.289, "estRatesEur": 121669 }, { "propertyNumber": 2142575, "occupier": null, "operator": "Unattributed", "operatorBasis": "", "address": "UNIT 24 KAVANAGH AVENUE, PARK WEST INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, NANGOR ROAD, DUBLIN 12", "eircode": "D12YY88", "la": "Dublin City Council", "category": "INDUSTRIAL USES", "use": "-, DATA CENTRE", "navEur": 402000, "floorAreaM2": 3428, "dataCentreFloorM2": 3179, "dataCentreNavPerM2": 100.0, "valuationDate": "07/04/2011", "publicationDate": "31/12/2013", "itm": [ 709073.71, 732441.44 ], "arv": 0.289, "estRatesEur": 116178 }, { "propertyNumber": 2207158, "occupier": null, "operator": "GTT (Hibernia Atlantic)", "operatorBasis": "address text", "address": "Clonshaugh Industrial Estate, (Rear - Hibernia Atlantic Cable Systems), Clonshaugh, Dublin 17", "eircode": "D17AW86", "la": "Dublin City Council", "category": "INDUSTRIAL USES", "use": "-, DATA CENTRE", "navEur": 309000, "floorAreaM2": 2679, "dataCentreFloorM2": 2030, "dataCentreNavPerM2": 100.0, "valuationDate": "07/04/2011", "publicationDate": "31/12/2013", "itm": [ 718511.72, 740382.34 ], "arv": 0.289, "estRatesEur": 89301 }, { "propertyNumber": 733248, "occupier": null, "operator": "Unattributed", "operatorBasis": "", "address": "FLOORS -1,0,1, CLONSHAUGH INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, OSCAR TRAYNOR ROAD, COOLOCK, DUBLIN 17", "eircode": "D17AW86", "la": "Dublin City Council", "category": "INDUSTRIAL USES", "use": "-, DATA CENTRE", "navEur": 251000, "floorAreaM2": 2412, "dataCentreFloorM2": 2111, "dataCentreNavPerM2": 100.0, "valuationDate": "07/04/2011", "publicationDate": "08/08/2014", "itm": [ 718511.72, 740382.34 ], "arv": 0.289, "estRatesEur": 72539 }, { "propertyNumber": 1543687, "occupier": null, "operator": "Unattributed", "operatorBasis": "", "address": "35 LAVERY AVENUE, PARK WEST INDUSTRIAL PARK, NANGOR ROAD, DUBLIN 12", "eircode": "D12WY98", "la": "Dublin City Council", "category": "INDUSTRIAL USES", "use": "-, DATA CENTRE", "navEur": 226000, "floorAreaM2": 1886, "dataCentreFloorM2": 1617, "dataCentreNavPerM2": 100.0, "valuationDate": "07/04/2011", "publicationDate": "08/08/2014", "itm": [ 708870.16, 732809.18 ], "arv": 0.289, "estRatesEur": 65314 }, { "propertyNumber": 2198883, "occupier": null, "operator": "Unattributed", "operatorBasis": "", "address": "FLOORS -1,0,1, UNIVERSITY BUSINESS CENTRE, 28 UNIVERSITY BUSINESS CENTRE, NATIONAL TECHNOLOGICAL PARK, PLASSEY PARK ROAD, LIMERICK", "eircode": "V946P52", "la": "Limerick City And County Council", "category": "OFFICE", "use": "OFFICE (BUSINESS PARK), DATA CENTRE", "navEur": 135000, "floorAreaM2": 1306, "dataCentreFloorM2": 0, "dataCentreNavPerM2": null, "valuationDate": "01/03/2012", "publicationDate": "07/11/2017", "itm": [ 562501.16, 658131.19 ], "arv": 0.2965, "estRatesEur": 40028 }, { "propertyNumber": 5021061, "occupier": null, "operator": "Unattributed", "operatorBasis": "", "address": "DAMASTOWN ROAD, MULHUDDART, DUBLIN 15", "eircode": "D15NN9V", "la": "Fingal County Council", "category": "INDUSTRIAL USES", "use": "DATA CENTRE, NO USE SELECTED", "navEur": 86200, "floorAreaM2": 1, "dataCentreFloorM2": 1, "dataCentreNavPerM2": null, "valuationDate": "15/09/2017", "publicationDate": "16/09/2021", "itm": [ 704297.35, 742098.43 ], "arv": 0.1868, "estRatesEur": 16102 } ], "byOperator": [ { "operator": "Unattributed", "properties": 52, "navEur": 182362200, "estRatesEur": 46778064 }, { "operator": "Meta", "properties": 2, "navEur": 46555000, "estRatesEur": 9925526 }, { "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "properties": 5, "navEur": 23151000, "estRatesEur": 5962548 }, { "operator": "EdgeConneX", "properties": 1, "navEur": 14793000, "estRatesEur": 4142040 }, { "operator": "Microsoft", "properties": 2, "navEur": 12460308, "estRatesEur": 3488887 }, { "operator": "K2 Strategic", "properties": 1, "navEur": 6845000, "estRatesEur": 1278646 }, { "operator": "Equinix", "properties": 1, "navEur": 2735000, "estRatesEur": 510898 }, { "operator": "Digital Realty (Interxion)", "properties": 1, "navEur": 1589000, "estRatesEur": 444920 }, { "operator": "GTT (Hibernia Atlantic)", "properties": 1, "navEur": 309000, "estRatesEur": 89301 } ], "byCouncil": [ { "la": "South Dublin County Council", "properties": 29, "navEur": 153393308, "estRatesEur": 42950127, "arv": 0.28, "arvSource": "https://tailte.ie/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/2026_Annual_Rates_on_Valuation.pdf (2026 column)" }, { "la": "Fingal County Council", "properties": 18, "navEur": 61958200, "estRatesEur": 11573791, "arv": 0.1868, "arvSource": "https://tailte.ie/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/2026_Annual_Rates_on_Valuation.pdf (2026 column)" }, { "la": "Meath County Council", "properties": 3, "navEur": 47796000, "estRatesEur": 10190107, "arv": 0.2132, "arvSource": "https://tailte.ie/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/2026_Annual_Rates_on_Valuation.pdf (2026 column)" }, { "la": "Dublin City Council", "properties": 13, "navEur": 25703000, "estRatesEur": 7428167, "arv": 0.289, "arvSource": "https://tailte.ie/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/2026_Annual_Rates_on_Valuation.pdf (2026 column)" }, { "la": "Clare County Council", "properties": 1, "navEur": 959000, "estRatesEur": 247518, "arv": 0.2581, "arvSource": "https://tailte.ie/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/2026_Annual_Rates_on_Valuation.pdf (2026 column)" }, { "la": "Louth County Council", "properties": 1, "navEur": 855000, "estRatesEur": 191092, "arv": 0.2235, "arvSource": "https://tailte.ie/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/2026_Annual_Rates_on_Valuation.pdf (2026 column)" }, { "la": "Limerick City And County Council", "properties": 1, "navEur": 135000, "estRatesEur": 40028, "arv": 0.2965, "arvSource": "https://tailte.ie/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/2026_Annual_Rates_on_Valuation.pdf (2026 column)" } ], "totals": { "properties": 66, "navEur": 290799508, "estRatesEur": 72620830 }, "caveats": [ "The public valuation list has no occupier name, so most properties cannot be tied to an operator; brand attribution covers only those whose address names one.", "Matching relies on Tailte \u00c9ireann's 'DATA CENTRE' use code. Data centres valued under another use (e.g. office, warehouse, 'industrial' with server rooms) or entered as a generic industrial unit are missed; mixed properties where one floor is a data centre are counted at full NAV.", "Properties still under construction, not yet entered on the list, or under appeal are absent or at their pre-appeal value; newly completed halls can take 1-2 years to appear.", "Valuation dates differ by council, so NAVs are not on a common basis: Clare County Council 01/02/2022; Dublin City Council 07/04/2011; Fingal County Council 15/09/2017; Limerick City And County Council 01/03/2012; Louth County Council 15/09/2017; Meath County Council 15/09/2017; South Dublin County Council 30/10/2015 (property-level valuationDate, most common per council). Dublin City data-centre NAVs date from the 2011 valuation; newer councils' halls are at later tone-of-list dates. A national revaluation (Reval 2026+) is in progress.", "Cork City and County are pre-revaluation (old Rateable Valuation, no use field) and are excluded; Cork has few hyperscale sites.", "Estimated rates = NAV x 2026 ARV; actual bills can differ (part-year occupancy, vacancy, rates waivers/supports, base-year adjustments). Councils do not publish rates paid per ratepayer.", "Only plant and machinery listed in Schedule 4 of the Valuation Act 2001 (as amended) is rateable, so NAV mainly reflects buildings and listed services, not IT equipment." ] }, "search_demand": { "title": "What people ask", "source": [ { "name": "Google autocomplete (gl=ie, hl=en)", "url": "https://suggestqueries.google.com/complete/search" }, { "name": "Wikimedia pageviews REST API", "url": "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/metrics/pageviews/" } ], "asOf": "2026-10-10", "method": "104 autocomplete queries (26 seeds plus a-z expansions of 'data centres ireland', 'data centre ireland', 'data centres electricity'), deduplicated; each suggestion assigned to one cluster by ordered keyword rules (prices > environment > jobs > policy > power > companies > industry > planning > general; obvious off-topic matches dropped from cluster counts); 'irish' flags suggestions naming Ireland, an Irish place or Irish body; clusters mapped to the audience most likely to pay. Wikipedia: monthly user pageviews since Jan 2020, partial current month dropped.", "suggestions": [ { "q": "data centres ireland", "seed": "data centres ireland", "cluster": "general / what-is", "irish": true }, { "q": "data centres ireland map", "seed": "data centres ireland", "cluster": "planning & locations", "irish": true }, { "q": "data centres ireland water", "seed": "data centres ireland", "cluster": "environment & water", "irish": true }, { "q": "data centres ireland locations", "seed": "data centres ireland", "cluster": "planning & locations", "irish": true }, { "q": "data centres ireland water usage", "seed": "data centres ireland", "cluster": "environment & water", "irish": true }, { "q": "data centres ireland electricity", "seed": "data centres ireland", "cluster": "power & grid", "irish": true }, { "q": "data centres ireland jobs", "seed": "data centres ireland", "cluster": "jobs & skills", "irish": true }, { "q": "data centres ireland 2026", "seed": "data centres 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"q": "data centre planning guidelines (gpp)", "seed": "data centre planning", "cluster": "planning & locations", "irish": false }, { "q": "data centre planning jobs", "seed": "data centre planning", "cluster": "jobs & skills", "irish": false }, { "q": "data centre jobs ireland", "seed": "data centre jobs ireland", "cluster": "jobs & skills", "irish": true }, { "q": "data centre technician jobs ireland", "seed": "data centre jobs ireland", "cluster": "jobs & skills", "irish": true }, { "q": "data centre jobs northern ireland", "seed": "data centre jobs ireland", "cluster": "jobs & skills", "irish": true }, { "q": "data centre engineer jobs ireland", "seed": "data centre jobs ireland", "cluster": "jobs & skills", "irish": true }, { "q": "amazon data centre jobs ireland", "seed": "data centre jobs ireland", "cluster": "jobs & skills", "irish": true }, { "q": "data centre construction jobs ireland", "seed": "data centre jobs ireland", "cluster": "jobs & skills", "irish": true }, { "q": "data centre security jobs ireland", "seed": "data centre jobs ireland", "cluster": "jobs & skills", "irish": true }, { "q": "microsoft data centre jobs ireland", "seed": "data centre jobs ireland", "cluster": "jobs & skills", "irish": true }, { "q": "data centre electrician jobs ireland", "seed": "data centre jobs ireland", "cluster": "jobs & skills", "irish": true }, { "q": "data centre electrical technician jobs ireland", "seed": "data centre jobs ireland", "cluster": "jobs & skills", "irish": true }, { "q": "data centres water ireland", "seed": "data centres water ireland", "cluster": "environment & water", "irish": true }, { "q": "data centers ireland water usage", "seed": "data centres water ireland", "cluster": "environment & water", "irish": true }, { "q": "how many data centres in ireland", "seed": "data centres water ireland", "cluster": "planning & locations", "irish": true }, { "q": "data centers water usage", "seed": "data centres water ireland", "cluster": "environment & 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"views": 1160 }, { "month": "2025-11", "views": 1023 }, { "month": "2025-12", "views": 927 }, { "month": "2026-01", "views": 1093 }, { "month": "2026-02", "views": 767 }, { "month": "2026-03", "views": 884 }, { "month": "2026-04", "views": 1282 }, { "month": "2026-05", "views": 1053 }, { "month": "2026-06", "views": 951 }, { "month": "2026-07", "views": 1164 }, { "month": "2026-08", "views": 813 }, { "month": "2026-09", "views": 929 } ], "total": 122476, "yearly": { "2020": 10386, "2021": 20142, "2022": 23080, "2023": 20726, "2024": 23281, "2025": 15925, "2026": 8936 }, "last12": 12046, "yoyPct": -34.3 } ], "caveats": [ "Autocomplete shows what is searched, not volume: a suggestion means enough people typed it to clear Google's threshold, not how many.", "Suggestions are personalised and filtered (safety, recency, freshness); the same query on another day or IP can differ.", "Cluster counts reflect the seed list chosen and the a-z expansions of three seeds, so they over-represent those seeds' themes.", "Keyword classification is crude and single-label; a query like 'data centres electricity prices' counts only as prices.", "Wikipedia pageviews are global English-language readers, not Irish searchers, and 'Data center' is dominated by non-Irish interest.", "No dedicated 'Data centres in Ireland' Wikipedia article exists, so Irish interest is proxied by EirGrid, CRU, Clonee and grid articles." ] }, "oireachtas": { "title": "Data centres in the Oireachtas", "source": "Houses of the Oireachtas Open Data API, https://api.oireachtas.ie/v1/questions and /v1/debates", "asOf": "2026-10-10", "period": { "from": "2015-01-01", "to": "2026-10-10" }, "method": "The API has no text search. Every parliamentary question (oral and written, D\u00e1il) since 2015 was downloaded month by month and matched locally on 'data centre/center', 'data-centre' or 'datacentre' in the question text or its heading. Debates are counted as debate sections (D\u00e1il, Seanad and committees, written answers excluded) whose heading matches; speeches that mention data centres under other headings (energy, grid, climate) are not counted, so debates are a lower bound. Party is each member's most recent party per /v1/members. 'byMinistry' uses the full title parsed from the question text (department names changed over time, so one portfolio can appear under several titles); 'byMinistryShort' uses the API's short 'to' label, which groups across renames.", "totals": { "questions": 518, "debateSections": 29 }, "byYear": [ { "year": 2015, "questions": 3, "questionsTotal": 41003, "questionsPer10k": 0.7, "debates": 0 }, { "year": 2016, "questions": 0, "questionsTotal": 37104, "questionsPer10k": 0.0, "debates": 0 }, { "year": 2017, "questions": 14, "questionsTotal": 50579, "questionsPer10k": 2.8, "debates": 0 }, { "year": 2018, "questions": 19, "questionsTotal": 49647, "questionsPer10k": 3.8, "debates": 0 }, { "year": 2019, "questions": 18, "questionsTotal": 49189, "questionsPer10k": 3.7, "debates": 0 }, { "year": 2020, "questions": 14, "questionsTotal": 38872, "questionsPer10k": 3.6, "debates": 2 }, { "year": 2021, "questions": 70, "questionsTotal": 57542, "questionsPer10k": 12.2, "debates": 6 }, { "year": 2022, "questions": 42, "questionsTotal": 58587, "questionsPer10k": 7.2, "debates": 1 }, { "year": 2023, "questions": 34, "questionsTotal": 51888, "questionsPer10k": 6.6, "debates": 3 }, { "year": 2024, "questions": 38, "questionsTotal": 43027, "questionsPer10k": 8.8, "debates": 1 }, { "year": 2025, "questions": 117, "questionsTotal": 67011, "questionsPer10k": 17.5, "debates": 7 }, { "year": 2026, "questions": 149, "questionsTotal": 63737, "questionsPer10k": 23.4, "debates": 9 } ], "byMember": [ { "name": "Eoin \u00d3 Broin", "party": "Sinn F\u00e9in", "count": 60 }, { "name": "Barry Ward", "party": "Fine Gael", "count": 46 }, { "name": "Pa Daly", "party": "Sinn F\u00e9in", "count": 30 }, { "name": "Paul Murphy", "party": "People Before Profit-Solidarity", "count": 28 }, { "name": "Jennifer Whitmore", "party": "Social Democrats", "count": 25 }, { "name": "Cormac Devlin", "party": "Fianna F\u00e1il", "count": 19 }, { "name": "Br\u00edd Smith", "party": "People Before Profit-Solidarity", "count": 17 }, { "name": "Denis Naughten", "party": "Independent", "count": 15 }, { "name": "Malcolm Byrne", "party": "Fianna F\u00e1il", "count": 15 }, { "name": "Catherine Connolly", "party": "Independent", "count": 14 }, { "name": "Ciar\u00e1n Ahern", "party": "Labour Party", "count": 14 }, { "name": "Darren O'Rourke", "party": "Sinn F\u00e9in", "count": 13 }, { "name": "Roderic O'Gorman", "party": "Green Party", "count": 13 }, { "name": "Donna McGettigan", "party": "Sinn F\u00e9in", "count": 11 }, { "name": "Brendan Smith", "party": "Fianna F\u00e1il", "count": 7 } ], "byParty": [ { "party": "Sinn F\u00e9in", "count": 159 }, { "party": "Fianna F\u00e1il", "count": 75 }, { "party": "Fine Gael", "count": 70 }, { "party": "People Before Profit-Solidarity", "count": 55 }, { "party": "Independent", "count": 52 }, { "party": "Social Democrats", "count": 43 }, { "party": "Labour Party", "count": 37 }, { "party": "Green Party", "count": 17 }, { "party": "Independents 4 Change", "count": 7 }, { "party": "Aont\u00fa", "count": 2 }, { "party": "Unknown", "count": 1 } ], "dailSeats": { "dail": 34, "asOf": "2026-10-10", "total": 174, "byParty": { "Fianna F\u00e1il": 48, "Sinn F\u00e9in": 39, "Fine Gael": 38, "Independent": 15, "Social Democrats": 12, "Labour Party": 11, "Independent Ireland": 4, "People Before Profit-Solidarity": 3, "Aont\u00fa": 2, "Green Party": 1, "100% RDR": 1 }, "source": "Houses of the Oireachtas Open Data API, https://api.oireachtas.ie/v1/members" }, "byMinistry": [ { "to": "Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment", "count": 163 }, { "to": "Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications", "count": 125 }, { "to": "Minister for Enterprise, Tourism and Employment", "count": 37 }, { "to": "T\u00e1naiste and Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment", "count": 32 }, { "to": "Minister for Housing, Local Government and Heritage", "count": 27 }, { "to": "Minister for Finance", "count": 16 }, { "to": "Minister for Business, Enterprise and Innovation", "count": 15 }, { "to": "Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment", "count": 14 }, { "to": "Minister for Communications, Climate Action and Environment", "count": 12 }, { "to": "Minister for Housing, Planning and Local Government", "count": 10 } ], "byMinistryShort": [ { "to": "Climate", "count": 164 }, { "to": "Environment", "count": 129 }, { "to": "Enterprise", "count": 83 }, { "to": "Housing", "count": 37 }, { "to": "Business", "count": 22 }, { "to": "Finance", "count": 19 }, { "to": "Communications", "count": 12 }, { "to": "Public", "count": 10 }, { "to": "Public Expenditure", "count": 9 }, { "to": "Culture", "count": 5 } ], "recent": [ { "date": "2026-10-06", "member": "Pat Buckley", "party": "Sinn F\u00e9in", "to": "Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment", "topic": "Data Centres", "title": "Deputy Pat Buckley asked the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment for an immediate national moratorium on grid connections for data centres; and if he will make a statement on the matter.", "type": "written", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-10-06/39/" }, { "date": "2026-10-01", "member": "Aidan Farrelly", "party": "Social Democrats", "to": "Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment", "topic": "Data Centres", "title": "Deputy Aidan Farrelly asked the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment if he will clarify whether the European Commission has issued any communication or reasoned opinion to Ireland regarding incomplete transposition of Directive (EU) 2023/1791, with particular reference to Article 12 on data centres; the date of such correspondence and Ireland's response; if he will outline the financial penalties if the matter is referred to the Court of Justice of the European Union; and if he will make a statement on the matter.", "type": "written", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-10-01/218/" }, { "date": "2026-10-01", "member": "Aidan Farrelly", "party": "Social Democrats", "to": "Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment", "topic": "Energy Usage", "title": "Deputy Aidan Farrelly asked the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment in respect of the forthcoming transposition of Article 12 of Directive (EU) 2023/1791, whether data centre energy consumption, water consumption, renewable energy share and waste heat reuse information will be published on a site-by-site basis in Ireland or only in aggregated form; if he intends to lower the 500 kW reporting threshold as permitted under the Directive; the criteria his Department will apply in accepting claims of commercial confidentiality from operators; and if he will make a statement on the matter.", "type": "written", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-10-01/217/" }, { "date": "2026-10-01", "member": "Rory Hearne", "party": "Social Democrats", "to": "Minister for Housing, Local Government and Heritage", "topic": "Data Centres", "title": "Deputy Rory Hearne asked the Minister for Housing, Local Government and Heritage to confirm if the high levels of data centre construction activity across the country are diverting water, utility, waste, and construction infrastructure and resources to facilitate the numbers of centres being built; and if he will make a statement on the matter.", "type": "written", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-10-01/149/" }, { "date": "2026-10-01", "member": "Pa Daly", "party": "Sinn F\u00e9in", "to": "Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade", "topic": "Energy Policy", "title": "Deputy Pa Daly asked the Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade whether concerns about energy affordability and security are being raised in Ireland's international engagements on digital investment and data centre development.", "type": "written", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-10-01/19/" }, { "date": "2026-09-30", "member": "R\u00e9ada Cronin", "party": "Sinn F\u00e9in", "to": "Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment", "topic": "Data Centres", "title": "Deputy R\u00e9ada Cronin asked the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment the progress that has been made in developing district heating networks that utilise waste heat from data centres; whether further projects similar to the Tallaght district heating scheme are under development; and if he will make a statement on the matter.", "type": "written", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-30/9/" }, { "date": "2026-09-29", "member": "Paul Murphy", "party": "People Before Profit-Solidarity", "to": "T\u00e1naiste and Minister for Finance", "topic": "Data Centres", "title": "Deputy Paul Murphy asked the T\u00e1naiste and Minister for Finance if he will increase taxation on data centres in Budget 2027; and if he will make a statement on the matter.", "type": "written", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-29/175/" }, { "date": "2026-09-22", "member": "Roderic O'Gorman", "party": "Green Party", "to": "Minister for Enterprise, Tourism and Employment", "topic": "Data Centres", "title": "Deputy Roderic O'Gorman asked the Minister for Enterprise, Tourism and Employment if his Department will conduct a cost benefit analysis of the value to the economy of operational roles related to data centres (estimated by his Department as 7,636 additional operational jobs from 2010 to 2024) against the increased energy costs associated with the operation of data centres.", "type": "written", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-22/233/" }, { "date": "2026-09-22", "member": "Malcolm Byrne", "party": "Fianna F\u00e1il", "to": "Minister for Enterprise, Tourism and Employment", "topic": "Information and Communications Technology", "title": "Deputy Malcolm Byrne asked the Minister for Enterprise, Tourism and Employment to outline the importance of digital infrastructure, including data centres, to the Irish economy.", "type": "written", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-22/213/" }, { "date": "2026-09-22", "member": "Roderic O'Gorman", "party": "Green Party", "to": "Minister for Enterprise, Tourism and Employment", "topic": "Departmental Reports", "title": "Deputy Roderic O'Gorman asked the Minister for Enterprise, Tourism and Employment the rationale for not including a cost-benefit analysis of redirecting investment and infrastructure support for data centres to public services like transport or housing in a report commissioned by his Department (details supplied).", "type": "written", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-22/46/" }, { "date": "2026-09-22", "member": "Roderic O'Gorman", "party": "Green Party", "to": "Minister for Enterprise, Tourism and Employment", "topic": "Departmental Reports", "title": "Deputy Roderic O'Gorman asked the Minister for Enterprise, Tourism and Employment the reason a report commissioned by his Department (details supplied) did not include a section on the potential for higher electricity prices due to rising data centre demand, despite the terms of reference suggesting it should.", "type": "written", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-22/44/" }, { "date": "2026-09-22", "member": "Richard Boyd Barrett", "party": "People Before Profit-Solidarity", "to": "Minister for Enterprise, Tourism and Employment", "topic": "Data Centres", "title": "Deputy Richard Boyd Barrett asked the Minister for Enterprise, Tourism and Employment whether he will respond to reports that a report commissioned by his department (details supplied) on the value of data centres \"predetermined\" the outcomes in favour of data centre expansion, despite evidence of adverse effects to Ireland's climate goals and strain on the energy grid associated with data centre electricity use, and consequently a negative impact on household energy bills.", "type": "written", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-22/21/" }, { "date": "2026-09-22", "member": "Roderic O'Gorman", "party": "Green Party", "to": "Minister for Enterprise, Tourism and Employment", "topic": "Data Centres", "title": "Deputy Roderic O'Gorman asked the Minister for Enterprise, Tourism and Employment the reason a recent report (details supplied) published by his Department on the economic impact of data centres in Ireland did not address the net impact on the economy of increased costs of energy caused by data centres, the opportunity cost of supporting data centres instead of other infrastructure or sustainability targets on water and energy use for data centres.", "type": "oral", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-22/3/" }, { "date": "2026-09-22", "member": "Rose Conway-Walsh", "party": "Sinn F\u00e9in", "to": "Minister for Enterprise, Tourism and Employment", "topic": "Data Centres", "title": "Deputy Rose Conway-Walsh asked the Minister for Enterprise, Tourism and Employment if, in the interest of transparency, he will instruct his Department to publish the original unedited report (details supplied) on the value of data centres to Ireland.", "type": "oral", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-22/2/" }, { "date": "2026-09-17", "member": "Richard Boyd Barrett", "party": "People Before Profit-Solidarity", "to": "Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment", "topic": "Data Centres", "title": "Deputy Richard Boyd Barrett asked the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment if he has read a report (details supplied); and to outline his plans to deal with the increased costs of electricity for households as a result of data centre usage.", "type": "written", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-17/54/" } ], "recentDebates": [ { "date": "2026-09-22", "chamber": "D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann", "title": "Data Centres", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-09-22/19/" }, { "date": "2026-09-17", "chamber": "D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann", "title": "Data Centres", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-09-17/3/" }, { "date": "2026-09-17", "chamber": "D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann", "title": "Data Centres", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-09-17/5/" }, { "date": "2026-09-17", "chamber": "D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann", "title": "Data Centres", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-09-17/6/" }, { "date": "2026-09-17", "chamber": "D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann", "title": "Data Centres", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-09-17/11/" }, { "date": "2026-06-17", "chamber": "D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann", "title": "Data Centres, Energy Use and Climate Change: Motion [Private Members]", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/" }, { "date": "2026-06-17", "chamber": "D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann", "title": "Data Centres, Energy Use and Climate Change: Motion (Resumed) [Private Members]", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/72/" }, { "date": "2026-06-11", "chamber": "D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann", "title": "Data Centres", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-11/3/" }, { "date": "2026-06-11", "chamber": "D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann", "title": "Data Centres", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-11/6/" }, { "date": "2025-12-18", "chamber": "D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann", "title": "Data Centres", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2025-12-18/20/" }, { "date": "2025-09-18", "chamber": "D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann", "title": "Data Centres", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2025-09-18/18/" }, { "date": "2025-06-25", "chamber": "D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann", "title": "Data Centres", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2025-06-25/6/" }, { "date": "2025-06-10", "chamber": "D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann", "title": "Data Centres", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2025-06-10/21/" }, { "date": "2025-05-29", "chamber": "D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann", "title": "Data Centres", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2025-05-29/26/" }, { "date": "2025-04-10", "chamber": "D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann", "title": "Data Centres", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2025-04-10/7/" } ] }, "acp_reports": { "title": "What the planning inspectors found", "source": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la inspector reports (pleanala.ie), case list from planning register mirror; fields hand-extracted from report text with page-cited quotes", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case-search", "asOf": "2026-10-03", "method": "Each inspector report (and addendum, and Board order where it has a text layer) was read by an LLM reader; numbers are as stated in the report, with page-cited verbatim quotes. null = not stated. demandMW is the stated demand for the application (basis in demandBasis), not a measured load.", "cases": [ { "acpRef": "245518", "la": "GALWAYCO", "decidedAt": "2016-08-11", "dbDecision": "grant_conditions", "reportUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/245/r245518.pdf", "addendumUrl": null, "orderUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/245/d245518.pdf", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/245518", "description": "Construct Single storey Data Centre and all associated works, Car Parking at", "operator": "Apple Distribution International", "decision": "grant", "buildings": "1 data hall (phase 1 of 8-hall masterplan); 24,505 m2 data hall + 5,232 m2 logistics/admin", "floorAreaM2": 24505, "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": 30, "demandBasis": "phase 1 demand per EirGrid letter; masterplan of 8 halls", "gridMVA": null, "gridConnection": { "kV": 220, "substation": "new 220kV substation on site (separate SID case 07.VA0020)", "route": "looped into Cashla-Prospect and Cashla-Tynagh 220kV lines (4 circuits)", "status": "EirGrid letter 1 Jul 2015: 30MW can be accommodated without reinforcement" }, "onsiteGeneration": [ { "type": "standby generators", "fuel": "diesel", "count": 18, "MW": 36, "role": "backup", "note": "18 x 2MW; 144 at full masterplan" } ], "batteries": null, "gasConnection": null, "water": "mains supply from R348; on-site effluent treatment", "refusalReasons": null, "refusalReasonTags": [], "keyIssues": [ "unzoned rural site", "climate / CO2 of 8-hall build-out (~1.5% of national CO2)", "grid capacity for later phases", "project splitting (substation separate)", "forest loss", "generator noise and air" ], "inspectorRecommendation": "grant", "boardNote": "Board granted 2016; Apple later abandoned the project (not in report).", "quotes": [ { "text": "each generator has a rated output of 2MW", "page": 5, "file": "245518.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/245/r245518.pdf" }, { "text": "Eirgrid also state that the 30MW load will not impact on local transmission and connection to the 220kv network", "page": 28, "file": "245518.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/245/r245518.pdf" }, { "text": "the CO2 emissions for the additional 30MW that would arise on foot of the current proposal would be approximately 108,698 tonnes", "page": 78, "file": "245518.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/245/r245518.pdf" } ] }, { "acpRef": "248544", "la": "FINGAL", "decidedAt": "2018-01-18", "dbDecision": "grant_conditions", "reportUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/248/r248544.pdf", "addendumUrl": null, "orderUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/248/d248544.pdf", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/248544", "description": "Construction of a data storage facility. An Environmental Impact Statement was lodged with the application. Site bounded by the R121 Cruiserath Road, R121/Church Road and", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Ltd (ADSIL)", "decision": "grant", "buildings": "1 data storage building (Building A), 13m high", "floorAreaM2": 20739, "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": 35, "demandBasis": "phase 1 power demand stated at oral hearing; masterplan 200-205MW (= 267MVA)", "gridMVA": 267, "gridMVABasis": "masterplan apparent power per EirGrid letter", "gridConnection": { "kV": 110, "substation": "220kV GIS substation withdrawn from application at oral hearing; separate 220kV Cruiserath substation planned", "route": "existing 110kV connection; Corduff 220kV route discussed", "status": "agreed with EirGrid to supply via existing 110kV connection; EirGrid letter 20/06/17 on 110kV connection and new 220kV substation" }, "onsiteGeneration": [ { "type": "emergency generators", "fuel": "diesel", "count": 26, "MW": null, "role": "backup", "note": "limited to <18h/yr incl. testing" } ], "batteries": null, "gasConnection": null, "water": null, "refusalReasons": null, "refusalReasonTags": [], "keyIssues": [ "energy demand vs EirGrid forecasts (masterplan = ~33% of 2026 data-centre demand)", "climate / ETS", "renewables claims (SSE supply)", "only 100 m2 of PV", "waste heat / district heating" ], "inspectorRecommendation": "grant", "quotes": [ { "text": "the proposed development has a power demand of 35MW, and that of the overall masterplan is either 200MW or 205MW", "page": 57, "file": "248544.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/248/r248544.pdf" }, { "text": "it has now been agreed with EirGrid to supply power via the existing 110kV connection.", "page": 36, "file": "248544.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/248/r248544.pdf" } ] }, { "acpRef": "300752", "la": "SDCC", "decidedAt": "2018-07-26", "dbDecision": "grant_conditions", "reportUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/300/r300752.pdf", "addendumUrl": null, "orderUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/300/d300752.pdf", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/300752", "description": "Amendment and completion of the permission granted under SD17A/0141 to facilitate a 125sq.m extension to the north and south of the permitted stand-alone single storey data hall of 1,515sq.m to create an extended stand-alone single storey data hall of 1,640s.qm.", "operator": "EdgeConneX Ireland", "decision": "grant", "buildings": "extension of Phase 3 data hall from 1,515 to 1,640 m2 (Grange Castle)", "floorAreaM2": 1640, "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "gridMVA": null, "gridConnection": { "kV": null, "substation": "new two-storey ESB substation permitted on campus (SD16A/0345)", "route": null, "status": "limited capacity on the local network; grid upgrade expected 2019" }, "onsiteGeneration": [ { "type": "temporary gas generation farm (permitted earlier, SD16A/0345)", "fuel": "gas", "count": 12, "MW": null, "role": "bridging", "note": "runs until grid can carry the load" }, { "type": "standby generators", "fuel": "diesel", "count": 4, "MW": null, "role": "backup", "note": "16 across three phases" } ], "batteries": null, "gasConnection": "temporary gas generator compound (permitted); GNI not named", "water": "Irish Water no objection", "refusalReasons": null, "refusalReasonTags": [], "keyIssues": [ "flood risk / attenuation (appellant)", "temporary gas generation due to grid limits" ], "inspectorRecommendation": "grant", "quotes": [ { "text": "permitted to construct a temporary gas generator as a result of the limited capacity available on the electricity utility network", "page": 40, "file": "300752.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/300/r300752.pdf" } ] }, { "acpRef": "301923", "la": "MEATH", "decidedAt": "2018-12-06", "dbDecision": "grant_conditions", "reportUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/301/r301923.pdf", "addendumUrl": null, "orderUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/301/d301923.pdf", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/301923", "description": "Construction of a new 220kV substation compound, associated underground 220kV cables and associated works to facilitate a new data centre campus.", "operator": "Runways Information Services Ltd (Facebook / Meta)", "decision": "grant", "buildings": "220kV substation, 2 x 220kV cables (c.2.5km) to serve a new data centre at Clonee; data centre itself decided by Meath CoCo", "floorAreaM2": null, "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": 72, "demandBasis": "max demand of the contiguous data centre this substation serves; campus 180MW", "gridMVA": null, "gridConnection": { "kV": 220, "substation": "new 220kV substation (ESB/EirGrid switching station + applicant 220/20kV transformer station)", "route": "2 x 220kV underground cables c.2.5km to existing campus substation; Corduff-Woodland 220kV line", "status": "EirGrid: can be accommodated subject to a modified connection agreement" }, "onsiteGeneration": [ { "type": "emergency backup generators (existing + proposed campus)", "fuel": "diesel", "count": 91, "MW": null, "role": "backup", "note": "assumed max 60h/generator/yr" } ], "batteries": null, "gasConnection": null, "water": "Irish Water observation: connection agreement required", "refusalReasons": null, "refusalReasonTags": [], "keyIssues": [ "campus energy demand (180MW) vs renewables targets", "construction traffic", "archaeology" ], "inspectorRecommendation": "grant", "applicationType": "Strategic infrastructure (s.182A)", "quotes": [ { "text": "estimated maximum energy demand of 72 MW, whilst the overall data centre campus would have a maximum energy demand of 180 MW", "page": 63, "file": "301923.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/301/r301923.pdf" }, { "text": "subject to a modified connection agreement, the proposed 200kV infrastructure can be accommodated by EirGrid", "page": 9, "file": "301923.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/301/r301923.pdf" } ] }, { "acpRef": "302813", "la": "SDCC", "decidedAt": "2019-04-18", "dbDecision": "grant_conditions", "reportUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/302/r302813.pdf", "addendumUrl": null, "orderUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/302/d302813.pdf", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/302813", "description": "Construction of a two storey data centre and delivery bays with associated three storey office block and services.", "operator": "CyrusOne Irish Datacentres Holdings Ltd", "decision": "grant", "buildings": "2-storey data centre (4 data halls) + 3-storey office, Grange Castle", "floorAreaM2": 35426, "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "gridMVA": null, "gridConnection": { "kV": 110, "substation": "new 110kV substation on site; EirGrid West Dublin 220/110kV substation adjoins", "route": null, "status": null }, "onsiteGeneration": [ { "type": "containerised standby generators", "fuel": "diesel", "count": 32, "MW": null, "role": "backup", "note": "64 flues in 16 towers, 20m" } ], "batteries": null, "gasConnection": null, "water": "Irish Water no objection", "refusalReasons": null, "refusalReasonTags": [], "keyIssues": [ "residential amenity / visual (third party neighbours)", "noise", "flood risk" ], "inspectorRecommendation": "grant", "powerNotStated": true, "quotes": [ { "text": "32 containerised standby diesel generators with 2 associated flues per generator (64 in total)", "page": 5, "file": "302813.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/302/r302813.pdf" } ] }, { "acpRef": "303938", "la": "WICKLOW", "decidedAt": "2019-07-17", "dbDecision": "grant_conditions", "reportUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/303/r303938.pdf", "addendumUrl": null, "orderUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/303/d303938.pdf", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/303938", "description": "Demolition of buildings and structures on site and construction of Data Storage Facility comprising 3 data storage buildings and all associated site infrastructure.", "operator": "Crag Digital Avoca Ltd", "decision": "grant", "buildings": "3 data storage buildings (6-pod, 8-pod, 8-pod) at Avoca River Park, Arklow", "floorAreaM2": 41160, "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "gridMVA": 50, "gridMVABasis": "Maximum Import Capacity", "gridConnection": { "kV": 110, "substation": "upgrade of existing 110kV substation to GIS with 4 x 50MVA bays", "route": null, "status": "EirGrid offer to connect to the transmission network received" }, "onsiteGeneration": [ { "type": "gas engines", "fuel": "gas", "count": 7, "MW": 70, "role": "unclear", "note": "7 x 10MVA; role not stated; GHG permit required; site CO2 <45,000 t/yr" }, { "type": "backup generators", "fuel": "diesel", "count": 24, "MW": 60, "role": "backup", "note": "24 x 2.5MVA" } ], "batteries": null, "gasConnection": "existing gas supply infrastructure serves the site (former gas peaker site)", "water": "Irish Water no objection; on-site wastewater treatment plant", "refusalReasons": null, "refusalReasonTags": [], "keyIssues": [ "flood risk", "energy use (appellant: MIC = 6.6% of grid)", "prematurity vs another Wicklow data centre" ], "inspectorRecommendation": "grant", "quotes": [ { "text": "The proposed has 7 10MVA Gas Engines and 24 2.5MVA Backup Generators.", "page": 29, "file": "303938.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/303/r303938.pdf" }, { "text": "the Maximum Import Capacity for the proposal is 50 MVA", "page": 37, "file": "303938.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/303/r303938.pdf" }, { "text": "total CO2 emissions from the site will be less than 45,000 tonnes per year", "page": 29, "file": "303938.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/303/r303938.pdf" } ] }, { "acpRef": "305948", "la": "SDCC", "decidedAt": "2020-10-05", "dbDecision": "grant_conditions", "reportUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/305/r305948.pdf", "addendumUrl": null, "orderUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/305/d305948.pdf", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/305948", "description": "Phased development of 4 single storey data halls all with associated plant at roof level, 32 standby generators, office and service areas, service road infrastructure, car parking, ESB substation/transformer yard, An EIAR was submitted with the application.", "operator": "EdgeConneX Ireland Ltd", "decision": "grant", "buildings": "4 single-storey data halls in 2 phases, Ballymakaily, Lucan", "floorAreaM2": 17685, "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "gridMVA": null, "gridConnection": { "kV": null, "substation": "two-storey ESB substation + transformer yard", "route": "future MV/HV connections not assessed (unknown paths)", "status": "limited utility capacity; grid connection predicted 2022" }, "onsiteGeneration": [ { "type": "temporary gas-powered generation plant", "fuel": "gas", "count": 19, "MW": null, "role": "bridging", "note": "continuous operation; 15 (12 run + 3 standby) in phase 1, +4 in phase 2" }, { "type": "standby generators", "fuel": "diesel", "count": 32, "MW": null, "role": "backup", "note": null } ], "batteries": null, "gasConnection": "GNI medium-pressure supply from high-pressure transmission network, on-site pressure-reducing skid", "water": "Irish Water report not on file", "refusalReasons": null, "refusalReasonTags": [], "keyIssues": [ "temporary gas plant powering data centre", "waste heat", "noise" ], "inspectorRecommendation": "grant", "powerNotStated": true, "quotes": [ { "text": "The temporary plant will operate on a continual basis until such time as the load demand can be accommodated on the electrical utility grid", "page": 47, "file": "305948.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/305/r305948.pdf" }, { "text": "The gas connection feeding the generator farm will be provided at medium pressure by Gas Networks Ireland", "page": 47, "file": "305948.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/305/r305948.pdf" } ] }, { "acpRef": "305962", "la": "KILDARE", "decidedAt": "2020-03-11", "dbDecision": "grant_conditions", "reportUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/305/r305962.pdf", "addendumUrl": null, "orderUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/305/d305962.pdf", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/305962", "description": "The proposed construction of a Data Centre (accommodating Date Halls, Plant and Equipment Rooms); associated External Plant area and all associated site works.", "operator": "Office of the Government Chief Information Officer (OGCIO)", "decision": "grant", "buildings": "Government data centre at Backweston campus, Celbridge", "floorAreaM2": 5474, "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": 3.5, "gridMVA": null, "gridConnection": { "kV": 110, "substation": "new ESB 110kV substation at Adamstown", "route": null, "status": null }, "onsiteGeneration": [ { "type": "backup generators", "fuel": "diesel", "count": 5, "MW": null, "role": "backup", "note": null } ], "batteries": null, "gasConnection": null, "water": "Irish Water no objection subject to connection agreement", "refusalReasons": null, "refusalReasonTags": [], "keyIssues": [ "first-party appeal against condition requiring R403/R404 junction upgrade (removed by Board)" ], "inspectorRecommendation": "grant", "appealType": "first party v condition", "quotes": [ { "text": "the development will require a power input of 3.5 MW", "page": 4, "file": "305962.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/305/r305962.pdf" } ] }, { "acpRef": "310729", "la": "MEATH", "decidedAt": "2022-04-14", "dbDecision": "grant_conditions", "reportUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/310/r310729.pdf", "addendumUrl": null, "orderUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/310/d310729.pdf", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/310729", "description": "Two-storey data storage facility containing data halls, electrical and mechanical plant rooms, loading bay maintenance and storage space, office administration areas, internal roads and circulation areas, car parking and cycle parking spaces and associated site works. An Environmental Impact Assessment Report (EIAR) will be submitted with the planning application.", "operator": "Tunis Properties LLC", "decision": "grant", "buildings": "2-storey data storage facility, IDA Business & Technology Park, Drogheda (second on site)", "floorAreaM2": 28566, "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": 48, "demandBasis": "max demand per the EIAR, as cited in inspector report ABP-312371-22 p14; not stated in this report", "gridMVA": 6, "gridMVABasis": "6MVA substation and electricity connection in the description", "gridConnection": { "kV": null, "substation": "6MVA substation", "route": null, "status": "no EirGrid confirmation of capacity; inspector relied on CRU/21/124 criteria-based connection process" }, "onsiteGeneration": [ { "type": "emergency generators", "fuel": "diesel", "count": 26, "MW": null, "role": "backup", "note": "total MW not stated; modelled up to 157h/yr" } ], "batteries": null, "gasConnection": null, "water": "Irish Water confirmation of feasibility", "refusalReasons": null, "refusalReasonTags": [], "keyIssues": [ "no grid capacity confirmation", "climate / ETS", "air quality from generators", "protected view", "cumulative third data centre" ], "inspectorRecommendation": "grant", "quotes": [ { "text": "whilst the total MW output of the generators is not stated", "page": 28, "file": "310729.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/310/r310729.pdf" }, { "text": "A 6 MVA substation and associated 6MVA electricity connection", "page": 10, "file": "310729.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/310/r310729.pdf" }, { "text": "which notes the development would have a maximum demand of 48 MW", "page": 14, "file": "312371.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/310/d310729.pdf" } ] }, { "acpRef": "312371", "la": "KILDARE", "decidedAt": "2024-11-12", "dbDecision": "other", "reportUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/312/r312371.pdf", "addendumUrl": null, "orderUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/312/d312371.pdf", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/312371", "description": "Whether the use of building no. 7 as a Data Centre and physical works proposed is or is not development or is or is not exempted development.", "operator": "The Davy Platform ICAV", "decision": "other", "outcome": "section 5 declaration", "buildings": "change of use of former Hewlett Packard Building 7, Leixlip, to a data centre", "floorAreaM2": null, "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "gridMVA": null, "gridConnection": { "kV": 110, "substation": "HP site served by double-circuit 110kV lines", "route": null, "status": null }, "onsiteGeneration": [], "batteries": null, "gasConnection": null, "water": null, "refusalReasons": null, "refusalReasonTags": [], "keyIssues": [ "is a data centre an 'industrial process'?", "material change of use from manufacturing", "EPA/ETS thresholds for generators" ], "inspectorRecommendation": "development, not exempted", "boardNote": "Order is scanned (no text layer); outcome not machine-read.", "quotes": [ { "text": "If the thermal input of the standby generators is to exceed 20 MW (units over 3 MW) a CHG permit is required", "page": 11, "file": "312371.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/312/r312371.pdf" } ] }, { "acpRef": "312424", "la": "FINGAL", "decidedAt": "2022-12-05", "dbDecision": "grant_conditions", "reportUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/312/r312424.pdf", "addendumUrl": null, "orderUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/312/d312424.pdf", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/312424", "description": "Light industrial warehouse/data centre containing office space", "operator": "Colm Mac Daibheid", "decision": "grant", "buildings": "light industrial warehouse / data centre, Mulhuddart", "floorAreaM2": 1890, "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "gridMVA": null, "gridConnection": null, "onsiteGeneration": [], "batteries": null, "gasConnection": null, "water": null, "refusalReasons": null, "refusalReasonTags": [], "keyIssues": [ "data-centre use omitted by condition: no information on energy, water, heat" ], "inspectorRecommendation": "grant (as warehouse only; data-centre use prohibited)", "quotes": [ { "text": "the stated floorspace (1,890sqm) for such a use (data centre) is somewhat limited and not typical of such a facility", "page": 10, "file": "312424.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/312/r312424.pdf" } ] }, { "acpRef": "313583", "la": "FINGAL", "decidedAt": "2025-03-21", "dbDecision": "grant_conditions", "reportUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/313/r313583.pdf", "addendumUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/313/r313583a.pdf", "orderUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/313/d313583.pdf", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/313583", "description": "Demolition of 2 no. existing residential dwellings and construction of 2 no. data hall buildings. Environmental Impact Assessment Report submitted with application.", "operator": "Huntstown Power Company Ltd (Energia); end user Microsoft per CPPAs", "decision": "grant", "buildings": "2 data hall buildings (A and B), 28-32m high, beside Huntstown power station", "floorAreaM2": 75294, "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": 150, "demandBasis": "150MW / 1,310GWh a year (An Taisce appeal, from applicant's figures)", "gridMVA": null, "gridConnection": { "kV": 220, "substation": "new 220kV substation west of site (separate SID application)", "route": "adjacent Huntstown power station", "status": "Transmission Connection Agreement received from EirGrid" }, "onsiteGeneration": [ { "type": "emergency generators", "fuel": "diesel", "count": 58, "MW": null, "role": "backup", "note": "running >33h/yr would breach air quality standards (inspector)" } ], "batteries": "BESS permitted at Huntstown power station (FW19A/0015); Board cited an on-site advanced storage solution", "gasConnection": null, "water": "peak process water demand 56 l/s", "refusalReasons": null, "refusalReasonTags": [], "keyIssues": [ "Government Statement 2022 / constrained Dublin grid", "renewables additionality (CPPAs, temporal matching)", "Climate Action Plan demand flexibility", "HI heavy-industry zoning", "450,000 t CO2e/yr (~0.82% national)" ], "inspectorRecommendation": "refuse", "inspectorRefusalReasons": [ "contrary to Government Statement on data centres (constrained region, grid, additionality)", "not shown compliant with CAP demand management", "site should be reserved for heavy industry" ], "boardNote": "Inspector recommended refusal twice (Mar 2023, addendum Nov 2024). Board granted, citing the connection agreement, CPPA with Microsoft, and demand-management ability.", "quotes": [ { "text": "requiring 150 MW or 1,310GWh of electricity annually", "page": 34, "file": "313583.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/313/r313583.pdf" }, { "text": "in times of supply constraints when the on-site power would have been triggered the data centre will instead rely on the emergency generators", "page": 50, "file": "313583.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/313/r313583.pdf" }, { "text": "Energia Group has approximately 900 MW of renewables in the pipeline which are committed to Microsoft.", "page": 8, "file": "313583a.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/313/r313583a.pdf" } ] }, { "acpRef": "313603", "la": "SDCC", "decidedAt": "2023-08-01", "dbDecision": "grant_conditions", "reportUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/313/r313603.pdf", "addendumUrl": null, "orderUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/313/d313603.pdf", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/313603", "description": "The installation of an energy storage unit at an existing data centre facility. The development involves the placement of three ISO 40ft. shipping containers containing back up storage units at Keppel Data Centre.", "operator": "Energy Optimisation Solutions Ltd", "decision": "grant", "buildings": "energy storage unit (3 x 40ft containers, c.108 m2) at existing Citywest data centre", "floorAreaM2": 108, "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "gridMVA": null, "gridConnection": null, "onsiteGeneration": [], "batteries": "containerised energy storage, capacity not stated", "gasConnection": null, "water": null, "refusalReasons": null, "refusalReasonTags": [], "keyIssues": [ "first-party appeal against 3-year temporary limit (removed)" ], "inspectorRecommendation": "grant", "appealType": "first party v condition", "quotes": [ { "text": "installation of an energy storage unit at an existing data centre facility", "page": 14, "file": "313603.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/313/r313603.pdf" } ] }, { "acpRef": "314461", "la": "SDCC", "decidedAt": "2024-02-14", "dbDecision": "refuse", "reportUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314461.pdf", "addendumUrl": null, "orderUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/314/d314461.pdf", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/314461", "description": "10 year permission for development consisting of removal of waste water treatment system and the construction of 2 data centre buildings. Natura Impact Statement will be submitted to the planning authority with the application. A Natura Impact Statement (NIS) is submitted with this application.", "operator": "Digital Netherlands VIII B.V.", "decision": "refuse", "buildings": "2 two-storey data centres DUB15 and DUB16, Profile Park", "floorAreaM2": 33577, "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": 52, "demandBasis": "ultimate combined demand of DUB15+DUB16; phase 1 10MW", "gridMVA": null, "gridConnection": { "kV": 110, "substation": "beside proposed 110kV substation", "route": null, "status": "no fixed connection agreement; not shown capacity" }, "onsiteGeneration": [ { "type": "gas-powered energy centre (5 engines)", "fuel": "gas", "count": 5, "MW": 12.5, "role": "omitted at further information", "note": "initially to run continuously 2023-2025; removed in FI" }, { "type": "standby generators", "fuel": "diesel", "count": 32, "MW": 70.4, "role": "backup", "note": "32 x 2.75MVA / 2.2MW" } ], "batteries": null, "gasConnection": "GNI connection proposed for energy centre (omitted)", "water": "appellant claimed peak ~1,000,000 l/day; disputed", "refusalReasons": "Insufficient grid capacity, no fixed connection agreement, no significant on-site renewables, no evidence of EirGrid or PPA engagement: contrary to SDCC EDE7 Objective 2.", "refusalReasonTags": [ "no fixed grid connection / grid capacity", "insufficient renewables / PPA evidence", "contrary to development plan (EDE7)" ], "refusalReasonsSource": "inspector draft reasons; Board order scanned (no text layer)", "keyIssues": [ "grid capacity in Dublin", "Government Statement 2022 principles", "concentration of data centres in Profile Park", "climate" ], "inspectorRecommendation": "refuse", "quotes": [ { "text": "The installed capacity of the generators will be 12.5MW and will connect to the Gas Networks Ireland (GNI) grid.", "page": 7, "file": "314461.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314461.pdf" }, { "text": "the ultimate combined electrical demand of both DUB 15 and DUB 16 of 52MW", "page": 7, "file": "314461.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314461.pdf" }, { "text": "It is stated that the total electrical site capacity of the generators equals 70.4MW.", "page": 47, "file": "314461.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314461.pdf" } ] }, { "acpRef": "314474", "la": "CLARE", "decidedAt": "2024-04-05", "dbDecision": "grant_conditions", "reportUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314474.pdf", "addendumUrl": null, "orderUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/314/d314474.pdf", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/314474", "description": "Demolition of buildings and construction of 6 data centres with all associated site works a permission of 10 years duration is sought.", "operator": "Art Data Centres Ltd", "decision": "grant", "buildings": "6 two-storey data centre buildings + energy centre + vertical farm, Tooreen, Ennis (60ha campus, 10-yr phasing)", "floorAreaM2": null, "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": 200, "demandBasis": "c.200MW: c.80MW from grid + c.120MW on-site gas energy centre", "gridMVA": null, "gridConnection": { "kV": 110, "substation": "Ennis 110kV substation via concurrently proposed substation (ABP-313895-22)", "route": "2 x underground lines to Ennis 110kV", "status": "subject to EirGrid agreement; final approval to connect not yet given" }, "onsiteGeneration": [ { "type": "energy centre: lean-burn natural gas engines", "fuel": "gas", "count": 18, "MW": 120, "role": "primary (co-supply with grid)", "note": "may shift further toward on-site; hydrogen-ready claim" }, { "type": "standby generators", "fuel": "diesel", "count": 66, "MW": null, "role": "backup", "note": "11 per building" } ], "batteries": null, "gasConnection": "adjacent Gas Networks transmission pipeline", "water": "Irish Water no objection subject to connection agreement", "refusalReasons": null, "refusalReasonTags": [], "keyIssues": [ "fossil gas lock-in / hydrogen reliance", "657,000 t CO2e/yr claimed by appellants (~1.1%)", "carbon budgets", "regional location supports grid" ], "inspectorRecommendation": "grant", "quotes": [ { "text": "The c.200MW of electricity required to power the data centre would be supplied by the national grid via the nearby Ennis 110kV substation (c.80MW)", "page": 57, "file": "314474.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314474.pdf" }, { "text": "it is possible that the 120:80 MW balance could shift in favour of the on-site energy centre in the future", "page": 57, "file": "314474.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314474.pdf" }, { "text": "climate impact of generating 657,000 tonnes of CO2eq per year (1.1% of total emissions)", "page": 26, "file": "314474.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314474.pdf" } ] }, { "acpRef": "317446", "la": "SDCC", "decidedAt": "2025-04-04", "dbDecision": "refuse", "reportUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317446.pdf", "addendumUrl": null, "orderUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/317/d317446.pdf", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/317446", "description": "Demolition of structures, construction of a data centre and all associated works. Environmental Impact Assessment Report (EIAR) submitted with application.", "operator": "Vantage Data Centers DUB11 Ltd", "decision": "refuse", "buildings": "1 two-storey data centre (DUB13), Profile Park", "floorAreaM2": 12893, "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "gridMVA": null, "gridConnection": { "kV": 110, "substation": "Kilcarbery 110kV GIS substation (ABP-312793-22)", "route": null, "status": "campus Transmission Connection Agreement signed 1 Jul 2022 (DUB11/12); Board not satisfied it covers DUB13" }, "onsiteGeneration": [ { "type": "permitted multi-fuel generation plant (MFGP) shared with DUB11/12", "fuel": "gas/HVO", "count": null, "MW": 96, "role": "bridging + grid export", "note": "EirGrid firm-connection requirement; 72h fuel storage; HVO initially" }, { "type": "emergency backup generators", "fuel": "diesel", "count": 14, "MW": null, "role": "backup", "note": null } ], "batteries": "large-scale BESS permitted on campus (SD23A/0035)", "gasConnection": "GNI high-pressure connection agreed for MFGP", "water": null, "refusalReasons": "No fixed grid connection agreement shown for DUB13; Board not satisfied on-site gas would not become the primary energy source ('islanded', contrary to Government Statement); EIAR did not assess the no-grid scenario.", "refusalReasonTags": [ "no fixed grid connection / grid capacity", "reliance on on-site gas (islanding risk)", "EIAR deficiency" ], "refusalReasonsSource": "Board order", "keyIssues": [ "whether campus connection agreement covers new building", "multi-fuel plant role", "EPA IE licence" ], "inspectorRecommendation": "grant", "boardNote": "Inspector recommended grant; Board refused.", "quotes": [ { "text": "a 96MW multifuel Power Generation unit will be provided on site", "page": 40, "file": "317446.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317446.pdf" }, { "text": "in order for the proposed and permitted development to receive a firm grid connection, it must install on-site generation to the requested firm capacity", "page": 38, "file": "317446.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317446.pdf" }, { "text": "the Board was not satisfied that the permitted onsite gas powered generation would not be used as the primary energy source", "page": 3, "file": "order_317446.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/317/d317446.pdf" } ] }, { "acpRef": "317802", "la": "SDCC", "decidedAt": "2025-07-31", "dbDecision": "grant_conditions", "reportUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317802.pdf", "addendumUrl": null, "orderUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/317/d317802.pdf", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/317802", "description": "Construction of 2 adjoined single storey data centres with associated site works. An Environmental Impact Assessment Report (EIAR) has been submitted with this application.", "operator": "EdgeConneX Ireland Ltd", "decision": "grant", "buildings": "2 adjoined single-storey data centres (DUB06), Ballymakaily, Lucan (third and final campus phase)", "floorAreaM2": 15274, "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "gridMVA": null, "gridConnection": { "kV": 110, "substation": "permitted Kishoge 110kV GIS substation", "route": "110kV line from Aungierstown-Castlebaggot (ABP-314567-22)", "status": "EirGrid 'Flexible Demand' connection agreement signed, bond and charges paid; MIC not disclosed" }, "onsiteGeneration": [ { "type": "3 permitted gas power plants (SD21A/0042, SD22A/0289)", "fuel": "gas", "count": 61, "MW": null, "role": "bridging + flexible-demand backup", "note": "EirGrid requires on-site generation able to run ~500h/yr in winter peaks; 5-year limit unless renewed" }, { "type": "standby generators", "fuel": "diesel", "count": 24, "MW": null, "role": "backup", "note": "HVO condition recommended" } ], "batteries": null, "gasConnection": "GNI connection agreement letter submitted; green gas / hydrogen transition condition", "water": "c.6 m3/day average", "refusalReasons": null, "refusalReasonTags": [], "keyIssues": [ "PA refused: grid capacity, reliance on gas", "flexible demand offer", "hedgerows / biodiversity", "islanded risk shifting to gas security" ], "inspectorRecommendation": "grant", "boardNote": "PA refused; Board (Coimisi\u00fan) granted on first-party appeal.", "quotes": [ { "text": "this generation must be capable of running continuously for an extended period of time not limited by fuel reserves", "page": 6, "file": "317802.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317802.pdf" }, { "text": "estimated up to 500 hours per annum", "page": 6, "file": "317802.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317802.pdf" }, { "text": "Gas plant 1 (20 generator units (18+2))", "page": 15, "file": "317802.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317802.pdf" } ] }, { "acpRef": "317936", "la": "SDCC", "decidedAt": "2025-02-19", "dbDecision": "refuse", "reportUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317936.pdf", "addendumUrl": null, "orderUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/317/d317936.pdf", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/317936", "description": "10 year permission for modifications to permitted data centre granted under planning register reference number SD21A/0186 consisting of reconfiguration and alterations to data centre building, on a site bounded to the east and south by Grange Castle Golf Club, to the north by Nangor Road (R134) and to the west by an estate road known as Falcon Avenue. The application is accompanied by a Natura Impact Statement.", "operator": "Equinix (Ireland) Ltd", "decision": "refuse", "buildings": "modifications to permitted data centre + on-site gas power generation compound, Plot 100 Profile Park", "floorAreaM2": 9795, "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "gridMVA": null, "gridConnection": { "kV": null, "substation": null, "route": null, "status": "no technical or commercial offer from ESB; would run islanded on gas until grid available" }, "onsiteGeneration": [ { "type": "on-site power generation (OSPG): gas engines + BESS", "fuel": "gas", "count": null, "MW": 27.48, "role": "primary (islanded) until grid", "note": "hydrogen-ready claim" }, { "type": "standby generators", "fuel": "diesel", "count": 9, "MW": null, "role": "backup", "note": null } ], "batteries": "BESS within OSPG for frequency regulation / spinning reserve / peak", "gasConnection": "signed GNI connection agreement; 45MW @ 400mbar, two streams", "water": null, "refusalReasons": "Board order scanned (no text layer). PA refused for reliance on a predominantly gas-powered plant and EIAR inadequacy.", "refusalReasonTags": [ "reliance on on-site gas (islanding risk)", "EIAR deficiency" ], "refusalReasonsSource": "planning authority reasons (Board order not machine-readable)", "keyIssues": [ "islanded data centre contrary to Government Statement", "no grid offer", "Casement Aerodrome plumes" ], "inspectorRecommendation": "grant", "boardNote": "Inspector recommended grant (OSPG time-limited); Board refused.", "quotes": [ { "text": "GNI has confirmed that the permitted development will receive a 45MW connection @ 400mbar", "page": 10, "file": "317936.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317936.pdf" }, { "text": "No technical or commercial offer has been received from ESB", "page": 9, "file": "317936.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317936.pdf" }, { "text": "The applicant submits that the output of this facility will be 27.48 megawatts.", "page": 41, "file": "317936.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317936.pdf" } ] }, { "acpRef": "318151", "la": "KILDARE", "decidedAt": "2025-01-03", "dbDecision": "other", "reportUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/318/r318151.pdf", "addendumUrl": null, "orderUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/318/d318151.pdf", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/318151", "description": "Demolition of buildings, construction of 2 deep tech buildings, 4 data centre buildings and all associated works. Environmental Impact Assessment Report submitted with application.", "operator": "The Davy Platform ICAV (Liffey Sub-Fund)", "decision": "other", "outcome": "development contribution appeal", "buildings": "Kildare Innovation Campus (former HP/Intel area), Leixlip: 4 new data centre buildings + 2 deep-tech buildings", "floorAreaM2": 76225, "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "gridMVA": null, "gridConnection": { "kV": 110, "substation": "replace Rinawade 110kV substation", "route": null, "status": null }, "onsiteGeneration": [], "batteries": null, "gasConnection": null, "water": null, "refusalReasons": null, "refusalReasonTags": [], "keyIssues": [ "\u20ac9.47m development contribution vs demolition credit (inspector: net 88,759 m2)" ], "inspectorRecommendation": "attach reduced contribution condition", "boardNote": "Order scanned; outcome not machine-read.", "quotes": [ { "text": "Construction of 4 no. new data centre buildings, all including ancillary office spaces with a combined total gfa of c. 76,225m2.", "page": 3, "file": "318151.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/318/r318151.pdf" } ] }, { "acpRef": "318180", "la": "FINGAL", "decidedAt": "2025-12-19", "dbDecision": "grant_conditions", "reportUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/318/r318180.pdf", "addendumUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/318/r318180a.pdf", "orderUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/318/d318180.pdf", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/318180", "description": "Construction of data centre and associated site works. An Environmental Impact Assessment Report (EIAR) has been submitted to the planning authority with the planning application.", "operator": "Universal Developers LLC (Amazon Data Services Ireland group)", "decision": "grant", "buildings": "3 data storage buildings E, F, G on 6-building AWS Cruiserath campus", "floorAreaM2": 44589, "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": 73.1, "demandBasis": "full power demand of this phase; campus masterplan 219.7MW", "gridMVA": 240, "gridMVABasis": "campus Maximum Import Capacity, 2017 Transmission Connection Agreement (amended to ramp up)", "gridConnection": { "kV": 220, "substation": "existing Cruiserath 220kV GIS substation on site", "route": null, "status": "TCA dated 17 June 2017, MIC 240MVA; Building E power now, Building F 2027; predates CRU/21/124" }, "onsiteGeneration": [ { "type": "emergency generators", "fuel": "diesel/HVO", "count": 39, "MW": null, "role": "backup", "note": "HVO supply agreement with Certa" } ], "batteries": null, "gasConnection": null, "water": "cooling top-up c.1,110 m3/yr; rainwater storage 2,170 m3", "refusalReasons": null, "refusalReasonTags": [], "keyIssues": [ "renewables additionality", "CO2 (c.229,855 t/yr at 2025 mix)", "HVO credibility", "redacted connection agreement", "district heating" ], "inspectorRecommendation": "grant", "quotes": [ { "text": "Transmission Connection Agreement with EirGrid plc for connection of a facility with a Maximum Import Capacity of 240 MVA at Cruiserath", "page": 5, "file": "318180a.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/318/r318180a.pdf" }, { "text": "Based on the full power demand of 73.1 MW for the proposed development in 2025", "page": 116, "file": "318180.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/318/r318180.pdf" }, { "text": "the entire masterplan site would have a total energy demand of 219.7 MW", "page": 68, "file": "318180.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/318/r318180.pdf" } ] }, { "acpRef": "320651", "la": "SDCC", "decidedAt": "2025-07-22", "dbDecision": "other", "reportUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/320/r320651.pdf", "addendumUrl": null, "orderUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/320/d320651.pdf", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/320651", "description": "Installation of energy storage units at an existing datacentre facility.", "operator": "Grid Beyond Ltd", "decision": "other", "outcome": "development contribution appeal", "buildings": "2 battery storage units + HV skids at Keppel data centre, Citywest", "floorAreaM2": null, "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "gridMVA": null, "gridConnection": null, "onsiteGeneration": [], "batteries": "2 battery storage units, capacity not stated", "gasConnection": null, "water": null, "refusalReasons": null, "refusalReasonTags": [], "keyIssues": [ "\u20ac38,784 contribution on BESS upheld" ], "inspectorRecommendation": "attach condition 6", "boardNote": "Board attached condition 6.", "quotes": [ { "text": "two new battery storage units, two new HV power skids", "page": 2, "file": "320651.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/320/r320651.pdf" } ] }, { "acpRef": "501133", "la": "FINGAL", "decidedAt": "2026-07-24", "dbDecision": "other", "reportUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/501/r501133.pdf", "addendumUrl": null, "orderUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/501/d501133.pdf", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/501133", "description": "Construction of a data centre building with all associated site works", "operator": "South Dublin Routing 4 No.2 Ltd (Pure DC campus)", "decision": "other", "outcome": "development contribution appeal", "buildings": "1 data centre (amalgamated DC2+DC3) + Energy Centre EC3, Orion Business Park, Ballycoolin", "floorAreaM2": 22295, "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "gridMVA": 10, "gridMVABasis": "10MVA/38kV substation in this application", "gridConnection": { "kV": 38, "substation": "173 m2 10MVA/38kV substation", "route": null, "status": null }, "onsiteGeneration": [ { "type": "energy centres (EC1-3) + temporary compound of 4 gas generators and 4 HVO generators", "fuel": "gas/HVO", "count": 8, "MW": null, "role": "bridging", "note": "temporary c.1.5 years until energy centres commissioned (FW24A/0246E)" } ], "batteries": "BESS permitted on campus (FW24A/0532E)", "gasConnection": "gas pressure reduction facility / AGI on campus", "water": null, "refusalReasons": null, "refusalReasonTags": [], "keyIssues": [ "levy reduced to \u20ac2,424,253 (23,053 m2)" ], "inspectorRecommendation": "amend condition 21", "boardNote": "Coimisi\u00fan amended condition 21 per inspector.", "quotes": [ { "text": "a 173sqm 10MVA/38kV substation", "page": 3, "file": "501133.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/501/r501133.pdf" }, { "text": "installation of 4 no. gas powered generators and 4 no. bio diesel (HVO) generators", "page": 8, "file": "501133.txt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/501/r501133.pdf" } ] } ], "casesWithoutReport": [ { "acpRef": "300305", "la": "SDCC", "status": "decided", "decision": "invalid", "decidedAt": "2017-11-22", "reportStatus": "none_expected", "description": "The provision of temporary (3 years) 18MW gas powered electricity generator compound to provide electricity to the DUB08 data centre located within the Microsof", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/300305" }, { "acpRef": "303517", "la": "SDCC", "status": "decided", "decision": "withdrawn", "decidedAt": "2019-05-03", "reportStatus": "none_expected", "description": "Construction of data centre and combined heat and power plant (Energy Centre) with ancillary operations building and associated site works.", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/303517" }, { "acpRef": "312749", "la": "SDCC", "status": "decided", "decision": "withdrawn", "decidedAt": "2022-03-08", "reportStatus": "none_expected", "description": "Demolition of abandoned house, shed and derelict farm building. Construction of 2 data centres and 3 gas powered generation plants. EIAR submitted to PA.", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/312749" }, { "acpRef": "313564", "la": "FINGAL", "status": "decided", "decision": "invalid", "decidedAt": "2022-05-12", "reportStatus": "none_expected", "description": "Demolition of 2 no. existing residential dwellings and construction of 2 no. data hall buildings. EIAR submitted with application", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/313564" }, { "acpRef": "313787", "la": "SDCC", "status": "decided", "decision": "withdrawn", "decidedAt": "2022-07-04", "reportStatus": "none_expected", "description": "demolition of house and outbuildings and the construction of two Data Centres and ancillary buildings, plant, and site development works. A revised EAIR was sub", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/313787" }, { "acpRef": "320699", "la": "WICKLOW", "status": "decided", "decision": "invalid", "decidedAt": "2024-08-27", "reportStatus": "none_expected", "description": "Section 42(1) on PRR 10/2123 -10 no identical two storey Data Centre units each measuring c 10,915 sqm gross.", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/320699" }, { "acpRef": "318790", "la": "FINGAL", "status": "decided", "decision": "withdrawn", "decidedAt": "2025-05-20", "reportStatus": "none_expected", "description": "To amend a previously permitted scheme (reg. ref. FW22A/0038). Change of use from a warehouse/logistics unit to a data centre and all associated site works.", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/318790" }, { "acpRef": "501504", "la": "WESTMEATH", "status": "decided", "decision": "invalid", "decidedAt": "2026-06-09", "reportStatus": "none_expected", "description": "Demolition of the derelict dwelling and sheds for construction of a Data Centre Facility and Decentralised Energy Resource with all associated site works. The p", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/501504" }, { "acpRef": "501583", "la": "WESTMEATH", "status": "decided", "decision": "invalid", "decidedAt": "2026-06-20", "reportStatus": "none_expected", "description": "Demolition of the derelict dwelling and sheds for construction of a Data Centre Facility and Decentralised Energy Resource with all associated site works. The p", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/501583" }, { "acpRef": "501585", "la": "WESTMEATH", "status": "decided", "decision": "invalid", "decidedAt": "2026-06-22", "reportStatus": "none_expected", "description": "Demolition of the derelict dwelling and sheds for construction of a Data Centre Facility and Decentralised Energy Resource with all associated site works. The p", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/501585" }, { "acpRef": "320852", "la": "SDCC", "status": "pending", "decision": null, "decidedAt": null, "reportStatus": "none_expected", "description": "Ten-year planning permission is sought for the expansion of existing Google Ireland Limited operations operations including the development of a data storage fa", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/320852" }, { "acpRef": "322575", "la": "MAYO", "status": "pending", "decision": null, "decidedAt": null, "reportStatus": "none_expected", "description": "Construction of a data centre and all associated site works. An Environmental Impact Assessment Report (EIAR) and a Natura Impact Statement (NIS) have been subm", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/322575" }, { "acpRef": "323677", "la": "KILDARE", "status": "pending", "decision": null, "decidedAt": null, "reportStatus": "none_expected", "description": "Data Centre. Includes demolition works, with ancillary and associated site development works. An NIS and an EIAR accompany the application.", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/323677" }, { "acpRef": "501550", "la": "WESTMEATH", "status": "open", "decision": null, "decidedAt": null, "reportStatus": "none_expected", "description": "Demolition of the derelict dwelling and sheds for construction of a Data Centre Facility and Decentralised Energy Resource with all associated site works. The p", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/501550" }, { "acpRef": "501596", "la": "WESTMEATH", "status": "pending", "decision": null, "decidedAt": null, "reportStatus": "none_expected", "description": "Demolition of the derelict dwelling and sheds for construction of a Data Centre Facility and Decentralised Energy Resource with all associated site works. The p", "casePage": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/501596" } ], "summary": { "matchedAppeals": 37, "count": 22, "granted": 15, "refused": 3, "other": 4, "withOnsiteGas": 8, "totalDemandMWStated": 663.6, "withOnsiteGasRefs": [ "300752", "303938", "305948", "314474", "317446", "317802", "317936", "501133" ], "inspectorBoardDisagreed": [ "313583", "317446", "317936" ], "commonRefusalReasons": [ { "reason": "no fixed grid connection / grid capacity", "count": 2 }, { "reason": "reliance on on-site gas (islanding risk)", "count": 2 }, { "reason": "EIAR deficiency", "count": 2 }, { "reason": "insufficient renewables / PPA evidence", "count": 1 }, { "reason": "contrary to development plan (EDE7)", "count": 1 } ] }, "judicialReviews": { "source": "PlanSight jr_case (High Court Planning & Environment legal diary + courts.ie judgments, scraped by planningregister.ie), matched to the data-centre applications and appeals in the PlanSight mirror", "sourceUrl": "https://planningregister.ie", "pulledAt": "2026-10-10", "coverage": { "jrCases": 134, "listDates": [ "2026-07-06" ], "judgments": 7, "judgmentDates": [ "2026-07-24", "2026-07-30", "2026-07-31", "2026-08-14", "2026-08-18", "2026-08-25" ], "dcApplications": 156, "dcAppeals": 44 }, "method": [ "Every jr_case row is tested against the data-centre applications (same phrase list as the site's 156) and their An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la appeals by: linked application_id; linked appeal_id; ACP case number (acp_ref, PlanSight's party-name match, any ABP refs in the listing); council planning refs in the listing; all distinctive tokens of a data-centre applicant's name appearing in the JR applicant or respondent; and data-centre words in the parties or judgment title.", "Duration is not computed from jr_case: it has no filing dates (filed_at is empty) and only one list date." ], "matched": [], "matchedCount": 0, "relatedNotApplication": [ { "recordNo": "2026/335/JR", "applicant": "FRIENDS OF THE IRISH ENVIRONMENT COMPANY LIMITED BY GUARANTEE & ORS", "respondent": "COMMISSION FOR REGULATION OF UTILITIES", "listed": "2026-07-06", "status": "For Mention", "annotations": [], "note": "Friends of the Irish Environment and others v CRU: the challenge to CRU/2025/236, the large-energy-user (data-centre) connection policy. A policy decision, not a planning application." } ], "knownElsewhere": [ { "scheme": "Art Data Centres, Ennis (Co Clare), 200 MW campus", "la": "CLARE", "ref": "21757", "acpRef": "314474", "acpDecided": "2024-04-05", "acpDecision": "grant", "outcome": "High Court cleared the scheme (reported week of 13 Mar 2026)", "outcomeDate": "2026-03-13", "filedAt": null, "monthsAcpDecisionToRuling": 23.2, "source": "https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2026/0313/1563321-works-on-16-billion-data-centre-to-start-in-ennis/", "quote": "clearing all legal hurdles faced by the scheme in the High Court this week", "note": "Not in PlanSight jr_case (its court-list scrape starts 6 Jul 2026). Record number, applicants and filing date not in the sources read; the quote is checked in pipelines/europe_ai.py (rteennis)." } ], "caveats": [ "jr_case holds 134 rows: one High Court Planning & Environment list (2026-07-06) and 7 judgments delivered Jul\u2013Aug 2026. It is a snapshot of cases live in July 2026, not a history, so data-centre JRs decided before then (e.g. Ennis, cleared Mar 2026) are absent.", "No filing dates or outcomes for listed cases; 'status' is the list section (For Mention, Section 46(4) etc.).", "Matching by party name only catches cases where the developer is a named party; a residents' group v An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la case about a data centre names neither the scheme nor the developer in the list." ] } }, "epa_generation": { "title": "Generators behind the data centres", "source": "EPA LEAP Industrial Emissions licences (class 2.1 combustion >= 50 MWth): https://leap.epa.ie/ ; API https://data.epa.ie/leap/api/v1 ; documents https://leap.epa.ie/docs/", "asOf": "2026-10-03", "licences": [ { "ref": "P1170", "regNo": "P1170-01", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "site": "Grange Castle South Business Park, Baldonnel Road, Dublin 22", "county": "Dublin", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "licensedDate": "2023-07-06", "pendingApplication": null, "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 460.87, "ratedThermalRange": null, "pendingRatedThermalMW": null, "generators": { "count": 73, "type": "70 x 6.49 MWth diesel standby + 3 x 2.19 MWth house generators (plus 2 x 0.57 MWth fire pumps)", "fuel": "diesel / HVO", "electricalMW": null }, "permittedHours": "72 h/yr per generator at <=90% load; <=421.93 MWth simultaneously", "aer": [ { "year": 2023, "partialYear": true, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 24.05, "hvoGJ": null, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 24.1 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 0.0, "gridElectricityGJ": 400785.9, "avgGridMW": 12.7, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.01, "notes": null, "doc": "P1170-01-Annual Environmental Report-2023.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/a5cee463-0f08-422f-bc30-74ce4aeacd3a.pdf" }, { "year": 2024, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 288.55, "hvoGJ": 3673.21, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 3961.8 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 2.4, "gridElectricityGJ": 1073411.15, "avgGridMW": 34.0, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.37, "notes": null, "doc": "P1170-01-Annual Environmental Report-2024.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/2ea853df-3fd4-4c75-8ad9-ac2f2b2af3e2.pdf" }, { "year": 2025, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 60.2, "hvoGJ": 1629.28, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 1689.5 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 1.0, "gridElectricityGJ": 1586892.15, "avgGridMW": 50.3, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.11, "notes": null, "doc": "P1170-01-Annual Environmental Report-2025.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/d30f01fa-7b3c-4f1d-b37d-be8909ba4629.pdf" } ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Once fully operational, there will be 70 no. 6.49 MWth diesel generators, 3 no. 2.19 MWth house generators", "doc": "Inspector's Report -LA007494", "regNo": "P1170-01", "date": "2023-06-02", "page": 2, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280879452.pdf" }, { "text": "The RD limits the operation of each generator to 72 hours per year at no more than 90% load", "doc": "Inspector's Report -LA007494", "regNo": "P1170-01", "date": "2023-06-02", "page": 11, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280879452.pdf" } ], "notes": null, "documentsOnLeap": 172, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1170" }, { "ref": "P1171", "regNo": "P1171-01", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "site": "Clonshaugh Business & Technology Park, Dublin 17", "county": "Dublin", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "licensedDate": "2023-06-14", "pendingApplication": null, "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 672.85, "ratedThermalRange": null, "pendingRatedThermalMW": null, "generators": { "count": 105, "type": "103 x 6.49 MWth diesel standby + 2 x 2.19 MWth (plus 4 x 0.45 MWth fire pumps)", "fuel": "diesel / HVO", "electricalMW": null }, "permittedHours": "72 h/yr; <=601.46 MWth simultaneously", "aer": [ { "year": 2023, "partialYear": true, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 66.12, "hvoGJ": 1476.02, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 1542.1 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 0.6, "gridElectricityGJ": 1890398.2, "avgGridMW": 59.9, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.08, "notes": null, "doc": "P1171-01-Annual Environmental Report-2023.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/c2528608-72cb-4b74-ab1e-fccf3e604822.pdf" }, { "year": 2024, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 3117.13, "hvoGJ": 4726.4, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 7843.5 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 3.2, "gridElectricityGJ": 3247224.6, "avgGridMW": 103.0, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.24, "notes": null, "doc": "P1171-01-Annual Environmental Report-2024.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/c30f08a6-d159-4926-8e66-2f07366442d0.pdf" }, { "year": 2025, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 2500.29, "hvoGJ": 7122.92, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 9623.2 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 4.0, "gridElectricityGJ": 3673331.66, "avgGridMW": 116.5, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.26, "notes": null, "doc": "P1171-01-Annual Environmental Report-2025.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/bc4198f1-1fa7-4f2e-be31-0b9f5e99993c.pdf" } ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Given that the combined thermal input from the generators is 672.85 MWth", "doc": "Inspector's Report", "regNo": "P1171-01", "date": "2023-05-11", "page": 2, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280874ea0.pdf" }, { "text": "The operation of the generators is restricted to no more than 72 hours/year", "doc": "Inspector's Report", "regNo": "P1171-01", "date": "2023-05-11", "page": 9, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280874ea0.pdf" } ], "notes": null, "documentsOnLeap": 205, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1171" }, { "ref": "P1172", "regNo": "P1172-01", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "site": "Blanchardstown Industrial Park, Snugborough Road, Dublin 15", "county": "Dublin", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "licensedDate": "2023-07-19", "pendingApplication": null, "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 416.52, "ratedThermalRange": null, "pendingRatedThermalMW": null, "generators": { "count": 70, "type": "9 x 6.49 + 22 x 6.33 + 39 x 5.59 MWth diesel standby (plus 2 x 0.42 MWth fire pumps)", "fuel": "diesel / HVO", "electricalMW": null }, "permittedHours": "72 h/yr at <=90% load; <=374.17 MWth simultaneously", "aer": [ { "year": 2023, "partialYear": true, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 77.61, "hvoGJ": 1861.87, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 1939.5 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 1.3, "gridElectricityGJ": 1043266.0, "avgGridMW": 33.1, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.19, "notes": null, "doc": "P1172-01-Annual Environmental Report-2023.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/8b2104f3-dc23-4b03-b857-8c1797dd4307.pdf" }, { "year": 2024, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 2094.52, "hvoGJ": 736.87, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 2831.4 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 1.9, "gridElectricityGJ": 1821274.39, "avgGridMW": 57.8, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.16, "notes": null, "doc": "P1172-Annual Environmental Report-2024.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/88f0c54d-43a5-4512-9a0d-dfbc75809bbd.pdf" }, { "year": 2025, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 351.09, "hvoGJ": 545.72, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 896.8 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 0.6, "gridElectricityGJ": 1571705.19, "avgGridMW": 49.8, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.06, "notes": null, "doc": "P1172-01-Annual Environmental Report-2025.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/3b5e09fb-a5aa-4442-8d18-c00f3271aeb7.pdf" } ], "quotes": [ { "text": "the combined thermal input from the 72 generators is 416.52 MWth", "doc": "IR-LA009828", "regNo": "P1172-01", "date": "2023-06-16", "page": 2, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28087bd24.pdf" }, { "text": "approximately 3,180 tCO2 per annum (calculated based on the applicant\u2019s estimated maximum diesel usage of 1,001 m3 per annum)", "doc": "IR-LA009828", "regNo": "P1172-01", "date": "2023-06-16", "page": 17, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28087bd24.pdf" } ], "notes": null, "documentsOnLeap": 181, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1172" }, { "ref": "P1173", "regNo": "P1173-01", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "site": "Airton Road, Tallaght, Dublin 24 (Belgard)", "county": "Dublin", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "licensedDate": "2023-06-13", "pendingApplication": null, "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 343.16, "ratedThermalRange": null, "pendingRatedThermalMW": null, "generators": { "count": 53, "type": "27 x 6.46 + 26 x 6.49 MWth diesel standby", "fuel": "diesel / HVO", "electricalMW": null }, "permittedHours": "72 h/yr at 90% load; <=317.26 MWth simultaneously", "aer": [ { "year": 2023, "partialYear": true, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 23.25, "hvoGJ": 2187.93, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 2211.2 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 1.8, "gridElectricityGJ": 991590.9, "avgGridMW": 31.4, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.22, "notes": null, "doc": "P1173-01-Annual Environmental Report-2023.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/8b4fd0f2-282e-4441-bf18-8875c7acc9e6.pdf" }, { "year": 2024, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 3404.66, "hvoGJ": 2182.46, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 5587.1 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 4.5, "gridElectricityGJ": 1601738.77, "avgGridMW": 50.8, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.35, "notes": null, "doc": "P1173-01-Annual Environmental Report-2024.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/bce6c592-9719-4937-9e39-29ca7ea7281a.pdf" }, { "year": 2025, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 3291.99, "hvoGJ": 4663.23, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 7955.2 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 6.4, "gridElectricityGJ": 1437429.68, "avgGridMW": 45.6, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.55, "notes": null, "doc": "P1173-01-Annual Environmental Report-2025.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/45b512a3-d54e-493a-9d32-dd4136f33e47.pdf" } ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Given that the combined thermal input from the generators is 343.16 MWth", "doc": "Inspector's Report", "regNo": "P1173-01", "date": "2023-05-09", "page": 2, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280874817.pdf" }, { "text": "48 MWe for Building B, thereby giving an overall maximum operational demand of 83 MWe for the installation", "doc": "Inspector's Report", "regNo": "P1173-01", "date": "2023-05-09", "page": 2, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280874817.pdf" } ], "notes": "83 MWe is the site's stated maximum electrical demand, not generator output.", "documentsOnLeap": 130, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1173" }, { "ref": "P1177", "regNo": "P1177-01", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "site": "Hibernian Industrial Estate, Greenhills Road, Dublin 24", "county": "Dublin", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "licensedDate": "2023-06-14", "pendingApplication": null, "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 253.11, "ratedThermalRange": null, "pendingRatedThermalMW": null, "generators": { "count": 46, "type": "37 x 5.19 + 9 x 6.60 MWth diesel standby (plus 4 x 0.42 MWth fire pumps)", "fuel": "diesel / HVO", "electricalMW": null }, "permittedHours": "72 h/yr; <=251.43 MWth simultaneously", "aer": [ { "year": 2023, "partialYear": true, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 51.99, "hvoGJ": 732.24, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 784.2 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 0.9, "gridElectricityGJ": 737140.82, "avgGridMW": 23.4, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.11, "notes": null, "doc": "P1177-01-Annual Environmental Report-2023.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/5194e170-3e76-4a00-8870-5d6cb941edcd.pdf" }, { "year": 2024, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 605.83, "hvoGJ": 526.53, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 1132.4 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 1.2, "gridElectricityGJ": 1150330.32, "avgGridMW": 36.5, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.1, "notes": null, "doc": "P1177-01-Annual Environmental Report-2024.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/c0881a67-aa10-4edb-8577-2b86f7a1ac15.pdf" }, { "year": 2025, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 631.31, "hvoGJ": 509.42, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 1140.7 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 1.3, "gridElectricityGJ": 1092125.33, "avgGridMW": 34.6, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.1, "notes": null, "doc": "P1177-01-Annual Environmental Report-2025.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/a6bb6933-65be-46c5-871e-ebd91e39bc43.pdf" } ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Schedule A restricts the operation of the generators to up to 72 hours per year", "doc": "Inspectors Report", "regNo": "P1177-01", "date": "2023-05-11", "page": 9, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2808746ab.pdf" }, { "text": "input of no more than 251.43 MWth (37 no. 5.19 MWth and 9 no. 6.6 MWth)", "doc": "Inspectors Report", "regNo": "P1177-01", "date": "2023-05-11", "page": 9, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2808746ab.pdf" } ], "notes": null, "documentsOnLeap": 144, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1177" }, { "ref": "P1181", "regNo": "P1181-02", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "site": "IDA Business & Technology Park, Donore Road, Drogheda, Co. Meath", "county": "Meath", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Not Commenced", "licensedDate": "2026-09-24", "pendingApplication": null, "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 360.06, "ratedThermalRange": null, "pendingRatedThermalMW": null, "generators": { "count": 54, "type": "52 x 6.82 MWth diesel standby + 2 x 2.19 MWth (plus 2 x 0.52 MWth fire pumps); doubled from 180.55 MWth by the 2026 review (P1181-02)", "fuel": "diesel / HVO", "electricalMW": null }, "permittedHours": "100 h/yr per generator (P1181-01); review assessed up to 100 h/yr", "aer": [ { "year": 2024, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 303.3, "hvoGJ": 2065.91, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 2369.2 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 1.8, "gridElectricityGJ": 259350.54, "avgGridMW": 8.2, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.91, "notes": null, "doc": "P1181-01-Annual Environmental Report-2024.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/c1c93c77-e1f3-422f-b51a-7ee363bf6704.pdf" }, { "year": 2025, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 86.19, "hvoGJ": 2261.12, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 2347.3 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 1.8, "gridElectricityGJ": 399725.66, "avgGridMW": 12.7, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.58, "notes": null, "doc": "P1181-01-Annual Environmental Report-2025.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/99502627-835d-4f88-af93-b6f9bee84194.pdf" } ], "quotes": [ { "text": "The combined thermal input (total capacity) from the emergency generators is 360.06 MWth", "doc": "Attachment-4-4-1-Activity Capacity Calculations.pdf", "regNo": "P1181-02", "date": "2024-09-27", "page": 1, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/5d05e1f2-1d62-4d67-9a52-55a8f3a4b778.pdf" }, { "text": "to date, the back-up generators have not been used to power the installation, rather they have been used for testing and/or maintenance purposes only", "doc": "Addendum Inspectors Report - P1181-02_v6_2.pdf", "regNo": "P1181-02", "date": "2026-04-30", "page": 2, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/06c5c472-b704-4dec-b92f-49ebb3b65d67.pdf" } ], "notes": null, "documentsOnLeap": 336, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1181" }, { "ref": "P1182", "regNo": "P1182-01", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "site": "Cruiserath Road, Dublin 15", "county": "Dublin", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "licensedDate": "2023-06-21", "pendingApplication": "Assessment", "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 432.72, "ratedThermalRange": null, "pendingRatedThermalMW": 709.21, "generators": { "count": 68, "type": "66 x 6.49 MWth diesel standby + 2 x 2.19 MWth (plus 2 x 0.52 MWth fire pumps); review application P1182-02 would take the site to c. 709 MWth", "fuel": "diesel / HVO", "electricalMW": null }, "permittedHours": "72 h/yr at 90% load; <=393.78 MWth simultaneously", "aer": [ { "year": 2023, "partialYear": true, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 40.6, "hvoGJ": 3496.87, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 3537.5 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 2.3, "gridElectricityGJ": 876610.16, "avgGridMW": 27.8, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.4, "notes": null, "doc": "P1182-01-Annual Environmental Report-2023.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/cf1e53e2-bac9-4d9f-b0c9-0173525cb296.pdf" }, { "year": 2024, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 632.99, "hvoGJ": 5834.11, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 6467.1 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 4.2, "gridElectricityGJ": 1906156.87, "avgGridMW": 60.4, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.34, "notes": null, "doc": "P1182-01-Annual Environmental Report-2024.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/590ab27a-8f33-4740-8907-19e7bb0057a5.pdf" }, { "year": 2025, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 95.28, "hvoGJ": 6573.01, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 6668.3 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 4.3, "gridElectricityGJ": 2414403.57, "avgGridMW": 76.6, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.28, "notes": null, "doc": "P1182-01-Annual Environmental Report-2025.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/b8bc1941-41e7-4fe5-a8ce-3b57f4997691.pdf" } ], "quotes": [ { "text": "input of the combustion plants (> 1 MW) at the installation is 432.72 MWth", "doc": "Inspectors Report", "regNo": "P1182-01", "date": "2023-05-16", "page": 2, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280875e4b.pdf" }, { "text": "The combined thermal input (total capacity) from the emergency generators, once operational, is c. 709.21 MWth", "doc": "Attachment-4-4-1-Capacity Calculations_27.pdf", "regNo": "P1182-02", "date": "2026-07-03", "page": 1, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/2045809d-b1e6-4ddd-833c-59c7833f2239.pdf" } ], "notes": null, "documentsOnLeap": 257, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1182" }, { "ref": "P1184", "regNo": "P1184-01", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "site": "Grange Castle Business Park South, Baldonnell Road, Dublin 22", "county": "Dublin", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "licensedDate": "2023-06-20", "pendingApplication": null, "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 103.84, "ratedThermalRange": null, "pendingRatedThermalMW": null, "generators": { "count": 16, "type": "16 x 6.49 MWth diesel standby (plus 1 x 0.45 MWth fire pump)", "fuel": "diesel / HVO", "electricalMW": null }, "permittedHours": "100 h/yr at 90% load; <=90.86 MWth simultaneously", "aer": [ { "year": 2023, "partialYear": true, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 11.68, "hvoGJ": null, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 11.7 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 0.0, "gridElectricityGJ": 163010.84, "avgGridMW": 5.2, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.01, "notes": null, "doc": "P1184-01-Annual Environmental Report-2023.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/bc2c9077-ce4c-4555-ac86-af9683d45957.pdf" }, { "year": 2024, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 5.72, "hvoGJ": 5.29, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 11.0 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 0.0, "gridElectricityGJ": 280287.48, "avgGridMW": 8.9, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.0, "notes": null, "doc": "P1184-01-Annual Environmental Report-2024.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/8fbda91b-8ac8-493e-a7a5-6ff170485c51.pdf" }, { "year": 2025, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 782.61, "hvoGJ": 84.21, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 866.8 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 2.3, "gridElectricityGJ": 338126.92, "avgGridMW": 10.7, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.26, "notes": null, "doc": "P1184-01-Annual Environmental Report-2025.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/8d3453b5-f0c5-4d9a-a2fe-aa338f484415.pdf" } ], "quotes": [ { "text": "There are 16 no. 6.49 MWth generators, and one 0.45 MWth diesel-powered fire", "doc": "Inspector's Report", "regNo": "P1184-01", "date": "2023-05-16", "page": 2, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280875e4e.pdf" }, { "text": "The RD limits the operation of each back-up generator to 100 hours/year", "doc": "Inspector's Report", "regNo": "P1184-01", "date": "2023-05-16", "page": 12, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280875e4e.pdf" } ], "notes": null, "documentsOnLeap": 162, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1184" }, { "ref": "P1186", "regNo": "P1186-02", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "site": "Clonshaugh Business and Technology Park, Dublin 17", "county": "Dublin", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "licensedDate": "2026-09-24", "pendingApplication": null, "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 290.95, "ratedThermalRange": null, "pendingRatedThermalMW": null, "generators": { "count": 52, "type": "40 x 5.44 + 10 x 6.49 + 1 x 3.6 + 1 x 2.19 MWth diesel standby (plus fire pumps); up from 219.12 MWth after 2026 review", "fuel": "diesel / HVO", "electricalMW": null }, "permittedHours": "150 h/yr at 100% load; <=248.11 MWth simultaneously (P1186-02)", "aer": [ { "year": 2023, "partialYear": true, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 24.71, "hvoGJ": 4507.14, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 4531.9 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 4.3, "gridElectricityGJ": 513340.74, "avgGridMW": 16.3, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.88, "notes": null, "doc": "P1186-01-Annual Environmental Report-2023.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/50132403-a35a-4d78-b806-e7345c89e786.pdf" }, { "year": 2024, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 1075.16, "hvoGJ": 559.68, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 1634.8 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 1.6, "gridElectricityGJ": 860180.18, "avgGridMW": 27.3, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.19, "notes": null, "doc": "P1186-01-Annual Environmental Report-2024.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/49fe5529-148a-4051-9b2c-6fc6b17c23a9.pdf" }, { "year": 2025, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 711.15, "hvoGJ": 437.61, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 1148.8 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 1.1, "gridElectricityGJ": 878805.31, "avgGridMW": 27.9, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.13, "notes": null, "doc": "P1186-01-Annual Environmental Report-2025.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/7e3d2b6f-cb9a-4528-ad23-01ffc34e9391.pdf" } ], "quotes": [ { "text": "The combined thermal input (total capacity) from the emergency generators is 290.95 MWth", "doc": "Attachment-4-4-1-Capacity Calculations_21.pdf", "regNo": "P1186-02", "date": "2024-08-16", "page": 1, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/a98c9f00-fb07-4e2b-8234-eb9179153c35.pdf" }, { "text": "The operation of each generator is restricted to 150 hours per year at 100% load", "doc": "LA-IR P1186-02 Amazon.pdf", "regNo": "P1186-02", "date": "2026-04-30", "page": 19, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/04cbf449-4b4f-4297-bcf7-c24464a9d174.pdf" } ], "notes": null, "documentsOnLeap": 371, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1186" }, { "ref": "P1222", "regNo": "P1222-01", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "site": "Kildare Innovation Campus (Building B1), Barnhall Road, Leixlip, Co. Kildare", "county": "Kildare", "status": "Compliance Failure/Rejected", "subStatus": null, "licensedDate": null, "pendingApplication": null, "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 110.75, "ratedThermalRange": null, "pendingRatedThermalMW": null, "generators": { "count": 15, "type": "14 x 7.65 MWth emergency + 1 x 2.50 MWth house generator", "fuel": "HVO / diesel", "electricalMW": null }, "permittedHours": null, "aer": [], "quotes": [ { "text": "The combined thermal input (total capacity) of the Installation is 110.75 MWth", "doc": "Attachment-4-4-1-Capacity Calculations_22.pdf", "regNo": "P1222-01", "date": "2026-03-19", "page": 1, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/858306b8-711f-4156-a38d-0a6d82471848.pdf" }, { "text": "the Agency moves to decide that it cannot consider the above referenced licence Application", "doc": "Inspectors Report - Re refuse to consider application.pdf", "regNo": "P1222-01", "date": "2026-03-19", "page": 1, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/9245d473-df19-4e72-a3ef-8ec82bd13f2a.pdf" } ], "notes": "Application could not be considered (incomplete); re-filed as P1238.", "documentsOnLeap": 100, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1222" }, { "ref": "P1238", "regNo": "P1238-01", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "site": "Kildare Innovation Campus, Barnhall Road, Leixlip, Co. Kildare", "county": "Kildare", "status": "Applied", "subStatus": null, "licensedDate": null, "pendingApplication": "Assessment", "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 111.4, "ratedThermalRange": null, "pendingRatedThermalMW": null, "generators": { "count": 15, "type": "14 x 7.73 MWth critical emergency + 1 x 2.50 MWth house generator (plus 2 x 0.36 MWth fire pumps)", "fuel": "HVO / diesel", "electricalMW": null }, "permittedHours": null, "aer": [], "quotes": [ { "text": "The combined thermal input (total capacity) of the Installation is 111.4 MWth", "doc": "Attachment-4-4-1-Capacity Calculations_25.pdf", "regNo": "P1238-01", "date": "2026-07-03", "page": 1, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/c7c7864a-e5d6-44d3-8077-f1b7895225f5.pdf" } ], "notes": null, "documentsOnLeap": 101, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1238" }, { "ref": "P1187", "regNo": "P1187-01", "operator": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "site": "Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22 (DUB14/DUB15)", "county": "Dublin", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "licensedDate": "2023-07-04", "pendingApplication": null, "role": "gas-flex", "ratedThermalMW": 342.8, "ratedThermalRange": null, "pendingRatedThermalMW": null, "generators": { "count": 43, "type": "22 x 7.6 MWth gas engines (167.2 MWth) for grid demand reduction + 20 x 8.66 MWth diesel + 1 x 2.4 MWth admin generator", "fuel": "natural gas (engines); diesel/HVO (standby)", "electricalMW": null }, "permittedHours": "Gas engines: up to 8 h/day when grid operator requests demand reduction; diesel: 200 h/yr, <=181.86 MWth simultaneously", "aer": [ { "year": 2023, "partialYear": true, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": null, "hvoGJ": 115.8, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 115.8 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 0.1, "gridElectricityGJ": 42332.1, "avgGridMW": 1.3, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.27, "notes": null, "doc": "P1187-01 (DUB14-15) AER 2023_Final.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/fe99f8bc-f027-40e5-91e3-2ccff4e51e76.pdf" }, { "year": 2024, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": null, "hvoGJ": 1794.2, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 1794.2 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 1.5, "gridElectricityGJ": 401152.62, "avgGridMW": 12.7, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.45, "notes": null, "doc": "P1187-01 (DUB14-15) AER 2024 Final.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/0c36fae7-a803-44cc-b035-5d0465cf3ba4.pdf" }, { "year": 2025, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": null, "hvoGJ": 2480.2, "naturalGasGJ": 4480.61, "totalGJ": 6960.8 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 5.6, "gridElectricityGJ": 815234.15, "avgGridMW": 25.9, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.85, "notes": "First year natural gas burned on site.", "doc": "AER P1187 Final 30-3-26.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/756ed289-739f-4a3f-85ce-c0e411c991ab.pdf" } ], "quotes": [ { "text": "It is expected the gas engines could operate up to 8 hours a day, during peak demand periods, 365 days a year", "doc": "Inspector's Report", "regNo": "P1187-01", "date": "2023-06-02", "page": 2, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280879455.pdf" }, { "text": "Emissions of CO2 from the gas engines are approximately 52,216 tCO2 per annum", "doc": "Inspector's Report", "regNo": "P1187-01", "date": "2023-06-02", "page": 35, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280879455.pdf" }, { "text": "Natural Gas was not used on site in 2024", "doc": "AER P1187 Final 30-3-26.pdf", "regNo": "P1187-01", "date": "2026-04-30", "page": 16, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/756ed289-739f-4a3f-85ce-c0e411c991ab.pdf" } ], "notes": null, "documentsOnLeap": 273, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1187" }, { "ref": "P1190", "regNo": "P1190-01", "operator": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "site": "Grange Castle Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22 (DUB3-5)", "county": "Dublin", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "licensedDate": "2023-06-14", "pendingApplication": null, "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 212.58, "ratedThermalRange": null, "pendingRatedThermalMW": null, "generators": { "count": 41, "type": "38 x 5.46 MWth diesel + 3 x 1.7 MWth admin generators (plus 2 x 0.5 MWth fire pumps)", "fuel": "diesel, HVO from 2025", "electricalMW": null }, "permittedHours": "Data-hall generators 200 h/yr, admin generators 100 h/yr", "aer": [ { "year": 2023, "partialYear": true, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 1611.18, "hvoGJ": null, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 1611.2 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 2.1, "gridElectricityGJ": 450494.64, "avgGridMW": 14.3, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.36, "notes": null, "doc": "P1190-01 (DB3-5) AER 2023 Final.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/026458a9-4e24-41cc-9820-c0c5c6d959fb.pdf" }, { "year": 2024, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 2452.69, "hvoGJ": 837.42, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 3290.1 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 4.3, "gridElectricityGJ": 807007.71, "avgGridMW": 25.6, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.41, "notes": null, "doc": "P1190-01 (DB3-5) AER 2024 Final.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/8b0f94cc-5fcf-41c3-9036-08dfc582adf6.pdf" }, { "year": 2025, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 174.6, "hvoGJ": 3529.7, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 3704.3 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 4.8, "gridElectricityGJ": 772719.47, "avgGridMW": 24.5, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.48, "notes": null, "doc": "AER P1190 Final 30-3-26.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/9019c07a-0ea9-47b4-8d4e-e7bd5019af9e.pdf" } ], "quotes": [ { "text": "The total capacity is 212.58 MWth", "doc": "Inspectors Report-LA010453", "regNo": "P1190-01", "date": "2023-05-09", "page": 3, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28087481a.pdf" }, { "text": "The RD limits the operation of data-hall generators to 200 hours per year", "doc": "Inspectors Report-LA010453", "regNo": "P1190-01", "date": "2023-05-09", "page": 11, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28087481a.pdf" } ], "notes": null, "documentsOnLeap": 167, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1190" }, { "ref": "P1191", "regNo": "P1191-01", "operator": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "site": "Grange Castle Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22 (DUB6-13)", "county": "Dublin", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "licensedDate": "2023-07-05", "pendingApplication": null, "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 579.28, "ratedThermalRange": null, "pendingRatedThermalMW": null, "generators": { "count": 95, "type": "95 diesel generators, 1.29-7.51 MWth each", "fuel": "diesel, HVO from 2024", "electricalMW": null }, "permittedHours": "200 h/yr (admin generators 100 h/yr)", "aer": [ { "year": 2023, "partialYear": true, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 2109.89, "hvoGJ": null, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 2109.9 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 1.0, "gridElectricityGJ": 1654893.7, "avgGridMW": 52.5, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.13, "notes": null, "doc": "P1191-01 (DUB6-13) AER 2023_Final.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/f2242c83-9bcb-49b0-b405-650d99f8b7d7.pdf" }, { "year": 2024, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 2924.51, "hvoGJ": 3162.68, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 6087.2 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 2.9, "gridElectricityGJ": 3212717.96, "avgGridMW": 101.9, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.19, "notes": null, "doc": "P1191-01 (DUB6-13) AER 2024 Final.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/1e45c3de-2356-481f-adf7-97bcb3c9abda.pdf" }, { "year": 2025, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 46.95, "hvoGJ": 8283.41, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 8330.4 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 4.0, "gridElectricityGJ": 3281854.82, "avgGridMW": 104.1, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.25, "notes": null, "doc": "AER P1191 Final 31-3-26.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/61031159-d228-4c09-82ba-64b8ce219a13.pdf" } ], "quotes": [ { "text": "The total capacity is 579.28 MWth", "doc": "IR-LA010454", "regNo": "P1191-01", "date": "2023-06-01", "page": 3, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2808790a3.pdf" }, { "text": "The RD limits the operation of generators to 200 hours per year", "doc": "IR-LA010454", "regNo": "P1191-01", "date": "2023-06-01", "page": 11, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2808790a3.pdf" } ], "notes": null, "documentsOnLeap": 213, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1191" }, { "ref": "P1189", "regNo": "P1189-01", "operator": "Google Ireland Limited", "site": "Grange Castle Business Park South, Baldonnel Road, Dublin 22", "county": "Dublin", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "licensedDate": "2023-10-12", "pendingApplication": null, "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": null, "ratedThermalRange": [ 120, 240 ], "pendingRatedThermalMW": null, "generators": { "count": 24, "type": "24 diesel generators, each >5 and <=20 MWth (exact ratings confidential)", "fuel": "diesel", "electricalMW": null }, "permittedHours": "150 h/yr plus testing", "aer": [ { "year": 2023, "partialYear": true, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 286.51, "hvoGJ": null, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 286.5 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": null, "gridElectricityGJ": 127423, "avgGridMW": 4.0, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.22, "notes": "Licence granted Oct 2023; partial year.", "doc": "P1189-01 AER 2023.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/94746fbb-9a5c-4d29-8af8-7242008a11b1.pdf" }, { "year": 2024, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 556.44, "hvoGJ": null, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 556.4 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": null, "gridElectricityGJ": 576123.64, "avgGridMW": 18.3, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.1, "notes": null, "doc": "P1189-01 AER 2024.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/8c0e1001-3657-4b4c-a1dd-0b288d1e5edc.pdf" }, { "year": 2025, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 4015.2, "hvoGJ": null, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 4015.2 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": null, "gridElectricityGJ": 819090.26, "avgGridMW": 26.0, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.49, "notes": "Increase attributed to maintenance, utility provider requests and emission testing.", "doc": "AER-template-2021_V4-Final PPK.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/06296e48-321f-4c8e-b8d2-322574354684.pdf" } ], "quotes": [ { "text": "restricts the operation of the generators to 150 hours per year", "doc": "Inspectors Report", "regNo": "P1189-01", "date": "2023-05-23", "page": 21, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280877441.pdf" }, { "text": "Light fuel oil increase is due to maintenance, utility provider requests and emission testing.", "doc": "AER-template-2021_V4-Final PPK.pdf", "regNo": "P1189-01", "date": "2026-04-27", "page": 12, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/06296e48-321f-4c8e-b8d2-322574354684.pdf" } ], "notes": "Generator ratings were treated as confidential; the inspector's report gives only a 120-240 MWth band, so this site is excluded from MWth totals.", "documentsOnLeap": 182, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1189" }, { "ref": "P1192", "regNo": "P1192-01", "operator": "Runways Information Services Limited (Meta)", "site": "Sl\u00ed na Ch\u00e1irde, Portan, Clonee, Co. Meath", "county": "Meath", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "licensedDate": "2023-10-03", "pendingApplication": null, "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 743.4, "ratedThermalRange": null, "pendingRatedThermalMW": null, "generators": { "count": 90, "type": "90 x 8.26 MWth diesel generators (18 per building, 5 buildings)", "fuel": "HVO only from 2025", "electricalMW": null }, "permittedHours": "200 h/yr; <=660.8 MWth simultaneously", "aer": [ { "year": 2023, "partialYear": true, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 1329.73, "hvoGJ": null, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 1329.7 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 0.5, "gridElectricityGJ": 862115.6, "avgGridMW": 27.3, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.15, "notes": null, "doc": "P1192-01 2023 AER.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/ddae9594-6586-4106-9f07-680299c4992e.pdf" }, { "year": 2024, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 1598, "hvoGJ": 2566, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 4164.0 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 1.6, "gridElectricityGJ": 3877056, "avgGridMW": 122.9, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.11, "notes": null, "doc": "P1192-01 Annual Environmental Report 2024.docx.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/815592bd-4587-468f-88ba-1f9340f3bb92.pdf" }, { "year": 2025, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": null, "hvoGJ": 9807, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 9807.0 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 3.7, "gridElectricityGJ": 4257058, "avgGridMW": 135.0, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.23, "notes": "Grid power failure ran site on generators for c. 4 hours.", "doc": "AER 2025 .pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/83a977fe-88cc-4bee-b532-11a09561984d.pdf" } ], "quotes": [ { "text": "combined thermal input from the 90 no. 8.26 MWth generators is 743.4 MWth", "doc": "Inspector's Report", "regNo": "P1192-01", "date": "2023-08-30", "page": 3, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28088a8ae.pdf" }, { "text": "Increase in HVO was due to a power failure on which required the site to operate on generator power for approx. 4 hours", "doc": "AER 2025 .pdf", "regNo": "P1192-01", "date": "2026-05-06", "page": 14, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/83a977fe-88cc-4bee-b532-11a09561984d.pdf" }, { "text": "This change is expected to deliver annual savings of approximately 1,630 hours", "doc": "AER 2025 .pdf", "regNo": "P1192-01", "date": "2026-05-06", "page": 39, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/83a977fe-88cc-4bee-b532-11a09561984d.pdf" } ], "notes": "Runways Information Services Ltd is Meta's Clonee data-centre company; the 2025 AER names Meta.", "documentsOnLeap": 301, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1192" }, { "ref": "P1168", "regNo": "P1168-01", "operator": "Equinix Hyperscale 1 (DB5) Limited", "site": "Blanchardstown Industrial Park, Snugborough Road, Dublin 15 (DB5/DB6)", "county": "Dublin", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "licensedDate": "2022-11-03", "pendingApplication": null, "role": "primary-gas", "ratedThermalMW": 167.76, "ratedThermalRange": null, "pendingRatedThermalMW": null, "generators": { "count": 9, "type": "9 x 18.64 MWth dual-fuel (gas / gas oil) turbine generators", "fuel": "natural gas (primary), gas oil", "electricalMW": null }, "permittedHours": "Continuous up to Q4 2023; then grid-outage standby plus up to 500 h/yr islanded under EirGrid flex contract", "aer": [ { "year": 2023, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 9971, "hvoGJ": null, "naturalGasGJ": 973, "totalGJ": 10944.0 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 18.1, "gridElectricityGJ": 113307, "avgGridMW": 3.6, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 8.81, "notes": "Commissioning year.", "doc": "2023 AER - Equinix DB5x P1168-01 Final.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/c916aff2-adda-468d-841d-872f8905f094.pdf" }, { "year": 2024, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 4551, "hvoGJ": null, "naturalGasGJ": 510550, "totalGJ": 515101.0 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 852.9, "gridElectricityGJ": 303804, "avgGridMW": 9.6, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 62.9, "notes": "Generators run as prime power Feb-Nov 2024 awaiting grid capacity (MIC).", "doc": "2024 AER - Equinix DB5x P1168-01 Final.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/632e86ac-f221-47b6-b9c2-a5765cb06d09.pdf" }, { "year": 2025, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 890, "hvoGJ": null, "naturalGasGJ": 5841, "totalGJ": 6731.0 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 11.1, "gridElectricityGJ": 584125, "avgGridMW": 18.5, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 1.14, "notes": "On grid; standby only.", "doc": "2025 AER - Equinix DB5x P1168-01 .pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/6adb806d-c61a-429a-b6ea-b66400d8ddbe.pdf" } ], "quotes": [ { "text": "which will be the primary energy supply to the site for the first two years of operation", "doc": "Inspectors Report", "regNo": "P1168-01", "date": "2022-09-26", "page": 1, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280842cda.pdf" }, { "text": "resulted in the site having to operate the generators as prime from February 2024 to November 2024 to support the IT load", "doc": "2024 AER - Equinix DB5x P1168-01 Final.pdf", "regNo": "P1168-01", "date": "2025-03-27", "page": 16, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/632e86ac-f221-47b6-b9c2-a5765cb06d09.pdf" }, { "text": "the site was not required to run the generators as prime power and operated in standby mode only", "doc": "2025 AER - Equinix DB5x P1168-01 .pdf", "regNo": "P1168-01", "date": "2026-04-18", "page": 16, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/6adb806d-c61a-429a-b6ea-b66400d8ddbe.pdf" } ], "notes": null, "documentsOnLeap": 225, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1168" }, { "ref": "P1143", "regNo": "P1143-01", "operator": "K2 Strategic Infrastructure Ireland Limited", "site": "Ballycoolin Business Park, Ballycoolin Road, Dublin 15", "county": "Dublin", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "licensedDate": "2025-01-20", "pendingApplication": null, "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 277.12, "ratedThermalRange": null, "pendingRatedThermalMW": null, "generators": { "count": 32, "type": "32 x 8.66 MWth backup generators", "fuel": "HVO (reported as diesel)", "electricalMW": null }, "permittedHours": "100 h/yr per generator", "aer": [ { "year": 2025, "partialYear": false, "runHours": null, "fuelUsed": { "dieselGJ": 633.1, "hvoGJ": null, "naturalGasGJ": null, "totalGJ": 633.1 }, "fleetFullLoadHours": 0.6, "gridElectricityGJ": 553076.9, "avgGridMW": 17.5, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.11, "notes": "Fuel is HVO but reported as diesel; +789% vs 2024 due to load-bank testing.", "doc": "AER 2025 - P1143-01 K2 Dublin v1.0.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/e7d3de11-0b4d-4d54-b7b3-cc5fd92a73eb.pdf" } ], "quotes": [ { "text": "As the combined thermal input from the 32 no. back-up generators will exceed the 50 MWth threshold", "doc": "IR-LA007230", "regNo": "P1143-01", "date": "2024-12-03", "page": 2, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280908ede.pdf" }, { "text": "The RD limits the operation of each generator to 100 hours per year", "doc": "IR-LA007230", "regNo": "P1143-01", "date": "2024-12-03", "page": 13, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280908ede.pdf" } ], "notes": null, "documentsOnLeap": 159, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1143" }, { "ref": "P1113", "regNo": "P1113-02", "operator": "Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited", "site": "Crag Avenue, Clondalkin Industrial Estate, Dublin 22", "county": "Dublin", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "licensedDate": "2026-06-22", "pendingApplication": null, "role": "primary-gas", "ratedThermalMW": 598.2, "ratedThermalRange": null, "pendingRatedThermalMW": null, "generators": { "count": 39, "type": "8 combined-cycle gas turbines (5 x 46 + 3 x 42 MWth) + 2 x 46 MWth open-cycle gas turbines + 6 x 5.9 MWth black-start + 21 x 5.4 MWth backup diesel (plus 2 x 0.7 MWth fire pumps)", "fuel": "natural gas (diesel/HVO backup)", "electricalMW": 120 }, "permittedHours": "Gas turbines continuously (8,760 h/yr); <=100 h/yr on liquid fuel; backup diesels <=100 h/yr", "aer": [], "quotes": [ { "text": "Any 6 no. of the 8 no. CCGT will operate in normal operation, combusting natural gas in \u2018combined cycle mode\u2019 for 8,760 hours annually", "doc": "Inspectors Report - P1113-02.pdf", "regNo": "P1113-02", "date": "2025-03-28", "page": 3, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62.pdf" }, { "text": "The GHG emissions will translate to approximately 378,588 tonnes of CO2eq", "doc": "Inspectors Report - P1113-02.pdf", "regNo": "P1113-02", "date": "2025-03-28", "page": 33, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62.pdf" }, { "text": "Turbine(s) will operate to supply power (120-megawatt electrical output (MWe) to the Installation", "doc": "Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_17.pdf", "regNo": "P1113-02", "date": "2023-12-21", "page": 2, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/f1672e02-4390-4781-98e5-d7b2da312aec.pdf" } ], "notes": "Replaced the 2020 licence (P1113-01, Crag Digital: 12 x 21.3 MWth gas engines + 40 x 8.4 MWth diesels, never commenced). MWth total summed from the IR's plant list.", "documentsOnLeap": 347, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1113" }, { "ref": "P1165", "regNo": "P1165-01", "operator": "Data And Power Hub Services Limited", "site": "Peamount Road, Newcastle, Co. Dublin", "county": "Dublin", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Not Commenced", "licensedDate": "2025-07-18", "pendingApplication": null, "role": "gas-peaker", "ratedThermalMW": 557, "ratedThermalRange": null, "pendingRatedThermalMW": null, "generators": { "count": 43, "type": "7 x 38.488 MWth dual-fuel gas engines (269 MWth, 116 MWe peaking plant) + 36 x 8 MWth HVO standby generators", "fuel": "natural gas (HVO secondary); HVO standby", "electricalMW": 116 }, "permittedHours": "Peaking plant, applicant expects c. 2,500 h/yr; standby generators <500 h/yr", "aer": [], "quotes": [ { "text": "the applicant has stated that this is expected to be around 2,500 hours per annum", "doc": "Inspectors Report-LA007312", "regNo": "P1165-01", "date": "2024-12-12", "page": 8, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28090ce83.pdf" }, { "text": "supported by 36 no. 8 MWth standby HVO generators", "doc": "Inspectors Report-LA007312", "regNo": "P1165-01", "date": "2024-12-12", "page": 4, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28090ce83.pdf" } ], "notes": "MWth total = 269 (engines) + 288 (36 x 8 standby). Engines sell to the grid as a peaker; licensed July 2025, not commenced.", "documentsOnLeap": 187, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1165" }, { "ref": "P1204", "regNo": "P1204-01", "operator": "EdgeConneX Ireland Limited", "site": "Newcastle Road, Lucan, Co. Dublin (EDCDUB04/05 + ESSDUB97)", "county": "Dublin", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Not Commenced", "licensedDate": "2026-09-03", "pendingApplication": null, "role": "gas-flex", "ratedThermalMW": 537.2, "ratedThermalRange": null, "pendingRatedThermalMW": null, "generators": { "count": 68, "type": "20 x 10.3 MWth gas engines (energy centre) + 48 x 6.9 MWth backup diesel", "fuel": "natural gas (engines); gas oil (backup)", "electricalMW": null }, "permittedHours": "Up to 18 gas engines continuously as instructed by EirGrid; backup diesels <=100 h/yr each", "aer": [], "quotes": [ { "text": "The combined thermal input (total capacity) from the gas plant and emergency diesel generators is 537.20 MWth", "doc": "Attachment-4-4-1-Capacity Calculations_18.pdf", "regNo": "P1204-01", "date": "2023-09-01", "page": 1, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/8319c090-65f3-47f0-99f4-9b87c04ed3a5.pdf" }, { "text": "is seeking a licence to operate up to 18 no. of the 20 no. gas engines continuously on natural gas", "doc": "Inspectors Report_22.pdf", "regNo": "P1204-01", "date": "2025-12-17", "page": 3, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/d549f597-eb7d-43f1-ad77-ea681b3052fc.pdf" }, { "text": "would be approximately 314,156 tonnes and 10,133 tonnes CO2 per year, respectively", "doc": "Inspectors Report_22.pdf", "regNo": "P1204-01", "date": "2025-12-17", "page": 51, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/d549f597-eb7d-43f1-ad77-ea681b3052fc.pdf" } ], "notes": null, "documentsOnLeap": 210, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1204" }, { "ref": "P1210", "regNo": "P1210-01", "operator": "South Dublin Routing 4 No. 2 Limited", "site": "Orion Business Campus, Northwest Business Park, Ballycoolen, Dublin 15", "county": "Dublin", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Not Commenced", "licensedDate": "2026-07-02", "pendingApplication": null, "role": "primary-gas", "ratedThermalMW": 196.72, "ratedThermalRange": null, "pendingRatedThermalMW": null, "generators": { "count": 10, "type": "9 x 21.64 MWth dual-fuel engines in 3 energy centres (gas; 23.0 MWth on HVO/gas oil) + 1 x 1.15 MWth emergency generator; temporary plant of 4 gas + 4 liquid-fuel engines runs DC1 until Q4 2026", "fuel": "natural gas (HVO/gas oil secondary)", "electricalMW": null }, "permittedHours": "Continuous (>99% of site power); no grid connection for IT load", "aer": [], "quotes": [ { "text": "The engines will be the main continuous power source to the data centres (>99% of the continuous power supply)", "doc": "Addendum Inspectors Report - P1210-01.pdf", "regNo": "P1210-01", "date": "2026-05-28", "page": 1, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8.pdf" }, { "text": "I recommend that the Agency refuse the licence application for the activity as applied for", "doc": "Inspectors Report - P1210-01.pdf", "regNo": "P1210-01", "date": "2026-05-28", "page": 2, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/172d3343-dbd8-4e24-bd30-69c2a0547b3c.pdf" }, { "text": "There is no electricity grid connection agreement in place to power the main IT load of the data", "doc": "Addendum Inspectors Report - P1210-01.pdf", "regNo": "P1210-01", "date": "2026-05-28", "page": 6, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8.pdf" } ], "notes": "Inspector first recommended refusal on climate grounds (Oct 2025); Board deferred; addendum (May 2026) recommended grant; licensed 2 Jul 2026. Direct emissions c. 252,213 tCO2eq/yr. MWth = 194.76 engines + 1.15 + 0.81 (gas mode).", "documentsOnLeap": 219, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1210" }, { "ref": "P1203", "regNo": "P1203-01", "operator": "Vantage Data Centers DUB11 Limited", "site": "Profile Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "county": "Dublin", "status": "Compliance Failure/Rejected", "subStatus": null, "licensedDate": null, "pendingApplication": null, "role": "primary-gas", "ratedThermalMW": 508, "ratedThermalRange": null, "pendingRatedThermalMW": null, "generators": { "count": 95, "type": "11 x 21.4 MWth dual-fuel engines (MFGP, 235 MWth) + 35 HVO backup generators (c. 210 MWth) + temporary generator farm (c. 63 MWth)", "fuel": "natural gas / HVO", "electricalMW": null }, "permittedHours": null, "aer": [], "quotes": [ { "text": "In total the MFGPs will have a net thermal input of 235 MWth", "doc": "Inspector s Report re Refused Application", "regNo": "P1203-01", "date": "2025-04-15", "page": 2, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28092c57a.pdf" }, { "text": "The total thermal input to the backup generators will therefore be just over 210 MWth", "doc": "Inspector s Report re Refused Application", "regNo": "P1203-01", "date": "2025-04-15", "page": 2, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28092c57a.pdf" } ], "notes": "2023 application the EPA could not consider (incomplete, Apr 2025); re-filed as P1227. MWth approximate sum (235 + 210 + 63).", "documentsOnLeap": 212, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1203" }, { "ref": "P1227", "regNo": "P1227-01", "operator": "Vantage Data Centers DUB11 Limited", "site": "Profile Park, Kilbride, Dublin 22", "county": "Dublin", "status": "Applied", "subStatus": null, "licensedDate": null, "pendingApplication": "Assessment", "role": "primary-gas", "ratedThermalMW": 492.19, "ratedThermalRange": null, "pendingRatedThermalMW": null, "generators": { "count": 47, "type": "11 x 21.44 MWth dual-fuel engines (MFGP North/South) + 22 + 13 emergency generators (3.84-7.69 MWth) (plus fire pumps)", "fuel": "natural gas (HVO/diesel pilot and backup)", "electricalMW": null }, "permittedHours": "MFGP: continuous power supply while grid capacity is limited; emergency generators not for continuous operation", "aer": [], "quotes": [ { "text": "to provide a continuous power supply to the 3 no. data halls", "doc": "Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_25.pdf", "regNo": "P1227-01", "date": "2025-08-27", "page": 9, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/2e3da75b-086c-4114-8ca7-1786cfcbbb90.pdf" }, { "text": "Pending grant of licence, the total aggregated rated thermal input of MFGP North is limited below 50MWth", "doc": "Attachment-4-4-1-Capacity Calculations_23.pdf", "regNo": "P1227-01", "date": "2025-08-27", "page": 1, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/f11b095f-b667-433a-b13c-2b14ecde5ad1.pdf" } ], "notes": "492.19 MWth in gas mode, 507.7 MWth on liquid fuel. Pending the licence, each MFGP is held below the 50 MWth licensing threshold.", "documentsOnLeap": 157, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1227" }, { "ref": "P1229", "regNo": "P1229-01", "operator": "SDC-EN Meath I Limited", "site": "Bracetown & Gunnocks, north of Clonee, Co. Meath", "county": "Meath", "status": "Withdrawn", "subStatus": null, "licensedDate": null, "pendingApplication": null, "role": "primary-hvo", "ratedThermalMW": 271.54, "ratedThermalRange": null, "pendingRatedThermalMW": null, "generators": { "count": 36, "type": "18 x 7.06 MWth continuous-running HVO generators (temporary power) + 18 x 8.01 MWth emergency generators", "fuel": "HVO", "electricalMW": null }, "permittedHours": null, "aer": [], "quotes": [ { "text": "operating continuously with HVO fuel at Temporary Power Generators (TPG)", "doc": "Attachment-4-4-1-Capacity Calculations_24.pdf", "regNo": "P1229-01", "date": "2025-11-13", "page": 1, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/f0ebd8c8-6362-471e-8b9c-138e7e70de7b.pdf" } ], "notes": "Withdrawn 2026; re-filed as P1239.", "documentsOnLeap": 92, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1229" }, { "ref": "P1239", "regNo": "P1239-01", "operator": "SDC-EN Meath I Limited", "site": "Bracetown & Gunnocks, north of Clonee, Co. Meath", "county": "Meath", "status": "Applied", "subStatus": null, "licensedDate": null, "pendingApplication": "Assessment", "role": "primary-hvo", "ratedThermalMW": 543.64, "ratedThermalRange": null, "pendingRatedThermalMW": null, "generators": { "count": 72, "type": "36 x 7.06 MWth continuous-rated HVO generators (temporary power until grid connection, then grid-dispatchable) + 36 x 8.01 MWth emergency generators; phase 3: 72 x 8.01 MWth (577.84 MWth)", "fuel": "HVO (diesel in force majeure)", "electricalMW": null }, "permittedHours": "Phase 1: TPG continuous until grid connection; phase 2: dispatch on grid demand", "aer": [], "quotes": [ { "text": "In Phase 1, two data centres (DC), DC1 and DC3, will be operational but not yet connected to the transmission grid.", "doc": "Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_27.pdf", "regNo": "P1239-01", "date": "2026-07-07", "page": 5, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/edf0569a-c94c-431e-a54a-631ce63c0f20.pdf" }, { "text": "The combined thermal input of the Installation is 543.64 megawatt thermal (MWth) in Phases 1 and 2", "doc": "Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_27.pdf", "regNo": "P1239-01", "date": "2026-07-07", "page": 6, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/edf0569a-c94c-431e-a54a-631ce63c0f20.pdf" } ], "notes": null, "documentsOnLeap": 88, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1239" }, { "ref": "P1240", "regNo": "P1240-01", "operator": "Crag Digital Avoca Limited", "site": "Avoca River Park, Arklow, Co. Wicklow", "county": "Wicklow", "status": "Applied", "subStatus": null, "licensedDate": null, "pendingApplication": "Assessment", "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 456, "ratedThermalRange": null, "pendingRatedThermalMW": null, "generators": { "count": 60, "type": "60 x 7.6 MWth emergency diesel/HVO generators", "fuel": "diesel / HVO", "electricalMW": null }, "permittedHours": "<500 h/yr (applicant expects 24-48 h/yr)", "aer": [], "quotes": [ { "text": "a total of 60 no. emergency diesel generators (each with a maximum rated thermal input of 7.6MWth)", "doc": "Attachment-1-2-Non-Technical-Summary_7.pdf", "regNo": "P1240-01", "date": "2026-07-09", "page": 6, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/764b44c7-dd83-4b04-b577-d87afca3153c.pdf" } ], "notes": "MWth = 60 x 7.6. A companion 580.65 MWth gas energy centre for the same site (P1202) was withdrawn in Jan 2025 pending a new application.", "documentsOnLeap": 67, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1240" }, { "ref": "P1202", "regNo": "P1202-01", "operator": "Crag Arklow Limited", "site": "Avoca River Park (Shelton Abbey), Arklow, Co. Wicklow", "county": "Wicklow", "status": "Withdrawn", "subStatus": null, "licensedDate": null, "pendingApplication": null, "role": "primary-gas", "ratedThermalMW": 580.65, "ratedThermalRange": null, "pendingRatedThermalMW": null, "generators": { "count": 30, "type": "30 x 19.355 MWth natural-gas engines (energy centre for the Avoca data-centre campus)", "fuel": "natural gas", "electricalMW": null }, "permittedHours": null, "aer": [], "quotes": [ { "text": "the Energy Centre will house 30 no. engines for the combustion of natural gas", "doc": "Withdrawal Recommendation - P1202-01 1", "regNo": "P1202-01", "date": "2025-01-07", "page": 2, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280911b7c.pdf" } ], "notes": "Withdrawn Jan 2025 after the energy centre was relocated in planning; a new application is expected.", "documentsOnLeap": 97, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1202" }, { "ref": "P1066", "regNo": "P1066-01", "operator": "Crag Digital Limited", "site": "Clondalkin, Dublin 22 (later P1113 site)", "county": "Dublin", "status": "Withdrawn", "subStatus": null, "licensedDate": null, "pendingApplication": null, "role": "primary-gas", "ratedThermalMW": 487.71, "ratedThermalRange": null, "pendingRatedThermalMW": null, "generators": { "count": 43, "type": "8 x 24.87 MWth gas engines (12 MWe each; 7 running base load) + 35 x 8.25 MWth (3.3 MWe) standby diesels", "fuel": "natural gas; diesel", "electricalMW": 84 }, "permittedHours": "Gas engines continuous base load", "aer": [], "quotes": [ { "text": "Seven of the eight generators will operate continuously to provide base load generating capacity of 84MWe", "doc": "Application Form - Attachment - Regulatory Classification of Gas Engines", "regNo": "P1066-01", "date": "2017-11-28", "page": 1, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280657f1a.pdf" }, { "text": "There are thirty five (35) 8.25 MWth (3.3MWe) diesel generators", "doc": "Application Form - Attachment - Regulatory Classification of Gas Engines", "regNo": "P1066-01", "date": "2017-11-28", "page": 1, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280657f1a.pdf" } ], "notes": "Withdrawn March 2019. MWth = 198.96 (engines) + 288.75 (diesels), excluding supplementary boiler firing.", "documentsOnLeap": 79, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1066" } ], "excluded": [ { "ref": "P1033", "operator": "Grange BackUp Power Limited", "reason": "115 MWe flexible power plant at Grange Castle exporting to the business park and the grid; not a data-centre installation. Licensed 2018, not commenced." } ], "totals": { "licences": 29, "licensed": 20, "applied": 4, "withdrawnOrRefused": 5, "ratedThermalMW": 9149.4, "ratedThermalMWLicensed": 7546.1, "ratedThermalMWApplied": 1603.2, "ratedThermalMWPrimaryGasOrContinuous": 1998.5, "electricalMWStated": 236.0, "generatorUnits": 1225, "primaryPowerSites": [ "P1168", "P1113", "P1210", "P1227", "P1239" ], "gasOnSiteSites": [ "P1187", "P1168", "P1113", "P1165", "P1204", "P1210", "P1227" ], "aerByYear": { "2023": { "sites": 14, "dieselGJ": 15628.3, "hvoGJ": 14377.9, "naturalGasGJ": 973.0, "gridElectricityGJ": 9866709.6, "onsiteFuelGJ": 30979.2, "avgGridMW": 312.9, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.31 }, "2024": { "sites": 15, "dieselGJ": 23610.5, "hvoGJ": 28670.8, "naturalGasGJ": 510550.0, "gridElectricityGJ": 21377816.2, "onsiteFuelGJ": 562831.3, "avgGridMW": 677.9, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 2.57 }, "2025": { "sites": 16, "dieselGJ": 14270.0, "hvoGJ": 47926.8, "naturalGasGJ": 10321.6, "gridElectricityGJ": 24475704.1, "onsiteFuelGJ": 72518.4, "avgGridMW": 776.1, "onsiteShareOfEnergyPct": 0.3 } }, "note": "MW totals cover Licensed + Applied (Google excluded: ratings confidential, 120-240 MWth). Electrical MW only where a document states it. aerByYear sums the sites that filed an AER that year." }, "caveats": [ "AERs do not report generator run hours. 'fleetFullLoadHours' is derived: on-site fuel burned (GJ) / (rated thermal input MW x 3.6). It is the number of hours the whole fleet would have run at full load to burn that fuel; actual hours of individual units (mostly testing at part load) are much higher.", "The first AER year (2023) for most sites is a partial year from the licence grant date.", "AER 'Renewable Biomass' is HVO used in the generators; K2 reports its HVO as 'Light Fuel Oil / diesel' for ETS consistency.", "Electricity in AERs is grid electricity bought by the site; avgGridMW = GJ / 31,536.", "Electrical output (MWe) of generators is rarely stated; diesel standby sets are roughly 0.38-0.40 MWe per MWth, so MWth totals overstate electrical capacity by about 2.5x.", "Google's generator ratings are confidential (24 units, 120-240 MWth band) and are excluded from MWth totals.", "Data centres whose plant totals under 50 MWth (e.g. EdgeConneX DUB01-03) are not licensed by the EPA and are registered only as medium combustion plant; they are missing here.", "Applied/withdrawn/refused applications show what operators planned; totals count Licensed and Applied only." ] }, "eirgrid_grid": { "title": "Ireland's grid, every 15 minutes", "source": "EirGrid Smart Grid Dashboard, https://www.smartgriddashboard.com (JSON route https://www.smartgriddashboard.com/api/chart/)", "endpoint": "https://www.smartgriddashboard.com/api/chart/?region=ROI&chartType=default&dateRange=day&dateFrom=YYYY-MM-DD&dateTo=YYYY-MM-DD&areas=", "asOf": "2026-10-10", "region": "ROI", "period": { "from": "2025-10-10", "to": "2026-10-09" }, "intervals": 35036, "intervalsExpected": 35040, "coveragePct": { "SYSTEM_DEMAND": 100.0, "WIND_ACTUAL": 100.0, "SOLAR_ACTUAL": 100.0, "INTER_NET_ROI": 100.0, "CO2_INTENSITY": 100.0, "GEN_EXP": 100.0 }, "demand": { "avgMW": 4064, "peakMW": 5912, "peakAt": "2026-01-05T17:45", "minMW": 2946, "energyTWh": 35.6 }, "baseloadMW": 3136, "windSharePct": 33.0, "solarSharePct": 4.2, "netImportMW": 558, "co2gPerKWh": 177, "monthly": [ { "month": "2025-10", "days": 22, "avgDemandMW": 4015, "windSharePct": 32.0, "solarSharePct": 1.5, "netImportMW": 638, "co2gPerKWh": 192 }, { "month": "2025-11", "days": 30, "avgDemandMW": 4292, "windSharePct": 34.5, "solarSharePct": 1.0, "netImportMW": 592, "co2gPerKWh": 183 }, { "month": "2025-12", "days": 31, "avgDemandMW": 4325, "windSharePct": 38.7, "solarSharePct": 0.5, "netImportMW": 565, "co2gPerKWh": 171 }, { "month": "2026-01", "days": 31, "avgDemandMW": 4556, "windSharePct": 33.0, "solarSharePct": 0.8, "netImportMW": 553, "co2gPerKWh": 188 }, { "month": "2026-02", "days": 28, "avgDemandMW": 4474, "windSharePct": 41.4, "solarSharePct": 1.2, "netImportMW": 473, "co2gPerKWh": 165 }, { "month": "2026-03", "days": 31, "avgDemandMW": 4224, "windSharePct": 40.1, "solarSharePct": 3.3, "netImportMW": 507, "co2gPerKWh": 154 }, { "month": "2026-04", "days": 30, "avgDemandMW": 3966, "windSharePct": 37.8, "solarSharePct": 5.7, "netImportMW": 451, "co2gPerKWh": 167 }, { "month": "2026-05", "days": 31, "avgDemandMW": 3758, "windSharePct": 28.0, "solarSharePct": 7.8, "netImportMW": 561, "co2gPerKWh": 184 }, { "month": "2026-06", "days": 30, "avgDemandMW": 3714, "windSharePct": 30.7, "solarSharePct": 8.2, "netImportMW": 454, "co2gPerKWh": 186 }, { "month": "2026-07", "days": 31, "avgDemandMW": 3702, "windSharePct": 22.3, "solarSharePct": 9.4, "netImportMW": 603, "co2gPerKWh": 173 }, { "month": "2026-08", "days": 31, "avgDemandMW": 3782, "windSharePct": 17.7, "solarSharePct": 7.6, "netImportMW": 745, "co2gPerKWh": 197 }, { "month": "2026-09", "days": 30, "avgDemandMW": 3964, "windSharePct": 35.6, "solarSharePct": 5.4, "netImportMW": 575, "co2gPerKWh": 163 }, { "month": "2026-10", "days": 9, "avgDemandMW": 4101, "windSharePct": 36.8, "solarSharePct": 4.4, "netImportMW": 534, "co2gPerKWh": 174 } ], "typicalDay": [ { "hour": 0, "avgDemandMW": 3693 }, { "hour": 1, "avgDemandMW": 3546 }, { "hour": 2, "avgDemandMW": 3549 }, { "hour": 3, "avgDemandMW": 3487 }, { "hour": 4, "avgDemandMW": 3407 }, { "hour": 5, "avgDemandMW": 3411 }, { "hour": 6, "avgDemandMW": 3617 }, { "hour": 7, "avgDemandMW": 4009 }, { "hour": 8, "avgDemandMW": 4249 }, { "hour": 9, "avgDemandMW": 4340 }, { "hour": 10, "avgDemandMW": 4308 }, { "hour": 11, "avgDemandMW": 4258 }, { "hour": 12, "avgDemandMW": 4229 }, { "hour": 13, "avgDemandMW": 4191 }, { "hour": 14, "avgDemandMW": 4160 }, { "hour": 15, "avgDemandMW": 4206 }, { "hour": 16, "avgDemandMW": 4352 }, { "hour": 17, "avgDemandMW": 4563 }, { "hour": 18, "avgDemandMW": 4633 }, { "hour": 19, "avgDemandMW": 4598 }, { "hour": 20, "avgDemandMW": 4498 }, { "hour": 21, "avgDemandMW": 4324 }, { "hour": 22, "avgDemandMW": 4054 }, { "hour": 23, "avgDemandMW": 3855 } ], "notes": [ "Republic of Ireland (ROI) only; 15-minute readings, EirGrid's actual system demand (transmission-connected, includes large data centres).", "All power figures are MW averages over 15-minute intervals; energyTWh = sum(MW x 0.25h).", "baseloadMW is the 1st percentile of 15-minute demand over the period; flat data-centre load keeps this floor high.", "Wind and solar shares are actual wind / solar output divided by system demand over the same intervals (EirGrid's own convention), not shares of generation.", "netImportMW is the average of INTER_NET_ROI (EWIC + Greenlink); positive = import into Ireland. It excludes the North-South tie-line to Northern Ireland.", "co2gPerKWh is the simple time average of EirGrid's 15-minute CO2 intensity, not demand-weighted.", "Timestamps are as published by EirGrid (Irish local time). The spring clock change leaves 4 empty quarter-hours; the autumn repeated hour is published once. peakAt is local time.", "Months at the start and end of the period are partial; see 'days'.", "Data from the dashboard's live JSON route is operational and may be revised later in EirGrid's settled reports." ], "sourceUrls": [ "https://www.smartgriddashboard.com/api/chart/?region=ROI&chartType=default&dateRange=day&dateFrom=2025-10-01&dateTo=2025-10-31&areas=demandactual", "https://www.smartgriddashboard.com/api/chart/?region=ROI&chartType=default&dateRange=day&dateFrom=2025-10-01&dateTo=2025-10-31&areas=generationactual", "https://www.smartgriddashboard.com/api/chart/?region=ROI&chartType=default&dateRange=day&dateFrom=2025-10-01&dateTo=2025-10-15&areas=windactual", "https://www.smartgriddashboard.com/api/chart/?region=ROI&chartType=default&dateRange=day&dateFrom=2025-10-16&dateTo=2025-10-31&areas=windactual", 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planningregister.ie; IDA land: LDA Register of Relevant Lands (https://lda.ie/public-lands/register-of-relevant-lands, CC-BY-4.0)", "asOf": "2026-10-10", "osmAsOf": "2026-10-03", "method": "Enterprise, employment and industrial zones (C2.1, C2.2, C3, C4, C6, C7) plus any zone whose objective names data centres, merged where polygons in the same council are within 50 m, kept if 5 ha or more. Score = sum of listed factors: zoning (15, or 30 if it names data centres), size (up to 20), nearest 220/400 kV substation (25 within 2 km, 18 within 5, 8 within 10), +5 for two or more 220 kV+ substations within 5 km, nearest mapped gas pipeline (10 within 2 km, 5 within 5), nearest data-centre site or application (10 within 5 km, 5 within 15), +5 for IDA-owned land, -15 inside the four Dublin councils. Straight-line distances.", "zonesConsidered": 599, "zonesMentioningDataCentres": [ { "la": "KILDARE", "zone": "Industrial, commercial and warehousing, near Naas", "objective": "Data Centre", "areaHa": 54.6, "lat": 53.20642, "lng": -6.69278, "nearest220kVkm": 5.8, "nearestGasKm": 2.2, "nearestDCkm": 1.8, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "objectiveText": [ "Data Centre: To provide for Data Centre development and their associated infrastructure only." ] }, { "la": "KILDARE", "zone": "Enterprise and employment / Commercial and business / industrial / Industrial, commercial and warehousing, near Naas", "objective": "Data Centre; Enterprise and Employment; Industry and Warehousing", "areaHa": 209.6, "lat": 53.22049, "lng": -6.7065, "nearest220kVkm": 7.5, "nearestGasKm": 3.5, "nearestDCkm": 0.0, "dcApplicationsInside": 2, "objectiveText": [ "Data Centre: To provide for Data Centre development and their associated infrastructure only.", "Enterprise and Employment: To provide for and facilitate the provision of high job-generating uses.", "Industry and Warehousing: To provide for industry, manufacturing, distribution and warehousing." ] }, { "la": "LIMERICK", "zone": "N6, near Limerick", "objective": "Data Centre", "areaHa": 18.9, "lat": 52.63814, "lng": -8.62915, "nearest220kVkm": 5.6, "nearestGasKm": 0.3, "nearestDCkm": 19.6, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "objectiveText": [ "Data Centre: To accommodate the provision of a Data Centre on the lands identified." ] } ], "substations": { "count": 1161, "count220plus": 52, "count400": 4, "byVoltage": { "400 kV": 4, "220 kV": 48, "110 kV": 267, "38 kV": 562, "below 38 kV": 222, "unknown": 58 }, "list220plus": [ { "name": "Dunstown 400kV Substation", "kv": 400.0, "operator": "EirGrid", "lat": 53.1543743, "lng": -6.6881005, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/88144450" }, { "name": "Oldstreet Substation", "kv": 400.0, "operator": "EirGrid", "lat": 53.134326, "lng": -8.2688847, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/179121616" }, { 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"zoningIds": [ 3084, 3175, 3120 ] }, { "la": "DCC", "zone": "Enterprise and employment, near Dublin", "gzt": [ "C2.1" ], "objective": "Z6", "areaHa": 26.1, "lat": 53.40151, "lng": -6.28785, "nearest220kVkm": 1.8, "nearest220kV": "Finglas 220 kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 20.4, "hv220plusWithin5km": 2, "nearestGasKm": 2.4, "nearestGasBar": 19.0, "nearestDCkm": 2.4, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 18.29, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 70, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 26 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 1.8 km", "points": 25 }, { "factor": "2 substations of 220 kV+ within 5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 2.4 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 2.4 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "18 ha owned by IDA Ireland", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "In the four Dublin councils, where 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"factor": "In the four Dublin councils, where new data-centre grid connections are constrained (hypothesis P1, unchecked)", "points": -15 } ], "zoningIds": [ 27371, 27380 ] }, { "la": "WICKLOW", "zone": "Enterprise and employment, near Arklow", "gzt": [ "C2.1" ], "objective": "Employment - Special; Employment", "areaHa": 95.8, "lat": 52.77625, "lng": -6.16853, "nearest220kVkm": 4.5, "nearest220kV": "Arklow 220kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 54.6, "hv220plusWithin5km": 1, "nearestGasKm": 2.7, "nearestGasBar": null, "nearestDCkm": 3.9, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 68, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 96 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 4.5 km", "points": 18 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 2.7 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 3.9 km", "points": 10 } ], "zoningIds": [ 94603, 94371, 95036, 96204 ] }, { "la": "WICKLOW", "zone": "Industrial, near Arklow", "gzt": [ "C2.2" ], "objective": "Extractive Industry", "areaHa": 82.8, "lat": 52.77599, "lng": -6.14515, "nearest220kVkm": 4.4, "nearest220kV": "Arklow 220kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 55.6, "hv220plusWithin5km": 1, "nearestGasKm": 2.5, "nearestGasBar": null, "nearestDCkm": 4.3, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 68, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.2)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 83 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 4.4 km", "points": 18 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 2.5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 4.3 km", "points": 10 } ], "zoningIds": [ 95746 ] }, { "la": "MEATH", "zone": "Enterprise and employment, near Dunboyne", "gzt": [ "C2.1" ], "objective": "E2 - General Enterprise and Employment", "areaHa": 69.0, "lat": 53.44746, "lng": -6.4677, "nearest220kVkm": 3.2, "nearest220kV": "Bracetown 220kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 7.4, "hv220plusWithin5km": 2, "nearestGasKm": 7.6, "nearestGasBar": 85.0, "nearestDCkm": 3.4, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 68, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 69 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 3.2 km", "points": 18 }, { "factor": "2 substations of 220 kV+ within 5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 7.6 km", "points": 0 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 3.4 km", "points": 10 } ], "zoningIds": [ 75225 ] }, { "la": "SDCC", "zone": "Enterprise and employment, near Clondalkin", "gzt": [ "C2.1" ], "objective": "EE", "areaHa": 63.2, "lat": 53.33488, "lng": -6.38911, "nearest220kVkm": 2.7, "nearest220kV": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1231460605", "nearest400kVkm": 19.6, "hv220plusWithin5km": 3, "nearestGasKm": 0.6, "nearestGasBar": 85.0, "nearestDCkm": 0.6, "dcApplicationsInside": 2, "idaHa": 10.7, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 68, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 63 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 2.7 km", "points": 18 }, { "factor": "3 substations of 220 kV+ within 5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 0.6 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 0.6 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "11 ha owned by IDA Ireland", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "In the four Dublin councils, where new data-centre grid connections are constrained (hypothesis P1, unchecked)", "points": -15 } ], "zoningIds": [ 28147, 27562, 28151, 27364, 28152 ] }, { "la": "MEATH", "zone": "Enterprise and employment, near Dunshaughlin", "gzt": [ "C2.1" ], "objective": "E2 - General Enterprise and Employment", "areaHa": 52.5, "lat": 53.507, "lng": -6.54898, "nearest220kVkm": 3.9, "nearest220kV": "Woodland 400kV Transmission Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 3.9, "hv220plusWithin5km": 1, "nearestGasKm": 1.6, "nearestGasBar": 85.0, "nearestDCkm": 11.9, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 68, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 52 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 3.9 km", "points": 18 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 1.6 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 11.9 km", "points": 5 } ], "zoningIds": [ 75279, 75280, 75278 ] }, { "la": "WICKLOW", "zone": "Enterprise and employment, near Arklow", "gzt": [ "C2.1" ], "objective": "Employment", "areaHa": 44.0, "lat": 52.81149, "lng": -6.17942, "nearest220kVkm": 2.2, "nearest220kV": "Arklow 220kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 51.1, "hv220plusWithin5km": 1, "nearestGasKm": 2.4, "nearestGasBar": null, "nearestDCkm": 0.0, "dcApplicationsInside": 6, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 68, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 44 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 2.2 km", "points": 18 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 2.4 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 0.0 km", "points": 10 } ], "zoningIds": [ 95366 ] }, { "la": "MEATH", "zone": "Business and technology, near Dunboyne", "gzt": [ "C3" ], "objective": "E1/E3 - Strategic Employment Zones (High Technology Uses)/ Warehousing & Distribution", "areaHa": 25.3, "lat": 53.43709, "lng": -6.47884, "nearest220kVkm": 2.7, "nearest220kV": "Bracetown 220kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 7.3, "hv220plusWithin5km": 2, "nearestGasKm": 7.9, "nearestGasBar": 85.0, "nearestDCkm": 2.9, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 68, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C3)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 25 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 2.7 km", "points": 18 }, { "factor": "2 substations of 220 kV+ within 5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 7.9 km", "points": 0 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 2.9 km", "points": 10 } ], "zoningIds": [ 74986 ] }, { "la": "WICKLOW", "zone": "Enterprise and employment, near Arklow", "gzt": [ "C2.1" ], "objective": "Employment", "areaHa": 24.2, "lat": 52.77981, "lng": -6.17999, "nearest220kVkm": 4.5, "nearest220kV": "Arklow 220kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 53.8, "hv220plusWithin5km": 1, "nearestGasKm": 2.8, "nearestGasBar": null, "nearestDCkm": 3.5, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 67, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 24 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 19 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 4.5 km", "points": 18 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 2.8 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 3.5 km", "points": 10 } ], "zoningIds": [ 95082 ] }, { "la": "CORKCITY", "zone": "Enterprise and employment, near Watergrasshill", "gzt": [ "C2.1" ], "objective": "Light Industry and Related Uses", "areaHa": 22.8, "lat": 51.95999, "lng": -8.39139, "nearest220kVkm": 5.0, "nearest220kV": "Knockraha 220kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 100.7, "hv220plusWithin5km": 1, "nearestGasKm": 0.1, "nearestGasBar": 70.0, "nearestDCkm": 6.7, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 66, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 23 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 18 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 5.0 km", "points": 18 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 0.1 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 6.7 km", "points": 5 } ], "zoningIds": [ 43529 ] }, { "la": "SDCC", "zone": "Enterprise and employment, near Lucan", "gzt": [ "C2.1" ], "objective": "EE", "areaHa": 644.1, "lat": 53.32175, "lng": -6.47569, "nearest220kVkm": 1.5, "nearest220kV": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/942416227", "nearest400kVkm": 18.1, "hv220plusWithin5km": 3, "nearestGasKm": 4.6, "nearestGasBar": 19.0, "nearestDCkm": 1.1, "dcApplicationsInside": 57, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 65, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 644 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 1.5 km", "points": 25 }, { "factor": "3 substations of 220 kV+ within 5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 4.6 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 1.1 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "In the four Dublin councils, where new data-centre grid connections are constrained (hypothesis P1, unchecked)", "points": -15 } ], "zoningIds": [ 30723, 28668, 27422, 27423, 30749 ] }, { "la": "FINGAL", "zone": "Enterprise and employment / Business and technology / Light industry and warehousing, near Blanchardstown", "gzt": [ "C2.1", "C3", "C4" ], "objective": "GE - General Employment; HT - High Technology; WD - Warehousing and Distribution", "areaHa": 578.5, "lat": 53.41457, "lng": -6.29213, "nearest220kVkm": 1.8, "nearest220kV": "Finglas 220 kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 19.6, "hv220plusWithin5km": 3, "nearestGasKm": 2.3, "nearestGasBar": null, "nearestDCkm": 1.8, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 65, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1, C3, C4)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 579 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 1.8 km", "points": 25 }, { "factor": "3 substations of 220 kV+ within 5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 2.3 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 1.8 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "In the four Dublin councils, where new data-centre grid connections are constrained (hypothesis P1, unchecked)", "points": -15 } ], "zoningIds": [ 3114, 3082, 3116, 3158, 3125 ] }, { "la": "CLARE", "zone": "Industrial, commercial and warehousing, near Kilrush", "gzt": [ "C7" ], "objective": "Marine Related Industry", "areaHa": 281.7, "lat": 52.6114, "lng": -9.42231, "nearest220kVkm": 0.1, "nearest220kV": "Moneypoint 400kV Station", "nearest400kVkm": 0.1, "hv220plusWithin5km": 3, "nearestGasKm": 17.5, "nearestGasBar": 85.0, "nearestDCkm": 37.2, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 65, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C7)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 282 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 0.1 km", "points": 25 }, { "factor": "3 substations of 220 kV+ within 5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 17.5 km", "points": 0 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 37.2 km", "points": 0 } ], "zoningIds": [ 42336 ] }, { "la": "FINGAL", "zone": "Enterprise and employment / Business and technology, near Blanchardstown", "gzt": [ "C2.1", "C3" ], "objective": "GE - General Employment; HT - High Technology", "areaHa": 203.2, "lat": 53.41281, "lng": -6.41686, "nearest220kVkm": 0.8, "nearest220kV": "Clonee 220kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 12.2, "hv220plusWithin5km": 4, "nearestGasKm": 3.5, "nearestGasBar": 85.0, "nearestDCkm": 0.4, "dcApplicationsInside": 2, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 65, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1, C3)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 203 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 0.8 km", "points": 25 }, { "factor": "4 substations of 220 kV+ within 5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 3.5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 0.4 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "In the four Dublin councils, where new data-centre grid connections are constrained (hypothesis P1, unchecked)", "points": -15 } ], "zoningIds": [ 3090, 3110, 3149, 3131, 3106 ] }, { "la": "DCC", "zone": "Enterprise and employment / Industrial, near Dublin", "gzt": [ "C2.1", "C2.2" ], "objective": "Z6; Z7", "areaHa": 197.7, "lat": 53.34793, "lng": -6.20901, "nearest220kVkm": 0.3, "nearest220kV": "North Wall 220kV GIS Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 27.8, "hv220plusWithin5km": 3, "nearestGasKm": 0.7, "nearestGasBar": 70.0, "nearestDCkm": 5.7, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 65, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1, C2.2)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 198 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 0.3 km", "points": 25 }, { "factor": "3 substations of 220 kV+ within 5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 0.7 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 5.7 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "In the four Dublin councils, where new data-centre grid connections are constrained (hypothesis P1, unchecked)", "points": -15 } ], "zoningIds": [ 23273, 23275, 23360, 23274, 23369 ] }, { "la": "DLR", "zone": "Enterprise and employment, near Blackrock", "gzt": [ "C2.1" ], "objective": "Objective E", "areaHa": 99.0, "lat": 53.2552, "lng": -6.18856, "nearest220kVkm": 0.6, "nearest220kV": "Carrickmines 220 kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 35.1, "hv220plusWithin5km": 2, "nearestGasKm": 1.0, "nearestGasBar": null, "nearestDCkm": 11.6, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 65, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 99 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 0.6 km", "points": 25 }, { "factor": "2 substations of 220 kV+ within 5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 1.0 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 11.6 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "In the four Dublin councils, where new data-centre grid connections are constrained (hypothesis P1, unchecked)", "points": -15 } ], "zoningIds": [ 15320, 15321, 1529, 1530, 1531 ] }, { "la": "DCC", "zone": "Industrial, near Blackrock", "gzt": [ "C2.2" ], "objective": "Z7", "areaHa": 75.8, "lat": 53.33943, "lng": -6.18595, "nearest220kVkm": 0.2, "nearest220kV": "Shellybanks 220kV GIS Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 29.6, "hv220plusWithin5km": 3, "nearestGasKm": 0.1, "nearestGasBar": null, "nearestDCkm": 6.9, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 65, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.2)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 76 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 0.2 km", "points": 25 }, { "factor": "3 substations of 220 kV+ within 5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 0.1 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 6.9 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "In the four Dublin councils, where new data-centre grid connections are constrained (hypothesis P1, unchecked)", "points": -15 } ], "zoningIds": [ 23384, 23382, 23390, 23383 ] } ], "caveats": [ "This is a screen, not a site appraisal: it ignores land ownership, price, flood risk, heritage, fibre and actual grid headroom.", "Grid proximity is not grid capacity. A 220/400 kV station nearby says nothing about whether EirGrid will offer a connection.", "OSM substation and gas mapping is volunteer-made and incomplete; voltage tags are missing on some stations.", "Gas: OSM mapping of the Gas Networks Ireland network is partial; distances are to the nearest mapped pipe of any pressure.", "Zoning text is the national GZT summary, not each plan's land-use matrix, so 'data centre permitted / open for consideration' rules are not captured.", "Water and wastewater headroom (Uisce \u00c9ireann registers) is not published here: water.ie terms forbid republication. ESB Networks substation headroom is shown separately (pipelines/esb_heatmap.py) and is not in this score. The internal water factor (SITING_INCLUDE_RESTRICTED=1) only covers the four Dublin councils, Kildare, Meath and Wicklow.", "The Dublin penalty encodes the P1 hypothesis, not a checked rule; remove it to see the unconstrained ranking.", "The national zoning layer omits councils not yet on MyPlan's current-plan service (Donegal is missing)." ] }, "lifecycle": { "title": "From permission to power-on", "source": { "planning": "Council planning registers via PlanSight mirror (local, read-only); plansight-2026-10-10.json", "appeals": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la case register via PlanSight mirror", "commencement": "National Building Control Office BCMS commencement notices and completion certificates (NBCO national CSV) via PlanSight mirror", "epa": "EPA LEAP industrial-emissions licences (combustion >= 50 MW) via PlanSight mirror; https://leap.epa.ie", "valuation": "Tailte \u00c9ireann valuation list, data/raw/valuation (pipelines/valuation.py)", "osm": "OpenStreetMap data-centre buildings, app/public/ireland.json extra.osm_datacentres" }, "asOf": "2026-10-10", "method": "One record per planning application whose description mentions a data centre/data hall/data storage facility. Each was classified by reading its description (new build, extension of duration, amendment, ancillary, other) and linked to the permission it modifies or extends where the text names it. Lodgement date is the register's received date, except South Dublin, whose register replaces it with the further-information response date: there the lodgement is estimated as the FI request date minus 8 weeks. Final decision = An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la decision where appealed. Expiry = council register expiry where given (not South Dublin, whose field is unreliable), else grant date + the duration sought (5 years by default, 7 or 10 if the description asks), pushed out by any granted extension. Commencement notices are linked by the register's own link (spatial-only links ignored) or by the planning reference typed on the notice; the first validated completion certificate is the proxy for 'built'. 'Built' evidence from EPA licences, valuation list and OSM counts within 300 m of the site boundary, and is strong only when the operator matches.", "projects": [ { "id": 95624, "ref": "S99A/0144", "council": "SDCC", "kind": "new_build", "parentRef": null, "site": "Western Parkway, Ballymount", "operator": "Elsair Ltd.", "operatorBasis": "applicant", "applicant": "Elsair Ltd.", "address": "Unit 25, Western Parkway Business Centre, Ballymount Road, Dublin 12.", "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/14566", "description": "Conversion of existing light industrial/warehouse to data processing centre and storage facility with alterations to elevations.", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": 543, "floorAreaBasis": "register floor_area", "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "1999-12-03", "lodged": "1999-03-11", "lodgedBasis": "estimated: FI request date minus 8 weeks (SDCC register shows FI response date)", "fiRequested": "1999-05-06", "councilDecision": "Grant Permission", "councilDecided": "2000-01-27", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2000-01-27", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2000-03-09", "expiry": "2005-03-09", "expiryBasis": "grant date + 5 years (computed)", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [], "valuation": [], "osm": [] }, "builtEvidence": null, "status": "pre-BCMS (no notice expected)" }, { "id": 120586, "ref": "SD07A/0632", "council": "SDCC", "kind": "new_build", "parentRef": null, "site": "Microsoft Grange Castle", "operator": "Microsoft", "operatorBasis": "applicant", "applicant": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Ltd.", "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22.", "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/33560", "description": "Construction in two phases of a two storey data centre with plant at roof level (total gross floor area 51,155sqm) which comprises the following uses: offices; computer and associated support and workshop areas; loading docks and storage of electrical components; plant and equipment. Ancillary site works will include parking for 80 no. cars; site lighting an 110kv electrical compound (5,408sqm enc", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": 51155, "floorAreaBasis": "register floor_area", "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 10, "receivedRegister": "2007-08-03", "lodged": "2007-08-03", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "Grant Permission", "councilDecided": "2007-09-27", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2007-09-27", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2007-10-26", "expiry": "2017-10-26", "expiryBasis": "grant date + 10 years (computed)", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [ { "ref": "P1204", "name": "Edgeconnex Ireland Limited", "operator": "Edgeconnex Ireland Limited", "substatus": "Not Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2026-09-03", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1204", "distanceM": 282, "operatorMatch": false }, { "ref": "P1187", "name": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "operator": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2023-07-04", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1187", "distanceM": 191, "operatorMatch": true }, { "ref": "P1190", "name": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "operator": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2023-06-14", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1190", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true } ], "valuation": [ { "propertyNumber": 10036023, "address": "Edgeconnex Limited, Newcastle Road, Dublin", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "navEur": 14793000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 22080, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "15/08/2026", "distanceM": 284, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 10030124, "address": "Dub 14, Microsoft Data Centre, Grange Castle Business Park, Co. Dublin", "operator": "Microsoft", "navEur": 10351160, "dataCentreFloorM2": 15392, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "09/09/2024", "distanceM": 163, "operatorMatch": true }, { "propertyNumber": 5002484, "address": "GRANGE CASTLE BUSINESS PARK, NANGOR ROAD, CLONDALKIN, DUBLIN 22", "operator": null, "navEur": 8779000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 1, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "15/09/2017", "distanceM": 198, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 5015886, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Newcastle Road, Lucan Co. Dublin, Co Dublin", "operator": null, "navEur": 6592000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 6483, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "05/11/2023", "distanceM": 289, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 5009085, "address": "DUB 6 GRANGE CASTLE BUSINESS PARK, NANGOR ROAD, CLONDALKIN, DUBLIN 22", "operator": null, "navEur": 4480000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 1, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "19/11/2018", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 10030147, "address": "Dub 15 Microsoft Data Centre, Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Dublin", "operator": "Microsoft", "navEur": 2109148, "dataCentreFloorM2": 3136, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "13/08/2024", "distanceM": 277, "operatorMatch": true } ], "osm": [ { "name": "Microsoft DUB03 / DUB04", "operator": "Microsoft", "footprintM2": 27357, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/438036943", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": "EdgeConnex DUB04", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "footprintM2": 18437, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1231956437", "distanceM": 169, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "Microsoft DUB05", "operator": "Microsoft", "footprintM2": 16148, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/438036944", "distanceM": 20, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": "Microsoft DUB09", "operator": "Microsoft", "footprintM2": 15732, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/709123322", "distanceM": 239, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": "Microsoft DUB15", "operator": "Microsoft", "footprintM2": 14391, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1182712205", "distanceM": 279, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": "Microsoft DUB14", "operator": "Microsoft", "footprintM2": 14298, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1107158568", "distanceM": 160, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": "EdgeConneX", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "footprintM2": 5521, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/709143741", "distanceM": 283, "operatorMatch": false } ] }, "builtEvidence": "same-operator data centre inside the site boundary", "status": "pre-BCMS (no notice expected)" }, { "id": 119837, "ref": "SD11A/0023", "council": "SDCC", "kind": "new_build", "parentRef": null, "site": "Digital Realty Profile Park", "operator": "Digital Realty", "operatorBasis": "applicant", "applicant": "Digital Realty Trust", "address": "Profile Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/42004", "description": "Development of a data processing facility on a 4.04ha site consisting of: the construction of four buildings totalling 21090sq.m. and associated site works comprising the following: two 'Type A' buildings each with a data hall (1870sq.m.), offices/reception (607sq.m.), support space/staff facilities and internal plant with a floor area of 3572sq.m. each and external plant 1975sq.m. each (total 'Ty", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": 21106, "floorAreaBasis": "register floor_area", "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2011-04-06", "lodged": "2011-01-26", "lodgedBasis": "estimated: FI request date minus 8 weeks (SDCC register shows FI response date)", "fiRequested": "2011-03-23", "councilDecision": "Grant Permission", "councilDecided": "2011-04-14", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2011-04-14", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2011-06-15", "expiry": "2016-06-15", "expiryBasis": "grant date + 5 years (computed)", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [ { "ref": "P1227", "name": "Vantage Data Centers DUB11 Limited", "operator": "Vantage Data Centers Dub11 Limited", "substatus": null, "status": "Applied", "registeredOn": null, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1227", "distanceM": 298, "operatorMatch": false }, { "ref": "P1203", "name": "Vantage Data Centers Dub11 Limited", "operator": "Vantage Data Centers Dub11 Limited", "substatus": null, "status": "Compliance Failure/Rejected", "registeredOn": null, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1203", "distanceM": 189, "operatorMatch": false } ], "valuation": [ { "propertyNumber": 5009084, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Old Nangor Road,, Ballybane,, Clondalkin,, Dublin 22.", "operator": null, "navEur": 9893000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 15104, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "24/10/2022", "distanceM": 287, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 5023980, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park South, Baldonnell Road, Baldonnell, Clondalkin,, Dublin 22.", "operator": null, "navEur": 7484000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 11170, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "05/10/2021", "distanceM": 287, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 5004598, "address": "Profile Business Park,, Old Nangor Road,, Ballybane,, Clondalkin,, Dublin 22.", "operator": null, "navEur": 2728000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 1, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "11/05/2022", "distanceM": 287, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 5009056, "address": "Profile Park, Nangor Road Clondalkin, Dublin 22, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "operator": null, "navEur": 2546000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 3924, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "25/08/2021", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false } ], "osm": [ { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 6440, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1456362247", "distanceM": 207, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "Google", "operator": "Google", "footprintM2": 4710, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/262199046", "distanceM": 274, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "Digital Realty DUB3", "operator": "Digital Realty", "footprintM2": 3825, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/691934423", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": "Digital Realty DUB4", "operator": "Digital Realty", "footprintM2": 3586, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/547351129", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true } ] }, "amendments": [ "SD12A/0002" ], "builtEvidence": "same-operator data centre inside the site boundary", "status": "pre-BCMS (no notice expected)" }, { "id": 120530, "ref": "SD11A/0211", "council": "SDCC", "kind": "new_build", "parentRef": null, "site": "Microsoft Grange Castle", "operator": "Microsoft", "operatorBasis": "applicant", "applicant": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Ltd.", "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22.", "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/42941", "description": "Construction of a single storey data centre with external plant at roof and ground level adjoining existing two storey, with roof plant, data centre consisting of a total gross floor area of 11090sq.m. approx. comprising office area, loading area, 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The development includes the completio", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": 11090, "floorAreaBasis": "register floor_area", "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2011-09-02", "lodged": "2011-09-02", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "Grant Permission", "councilDecided": "2011-10-17", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2011-10-17", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2011-11-17", "expiry": "2016-11-17", "expiryBasis": "grant date + 5 years (computed)", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [ { "ref": "P1204", "name": "Edgeconnex Ireland Limited", "operator": "Edgeconnex Ireland Limited", "substatus": "Not Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2026-09-03", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1204", "distanceM": 282, "operatorMatch": false }, { "ref": "P1187", "name": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "operator": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2023-07-04", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1187", "distanceM": 191, "operatorMatch": true }, { "ref": "P1190", "name": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "operator": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2023-06-14", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1190", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true } ], "valuation": [ { "propertyNumber": 10036023, "address": "Edgeconnex Limited, Newcastle Road, Dublin", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "navEur": 14793000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 22080, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "15/08/2026", "distanceM": 284, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 10030124, "address": "Dub 14, Microsoft Data Centre, Grange Castle Business Park, Co. Dublin", "operator": "Microsoft", "navEur": 10351160, "dataCentreFloorM2": 15392, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "09/09/2024", "distanceM": 172, "operatorMatch": true }, { "propertyNumber": 5002484, "address": "GRANGE CASTLE BUSINESS PARK, NANGOR ROAD, CLONDALKIN, DUBLIN 22", "operator": null, "navEur": 8779000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 1, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "15/09/2017", "distanceM": 196, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 5015886, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Newcastle Road, Lucan Co. Dublin, Co Dublin", "operator": null, "navEur": 6592000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 6483, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "05/11/2023", "distanceM": 287, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 5009085, "address": "DUB 6 GRANGE CASTLE BUSINESS PARK, NANGOR ROAD, CLONDALKIN, DUBLIN 22", "operator": null, "navEur": 4480000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 1, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "19/11/2018", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 10030147, "address": "Dub 15 Microsoft Data Centre, Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Dublin", "operator": "Microsoft", "navEur": 2109148, "dataCentreFloorM2": 3136, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "13/08/2024", "distanceM": 277, "operatorMatch": true } ], "osm": [ { "name": "Microsoft DUB03 / DUB04", "operator": "Microsoft", "footprintM2": 27357, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/438036943", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": "EdgeConnex DUB04", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "footprintM2": 18437, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1231956437", "distanceM": 169, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "Microsoft DUB05", "operator": "Microsoft", "footprintM2": 16148, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/438036944", "distanceM": 19, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": "Microsoft DUB09", "operator": "Microsoft", "footprintM2": 15732, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/709123322", "distanceM": 230, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": "Microsoft DUB15", "operator": "Microsoft", "footprintM2": 14391, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1182712205", "distanceM": 279, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": "Microsoft DUB14", "operator": "Microsoft", "footprintM2": 14298, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1107158568", "distanceM": 168, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": "EdgeConneX", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "footprintM2": 5521, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/709143741", "distanceM": 282, "operatorMatch": false } ] }, "builtEvidence": "same-operator data centre inside the site boundary", "status": "pre-BCMS (no notice expected)" }, { "id": 120340, "ref": "SD12A/0002", "council": "SDCC", "kind": "amendment", "parentRef": "SD11A/0023", "site": "Digital Realty Profile Park", "operator": "Digital Realty", "operatorBasis": "applicant", "applicant": "Digital Realty Trust", "address": "Profile Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/43396", "description": "Revisions and alterations to the permitted development of a data processing facility under planning reference SD11A/0023 consisting on minor alterations to the four permitted data centre/warehouse structures, additional internal floor areas, alterations to sub-station structures and car park layout to be provided on a phased basis (it is proposed to extend the life of the planning permission to 7 ", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": 23278, "floorAreaBasis": "register floor_area", "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 7, "receivedRegister": "2012-01-09", "lodged": "2012-01-09", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "Grant Permission", "councilDecided": "2012-03-01", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2012-03-01", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2012-04-10", "expiry": "2019-04-10", "expiryBasis": "grant date + 7 years (computed)", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [ { "ref": "P1227", "name": "Vantage Data Centers DUB11 Limited", "operator": "Vantage Data Centers Dub11 Limited", "substatus": null, "status": "Applied", "registeredOn": null, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1227", "distanceM": 297, "operatorMatch": false }, { "ref": "P1203", "name": "Vantage Data Centers Dub11 Limited", "operator": "Vantage Data Centers Dub11 Limited", "substatus": null, "status": "Compliance Failure/Rejected", "registeredOn": null, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1203", "distanceM": 189, "operatorMatch": false } ], "valuation": [ { "propertyNumber": 5009084, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Old Nangor Road,, Ballybane,, Clondalkin,, Dublin 22.", "operator": null, "navEur": 9893000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 15104, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "24/10/2022", "distanceM": 288, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 5023980, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park South, Baldonnell Road, Baldonnell, Clondalkin,, Dublin 22.", "operator": null, "navEur": 7484000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 11170, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "05/10/2021", "distanceM": 288, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 5004598, "address": "Profile Business Park,, Old Nangor Road,, Ballybane,, Clondalkin,, Dublin 22.", "operator": null, "navEur": 2728000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 1, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "11/05/2022", "distanceM": 288, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 5009056, "address": "Profile Park, Nangor Road Clondalkin, Dublin 22, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "operator": null, "navEur": 2546000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 3924, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "25/08/2021", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false } ], "osm": [ { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 6440, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1456362247", "distanceM": 207, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "Google", "operator": "Google", "footprintM2": 4710, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/262199046", "distanceM": 275, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "Digital Realty DUB3", "operator": "Digital Realty", "footprintM2": 3825, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/691934423", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": "Digital Realty DUB4", "operator": "Digital Realty", "footprintM2": 3586, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/547351129", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true } ] }, "extensions": [ { "ref": "SD12A/0002/EP", "lodged": "2019-06-14", "decided": "2019-08-07", "outcome": "Refuse Ext. of Duration of Permission", "granted": false } ], "amendments": [ "SD17A/0377" ], "builtEvidence": "same-operator data centre inside the site boundary", "status": "pre-BCMS (no notice expected)" }, { "id": 56902, "ref": "FW12A/0116", "council": "FINGAL", "kind": "new_build", "parentRef": null, "site": "IDA Ballycoolin (Building B10)", "operator": null, "operatorBasis": null, "applicant": null, "address": "Building B10, IDA Business Park, Ballycoolin Industrial Estate, Blanch", "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/fingal/application-details/?ref=FW12A/0116", "description": "Change of use from factory unit to electronic data storage centre, with external generator compound, office extension and boundary fencing", "descriptionTruncated": true, "floorAreaM2": null, "floorAreaBasis": null, "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2012-11-08", "lodged": "2012-11-08", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "councilDecided": "2012-12-17", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2012-12-17", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2013-01-30", "expiry": "2018-01-30", "expiryBasis": "grant date + 5 years (computed)", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [ { "ref": "P1172", "name": "ADSIL Blanchardstown", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2023-07-19", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1172", "distanceM": 211, "operatorMatch": false }, { "ref": "P1143", "name": "K2 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The revised application consists of alterations to the DUB14 (previously DUB12) data centre/warehouse structure, granted in the previous application. 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Dublin", "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/53220", "description": "Amendment and completion of the permission granted under SD17A/0141 to facilitate a 125sq.m extension to the north and south of the permitted stand-alone single storey data hall of 1,515sq.m to create an extended stand-alone single storey data hall of 1,640s.qm.", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": 1515, "floorAreaBasis": "description (largest area figure)", "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2017-11-03", "lodged": "2017-11-03", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "Grant Permission", "councilDecided": "2017-12-19", "appeals": [ { "acpRef": "300752", "lodged": "2018-01-24", "decided": "2018-07-26", "outcome": "grant_conditions", "status": "decided" } ], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2018-07-26", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2018-07-26", "expiry": "2023-07-26", "expiryBasis": "grant date + 5 years (computed)", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [ "2023-07-25" ], "notices": [ { "noticeDate": "2021-05-06", "kind": "commencement_notice", "noticeNo": "CN0075306SD", "projectName": "Edge Connex-DUB 02-Pump House", "floorAreaM2": 23.6, "planningRefOnNotice": "SD17A/0392 ABP-300752-18", "completionCertNo": "CC00000036907SD", "completionValidated": "2022-03-31", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2023-07-25", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (appeal_ref_npad)" } ], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": "2021-05-06", "firstBuildingNotice": "2021-05-06", "firstCompletionCert": "2022-03-31", "mainBuilding": { "name": "Edge Connex-DUB 02-Pump House", "floorAreaM2": 23.6, "commenced": "2021-05-06", "completionValidated": "2022-03-31" }, "evidence": { "epa": [ { "ref": "P1204", "name": "Edgeconnex Ireland Limited", "operator": "Edgeconnex Ireland Limited", "substatus": "Not Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2026-09-03", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1204", "distanceM": 278, "operatorMatch": true }, { "ref": "P1190", "name": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "operator": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2023-06-14", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1190", "distanceM": 171, "operatorMatch": false } ], "valuation": [ { "propertyNumber": 10036023, "address": "Edgeconnex Limited, Newcastle Road, Dublin", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "navEur": 14793000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 22080, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "15/08/2026", "distanceM": 252, "operatorMatch": true }, { "propertyNumber": 5015886, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Newcastle Road, Lucan Co. 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The proposal will modify part of an", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": null, "floorAreaBasis": null, "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2017-11-17", "lodged": "2017-11-17", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "CONDITIONAL", "councilDecided": "2018-01-19", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2018-01-19", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2018-02-26", "expiry": "2028-02-26", "expiryBasis": "extended by 23/5131 (assumed +5 years, the statutory maximum; length not in register)", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [], "valuation": [], "osm": [ { "name": "EPARK DC1", "operator": null, "footprintM2": 7897, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1422131657", "distanceM": 60, "operatorMatch": false } ] }, "extensions": [ { "ref": "23/5131", "lodged": "2023-06-02", "decided": "2023-10-28", "outcome": "UNCONDITIONAL", "granted": true } ], "builtEvidence": "data centre within 300 m (neighbour; context only)", "status": "unstarted, permission live" }, { "id": 57648, "ref": "FW17A/0237", "council": "FINGAL", "kind": "new_build", "parentRef": null, "site": "Hexagon, Blanchardstown", "operator": "DCF Technology Limited", "operatorBasis": "applicant", "applicant": "DCF Technology Limited", "address": "Hexagon Building Site, IDA Blanchardstown Business & Technology Park,", "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/fingal/application-details/?ref=FW17A/0237", "description": "1. The proposed extension of the existing 'Hexagon' data storage facility, with a GFA of 4,055sq.m. over two storeys with plant at roof level, and including an additional plant area at roof level of t", "descriptionTruncated": true, "floorAreaM2": 4055, "floorAreaBasis": "description (gross floor area)", "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2017-12-22", "lodged": "2017-12-22", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "councilDecided": "2018-02-21", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2018-02-21", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2018-03-26", "expiry": "2023-03-26", "expiryBasis": "grant date + 5 years (computed)", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [ "2023-03-27" ], "notices": [ { "noticeDate": "2018-04-18", "kind": "seven_day_notice", "noticeNo": "SN0003074FL", "projectName": "Data Centre Extension Hexagon Building Site", "floorAreaM2": 12183.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "FW17A/0237", "completionCertNo": "CC00000020947FL", "completionValidated": "2019-06-14", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2023-03-27", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (ref_exact)" } ], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": "2018-04-18", "firstBuildingNotice": "2018-04-18", "firstCompletionCert": "2019-06-14", "mainBuilding": { "name": "Data Centre Extension Hexagon Building Site", "floorAreaM2": 12183.0, "commenced": "2018-04-18", "completionValidated": "2019-06-14" }, "evidence": { "epa": [ { "ref": "P1172", "name": "ADSIL Blanchardstown", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2023-07-19", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1172", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false } ], "valuation": [ { "propertyNumber": 5023579, "address": "0 BLANCHARDSTOWN BUSN & TECHNOLOGY PARK, SNUGBOROUGH ROAD, DUBLIN, CO. 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DUBLIN", "operator": null, "navEur": 2096000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 3226, "valuationDate": "15/09/2017", "publicationDate": "18/10/2021", "distanceM": 78, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 1545277, "address": "Unit B10, Ballycoolin Business Park, Dublin 15", "operator": null, "navEur": 1213000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 5112, "valuationDate": "15/09/2017", "publicationDate": "17/09/2019", "distanceM": 143, "operatorMatch": false } ], "osm": [ { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 17206, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1003253881", "distanceM": 257, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "Amazon Web Services", "operator": "Amazon Web Services", "footprintM2": 13311, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/28352291", "distanceM": 45, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "Amazon Web Services", "operator": "Amazon Web Services", "footprintM2": 10496, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/460117003", "distanceM": 40, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "Amazon Web Services", "operator": "Amazon Web Services", "footprintM2": 8309, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/684685208", "distanceM": 113, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 6398, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/23750539", "distanceM": 126, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 5817, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/23610623", "distanceM": 131, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 4332, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/28352285", "distanceM": 70, "operatorMatch": false } ] }, "builtEvidence": "data-centre building/licence inside the site boundary (operator not matched)", "status": "completed (completion certificate)" }, { "id": 120740, "ref": "SD17A/0469", "council": "SDCC", "kind": "new_build", "parentRef": null, "site": "Greenhills Rd, Tallaght", "operator": "Amazon", "operatorBasis": "commencement notice names it DUB 55 (Amazon DUBnnn naming); inferred", "applicant": null, "address": "Greenhills Business Park, Greenhills Road, Dublin 24", "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/53494", "description": "Construction of a new 2 storey building (c.8229sq.m) for use as a data storage facility. The new facility will be an annex to, and accessed through, the neighbouring data storage facility to the north via the existing site entrance serving same. The development will include electrical rooms for electronic operations, mechanical plant rooms and support areas including offices and welfare facilities", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": 8229, "floorAreaBasis": "register floor_area", "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2017-12-22", "lodged": "2017-12-22", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "Grant Permission", "councilDecided": "2018-02-26", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2018-02-26", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2018-04-04", "expiry": "2023-04-04", "expiryBasis": "grant date + 5 years (computed)", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [ "2023-04-03" ], "notices": [ { "noticeDate": "2018-07-16", "kind": "seven_day_notice", "noticeNo": "SN0003322SD", "projectName": "DUB 55", "floorAreaM2": 16458.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "SD17A/0469", "completionCertNo": "CC00000022926SD", "completionValidated": "2019-09-26", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2023-04-03", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (ref_exact)" } ], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": "2018-07-16", "firstBuildingNotice": "2018-07-16", "firstCompletionCert": "2019-09-26", "mainBuilding": { "name": "DUB 55", "floorAreaM2": 16458.0, "commenced": "2018-07-16", "completionValidated": "2019-09-26" }, "evidence": { "epa": [ { "ref": "P1177", "name": "ADSIL Greenhills", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2023-06-14", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1177", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true } ], "valuation": [ { "propertyNumber": 477958, "address": "Amazon Data Centre, Hibernian Industrial Estate, Greenhills Road, Tallaght, Dublin 24", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "navEur": 7993000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 1, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "19/11/2019", "distanceM": 106, "operatorMatch": true }, { "propertyNumber": 5008993, "address": "Hibernian Industrial Estate, Greenhills Road, Tallaght, Dublin 24", "operator": null, "navEur": 3315000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 1, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "04/08/2021", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 5020025, "address": "Hibernian Industrial Estate, Greenhills Road, Dublin 24", "operator": null, "navEur": 2342000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 3497, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "04/08/2021", "distanceM": 109, "operatorMatch": false } ], "osm": [ { "name": "Amazon Web Services", "operator": "Amazon Web Services", "footprintM2": 17412, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/37596447", "distanceM": 92, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": "Amazon Web Services", "operator": "Amazon Web Services", "footprintM2": 5886, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/697470448", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": "Amazon Web Services", "operator": "Amazon Web Services", "footprintM2": 4306, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/37596453", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true } ] }, "builtEvidence": "same-operator data centre inside the site boundary", "status": "completed (completion certificate)" }, { "id": 57874, "ref": "FW18A/0008", "council": "FINGAL", "kind": "amendment", "parentRef": "ext:RA150605", "site": "Meta Clonee", "operator": "Meta", "operatorBasis": "applicant Runways Information Services (Meta's Clonee company; EPA licence P1192)", "applicant": "Runaways Information Services Limited", "address": "Lands within the townlands of Portan Gunnocks Co. 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FW17A/0167 (for demolition of existing warehouse and construction of 3 no. data centres and associated works). The proposed modifications to the permitted development", "descriptionTruncated": true, "floorAreaM2": null, "floorAreaBasis": null, "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2018-07-31", "lodged": "2018-07-31", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "councilDecided": "2018-09-21", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2018-09-21", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2018-10-31", "expiry": "2023-10-31", "expiryBasis": "grant date + 5 years (computed)", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [ "2023-03-06", "2028-03-05" ], "notices": [ { "noticeDate": "2022-04-12", "kind": "commencement_notice", "noticeNo": "CN0088221FL", "projectName": "Pure DUB01", "floorAreaM2": 13.14, "planningRefOnNotice": "FW18A/0114", "completionCertNo": "CC00000047800FL", "completionValidated": "2023-12-18", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2023-03-06", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (ref_exact)" }, { "noticeDate": "2022-09-22", "kind": "seven_day_notice", "noticeNo": "SN0007681FL", "projectName": "Pure DUB01 - Guard House", "floorAreaM2": 47.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "FW18A/0114", "completionCertNo": "CC00000047798FL", "completionValidated": "2023-12-18", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2023-03-06", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (ref_exact)" }, { "noticeDate": "2022-09-23", "kind": "seven_day_notice", "noticeNo": "SN0007679FL", "projectName": "Pure DUB01 - ESB Substation", "floorAreaM2": 30.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "FW18A/0114", "completionCertNo": "CC00000047795FL", "completionValidated": "2023-12-18", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2023-03-06", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (ref_exact)" }, { "noticeDate": "2024-05-20", "kind": "seven_day_notice", "noticeNo": "SN0010400FL", "projectName": "DUB01EX - Energy Centre 1", "floorAreaM2": 941.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "FW18A/0114/E1", "completionCertNo": null, "completionValidated": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2028-03-05", "notCommenced": false, "link": "ref typed on notice (suffix E1: extension of duration)" }, { "noticeDate": "2024-10-02", "kind": "seven_day_notice", "noticeNo": "SN0011166FL", "projectName": "DUB01EX - MV2 Building", "floorAreaM2": 602.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "FW18A/0114", "completionCertNo": null, "completionValidated": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2028-03-05", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (ref_exact)" }, { "noticeDate": "2024-10-02", "kind": "seven_day_notice", "noticeNo": "SN0011167FL", "projectName": "DUB01EX - Energy Centre 2", "floorAreaM2": 941.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "FW18A/0114", "completionCertNo": null, "completionValidated": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2028-03-05", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (ref_exact)" }, { "noticeDate": "2025-02-17", "kind": "commencement_notice", "noticeNo": "CN0125699FL", "projectName": "DUB01EX - MV1 Building and CSB Building", "floorAreaM2": 469.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "FW18A/0114/E1, FW24A/0246E", 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4186000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 0, "valuationDate": "15/09/2017", "publicationDate": "12/04/2023", "distanceM": 282, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 10034774, "address": "Sdr-4, Orion Business Campus, Northwest Business Park", "operator": null, "navEur": 1615000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 2358, "valuationDate": "15/09/2017", "publicationDate": "11/05/2026", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false } ], "osm": [ { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 8030, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1125965808", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "Equinix DB3", "operator": "Equinix", "footprintM2": 5332, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/23750778", "distanceM": 273, "operatorMatch": false } ] }, "builtEvidence": "data-centre building/licence inside the site boundary (operator not matched)", "status": "commenced (no completion certificate on a main building yet)" }, { "id": 158318, "ref": "18914", "council": "WICKLOW", "kind": "new_build", 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EDCDUB04", "floorAreaM2": 52389.0, "commenced": "2023-02-06", "completionValidated": "2024-12-19" }, "evidence": { "epa": [ { "ref": "P1204", "name": "Edgeconnex Ireland Limited", "operator": "Edgeconnex Ireland Limited", "substatus": "Not Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2026-09-03", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1204", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true }, { "ref": "P1190", "name": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "operator": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2023-06-14", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1190", "distanceM": 236, "operatorMatch": false } ], "valuation": [ { "propertyNumber": 10036023, "address": "Edgeconnex Limited, Newcastle Road, Dublin", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "navEur": 14793000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 22080, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "15/08/2026", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true }, { "propertyNumber": 5002484, "address": "GRANGE CASTLE BUSINESS PARK, NANGOR ROAD, CLONDALKIN, DUBLIN 22", "operator": null, "navEur": 8779000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 1, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "15/09/2017", "distanceM": 274, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 5015886, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Newcastle Road, Lucan Co. Dublin, Co Dublin", "operator": null, "navEur": 6592000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 6483, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "05/11/2023", "distanceM": 82, "operatorMatch": false } ], "osm": [ { "name": "Microsoft DUB03 / DUB04", "operator": "Microsoft", "footprintM2": 27357, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/438036943", "distanceM": 293, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 20194, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1375543041", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "EdgeConnex DUB04", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "footprintM2": 18437, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1231956437", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": "EdgeConneX", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "footprintM2": 5521, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/709143741", "distanceM": 116, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": "EdgeConneX", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "footprintM2": 4364, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1004745825", "distanceM": 104, "operatorMatch": true } ] }, "amendments": [ "SD23A/0151" ], "builtEvidence": "same-operator data centre inside the site boundary", "status": "completed (completion certificate)" }, { "id": 110101, "ref": "SD19A/0300", "council": "SDCC", "kind": "ancillary", "parentRef": null, "site": "CyrusOne Grange Castle South", "operator": "CyrusOne", "operatorBasis": "applicant", "applicant": "CyrusOne Irish Datacentres Holdings Ltd.", "address": "Grange Castle Business Park South, Townland of Milltown and bounding the Grange Castle South Access Road to the North, Baldonnel, Dublin 22", "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/57340", "description": "Single storey ESB substation (27sq.m) that will be accessed from the north off the Grange Castle South Access Road via the Baldonnel Road and off the permitted internal road granted under Reg. Ref. SD18A/0134, An Bord Plean\u00e1la Ref. ABP-302813-18 to the south; the proposal will result in a minor and temporary amendment to the landscaping and fencing permitted under Reg. Ref. SD18A/0134, An Bord Ple", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": null, "floorAreaBasis": null, "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2019-09-24", "lodged": "2019-09-24", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "Grant Permission", "councilDecided": "2019-11-18", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2019-11-18", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2020-01-09", "expiry": null, "expiryBasis": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [ "2024-11-17" ], "notices": [ { "noticeDate": "2020-02-26", "kind": "seven_day_notice", "noticeNo": "SN0005136SD", "projectName": "CyrusOne Grange Castle ESB substation, Grange Castle Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "floorAreaM2": 27.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "SD19A/0300", "completionCertNo": "CC00000032708SD", "completionValidated": "2021-06-28", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2024-11-17", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (ref_exact)" } ], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": "2020-02-26", "firstBuildingNotice": "2020-02-26", "firstCompletionCert": "2021-06-28", "mainBuilding": { "name": "CyrusOne Grange Castle ESB substation, Grange Castle Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "floorAreaM2": 27.0, "commenced": "2020-02-26", "completionValidated": "2021-06-28" }, "evidence": { "epa": [ { "ref": "P1170", "name": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2023-07-06", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1170", "distanceM": 182, "operatorMatch": false }, { "ref": "P1184", "name": "ADSIL Grange Castle South", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2023-06-20", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1184", "distanceM": 240, "operatorMatch": false } ], "valuation": [ { "propertyNumber": 10035918, "address": "Dub89, Grange Castle Business Park South, Baldonnell Road, Baldonnell", "operator": null, "navEur": 6289000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 9603, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "17/08/2026", "distanceM": 148, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 10028778, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Old Nangor Road, Dublin 22", "operator": null, "navEur": 6256000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 9552, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "11/04/2024", "distanceM": 202, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 10035916, "address": "Amazon Web Services 2, Dub79, Grange Castle Business Park South, Baldonnell Road, Baldonnell", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "navEur": 4273000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 6525, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "17/08/2026", "distanceM": 221, "operatorMatch": false } ], "osm": [ { "name": "Google", "operator": "Google", "footprintM2": 18476, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/547351131", "distanceM": 202, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 12317, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1003210053", "distanceM": 152, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 12015, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1456362258", "distanceM": 201, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "CyrusOne DUB1", "operator": "CyrusOne", "footprintM2": 9507, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/868909749", "distanceM": 230, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 8885, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1231964262", "distanceM": 225, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 188, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1443002192", "distanceM": 287, "operatorMatch": false } ] }, "builtEvidence": "data centre within 300 m (neighbour; context only)", "status": "commenced (no completion certificate on a main building yet)" }, { "id": 153107, "ref": "RA191560", "council": "MEATH", "kind": "new_build", "parentRef": null, "site": "Bracetown, Clonee", "operator": null, "operatorBasis": null, "applicant": null, "address": "Bracetown & Gunnocks , To the North Of Clonee , Co. 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", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": 92172, "floorAreaBasis": "description: 4 data storage buildings, combined GFA c. 92,172 m2 (energy centre excluded)", "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2019-11-22", "lodged": "2019-11-22", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "N/A", "councilDecided": null, "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "withdrawn/invalid/undecided", "finalDate": null, "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": null, "expiry": null, "expiryBasis": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [], "valuation": [], "osm": [] }, "builtEvidence": null, "status": "withdrawn/invalid/undecided" }, { "id": 148777, "ref": "LB191735", "council": "MEATH", "kind": "new_build", "parentRef": null, "site": "Drogheda IDA (Amazon)", "operator": "Amazon", "operatorBasis": "commencement notices name DUB 062 (Amazon naming); inferred", "applicant": null, "address": "Drogheda IDA Business and Technology Park , Donore Road , Drogheda Co. 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SD17A/0141 and SD17A/0392; the relocated temporary gas powered generation plant will be enclosed", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": 2836, "floorAreaBasis": "register floor_area", "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2020-02-03", "lodged": "2020-02-03", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "Grant Permission", "councilDecided": "2020-04-09", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2020-04-09", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2020-06-30", "expiry": null, "expiryBasis": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [], "valuation": [ { "propertyNumber": 5015886, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Newcastle Road, Lucan Co. 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DUBLIN", "operator": null, "navEur": 2096000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 3226, "valuationDate": "15/09/2017", "publicationDate": "18/10/2021", "distanceM": 246, "operatorMatch": false } ], "osm": [ { "name": "Amazon Web Services", "operator": "Amazon Web Services", "footprintM2": 8309, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/684685208", "distanceM": 239, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 5960, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1003253891", "distanceM": 29, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 4993, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1003253890", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 4500, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1339609875", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 4332, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/28352285", "distanceM": 253, "operatorMatch": false } ] }, "amendments": [ "FW21A/0073" ], "builtEvidence": "same-operator data centre inside the site boundary", "status": "completed (completion certificate)" }, { "id": 111469, "ref": "SD20A/0244", "council": "SDCC", "kind": "amendment", "parentRef": "SD18A/0134", "site": "CyrusOne Grange Castle South", "operator": "CyrusOne", "operatorBasis": "applicant", "applicant": "CyrusOne Irish Datacentres Holdings Ltd.", "address": "Grange Castle South Business Park, Baldonnel, Dublin 22", "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/59421", "description": "Retention of single storey client control room (248.5sq.m) associated with the planned future substation that will be located to the north-east of the permitted data centre development granted under Reg. Ref. SD18A/0134/ABP Ref. ABP-302813-18; the development will form an amendment and modification of the permission granted for a single storey transformer building (125sq.m) under Reg. Ref. SD18A/0", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": null, "floorAreaBasis": null, "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2020-09-24", "lodged": "2020-09-24", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "Grant Permission for Retention", "councilDecided": "2020-11-18", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2020-11-18", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2021-01-04", "expiry": "2026-01-04", "expiryBasis": "grant date + 5 years (computed)", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [ { "ref": "P1170", "name": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2023-07-06", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1170", "distanceM": 265, "operatorMatch": false }, { "ref": "P1184", "name": "ADSIL Grange Castle South", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2023-06-20", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1184", "distanceM": 245, "operatorMatch": false }, { "ref": "P1189", "name": "Google Ireland Limited", "operator": "Google Ireland Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2023-10-12", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1189", "distanceM": 233, "operatorMatch": false } ], "valuation": [ { "propertyNumber": 10035918, "address": "Dub89, Grange Castle Business Park South, Baldonnell Road, Baldonnell", "operator": null, "navEur": 6289000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 9603, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "17/08/2026", "distanceM": 225, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 10028778, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Old Nangor Road, Dublin 22", "operator": null, "navEur": 6256000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 9552, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "11/04/2024", "distanceM": 260, "operatorMatch": false } ], "osm": [ { "name": "Google", "operator": "Google", "footprintM2": 18476, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/547351131", "distanceM": 116, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 12317, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1003210053", "distanceM": 222, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 12015, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1456362258", "distanceM": 278, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "CyrusOne DUB1", "operator": "CyrusOne", "footprintM2": 9507, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/868909749", "distanceM": 233, "operatorMatch": true } ] }, "builtEvidence": "data centre within 300 m (neighbour; context only)", "status": "lapsed without commencement notice" }, { "id": 87042, "ref": "3577/20", "council": "DCC", "kind": "other", "parentRef": null, "site": null, "operator": null, "operatorBasis": null, "applicant": null, "address": "Rear of Long Mile Works, Long Mile Road, Dublin 12", "councilUrl": "https://services.arcgis.com/NzlPQPKn5QF9v2US/ArcGIS/rest/services/IrishPlanningApplications/FeatureServer/0/query?where=PlanningAuthority = 'Dublin City Council'", "description": "The development will consist of 1.) Change of use of part of the first floor from data hall to office space (884.6m2), 2.) 3 no. large new windows on both the North & West elevations at first floor level to match existing, 3.) Amendments to 3 no. existing fire exit doors on the North & South elevations at ground floor level, 4.) 2 no. new fire exit doors on the North & East elevations at ground fl", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": null, "floorAreaBasis": null, "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2020-10-16", "lodged": "2020-10-16", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "councilDecided": "2020-12-07", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2020-12-07", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2021-02-02", "expiry": "2026-02-02", "expiryBasis": "grant date + 5 years (computed)", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [ "2026-03-18" ], "notices": [ { "noticeDate": "2022-01-24", "kind": "commencement_notice", "noticeNo": "CN0085151DC", "projectName": "Office Development at the Rear Of Long Mile Works, Long Mile Road, Dublin 12.", "floorAreaM2": 6270.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "3577/20", "completionCertNo": "CC00000052583DC", "completionValidated": "2024-10-25", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2026-03-18", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (ref_exact)" } ], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": "2022-01-24", "firstBuildingNotice": "2022-01-24", "firstCompletionCert": "2024-10-25", "mainBuilding": { "name": "Office Development at the Rear Of Long Mile Works, Long Mile Road, Dublin 12.", "floorAreaM2": 6270.0, "commenced": "2022-01-24", "completionValidated": "2024-10-25" }, "evidence": { "epa": [], "valuation": [ { "propertyNumber": 2110580, "address": "WAREHOUSE/WAREROOMS/DARA CENTRE YARD, 6H/2 LONGMILE ROAD, DUBLIN 12", "operator": null, "navEur": 421000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 0, "valuationDate": "07/04/2011", "publicationDate": "31/12/2013", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false } ], "osm": [] }, "builtEvidence": "data-centre building/licence inside the site boundary (operator not matched)", "status": "completed (completion certificate)" }, { "id": 158516, "ref": "201088", "council": "WICKLOW", "kind": "new_build", "parentRef": null, "site": "Kish Business Park, Arklow", "operator": null, "operatorBasis": null, "applicant": null, "address": "North & Northeast of Kish Business Park , Arklow , Co. Wicklow", "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/201088/0", "description": "proposed development, for which a ten-year permission is sought, consists of the following: Demolition of existing outbuildings on the subject site, along with all site clearance and enabling works; Construction of 3 no. part one storey, part two storey, information and communication technology (ICT) facility buildings, each with a gross floor area (GFA) of C. 22,210 sq. m (66,630 sq. m GAF in tot", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": 66630, "floorAreaBasis": "description: 3 ICT buildings, 66,630 m2 GFA in total", "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 10, "receivedRegister": "2020-10-28", "lodged": "2020-10-28", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": "2020-12-18", "councilDecision": "CONDITIONAL", "councilDecided": "2021-04-29", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2021-04-29", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2021-06-10", "expiry": "2026-06-09", "expiryBasis": "council register expiry date (applicant sought 10 years; register shows a shorter period, which may be a register default)", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [], "valuation": [], "osm": [] }, "amendments": [ "2488" ], "builtEvidence": null, "status": "lapsed without commencement notice", "supersededBy": [ "2488" ], "siteBuilt": false }, { "id": 89008, "ref": "3803/20", "council": "DCC", "kind": "new_build", "parentRef": null, "site": "Clonshaugh Woodlands", "operator": null, "operatorBasis": null, "applicant": null, "address": "Woodlands & Former Diamond Innovations Site, Clonshaugh Business & Technology Park, Dublin 17", "councilUrl": "https://services.arcgis.com/NzlPQPKn5QF9v2US/ArcGIS/rest/services/IrishPlanningApplications/FeatureServer/0/query?where=PlanningAuthority = 'Dublin City Council'", "description": "The proposed development comprises: 1. 2 no. 2 storey data centre buildings (each 16,576 sqm), which are 16m in height at the main parapet level. Each building to include: Office administration area, data halls, associated electrical and mechanical plant rooms, a loading bay, maintenance and storage spaces, screened plant and solar panel array at roof level, with rainwater harvesting system to sup", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": 33152, "floorAreaBasis": "description: 2 buildings x 16,576 m2", "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2020-11-25", "lodged": "2020-11-25", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": "2021-05-10", "councilDecision": null, "councilDecided": "2021-07-08", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2021-07-08", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2021-08-20", "expiry": "2026-08-20", "expiryBasis": "grant date + 5 years (computed)", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [ "2025-08-21", "2026-08-20" ], "notices": [ { "noticeDate": "2021-09-23", "kind": "seven_day_notice", "noticeNo": "SN0006528DC", "projectName": "Building E - Clonshaugh", "floorAreaM2": 99456.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "3803/20", "completionCertNo": "CC00000039086DC", "completionValidated": "2022-08-14", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2026-08-20", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (ref_exact)" }, { "noticeDate": "2021-11-18", "kind": "seven_day_notice", "noticeNo": "SN0006704DC", "projectName": "Woodlands Client Control Building", "floorAreaM2": 220.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "3803/20", "completionCertNo": "CC00000041756DC", "completionValidated": "2022-12-20", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2026-08-20", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (ref_exact)" }, { "noticeDate": "2021-12-08", "kind": "seven_day_notice", "noticeNo": "SN0006763DC", "projectName": "Woodlands Sprinkler Pumproom", "floorAreaM2": 140.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "3803/20", "completionCertNo": "CC00000041012DC", "completionValidated": "2022-11-24", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2026-08-20", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (ref_exact)" }, { "noticeDate": "2023-06-06", "kind": "seven_day_notice", "noticeNo": "SN0008536DC", "projectName": "Building F, Clonshaugh, Co.Dublin", "floorAreaM2": 66304.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "3803/20", "completionCertNo": "CC00000050560DC", "completionValidated": "2024-06-24", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2025-08-21", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (ref_exact)" } ], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": "2021-09-23", "firstBuildingNotice": "2021-09-23", "firstCompletionCert": "2022-08-14", "mainBuilding": { "name": "Building E - Clonshaugh", "floorAreaM2": 99456.0, "commenced": "2021-09-23", "completionValidated": "2022-08-14" }, "evidence": { "epa": [ { "ref": "P1171", "name": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2023-06-14", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1171", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false } ], "valuation": [ { "propertyNumber": 10028867, "address": "Amazon, Clonshaugh Business & Technology Park, Dublin", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "navEur": 3116000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 16576, "valuationDate": "07/04/2011", "publicationDate": "26/11/2023", "distanceM": 115, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 5027088, "address": "DUB74(Building C) Data Centre, CLONSHAUGH INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, COOLOCK, DUBLIN 17", "operator": null, "navEur": 3071000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 16326, "valuationDate": "07/04/2011", "publicationDate": "19/04/2024", "distanceM": 65, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 5027089, "address": "DUB84(Building D) Data Centre, CLONSHAUGH INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, COOLOCK, DUBLIN 17", "operator": null, "navEur": 3065000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 16326, "valuationDate": "07/04/2011", "publicationDate": "10/05/2024", "distanceM": 238, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 5027086, "address": "DUB54 Data Centre, CLONSHAUGH INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, COOLOCK, DUBLIN 17", "operator": null, "navEur": 2868000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 15356, "valuationDate": "07/04/2011", "publicationDate": "19/04/2024", "distanceM": 39, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 5027087, "address": "DUB64(Building B) Data Centre, CLONSHAUGH INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, COOLOCK, DUBLIN 17", "operator": null, "navEur": 2602000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 13806, "valuationDate": "07/04/2011", "publicationDate": "19/04/2024", "distanceM": 122, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 10030755, "address": "Amazon, Clonshaugh Business & Technology Park, Dublin", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "navEur": 1725000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 9368, "valuationDate": "07/04/2011", "publicationDate": "15/10/2024", "distanceM": 115, "operatorMatch": false } ], "osm": [ { "name": "Amazon Web Services", "operator": "Amazon Web Services", "footprintM2": 13745, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/68337136", "distanceM": 150, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "Amazon Web Services", "operator": "Amazon Web Services", "footprintM2": 9370, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/697659634", "distanceM": 46, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "Amazon Web Services", "operator": "Amazon Web Services", "footprintM2": 8337, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1108073464", "distanceM": 225, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "Amazon Web Services", "operator": "Amazon Web Services", "footprintM2": 8231, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1047598884", "distanceM": 118, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 8166, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1373868450", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "Amazon Web Services", "operator": "Amazon Web Services", "footprintM2": 7771, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1108073465", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "Vodafone Data Centre", "operator": "Vodafone", "footprintM2": 3609, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/68337079", "distanceM": 38, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "Verizon Data Centre", "operator": "Verizon", "footprintM2": 2877, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/68337058", "distanceM": 92, "operatorMatch": false } ] }, "builtEvidence": "data-centre building/licence inside the site boundary (operator not matched)", "status": "completed (completion certificate)" }, { "id": 120840, "ref": "SD20A/0242", "council": "SDCC", "kind": "ancillary", "parentRef": "SD18A/0068", "site": "Crag Avenue, Clondalkin", "operator": "Echelon (Crag Digital)", "operatorBasis": "applicant Crag Digital; as SD18A/0068", "applicant": "Crag Digital Limited", "address": "3-4, Crag Avenue, Clondalkin Industrial Estate, Clondalkin, Dublin 12", "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/59403", "description": "The provision of alternate entrance and access arrangements from Crag Avenue to serve the permitted data storage centre, energy centre and substation development permitted under Reg. Ref. SD18A/0068, as amended by Reg. Ref. SD19A/0185 including the provision of ducted services connections between the permitted substation on site (permitted under Reg. Ref. SD18A/0068 as amended by Reg. Ref. SD19A/0", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": null, "floorAreaBasis": null, "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2020-12-01", "lodged": "2020-09-16", "lodgedBasis": "estimated: FI request date minus 8 weeks (SDCC register shows FI response date)", "fiRequested": "2020-11-11", "councilDecision": "Grant Permission", "councilDecided": "2021-01-06", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2021-01-06", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2021-02-15", "expiry": null, "expiryBasis": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [ { "ref": "P1066", "name": "Crag Digital Limited", "operator": "Crag Digital Limited", "substatus": null, "status": "Withdrawn", "registeredOn": null, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1066", "distanceM": 87, "operatorMatch": false }, { "ref": "P1113", "name": "Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited", "operator": "Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2026-06-22", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1113", "distanceM": 120, "operatorMatch": true } ], "valuation": [ { "propertyNumber": 10035536, "address": "Dub13, Crag Avenue, Clondalkin Industrial Estate, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "operator": null, "navEur": 8917000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 13310, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "14/09/2026", "distanceM": 170, "operatorMatch": false } ], "osm": [ { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 8987, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1124890822", "distanceM": 202, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 8986, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1124890821", "distanceM": 188, "operatorMatch": false } ] }, "builtEvidence": "data centre within 300 m (neighbour; context only)", "status": "unstarted, permission live" }, { "id": 157780, "ref": "201247", "council": "WICKLOW", "kind": "new_build", "parentRef": null, "site": "Avoca River Park, Arklow", "operator": "Echelon (Crag Digital Avoca)", "operatorBasis": "inferred, as above", "applicant": null, "address": "Avoca River Park , Shelton Abbey & Kilbride , Arklow", "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/201247/0", "description": "1. Demolition of existing ind building units totalling (C.2784.4m2) comprising of a c.7.1m high Overall Main Building (c.2460m2), a c.4.2m high Sub-station (c. 107.3m2), a c.3.6m high Guardhouse (c.106.2m2), a c.3.6m high East-Building (c.39.1m2), c.5m high Water Tank (c.56.8m2) &c.2.6m high Pump House Building (c.15.1m2), assoc works. 2. Dev of 3 no. Data Centre Buildings, ancillary offices & pla", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": 10564, "floorAreaBasis": "description (gross floor area)", "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2020-12-08", "lodged": "2020-12-08", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "N/A", "councilDecided": null, "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "withdrawn/invalid/undecided", "finalDate": null, "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": null, "expiry": null, "expiryBasis": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [], "valuation": [], "osm": [ { "name": "Echelon Data Centres", "operator": null, "footprintM2": 12917, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1559986487", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": "Echelon Data Centres", "operator": null, "footprintM2": 12916, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1559986488", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true } ] }, "builtEvidence": "same-operator data centre inside the site boundary", "status": "withdrawn/invalid/undecided" }, { "id": 157929, "ref": "201285", "council": "WICKLOW", "kind": "new_build", "parentRef": null, "site": "Avoca River Park, Arklow", "operator": "Echelon (Crag Digital Avoca)", "operatorBasis": "inferred, as above", "applicant": null, "address": "Avoca River Park , Shelton Abbey & Kilbride , Arklow", "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/201285/0", "description": "1. Demolition of existing ind building units totalling (C.2784.4m2) comprising of a c.7.1m high Overall Main Building (c.2460m2), a c.4.2m high Sub-station (c. 107.3m2), a c.3.6m high Guardhouse (c.106.2m2), a c.3.6m high East-Building (c.39.1m2), c.5m high Water Tank (c.56.8m2) &c.2.6m high Pump House Building (c.15.1m2), assoc works. 2. Dev of 3 no. 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"name": "Echelon Data Centres", "operator": null, "footprintM2": 12916, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1559986488", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true } ] }, "builtEvidence": "same-operator data centre inside the site boundary", "status": "lapsed without commencement notice", "supersededBy": [ "2372", "2560594", "2560806" ], "siteBuilt": false }, { "id": 120037, "ref": "ABP-309146-21", "council": "SDCC", "kind": "ancillary", "parentRef": null, "site": "CyrusOne Grange Castle South", "operator": "CyrusOne", "operatorBasis": "applicant", "applicant": "CyrusOne Irish Data Centres Ltd.", "address": "Grange Castle South Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/60160", "description": "The proposed development primarily comprises the provision of two 110kV transmission lines and a 110kV Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) substation compound along with associated and ancillary works and is described as 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] }, "builtEvidence": "data centre within 300 m (neighbour; context only)", "status": "completed (completion certificate)" }, { "id": 122100, "ref": "SD20A/0283", "council": "SDCC", "kind": "new_build", "parentRef": null, "site": "Microsoft Grange Castle", "operator": "Microsoft", "operatorBasis": "applicant", "applicant": "Microsoft Operations Ireland Ltd.", "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/59672", "description": "Demolition of existing single storey vacant house, garage and outhouse (total gross floor area (GFA) c.291.2sq.m) and removal of existing temporary construction car park; Construction of a single 1-4 storey Central Administration Building and 2 2-storey (with mezzanine) data centres (DUB14 & DUB15) all to be located west of data centres DUB9, DUB10, DUB12 & DUB13 within the MS campus; The Central ", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": 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EPA P1113 (Echelon Clondalkin) on the same site", "applicant": "Crag Digital Ltd.", "address": "3-4, Crag Avenue, Clondalkin Industrial Estate, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/59825", "description": "Provision of 4 new information and communications technology (ICT) Facility buildings and associated development at the subject site, superseding elements of the extant planning permissions on site (Reg. Ref.: SD18A/0068 and Reg, Ref.: SD19A/0185). The application site is subject to an EPA Industrial Emissions Licence (Ref. No,: P1113-01) relating to the Energy Centre permitted on site, The single", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": 47714, "floorAreaBasis": "register floor_area", "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2021-02-24", "lodged": "2020-12-03", "lodgedBasis": "estimated: FI request date minus 8 weeks (SDCC register shows FI response date)", "fiRequested": "2021-01-28", "councilDecision": "Grant Permission", "councilDecided": "2021-03-23", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2021-03-23", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2021-05-04", "expiry": "2031-05-04", "expiryBasis": "extended by SD20A/0309/EP (assumed +5 years, the statutory maximum; length not in register)", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [ "2026-05-03", "2026-05-04" ], "notices": [ { "noticeDate": "2022-07-08", "kind": "seven_day_notice", "noticeNo": "SN0007401SD", "projectName": "Shell and Core (external envelope and structure) for Building 12", "floorAreaM2": 4310.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "SD20A/0309", "completionCertNo": "CC00000056350SD", "completionValidated": "2025-06-24", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2026-05-04", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (ref_exact)" }, { "noticeDate": "2023-12-05", "kind": "seven_day_notice", "noticeNo": "SN0009495SD", "projectName": "Echelon DUB10 ICT Building DUB11, Shell and Core (external envelope and structure)", "floorAreaM2": 17112.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "SD20A/0309", "completionCertNo": "CC00000060006SD", "completionValidated": "2025-12-22", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2026-05-03", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (ref_exact)" }, { "noticeDate": "2024-07-04", "kind": "seven_day_notice", "noticeNo": "SN0010591SD", "projectName": "Echelon DUB10 ICT Building DUB11, Fit Out", "floorAreaM2": 60784.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "SD20A/0309", "completionCertNo": "CC00000061224SD", "completionValidated": "2026-03-31", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2026-05-03", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (ref_exact)" }, { "noticeDate": "2025-05-21", "kind": "seven_day_notice", "noticeNo": "SN0012519SD", "projectName": "Pump House 2 at Echelon DUB10 ICT", "floorAreaM2": 49.9, "planningRefOnNotice": "SD20A/0309", "completionCertNo": "CC00000059970SD", "completionValidated": "2025-12-19", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2026-05-04", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (ref_exact)" }, { "noticeDate": "2025-05-21", "kind": "seven_day_notice", "noticeNo": "SN0012518SD", "projectName": "Pump House 1 at Echelon DUB10 ICT", "floorAreaM2": 107.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "SD20A/0309", "completionCertNo": "CC00000059996SD", "completionValidated": "2025-12-22", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2026-05-04", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (ref_exact)" } ], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": "2022-07-08", "firstBuildingNotice": "2022-07-08", "firstCompletionCert": "2025-06-24", "mainBuilding": { "name": "Echelon DUB10 ICT Building DUB11, Fit Out", "floorAreaM2": 60784.0, "commenced": "2024-07-04", "completionValidated": "2026-03-31" }, "evidence": { "epa": [ { "ref": "P1066", "name": "Crag Digital Limited", "operator": "Crag Digital Limited", "substatus": null, "status": "Withdrawn", "registeredOn": null, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1066", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false }, { "ref": "P1113", "name": "Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited", "operator": "Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2026-06-22", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1113", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true } ], "valuation": [ { "propertyNumber": 10035536, "address": "Dub13, Crag Avenue, Clondalkin Industrial Estate, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "operator": null, "navEur": 8917000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 13310, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "14/09/2026", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false } ], "osm": [ { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 8987, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1124890822", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 8986, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1124890821", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false } ] }, "extensions": [ { "ref": "SD20A/0309/EP", "lodged": "2026-04-27", "decided": "2026-06-16", "outcome": "Grant Extension of Duration of Permission", "granted": true } ], "amendments": [ "SD22A/0093", "SD25A/0301W" ], "builtEvidence": "same-operator data centre inside the site boundary", "status": "completed (completion certificate)" }, { "id": 269798, "ref": "21/4777", "council": "CORKCO", "kind": "new_build", "parentRef": null, "site": "Hoffmann Park, Little Island", "operator": null, "operatorBasis": null, "applicant": null, "address": "Hoffmann Park Inchera Little Island Co. Cork", "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/corkcoco/application-details/?ref=21/4777", "description": "Proposed change of use and alterations/extension of an existing pharmaceutical facility building to a data centre. The proposed development will include demolition of an existing storage shed, provision of ancillary plant/services and boundary treatments with connection to existing mains services and all associated site works.", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": null, "floorAreaBasis": null, "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2021-03-29", "lodged": "2021-03-29", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": null, "councilDecided": null, "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "withdrawn/invalid/undecided", "finalDate": null, "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": null, "expiry": null, "expiryBasis": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [], "valuation": [], "osm": [] }, "builtEvidence": null, "status": "withdrawn/invalid/undecided" }, { "id": 139511, "ref": "21663", "council": "MEATH", "kind": "new_build", "parentRef": null, "site": "Drogheda IDA (Amazon)", "operator": "Amazon", "operatorBasis": "commencement notice names Amazon DUB072", "applicant": null, "address": "Drogheda IDA Business & Technology Park , Donore Road , Drogheda Co Meath", "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/MeathCC/AppFileRefDetails/21663/0", "description": "the proposed development consists of the following: construction of a two storey (with mezzanine levels at both storeys) data storage facility building with a maximum overall height of c. 25 metres, containing data halls, associated electrical and mechanical Plant Rooms, a loading bay, maintenance and storage space, office administration areas, screened plant and solar panels at roof level, all wi", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": 28566, "floorAreaBasis": "description (gross floor area)", "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2021-04-12", "lodged": "2021-04-12", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "CONDITIONAL", "councilDecided": "2021-06-04", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2021-06-04", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2021-06-04", "expiry": "2027-04-13", "expiryBasis": "council register expiry date", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [ "2027-04-14" ], "notices": [ { "noticeDate": "2024-11-14", "kind": "seven_day_notice", "noticeNo": "SN0011515MH", "projectName": "Amazon DUB072", "floorAreaM2": 89073.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "abp-310729-21", "completionCertNo": "CC00000060325MH", "completionValidated": "2026-01-30", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2027-04-14", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (appeal_ref_npad)" }, { "noticeDate": "2024-12-17", "kind": "seven_day_notice", "noticeNo": "SN0011681MH", "projectName": "MV Building Drogheda IDA Business & Technology Park", "floorAreaM2": 250.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "ABP-310729-21", "completionCertNo": "CC00000059974MH", "completionValidated": "2025-12-19", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2027-04-14", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (appeal_ref_npad)" } ], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": "2024-11-14", "firstBuildingNotice": "2024-11-14", "firstCompletionCert": "2025-12-19", "mainBuilding": { "name": "Amazon DUB072", "floorAreaM2": 89073.0, "commenced": "2024-11-14", "completionValidated": "2026-01-30" }, "evidence": { "epa": [ { "ref": "P1181", "name": "ADSIL Drogheda", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "substatus": "Not Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2026-09-24", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1181", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true } ], "valuation": [ { "propertyNumber": 5022891, "address": "Drogheda Business & Technology Park, Donore Road, Drogheda Co Meath", "operator": null, "navEur": 1241000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 1909, "valuationDate": "15/09/2017", "publicationDate": "14/09/2022", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false } ], "osm": [ { "name": "Amazon Web Services", "operator": "Amazon Web Services", "footprintM2": 11928, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1123268889", "distanceM": 89, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 11876, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1524364503", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false } ] }, "builtEvidence": "data-centre building/licence inside the site boundary (operator not matched)", "status": "completed (completion certificate)" }, { "id": 57863, "ref": "FW21A/0073", "council": "FINGAL", "kind": "amendment", "parentRef": "FW20A/0087", "site": "Equinix Blanchardstown", "operator": "Equinix", "operatorBasis": "applicant", "applicant": "Equinix Ireland Limited", "address": "Site of C.3.34ha at the Former Clyde House, IDA Blanchardstown Busines", "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/fingal/application-details/?ref=FW21A/0073", "description": "The development will consist of revisions to parent permission FCC Reg. Ref. FW20A/0087 to include the following: Alterations to plant areas at second/third floor level of the permitted DB5x data hall", "descriptionTruncated": true, "floorAreaM2": null, "floorAreaBasis": null, "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2021-04-26", "lodged": "2021-04-26", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "councilDecided": "2021-06-17", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2021-06-17", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2021-07-27", "expiry": "2026-07-27", "expiryBasis": "grant date + 5 years (computed)", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [ "2030-10-21" ], "notices": [ { "noticeDate": "2026-03-16", "kind": "commencement_notice", "noticeNo": "CN0139779FL", "projectName": "Equinix DB7x", "floorAreaM2": 3465.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "FW20A/0087/E1; FW21A/0073/E1; FW21A/0176/E1A", "completionCertNo": null, "completionValidated": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2030-10-21", "notCommenced": false, "link": "ref typed on notice (suffix E1: extension of duration)" } ], "noticesSpatialOnly": [ { "noticeDate": "2026-02-20", "kind": "seven_day_notice", "noticeNo": "SN0013766FL", "projectName": "2824 Clyde House", "floorAreaM2": 19300.0, "planningRefOnNotice": null, "completionCertNo": null, "completionValidated": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": null, "notCommenced": false, "link": "spatial only (not used)" } ], "firstNotice": "2026-03-16", "firstBuildingNotice": "2026-03-16", "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": { "name": "Equinix DB7x", "floorAreaM2": 3465.0, "commenced": "2026-03-16", "completionValidated": null }, "evidence": { "epa": [ { "ref": "P1168", "name": "Equinix Hyperscale 1 (DB5) Limited", "operator": "Equinix Hyperscale 1 (DB5) Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2022-11-03", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1168", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true } ], "valuation": [ { "propertyNumber": 5023579, "address": "0 BLANCHARDSTOWN BUSN & TECHNOLOGY PARK, SNUGBOROUGH ROAD, DUBLIN, CO. DUBLIN", "operator": null, "navEur": 5591000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 8602, "valuationDate": "15/09/2017", "publicationDate": "18/10/2021", "distanceM": 246, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 5023580, "address": "0 BLANCHARDSTOWN BUSN & TECHNOLOGY PARK, SNUGBOROUGH ROAD, DUBLIN, CO. DUBLIN", "operator": null, "navEur": 4270000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 6570, "valuationDate": "15/09/2017", "publicationDate": "19/10/2021", "distanceM": 246, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 10030476, "address": "Equinix Ireland Limited, Db50, Blanchardstown Industrial Park, Snugborough Road", "operator": "Equinix", "navEur": 2735000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 3993, "valuationDate": "15/09/2017", "publicationDate": "12/08/2024", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true }, { "propertyNumber": 2111500, "address": "0 BLANCHARDSTOWN BUSN & TECHNOLOGY PARK, SNUGBOROUGH ROAD, DUBLIN, CO. DUBLIN", "operator": null, "navEur": 2096000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 3226, "valuationDate": "15/09/2017", "publicationDate": "18/10/2021", "distanceM": 246, "operatorMatch": false } ], "osm": [ { "name": "Amazon Web Services", "operator": "Amazon Web Services", "footprintM2": 8309, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/684685208", "distanceM": 239, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 5960, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1003253891", "distanceM": 29, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 4993, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1003253890", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 4500, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1339609875", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 4332, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/28352285", "distanceM": 253, "operatorMatch": false } ] }, "builtEvidence": "same-operator data centre inside the site boundary", "status": "commenced (no completion certificate on a main building yet)" }, { "id": 325768, "ref": "21/5226", "council": "CORKCO", "kind": "extension", "parentRef": "16/5011", "site": "Wallingstown, Little Island", "operator": null, "operatorBasis": null, "applicant": null, "address": "Wallingstown Little Island Co. 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The proposal will modify an existing consent for 3 no. office buildings and access infrastructure at the site consented under 07/12475, as extended under 15/5450, so that one permitted office building is omitted", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": null, "floorAreaBasis": null, "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2021-05-07", "lodged": "2021-05-07", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "UNCONDITIONAL", "councilDecided": "2021-06-29", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2021-06-29", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2021-06-29", "expiry": null, "expiryBasis": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [], "valuation": [], "osm": [ { "name": "EPARK DC1", "operator": null, "footprintM2": 7897, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1422131657", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false } ] }, "builtEvidence": "data-centre building/licence inside the site boundary (operator not matched)", "status": "unstarted, permission live" }, { "id": 120909, "ref": "SD20A/0324", "council": "SDCC", "kind": "new_build", "parentRef": null, "site": "Milltown, Peamount Rd", "operator": "Data & Power Hub Services Ltd.", "operatorBasis": "applicant", "applicant": "Data & Power Hub Services Ltd.", "address": "Within the townland of Milltown, located to the north of Peamount Road (R120), Newcastle, Co. Dublin", "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/59904", "description": "Demolition of existing two storey dwelling of 'Bulmer' and associated outbuildings and demolition of the existing single storey house of 'Little Acre' and its associated garage and other buildings; demolition of single storey stable building on the overall site; construction of 2 two storey Information Communication Technology (ICT) facilities each with three storey plant levels and associated anc", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": 30518, "floorAreaBasis": "register floor_area", "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2021-05-19", "lodged": "2020-12-17", "lodgedBasis": "estimated: FI request date minus 8 weeks (SDCC register shows FI response date)", "fiRequested": "2021-02-11", "councilDecision": "Grant Permission", "councilDecided": "2021-06-15", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2021-06-15", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2021-07-22", "expiry": "2031-07-22", "expiryBasis": "extended by SD20A/0324/EP (assumed +5 years, the statutory maximum; length not in register)", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [ "2026-07-21", "2030-09-04" ], "notices": [ { "noticeDate": "2025-09-10", "kind": "seven_day_notice", "noticeNo": "SN0013020SD", "projectName": "Echelon Dub 41 Data Centre", "floorAreaM2": 16135.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "SD20A/0324", "completionCertNo": null, "completionValidated": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2026-07-21", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (ref_exact)" }, { "noticeDate": "2026-07-27", "kind": "seven_day_notice", "noticeNo": "SN0014524SD", "projectName": "DUB 40 Powerhouse Building", "floorAreaM2": 1982.9, "planningRefOnNotice": "SD20A/0324/EP", "completionCertNo": null, "completionValidated": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2030-09-04", "notCommenced": false, "link": "ref typed on notice (suffix EP: extension of duration)" } ], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": "2025-09-10", "firstBuildingNotice": "2025-09-10", "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": { "name": "Echelon Dub 41 Data Centre", "floorAreaM2": 16135.0, "commenced": "2025-09-10", "completionValidated": null }, "evidence": { "epa": [ { "ref": "P1165", "name": "Data And Power Hub Services Limited", "operator": "Data And Power Hub Services Limited", "substatus": "Not Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2025-07-18", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1165", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false } ], "valuation": [], "osm": [] }, "extensions": [ { "ref": "SD20A/0324/EP", "lodged": "2026-04-15", "decided": "2026-06-23", "outcome": "Grant Extension of Duration of Permission", "granted": true } ], "builtEvidence": null, "status": "commenced (no completion certificate on a main building yet)" }, { "id": 110985, "ref": "SD21A/0127", "council": "SDCC", "kind": "ancillary", "parentRef": null, "site": "EdgeConneX Newcastle Rd", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "operatorBasis": "applicant", "applicant": "EdgeConneX Ireland Limited", "address": "Newcastle Road, Lucan, Co Dublin", "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/60838", "description": "Retention of 1 standby diesel generator with an associated flue (15m high) within the permitted generator compound located to the east of the data centre granted under SDCC Reg. SD16A/0345 increasing the number of standby diesel generators from 5 to 6 within the permitted compound.", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": null, "floorAreaBasis": null, "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2021-05-21", "lodged": "2021-05-21", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "Grant Permission for Retention", "councilDecided": "2021-07-16", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2021-07-16", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2021-08-23", "expiry": null, "expiryBasis": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [ { "ref": "P1190", "name": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "operator": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2023-06-14", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1190", "distanceM": 238, "operatorMatch": false } ], "valuation": [ { "propertyNumber": 5015886, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Newcastle Road, Lucan Co. Dublin, Co Dublin", "operator": null, "navEur": 6592000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 6483, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "05/11/2023", "distanceM": 218, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 5009085, "address": "DUB 6 GRANGE CASTLE BUSINESS PARK, NANGOR ROAD, CLONDALKIN, DUBLIN 22", "operator": null, "navEur": 4480000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 1, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "19/11/2018", "distanceM": 294, "operatorMatch": false } ], "osm": [ { "name": "Microsoft DUB03 / DUB04", "operator": "Microsoft", "footprintM2": 27357, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/438036943", "distanceM": 216, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "EdgeConneX", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "footprintM2": 5521, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/709143741", "distanceM": 202, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": "EdgeConneX", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "footprintM2": 4364, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1004745825", "distanceM": 279, "operatorMatch": true } ] }, "builtEvidence": "data centre within 300 m (neighbour; context only)", "status": "unstarted, permission live" }, { "id": 271796, "ref": "21/5574", "council": "CORKCO", "kind": "new_build", "parentRef": null, "site": "Hoffmann Park, Little Island", "operator": null, "operatorBasis": null, "applicant": null, "address": "Hoffmann Park Inchera Little Island Co. Cork", "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/corkcoco/application-details/?ref=21/5574", "description": "Proposed change of use/alterations of an existing pharmaceutical facility building to a data centre including ground and first floor extension to the existing building. The proposed development will include demolition of an existing storage shed, connection to existing mains services and provision of ancillary plant/services including 3 no. chillers, 1 no. fuel storage tank, 3 no. generators, 1 no", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": null, "floorAreaBasis": null, "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2021-06-04", "lodged": "2021-06-04", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "CONDITIONAL", "councilDecided": "2022-06-03", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2022-06-03", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2022-07-08", "expiry": "2027-07-08", "expiryBasis": "grant date + 5 years (computed)", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [], "valuation": [], "osm": [] }, "builtEvidence": null, "status": "unstarted, expires within 12 months" }, { "id": 360445, "ref": "211047", "council": "GALWAYCO", "kind": "extension", "parentRef": "ext:Athenry original permission", "site": "Derrydonnell, Athenry", "operator": "Apple", "operatorBasis": "unchecked: Apple's Athenry site (general knowledge)", "applicant": null, "address": "Palmerstown Toberroe & Derrydonnell ,", "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/GalwayCC/AppFileRefDetails/211047/0", "description": "to construct the following: a 24,505sqm single storey data centre building, a 5232sqm single storey Logistics and Administration Building, a 289sqm single storey Maintenance Building, a 16sqm Security Hut and associated barriers, 2 number 48sqm Fibre Huts (max building eaves height = 10m), 18 external standby generators, all associated external plant, a 20kV Electricity Substation, contractor faci", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": 30138, "floorAreaBasis": "description: gross floor space 30,138 m2", "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2021-06-14", "lodged": "2021-06-14", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "UNCONDITIONAL", "councilDecided": "2021-08-05", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2021-08-05", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2021-08-05", "expiry": null, "expiryBasis": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [], "valuation": [], "osm": [] }, "externalParent": "ext:Athenry original permission", "builtEvidence": null, "status": "unstarted, permission live" }, { "id": 187656, "ref": "21757", "council": "CLARE", "kind": "new_build", "parentRef": null, "site": "Tulla Road, Ennis", "operator": null, "operatorBasis": null, "applicant": null, "address": "Tooreen Cahernalough Knockanean , Ballymacahill Muckinish and Rosslevan , Tulla Road Ennis Co Clare", "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/ClareCC/AppFileRefDetails/21757/0", "description": "- a permission of 10 years in duration is sought. The application site has a total of c. 60 hectares with a nett area for development of c. 45 hectares, and is bound to the south by R352 (Tulla Road), to the east and the north by agriculture land, to the west by the M18. The development will consist of: the demolition of an existing single storey with pitched roof farm dwelling house together with", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": 118740, "floorAreaBasis": "description (gross floor area)", "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 10, "receivedRegister": "2021-07-16", "lodged": "2021-07-16", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": "2021-09-08", "councilDecision": "CONDITIONAL", "councilDecided": "2022-08-08", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2022-08-08", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2024-04-15", "expiry": "2029-04-14", "expiryBasis": "council register expiry date (applicant sought 10 years; register shows a shorter period, which may be a register default)", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [], "valuation": [], "osm": [] }, "builtEvidence": null, "status": "unstarted, permission live" }, { "id": 159626, "ref": "211080", "council": "WICKLOW", "kind": "ancillary", "parentRef": null, "site": "Avoca River Park, Arklow", "operator": "Echelon (Crag Digital Avoca)", "operatorBasis": "inferred, as above", "applicant": null, "address": "Avoca River Park , Arklow , Co. Wicklow", "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/211080/0", "description": "Full ten-year planning permission for development on this site located at Avoca River Park, Arklow, Co. Wicklow. The proposed development is to be located within the townlands of Shelton Abbey and Marsh. The site is bound to the west by the site of a permitted data storage facility development (permitted under Reg. Ref.: 201285), to the north by the access road to Avoca River Park, to the south by", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": 5965, "floorAreaBasis": "description (gross floor area)", "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 10, "receivedRegister": "2021-08-31", "lodged": "2021-08-31", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": "2021-10-22", "councilDecision": "CONDITIONAL", "councilDecided": "2022-05-13", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2022-05-13", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2022-06-15", "expiry": null, "expiryBasis": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [], "valuation": [], "osm": [ { "name": "Echelon Data Centres", "operator": null, "footprintM2": 12916, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1559986488", "distanceM": 217, "operatorMatch": true } ] }, "builtEvidence": "data centre within 300 m (neighbour; context only)", "status": "unstarted, permission live" }, { "id": 88041, "ref": "3600/21", "council": "DCC", "kind": "new_build", "parentRef": null, "site": "Willsborough, Clonshaugh", "operator": null, "operatorBasis": null, "applicant": null, "address": "Unit B, Willsborough Industrial Estate, Clonshaugh Business and Technology Park, Dublin 17", "councilUrl": "https://services.arcgis.com/NzlPQPKn5QF9v2US/ArcGIS/rest/services/IrishPlanningApplications/FeatureServer/0/query?where=PlanningAuthority = 'Dublin City Council'", "description": "The development will consist of: 1) the change of use of the warehouse/storage space within the existing building to data storage use; 2)the construction of a 980 sq. m. extension on the western elevation of the existing building for data storage use; 3) the installation of 16 no. condenser units and 2 no. air handling units on the roof of the extension; 4) the installation of 2 no. generator unit", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": null, "floorAreaBasis": null, "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2021-09-29", "lodged": "2021-09-29", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "APPLICATION DECLARED INVA", "councilDecided": "2021-10-04", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "withdrawn/invalid/undecided", "finalDate": null, "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": null, "expiry": null, "expiryBasis": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [ { "ref": "P1171", "name": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2023-06-14", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1171", "distanceM": 127, "operatorMatch": false } ], "valuation": [ { "propertyNumber": 5027089, "address": "DUB84(Building D) Data Centre, CLONSHAUGH INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, COOLOCK, DUBLIN 17", "operator": null, "navEur": 3065000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 16326, "valuationDate": "07/04/2011", "publicationDate": "10/05/2024", "distanceM": 291, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 5027086, "address": "DUB54 Data Centre, CLONSHAUGH INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, COOLOCK, DUBLIN 17", "operator": null, "navEur": 2868000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 15356, "valuationDate": "07/04/2011", "publicationDate": "19/04/2024", "distanceM": 151, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 5027087, "address": "DUB64(Building B) Data Centre, CLONSHAUGH INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, COOLOCK, DUBLIN 17", "operator": null, "navEur": 2602000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 13806, "valuationDate": "07/04/2011", "publicationDate": "19/04/2024", "distanceM": 254, "operatorMatch": false } ], "osm": [ { "name": "Amazon Web Services", "operator": "Amazon Web Services", "footprintM2": 13745, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/68337136", "distanceM": 237, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "Amazon Web Services", "operator": "Amazon Web Services", "footprintM2": 9370, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/697659634", "distanceM": 162, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "Amazon Web Services", "operator": "Amazon Web Services", "footprintM2": 8337, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1108073464", "distanceM": 292, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 8166, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1373868450", "distanceM": 178, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "Amazon Web Services", "operator": "Amazon Web Services", "footprintM2": 7771, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1108073465", "distanceM": 97, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "Vodafone Data Centre", "operator": "Vodafone", "footprintM2": 3609, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/68337079", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "Verizon Data Centre", "operator": "Verizon", "footprintM2": 2877, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/68337058", "distanceM": 22, "operatorMatch": false } ] }, "builtEvidence": "data-centre building/licence inside the site boundary (operator not matched)", "status": "withdrawn/invalid/undecided" }, { "id": 88045, "ref": "3640/21", "council": "DCC", "kind": "new_build", "parentRef": null, "site": "Willsborough, Clonshaugh", "operator": null, "operatorBasis": null, "applicant": null, "address": "Unit B, Willsborough Industrial Estate, Clonshaugh Business and Technology Park, Dublin 17, D17 TH94", "councilUrl": "https://services.arcgis.com/NzlPQPKn5QF9v2US/ArcGIS/rest/services/IrishPlanningApplications/FeatureServer/0/query?where=PlanningAuthority = 'Dublin City Council'", "description": "Planning permission for the development will consist of : 1) the change of use of the warehouse/storage space within the existing building to data storage use; 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The subject site (with an area of c. 3.75 ha) comprises the site of former Units 15 and 16 (previously demolished) and the former Ricoh Building. The site is located, to the north of the Santry", "councilUrl": "https://services.arcgis.com/NzlPQPKn5QF9v2US/ArcGIS/rest/services/IrishPlanningApplications/FeatureServer/0/query?where=PlanningAuthority = 'Dublin City Council'", "description": "Permission for development on a site at Clonshaugh Business and Technology Park, Dublin 17. The subject site (with an area of c. 3.75 ha) comprises the site of former Units 15 and 16 (previously demolished) and the former Ricoh Building. The site is located to the north of the Santry River and the R104 Oscar Traynor Road, to the west of Clonshaugh Road, and to the south and east of existing estate", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": 12875, "floorAreaBasis": "description (gross floor area)", "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 7, "receivedRegister": "2021-10-06", "lodged": "2021-10-06", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": "2022-04-06", "councilDecision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "councilDecided": "2022-07-13", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2022-07-13", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2022-08-24", "expiry": "2029-08-24", "expiryBasis": "grant date + 7 years (computed)", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [ "2029-10-26" ], "notices": [ { "noticeDate": "2022-11-14", "kind": "commencement_notice", "noticeNo": "CN0095339DC", "projectName": "Data Centre B clonshaugh bus park", "floorAreaM2": 1421.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "3641/21", "completionCertNo": "CC00000049838DC", "completionValidated": "2024-05-10", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2029-10-26", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (ref_exact)" }, { "noticeDate": "2022-11-14", "kind": "commencement_notice", "noticeNo": "CN0095338DC", "projectName": "Data Centre A Clonshaugh Bus Park", "floorAreaM2": 38622.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "3641/21", "completionCertNo": "CC00000047701DC", "completionValidated": "2023-12-14", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2029-10-26", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (ref_exact)" }, { "noticeDate": "2022-12-05", "kind": "commencement_notice", "noticeNo": "CN0096039DC", "projectName": "Sprinkler Building, Clonshaugh Business and Technology Park", "floorAreaM2": 123.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "3641/21", "completionCertNo": "CC00000047703DC", "completionValidated": "2023-12-14", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2029-10-26", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (ref_exact)" }, { "noticeDate": "2022-12-05", "kind": "commencement_notice", "noticeNo": "CN0096038DC", "projectName": "MV Building, Clonshaugh Business and Technology Park", "floorAreaM2": 123.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "3641/21", "completionCertNo": "CC00000047700DC", "completionValidated": "2023-12-14", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2029-10-26", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (ref_exact)" }, { "noticeDate": "2022-12-05", "kind": "commencement_notice", "noticeNo": "CN0096042DC", "projectName": "MV Extension, Clonshaugh Business and Technology Park", "floorAreaM2": 123.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "3641/21", "completionCertNo": "CC00000047704DC", "completionValidated": "2023-12-14", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2029-10-26", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (ref_exact)" }, { "noticeDate": "2022-12-05", "kind": "commencement_notice", "noticeNo": "CN0096041DC", "projectName": "Security Building, Clonshaugh Business and Technology Park", "floorAreaM2": 123.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "3641/21", "completionCertNo": "CC00000047702DC", "completionValidated": "2023-12-14", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2029-10-26", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (ref_exact)" } ], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": "2022-11-14", "firstBuildingNotice": "2022-11-14", "firstCompletionCert": "2023-12-14", "mainBuilding": { "name": "Data Centre A Clonshaugh Bus Park", "floorAreaM2": 38622.0, "commenced": "2022-11-14", "completionValidated": "2023-12-14" }, "evidence": { "epa": [ { "ref": "P1186", "name": "ADSILClonshaugh", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2026-09-24", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1186", "distanceM": 239, "operatorMatch": false } ], "valuation": [ { "propertyNumber": 10031105, "address": "Dub 90, Clonshaugh Business & Technology Park, Dublin 17", "operator": null, "navEur": 1248000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 5847, "valuationDate": "07/04/2011", "publicationDate": "01/11/2024", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 2207158, "address": "Clonshaugh Industrial Estate, (Rear - Hibernia Atlantic Cable Systems), Clonshaugh, Dublin 17", "operator": "GTT (Hibernia Atlantic)", "navEur": 309000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 2030, "valuationDate": "07/04/2011", "publicationDate": "31/12/2013", "distanceM": 77, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 733248, "address": "FLOORS -1,0,1, CLONSHAUGH INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, OSCAR TRAYNOR ROAD, COOLOCK, DUBLIN 17", "operator": null, "navEur": 251000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 2111, "valuationDate": "07/04/2011", "publicationDate": "08/08/2014", "distanceM": 77, "operatorMatch": false } ], "osm": [ { "name": "Amazon Web Services DUB10/50/51", "operator": "Amazon Web Services", "footprintM2": 9950, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/47923380", "distanceM": 117, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "Eir Data Centre", "operator": "Eir Business", "footprintM2": 5428, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/68337029", "distanceM": 56, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 5360, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1307057020", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "EXA Infrastructure", "operator": "EXA Infrastructure", "footprintM2": 4366, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1186696253", "distanceM": 58, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "Digital Realty DUB11", "operator": "Digital Realty", "footprintM2": 0, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/node/12760190386", "distanceM": 69, "operatorMatch": false } ] }, "builtEvidence": "data-centre building/licence inside the site boundary (operator not matched)", "status": "completed (completion certificate)" }, { "id": 121995, "ref": "SD21A/0203", "council": "SDCC", "kind": "amendment", "parentRef": "SD20A/0283", "site": "Microsoft Grange Castle", "operator": "Microsoft", "operatorBasis": "applicant", "applicant": "Microsoft Operations Ireland Ltd.", "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", 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Ref. SD20A/0309 comprising: alterations to permitted ICT Facility buildings 2 and 3, to include internal reconfiguration of the ICT equipment halls, associated electrical and mechanical plant rooms, loading bays, maintenance and storage space, office administration areas, and reconfiguration of screened plant; alterations to the external facades o", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": 53004, "floorAreaBasis": "register floor_area", "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2022-06-23", "lodged": "2022-03-31", "lodgedBasis": "estimated: FI request date minus 8 weeks (SDCC register shows FI response date)", "fiRequested": "2022-05-26", "councilDecision": "Grant Permission", "councilDecided": "2022-07-20", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2022-07-20", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2022-08-30", "expiry": "2027-08-30", "expiryBasis": "grant date + 5 years (computed)", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [ { "ref": "P1066", "name": "Crag Digital Limited", "operator": "Crag Digital Limited", "substatus": null, "status": "Withdrawn", "registeredOn": null, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1066", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false }, { "ref": "P1113", "name": "Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited", "operator": "Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2026-06-22", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1113", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true } ], "valuation": [ { "propertyNumber": 10035536, "address": "Dub13, Crag Avenue, Clondalkin Industrial Estate, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "operator": null, "navEur": 8917000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 13310, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "14/09/2026", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false } ], "osm": [ { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 8987, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1124890822", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 8986, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1124890821", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false } ] }, "builtEvidence": "same-operator data centre inside the site boundary", "status": "unstarted, expires within 12 months" }, { "id": 87685, "ref": "4377/22", "council": "DCC", "kind": "ancillary", "parentRef": null, "site": "Kilmainham", "operator": null, "operatorBasis": null, "applicant": null, "address": "Site at junction of St. John's Road West and Military Road, Kilmainham, Dublin 8", "councilUrl": "https://services.arcgis.com/NzlPQPKn5QF9v2US/ArcGIS/rest/services/IrishPlanningApplications/FeatureServer/0/query?where=PlanningAuthority = 'Dublin City Council'", "description": "Permission for the continuation of temporary use, as previously granted under planning permission reference number 3295/10 and 3614/17 of the existing development at this site at the junction of St. John's Road West and Military Road, Kilmainham, Dublin 8 with access from Military Road. Kilmainham. The existing development consists of the installation of service plant items to facilitate the opera", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": null, "floorAreaBasis": null, "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 10, "receivedRegister": "2022-07-01", "lodged": "2022-07-01", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "councilDecided": "2022-08-25", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2022-08-25", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2022-10-07", "expiry": null, "expiryBasis": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [], "valuation": [], "osm": [] }, "builtEvidence": null, "status": "unstarted, permission live" }, { "id": 121789, "ref": "SD21A/0217", "council": "SDCC", "kind": "new_build", "parentRef": null, "site": "Profile Park (applicant not named)", "operator": null, "operatorBasis": null, "applicant": null, "address": "Profile Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/61170", "description": "10 year permission for development consisting of removal of waste water treatment system and the construction of 2 data centre buildings. Natura Impact Statement will be submitted to the planning authority with the application. 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Ref. SD18A/0301 comprising of alterations to the permitted two storey data centre building including internal reconfiguration, alterations to finished floor levels, alterations to the building footprint to provide for the relocation of an internal staircore to the south of the building, and the replacement of the enclosed first floor level with an", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": 7582, "floorAreaBasis": "register floor_area", "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2022-07-26", "lodged": "2022-07-26", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "Grant Permission", "councilDecided": "2022-09-19", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2022-09-19", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2022-11-03", "expiry": "2027-11-03", "expiryBasis": "grant date + 5 years (computed)", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [ "2024-05-15", "2027-11-03" ], "notices": [ { "noticeDate": "2023-04-18", "kind": "seven_day_notice", "noticeNo": "SN0008354SD", "projectName": "DUB21", "floorAreaM2": 93.42, "planningRefOnNotice": "SD22A/0311", "completionCertNo": "CC00000050267SD", "completionValidated": "2024-06-05", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2027-11-03", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (ref_exact)" }, { "noticeDate": "2023-08-10", "kind": "commencement_notice", "noticeNo": "CN0104022SD", "projectName": "K2 DUB21", "floorAreaM2": 7410.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "SD22A/0311 SD18A/0301", "completionCertNo": "CC00000057264SD", "completionValidated": "2025-08-15", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2024-05-15", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (ref_exact)" }, { "noticeDate": "2023-08-21", "kind": "seven_day_notice", "noticeNo": "SN0008970SD", "projectName": "DUB21", "floorAreaM2": 124.5, "planningRefOnNotice": "SD22A/0311", "completionCertNo": "CC00000050266SD", "completionValidated": "2024-06-05", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2027-11-03", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (ref_exact)" } ], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": "2023-04-18", "firstBuildingNotice": "2023-04-18", "firstCompletionCert": "2024-06-05", "mainBuilding": { "name": "K2 DUB21", "floorAreaM2": 7410.0, "commenced": "2023-08-10", "completionValidated": "2025-08-15" }, "evidence": { "epa": [], "valuation": [ { "propertyNumber": 10035809, "address": "Unit 4070, Kingswood Road, Citywest Business Campus, Dublin 24", "operator": null, "navEur": 3310000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 4942, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "19/06/2026", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 2164437, "address": "Unit 4027 and Unit 4029 Kingswood Road, Citywest Business Park, Naas Road, Dublin 24", "operator": null, "navEur": 2890000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 5558, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "11/08/2026", "distanceM": 146, "operatorMatch": false } ], "osm": [ { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 6014, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1446107922", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "Amazon DUB-2", "operator": "Amazon Web Services", "footprintM2": 5805, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/51336797", "distanceM": 185, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "Equinix Dublin DB1", "operator": "Equinix", "footprintM2": 2959, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/37682016", "distanceM": 146, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "Eir Hosting Services", "operator": "Eir", "footprintM2": 2441, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/51335423", "distanceM": 192, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "BT Application Hosting", "operator": "BT Ireland", "footprintM2": 2075, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/702455910", "distanceM": 107, "operatorMatch": false } ] }, "builtEvidence": "data-centre building/licence inside the site boundary (operator not matched)", "status": "completed (completion certificate)" }, { "id": 325861, "ref": "22/6358", "council": "CORKCO", "kind": "extension", "parentRef": "17/5895", "site": "Wallingstown, Little Island", "operator": null, "operatorBasis": null, "applicant": null, "address": "Wallingstown Little island Co.Cork", "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/corkcoco/application-details/?ref=22/6358", "description": "2 no. data centre buildings on a site formerly occupied by Mitsui Denman. The proposed development provides for the construction of 2 no. data centre buildings as stand alone units (to be built in phases) including ancillary offices with associated structures including a substation building, waste compound, telecoms cabinet (PoP Cabinet) new access off the R623 to provide for independent access, c", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": null, "floorAreaBasis": null, "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2022-10-19", "lodged": "2022-10-19", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "UNCONDITIONAL", "councilDecided": "2023-01-26", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2023-01-26", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2023-01-26", "expiry": null, "expiryBasis": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [], "valuation": [], "osm": [ { "name": "EPARK DC1", "operator": null, "footprintM2": 7897, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1422131657", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false } ] }, "builtEvidence": "data-centre building/licence inside the site boundary (operator not matched)", "status": "unstarted, permission live" }, { "id": 57675, "ref": "FW22A/0257", "council": "FINGAL", "kind": "ancillary", "parentRef": "ext:FW21A/0077", "site": "Bay, Corduff Rd, Ballycoolin", "operator": "CGTD Limited", "operatorBasis": "applicant", "applicant": "CGTD Limited", "address": "In the Townland of Bay, Corduff Road, Ballycoolin, Dublin 15", "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/fingal/application-details/?ref=FW22A/0257", "description": "Modification of approved plans (reg. refs. FW21A/0077 and FW21A/0222) for the change of use of the revised warehouse/logistics building, including 2 storey ancillary office accommodation (in reg. ref. FW21A/0222) to an energy centre containing 12 generators with flues to power 2 data storage buildings. High acoustic louvre screen surround comprising a radiator farm with 12 radiators, 2 black start", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": null, "floorAreaBasis": null, "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2022-11-02", "lodged": "2022-11-02", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "councilDecided": "2022-12-14", "appeals": [ { "acpRef": "315599", "lodged": "2023-01-19", "decided": "2023-11-24", "outcome": "withdrawn", "status": "decided" } ], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2022-12-14", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2023-12-12", "expiry": null, "expiryBasis": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [], "valuation": [], "osm": [] }, "builtEvidence": null, "status": "unstarted, permission live" }, { "id": 188620, "ref": "221062", "council": "CLARE", "kind": "extension", "parentRef": "17583", "site": "Westpark, Shannon", "operator": null, "operatorBasis": null, "applicant": null, "address": "Westpark Business Campus , Shannon , Co Clare", "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/ClareCC/AppFileRefDetails/221062/0", "description": "to extend the appropriate period of Planning Permission P17/583 for the further completion of construction of Westpark Business Campus with the construction of Block 6000, (immediately south of existing Block 7000), a mixed use, multi-storey block, similar to that granted under parent planning permission under Clare County Council PA Ref: P01-1066 and APB Ref: PL03.130244. Block 6000 will have a t", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": 12045, "floorAreaBasis": "description (largest area figure)", "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2022-11-25", "lodged": "2022-11-25", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "REFUSED", "councilDecided": "2023-01-27", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "refused", "finalDate": "2023-01-27", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": null, "expiry": null, "expiryBasis": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [], "valuation": [], "osm": [] }, "builtEvidence": null, "status": "refused" }, { "id": 163588, "ref": "2372", "council": "WICKLOW", "kind": "new_build", "parentRef": null, "site": "Avoca River Park, Arklow", "operator": "Echelon (Crag Digital Avoca)", "operatorBasis": "inferred, as above", "applicant": null, "address": "Site located at Avoca River Park , Arklow , Co. 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The two storey data centre facility and delivery bay (32,419sq.m) will be separated into two adjoined blocks over two floors with a s", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": 35426, "floorAreaBasis": "description (gross floor area)", "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2023-07-14", "lodged": "2023-07-14", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "Refuse Ext. of Duration of Permission", "councilDecided": "2023-09-07", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "refused", "finalDate": "2023-09-07", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": null, "expiry": null, "expiryBasis": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [ { "ref": "P1170", "name": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2023-07-06", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1170", "distanceM": 176, "operatorMatch": false }, { "ref": "P1184", "name": "ADSIL Grange Castle South", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2023-06-20", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1184", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false }, { "ref": "P1189", "name": "Google Ireland Limited", "operator": "Google Ireland Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2023-10-12", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1189", "distanceM": 201, "operatorMatch": false } ], "valuation": [ { "propertyNumber": 10035918, "address": "Dub89, Grange Castle Business Park South, Baldonnell Road, Baldonnell", "operator": null, "navEur": 6289000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 9603, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "17/08/2026", "distanceM": 161, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 10028778, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Old Nangor Road, Dublin 22", "operator": null, "navEur": 6256000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 9552, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "11/04/2024", "distanceM": 79, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 10035916, "address": "Amazon Web Services 2, Dub79, Grange Castle Business Park South, Baldonnell Road, Baldonnell", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "navEur": 4273000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 6525, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "17/08/2026", "distanceM": 185, "operatorMatch": false } ], "osm": [ { "name": "Google", "operator": "Google", "footprintM2": 18476, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/547351131", "distanceM": 92, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 12317, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1003210053", "distanceM": 76, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 12015, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1456362258", "distanceM": 214, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "CyrusOne DUB1", "operator": "CyrusOne", "footprintM2": 9507, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/868909749", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 8885, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1231964262", "distanceM": 176, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 188, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1443002192", "distanceM": 227, "operatorMatch": false } ] }, "builtEvidence": "same-operator data centre inside the site boundary", "status": "refused" }, { "id": 131731, "ref": "2360047", "council": "KILDARE", "kind": "new_build", "parentRef": null, "site": "Kildare Innovation Campus, Leixlip", "operator": null, "operatorBasis": null, "applicant": null, "address": "Kildare Innovation Campus (KIC) , Barnhall Meadows , Leixlip", "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/KildareCC/AppFileRefDetails/2360047/0", "description": "will consist of Demolition of existing Buildings No\u2019s 7, 8 and 9 (total gfa c. 84,838sqm). - Existing Buildings No\u2019s 1 \u2013 6 will be retained for deep tech and innovation related uses (total gfa c.42,862sqm) - Construction of 2 no. new deep tech buildings and 4 no. new data centre buildings, all including ancillary office spaces. The deep tech buildings will have an overall maximum height of c.16m a", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": 76225, "floorAreaBasis": "description: 4 data centres, combined 76,225 m2 GFA (deep-tech buildings excluded)", "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2023-07-18", "lodged": "2023-07-18", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "CONDITIONAL", "councilDecided": "2023-09-07", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2023-09-07", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2024-04-22", "expiry": "2029-04-21", "expiryBasis": "council register expiry date", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [ "2028-09-06", "2034-01-22" ], "notices": [ { "noticeDate": "2024-12-12", "kind": "seven_day_notice", "noticeNo": "SN0011794KE", "projectName": "KIC 110kV Substation - GIS Building", "floorAreaM2": 1755.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "23/60047", "completionCertNo": null, "completionValidated": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2028-09-06", "notCommenced": false, "link": "ref typed on notice" }, { "noticeDate": "2024-12-18", "kind": "seven_day_notice", "noticeNo": "SN0011795KE", "projectName": "KIC 110kV Substation - CCB Building", "floorAreaM2": 381.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "23/60047", "completionCertNo": null, "completionValidated": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2028-09-06", "notCommenced": false, "link": "ref typed on notice" }, { "noticeDate": "2025-05-09", "kind": "commencement_notice", "noticeNo": "CN0128493KE", "projectName": "Building B1, Kildare Innovation Campus", "floorAreaM2": 13624.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "23/60047", "completionCertNo": "CC00000061824KE", "completionValidated": "2026-05-07", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2034-01-22", "notCommenced": false, "link": "ref typed on notice" } ], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": "2024-12-12", "firstBuildingNotice": "2024-12-12", "firstCompletionCert": "2026-05-07", "mainBuilding": { "name": "Building B1, Kildare Innovation Campus", "floorAreaM2": 13624.0, "commenced": "2025-05-09", "completionValidated": "2026-05-07" }, "evidence": { "epa": [ { "ref": "P1222", "name": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "substatus": null, "status": "Compliance Failure/Rejected", "registeredOn": null, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1222", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false } ], "valuation": [], "osm": [] }, "builtEvidence": null, "status": "completed (completion certificate)" }, { "id": 58989, "ref": "FW22A/0308", "council": "FINGAL", "kind": "new_build", "parentRef": null, "site": "Cruiserath (Amazon)", "operator": "Amazon", "operatorBasis": "commencement notice names DUB 108 (Amazon naming); inferred", "applicant": null, "address": "Cruiserath Road, Dublin 15.", "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/fingal/application-details/?ref=FW22A/0308", "description": "Construction of data centre and associated site works. An Environmental Impact Assessment Report (EIAR) has been submitted to the planning authority with the planning application.", "descriptionTruncated": true, "floorAreaM2": null, "floorAreaBasis": null, "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2023-08-03", "lodged": "2023-08-03", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": "2023-02-17", "councilDecision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "councilDecided": "2023-09-18", "appeals": [ { "acpRef": "318180", "lodged": "2023-10-04", "decided": "2025-12-19", "outcome": "grant_conditions", "status": "decided" } ], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2025-12-19", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2025-12-19", "expiry": "2030-12-19", "expiryBasis": "grant date + 5 years (computed)", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [ "2028-02-16" ], "notices": [ { "noticeDate": "2026-07-10", "kind": "commencement_notice", "noticeNo": "CN0144820FL", "projectName": "DUB 108 Data Centre Building F & MV Building", "floorAreaM2": 20651.0, "planningRefOnNotice": "FW22A/0308", "completionCertNo": null, "completionValidated": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2028-02-16", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (ref_exact)" } ], "noticesSpatialOnly": [ { "noticeDate": "2024-05-10", "kind": "short_commencement_notice", "noticeNo": "CN0115001FL", "projectName": "DUB058 Glacier Room", "floorAreaM2": 93.0, "planningRefOnNotice": null, "completionCertNo": null, "completionValidated": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": null, "notCommenced": false, "link": "spatial only (not used)" } ], "firstNotice": "2026-07-10", "firstBuildingNotice": "2026-07-10", "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": { "name": "DUB 108 Data Centre Building F & MV Building", "floorAreaM2": 20651.0, "commenced": "2026-07-10", "completionValidated": null }, "evidence": { "epa": [ { "ref": "P1182", "name": "ADSIL Cruiserath", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2023-06-21", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1182", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true } ], "valuation": [ { "propertyNumber": 10030754, "address": "Adsil, Cruiserath Road, Dublin", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "navEur": 6044000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 9021, "valuationDate": "15/09/2017", "publicationDate": "23/09/2024", "distanceM": 45, "operatorMatch": true }, { "propertyNumber": 5023432, "address": "CRUISERATH ROAD, BLANCHARDSTOWN, DUBLIN 15", "operator": null, "navEur": 4273000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 6575, "valuationDate": "15/09/2017", "publicationDate": "18/10/2021", "distanceM": 49, "operatorMatch": false } ], "osm": [ { "name": "Amazon Web Services", "operator": "Amazon Web Services", "footprintM2": 20696, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/926894444", "distanceM": 36, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": "Amazon Web Services", "operator": "Amazon Web Services", "footprintM2": 10727, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1112223803", "distanceM": 61, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": "Amazon Web Services", "operator": "Amazon Web Services", "footprintM2": 10623, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1112223804", "distanceM": 67, "operatorMatch": true } ] }, "builtEvidence": "same-operator data centre inside the site boundary", "status": "commenced (no completion certificate on a main building yet)" }, { "id": 143374, "ref": "2360219", "council": "MEATH", "kind": "ancillary", "parentRef": null, "site": "Meta Clonee", "operator": "Meta", "operatorBasis": "Clonee campus", "applicant": null, "address": "Lands at Loughsallagh to the north of Clonee Village , Clonee , Co. Meath", "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/MeathCC/AppFileRefDetails/2360219/0", "description": "the proposed development will consist of a retention application for a building already in existence on the datacentre campus. The building was previously used as a temporary substation to help power the campus during construction stage. The site are is circa 0.04Ha. The building has since been decommissioned and the applicant is applying for retention permission to retain the building for storage", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": null, "floorAreaBasis": null, "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2023-08-16", "lodged": "2023-08-16", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "N/A", "councilDecided": null, "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "withdrawn/invalid/undecided", "finalDate": null, "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": null, "expiry": null, "expiryBasis": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [], "valuation": [ { "propertyNumber": 5026249, "address": "CLN 4 & 5, LOUGHSALLAGH, CLONEE, Co. MEATH", "operator": "Meta", "navEur": 21234000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 31950, "valuationDate": "15/09/2017", "publicationDate": "12/08/2022", "distanceM": 230, "operatorMatch": true } ], "osm": [ { "name": "Meta Clonee 5 Data Center", "operator": "Meta", "footprintM2": 31428, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/819286957", "distanceM": 293, "operatorMatch": true } ] }, "builtEvidence": "data centre within 300 m (neighbour; context only)", "status": "withdrawn/invalid/undecided" }, { "id": 143215, "ref": "23836", "council": "MEATH", "kind": "ancillary", "parentRef": null, "site": "Meta Clonee", "operator": "Meta", "operatorBasis": "Clonee campus", "applicant": null, "address": "Lands at Loughsallagh to the north of Clonee Village , Co. Meath", "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/MeathCC/AppFileRefDetails/23836/0", "description": "the proposed development will consist of a retention application for a building already in existence on the datacentre campus. The building was previously used as temporary substation to help power the campus during construction stage. The site area is circa 0.04 Ha. The building has since been decommissioned and the applicant is applying for retention permission to retain the building for storage", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": null, "floorAreaBasis": null, "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2023-08-25", "lodged": "2023-08-25", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "CONDITIONAL", "councilDecided": "2023-10-18", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2023-10-18", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2023-11-30", "expiry": null, "expiryBasis": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [], "valuation": [ { "propertyNumber": 5026249, "address": "CLN 4 & 5, LOUGHSALLAGH, CLONEE, Co. MEATH", "operator": "Meta", "navEur": 21234000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 31950, "valuationDate": "15/09/2017", "publicationDate": "12/08/2022", "distanceM": 228, "operatorMatch": true } ], "osm": [ { "name": "Meta Clonee 5 Data Center", "operator": "Meta", "footprintM2": 31428, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/819286957", "distanceM": 292, "operatorMatch": true } ] }, "builtEvidence": "data centre within 300 m (neighbour; context only)", "status": "unstarted, permission live" }, { "id": 120899, "ref": "SD18A/0134/EP2", "council": "SDCC", "kind": "extension", "parentRef": "SD18A/0134", "site": "CyrusOne Grange Castle South", "operator": "CyrusOne", "operatorBasis": "applicant", "applicant": "CyrusOne Irish Datacentres Holdings Ltd.", "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/64814", "description": "Demolition of the existing single storey house of 'Erganagh' and the construction of a two storey data centre and delivery bays with associated three storey office block and services that will have a gross floor area of 35,426sq.m on an overall site of 9.2 hectares. The two storey data centre facility and delivery bay (32,419sq.m) will be separated into two adjoined blocks over two floors with a s", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": 35426, "floorAreaBasis": "description (gross floor area)", "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2023-09-15", "lodged": "2023-09-15", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "Grant Extension of Duration of Permission", "councilDecided": "2023-11-08", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2023-11-08", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2023-11-08", "expiry": null, "expiryBasis": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [ { "ref": "P1170", "name": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2023-07-06", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1170", "distanceM": 172, "operatorMatch": false }, { "ref": "P1184", "name": "ADSIL Grange Castle South", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2023-06-20", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1184", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false }, { "ref": "P1189", "name": "Google Ireland Limited", "operator": "Google Ireland Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2023-10-12", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1189", "distanceM": 201, "operatorMatch": false } ], "valuation": [ { "propertyNumber": 10035918, "address": "Dub89, Grange Castle Business Park South, Baldonnell Road, Baldonnell", "operator": null, "navEur": 6289000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 9603, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "17/08/2026", "distanceM": 159, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 10028778, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Old Nangor Road, Dublin 22", "operator": null, "navEur": 6256000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 9552, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "11/04/2024", "distanceM": 77, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 10035916, "address": "Amazon Web Services 2, Dub79, Grange Castle Business Park South, Baldonnell Road, Baldonnell", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "navEur": 4273000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 6525, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "17/08/2026", "distanceM": 184, "operatorMatch": false } ], "osm": [ { "name": "Google", "operator": "Google", "footprintM2": 18476, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/547351131", "distanceM": 92, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 12317, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1003210053", "distanceM": 79, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 12015, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1456362258", "distanceM": 212, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "CyrusOne DUB1", "operator": "CyrusOne", "footprintM2": 9507, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/868909749", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 8885, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1231964262", "distanceM": 178, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 188, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1443002192", "distanceM": 230, "operatorMatch": false } ] }, "builtEvidence": "same-operator data centre inside the site boundary", "status": "unstarted, permission live" }, { "id": 57137, "ref": "FW23A/0184", "council": "FINGAL", "kind": "new_build", "parentRef": "ext:FW22A/0038", "site": "Blanchardstown Corporate Park 2", "operator": null, "operatorBasis": null, "applicant": null, "address": "Plot 3, Old Corduff Road, Blanchardstown Corporate Park 2, Ballycoolin", "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/fingal/application-details/?ref=FW23A/0184", "description": "To amend a previously permitted scheme (reg. ref. FW22A/0038). 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Meath (D15 XR71) , Site Formerly Known as Merrycourt Kilbride Road Gunnocks Clonee Co. Meath (No Eircode) , \u00c1ras Mhuire Gunnocks Clonee Co. Meath (D15 K853) D15XR71", "councilUrl": "http://www.eplanning.ie/MeathCC/AppFileRefDetails/2460041/0", "description": "Runways Information Services Limited, intend to apply for Planning Permission for demolition works at three separate disused residential properties and associated former agricultural outbuildings located in the townlands of Portan and Gunnocks, Clonee, Co. 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emissions.", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": null, "floorAreaBasis": null, "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2025-07-09", "lodged": "2025-07-09", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "Declared Exempt", "councilDecided": "2025-08-05", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "declaration", "finalDate": "2025-08-05", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": null, "expiry": null, "expiryBasis": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [ { "ref": "P1190", "name": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "operator": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2023-06-14", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1190", "distanceM": 38, "operatorMatch": true } ], "valuation": [ { 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ICT facilities each with a GFA of c. 4,428 sq.m and a total parapet height of c. 10.5m. \u2022 Each of the ICT facilities will accommodate ICT equipment rooms, external mechanical equipment areas, electrical equipment rooms, network rooms, ancillary office space, storage and load", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": 45511, "floorAreaBasis": "description: 1 x 36,655 + 2 x 4,428 m2 ICT facilities", "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2025-08-01", "lodged": "2025-08-01", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": "2025-09-24", "councilDecision": "CONDITIONAL", "councilDecided": "2026-04-24", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2026-04-24", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2026-06-02", "expiry": "2031-06-01", "expiryBasis": "council register expiry date", "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [], "valuation": [], "osm": [ { "name": "Echelon Data Centres", "operator": null, "footprintM2": 12917, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1559986487", "distanceM": 288, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": "Echelon Data Centres", "operator": null, "footprintM2": 12916, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1559986488", "distanceM": 179, "operatorMatch": true } ] }, "builtEvidence": "data centre within 300 m (neighbour; context only)", "status": "unstarted, permission live", "supersededBy": [ "2560806" ], "siteBuilt": false }, { "id": 164861, "ref": "2560806", "council": "WICKLOW", "kind": "amendment", "parentRef": "2372", "site": "Avoca River Park, Arklow", "operator": "Echelon (Crag Digital Avoca)", "operatorBasis": "inferred, as 18914", "applicant": null, "address": "Avoca River Park , Arklow , Co. 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Dublin", "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/70165", "description": "Demolition of existing two storey dwelling of 'Bulmer' and associated outbuildings and demolition of the existing single storey house of 'Little Acre' and its associated garage and other buildings; demolition of single storey stable building on the overall site; construction of 2 two storey Information Communication Technology (ICT) facilities each with three storey plant levels and associated anc", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": 30518, "floorAreaBasis": "description (gross floor area)", "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2026-04-15", "lodged": "2026-04-15", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "Grant Extension of Duration of Permission", "councilDecided": "2026-06-23", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2026-06-23", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2026-06-23", "expiry": null, "expiryBasis": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [ "2030-09-04" ], "notices": [ { "noticeDate": "2026-07-27", "kind": "seven_day_notice", "noticeNo": "SN0014524SD", "projectName": "DUB 40 Powerhouse Building", "floorAreaM2": 1982.9, "planningRefOnNotice": "SD20A/0324/EP", "completionCertNo": null, "completionValidated": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": "2030-09-04", "notCommenced": false, "link": "register link (ref_exact)" } ], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": "2026-07-27", "firstBuildingNotice": "2026-07-27", "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": { "name": "DUB 40 Powerhouse Building", "floorAreaM2": 1982.9, "commenced": "2026-07-27", "completionValidated": null }, "evidence": { "epa": [ { "ref": "P1165", "name": "Data And Power Hub Services Limited", "operator": "Data And Power Hub Services Limited", "substatus": "Not Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2025-07-18", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1165", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false } ], "valuation": [], "osm": [] }, "builtEvidence": null, "status": "commenced (no completion certificate on a main building yet)" }, { "id": 121842, "ref": "SD20A/0309/EP", "council": "SDCC", "kind": "extension", "parentRef": "SD20A/0309", "site": "Crag Avenue, Clondalkin", "operator": "Echelon (Crag Digital)", "operatorBasis": "as SD20A/0309", "applicant": "Crag Digital Limited", "address": "3-4, Crag Avenue, Clondalkin Industrial Estate, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/70226", "description": "Provision of 4 new information and communications technology (ICT) Facility buildings and associated development at the subject site, superseding elements of the extant planning permissions on site (Reg. Ref.: SD18A/0068 and Reg, Ref.: SD19A/0185). The application site is subject to an EPA Industrial Emissions Licence (Ref. No,: P1113-01) relating to the Energy Centre permitted on site, The single", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": 47564, "floorAreaBasis": "description (gross floor area)", "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2026-04-27", "lodged": "2026-04-27", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "Grant Extension of Duration of Permission", "councilDecided": "2026-06-16", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2026-06-16", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2026-06-16", "expiry": null, "expiryBasis": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [ { "ref": "P1066", "name": "Crag Digital Limited", "operator": "Crag Digital Limited", "substatus": null, "status": "Withdrawn", "registeredOn": null, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1066", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false }, { "ref": "P1113", "name": "Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited", "operator": "Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2026-06-22", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1113", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true } ], "valuation": [ { "propertyNumber": 10035536, "address": "Dub13, Crag Avenue, Clondalkin Industrial Estate, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "operator": null, "navEur": 8917000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 13310, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "14/09/2026", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false } ], "osm": [ { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 8987, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1124890822", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 8986, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1124890821", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": false } ] }, "builtEvidence": "same-operator data centre inside the site boundary", "status": "unstarted, permission live" }, { "id": 122232, "ref": "SD20A/0283/EP", "council": "SDCC", "kind": "extension", "parentRef": "SD20A/0283", "site": "Microsoft Grange Castle", "operator": "Microsoft", "operatorBasis": "applicant", "applicant": "Microsoft Operations Ireland Ltd.", "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "councilUrl": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/70427", "description": "Demolition of existing single storey vacant house, garage and outhouse (total gross floor area (GFA) c.291.2sq.m) and removal of existing temporary construction car park; Construction of a single 1-4 storey Central Administration Building and 2 2-storey (with mezzanine) data centres (DUB14 & DUB15) all to be located west of data centres DUB9, DUB10, DUB12 & DUB13 within the MS campus; The Central ", "descriptionTruncated": false, "floorAreaM2": 291, "floorAreaBasis": "description (gross floor area)", "mwStated": null, "permissionYearsSought": 5, "receivedRegister": "2026-05-27", "lodged": "2026-05-27", "lodgedBasis": "register received date", "fiRequested": null, "councilDecision": "Grant Extension of Duration of Permission", "councilDecided": "2026-07-21", "appeals": [], "finalOutcome": "granted", "finalDate": "2026-07-21", "decisionSource": null, "grantDate": "2026-07-21", "expiry": null, "expiryBasis": null, "bcmsPermissionExpiry": [], "notices": [], "noticesSpatialOnly": [], "firstNotice": null, "firstBuildingNotice": null, "firstCompletionCert": null, "mainBuilding": null, "evidence": { "epa": [ { "ref": "P1170", "name": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2023-07-06", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1170", "distanceM": 189, "operatorMatch": false }, { "ref": "P1187", "name": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "operator": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2023-07-04", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1187", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true }, { "ref": "P1190", "name": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "operator": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2023-06-14", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1190", "distanceM": 276, "operatorMatch": true }, { "ref": "P1191", "name": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "operator": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "substatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "status": "Licensed", "registeredOn": "2023-07-05", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1191", "distanceM": 216, "operatorMatch": true } ], "valuation": [ { "propertyNumber": 10030124, "address": "Dub 14, Microsoft Data Centre, Grange Castle Business Park, Co. Dublin", "operator": "Microsoft", "navEur": 10351160, "dataCentreFloorM2": 15392, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "09/09/2024", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true }, { "propertyNumber": 5002484, "address": "GRANGE CASTLE BUSINESS PARK, NANGOR ROAD, CLONDALKIN, DUBLIN 22", "operator": null, "navEur": 8779000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 1, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "15/09/2017", "distanceM": 153, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 10035918, "address": "Dub89, Grange Castle Business Park South, Baldonnell Road, Baldonnell", "operator": null, "navEur": 6289000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 9603, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "17/08/2026", "distanceM": 221, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 10028778, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Old Nangor Road, Dublin 22", "operator": null, "navEur": 6256000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 9552, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "11/04/2024", "distanceM": 261, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 5009085, "address": "DUB 6 GRANGE CASTLE BUSINESS PARK, NANGOR ROAD, CLONDALKIN, DUBLIN 22", "operator": null, "navEur": 4480000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 1, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "19/11/2018", "distanceM": 184, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 10035916, "address": "Amazon Web Services 2, Dub79, Grange Castle Business Park South, Baldonnell Road, Baldonnell", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "navEur": 4273000, "dataCentreFloorM2": 6525, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "17/08/2026", "distanceM": 157, "operatorMatch": false }, { "propertyNumber": 10030147, "address": "Dub 15 Microsoft Data Centre, Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Dublin", "operator": "Microsoft", "navEur": 2109148, "dataCentreFloorM2": 3136, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "publicationDate": "13/08/2024", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true } ], "osm": [ { "name": "Microsoft DUB03 / DUB04", "operator": "Microsoft", "footprintM2": 27357, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/438036943", "distanceM": 239, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": "Microsoft DUB07", "operator": "Microsoft", "footprintM2": 17214, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/538906747", "distanceM": 273, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": "Microsoft DUB05", "operator": "Microsoft", "footprintM2": 16148, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/438036944", "distanceM": 184, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": "Microsoft DUB12", "operator": "Microsoft", "footprintM2": 15810, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/743741624", "distanceM": 141, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": "Microsoft DUB09", "operator": "Microsoft", "footprintM2": 15732, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/709123322", "distanceM": 53, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": "Microsoft DUB10", "operator": "Microsoft", "footprintM2": 15675, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/743741623", "distanceM": 145, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": "Microsoft DUB15", "operator": "Microsoft", "footprintM2": 14391, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1182712205", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": "Microsoft DUB14", "operator": "Microsoft", "footprintM2": 14298, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1107158568", "distanceM": 0, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 12317, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1003210053", "distanceM": 259, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 12015, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1456362258", "distanceM": 168, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": "Microsoft DUB13", "operator": "Microsoft", "footprintM2": 11387, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1003210055", "distanceM": 177, "operatorMatch": true }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 8885, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1231964262", "distanceM": 161, "operatorMatch": false }, { "name": null, "operator": null, "footprintM2": 188, "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1443002192", "distanceM": 107, "operatorMatch": false } ] }, "builtEvidence": "same-operator data centre inside the site boundary", "status": "unstarted, permission live" } ], "liveDecisionsApplied": [ { "ref": "SD24A/0164W", "council": "SDCC", "acpRef": "320852", "decision": "Grant Permissions with Conditions", "dateSigned": "2026-09-23", "decisionSource": "ACP case page 2026-09-23 (snapshot 2026-10-06)", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/320852", "mirrorHadAppealRow": true }, { "ref": "2460708", "council": "MAYO", "acpRef": "322575", "decision": "Refuse Permission", "dateSigned": "2026-09-15", "decisionSource": "ACP case page 2026-09-15 (snapshot 2026-10-06)", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/322575", "mirrorHadAppealRow": false } ], "stats": { "applications": 156, "byKind": { "new_build": 85, "extension": 14, "amendment": 25, "ancillary": 25, "other": 7 }, "newBuild": { "applications": 85, "granted": 70, "refused": 5, "appealPending": 3, "withdrawnInvalidUndecided": 7, "statusOfGranted": { "commenced (no completion certificate on a main building yet)": 8, "completed (completion certificate)": 34, "lapsed without commencement notice": 10, "pre-BCMS (no notice expected)": 8, "unstarted, expires within 12 months": 2, "unstarted, permission live": 8 } }, "durations": { "lodgedToCouncilDecision": { "n": 79, "medianDays": 61, "p25Days": 52, "p75Days": 172, "minDays": 5, "maxDays": 388, "medianMonths": 2.0 }, "appealLodgedToDecided": { "n": 16, "medianDays": 462, "p25Days": 301, "p75Days": 665, "minDays": 106, "maxDays": 1040, "medianMonths": 15.2, "note": "all data-centre appeals with a Board decision (withdrawn/invalid excluded)" }, "lodgedToFinalDecision": { "n": 75, "medianDays": 71, "p25Days": 52, "p75Days": 260, "minDays": 22, "maxDays": 1121, "medianMonths": 2.3 }, "grantToFirstCommencementNotice": { "n": 42, "medianDays": 167, "p25Days": 52, "p75Days": 553, "minDays": 14, "maxDays": 1797, "medianMonths": 5.5 }, "grantToFirstBuildingNotice": { "n": 42, "medianDays": 198, "p25Days": 52, "p75Days": 553, "minDays": 14, "maxDays": 1797, "medianMonths": 6.5, "note": "excludes demolition/enabling-only notices" }, "firstNoticeToFirstCompletionCert": { "n": 35, "medianDays": 602, "p25Days": 408, "p75Days": 838, "minDays": 251, "maxDays": 1786, "medianMonths": 19.8, "note": "first building notice to completion certificate of the largest building (or first certificate)" }, "grantToFirstCompletionCert": { "n": 35, "medianDays": 947, "p25Days": 576, "p75Days": 1524, "minDays": 267, "maxDays": 2384, "medianMonths": 31.1 }, "lodgedToFirstCompletionCert": { "n": 35, "medianDays": 1122, "p25Days": 726, "p75Days": 1678, "minDays": 365, "maxDays": 2551, "medianMonths": 36.9 } }, "shareStarted": { "denominator": "granted new-build permissions with grant on/after 2014-03-01 and at least 2 years old", "n": 55, "commencedOrCompleted": 39, "share": 0.71, "notStarted": [ "SD13A/0271", "14/6757", "F15A/0266", "16/5011", "17/6980", "1850236", "18940", "SD18A/0068", "FW19A/0232", "201088", "201285", "21/5574", "21757", "FW21A/0046", "SD21A/0186", "2372" ], "sites": 35, "sitesStarted": 25, "siteShare": 0.71, "sitesNotStarted": [ "Avoca River Park, Arklow", "Damastown, Mulhuddart", "Equinix Profile Park (DB8)", "Hoffmann Park, Little Island", "Kevlin, Lifford", "Kish Business Park, Arklow", "Ovens IDA estate", "Parslickstown, Mulhuddart", "Staffordstown, Turvey", "Tulla Road, Ennis" ] }, "extensionsOfDuration": { "applications": 14, "granted": 10, "refused": 4, "list": [ { "ref": "SD12A/0002/EP", "council": "SDCC", "parent": "SD12A/0002", "outcome": "Refuse Ext. of Duration of Permission", "lodged": "2019-06-14", "decided": "2019-08-07", "site": "Digital Realty Profile Park" }, { "ref": "21/5226", "council": "CORKCO", "parent": "16/5011", "outcome": "UNCONDITIONAL", "lodged": "2021-05-07", "decided": "2021-06-29", "site": "Wallingstown, Little Island" }, { "ref": "211047", "council": "GALWAYCO", "parent": "ext:Athenry original permission", "outcome": "UNCONDITIONAL", "lodged": "2021-06-14", "decided": "2021-08-05", "site": "Derrydonnell, Athenry" }, { "ref": "22/6358", "council": "CORKCO", "parent": "17/5895", "outcome": "UNCONDITIONAL", "lodged": "2022-10-19", "decided": "2023-01-26", "site": "Wallingstown, Little Island" }, { "ref": "221062", "council": "CLARE", "parent": "17583", "outcome": "REFUSED", "lodged": "2022-11-25", "decided": "2023-01-27", "site": "Westpark, Shannon" }, { "ref": "23/5131", "council": "CORKCO", "parent": "17/6980", "outcome": "UNCONDITIONAL", "lodged": "2023-06-02", "decided": "2023-10-28", "site": "Wallingstown, Little Island" }, { "ref": "SD18A/0134/EP", "council": "SDCC", "parent": "SD18A/0134", "outcome": "Refuse Ext. of Duration of Permission", "lodged": "2023-07-14", "decided": "2023-09-07", "site": "CyrusOne Grange Castle South" }, { "ref": "SD18A/0134/EP2", "council": "SDCC", "parent": "SD18A/0134", "outcome": "Grant Extension of Duration of Permission", "lodged": "2023-09-15", "decided": "2023-11-08", "site": "CyrusOne Grange Castle South" }, { "ref": "24306", "council": "WICKLOW", "parent": "ext:10/2123", "outcome": "REFUSED", "lodged": "2024-07-08", "decided": "2024-07-30", "site": "Mountkennedy, Newtownmountkennedy" }, { "ref": "25/4033", "council": "CORKCO", "parent": "17/5895", "outcome": "Unconditional Permission", "lodged": "2025-01-17", "decided": "2025-03-12", "site": "Wallingstown, Little Island" }, { "ref": "SD20A/0295/EP", "council": "SDCC", "parent": "SD20A/0295", "outcome": "Grant Extension of Duration of Permission", "lodged": "2026-04-02", "decided": "2026-05-26", "site": "CyrusOne Grange Castle South" }, { "ref": "SD20A/0324/EP", "council": "SDCC", "parent": "SD20A/0324", "outcome": "Grant Extension of Duration of Permission", "lodged": "2026-04-15", "decided": "2026-06-23", "site": "Milltown, Peamount Rd" }, { "ref": "SD20A/0309/EP", "council": "SDCC", "parent": "SD20A/0309", "outcome": "Grant Extension of Duration of Permission", "lodged": "2026-04-27", "decided": "2026-06-16", "site": "Crag Avenue, Clondalkin" }, { "ref": "SD20A/0283/EP", "council": "SDCC", "parent": "SD20A/0283", "outcome": "Grant Extension of Duration of Permission", "lodged": "2026-05-27", "decided": "2026-07-21", "site": "Microsoft Grange Castle" } ], "note": "Only extensions whose own description matched the data-centre filter. Fingal extensions (/E1 refs) appear only as refs typed on commencement notices." }, "unbuilt": { "lapsed": 12, "expiringWithin12Months": 2, "live": 8, "lapsedSiteNeverBuilt": 7, "floorAreaM2Live": 181730 }, "pipelineNow": { "appealPending": [ "2460787", "SD24A/0201W", "2560344" ], "grantedUnstarted": [ "17/6980", "21/5574", "21757", "FW21A/0046", "SD21A/0186", "2372", "SD22A/0333", "SD24A/0164W", "2560594", "FW26A/0021E" ], "underConstruction": [ "SD14A/0091", "17/5895", "2229/19", "SD20A/0324", "FW21A/0151", "SD21A/0241", "FW22A/0308", "24226" ] }, "trend": { "before": { "newBuildApplications": 69, "lodgedToCouncil": { "n": 64, "medianDays": 60, "p25Days": 52, "p75Days": 154, "minDays": 5, "maxDays": 388, "medianMonths": 2.0 }, "lodgedToFinal": { "n": 63, "medianDays": 63, "p25Days": 52, "p75Days": 182, "minDays": 27, "maxDays": 925, "medianMonths": 2.1 }, "appealRate": 0.13, "furtherInfoRate": 0.43, "refusalRate": 0.03, "appealDuration": { "n": 5, "medianDays": 321, "p25Days": 241, "p75Days": 329, "minDays": 178, "maxDays": 537, "medianMonths": 10.5 }, "grantToFirstNotice": { "n": 38, "medianDays": 128, "p25Days": 37, "p75Days": 584, "minDays": 14, "maxDays": 1797, "medianMonths": 4.2 } }, "after": { "newBuildApplications": 16, "lodgedToCouncil": { "n": 15, "medianDays": 138, "p25Days": 54, "p75Days": 230, "minDays": 22, "maxDays": 372, "medianMonths": 4.5 }, "lodgedToFinal": { "n": 12, "medianDays": 464, "p25Days": 155, "p75Days": 869, "minDays": 22, "maxDays": 1121, "medianMonths": 15.3 }, "appealRate": 0.69, "furtherInfoRate": 0.69, "refusalRate": 0.25, "appealDuration": { "n": 7, "medianDays": 716, "p25Days": 565, "p75Days": 771, "minDays": 106, "maxDays": 1040, "medianMonths": 23.5 }, "grantToFirstNotice": { "n": 4, "medianDays": 222, "p25Days": 208, "p75Days": 245, "minDays": 203, "maxDays": 277, "medianMonths": 7.3 } }, "cutoff": "2021-11-23 (CRU decision on data-centre grid connections, lodgement date)" } }, "unbuilt": [ { "ref": "SD13A/0271", "council": "SDCC", "site": "Crag Avenue, Clondalkin", "operator": "eir", "operatorBasis": "applicant", "lodged": "2013-12-23", "granted": "2014-07-21", "expiry": "2019-07-21", "expiryBasis": "grant date + 5 years (computed)", "status": "lapsed without commencement notice", "floorAreaM2": 59239, "floorAreaBasis": "register floor_area", "mwStated": null, "extensions": [], "supersededBy": [ "SD18A/0068", "SD20A/0309", "SD22A/0093", "SD25A/0301W" ], "siteBuilt": true, "builtEvidence": "data-centre building/licence inside the site boundary (operator not matched)", "evidenceDetail": [ "EPA P1066 Crag Digital Limited (None, 0 m)", "EPA P1113 Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited (Licensable Activity Commenced, 0 m)", "valuation 10035536 unattributed (0 m)", "OSM unnamed (0 m)", "OSM unnamed (0 m)" ], "description": "Demolition of existing logistics centre and associated ancillary buildings; retention of existing mobile phone mast and ancillary plant; the construction of a two storey data centre with a gross floor area of 43,805sq.m.; two storey ancilla" }, { "ref": "14/6757", "council": "CORKCO", "site": "Ovens IDA estate", "operator": null, "operatorBasis": null, "lodged": "2014-12-19", "granted": "2015-02-23", "expiry": "2020-02-23", "expiryBasis": "grant date + 5 years (computed)", "status": "lapsed without commencement notice", "floorAreaM2": null, "floorAreaBasis": null, "mwStated": null, "extensions": [], "supersededBy": null, "siteBuilt": null, "builtEvidence": null, "evidenceDetail": [], "description": "Planning permission for a new office building and data centre within the existing facility. The proposed development includes the construction of a 4 storey office building with an elevated atrium, a screened roof top plant area and roof to" }, { "ref": "F15A/0266", "council": "FINGAL", "site": "Staffordstown, Turvey", "operator": "McHale Partnership", "operatorBasis": "applicant", "lodged": "2015-09-22", "granted": "2015-12-16", "expiry": "2020-12-16", "expiryBasis": "grant date + 5 years (computed)", "status": "lapsed without commencement notice", "floorAreaM2": 7032, "floorAreaBasis": "description: 5 halls x c.925 m2 + 2,407 m2 service rooms", "mwStated": null, "extensions": [], "supersededBy": null, "siteBuilt": null, "builtEvidence": null, "evidenceDetail": [], "description": "Construction of a Data Centre development consisting of 5 no. single storey data halls (circa 925sq.m. each), with associated single storey electrical service rooms and loading bay (circa 2407 sq.m.)" }, { "ref": "1850236", "council": "DONEGAL", "site": "Kevlin, Lifford", "operator": null, "operatorBasis": null, "lodged": "2018-02-20", "granted": "2018-05-25", "expiry": "2023-02-24", "expiryBasis": "council register expiry date", "status": "lapsed without commencement notice", "floorAreaM2": null, "floorAreaBasis": null, "mwStated": null, "extensions": [], "supersededBy": null, "siteBuilt": null, "builtEvidence": null, "evidenceDetail": [], "description": "ERECTION OF A TWO-STOREY DATA CENTRE BUILDING WITH ANCILLARY OFFICES AND ROOF LEVEL PLANT AREA AND SCREEN FENCE, NEW ACCESS ROAD, CARPARKING, LANDSCAPING, TWO NO. OPEN AIR PLANT COMPOUNDS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM AND ASSOCIATED WORKS AT" }, { "ref": "SD18A/0068", "council": "SDCC", "site": "Crag Avenue, Clondalkin", "operator": "Echelon (Crag Digital)", "operatorBasis": "applicant Crag Digital; EPA lists Crag Digital and Echelon Clondalkin at the same site; inferred", "lodged": "2018-03-02", "granted": "2019-05-13", "expiry": "2024-05-13", "expiryBasis": "grant date + 5 years (computed)", "status": "lapsed without commencement notice", "floorAreaM2": 56560, "floorAreaBasis": "register floor_area", "mwStated": null, "extensions": [], "supersededBy": [ "SD20A/0309", "SD22A/0093", "SD25A/0301W" ], "siteBuilt": true, "builtEvidence": "same-operator data centre inside the site boundary", "evidenceDetail": [ "EPA P1066 Crag Digital Limited (None, 0 m)", "EPA P1113 Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited (Licensable Activity Commenced, 0 m)", "valuation 10035536 unattributed (0 m)", "OSM unnamed (0 m)", "OSM unnamed (0 m)" ], "description": "Construction of data centre and combined heat and power plant (Energy Centre) with ancillary operations building and associated site works." }, { "ref": "18940", "council": "WICKLOW", "site": "Avoca River Park, Arklow", "operator": "Echelon (Crag Digital Avoca)", "operatorBasis": "inferred, as above", "lodged": "2018-08-20", "granted": "2019-02-15", "expiry": "2024-07-16", "expiryBasis": "council register expiry date", "status": "lapsed without commencement notice", "floorAreaM2": null, "floorAreaBasis": null, "mwStated": null, "extensions": [], "supersededBy": [ "201285", "2372", "2560594", "2560806" ], "siteBuilt": false, "builtEvidence": "same-operator data centre inside the site boundary", "evidenceDetail": [ "OSM Echelon Data Centres (0 m)", "OSM Echelon Data Centres (0 m)" ], "description": "demolition of buildings & structures on site & construction of Data Storage Facility comprising 3 data storage buildings & all assoc site infrastructure: data storage facility 1 (6 Pod Data Centre) located to north of site served by 1 gas g" }, { "ref": "10/2123 (via 24306)", "council": "WICKLOW", "site": "Mountkennedy, Newtownmountkennedy", "operator": null, "operatorBasis": null, "lodged": null, "granted": null, "expiry": "2024-07-30", "expiryBasis": "extension of duration refused on this date", "status": "lapsed without commencement notice", "floorAreaM2": 111228, "floorAreaBasis": "description: 10 units, total gross floor area 111,228 m2", "mwStated": null, "extensions": [ { "ref": "24306", "lodged": "2024-07-08", "decided": "2024-07-30", "outcome": "REFUSED", "granted": false } ], "supersededBy": null, "siteBuilt": null, "builtEvidence": null, "evidenceDetail": [], "description": "Section 42(1) on PRR 10/2123 (access road from the south western roundabout of the Ballyronan interchange to the site entrance. The road continues northward for an additional c 0.3km terminating in a cul de sac formed by bollards at its jun", "parentOutsideDataset": true }, { "ref": "FW19A/0232", "council": "FINGAL", "site": "Damastown, Mulhuddart", "operator": null, "operatorBasis": null, "lodged": "2020-08-27", "granted": "2020-10-30", "expiry": "2025-10-30", "expiryBasis": "grant date + 5 years (computed)", "status": "lapsed without commencement notice", "floorAreaM2": 48303, "floorAreaBasis": "description (largest area figure)", "mwStated": null, "extensions": [], "supersededBy": null, "siteBuilt": null, "builtEvidence": null, "evidenceDetail": [], "description": "The construction of a Data Centre comprised of 4 no. buildings consisting of (a) Data Hall Building, (48,303 sq.m) 4 storey building with plant room over (b) Generator Building, (4,064 sq.m) 4 storey" }, { "ref": "201285", "council": "WICKLOW", "site": "Avoca River Park, Arklow", "operator": "Echelon (Crag Digital Avoca)", "operatorBasis": "inferred, as above", "lodged": "2020-12-15", "granted": "2021-03-22", "expiry": "2026-03-21", "expiryBasis": "council register expiry date", "status": "lapsed without commencement notice", "floorAreaM2": 47580, "floorAreaBasis": "description: buildings A+B+C GFA 10,564 + 18,508 + 18,508", "mwStated": null, "extensions": [], "supersededBy": [ "2372", "2560594", "2560806" ], "siteBuilt": false, "builtEvidence": "same-operator data centre inside the site boundary", "evidenceDetail": [ "OSM Echelon Data Centres (0 m)", "OSM Echelon Data Centres (0 m)" ], "description": "1. Demolition of existing ind building units totalling (C.2784.4m2) comprising of a c.7.1m high Overall Main Building (c.2460m2), a c.4.2m high Sub-station (c. 107.3m2), a c.3.6m high Guardhouse (c.106.2m2), a c.3.6m high East-Building (c.3" }, { "ref": "201088", "council": "WICKLOW", "site": "Kish Business Park, Arklow", "operator": null, "operatorBasis": null, "lodged": "2020-10-28", "granted": "2021-06-10", "expiry": "2026-06-09", "expiryBasis": "council register expiry date (applicant sought 10 years; register shows a shorter period, which may be a register default)", "status": "lapsed without commencement notice", "floorAreaM2": 66630, "floorAreaBasis": "description: 3 ICT buildings, 66,630 m2 GFA in total", "mwStated": null, "extensions": [], "supersededBy": [ "2488" ], "siteBuilt": false, "builtEvidence": null, "evidenceDetail": [], "description": "proposed development, for which a ten-year permission is sought, consists of the following: Demolition of existing outbuildings on the subject site, along with all site clearance and enabling works; Construction of 3 no. part one storey, pa" }, { "ref": "16/5011", "council": "CORKCO", "site": "Wallingstown, Little Island", "operator": null, "operatorBasis": null, "lodged": "2016-04-29", "granted": "2016-07-28", "expiry": "2026-07-28", "expiryBasis": "extended by 21/5226 (assumed +5 years, the statutory maximum; length not in register)", "status": "lapsed without commencement notice", "floorAreaM2": null, "floorAreaBasis": null, "mwStated": null, "extensions": [ { "ref": "21/5226", "lodged": "2021-05-07", "decided": "2021-06-29", "outcome": "UNCONDITIONAL", "granted": true } ], "supersededBy": [ "17/5895", "17/6980" ], "siteBuilt": true, "builtEvidence": "data-centre building/licence inside the site boundary (operator not matched)", "evidenceDetail": [ "OSM EPARK DC1 (0 m)" ], "description": "Data centre development on a site formerly occupied by Mitsui Denman. The proposed development provides for the construction of 3 no. data centre buildings as one development or in phases. The proposal will modify an existing consent for 3 " }, { "ref": "Athenry original permission (via 211047)", "council": "GALWAYCO", "site": "Derrydonnell, Athenry", "operator": "Apple", "operatorBasis": "unchecked: Apple's Athenry site (general knowledge)", "lodged": null, "granted": null, "expiry": "2026-08-04", "expiryBasis": "extended expiry from council register", "status": "lapsed without commencement notice", "floorAreaM2": 30138, "floorAreaBasis": "description: gross floor space 30,138 m2", "mwStated": null, "extensions": [ { "ref": "211047", "lodged": "2021-06-14", "decided": "2021-08-05", "outcome": "UNCONDITIONAL", "granted": true } ], "supersededBy": null, "siteBuilt": null, "builtEvidence": null, "evidenceDetail": [], "description": "to construct the following: a 24,505sqm single storey data centre building, a 5232sqm single storey Logistics and Administration Building, a 289sqm single storey Maintenance Building, a 16sqm Security Hut and associated barriers, 2 number 4", "parentOutsideDataset": true }, { "ref": "SD21A/0186", "council": "SDCC", "site": "Equinix Profile Park (DB8)", "operator": "Equinix", "operatorBasis": "applicant", "lodged": "2021-07-05", "granted": "2022-05-05", "expiry": "2027-05-05", "expiryBasis": "grant date + 5 years (computed)", "status": "unstarted, expires within 12 months", "floorAreaM2": 9601, "floorAreaBasis": "description (largest area figure)", "mwStated": null, "extensions": [], "supersededBy": null, "siteBuilt": null, "builtEvidence": "data centre within 300 m (neighbour; context only)", "evidenceDetail": [ "EPA P1227 Vantage Data Centers Dub11 Limited (None, 221 m)", "EPA P1203 Vantage Data Centers Dub11 Limited (None, 298 m)", "valuation 5020591 unattributed (255 m)", "valuation 5020592 unattributed (254 m)", "valuation 5020593 unattributed (257 m)", "valuation 5020594 unattributed (228 m)", "valuation 5009056 unattributed (272 m)", "valuation 5013950 unattributed (226 m)", "OSM unnamed (213 m)", "OSM Microsoft DSF (255 m)", "OSM unnamed (188 m)", "OSM Digital Realty DUB4 (280 m)", "OSM Equinix DB2 (96 m)" ], "description": "Construction of a 3 storey (part 4 storey) data centre known as 'DB8' to include data halls, electrical/plant rooms including internal generators, offices, lobbies, ancillary staff areas including break rooms and toilets, stores, stair/lift" }, { "ref": "21/5574", "council": "CORKCO", "site": "Hoffmann Park, Little Island", "operator": null, "operatorBasis": null, "lodged": "2021-06-04", "granted": "2022-07-08", "expiry": "2027-07-08", "expiryBasis": "grant date + 5 years (computed)", "status": "unstarted, expires within 12 months", "floorAreaM2": null, "floorAreaBasis": null, "mwStated": null, "extensions": [], "supersededBy": null, "siteBuilt": null, "builtEvidence": null, "evidenceDetail": [], "description": "Proposed change of use/alterations of an existing pharmaceutical facility building to a data centre including ground and first floor extension to the existing building. The proposed development will include demolition of an existing storage" }, { "ref": "FW21A/0046", "council": "FINGAL", "site": "Parslickstown, Mulhuddart", "operator": null, "operatorBasis": null, "lodged": "2021-11-09", "granted": "2022-12-05", "expiry": "2027-12-05", "expiryBasis": "grant date + 5 years (computed)", "status": "unstarted, permission live", "floorAreaM2": null, "floorAreaBasis": null, "mwStated": null, "extensions": [], "supersededBy": null, "siteBuilt": null, "builtEvidence": null, "evidenceDetail": [], "description": "Light industrial warehouse/data centre containing office space" }, { "ref": "17/6980", "council": "CORKCO", "site": "Wallingstown, Little Island", "operator": null, "operatorBasis": null, "lodged": "2017-11-17", "granted": "2018-02-26", "expiry": "2028-02-26", "expiryBasis": "extended by 23/5131 (assumed +5 years, the statutory maximum; length not in register)", "status": "unstarted, permission live", "floorAreaM2": null, "floorAreaBasis": null, "mwStated": null, "extensions": [ { "ref": "23/5131", "lodged": "2023-06-02", "decided": "2023-10-28", "outcome": "UNCONDITIONAL", "granted": true } ], "supersededBy": null, "siteBuilt": null, "builtEvidence": "data centre within 300 m (neighbour; context only)", "evidenceDetail": [ "OSM EPARK DC1 (60 m)" ], "description": "The proposed development includes 1 no. data centre building with ancillary offices, car parking, waste compound, generators, landscaping, lighting, provision of an access off the R623, the provision of back-up accesses connecting the propo" }, { "ref": "2372", "council": "WICKLOW", "site": "Avoca River Park, Arklow", "operator": "Echelon (Crag Digital Avoca)", "operatorBasis": "inferred, as above", "lodged": "2023-01-27", "granted": "2023-07-25", "expiry": "2028-07-24", "expiryBasis": "council register expiry date (applicant sought 10 years; register shows a shorter period, which may be a register default)", "status": "unstarted, permission live", "floorAreaM2": 48618, "floorAreaBasis": "description: 3 ICT buildings, 48,618 m2 GFA in total", "mwStated": null, "extensions": [], "supersededBy": [ "2560594", "2560806" ], "siteBuilt": false, "builtEvidence": "same-operator data centre inside the site boundary", "evidenceDetail": [ "OSM Echelon Data Centres (0 m)", "OSM Echelon Data Centres (0 m)" ], "description": "the proposed development occupies part of the site of (and will supersede) a previously permitted data centre development under Reg. Ref. 20/1285. The proposed development, for which a ten-year permission is sought, consists of the followin" }, { "ref": "21757", "council": "CLARE", "site": "Tulla Road, Ennis", "operator": null, "operatorBasis": null, "lodged": "2021-07-16", "granted": "2024-04-15", "expiry": "2029-04-14", "expiryBasis": "council register expiry date (applicant sought 10 years; register shows a shorter period, which may be a register default)", "status": "unstarted, permission live", "floorAreaM2": 118740, "floorAreaBasis": "description (gross floor area)", "mwStated": null, "extensions": [], "supersededBy": null, "siteBuilt": null, "builtEvidence": null, "evidenceDetail": [], "description": "- a permission of 10 years in duration is sought. The application site has a total of c. 60 hectares with a nett area for development of c. 45 hectares, and is bound to the south by R352 (Tulla Road), to the east and the north by agricultur" }, { "ref": "SD22A/0333", "council": "SDCC", "site": "EdgeConneX Ballymakaily", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "operatorBasis": "applicant", "lodged": "2022-08-15", "granted": "2025-07-31", "expiry": "2030-07-31", "expiryBasis": "grant date + 5 years (computed)", "status": "unstarted, permission live", "floorAreaM2": 15274, "floorAreaBasis": "register floor_area", "mwStated": null, "extensions": [], "supersededBy": null, "siteBuilt": null, "builtEvidence": "data centre within 300 m (neighbour; context only)", "evidenceDetail": [ "EPA P1204 Edgeconnex Ireland Limited (Not Commenced, 43 m)", "EPA P1190 Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited (Licensable Activity Commenced, 282 m)", "valuation 10036023 EdgeConneX (25 m)", "valuation 5015886 unattributed (72 m)", "OSM unnamed (144 m)", "OSM EdgeConnex DUB04 (131 m)", "OSM EdgeConneX (106 m)", "OSM EdgeConneX (131 m)" ], "description": "Construction of 2 adjoined single storey data centres with associated site works. An Environmental Impact Assessment Report (EIAR) has been submitted with this application." }, { "ref": "2560594", "council": "WICKLOW", "site": "Avoca River Park, Arklow", "operator": "Echelon (Crag Digital Avoca)", "operatorBasis": "inferred, as 18914", "lodged": "2025-08-01", "granted": "2026-06-02", "expiry": "2031-06-01", "expiryBasis": "council register expiry date", "status": "unstarted, permission live", "floorAreaM2": 45511, "floorAreaBasis": "description: 1 x 36,655 + 2 x 4,428 m2 ICT facilities", "mwStated": null, "extensions": [], "supersededBy": [ "2560806" ], "siteBuilt": false, "builtEvidence": "data centre within 300 m (neighbour; context only)", "evidenceDetail": [ "OSM Echelon Data Centres (288 m)", "OSM Echelon Data Centres (179 m)" ], "description": "\u2022 1 no. ICT facility building with a gross floor area (GFA) of c. 36,655 sq.m and a total parapet height of c.19.5m. \u2022 2 no. ICT facilities each with a GFA of c. 4,428 sq.m and a total parapet height of c. 10.5m. \u2022 Each of the ICT facilitie" }, { "ref": "FW26A/0021E", "council": "FINGAL", "site": "Pure DC Orion Park", "operator": "Pure DC", "operatorBasis": "applicant South Dublin Routing 4 No.2 Ltd, same company as FW24A/0246E", "lodged": "2026-01-20", "granted": "2026-07-24", "expiry": "2031-07-24", "expiryBasis": "grant date + 5 years (computed)", "status": "unstarted, permission live", "floorAreaM2": null, "floorAreaBasis": null, "mwStated": null, "extensions": [], "supersededBy": null, "siteBuilt": null, "builtEvidence": "data centre within 300 m (neighbour; context only)", "evidenceDetail": [ "valuation 2163452 unattributed (299 m)", "valuation 10034774 unattributed (57 m)", "OSM unnamed (49 m)", "OSM Equinix DB3 (289 m)" ], "description": "Construction of a data centre building with all associated site works" }, { "ref": "SD24A/0164W", "council": "SDCC", "site": "Google Grange Castle", "operator": "Google", "operatorBasis": "applicant", "lodged": "2024-06-28", "granted": "2026-09-23", "expiry": "2036-09-23", "expiryBasis": "grant date + 10 years (computed)", "status": "unstarted, permission live", "floorAreaM2": 38115, "floorAreaBasis": "register floor_area", "mwStated": null, "extensions": [], "supersededBy": null, "siteBuilt": null, "builtEvidence": "data centre within 300 m (neighbour; context only)", "evidenceDetail": [ "EPA P1227 Vantage Data Centers Dub11 Limited (None, 198 m)", "EPA P1203 Vantage Data Centers Dub11 Limited (None, 26 m)", "EPA P1189 Google Ireland Limited (Licensable Activity Commenced, 16 m)", "valuation 5009084 unattributed (40 m)", "valuation 5023980 unattributed (40 m)", "valuation 10035918 unattributed (276 m)", "valuation 5004598 unattributed (40 m)", "valuation 5009056 unattributed (208 m)", "OSM Google (88 m)", "OSM unnamed (295 m)", "OSM unnamed (247 m)", "OSM unnamed (142 m)", "OSM Google (37 m)", "OSM Digital Realty DUB3 (183 m)", "OSM Digital Realty DUB4 (179 m)" ], "description": "Ten-year planning permission is sought for the expansion of existing Google Ireland Limited operations operations including the development of a data storage facility and all associated works. Environmental Impact Assessment Report (EIAR) w" } ], "byYear": [ { "year": 1999, "newBuildApplications": 1, "appealed": 0, "furtherInfoRequested": 1, "granted": 1, "refused": 0, "pendingOrWithdrawn": 0, "medianLodgedToCouncilDays": 322, "medianLodgedToFinalDays": 322, "commencedOrCompleted": 0, "medianGrantToFirstNoticeDays": null }, { "year": 2007, "newBuildApplications": 1, "appealed": 0, "furtherInfoRequested": 0, "granted": 1, "refused": 0, "pendingOrWithdrawn": 0, "medianLodgedToCouncilDays": 55, "medianLodgedToFinalDays": 55, "commencedOrCompleted": 0, "medianGrantToFirstNoticeDays": null }, { "year": 2011, "newBuildApplications": 2, "appealed": 0, "furtherInfoRequested": 1, "granted": 2, "refused": 0, "pendingOrWithdrawn": 0, "medianLodgedToCouncilDays": 62, "medianLodgedToFinalDays": 62, "commencedOrCompleted": 0, "medianGrantToFirstNoticeDays": null }, { "year": 2012, "newBuildApplications": 1, "appealed": 0, "furtherInfoRequested": 0, "granted": 1, "refused": 0, "pendingOrWithdrawn": 0, "medianLodgedToCouncilDays": 39, "medianLodgedToFinalDays": 39, "commencedOrCompleted": 0, "medianGrantToFirstNoticeDays": null }, { "year": 2013, "newBuildApplications": 4, "appealed": 0, "furtherInfoRequested": 0, "granted": 4, "refused": 0, "pendingOrWithdrawn": 0, "medianLodgedToCouncilDays": 52, "medianLodgedToFinalDays": 52, "commencedOrCompleted": 0, "medianGrantToFirstNoticeDays": null }, { "year": 2014, "newBuildApplications": 4, "appealed": 0, "furtherInfoRequested": 0, "granted": 4, "refused": 0, "pendingOrWithdrawn": 0, "medianLodgedToCouncilDays": 46, "medianLodgedToFinalDays": 46, "commencedOrCompleted": 3, "medianGrantToFirstNoticeDays": 20 }, { "year": 2015, "newBuildApplications": 5, "appealed": 0, "furtherInfoRequested": 2, "granted": 5, "refused": 0, "pendingOrWithdrawn": 0, "medianLodgedToCouncilDays": 55, "medianLodgedToFinalDays": 55, "commencedOrCompleted": 4, "medianGrantToFirstNoticeDays": 22 }, { "year": 2016, "newBuildApplications": 5, "appealed": 0, "furtherInfoRequested": 1, "granted": 5, "refused": 0, "pendingOrWithdrawn": 0, "medianLodgedToCouncilDays": 52, "medianLodgedToFinalDays": 52, "commencedOrCompleted": 4, "medianGrantToFirstNoticeDays": 32 }, { "year": 2017, "newBuildApplications": 6, "appealed": 1, "furtherInfoRequested": 1, "granted": 6, "refused": 0, "pendingOrWithdrawn": 0, "medianLodgedToCouncilDays": 58, "medianLodgedToFinalDays": 62, "commencedOrCompleted": 5, "medianGrantToFirstNoticeDays": 103 }, { "year": 2018, "newBuildApplications": 10, "appealed": 3, "furtherInfoRequested": 4, "granted": 9, "refused": 0, "pendingOrWithdrawn": 1, "medianLodgedToCouncilDays": 94, "medianLodgedToFinalDays": 94, "commencedOrCompleted": 6, "medianGrantToFirstNoticeDays": 405 }, { "year": 2019, "newBuildApplications": 7, "appealed": 1, "furtherInfoRequested": 3, "granted": 6, "refused": 0, "pendingOrWithdrawn": 1, "medianLodgedToCouncilDays": 83, "medianLodgedToFinalDays": 83, "commencedOrCompleted": 6, "medianGrantToFirstNoticeDays": 690 }, { "year": 2020, "newBuildApplications": 11, "appealed": 0, "furtherInfoRequested": 9, "granted": 9, "refused": 1, "pendingOrWithdrawn": 1, "medianLodgedToCouncilDays": 83, "medianLodgedToFinalDays": 96, "commencedOrCompleted": 6, "medianGrantToFirstNoticeDays": 82 }, { "year": 2021, "newBuildApplications": 12, "appealed": 4, "furtherInfoRequested": 8, "granted": 8, "refused": 1, "pendingOrWithdrawn": 3, "medianLodgedToCouncilDays": 280, "medianLodgedToFinalDays": 330, "commencedOrCompleted": 4, "medianGrantToFirstNoticeDays": 370 }, { "year": 2022, "newBuildApplications": 3, "appealed": 3, "furtherInfoRequested": 3, "granted": 2, "refused": 1, "pendingOrWithdrawn": 0, "medianLodgedToCouncilDays": 193, "medianLodgedToFinalDays": 1081, "commencedOrCompleted": 1, "medianGrantToFirstNoticeDays": 210 }, { "year": 2023, "newBuildApplications": 4, "appealed": 2, "furtherInfoRequested": 3, "granted": 3, "refused": 1, "pendingOrWithdrawn": 0, "medianLodgedToCouncilDays": 48, "medianLodgedToFinalDays": 94, "commencedOrCompleted": 2, "medianGrantToFirstNoticeDays": 218 }, { "year": 2024, "newBuildApplications": 6, "appealed": 4, "furtherInfoRequested": 3, "granted": 2, "refused": 1, "pendingOrWithdrawn": 3, "medianLodgedToCouncilDays": 155, "medianLodgedToFinalDays": 663, "commencedOrCompleted": 1, "medianGrantToFirstNoticeDays": 277 }, { "year": 2025, "newBuildApplications": 2, "appealed": 1, "furtherInfoRequested": 2, "granted": 1, "refused": 0, "pendingOrWithdrawn": 1, "medianLodgedToCouncilDays": 298, "medianLodgedToFinalDays": 266, "commencedOrCompleted": 0, "medianGrantToFirstNoticeDays": null }, { "year": 2026, "newBuildApplications": 1, "appealed": 1, "furtherInfoRequested": 0, "granted": 1, "refused": 0, "pendingOrWithdrawn": 0, "medianLodgedToCouncilDays": 52, "medianLodgedToFinalDays": 185, "commencedOrCompleted": 0, "medianGrantToFirstNoticeDays": null } ], "evidenceNotes": [ "valuation list read from data/raw/valuation via pipelines.valuation.build()" ], "caveats": [ "Coverage: only applications whose description uses the words data centre / data hall / data storage facility. Big campuses described otherwise (e.g. 'ICT facility', Meta's original Clonee RA150605, Echelon's SD20A/0309 and SD20A/0324, several Amazon sites) are missing, so counts are a floor, not a census.", "Fingal descriptions in the mirror are often cut at ~200 characters, so floor areas and MW are missing there.", "South Dublin received dates are the further-information response date, not lodgement; lodgement is estimated (FI request minus 8 weeks) for 20 South Dublin applications. Councils' own received dates may also be the validation date.", "MW is almost never in a planning description; mwStated is filled only where the text says it. Inspector reports (acp_reports pipeline) hold MW for appealed cases.", "A commencement notice proves works were notified, not that a data hall was energised. A completion certificate (CCC) proves a building was finished; energisation and IT load are not public. EPA 'Licensable Activity Commenced' means on-site generators are licensed and in use.", "Commencement notices became statutory on BCMS from March 2014; permissions granted before then cannot be tested this way.", "Notices are matched by planning reference. A project built under a later amendment or a different reference can look 'unstarted' unless the amendment is in this set; amendments that commenced are credited to their parent.", "Extension-of-duration length is not in the register; extended expiry assumes the 5-year statutory maximum unless the council register gives a date.", "Distance matching (300 m) uses the application site boundary; in dense parks (Grange Castle, Profile Park, Clonshaugh) a neighbouring operator's building can fall inside the radius, so only operator-matched evidence is treated as strong.", "Operators for blank-applicant or special-purpose-company applications are inferred from commencement-notice names (e.g. 'ADSIL', 'MSFT', 'Sliotar') and flagged in operatorBasis; Apple Athenry is from general knowledge (unchecked).", "Cork extensions 21/5226 and 25/4033 are inferred as extensions of duration from identical descriptions and 'unconditional' decisions.", "Appeal decisions signed after the planning mirror was pulled are taken from An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la's own case pages (change feed snapshot, pipelines/changes.py) and marked decisionSource; see liveDecisionsApplied.", "The CRU direction date used for the before/after split is 23 Nov 2021 (unchecked against the CRU decision paper). Post-2021 samples are small (single digits per year), and recent applications are right-censored: slow cases are still undecided, which flatters recent medians." ] }, "directory": { "title": "Every data centre in Ireland", "source": "Joined from this project's pipelines: OpenStreetMap (osm_datacentres), EPA LEAP licences + AERs (epa_generation), Tailte \u00c9ireann valuation list (valuation), An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la reports (acp_reports), planning lifecycle + PlanSight planning mirror (lifecycle; planningregister.ie)", "asOf": "2026-10-10", "inputsAsOf": { "osm": "2026-10-10", "epa": "2026-10-03", "valuation": "2026-10-03", "acp": "2026-10-03", "lifecycle": "2026-10-10", "planning": "2026-10-10" }, "method": "Each OSM building, EPA licence, valuation-list property and planning application is a point with an operator brand where its own source names one. Same-operator points within 600 m are chained into one campus. A point with no operator joins the nearest operator's campus only if that operator is within 150 m and the next operator is 1.6x further, or within 400 m with no other operator within 800 m; otherwise it forms an 'operator not identified' campus. Status takes the strongest evidence: operating (EPA generators in use, valuation-list entry, completion certificate, pre-2014 permission with the operator's building on site, or an application describing an existing data centre) > under construction (commencement notice without completion certificate, or OSM buildings with no other proof) > permitted (live permission or EPA licence not commenced) > proposed (appeal pending, EPA application, undecided) > lapsed (lapsed, refused or withdrawn only). gridMWAvg2025 = grid electricity reported in each EPA licensee's 2025 AER divided by hours in the year (sites without a combustion licence report nothing).", "count": 79, "operatingCount": 55, "byStatus": { "operating": 55, "under construction": 7, "permitted": 6, "proposed": 3, "lapsed": 8 }, "byOperator": [ { "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "campuses": 9, "operating": 9, "gridMWAvg2025": 424.7, "footprintM2": 268411, "estRatesEur": 18619050 }, { "operator": "Microsoft", "campuses": 2, "operating": 1, "gridMWAvg2025": 154.5, "footprintM2": 230614, "estRatesEur": 12384487 }, { "operator": "Meta", "campuses": 1, "operating": 1, "gridMWAvg2025": 135.0, "footprintM2": 148750, "estRatesEur": 9941628 }, { "operator": "Google", "campuses": 1, "operating": 1, "gridMWAvg2025": 26.0, "footprintM2": 23186, "estRatesEur": 5629400 }, { "operator": "Equinix", "campuses": 4, "operating": 3, "gridMWAvg2025": 18.5, "footprintM2": 30365, "estRatesEur": 2349927 }, { "operator": "K2 Strategic", "campuses": 2, "operating": 2, "gridMWAvg2025": 17.5, "footprintM2": 34298, "estRatesEur": 3847978 }, { "operator": "Not identified", "campuses": 23, "operating": 13, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "footprintM2": 43266, "estRatesEur": 7301225 }, { "operator": "Digital Realty", "campuses": 5, "operating": 5, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "footprintM2": 30185, "estRatesEur": 2149664 }, { "operator": "Echelon", "campuses": 3, "operating": 1, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "footprintM2": 43806, "estRatesEur": 2496760 }, { "operator": "eir", "campuses": 3, "operating": 2, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "footprintM2": 7869, "estRatesEur": 0 }, { "operator": "EdgeConneX", "campuses": 2, "operating": 1, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "footprintM2": 48516, "estRatesEur": 5987800 }, { "operator": "Keppel", "campuses": 2, "operating": 2, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "footprintM2": 6398, "estRatesEur": 226588 }, { "operator": "Apple", "campuses": 1, "operating": 0, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "footprintM2": 0, "estRatesEur": 0 }, { "operator": "Art Data Centres", "campuses": 1, "operating": 0, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "footprintM2": 0, "estRatesEur": 0 }, { "operator": "Avaio Digital", "campuses": 1, "operating": 0, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "footprintM2": 0, "estRatesEur": 0 }, { "operator": "BT", "campuses": 1, "operating": 1, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "footprintM2": 2075, "estRatesEur": 0 }, { "operator": "CIX", "campuses": 1, "operating": 1, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "footprintM2": 2388, "estRatesEur": 0 }, { "operator": "CyrusOne", "campuses": 1, "operating": 1, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "footprintM2": 9507, "estRatesEur": 0 }, { "operator": "DCF Technology", "campuses": 1, "operating": 1, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "footprintM2": 0, "estRatesEur": 0 }, { "operator": "Data & Power Hub", "campuses": 1, "operating": 0, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "footprintM2": 0, "estRatesEur": 0 }, { "operator": "EXA Infrastructure", "campuses": 1, "operating": 1, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "footprintM2": 4366, "estRatesEur": 0 }, { "operator": "Ericsson", "campuses": 1, "operating": 1, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "footprintM2": 700, "estRatesEur": 0 }, { "operator": "GTT (Hibernia)", "campuses": 1, "operating": 1, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "footprintM2": 0, "estRatesEur": 161840 }, { "operator": "Gemini DC Fund", "campuses": 1, "operating": 1, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "footprintM2": 0, "estRatesEur": 0 }, { "operator": "Government (OGCIO)", "campuses": 1, "operating": 1, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "footprintM2": 0, "estRatesEur": 0 }, { "operator": "Herbata", "campuses": 1, "operating": 0, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "footprintM2": 0, "estRatesEur": 0 }, { "operator": "National Space Centre", "campuses": 1, "operating": 1, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "footprintM2": 31203, "estRatesEur": 0 }, { "operator": "Pure DC", "campuses": 1, "operating": 1, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "footprintM2": 8030, "estRatesEur": 301682 }, { "operator": "Red Admiral DC", "campuses": 1, "operating": 0, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "footprintM2": 0, "estRatesEur": 0 }, { "operator": "SDC-EN", "campuses": 1, "operating": 0, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "footprintM2": 0, "estRatesEur": 0 }, { "operator": "Siemens", "campuses": 1, "operating": 1, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "footprintM2": 0, "estRatesEur": 247518 }, { "operator": "Vantage", "campuses": 1, "operating": 0, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "footprintM2": 18297, "estRatesEur": 0 }, { "operator": "Verizon", "campuses": 1, "operating": 1, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "footprintM2": 2877, "estRatesEur": 0 }, { "operator": "Vodafone", "campuses": 1, "operating": 1, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "footprintM2": 3609, "estRatesEur": 0 } ], "totals": { "gridMWAvg2025": 776.2, "campusesWithAer2025": 12, "footprintM2": 998716, "estRatesEur": 71645547, "operatingWithoutPlanningRecord": [ "amazon-aws-blanchardstown", "national-space-centre-elfordstown-midleton", "grange-castle-operator-not-identified-1", "digital-realty-park-west", "near-clonshaugh-operator-not-identified", "near-ballycoolin-operator-not-identified", "amazon-aws-citywest", "digital-realty-blanchardstown", "eir-near-clonshaugh", "exa-infrastructure-dublin", "blanchardstown-operator-not-identified-1", "equinix-citywest", "verizon-near-clonshaugh", "eir-citywest", "cix-cork-city", "bt-citywest", "ericsson-athlone", "grange-castle-operator-not-identified-2", "dundalk-operator-not-identified", "gtt-hibernia-clonshaugh", "blanchardstown-operator-not-identified-2", "long-mile-road-operator-not-identified", "national-technology-park-limerick-operator-not-identified", "galway-operator-not-identified" ], "operatingWithoutAnyRegister": [ "national-space-centre-elfordstown-midleton", "near-clonshaugh-operator-not-identified", "near-ballycoolin-operator-not-identified", "amazon-aws-citywest", "eir-near-clonshaugh", "exa-infrastructure-dublin", "vodafone-clonshaugh", "verizon-near-clonshaugh", "eir-citywest", "cix-cork-city", "bt-citywest", "ericsson-athlone", "digital-realty-clonshaugh", "galway-operator-not-identified" ] }, "campuses": [ { "id": "microsoft-grange-castle", "name": "Microsoft Grange Castle", "operator": "Microsoft", "operatorConfidence": "high", "operatorBasis": [ "EPA licensee 'Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited'", "OSM operator tag 'Microsoft'", "planning applicant", "planning applicant 'Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited'", "some records attributed by co-location only (no operator in their own source)" ], "place": "Grange Castle", "council": "South Dublin", "lat": 53.32207, "lng": -6.44698, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "EPA P1187: on-site generators licensed and in use (Licensable Activity Commenced)", "EPA P1190: on-site generators licensed and in use (Licensable Activity Commenced)", "EPA P1191: on-site generators licensed and in use (Licensable Activity Commenced)", "Valuation list: property 10030124 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Valuation list: property 5016977 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Valuation list: property 5009085 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Valuation list: property 5020591 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Valuation list: property 5020592 rated as DATA CENTRE" ], "pipeline": { "permitted": [ "Planning SD17A/0318: unstarted, permission live", "Planning SD21A/0288: unstarted, permission live", "Planning SD20A/0283/EP: unstarted, permission live", "Planning SD25A/0071W: unstarted (live permission, no commencement notice) (expires 2030-06-24)", "Planning SD24A/0188W: unstarted (live permission, no commencement notice) (expires 2029-11-07)", "Planning SD25A/0017W: unstarted (live permission, no commencement notice) (expires 2030-05-05)" ] }, "buildingsMapped": 12, "footprintM2": 194886, "osmNames": [ "Microsoft DSF", "Microsoft DUB03 / DUB04", "Microsoft DUB05", "Microsoft DUB06", "Microsoft DUB07", "Microsoft DUB08", "Microsoft DUB09", "Microsoft DUB10", "Microsoft DUB12", "Microsoft DUB13", "Microsoft DUB14", "Microsoft DUB15" ], "gridMWAvg2025": 154.5, "onsitePlantMWth": 1134.7, "role": [ "backup-diesel", "gas-flex" ], "epaLicences": [ { "ref": "P1187", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1187", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "role": "gas-flex", "ratedThermalMW": 342.8, "avgGridMW2025": 25.9, "locatedBy": null }, { "ref": "P1190", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1190", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 212.58, "avgGridMW2025": 24.5, "locatedBy": null }, { "ref": "P1191", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1191", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 579.28, "avgGridMW2025": 104.1, "locatedBy": null } ], "estRatesEur": 12384487, "navEur": 44230308, "valuationProperties": [ 10030124, 5016977, 5009085, 5020591, 5020592, 5020593, 5020594, 10030147, 5013950 ], "planningRefs": [ "ED23/0037", "ED24/0060", "ED25/0053", "ED26/0001", "SD07A/0632", "SD08A/0496", "SD09A/0376", "SD11A/0211", "SD13A/0015", "SD13A/0143", "SD13A/0166", "SD13A/0265", "SD14A/0194", "SD15A/0133", "SD15A/0343", "SD16A/0087", "SD16A/0088", "SD17A/0318", "SD20A/0283", "SD20A/0283/EP", "SD21A/0203", "SD21A/0288", "SD24A/0188W", "SD25A/0004W", "SD25A/0017W", "SD25A/0071W" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": [ "ED23/0037", "SD08A/0496", "SD09A/0376", "SD14A/0194", "SD16A/0087", "SD24A/0188W", "SD25A/0004W", "SD25A/0017W", "SD25A/0071W" ], "newBuildFloorAreaM2": 291194, "appealRefs": [ { "acpRef": "300305", "planningRef": "SD17A/0318", "decision": "invalid", "decided": "2017-11-22", "demandMW": null, "report": false, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/300305", "anchoredBy": null } ], "firstCompletion": "2017-10-25", "sources": [ "osm:way/438036943", "osm:way/513703429", "osm:way/538906747", "osm:way/709103324", "osm:way/438036944", "osm:way/743741624", "osm:way/709123322", "osm:way/743741623", "osm:way/1182712205", "osm:way/1107158568", "osm:way/1003210055", "osm:way/590813740", "epa:P1187", "epa:P1190", "epa:P1191", "valuation:10030124", "valuation:5016977", "valuation:5009085", "valuation:5020591", "valuation:5020592", "valuation:5020593", "valuation:5020594", "valuation:10030147", "valuation:5013950", "planning:SDCC/SD07A/0632", "planning:SDCC/SD11A/0211", "planning:SDCC/SD13A/0015", "planning:SDCC/SD13A/0143", "planning:SDCC/SD13A/0166", "planning:SDCC/SD13A/0265", "planning:SDCC/SD15A/0133", "planning:SDCC/SD15A/0343", "planning:SDCC/SD16A/0088", "planning:SDCC/SD17A/0318", "planning:SDCC/SD20A/0283", "planning:SDCC/SD21A/0203", "planning:SDCC/SD21A/0288", "planning:SDCC/ED24/0060", "planning:SDCC/ED25/0053", "planning:SDCC/ED26/0001", "planning:SDCC/SD20A/0283/EP", "planning:SDCC/SD25A/0071W", "planning:SDCC/SD24A/0188W", "planning:SDCC/ED23/0037", "planning:SDCC/SD08A/0496", "planning:SDCC/SD09A/0376", "planning:SDCC/SD25A/0017W", "planning:SDCC/SD14A/0194", "planning:SDCC/SD25A/0004W", "planning:SDCC/SD16A/0087", "acp:300305" ] }, { "id": "amazon-aws-clonshaugh", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Clonshaugh", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "operatorConfidence": "high", "operatorBasis": [ "EPA licensee 'Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited' -> Amazon (AWS) (operator; high-confidence entity link from EPA)", "OSM operator tag 'Amazon Web Services'", "valuation list address names it", "some records attributed by co-location only (no operator in their own source)" ], "place": "Clonshaugh", "council": "Dublin City", "lat": 53.40559, "lng": -6.22332, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "EPA P1171: on-site generators licensed and in use (Licensable Activity Commenced)", "EPA P1186: on-site generators licensed and in use (Licensable Activity Commenced)", "Valuation list: property 733234 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Valuation list: property 10028867 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Valuation list: property 5027088 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Valuation list: property 5027089 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Valuation list: property 5027086 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Valuation list: property 5027087 rated as DATA CENTRE" ], "pipeline": { "permitted": [ "Planning 3400/19: commenced (no completion certificate on a main building yet)" ] }, "buildingsMapped": 8, "footprintM2": 83057, "osmNames": [ "Amazon Web Services", "Amazon Web Services DUB10/50/51" ], "gridMWAvg2025": 144.4, "onsitePlantMWth": 963.8, "role": [ "backup-diesel" ], "epaLicences": [ { "ref": "P1171", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1171", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 672.85, "avgGridMW2025": 116.5, "locatedBy": null }, { "ref": "P1186", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1186", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 290.95, "avgGridMW2025": 27.9, "locatedBy": null } ], "estRatesEur": 6602494, "navEur": 22846000, "valuationProperties": [ 733234, 10028867, 5027088, 5027089, 5027086, 5027087, 10030755 ], "planningRefs": [ "3400/19" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": "2021-09-27", "sources": [ "osm:way/47924356", "osm:way/68337136", "osm:way/47923380", "osm:way/697659634", "osm:way/1108073464", "osm:way/1047598884", "osm:way/1373868450", "osm:way/1108073465", "epa:P1171", "epa:P1186", "valuation:733234", "valuation:10028867", "valuation:5027088", "valuation:5027089", "valuation:5027086", "valuation:5027087", "valuation:10030755", "planning:DCC/3400/19" ] }, { "id": "meta-clonee", "name": "Meta Clonee", "operator": "Meta", "operatorConfidence": "high", "operatorBasis": [ "EPA licensee 'Runways Information Services Limited (Meta)'", "OSM operator tag 'Meta'", "planning applicant 'Runways Information Services Limited' -> Meta (operator SPV; high-confidence entity link from BCMS, CRO, EPA, planning); lifecycle: Clonee campus", "planning applicant 'Runways Information Services Limited' -> Meta (operator SPV; high-confidence entity link from BCMS, CRO, EPA, planning); lifecycle: Clonee campus (RA150605)", "some records attributed by co-location only (no operator in their own source)" ], "place": "Clonee", "council": "Meath", "lat": 53.41856, "lng": -6.43682, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "EPA P1192: on-site generators licensed and in use (Licensable Activity Commenced)", "Valuation list: property 5015330 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Valuation list: property 5026249 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Valuation list: property 5021061 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Planning RA180671: completion certificate 2020-10-13" ], "pipeline": { "under construction": [ "Planning RA180048: commencement notice 2018-08-20, no completion certificate" ], "permitted": [ "Planning 23836: unstarted, permission live", "Planning 2460041: unstarted, permission live" ] }, "buildingsMapped": 5, "footprintM2": 148750, "osmNames": [ "Meta Clonee 1 Data Center", "Meta Clonee 2 Data Center", "Meta Clonee 3 Data Center", "Meta Clonee 5 Data Center", "Meta Clonee 6 Data Center" ], "gridMWAvg2025": 135.0, "onsitePlantMWth": 743.4, "role": [ "backup-diesel" ], "epaLicences": [ { "ref": "P1192", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1192", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 743.4, "avgGridMW2025": 135.0, "locatedBy": null } ], "estRatesEur": 9941628, "navEur": 46641200, "valuationProperties": [ 5015330, 5026249, 5021061 ], "planningRefs": [ "2360219", "23836", "2460041", "FW18A/0008", "RA180030", "RA180048", "RA180671", "RA200214" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": 57400, "appealRefs": [ { "acpRef": "301923", "planningRef": "RA180671", "decision": "grant", "decided": "2018-12-06", "demandMW": 72, "report": true, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/301923", "anchoredBy": "220 kV substation for Meta's Clonee campus (report: 'new data centre at Clonee')" }, { "acpRef": "302393", "planningRef": "RA180671", "decision": null, "decided": null, "demandMW": null, "report": false, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/302393", "anchoredBy": null } ], "firstCompletion": "2019-10-10", "sources": [ "osm:way/819286957", "osm:way/1187438483", "osm:way/518701317", "osm:way/1187438482", "osm:way/683115027", "epa:P1192", "valuation:5015330", "valuation:5026249", "valuation:5021061", "planning:FINGAL/FW18A/0008", "planning:MEATH/RA180030", "planning:MEATH/RA180048", "planning:MEATH/RA180671", "planning:MEATH/RA200214", "planning:MEATH/2360219", "planning:MEATH/23836", "planning:MEATH/2460041", "acp:301923", "acp:302393" ] }, { "id": "amazon-aws-cruiserath", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Cruiserath", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "operatorConfidence": "high", "operatorBasis": [ "EPA licensee 'Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited' -> Amazon (AWS) (operator; high-confidence entity link from EPA)", "OSM operator tag 'Amazon Web Services'", "lifecycle: commencement notice names DUB 108 (Amazon naming); inferred", "lifecycle: commencement notices name ADSIL Cruiserath", "some records attributed by co-location only (no operator in their own source)" ], "place": "Cruiserath", "council": "Fingal", "lat": 53.41485, "lng": -6.38009, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "EPA P1182: on-site generators licensed and in use (Licensable Activity Commenced)", "Valuation list: property 10030754 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Valuation list: property 5023432 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Planning FW17A/0025: completion certificate 2020-09-04", "Planning FW19A/0087: completion certificate 2024-04-24", "Planning FW20A/0164: completion certificate 2021-05-31" ], "pipeline": { "under construction": [ "Planning FW22A/0308: commencement notice 2026-07-10, no completion certificate" ] }, "buildingsMapped": 3, "footprintM2": 42046, "osmNames": [ "Amazon Web Services" ], "gridMWAvg2025": 76.6, "onsitePlantMWth": 432.7, "role": [ "backup-diesel" ], "epaLicences": [ { "ref": "P1182", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1182", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 432.72, "avgGridMW2025": 76.6, "locatedBy": null } ], "estRatesEur": 1927215, "navEur": 10317000, "valuationProperties": [ 10030754, 5023432 ], "planningRefs": [ "FW17A/0025", "FW19A/0087", "FW20A/0164", "FW21A/0039", "FW22A/0308" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": [ "FW20A/0164", "FW21A/0039" ], "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": [ { "acpRef": "248544", "planningRef": "FW17A/0025", "decision": "grant", "decided": "2018-01-18", "demandMW": 35, "report": true, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/248544", "anchoredBy": null }, { "acpRef": "318180", "planningRef": "FW22A/0308", "decision": "grant", "decided": "2025-12-19", "demandMW": 73.1, "report": true, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/318180", "anchoredBy": null } ], "firstCompletion": "2020-09-04", "sources": [ "osm:way/926894444", "osm:way/1112223803", "osm:way/1112223804", "epa:P1182", "valuation:10030754", "valuation:5023432", "planning:FINGAL/FW17A/0025", "planning:FINGAL/FW19A/0087", "planning:FINGAL/FW22A/0308", "planning:FINGAL/FW20A/0164", "planning:FINGAL/FW21A/0039", "acp:248544", "acp:318180" ] }, { "id": "amazon-aws-grange-castle-south", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Grange Castle South", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "operatorConfidence": "high", "operatorBasis": [ "EPA licensee 'Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited' -> Amazon (AWS) (operator; high-confidence entity link from EPA)", "planning applicant 'UBC Properties LLC' -> Amazon (AWS) (development SPV; high-confidence entity link from BCMS, EPA, planning); lifecycle: commencement notices name DUB069/079/089 Amazon", "valuation list address names it", "some records attributed by co-location only (no operator in their own source)" ], "place": "Grange Castle South", "council": "South Dublin", "lat": 53.31881, "lng": -6.45276, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "EPA P1170: on-site generators licensed and in use (Licensable Activity Commenced)", "EPA P1184: on-site generators licensed and in use (Licensable Activity Commenced)", "Valuation list: property 10035918 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Valuation list: property 10035916 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Planning SD20A/0121: completion certificate 2021-08-30" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 3, "footprintM2": 21088, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": 61.0, "onsitePlantMWth": 564.7, "role": [ "backup-diesel" ], "epaLicences": [ { "ref": "P1170", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1170", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 460.87, "avgGridMW2025": 50.3, "locatedBy": null }, { "ref": "P1184", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1184", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 103.84, "avgGridMW2025": 10.7, "locatedBy": null } ], "estRatesEur": 2957360, "navEur": 10562000, "valuationProperties": [ 10035918, 10035916 ], "planningRefs": [ "SD20A/0121" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": 80269, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": "2021-08-30", "sources": [ "osm:way/1456362258", "osm:way/1231964262", "osm:way/1443002192", "epa:P1170", "epa:P1184", "valuation:10035918", "valuation:10035916", "planning:SDCC/SD20A/0121" ] }, { "id": "amazon-aws-blanchardstown", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Blanchardstown", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "operatorConfidence": "high", "operatorBasis": [ "EPA licensee 'Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited' -> Amazon (AWS) (operator; high-confidence entity link from EPA)", "OSM operator tag 'Amazon Web Services'", "some records attributed by co-location only (no operator in their own source)" ], "place": "Blanchardstown", "council": "Fingal", "lat": 53.40392, "lng": -6.36382, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "EPA P1172: on-site generators licensed and in use (Licensable Activity Commenced)", "Valuation list: property 300449 rated as DATA CENTRE" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 3, "footprintM2": 32116, "osmNames": [ "Amazon Web Services" ], "gridMWAvg2025": 49.8, "onsitePlantMWth": 416.5, "role": [ "backup-diesel" ], "epaLicences": [ { "ref": "P1172", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1172", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 416.52, "avgGridMW2025": 49.8, "locatedBy": null } ], "estRatesEur": 691160, "navEur": 3700000, "valuationProperties": [ 300449 ], "planningRefs": null, "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "osm:way/28352291", "osm:way/460117003", "osm:way/684685208", "epa:P1172", "valuation:300449" ] }, { "id": "amazon-aws-belgard-tallaght", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Belgard, Tallaght", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "operatorConfidence": "high", "operatorBasis": [ "EPA licensee 'Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited' -> Amazon (AWS) (operator; high-confidence entity link from EPA)", "OSM operator tag 'Amazon Web Services'", "lifecycle: same site as Amazon's SD18A/0219 and ADSIL EPA licence P1173; inferred", "planning applicant", "some records attributed by co-location only (no operator in their own source)" ], "place": "Belgard, Tallaght", "council": "South Dublin", "lat": 53.2947, "lng": -6.3677, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "EPA P1173: on-site generators licensed and in use (Licensable Activity Commenced)", "Valuation list: property 5015885 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Valuation list: property 5020024 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Planning SD16A/0093: completion certificate 2019-07-17", "Planning SD18A/0219: completion certificate 2021-03-18" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 2, "footprintM2": 32891, "osmNames": [ "Amazon Web Services" ], "gridMWAvg2025": 45.6, "onsitePlantMWth": 343.2, "role": [ "backup-diesel" ], "epaLicences": [ { "ref": "P1173", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1173", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 343.16, "avgGridMW2025": 45.6, "locatedBy": null } ], "estRatesEur": 2354240, "navEur": 8408000, "valuationProperties": [ 5015885, 5020024 ], "planningRefs": [ "SD16A/0093", "SD18A/0219" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": [ "SD16A/0093", "SD18A/0219" ], "newBuildFloorAreaM2": 45430, "appealRefs": [ { "acpRef": "302478", "planningRef": "SD18A/0219", "decision": null, "decided": null, "demandMW": null, "report": false, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/302478", "anchoredBy": null } ], "firstCompletion": "2019-07-17", "sources": [ "osm:way/37682585", "osm:way/825144681", "epa:P1173", "valuation:5015885", "valuation:5020024", "planning:SDCC/SD16A/0093", "planning:SDCC/SD18A/0219", "acp:302478" ] }, { "id": "amazon-aws-greenhills-road-tallaght", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Greenhills Road, Tallaght", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "operatorConfidence": "high", "operatorBasis": [ "EPA licensee 'Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited' -> Amazon (AWS) (operator; high-confidence entity link from EPA)", "OSM operator tag 'Amazon Web Services'", "lifecycle: commencement notice names it DUB 55 (Amazon DUBnnn naming); inferred", "lifecycle: description: extension to 'existing DUB09 building', 'existing Adsil complex' (ADSIL = Amazon Data Services Ireland)", "some records attributed by co-location only (no operator in their own source)" ], "place": "Greenhills Road, Tallaght", "council": "South Dublin", "lat": 53.2951, "lng": -6.35053, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "EPA P1177: on-site generators licensed and in use (Licensable Activity Commenced)", "Valuation list: property 477958 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Valuation list: property 5008993 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Valuation list: property 5020025 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Planning SD14A/0232: completion certificate 2017-11-30", "Planning SD17A/0469: completion certificate 2019-09-26" ], "pipeline": { "under construction": [ "Planning SD14A/0091: commencement notice 2014-08-05, no completion certificate" ] }, "buildingsMapped": 3, "footprintM2": 27604, "osmNames": [ "Amazon Web Services" ], "gridMWAvg2025": 34.6, "onsitePlantMWth": 253.1, "role": [ "backup-diesel" ], "epaLicences": [ { "ref": "P1177", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1177", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 253.11, "avgGridMW2025": 34.6, "locatedBy": null } ], "estRatesEur": 3822000, "navEur": 13650000, "valuationProperties": [ 477958, 5008993, 5020025 ], "planningRefs": [ "SD14A/0091", "SD14A/0232", "SD17A/0469" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": [ "SD14A/0091", "SD14A/0232" ], "newBuildFloorAreaM2": 24640, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": "2017-11-30", "sources": [ "osm:way/37596447", "osm:way/697470448", "osm:way/37596453", "epa:P1177", "valuation:477958", "valuation:5008993", "valuation:5020025", "planning:SDCC/SD14A/0091", "planning:SDCC/SD14A/0232", "planning:SDCC/SD17A/0469" ] }, { "id": "google-grange-castle-south", "name": "Google Grange Castle South", "operator": "Google", "operatorConfidence": "high", "operatorBasis": [ "EPA licensee 'Google Ireland Limited'", "OSM operator tag 'Google'", "planning applicant", "planning applicant 'Google Ireland Ltd.'", "some records attributed by co-location only (no operator in their own source)" ], "place": "Grange Castle South", "council": "South Dublin", "lat": 53.31423, "lng": -6.44929, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "EPA P1189: on-site generators licensed and in use (Licensable Activity Commenced)", "Valuation list: property 5009084 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Valuation list: property 5023980 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Valuation list: property 5004598 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Planning SD14A/0023: completion certificate 2016-03-08", "Planning SD14A/0284: completion certificate 2016-03-08" ], "pipeline": { "permitted": [ "Planning SD24A/0164W: unstarted, permission live (expires 2036-09-23) (decisionSource: ACP case page 2026-09-23 (snapshot 2026-10-06))" ] }, "buildingsMapped": 2, "footprintM2": 23186, "osmNames": [ "Google" ], "gridMWAvg2025": 26.0, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": [ "backup-diesel" ], "epaLicences": [ { "ref": "P1189", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1189", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": null, "avgGridMW2025": 26.0, "locatedBy": null } ], "estRatesEur": 5629400, "navEur": 20105000, "valuationProperties": [ 5009084, 5023980, 5004598 ], "planningRefs": [ "SD14A/0023", "SD14A/0284", "SD24A/0164W" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": [ "SD14A/0284" ], "newBuildFloorAreaM2": 71522, "appealRefs": [ { "acpRef": "320852", "planningRef": "SD24A/0164W", "decision": "Grant Permissions with Conditions", "decided": "2026-09-23", "decisionSource": "ACP case page 2026-09-23 (snapshot 2026-10-06)", "demandMW": null, "report": false, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/320852", "anchoredBy": null } ], "firstCompletion": "2016-03-08", "sources": [ "osm:way/547351131", "osm:way/262199046", "epa:P1189", "valuation:5009084", "valuation:5023980", "valuation:5004598", "planning:SDCC/SD14A/0023", "planning:SDCC/SD24A/0164W", "planning:SDCC/SD14A/0284", "acp:320852" ] }, { "id": "equinix-blanchardstown", "name": "Equinix Blanchardstown", "operator": "Equinix", "operatorConfidence": "high", "operatorBasis": [ "EPA licensee 'Equinix Hyperscale 1 (DB5) Limited' -> Equinix (operator SPV; high-confidence entity link from CRO, EPA)", "planning applicant", "planning applicant 'Equinix (Ireland) Limited'", "planning applicant 'Equinix Hyperscale 1 (DB5) Limited' -> Equinix (operator SPV; high-confidence entity link from CRO, EPA)", "some records attributed by co-location only (no operator in their own source)" ], "place": "Blanchardstown", "council": "Fingal", "lat": 53.40553, "lng": -6.37105, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "EPA P1168: on-site generators licensed and in use (Licensable Activity Commenced)", "Valuation list: property 10030476 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Planning FW20A/0087: completion certificate 2022-11-23" ], "pipeline": { "under construction": [ "Planning FW21A/0073: commencement notice 2026-03-16, no completion certificate" ], "permitted": [ "Planning FW21A/0176: unstarted (live permission, no commencement notice) (expires 2027-03-30)" ] }, "buildingsMapped": 3, "footprintM2": 15453, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": 18.5, "onsitePlantMWth": 167.8, "role": [ "primary-gas" ], "epaLicences": [ { "ref": "P1168", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1168", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "role": "primary-gas", "ratedThermalMW": 167.76, "avgGridMW2025": 18.5, "locatedBy": null } ], "estRatesEur": 510898, "navEur": 2735000, "valuationProperties": [ 10030476 ], "planningRefs": [ "FW17A/0205", "FW20A/0087", "FW21A/0073", "FW21A/0176" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": [ "FW17A/0205", "FW21A/0176" ], "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": "2022-11-23", "sources": [ "osm:way/1003253891", "osm:way/1003253890", "osm:way/1339609875", "epa:P1168", "valuation:10030476", "planning:FINGAL/FW20A/0087", "planning:FINGAL/FW21A/0073", "planning:FINGAL/FW17A/0205", "planning:FINGAL/FW21A/0176" ] }, { "id": "k2-strategic-ballycoolin", "name": "K2 Strategic Ballycoolin", "operator": "K2 Strategic", "operatorConfidence": "high", "operatorBasis": [ "EPA licensee 'K2 Strategic Infrastructure Ireland Limited'", "planning applicant", "planning applicant 'K2 Strategic Infrastructure Ireland Ltd'", "planning applicant 'K2 Strategic Infrastructure Ireland Ltd.'", "some records attributed by co-location only (no operator in their own source)" ], "place": "Ballycoolin", "council": "Fingal", "lat": 53.40691, "lng": -6.3604, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "EPA P1143: on-site generators licensed and in use (Licensable Activity Commenced)", "Valuation list: property 10029012 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Valuation list: property 10028964 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Valuation list: property 2194415 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Planning FW19A/0089: completion certificate 2022-08-29" ], "pipeline": { "permitted": [ "Planning FW20A/0181: unstarted (live permission, no commencement notice) (expires 2031-01-28)" ] }, "buildingsMapped": 2, "footprintM2": 28284, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": 17.5, "onsitePlantMWth": 277.1, "role": [ "backup-diesel" ], "epaLicences": [ { "ref": "P1143", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1143", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 277.12, "avgGridMW2025": 17.5, "locatedBy": null } ], "estRatesEur": 2921178, "navEur": 15638000, "valuationProperties": [ 10029012, 10028964, 2194415 ], "planningRefs": [ "FW19A/0089", "FW20A/0181", "FW21A/0009" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": [ "FW20A/0181", "FW21A/0009" ], "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": "2022-08-29", "sources": [ "osm:way/1003253881", "osm:way/713340741", "epa:P1143", "valuation:10029012", "valuation:10028964", "valuation:2194415", "planning:FINGAL/FW19A/0089", "planning:FINGAL/FW21A/0009", "planning:FINGAL/FW20A/0181" ] }, { "id": "amazon-aws-drogheda", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Drogheda", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "operatorConfidence": "high", "operatorBasis": [ "EPA licensee 'Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited' -> Amazon (AWS) (operator; high-confidence entity link from EPA)", "OSM operator tag 'Amazon Web Services'", "planning applicant 'CAP Developments LLC' -> Amazon (AWS) (development SPV; high-confidence entity link from BCMS, planning, press); lifecycle: commencement notices name DUB 062 (Amazon naming); inferred", "planning applicant 'Tunis Properties LLC' -> Amazon (AWS) (development SPV; high-confidence entity link from BCMS, planning, press); lifecycle: commencement notice names Amazon DUB072", "some records attributed by co-location only (no operator in their own source)" ], "place": "Drogheda", "council": "Meath", "lat": 53.70466, "lng": -6.38288, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "Valuation list: property 5022891 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Planning LB191735: completion certificate 2021-05-13", "Planning 21663: completion certificate 2025-12-19" ], "pipeline": { "permitted": [ "EPA P1181: generators licensed, activity not commenced" ] }, "buildingsMapped": 2, "footprintM2": 23804, "osmNames": [ "Amazon Web Services" ], "gridMWAvg2025": 12.7, "onsitePlantMWth": 360.1, "role": [ "backup-diesel" ], "epaLicences": [ { "ref": "P1181", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1181", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Not Commenced", "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 360.06, "avgGridMW2025": 12.7, "locatedBy": null } ], "estRatesEur": 264581, "navEur": 1241000, "valuationProperties": [ 5022891 ], "planningRefs": [ "21663", "LB191735" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": 57139, "appealRefs": [ { "acpRef": "310729", "planningRef": "21663", "decision": "grant", "decided": "2022-04-14", "demandMW": 48, "report": true, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/310729", "anchoredBy": null } ], "firstCompletion": "2021-05-13", "sources": [ "osm:way/1123268889", "osm:way/1524364503", "epa:P1181", "valuation:5022891", "planning:MEATH/LB191735", "planning:MEATH/21663", "acp:310729" ] }, { "id": "edgeconnex-newcastle-road-lucan", "name": "EdgeConneX Newcastle Road, Lucan", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "operatorConfidence": "high", "operatorBasis": [ "EPA licensee 'EdgeConneX Ireland Limited'", "OSM operator tag 'EdgeConneX'", "planning applicant", "planning applicant 'EdgeConneX Ireland Limited'", "some records attributed by co-location only (no operator in their own source)", "some planning records joined by their planning history (cross-referenced refs, same site) and name no operator themselves" ], "place": "Newcastle Road, Lucan", "council": "South Dublin", "lat": 53.32831, "lng": -6.45739, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "Valuation list: property 10036023 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Valuation list: property 5015886 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Planning SD16A/0214: completion certificate 2017-07-21", "Planning SD16A/0345: completion certificate 2017-10-04", "Planning SD17A/0141: completion certificate 2022-03-31", "Planning SD18A/0298: completion certificate 2021-07-01", "Planning SD19A/0042: completion certificate 2024-12-19", "Planning SD21A/0042: completion certificate 2025-02-24" ], "pipeline": { "under construction": [ "Planning SD17A/0392: commencement notice 2021-05-06, no completion certificate" ], "permitted": [ "EPA P1204: generators licensed, activity not commenced", "Planning SD20A/0031: unstarted, permission live", "Planning SD21A/0127: unstarted, permission live", "Planning SD22A/0333: unstarted, permission live (expires 2030-07-31)", "Planning SD23A/0151: unstarted, permission live (expires 2028-10-02)", "Planning SD22A/0025: unstarted (live permission, no commencement notice) (expires 2027-05-12)", "Planning SD16A/0176: commenced (BCMS notice, no completion certificate) (expires 2021-08-26)", "Planning SD22A/0009: unstarted (live permission, no commencement notice) (expires 2027-10-03)" ] }, "buildingsMapped": 4, "footprintM2": 48516, "osmNames": [ "EdgeConneX", "EdgeConnex DUB04" ], "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": 537.2, "role": [ "gas-flex" ], "epaLicences": [ { "ref": "P1204", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1204", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Not Commenced", "role": "gas-flex", "ratedThermalMW": 537.2, "avgGridMW2025": null, "locatedBy": null } ], "estRatesEur": 5987800, "navEur": 21385000, "valuationProperties": [ 10036023, 5015886 ], "planningRefs": [ "SD16A/0176", "SD16A/0214", "SD16A/0345", "SD17A/0027", "SD17A/0141", "SD17A/0392", "SD18A/0298", "SD19A/0004", "SD19A/0042", "SD19A/0342", "SD20A/0031", "SD21A/0042", "SD21A/0127", "SD22A/0009", "SD22A/0025", "SD22A/0105", "SD22A/0289", "SD22A/0333", "SD23A/0151" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": [ "SD16A/0176", "SD19A/0004", "SD19A/0342", "SD22A/0009", "SD22A/0025", "SD22A/0105", "SD22A/0289" ], "newBuildFloorAreaM2": 76336, "appealRefs": [ { "acpRef": "300752", "planningRef": "SD17A/0392", "decision": "grant", "decided": "2018-07-26", "demandMW": null, "report": true, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/300752", "anchoredBy": null }, { "acpRef": "305948", "planningRef": "SD19A/0042", "decision": "grant", "decided": "2020-10-05", "demandMW": null, "report": true, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/305948", "anchoredBy": null }, { "acpRef": "312749", "planningRef": "SD21A/0042", "decision": "withdrawn", "decided": "2022-03-08", "demandMW": null, "report": false, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/312749", "anchoredBy": null }, { "acpRef": "317802", "planningRef": "SD22A/0333", "decision": "grant", "decided": "2025-07-31", "demandMW": null, "report": true, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/317802", "anchoredBy": null } ], "firstCompletion": "2017-07-21", "sources": [ "osm:way/1375543041", "osm:way/1231956437", "osm:way/709143741", "osm:way/1004745825", "epa:P1204", "valuation:10036023", "valuation:5015886", "planning:SDCC/SD16A/0214", "planning:SDCC/SD16A/0345", "planning:SDCC/SD17A/0027", "planning:SDCC/SD17A/0141", "planning:SDCC/SD17A/0392", "planning:SDCC/SD18A/0298", "planning:SDCC/SD19A/0042", "planning:SDCC/SD20A/0031", "planning:SDCC/SD21A/0127", "planning:SDCC/SD21A/0042", "planning:SDCC/SD22A/0333", "planning:SDCC/SD23A/0151", "planning:SDCC/SD22A/0025", "planning:SDCC/SD16A/0176", "planning:SDCC/SD19A/0342", "planning:SDCC/SD22A/0105", "planning:SDCC/SD22A/0009", "planning:SDCC/SD22A/0289", "planning:SDCC/SD19A/0004", "acp:300752", "acp:305948", "acp:312749", "acp:317802" ] }, { "id": "national-space-centre-elfordstown-midleton", "name": "National Space Centre Elfordstown, Midleton", "operator": "National Space Centre", "operatorConfidence": "medium", "operatorBasis": [ "OSM operator tag 'National Space Centre Ltd'" ], "place": "Elfordstown, Midleton", "council": null, "lat": 51.95335, "lng": -8.17605, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "low", "statusEvidence": [ "1 building(s) mapped in OSM; no planning, EPA or valuation record found" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 1, "footprintM2": 31203, "osmNames": [ "Elfordstown Earthstation" ], "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": null, "navEur": null, "valuationProperties": null, "planningRefs": null, "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "osm:way/34291029" ] }, { "id": "echelon-crag-avenue-clondalkin", "name": "Echelon Crag Avenue, Clondalkin", "operator": "Echelon", "operatorConfidence": "high", "operatorBasis": [ "EPA licensee 'Crag Digital Limited' -> Echelon (operator SPV; high-confidence entity link from CRO, EPA, planning)", "EPA licensee 'Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited' -> Echelon (operator SPV; high-confidence entity link from CRO, EPA)", "planning applicant", "planning applicant 'Crag Digital Limited' -> Echelon (operator SPV; high-confidence entity link from CRO, EPA, planning)", "other names on records here: eir", "some records attributed by co-location only (no operator in their own source)" ], "place": "Crag Avenue, Clondalkin", "council": "South Dublin", "lat": 53.33102, "lng": -6.38245, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "EPA P1113: on-site generators licensed and in use (Licensable Activity Commenced)", "Valuation list: property 10035536 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Planning SD20A/0309: completion certificate 2025-06-24", "Planning SD19A/0185: completion certificate 2021-11-15" ], "pipeline": { "permitted": [ "Planning SD20A/0242: unstarted, permission live", "Planning SD22A/0093: unstarted, expires within 12 months (expires 2027-08-30)", "Planning SD25A/0257W: commenced (no completion certificate on a main building yet)", "Planning SD25A/0301W: unstarted, permission live (expires 2031-05-19)", "Planning SD20A/0309/EP: unstarted, permission live" ], "proposed": [ "Planning SD24A/0201W: appeal pending" ] }, "buildingsMapped": 2, "footprintM2": 17973, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": 598.2, "role": [ "primary-gas" ], "epaLicences": [ { "ref": "P1113", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1113", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Licensable Activity Commenced", "role": "primary-gas", "ratedThermalMW": 598.2, "avgGridMW2025": null, "locatedBy": null }, { "ref": "P1066", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1066", "status": "Withdrawn", "subStatus": null, "role": "primary-gas", "ratedThermalMW": 487.71, "avgGridMW2025": null, "locatedBy": null } ], "estRatesEur": 2496760, "navEur": 8917000, "valuationProperties": [ 10035536 ], "planningRefs": [ "SD13A/0271", "SD18A/0068", "SD19A/0185", "SD20A/0242", "SD20A/0309", "SD20A/0309/EP", "SD22A/0093", "SD24A/0201W", "SD25A/0257W", "SD25A/0301W" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": [ "SD19A/0185", "SD20A/0242", "SD20A/0309", "SD20A/0309/EP", "SD22A/0093", "SD24A/0201W", "SD25A/0257W", "SD25A/0301W" ], "newBuildFloorAreaM2": 163513, "appealRefs": [ { "acpRef": "243151", "planningRef": "SD13A/0271", "decision": null, "decided": null, "demandMW": null, "report": false, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/243151", "anchoredBy": null }, { "acpRef": "303517", "planningRef": "SD18A/0068", "decision": "withdrawn", "decided": "2019-05-03", "demandMW": null, "report": false, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/303517", "anchoredBy": null }, { "acpRef": "321230", "planningRef": "SD24A/0201W", "decision": null, "decided": null, "demandMW": null, "report": false, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/321230", "anchoredBy": null } ], "firstCompletion": "2021-11-15", "sources": [ "osm:way/1124890822", "osm:way/1124890821", "epa:P1113", "epa:P1066", "valuation:10035536", "planning:SDCC/SD13A/0271", "planning:SDCC/SD18A/0068", "planning:SDCC/SD20A/0242", "planning:SDCC/SD20A/0309", "planning:SDCC/SD22A/0093", "planning:SDCC/SD24A/0201W", "planning:SDCC/SD25A/0257W", "planning:SDCC/SD25A/0301W", "planning:SDCC/SD20A/0309/EP", "planning:SDCC/SD19A/0185", "acp:243151", "acp:303517", "acp:321230" ] }, { "id": "grange-castle-operator-not-identified-1", "name": "Grange Castle (operator not identified) (1)", "operator": "Not identified", "operatorConfidence": null, "operatorBasis": [], "place": "Grange Castle", "council": "South Dublin", "lat": 53.31795, "lng": -6.45401, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "Valuation list: property 10028778 rated as DATA CENTRE" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 1, "footprintM2": 12317, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": 1751680, "navEur": 6256000, "valuationProperties": [ 10028778 ], "planningRefs": null, "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "osm:way/1003210053", "valuation:10028778" ] }, { "id": "digital-realty-park-west", "name": "Digital Realty Park West", "operator": "Digital Realty", "operatorConfidence": "medium", "operatorBasis": [ "OSM operator tag 'Digital Realty'", "some records attributed by co-location only (no operator in their own source)" ], "place": "Park West", "council": "Dublin City", "lat": 53.33271, "lng": -6.36377, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "Valuation list: property 2142575 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Valuation list: property 1543687 rated as DATA CENTRE" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 2, "footprintM2": 9972, "osmNames": [ "Digital Realty DUB1", "Digital Realty DUB2" ], "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": 181492, "navEur": 628000, "valuationProperties": [ 2142575, 1543687 ], "planningRefs": null, "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "osm:way/714007220", "osm:way/714007221", "valuation:2142575", "valuation:1543687" ] }, { "id": "cyrusone-grange-castle-south", "name": "CyrusOne Grange Castle South", "operator": "CyrusOne", "operatorConfidence": "high", "operatorBasis": [ "OSM operator tag 'CyrusOne'", "planning applicant" ], "place": "Grange Castle South", "council": "South Dublin", "lat": 53.31658, "lng": -6.45634, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "Planning SD18A/0134: completion certificate 2021-06-28", "Planning ABP-309146-21: completion certificate 2022-06-23" ], "pipeline": { "under construction": [ "Planning SD20A/0295: commencement notice 2021-05-18, no completion certificate" ], "permitted": [ "Planning SD19A/0300: commenced (no completion certificate on a main building yet)", "Planning SD18A/0134/EP2: unstarted, permission live", "Planning SD20A/0295/EP: unstarted, permission live" ] }, "buildingsMapped": 1, "footprintM2": 9507, "osmNames": [ "CyrusOne DUB1" ], "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": null, "navEur": null, "valuationProperties": null, "planningRefs": [ "ABP-309146-21", "SD18A/0134", "SD18A/0134/EP", "SD18A/0134/EP2", "SD19A/0300", "SD20A/0244", "SD20A/0295", "SD20A/0295/EP" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": 35426, "appealRefs": [ { "acpRef": "302813", "planningRef": "SD18A/0134", "decision": "grant", "decided": "2019-04-18", "demandMW": null, "report": true, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/302813", "anchoredBy": null } ], "firstCompletion": "2021-06-28", "sources": [ "osm:way/868909749", "planning:SDCC/SD18A/0134", "planning:SDCC/SD19A/0300", "planning:SDCC/SD20A/0244", "planning:SDCC/ABP-309146-21", "planning:SDCC/SD20A/0295", "planning:SDCC/SD18A/0134/EP", "planning:SDCC/SD18A/0134/EP2", "planning:SDCC/SD20A/0295/EP", "acp:302813" ] }, { "id": "equinix-northwest-business-park", "name": "Equinix Northwest Business Park", "operator": "Equinix", "operatorConfidence": "high", "operatorBasis": [ "OSM operator tag 'Equinix'", "planning applicant 'Equinix Ireland Ltd.'", "some records attributed by co-location only (no operator in their own source)", "some planning records joined by their planning history (cross-referenced refs, same site) and name no operator themselves" ], "place": "Northwest Business Park", "council": "Fingal", "lat": 53.41151, "lng": -6.34912, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "Valuation list: property 2163452 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Valuation list: property 2149884 rated as DATA CENTRE" ], "pipeline": { "permitted": [ "Planning FW26A/0212E: unstarted (live permission, no commencement notice) (expires 2031-08-26)" ] }, "buildingsMapped": 2, "footprintM2": 8769, "osmNames": [ "Equinix DB3", "Equinix DB4" ], "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": 1029829, "navEur": 5513000, "valuationProperties": [ 2163452, 2149884 ], "planningRefs": [ "FW11A/0036", "FW26A/0204E", "FW26A/0212E" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": [ "FW11A/0036", "FW26A/0204E", "FW26A/0212E" ], "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "osm:way/23750778", "osm:way/23750729", "valuation:2163452", "valuation:2149884", "planning:FINGAL/FW11A/0036", "planning:FINGAL/FW26A/0212E", "planning:FINGAL/FW26A/0204E" ] }, { "id": "pure-dc-orion-business-campus", "name": "Pure DC Orion Business Campus", "operator": "Pure DC", "operatorConfidence": "high", "operatorBasis": [ "EPA licensee 'South Dublin Routing 4 No. 2 Limited' -> Pure DC (operator SPV; high-confidence entity link from BCMS, CRO, EPA, planning, press)", "lifecycle: commencement notices name Pure DUB01", "planning applicant 'South Dublin Routing 4 No. 2 Limited' -> Pure DC (operator SPV; high-confidence entity link from BCMS, CRO, EPA, planning, press)", "planning applicant 'South Dublin Routing 4 No. 2 Limited' -> Pure DC (operator SPV; high-confidence entity link from BCMS, CRO, EPA, planning, press); lifecycle: applicant South Dublin Routing 4 No.2 Ltd, same company as FW24A/0246E", "some records attributed by co-location only (no operator in their own source)" ], "place": "Orion Business Campus", "council": "Fingal", "lat": 53.40773, "lng": -6.3507, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "Valuation list: property 10034774 rated as DATA CENTRE" ], "pipeline": { "under construction": [ "Planning FW18A/0114: commencement notice 2022-04-12, no completion certificate", "Planning FW24A/0246E: commencement notice 2025-02-17, no completion certificate" ], "permitted": [ "EPA P1210: generators licensed, activity not commenced", "Planning FW26A/0021E: unstarted, permission live (expires 2031-07-24)", "Planning FW24A/0012: unstarted (live permission, no commencement notice) (expires 2029-04-08)" ] }, "buildingsMapped": 1, "footprintM2": 8030, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": 196.7, "role": [ "primary-gas" ], "epaLicences": [ { "ref": "P1210", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1210", "status": "Licensed", "subStatus": "Not Commenced", "role": "primary-gas", "ratedThermalMW": 196.72, "avgGridMW2025": null, "locatedBy": "LEAP point is in Co. Wicklow; licence address is Orion Business Campus, Ballycoolin, same company as planning FW24A/0246E" } ], "estRatesEur": 301682, "navEur": 1615000, "valuationProperties": [ 10034774 ], "planningRefs": [ "FW18A/0114", "FW24A/0012", "FW24A/0239E", "FW24A/0246E", "FW26A/0021E" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": [ "FW24A/0012" ], "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": [ { "acpRef": "501133", "planningRef": "FW26A/0021E", "decision": "other", "decided": "2026-07-24", "demandMW": null, "report": true, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/501133", "anchoredBy": null } ], "firstCompletion": "2023-12-18", "sources": [ "osm:way/1125965808", "epa:P1210", "valuation:10034774", "planning:FINGAL/FW18A/0114", "planning:FINGAL/FW24A/0239E", "planning:FINGAL/FW24A/0246E", "planning:FINGAL/FW26A/0021E", "planning:FINGAL/FW24A/0012", "acp:501133" ] }, { "id": "near-clonshaugh-operator-not-identified", "name": "near Clonshaugh (operator not identified)", "operator": "Not identified", "operatorConfidence": null, "operatorBasis": [], "place": "near Clonshaugh", "council": "Dublin City (nearest record)", "lat": 53.40151, "lng": -6.22597, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "low", "statusEvidence": [ "2 building(s) mapped in OSM; no planning, EPA or valuation record found" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 2, "footprintM2": 7543, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": null, "navEur": null, "valuationProperties": null, "planningRefs": null, "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "osm:way/47924347", "osm:way/47924345" ] }, { "id": "digital-realty-profile-park", "name": "Digital Realty Profile Park", "operator": "Digital Realty", "operatorConfidence": "high", "operatorBasis": [ "OSM operator tag 'Digital Realty'", "planning applicant", "some records attributed by co-location only (no operator in their own source)" ], "place": "Profile Park", "council": "South Dublin", "lat": 53.31368, "lng": -6.44229, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "Valuation list: property 5009056 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Planning SD11A/0023: granted pre-2014, same-operator building on the site", "Planning SD12A/0002: granted pre-2014, same-operator building on the site" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 2, "footprintM2": 7411, "osmNames": [ "Digital Realty DUB3", "Digital Realty DUB4" ], "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": 712880, "navEur": 2546000, "valuationProperties": [ 5009056 ], "planningRefs": [ "SD11A/0023", "SD12A/0002", "SD12A/0002/EP", "SD17A/0377", "SD21A/0217" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": 21106, "appealRefs": [ { "acpRef": "314461", "planningRef": "SD21A/0217", "decision": "refuse", "decided": "2024-02-14", "demandMW": 52, "report": true, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/314461", "anchoredBy": null } ], "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "osm:way/691934423", "osm:way/547351129", "valuation:5009056", "planning:SDCC/SD11A/0023", "planning:SDCC/SD12A/0002", "planning:SDCC/SD17A/0377", "planning:SDCC/SD12A/0002/EP", "planning:SDCC/SD21A/0217", "acp:314461" ] }, { "id": "digital-realty-grange-castle", "name": "Digital Realty Grange Castle", "operator": "Digital Realty", "operatorConfidence": "high", "operatorBasis": [ "OSM operator tag 'Digital Realty'", "planning applicant", "valuation list address names it", "some records attributed by co-location only (no operator in their own source)" ], "place": "Grange Castle", "council": "South Dublin", "lat": 53.32941, "lng": -6.44312, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "Valuation list: property 5009737 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Valuation list: property 10030760 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Planning SD15A/0034: completion certificate 2017-01-20", "Planning SD18A/0323: completion certificate 2023-09-08" ], "pipeline": { "under construction": [ "Planning SD22A/0148: commencement notice 2022-11-03, no completion certificate" ] }, "buildingsMapped": 2, "footprintM2": 7284, "osmNames": [ "Digital Realty Dublin DUB3", "Digital Realty Dublin DUB4" ], "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": 659400, "navEur": 2355000, "valuationProperties": [ 5009737, 10030760 ], "planningRefs": [ "SD15A/0034", "SD18A/0323", "SD22A/0148" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": 12910, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": "2017-01-20", "sources": [ "osm:way/538103967", "osm:way/1293518358", "valuation:5009737", "valuation:10030760", "planning:SDCC/SD15A/0034", "planning:SDCC/SD18A/0323", "planning:SDCC/SD22A/0148" ] }, { "id": "keppel-ballycoolin", "name": "Keppel Ballycoolin", "operator": "Keppel", "operatorConfidence": "medium", "operatorBasis": [ "planning address names it 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"footprintM2": 2441, "osmNames": [ "Eir Hosting Services" ], "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": null, "navEur": null, "valuationProperties": null, "planningRefs": null, "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "osm:way/51335423" ] }, { "id": "cix-cork-city", "name": "CIX Cork city", "operator": "CIX", "operatorConfidence": "medium", "operatorBasis": [ "OSM operator tag 'Cork Internet Exchange (CIX)'" ], "place": "Cork city", "council": null, "lat": 51.90359, "lng": -8.51243, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "low", "statusEvidence": [ "1 building(s) mapped in OSM; no planning, EPA or valuation record found" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 1, "footprintM2": 2388, "osmNames": [ "Cork Internet Exchange (CIX)" ], "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": null, "navEur": null, 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"osm:way/702455910" ] }, { "id": "ericsson-athlone", "name": "Ericsson Athlone", "operator": "Ericsson", "operatorConfidence": "medium", "operatorBasis": [ "OSM name 'Ericsson'" ], "place": "Athlone", "council": null, "lat": 53.42971, "lng": -7.89895, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "low", "statusEvidence": [ "1 building(s) mapped in OSM; no planning, EPA or valuation record found" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 1, "footprintM2": 700, "osmNames": [ "Ericsson" ], "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": null, "navEur": null, "valuationProperties": null, "planningRefs": null, "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "osm:way/1560086782" ] }, { "id": "grange-castle-operator-not-identified-2", "name": "Grange Castle (operator not identified) (2)", "operator": "Not identified", "operatorConfidence": null, "operatorBasis": [], "place": "Grange Castle", "council": "South Dublin", "lat": 53.32283, "lng": -6.45663, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "Valuation list: property 5002484 rated as DATA CENTRE" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 0, "footprintM2": null, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": 2458120, "navEur": 8779000, "valuationProperties": [ 5002484 ], "planningRefs": null, "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "valuation:5002484" ] }, { "id": "siemens-shannon", "name": "Siemens Shannon", "operator": "Siemens", "operatorConfidence": "high", "operatorBasis": [ "planning applicant 'Siemens Industry Software Limited' -> Siemens (occupier; high-confidence entity link from CRO, planning)", "some records attributed by co-location only (no operator in their own source)" ], "place": "Shannon", "council": "Clare", "lat": 52.72219, "lng": -8.86335, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "Valuation list: property 2167106 rated as DATA CENTRE" ], "pipeline": { "permitted": [ "Planning 2560472: commenced (BCMS notice, no completion certificate) (expires 2030-12-16)" ] }, "buildingsMapped": 0, "footprintM2": null, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": 247518, "navEur": 959000, "valuationProperties": [ 2167106 ], "planningRefs": [ "2560472" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": [ "2560472" ], "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "valuation:2167106", "planning:CLARE/2560472" ] }, { "id": "dundalk-operator-not-identified", "name": "Dundalk (operator not identified)", "operator": "Not identified", "operatorConfidence": null, "operatorBasis": [], "place": "Dundalk", "council": "Louth", "lat": 53.97666, "lng": -6.39541, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "Valuation list: property 2181210 rated as DATA CENTRE" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 0, "footprintM2": null, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": 191092, "navEur": 855000, "valuationProperties": [ 2181210 ], "planningRefs": null, "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "valuation:2181210" ] }, { "id": "gtt-hibernia-clonshaugh", "name": "GTT (Hibernia) Clonshaugh", "operator": "GTT (Hibernia)", "operatorConfidence": "high", "operatorBasis": [ "valuation list address names it", "some records attributed by co-location only (no operator in their own source)" ], "place": "Clonshaugh", "council": "Dublin City", "lat": 53.40027, "lng": -6.21786, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "Valuation list: property 2207158 rated as DATA CENTRE", "Valuation list: property 733248 rated as DATA CENTRE" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 0, "footprintM2": null, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": 161840, "navEur": 560000, "valuationProperties": [ 2207158, 733248 ], "planningRefs": null, "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "valuation:2207158", "valuation:733248" ] }, { "id": "blanchardstown-operator-not-identified-2", "name": "Blanchardstown (operator not identified) (2)", "operator": "Not identified", "operatorConfidence": null, "operatorBasis": [], "place": "Blanchardstown", "council": "Fingal", "lat": 53.41084, "lng": -6.37167, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "Valuation list: property 2111913 rated as DATA CENTRE" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 0, "footprintM2": null, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": 144396, "navEur": 773000, "valuationProperties": [ 2111913 ], "planningRefs": null, "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "valuation:2111913" ] }, { "id": "long-mile-road-operator-not-identified", "name": "Long Mile Road (operator not identified)", "operator": "Not identified", "operatorConfidence": null, "operatorBasis": [], "place": "Long Mile Road", "council": "Dublin City", "lat": 53.32485, "lng": -6.33522, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "Valuation list: property 2110580 rated as DATA CENTRE" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 0, "footprintM2": null, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": 121669, "navEur": 421000, "valuationProperties": [ 2110580 ], "planningRefs": null, "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "valuation:2110580" ] }, { "id": "national-technology-park-limerick-operator-not-identified", "name": "National Technology Park, Limerick (operator not identified)", "operator": "Not identified", "operatorConfidence": null, "operatorBasis": [], "place": "National Technology Park, Limerick", "council": "Limerick", "lat": 52.67305, "lng": -8.55446, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "Valuation list: property 2198883 rated as DATA CENTRE" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 0, "footprintM2": null, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": 40028, "navEur": 135000, "valuationProperties": [ 2198883 ], "planningRefs": null, "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "valuation:2198883" ] }, { "id": "amazon-aws-leixlip", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Leixlip", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "operatorConfidence": "high", "operatorBasis": [ "EPA licensee 'Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited' -> Amazon (AWS) (operator; high-confidence entity link from EPA)", "some records attributed by co-location only (no operator in their own source)" ], "place": "Leixlip", "council": "Kildare", "lat": 53.35616, "lng": -6.51786, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "Planning 2360047: completion certificate 2026-05-07" ], "pipeline": { "proposed": [ "EPA P1238: licence applied for" ] }, "buildingsMapped": 0, "footprintM2": null, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": 111.4, "role": [ "backup-diesel" ], "epaLicences": [ { "ref": "P1222", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1222", "status": "Compliance Failure/Rejected", "subStatus": null, "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 110.75, "avgGridMW2025": null, "locatedBy": null }, { "ref": "P1238", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1238", "status": "Applied", "subStatus": null, "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 111.4, "avgGridMW2025": null, "locatedBy": "no LEAP coordinates; same Kildare Innovation Campus address as P1222" } ], "estRatesEur": null, "navEur": null, "valuationProperties": null, "planningRefs": [ "2360047" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": 76225, "appealRefs": [ { "acpRef": "312371", "planningRef": "2360047", "decision": "other", "decided": "2024-11-12", "demandMW": null, "report": true, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/312371", "anchoredBy": "s.5 referral on former HP Building 7, Leixlip (Kildare Innovation Campus)" }, { "acpRef": "318151", "planningRef": "2360047", "decision": "other", "decided": "2025-01-03", "demandMW": null, "report": true, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/318151", "anchoredBy": null } ], "firstCompletion": "2026-05-07", "sources": [ "epa:P1222", "epa:P1238", "planning:KILDARE/2360047", "acp:312371", "acp:318151" ] }, { "id": "clonshaugh-operator-not-identified-2", "name": "Clonshaugh (operator not identified) (2)", "operator": "Not identified", "operatorConfidence": null, "operatorBasis": [], "place": "Clonshaugh", "council": "Dublin City", "lat": 53.40818, "lng": -6.2235, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "Planning 3803/20: completion certificate 2022-08-14" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 0, "footprintM2": null, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": null, "navEur": null, "valuationProperties": null, "planningRefs": [ "3803/20" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": 33152, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": "2022-08-14", "sources": [ "planning:DCC/3803/20" ] }, { "id": "dcf-technology-blanchardstown", "name": "DCF Technology Blanchardstown", "operator": "DCF Technology", "operatorConfidence": "high", "operatorBasis": [ "planning applicant", "some planning records joined by their planning history (cross-referenced refs, same site) and name no operator themselves" ], "place": "Blanchardstown", "council": "Fingal", "lat": 53.40408, "lng": -6.36348, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "Planning FW15A/0135: completion certificate 2017-01-04", "Planning FW17A/0237: completion certificate 2019-06-14" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 0, "footprintM2": null, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": null, "navEur": null, "valuationProperties": null, "planningRefs": [ "FW13A/0067", "FW15A/0135", "FW17A/0237" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": [ "FW13A/0067", "FW15A/0135" ], "newBuildFloorAreaM2": 4055, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": "2017-01-04", "sources": [ "planning:FINGAL/FW13A/0067", "planning:FINGAL/FW15A/0135", "planning:FINGAL/FW17A/0237" ] }, { "id": "digital-realty-clonshaugh", "name": "Digital Realty Clonshaugh", "operator": "Digital Realty", "operatorConfidence": "medium", "operatorBasis": [ "OSM operator tag 'Digital Realty'", "planning description: 'Digital Realty intend to apply'" ], "place": "Clonshaugh", "council": "Dublin City", "lat": 53.40014, "lng": -6.21644, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "low", "statusEvidence": [ "1 building(s) mapped in OSM; no planning, EPA or valuation record found" ], "pipeline": { "proposed": [ "Planning WEB3053/26: pending decision" ] }, "buildingsMapped": 1, "footprintM2": null, "osmNames": [ "Digital Realty DUB11" ], "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": null, "navEur": null, "valuationProperties": null, "planningRefs": [ "WEB3053/26" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": [ "WEB3053/26" ], "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "osm:node/12760190386", "planning:DCC/WEB3053/26" ] }, { "id": "galway-operator-not-identified", "name": "Galway (operator not identified)", "operator": "Not identified", "operatorConfidence": null, "operatorBasis": [], "place": "Galway", "council": null, "lat": 53.28069, "lng": -9.05976, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "low", "statusEvidence": [ "1 building(s) mapped in OSM; no planning, EPA or valuation record found" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 1, "footprintM2": null, "osmNames": [ "ISS Data Centre South (DCS)" ], "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": null, "navEur": null, "valuationProperties": null, "planningRefs": null, "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "osm:node/6696027683" ] }, { "id": "gemini-dc-fund-ballycoolin", "name": "Gemini DC Fund Ballycoolin", "operator": "Gemini DC Fund", "operatorConfidence": "high", "operatorBasis": [ "planning applicant", "planning applicant 'Gemini DC Fund'" ], "place": "Ballycoolin", "council": "Fingal", "lat": 53.40654, "lng": -6.35652, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "Planning FW16A/0159: completion certificate 2018-04-10" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 0, "footprintM2": null, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": null, "navEur": null, "valuationProperties": null, "planningRefs": [ "FW16A/0159", "FW17A/0103" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": [ "FW17A/0103" ], "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": "2018-04-10", "sources": [ "planning:FINGAL/FW16A/0159", "planning:FINGAL/FW17A/0103" ] }, { "id": "government-ogcio-backweston-celbridge", "name": "Government (OGCIO) Backweston, Celbridge", "operator": "Government (OGCIO)", "operatorConfidence": "high", "operatorBasis": [ "planning applicant 'Office of the Government Chief Information Officer' -> Government (OGCIO) (operator (state); high-confidence entity link from planning); lifecycle: commencement notice: 'Public Sector Data Centre'" ], "place": "Backweston, Celbridge", "council": "Kildare", "lat": 53.33952, "lng": -6.49758, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "high", "statusEvidence": [ "Planning 19164: completion certificate 2025-05-07" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 0, "footprintM2": null, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": null, "navEur": null, "valuationProperties": null, "planningRefs": [ "19164" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": 13590, "appealRefs": [ { "acpRef": "305962", "planningRef": "19164", "decision": "grant", "decided": "2020-03-11", "demandMW": 3.5, "report": true, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/305962", "anchoredBy": null } ], "firstCompletion": "2025-05-07", "sources": [ "planning:KILDARE/19164", "acp:305962" ] }, { "id": "keppel-citywest", "name": "Keppel Citywest", "operator": "Keppel", "operatorConfidence": "medium", "operatorBasis": [ "planning address names it ('Keppel Data Centre, Citywest Avenue, Citywest Business Campu')", "some records attributed by co-location only (no operator in their own source)" ], "place": "Citywest", "council": "South Dublin", "lat": 53.29155, "lng": -6.41647, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "medium", "statusEvidence": [ "Planning SD22A/0013: description refers to an existing data centre", "Planning SD23A/0339: description refers to an existing data centre" ], "pipeline": { "permitted": [ "Planning SD22A/0013: unstarted, permission live", "Planning SD23A/0339: unstarted, permission live" ] }, "buildingsMapped": 0, "footprintM2": null, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": null, "navEur": null, "valuationProperties": null, "planningRefs": [ "SD22A/0013", "SD23A/0339" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": [ { "acpRef": "313603", "planningRef": "SD22A/0013", "decision": "grant", "decided": "2023-08-01", "demandMW": null, "report": true, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/313603", "anchoredBy": null }, { "acpRef": "320651", "planningRef": "SD23A/0339", "decision": "other", "decided": "2025-07-22", "demandMW": null, "report": true, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/320651", "anchoredBy": null } ], "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "planning:SDCC/SD22A/0013", "planning:SDCC/SD23A/0339", "acp:313603", "acp:320651" ] }, { "id": "kilmainham-operator-not-identified", "name": "Kilmainham (operator not identified)", "operator": "Not identified", "operatorConfidence": null, "operatorBasis": [], "place": "Kilmainham", "council": "Dublin City", "lat": 53.3453, "lng": -6.29569, "status": "operating", "statusConfidence": "medium", "statusEvidence": [ "Planning 4282/22: description refers to an existing data centre" ], "pipeline": { "permitted": [ "Planning 4377/22: unstarted, permission live" ] }, "buildingsMapped": 0, "footprintM2": null, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": null, "navEur": null, "valuationProperties": null, "planningRefs": [ "4282/22", "4377/22" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "planning:DCC/4282/22", "planning:DCC/4377/22" ] }, { "id": "microsoft-huntstown", "name": "Microsoft Huntstown", "operator": "Microsoft", "operatorConfidence": "medium", "operatorBasis": [ "lifecycle: commencement notices name MSFT DUB40/41", "some records attributed by co-location only (no operator in their own source)" ], "place": "Huntstown", "council": "Fingal", "lat": 53.41157, "lng": -6.31949, "status": "under construction", "statusConfidence": "medium", "statusEvidence": [ "Planning FW21A/0151: commencement notice 2025-10-17, no completion certificate", "1 building(s) mapped in OSM but no completion certificate, EPA commencement or valuation entry yet" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 1, "footprintM2": 35728, "osmNames": [ "Data Centre - DUB 40" ], "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": null, "navEur": null, "valuationProperties": null, "planningRefs": [ "FW21A/0151" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": [ { "acpRef": "313564", "planningRef": "FW21A/0151", "decision": "invalid", "decided": "2022-05-12", "demandMW": null, "report": false, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/313564", "anchoredBy": "same description as FW21A/0151 (2 data halls, EIAR); invalid appeal" }, { "acpRef": "313583", "planningRef": "FW21A/0151", "decision": "grant", "decided": "2025-03-21", "demandMW": 150, "report": true, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/313583", "anchoredBy": null } ], "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "osm:way/1460367741", "planning:FINGAL/FW21A/0151", "acp:313564", "acp:313583" ] }, { "id": "echelon-arklow", "name": "Echelon Arklow", "operator": "Echelon", "operatorConfidence": "high", "operatorBasis": [ "EPA licensee 'Crag Arklow Limited' -> Echelon (operator SPV; high-confidence entity link from CRO, EPA, planning)", "EPA licensee 'Crag Digital Avoca Limited' -> Echelon (operator SPV; high-confidence entity link from CRO, EPA, planning, press)", "OSM name 'Echelon Data Centres'", "planning applicant 'Crag Arklow Limited' -> Echelon (operator SPV; high-confidence entity link from CRO, EPA, planning); lifecycle: inferred, as 18914" ], "place": "Arklow", "council": "Wicklow", "lat": 52.81155, "lng": -6.1797, "status": "under construction", "statusConfidence": "medium", "statusEvidence": [ "2 building(s) mapped in OSM but no completion certificate, EPA commencement or valuation entry yet" ], "pipeline": { "permitted": [ "Planning 211080: unstarted, permission live", "Planning 2372: unstarted, permission live (expires 2028-07-24)", "Planning 2560594: unstarted, permission live (expires 2031-06-01)", "Planning 2560806: unstarted, permission live (expires 2031-01-12)", "Planning 23843: unstarted (live permission, no commencement notice) (expires 2029-04-29)" ], "proposed": [ "EPA P1240: licence applied for" ] }, "buildingsMapped": 2, "footprintM2": 25833, "osmNames": [ "Echelon Data Centres" ], "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": 456, "role": [ "backup-diesel" ], "epaLicences": [ { "ref": "P1240", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1240", "status": "Applied", "subStatus": null, "role": "backup-diesel", "ratedThermalMW": 456, "avgGridMW2025": null, "locatedBy": "no LEAP coordinates; same Avoca River Park site as withdrawn P1202" }, { "ref": "P1202", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1202", "status": "Withdrawn", "subStatus": null, "role": "primary-gas", "ratedThermalMW": 580.65, "avgGridMW2025": null, "locatedBy": null } ], "estRatesEur": null, "navEur": null, "valuationProperties": null, "planningRefs": [ "18914", "18940", "201247", "201285", "211080", "2372", "23843", "2560594", "2560806", "SI202102" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": [ "23843", "2560594", "2560806", "SI202102" ], "newBuildFloorAreaM2": 141709, "appealRefs": [ { "acpRef": "303938", "planningRef": "18940", "decision": "grant", "decided": "2019-07-17", "demandMW": null, "report": true, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/303938", "anchoredBy": null } ], "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "osm:way/1559986487", "osm:way/1559986488", "epa:P1240", "epa:P1202", "planning:WICKLOW/18914", "planning:WICKLOW/18940", "planning:WICKLOW/201247", "planning:WICKLOW/201285", "planning:WICKLOW/211080", "planning:WICKLOW/2372", "planning:WICKLOW/2560594", "planning:WICKLOW/2560806", "planning:WICKLOW/23843", "planning:WICKLOW/SI202102", "acp:303938" ] }, { "id": "vantage-profile-park", "name": "Vantage Profile Park", "operator": "Vantage", "operatorConfidence": "high", "operatorBasis": [ "EPA licensee 'Vantage Data Centers DUB11 Limited' -> Vantage (operator SPV; high-confidence entity link from EPA)", "planning applicant", "planning applicant 'Vantage Data Centers DUB11 Limited' -> Vantage (operator SPV; high-confidence entity link from EPA)", "some records attributed by co-location only (no operator in their own source)", "some planning records joined by their planning history (cross-referenced refs, same site) and name no operator themselves" ], "place": "Profile Park", "council": "South Dublin", "lat": 53.31669, "lng": -6.44402, "status": "under construction", "statusConfidence": "medium", "statusEvidence": [ "Planning SD21A/0241: commencement notice 2023-04-20, no completion certificate", "Planning SD25A/0102W: commencement notice 2025-09-18, no completion certificate", "2 building(s) mapped in OSM but no completion certificate, EPA commencement or valuation entry yet" ], "pipeline": { "permitted": [ "Planning SD24A/0162W: commenced (no completion certificate on a main building yet)", "Planning SD23A/0291: unstarted (live permission, no commencement notice) (expires 2029-04-07)", "Planning SD23A/0035: unstarted (live permission, no commencement notice) (expires 2028-07-25)" ], "proposed": [ "EPA P1227: licence applied for" ] }, "buildingsMapped": 2, "footprintM2": 18297, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": 492.2, "role": [ "primary-gas" ], "epaLicences": [ { "ref": "P1203", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1203", "status": "Compliance Failure/Rejected", "subStatus": null, "role": "primary-gas", "ratedThermalMW": 508, "avgGridMW2025": null, "locatedBy": null }, { "ref": "P1227", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1227", "status": "Applied", "subStatus": null, "role": "primary-gas", "ratedThermalMW": 492.19, "avgGridMW2025": null, "locatedBy": null } ], "estRatesEur": null, "navEur": null, "valuationProperties": null, "planningRefs": [ "SD20A/0124", "SD21A/0241", "SD22A/0420", "SD23A/0035", "SD23A/0291", "SD24A/0162W", "SD25A/0102W" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": [ "SD20A/0124", "SD23A/0035", "SD23A/0291", "SD25A/0102W" ], "newBuildFloorAreaM2": 57595, "appealRefs": [ { "acpRef": "313787", "planningRef": "SD21A/0241", "decision": "withdrawn", "decided": "2022-07-04", "demandMW": null, "report": false, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/313787", "anchoredBy": null }, { "acpRef": "317446", "planningRef": "SD22A/0420", "decision": "refuse", "decided": "2025-04-04", "demandMW": null, "report": true, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/317446", "anchoredBy": null } ], "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "osm:way/1456362248", "osm:way/1456362247", "epa:P1203", "epa:P1227", "planning:SDCC/SD21A/0241", "planning:SDCC/SD22A/0420", "planning:SDCC/SD24A/0162W", "planning:SDCC/SD25A/0102W", "planning:SDCC/SD23A/0291", "planning:SDCC/SD23A/0035", "planning:SDCC/SD20A/0124", "acp:313787", "acp:317446" ] }, { "id": "little-island-cork-operator-not-identified-1", "name": "Little Island, Cork (operator not identified) (1)", "operator": "Not identified", "operatorConfidence": null, "operatorBasis": [], "place": "Little Island, Cork", "council": "Cork County", "lat": 51.89947, "lng": -8.36784, "status": "under construction", "statusConfidence": "medium", "statusEvidence": [ "Planning 17/5895: commencement notice 2022-09-21, no completion certificate", "1 building(s) mapped in OSM but no completion certificate, EPA commencement or valuation entry yet" ], "pipeline": { "permitted": [ "Planning 17/6980: unstarted, permission live (expires 2028-02-26)", "Planning 21/5226: unstarted, permission live", "Planning 22/6358: unstarted, permission live", "Planning 23/5015: unstarted, permission live", "Planning 23/5131: unstarted, permission live", "Planning 25/4033: unstarted, permission live" ] }, "buildingsMapped": 1, "footprintM2": 7897, "osmNames": [ "EPARK DC1" ], "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": null, "navEur": null, "valuationProperties": null, "planningRefs": [ "16/5011", "17/5895", "17/6980", "21/5226", "22/6358", "23/5015", "23/5131", "25/4033" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "osm:way/1422131657", "planning:CORKCO/16/5011", "planning:CORKCO/17/5895", "planning:CORKCO/17/6980", "planning:CORKCO/21/5226", "planning:CORKCO/22/6358", "planning:CORKCO/23/5015", "planning:CORKCO/23/5131", "planning:CORKCO/25/4033" ] }, { "id": "equinix-profile-park", "name": "Equinix Profile Park", "operator": "Equinix", "operatorConfidence": "high", "operatorBasis": [ "OSM operator tag 'Equinix'", "planning applicant", "planning applicant 'Equinix Ireland Ltd'" ], "place": "Profile Park", "council": "South Dublin", "lat": 53.3184, "lng": -6.44072, "status": "under construction", "statusConfidence": "medium", "statusEvidence": [ "1 building(s) mapped 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null, "buildingsMapped": 0, "footprintM2": null, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": null, "navEur": null, "valuationProperties": null, "planningRefs": [ "21757" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": 118740, "appealRefs": [ { "acpRef": "314474", "planningRef": "21757", "decision": "grant", "decided": "2024-04-05", "demandMW": 200, "report": true, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/314474", "anchoredBy": null } ], "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "planning:CLARE/21757", "acp:314474" ] }, { "id": "blanchardstown-operator-not-identified-3", "name": "Blanchardstown (operator not identified) (3)", "operator": "Not identified", "operatorConfidence": null, "operatorBasis": [], "place": "Blanchardstown", "council": "Fingal", "lat": 53.40759, "lng": -6.4156, "status": "permitted", "statusConfidence": "medium", "statusEvidence": [ "Planning FW21A/0046: unstarted, permission live 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"other names on records here: EngineNode" ], "place": "Bracetown", "council": "Meath", "lat": 53.42851, "lng": -6.45318, "status": "proposed", "statusConfidence": "medium", "statusEvidence": [ "EPA P1239: licence applied for" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 0, "footprintM2": null, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": 543.6, "role": [ "primary-hvo" ], "epaLicences": [ { "ref": "P1229", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1229", "status": "Withdrawn", "subStatus": null, "role": "primary-hvo", "ratedThermalMW": 271.54, "avgGridMW2025": null, "locatedBy": null }, { "ref": "P1239", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1239", "status": "Applied", "subStatus": null, "role": "primary-hvo", "ratedThermalMW": 543.64, "avgGridMW2025": null, "locatedBy": "no LEAP coordinates; same Bracetown site as withdrawn P1229" } ], "estRatesEur": null, "navEur": null, "valuationProperties": null, "planningRefs": [ "RA191560" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": [ "RA191560" ], "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "epa:P1229", "epa:P1239", "planning:MEATH/RA191560" ] }, { "id": "avaio-digital-killala", "name": "Avaio Digital Killala", "operator": "Avaio Digital", "operatorConfidence": "high", "operatorBasis": [ "planning applicant 'Mayo Data Hub Limited' -> Avaio Digital (operator SPV; high-confidence entity link from planning, press)" ], "place": "Killala", "council": "Mayo", "lat": 54.19136, "lng": -9.22073, "status": "lapsed", "statusConfidence": "medium", "statusEvidence": [ "Planning 2460708: refused (decisionSource: ACP case page 2026-09-15 (snapshot 2026-10-06))" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 0, "footprintM2": null, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": null, "navEur": null, "valuationProperties": null, "planningRefs": [ "2460708" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": [ { "acpRef": "322575", "planningRef": "2460708", "decision": "Refuse Permission", "decided": "2026-09-15", "decisionSource": "ACP case page 2026-09-15 (snapshot 2026-10-06)", "demandMW": null, "report": false, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/322575", "anchoredBy": null } ], "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "planning:MAYO/2460708", "acp:322575" ] }, { "id": "ballycoolin-operator-not-identified", "name": "Ballycoolin (operator not identified)", "operator": "Not identified", "operatorConfidence": null, "operatorBasis": [], "place": "Ballycoolin", "council": "Fingal", "lat": 53.41516, "lng": -6.36087, "status": "lapsed", "statusConfidence": "medium", "statusEvidence": [ "Planning FW23A/0184: refused" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 0, "footprintM2": null, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": null, "navEur": null, "valuationProperties": null, "planningRefs": [ "FW23A/0184" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": [ { "acpRef": "318790", "planningRef": "FW23A/0184", "decision": "withdrawn", "decided": "2025-05-20", "demandMW": null, "report": false, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/318790", "anchoredBy": null } ], "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "planning:FINGAL/FW23A/0184", "acp:318790" ] }, { "id": "blanchardstown-operator-not-identified-4", "name": "Blanchardstown (operator not identified) (4)", "operator": "Not identified", "operatorConfidence": null, "operatorBasis": [], "place": "Blanchardstown", "council": "Fingal", "lat": 53.41581, "lng": -6.41364, "status": "lapsed", "statusConfidence": "medium", "statusEvidence": [ "Planning FW19A/0232: lapsed without commencement notice" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 0, "footprintM2": null, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": null, "navEur": null, "valuationProperties": null, "planningRefs": [ "FW19A/0232" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": 48303, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "planning:FINGAL/FW19A/0232" ] }, { "id": "kilcarbery-operator-not-identified", "name": "Kilcarbery (operator not identified)", "operator": "Not identified", "operatorConfidence": null, "operatorBasis": [], "place": "Kilcarbery", "council": "South Dublin", "lat": 53.31921, "lng": -6.44351, "status": "lapsed", "statusConfidence": "medium", "statusEvidence": [ "Planning ED17/0028: s.5 declaration (2017), nothing later" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 0, "footprintM2": null, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": null, "navEur": null, "valuationProperties": null, "planningRefs": [ "ED17/0028" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "planning:SDCC/ED17/0028" ] }, { "id": "lifford-operator-not-identified", "name": "Lifford (operator not identified)", "operator": "Not identified", "operatorConfidence": null, "operatorBasis": [], "place": "Lifford", "council": "Donegal", "lat": 55.0382, "lng": -7.36835, "status": "lapsed", "statusConfidence": "medium", "statusEvidence": [ "Planning 1850236: lapsed without commencement notice" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 0, "footprintM2": null, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": null, "navEur": null, "valuationProperties": null, "planningRefs": [ "1850236" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "planning:DONEGAL/1850236" ] }, { "id": "newtownmountkennedy-operator-not-identified", "name": "Newtownmountkennedy (operator not identified)", "operator": "Not identified", "operatorConfidence": null, "operatorBasis": [], "place": "Newtownmountkennedy", "council": "Wicklow", "lat": 53.107, "lng": -6.11221, "status": "lapsed", "statusConfidence": "medium", "statusEvidence": [ "Planning 24306: refused" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 0, "footprintM2": null, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": null, "navEur": null, "valuationProperties": null, "planningRefs": [ "24306" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": [ { "acpRef": "320699", "planningRef": "24306", "decision": "invalid", "decided": "2024-08-27", "demandMW": null, "report": false, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/320699", "anchoredBy": "s.42 extension of PRR 10/2123, Mountkennedy" } ], "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "planning:WICKLOW/24306", "acp:320699" ] }, { "id": "ovens-cork-operator-not-identified", "name": "Ovens, Cork (operator not identified)", "operator": "Not identified", "operatorConfidence": null, "operatorBasis": [], "place": "Ovens, Cork", "council": "Cork County", "lat": 51.8772, "lng": -8.63982, "status": "lapsed", "statusConfidence": "medium", "statusEvidence": [ "Planning 14/6757: lapsed without commencement notice" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 0, "footprintM2": null, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": null, "navEur": null, "valuationProperties": null, "planningRefs": [ "14/6757" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": null, "newBuildFloorAreaM2": null, "appealRefs": null, "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "planning:CORKCO/14/6757" ] }, { "id": "turvey-donabate-operator-not-identified", "name": "Turvey, Donabate (operator not identified)", "operator": "Not identified", "operatorConfidence": null, "operatorBasis": [], "place": "Turvey, Donabate", "council": "Fingal", "lat": 53.49324, "lng": -6.20094, "status": "lapsed", "statusConfidence": "medium", "statusEvidence": [ "Planning F15A/0266: lapsed without commencement notice", "Planning F16A/0189: expired (no commencement notice of its own; works may sit under the parent permission)" ], "pipeline": null, "buildingsMapped": 0, "footprintM2": null, "osmNames": null, "gridMWAvg2025": null, "onsitePlantMWth": null, "role": null, "epaLicences": null, "estRatesEur": null, "navEur": null, "valuationProperties": null, "planningRefs": [ "F15A/0266", "F16A/0189" ], "planningRefsFoundByModel": [ "F16A/0189" ], "newBuildFloorAreaM2": 7032, "appealRefs": [ { "acpRef": "245778", "planningRef": "F15A/0266", "decision": null, "decided": null, "demandMW": null, "report": false, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/245778", "anchoredBy": null } ], "firstCompletion": null, "sources": [ "planning:FINGAL/F15A/0266", "planning:FINGAL/F16A/0189", "acp:245778" ] } ], "hiddenApplications": { "note": "Data-centre applications whose description never says 'data centre' (pipelines/ml_hidden_dc, review verdict confirmed/likely), placed on campuses by hand from their planning history (HIDDEN_PLACEMENT).", "placed": 66, "notPlaced": [ { "key": "SDCC|SD11A/0121", "placed": false, "why": "Elume 'electronic technology facility' (likely): no later record and two operators within 350 m; left for the owner to judge" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD25A/0251W", "placed": false, "why": "access road for the Regional Network Gateway; the RNG itself is excluded (network building)" } ], "items": [ { "key": "FINGAL|FW12A/0116", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:FW24A/0214E", "operator": null, "status": "pre-BCMS (no notice expected)", "why": "Building B10, IDA Ballycoolin: later 'Keppel Unit B10' (KDCR (Ireland) 2, FW19A/0147-FW20A/0154)", "via": "lifecycle (widened filter)" }, { "key": "FINGAL|FW13A/0067", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:FW17A/0237", "operator": null, "status": "pre-BCMS (no notice expected)", "why": "Hexagon Building (FW17A/0237 extends the 'existing Hexagon data storage facility')", "via": "lifecycle (widened filter)" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD14A/0091", "placed": true, "anchor": "epa:P1177", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "status": "commenced (no completion certificate on a main building yet)", "why": "extension to 'existing DUB09 building', Adsil complex", "via": "lifecycle (widened filter)" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD14A/0232", "placed": true, "anchor": "epa:P1177", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "status": "completed (completion certificate)", "why": "former Shinko building beside the Adsil complex; Amazon's 'electrical rooms for electronic operations' wording; no applicant published", "via": "lifecycle (widened filter)" }, { "key": "FINGAL|FW15A/0135", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:FW17A/0237", "operator": null, "status": "completed (completion certificate)", "why": "Hexagon Building", "via": "lifecycle (widened filter)" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD16A/0093", "placed": true, "anchor": "epa:P1173", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "status": "completed (completion certificate)", "why": "former Jacob's site, same wording; no applicant published", "via": "lifecycle (widened filter)" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD18A/0219", "placed": true, "anchor": "epa:P1173", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "status": "completed (completion certificate)", "why": "Amazon 'data storage centre', former Jacob's site", "via": "lifecycle (widened filter)" }, { "key": "MEATH|RA191560", "placed": true, "anchor": "epa:P1229", "operator": "EngineNode", "status": "withdrawn/invalid/undecided", "why": "4 data storage buildings, Bracetown & Gunnocks; EPA P1229/P1239 same site", "via": "lifecycle (widened filter)" }, { "key": "WICKLOW|201088", "placed": true, "anchor": "own operator", "operator": "Echelon", "status": "lapsed without commencement notice", "why": "3 ICT facility buildings, Kish Business Park (new campus)", "via": "lifecycle (widened filter)" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD20A/0242", "placed": true, "anchor": "epa:P1113", "operator": "Echelon", "status": "unstarted, permission live", "why": "access to the data storage centre permitted under SD18A/0068", "via": "lifecycle (widened filter)" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD20A/0309", "placed": true, "anchor": "epa:P1113", "operator": "Echelon", "status": "completed (completion certificate)", "why": "4 ICT facility buildings, supersedes SD13A/0271/SD18A/0068", "via": "lifecycle (widened filter)" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD20A/0324", "placed": true, "anchor": "epa:P1165", "operator": "Data & Power Hub", "status": "commenced (no completion certificate on a main building yet)", "why": "2 ICT facility buildings", "via": "lifecycle (widened filter)" }, { "key": "DCC|3600/21", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:3640/21", "operator": null, "status": "withdrawn/invalid/undecided", "why": "same scheme as 3640/21 (invalid)", "via": "lifecycle (widened filter)" }, { "key": "DCC|3640/21", "placed": true, "anchor": "own operator", "operator": null, "status": "withdrawn/invalid/undecided", "why": "Willsborough Unit B 'data storage use' (withdrawn)", "via": "lifecycle (widened filter)" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD22A/0093", "placed": true, "anchor": "epa:P1113", "operator": "Echelon", "status": "unstarted, expires within 12 months", "why": "amends SD20A/0309", "via": "lifecycle (widened filter)" }, { "key": "FINGAL|FW22A/0257", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:FW21A/0222", "operator": null, "status": "unstarted, permission live", "why": "CGTD: warehouse -> energy centre 'to power 2 data storage buildings'", "via": "lifecycle (widened filter)" }, { "key": "WICKLOW|2488", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:201088", "operator": "Echelon", "status": "unstarted, permission live", "why": "replaces 20/1088's buildings with 5 + energy centre", "via": "lifecycle (widened filter)" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD24A/0201W", "placed": true, "anchor": "epa:P1113", "operator": "Echelon", "status": "appeal pending", "why": "new ICT facility building (refused)", "via": "lifecycle (widened filter)" }, { "key": "WICKLOW|2560594", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:211080", "operator": "Echelon", "status": "unstarted, permission live", "why": "ICT facility buildings east of Avoca River Park (Crag Arklow Ltd)", "via": "lifecycle (widened filter)" }, { "key": "WICKLOW|2560806", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:211080", "operator": "Echelon", "status": "unstarted, permission live", "why": "amends 23/72, Avoca River Park", "via": "lifecycle (widened filter)" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD25A/0257W", "placed": true, "anchor": "epa:P1113", "operator": "Echelon", "status": "commenced (no completion certificate on a main building yet)", "why": "generator structure between ICT Facility 2 and 3", "via": "lifecycle (widened filter)" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD25A/0301W", "placed": true, "anchor": "epa:P1113", "operator": "Echelon", "status": "unstarted, permission live", "why": "retains amendments to SD20A/0309", "via": "lifecycle (widened filter)" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD20A/0324/EP", "placed": true, "anchor": "epa:P1165", "operator": "Data & Power Hub", "status": "commenced (no completion certificate on a main building yet)", "why": "extension of duration of SD20A/0324", "via": "lifecycle (widened filter)" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD20A/0309/EP", "placed": true, "anchor": "epa:P1113", "operator": "Echelon", "status": "unstarted, permission live", "why": "extension of duration of SD20A/0309", "via": "lifecycle (widened filter)" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD25A/0071W", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:SD07A/0632", "operator": "Microsoft", "status": "unstarted (live permission, no commencement notice)", "why": "within the Microsoft Grange Castle campus, beside its substation" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD11A/0121", "placed": false, "why": "Elume 'electronic technology facility' (likely): no later record and two operators within 350 m; left for the owner to judge" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD22A/0025", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:SD19A/0042", "operator": null, "status": "unstarted (live permission, no commencement notice)", "why": "retention of the same gas plant as SD19A/0342; no applicant published" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD16A/0176", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:SD19A/0042", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "status": "commenced (BCMS notice, no completion certificate)", "why": "enabling works, The Grange, Ballymakaily" }, { "key": "WICKLOW|23843", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:211080", "operator": "Echelon", "status": "unstarted (live permission, no commencement notice)", "why": "amends 21/1080, Avoca River Park" }, { "key": "CLARE|2560472", "placed": true, "anchor": "val:2167106", "operator": "Siemens", "status": "commenced (BCMS notice, no completion certificate)", "why": "Siemens plant compound on an existing building; same point as the Shannon valuation-list DATA CENTRE property (likely)" }, { "key": "WICKLOW|SI202102", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:211080", "operator": "Echelon", "status": "lapsed (undecided in the register)", "why": "110 kV GIS substation, Avoca River Park" }, { "key": "WICKLOW|2362", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:201088", "operator": null, "status": "unstarted (live permission, no commencement notice)", "why": "amends 20/1088" }, { "key": "FINGAL|F16A/0189", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:F15A/0266", "operator": null, "status": "expired (no commencement notice of its own; works may sit under the parent permission)", "why": "110 kV substation for McHale's Staffordstown data-centre permission" }, { "key": "FINGAL|FW11A/0036", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:FW26A/0212E", "operator": null, "status": "pre-BCMS (granted before commencement notices; build not verified)", "why": "Unit 2 Northwest Business Park, the Equinix building of FW26A/0212E" }, { "key": "DCC|WEB3053/26", "placed": true, "anchor": "own operator", "operator": "Digital Realty", "status": "pending decision", "why": "Digital Realty International Exchange Centre, Clonshaugh (description names it)" }, { "key": "FINGAL|FW21A/0222", "placed": true, "anchor": "own operator", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "status": "unstarted (live permission, no commencement notice)", "why": "EdgeConneX Ballycoolin I: modifies FW21A/0077 (new campus at Bay, Corduff Road)" }, { "key": "FINGAL|FW24A/0012", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:FW18A/0114", "operator": "Pure DC", "status": "unstarted (live permission, no commencement notice)", "why": "Pure DC Orion substation + generator" }, { "key": "FINGAL|FW26A/0212E", "placed": true, "anchor": "own operator", "operator": "Equinix", "status": "unstarted (live permission, no commencement notice)", "why": "Equinix, Unit 02 Northwest Business Park" }, { "key": "FINGAL|FW21A/0009", "placed": true, "anchor": "epa:P1143", "operator": "K2 Strategic", "status": "expired (no commencement notice of its own; works may sit under the parent permission)", "why": "K2 substation switchgear" }, { "key": "FINGAL|FW26A/0204E", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:FW26A/0212E", "operator": "Equinix", "status": "withdrawn/invalid/undecided", "why": "invalid twin of FW26A/0212E" }, { "key": "FINGAL|FW17A/0103", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:FW16A/0159", "operator": "Gemini DC Fund", "status": "expired (no commencement notice of its own; works may sit under the parent permission)", "why": "modifies the substation permitted under FW16A/0159" }, { "key": "FINGAL|FW20A/0164", "placed": true, "anchor": "epa:P1182", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "status": "completed (completion certificate)", "why": "MIK Developments (Amazon SPV) MV substation, Cruiserath landholding" }, { "key": "FINGAL|FW17A/0205", "placed": true, "anchor": "epa:P1168", "operator": "Equinix", "status": "expired (no commencement notice of its own; works may sit under the parent permission)", "why": "Equinix, Clyde House" }, { "key": "FINGAL|FW21A/0039", "placed": true, "anchor": "epa:P1182", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "status": "expired (no commencement notice of its own; works may sit under the parent permission)", "why": "MIK Developments (Amazon SPV), same Cruiserath landholding" }, { "key": "FINGAL|FW21A/0077", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:FW21A/0222", "operator": null, "status": "unstarted (live permission, no commencement notice)", "why": "CGTD 'warehouse/logistics building' modified by EdgeConneX" }, { "key": "FINGAL|FW21A/0176", "placed": true, "anchor": "epa:P1168", "operator": "Equinix", "status": "unstarted (live permission, no commencement notice)", "why": "revisions to FW20A/0087" }, { "key": "FINGAL|FW20A/0181", "placed": true, "anchor": "epa:P1143", "operator": "K2 Strategic", "status": "unstarted (live permission, no commencement notice)", "why": "amends FW19A/0089" }, { "key": "SDCC|ED24/0062", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:SD21A/0186", "operator": "Equinix", "status": "declaration", "why": "canopies over existing generator compounds, Unit 7 Kilcarbery" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD25A/0102W", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:SD21A/0241", "operator": "Vantage", "status": "commenced (BCMS notice, no completion certificate)", "why": "amends SD21A/0241" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD23A/0291", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:SD21A/0241", "operator": "Vantage", "status": "unstarted (live permission, no commencement notice)", "why": "amends SD21A/0241" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD19A/0342", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:SD19A/0042", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "status": "expired (no commencement notice of its own; works may sit under the parent permission)", "why": "temporary gas plant behind Takeda (EdgeConneX applicant)" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD24A/0188W", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:SD07A/0632", "operator": "Microsoft", "status": "unstarted (live permission, no commencement notice)", "why": "within the Microsoft Grange Castle campus" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD22A/0105", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:SD19A/0042", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "status": "completed (completion certificate)", "why": "amends the substation permitted under SD19A/0042" }, { "key": "SDCC|ED23/0037", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:SD07A/0632", "operator": "Microsoft", "status": "declaration", "why": "DUB06 shredding room (exemption)" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD19A/0185", "placed": true, "anchor": "epa:P1113", "operator": "Echelon", "status": "completed (completion certificate)", "why": "110 kV substation, alters SD13A/0271/SD18A/0068" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD08A/0496", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:SD07A/0632", "operator": "Microsoft", "status": "pre-BCMS (granted before commencement notices; build not verified)", "why": "modifies SD07A/0632" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD22A/0009", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:SD19A/0042", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "status": "unstarted (live permission, no commencement notice)", "why": "retains layout changes to SD18A/0298" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD23A/0035", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:SD21A/0241", "operator": "Vantage", "status": "unstarted (live permission, no commencement notice)", "why": "amends SD21A/0241" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD20A/0124", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:SD21A/0241", "operator": null, "status": "lapsed (no commencement notice, permission expired)", "why": "Moffash (landowner, not an operator) warehouse permission on the plot next to / under Vantage DUB11; site history only" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD09A/0376", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:SD07A/0632", "operator": "Microsoft", "status": "pre-BCMS (granted before commencement notices; build not verified)", "why": "modifies SD07A/0632 and SD08A/0496" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD22A/0289", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:SD19A/0042", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "status": "expired (no commencement notice of its own; works may sit under the parent permission)", "why": "gas-plant condition of SD21A/0042" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD25A/0017W", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:SD07A/0632", "operator": "Microsoft", "status": "unstarted (live permission, no commencement notice)", "why": "9 temporary HVO generators" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD14A/0194", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:SD07A/0632", "operator": "Microsoft", "status": "expired (no commencement notice of its own; works may sit under the parent permission)", "why": "amends SD13A/0265; 'data capacity' 17.6 MW" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD25A/0004W", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:SD07A/0632", "operator": "Microsoft", "status": "withdrawn/invalid/undecided", "why": "temporary HVO generators (invalid; re-lodged as SD25A/0017W)" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD14A/0284", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:SD14A/0023", "operator": "Google", "status": "completed (completion certificate)", "why": "alters SD14A/0023" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD25A/0251W", "placed": false, "why": "access road for the Regional Network Gateway; the RNG itself is excluded (network building)" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD19A/0004", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:SD19A/0042", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "status": "expired (no commencement notice of its own; works may sit under the parent permission)", "why": "enabling works, Ballymakaily" }, { "key": "SDCC|SD16A/0087", "placed": true, "anchor": "plan:SD07A/0632", "operator": "Microsoft", "status": "expired (no commencement notice of its own; works may sit under the parent permission)", "why": "enabling works north of Nangor Road, later data-centre land" } ] }, "entityMappingsUsed": { "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited": "Amazon (AWS)", "Apple Distribution International": "Apple", "Art Data Centres Ltd": "Art Data Centres", "CAP Developments LLC": "Amazon (AWS)", "Crag Arklow Limited": "Echelon", "Crag Digital Avoca Limited": "Echelon", "Crag Digital Avoca Ltd": "Echelon", "Crag Digital Limited": "Echelon", "Crag Digital Ltd.": "Echelon", "Crag Wicklow Limited": "Echelon", "Data And Power Hub Services Limited": "Data & Power Hub", "EDGECONNEX BALLYCOOLIN I LIMITED": "EdgeConneX", "Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited": "Echelon", "Eircom Ltd": "eir", "EngineNode Ltd": "EngineNode", "Equinix Hyperscale 1 (DB5) Limited": "Equinix", "Equinix Hyperscale 1(DB5) Ltd.": "Equinix", "Herbata Limited": "Herbata", "MIK Developments": "Amazon (AWS)", "MIK Developments LLC": "Amazon (AWS)", "Mayo Data Hub Limited": "Avaio Digital", "Office of the Government Chief Information Officer Dept. of Expenditure and Reform": "Government (OGCIO)", "Red Admiral DC Limited": "Red Admiral DC", "Runaways Information Services Limited": "Meta", "Runways Information Services Limited": "Meta", "Runways Information Services Limited (RISL)": "Meta", "Siemens Industry Software Limited": "Siemens", "South Dublin Routing 4 No. 2 Limited": "Pure DC", "South Dublin Routing 4 No.2 Limited": "Pure DC", "Tunis Properties LLC": "Amazon (AWS)", "UBC Properties LLC": "Amazon (AWS)", "Vantage Data Centers DUB11 Limited": "Vantage", "Vantage Data Centers DUB11 Ltd": "Vantage", "Vantage Data Centers Dub11 Ltd": "Vantage", "Vantage Data Centres DUB11 Ltd": "Vantage" }, "excluded": [ { "source": "planning", "id": "S99A/0144", "council": "SDCC", "why": "1999 'data processing centre' at Western Parkway (likely): could be a computer bureau; no later record" }, { "source": "planning", "id": "17583", "council": "CLARE", "why": "mixed-use business-campus block; data centre is one of several permitted uses" }, { "source": "planning", "id": "3577/20", "council": "DCC", "why": "change of use FROM data hall to office" }, { "source": "planning", "id": "SD21A/0346", "council": "SDCC", "why": "Pfizer pharmaceutical plant; a data-centre unit is one item in a list of works" }, { "source": "planning", "id": "221062", "council": "CLARE", "why": "extension of 17583 (mixed-use block)" }, { "source": "planning", "id": "SD24A/0166W", "council": "SDCC", "why": "Microsoft Regional Network Gateway (network building, not a data hall)" }, { "source": "planning", "id": "SD25A/0035W", "council": "SDCC", "why": "Microsoft Regional Network Gateway (network building, not a data hall)" } ], "unplaced": [ { "source": "val", "id": "10028951", "why": "no coordinates" } ], "unmatchedAppeals": [], "liveDecisionsApplied": { "note": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la decisions signed after the planning mirror and the inspector-report cache were pulled, read from the live case pages in the change feed (pipelines/changes.py). Lifecycle applies the same decisions to each planning record (decisionSource on the project and in statusEvidence).", "appeals": [ { "acpRef": "320852", "planningRef": "SD24A/0164W", "decision": "Grant Permissions with Conditions", "dateSigned": "2026-09-23", "decisionSource": "ACP case page 2026-09-23 (snapshot 2026-10-06)", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/320852" }, { "acpRef": "322575", "planningRef": "2460708", "decision": "Refuse Permission", "dateSigned": "2026-09-15", "decisionSource": "ACP case page 2026-09-15 (snapshot 2026-10-06)", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/322575" } ], "planning": [ { "ref": "SD24A/0164W", "council": "SDCC", "acpRef": "320852", "decision": "Grant Permissions with Conditions", "dateSigned": "2026-09-23", "decisionSource": "ACP case page 2026-09-23 (snapshot 2026-10-06)" }, { "ref": "2460708", "council": "MAYO", "acpRef": "322575", "decision": "Refuse Permission", "dateSigned": "2026-09-15", "decisionSource": "ACP case page 2026-09-15 (snapshot 2026-10-06)" } ] }, "caveats": [ "A campus here is a cluster of records, not an operator's own site definition. Dense parks (Grange Castle, Profile Park, Clonshaugh, Blanchardstown) hold several operators side by side; unattributed records there are only attached when one operator is clearly nearest, so some appear as separate 'operator not identified' campuses.", "Operators are never invented. operatorConfidence 'high' = an official register names the brand (EPA licensee, planning applicant, valuation address); 'medium' = OSM tag/name or an inference from commencement-notice names made in the lifecycle pipeline; operatorBasis says which. Co-location attributions are flagged.", "gridMWAvg2025 exists only where the site holds an EPA combustion licence (>= 50 MWth of generators) and filed a 2025 AER. Smaller sites and Google's ratings (confidential) are absent, so operator totals are a floor.", "'Operating' from a valuation-list entry or completion certificate proves a building, not its IT load or energisation. 'Operating (low)' means OSM shows buildings and no register record was found: usually older colocation or telecom sites that pre-date the planning text filter.", "Planning coverage is applications whose description says data centre / data hall / data storage facility, plus the applications the hidden-data-centre model found ('ICT facility', 'electrical rooms for electronic operations', substations and generators on known campuses), each placed by hand from its planning history (planningRefsFoundByModel). Their status comes from the register decision and BCMS notices only.", "Operators named through an SPV (e.g. 'Tunis Properties LLC' -> Amazon, 'Crag Wicklow' -> Echelon) use only high-confidence mappings from pipelines/entities, and operatorBasis names the mapping.", "Footprint is OSM building outline area, volunteer-mapped and incomplete; Elfordstown's outline is a whole satellite earth-station site.", "estRatesEur = NAV x the council's 2026 rate; valuation dates differ by council (see the valuation pipeline).", "Hand-coded exceptions (excluded planning records, EPA licences located by a sibling record, appeals anchored by reading the case) are listed in the module and in 'excluded' / epaLicences[].locatedBy / appealRefs[].anchoredBy." ] }, "emissions": { "title": "What it does to emissions", "source": "Government of Ireland, Sectoral Emissions Ceilings, September 2022; EPA, Ireland's Provisional Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2025 (July 2026); EPA, Ireland's Final Greenhouse Gas Emissions 1990-2024 (March 2026); EPA, Ireland's Greenhouse Gas Emissions Projections 2025-2030 (2026); Climate Change Advisory Council, Annual Review 2026: Electricity; EU Union Registry (EUTL); CSO MEC02; Ember; EirGrid Smart Grid Dashboard; EPA LEAP licences", "sourceUrls": { "sec_ceilings": "https://assets.gov.ie/234926/2ebb2431-d558-4a54-a15c-605817c37b2f.pdf", "epa_provisional_1990-2025": "https://www.epa.ie/publications/monitoring--assessment/climate-change/air-emissions/EPA-Provisional-GHG-Emissions-1990-2025-web.pdf", "epa_final_1990-2024": "https://www.epa.ie/publications/monitoring--assessment/climate-change/air-emissions/EPA-Final-GHG-Emissions-Report-1990-2024.pdf", "epa_projections_2025-2030": "https://www.epa.ie/publications/monitoring--assessment/climate-change/air-emissions/EPA-GHG-Projections-2025-2030-Web.pdf", "ccac_ar2026_electricity": "https://www.climatecouncil.ie/councilpublications/annualreviewandreport/CCAC-AR2026-2-electricity-final.pdf", "eutl": "https://union-registry-data.ec.europa.eu/report/welcome", "cso": "https://data.gov.ie/dataset/mec02-data-centres-metered-electricity-consumption", "ember": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "eirgrid": "https://www.smartgriddashboard.com" }, "asOf": "2026-10-10", "method": "Indirect = data centres' share of metered electricity (CSO MEC02) x Electricity-sector emissions (EPA, SEC mapping) - an average, attributional allocation that handles imports and losses consistently. Cross-checks: CSO TWh x EPA generation intensity (direct CO2, per kWh generated; 2023-25 only) and x Ember intensity (lifecycle gCO2e, higher). Direct = stated annual CO2 from EPA inspector reports where given; otherwise rated gas thermal input x hours x 56.6 t/TJ. Measured direct = EU ETS verified emissions for the 27 Irish data-centre installations. Shares are against the July 2022 sectoral ceilings: Electricity for indirect; Buildings (Commercial and Public) for on-site combustion, which is where EPA inspectors say data-centre on-site combustion is counted.", "ceilings": { "unit": "Mt CO2eq per 5-year budget period", "agreed": "2022-07-28", "carbonBudget": { "2021-2025": 295, "2026-2030": 200, "2031-2035": 151 }, "sectors": { "electricity": { "baseline2018": 10.0, "2021-2025": 40.0, "2026-2030": 20.0 }, "buildingsCommercialPublic": { "baseline2018": 2.0, "2021-2025": 7.0, "2026-2030": 5.0 }, "buildingsResidential": { "baseline2018": 7.0, "2021-2025": 29.0, "2026-2030": 23.0 }, "transport": { "baseline2018": 12.0, "2021-2025": 54.0, "2026-2030": 37.0 }, "industry": { "baseline2018": 7.0, "2021-2025": 30.0, "2026-2030": 24.0 }, "agriculture": { "baseline2018": 23.0, "2021-2025": 106.0, "2026-2030": 96.0 } }, "annualAverage": { "electricity": { "2021-2025": 8.0, "2026-2030": 4.0 }, "buildingsCommercialPublic": { "2021-2025": 1.4, "2026-2030": 1.0 }, "buildingsResidential": { "2021-2025": 5.8, "2026-2030": 4.6 }, "transport": { "2021-2025": 10.8, "2026-2030": 7.4 }, "industry": { "2021-2025": 6.0, "2026-2030": 4.8 }, "agriculture": { "2021-2025": 21.2, "2026-2030": 19.2 } }, "source": "Government of Ireland, Sectoral Emissions Ceilings, September 2022", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/234926/2ebb2431-d558-4a54-a15c-605817c37b2f.pdf", "note": "Figures in the Government table are rounded to whole Mt." }, "electricitySectorByYear": [ { "year": 2015, "mtCO2": 11.539, "basis": "EPA Table A.1: Energy Industries less Petroleum refining" }, { "year": 2017, "mtCO2": 11.499, "basis": "EPA Table A.1: Energy Industries less Petroleum refining" }, { "year": 2018, "mtCO2": 10.164, "basis": "EPA Table A.1: Energy Industries less Petroleum refining" }, { "year": 2019, "mtCO2": 8.961, "basis": "EPA Table A.1: Energy Industries less Petroleum refining" }, { "year": 2020, "mtCO2": 8.289, "basis": "EPA Table A.1: Energy Industries less Petroleum refining" }, { "year": 2021, "mtCO2": 9.819, "basis": "EPA SEC Table 2" }, { "year": 2022, "mtCO2": 9.62, "basis": "EPA SEC Table 2" }, { "year": 2023, "mtCO2": 7.497, "basis": "EPA SEC Table 2" }, { "year": 2024, "mtCO2": 6.885, "basis": "EPA SEC Table 2" }, { "year": 2025, "mtCO2": 6.297, "basis": "EPA SEC Table 2" } ], "commercialPublicSectorByYear": [ { "year": 2021, "mtCO2": 1.417 }, { "year": 2022, "mtCO2": 1.381 }, { "year": 2023, "mtCO2": 1.337 }, { "year": 2024, "mtCO2": 1.442 }, { "year": 2025, "mtCO2": 1.392 } ], "nationalByYear": [ { "year": 2015, "exclLULUCF": 60.309, "inclLULUCF": 63.318 }, { "year": 2017, "exclLULUCF": 61.881, "inclLULUCF": 65.885 }, { "year": 2018, "exclLULUCF": 61.54, "inclLULUCF": 64.539 }, { "year": 2019, "exclLULUCF": 59.739, "inclLULUCF": 62.644 }, { "year": 2020, "exclLULUCF": 57.615, "inclLULUCF": 60.834 }, { "year": 2021, "exclLULUCF": 60.18, "inclLULUCF": 63.052 }, { "year": 2022, "exclLULUCF": 58.951, "inclLULUCF": 61.42 }, { "year": 2023, "exclLULUCF": 54.919, "inclLULUCF": 57.884 }, { "year": 2024, "exclLULUCF": 53.866, "inclLULUCF": 56.38 }, { "year": 2025, "exclLULUCF": 52.65, "inclLULUCF": 55.164 } ], "projections": { "electricity": { "wam2021_2025": 39.9, "ceiling2021_2025": 40.0, "wam2026_2030": 24.5, "ceiling2026_2030": 20.0 }, "buildingsCommercialPublic": { "wam2021_2025": 7.1, "ceiling2021_2025": 7.0, "wam2026_2030": 8.1, "ceiling2026_2030": 5.0 }, "totalInclLULUCF": { "wam2021_2025": 293.2, "ceiling2021_2025": 295.0, "wam2026_2030": 253.2, "ceiling2026_2030": 200.0 }, "electricity2030": { "wem": 4.7, "wam": 4.0, "quote": "projected to decrease to between 4.0 and 4.7 Mt CO2eq in 2030" } }, "dcIndirectByYear": [ { "year": 2015, "twh": 1.24, "shareOfMeteredPct": 5.0, "attributionalMtCO2": 0.582, "electricitySectorMtCO2": 11.539, "emberIntensity": 440.036, "emberMtCO2e": 0.546, "intensity": 440.036, "mtCO2": 0.582 }, { "year": 2016, "twh": 1.483, "shareOfMeteredPct": 5.8, "emberIntensity": 442.442, "emberMtCO2e": 0.656, "intensity": 442.442, "mtCO2": 0.656 }, { "year": 2017, "twh": 1.762, "shareOfMeteredPct": 6.8, "attributionalMtCO2": 0.788, "electricitySectorMtCO2": 11.499, "emberIntensity": 404.125, "emberMtCO2e": 0.712, "intensity": 404.125, "mtCO2": 0.788 }, { "year": 2018, "twh": 2.183, "shareOfMeteredPct": 8.2, "attributionalMtCO2": 0.83, "electricitySectorMtCO2": 10.164, "emberIntensity": 362.371, "emberMtCO2e": 0.791, "intensity": 362.371, "mtCO2": 0.83 }, { "year": 2019, "twh": 2.489, "shareOfMeteredPct": 9.4, "attributionalMtCO2": 0.842, "electricitySectorMtCO2": 8.961, "emberIntensity": 311.759, "emberMtCO2e": 0.776, "intensity": 311.759, "mtCO2": 0.842 }, { "year": 2020, "twh": 3.031, "shareOfMeteredPct": 11.2, "attributionalMtCO2": 0.929, "electricitySectorMtCO2": 8.289, "emberIntensity": 291.387, "emberMtCO2e": 0.883, "intensity": 291.387, "mtCO2": 0.929 }, { "year": 2021, "twh": 4.013, "shareOfMeteredPct": 14.1, "attributionalMtCO2": 1.382, "electricitySectorMtCO2": 9.819, "emberIntensity": 352.079, "emberMtCO2e": 1.413, "intensity": 352.079, "mtCO2": 1.382 }, { "year": 2022, "twh": 5.274, "shareOfMeteredPct": 17.7, "attributionalMtCO2": 1.701, "electricitySectorMtCO2": 9.62, "emberIntensity": 330.778, "emberMtCO2e": 1.745, "intensity": 330.778, "mtCO2": 1.701 }, { "year": 2023, "twh": 6.339, "shareOfMeteredPct": 20.7, "attributionalMtCO2": 1.554, "electricitySectorMtCO2": 7.497, "emberIntensity": 282.435, "emberMtCO2e": 1.79, "epaGenIntensity": 253, "epaGenMtCO2": 1.604, "intensity": 253, "mtCO2": 1.554 }, { "year": 2024, "twh": 6.974, "shareOfMeteredPct": 21.9, "attributionalMtCO2": 1.505, "electricitySectorMtCO2": 6.885, "emberIntensity": 270.75, "emberMtCO2e": 1.888, "epaGenIntensity": 224, "epaGenMtCO2": 1.562, "intensity": 224, "mtCO2": 1.505 }, { "year": 2025, "twh": 7.662, "shareOfMeteredPct": 23.2, "attributionalMtCO2": 1.463, "electricitySectorMtCO2": 6.297, "emberIntensity": 263.289, "emberMtCO2e": 2.017, "epaGenIntensity": 197, "epaGenMtCO2": 1.509, "intensity": 197, "mtCO2": 1.463 } ], "eirgridLatest": { "gPerKWh": 176, "from": "2025-10", "to": "2026-10", "intervals": 35900, "dcMtCO2AtLatestCsoTWh": 1.349, "note": "2025-10..2026-10 simple time-average of EirGrid's 15-min intensity. A flat baseload consumer sees the time average, so this is the right weighting for data centres; paired with CSO 2025 TWh (periods differ)." }, "directGasSites": [ { "ref": "P1113", "operator": "Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited", "site": "Crag Avenue, Clondalkin Industrial Estate, Dublin 22", "status": "Licensed (Licensable Activity Commenced)", "role": "primary-gas", "gasMWth": 448.0, "gasPlant": "8 CCGT (5x46 + 3x42 MWth) + 2 x 46 MWth OCGT", "mode": "continuous (islanded, 8,760 h)", "statedTCO2": 378588, "basis": "Inspector's Report P1113-02 (2025-03-28) p.33: 'approximately 378,588 tonnes of CO2eq' at 120 MWe average demand; 385,121 t if run continuously on gas.", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62.pdf", "ceilingSector": "Buildings (Commercial and Public), per EPA inspectors", "low": 378588, "high": 385121, "impliedLoadFactor": 0.47 }, { "ref": "P1210", "operator": "South Dublin Routing 4 No. 2 Limited", "site": "Orion Business Campus, Northwest Business Park, Ballycoolen, Dublin 15", "status": "Licensed (Not Commenced)", "role": "primary-gas", "gasMWth": 194.76, "gasPlant": "9 x 21.64 MWth dual-fuel engines", "mode": "continuous (islanded)", "statedTCO2": 252213, "basis": "Inspector's Report / Addendum P1210-01 (2026-05-28): 'approximately 252,213 tonnes CO2eq' (normal) to 271,680 t (max, liquid fuel); >99% of site power from the engines.", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8.pdf", "ceilingSector": "Buildings (Commercial and Public), per EPA inspectors", "low": 252213, "high": 271680, "impliedLoadFactor": 0.73 }, { "ref": "P1204", "operator": "EdgeConneX Ireland Limited", "site": "Newcastle Road, Lucan, Co. Dublin (EDCDUB04/05 + ESSDUB97)", "status": "Licensed (Not Commenced)", "role": "gas-flex", "gasMWth": 206.0, "gasPlant": "20 x 10.3 MWth gas engines (18 may run continuously)", "mode": "continuous as instructed by EirGrid", "statedTCO2": 314156, "basis": "Inspector's Report P1204-01 (2025-12-17) p.51: 'approximately 314,156 tonnes and 10,133 tonnes CO2 per year' (gas engines continuous; diesel backup 100 h).", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/d549f597-eb7d-43f1-ad77-ea681b3052fc.pdf", "ceilingSector": "Buildings (Commercial and Public), per EPA inspectors", "low": 314156, "high": 324289, "impliedLoadFactor": 0.85 }, { "ref": "P1187", "operator": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "site": "Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22 (DUB14/DUB15)", "status": "Licensed (Licensable Activity Commenced)", "role": "gas-flex", "gasMWth": 167.2, "gasPlant": "22 x 7.6 MWth gas engines", "mode": "grid demand reduction, up to 8 h/day", "statedTCO2": 52216, "basis": "Inspector's Report P1187-01 (2023-06-02) p.35: 'approximately 52,216 tCO2 per annum' (up to 8 h/day for grid demand reduction). Low = 2025 AER gas burn (4,480.61 GJ, first year gas was burned) x A1; high = the stated figure.", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280879455.pdf", "ceilingSector": "Buildings (Commercial and Public), per EPA inspectors", "low": 254, "high": 52216, "impliedLoadFactor": 0.17 }, { "ref": "P1168", "operator": "Equinix Hyperscale 1 (DB5) Limited", "site": "Blanchardstown Industrial Park, Snugborough Road, Dublin 15 (DB5/DB6)", "status": "Licensed (Licensable Activity Commenced)", "role": "primary-gas", "gasMWth": 167.76, "gasPlant": "9 x 18.64 MWth dual-fuel turbines", "mode": "standby + up to 500 h/yr islanded", "statedTCO2": null, "basis": "No annual CO2 stated in the IR. Measured: ETS verified 29,232 t in 2024 (ran as prime power Feb-Nov 2024); 364 t in 2025 (standby). Range: 2025 actual (low) to 500 h/yr islanded under the EirGrid flex contract at full rated input (high).", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/632e86ac-f221-47b6-b9c2-a5765cb06d09.pdf", "ceilingSector": "Buildings (Commercial and Public), per EPA inspectors", "low": 364, "high": 17091, "impliedLoadFactor": null }, { "ref": "P1227", "operator": "Vantage Data Centers DUB11 Limited", "site": "Profile Park, Kilbride, Dublin 22", "status": "Applied", "role": "primary-gas", "gasMWth": 235.84, "gasPlant": "11 x 21.44 MWth dual-fuel engines (MFGP)", "mode": "continuous while grid capacity is limited", "statedTCO2": null, "basis": "Application (not decided). No CO2 figure read. Range = rated gas input x 8,760 h x 50%-100% load x 56.6 t/TJ (A1, A5).", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/2e3da75b-086c-4114-8ca7-1786cfcbbb90.pdf", "ceilingSector": "Buildings (Commercial and Public), per EPA inspectors", "low": 210480, "high": 420960, "impliedLoadFactor": null }, { "ref": "P1165", "operator": "Data And Power Hub Services Limited", "site": "Peamount Road, Newcastle, Co. Dublin", "status": "Licensed (Not Commenced)", "role": "gas-peaker", "gasMWth": 269.0, "gasPlant": "7 x 38.488 MWth dual-fuel engines (116 MWe peaker)", "mode": "grid peaker (~2,500 h/yr)", "statedTCO2": 203813, "basis": "IR P1165-01 (2024-12-12): applicant's worst case 2027 total 333,168 t CO2e of which 129,355 t indirect -> 203,813 t direct; Oral Hearing memo: applicant ~180,000 t for 2030 but 'EPA methodology' gives >420,000 t. Peaker exporting to the grid, ~2,500 h/yr.", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28090ce83.pdf", "ceilingSector": "Likely Electricity (exports to the grid) - not checked", "low": 203813, "high": 420000, "impliedLoadFactor": 0.42 }, { "ref": "P1239", "operator": "SDC-EN Meath I Limited", "site": "Bracetown & Gunnocks, north of Clonee, Co. Meath", "status": "Applied", "role": "primary-hvo", "gasMWth": 0, "gasPlant": "36 x 7.06 MWth HVO generators run continuously until grid connection", "mode": "continuous on HVO (temporary)", "statedTCO2": null, "basis": "Application (not decided). HVO is counted as biogenic (zero) in the ETS and inventory, so low = 0. High = the same plant on fossil gas oil at 100% (force-majeure fuel), 74.1 t/TJ (A2). Excluded from gas totals.", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/edf0569a-c94c-431e-a54a-631ce63c0f20.pdf", "ceilingSector": "Buildings (Commercial and Public) if fossil", "low": 0, "high": 593926, "impliedLoadFactor": null, "excludedFromTotals": true } ], "etsVerified": { "installations": [ { "installationId": "210211", "name": "EDCDUB Campus", "permit": "IE-GHG186", "accountHolder": "EdgeConneX Ireland Limited", "group": "EdgeConneX", "verifiedT": { "2018": 14413, "2019": 21544, "2020": 27247, "2021": 32241, "2022": 30132, "2023": 456, "2024": 231, "2025": 122 } }, { "installationId": "218161", "name": "Equinix Hyperscale 1 (DB5) Limited", "permit": "IE-GHG600-01", "accountHolder": "Equinix Hyperscale 1 (DB5) Limited", "group": "Equinix", "verifiedT": { "2018": 0, "2019": 0, "2020": 0, "2021": 0, "2022": 2409, "2023": 786, "2024": 29232, "2025": 364 } }, { "installationId": "210130", "name": "K2 Dublin 1", "permit": "IE-GHG188", "accountHolder": "K2 Strategic Infrastructure Ireland Limited", "group": "K2", "verifiedT": { "2018": 8118, "2019": 24, "2020": 12, "2021": 4, "2022": 7, "2023": 4, "2024": 8, "2025": 48 } }, { "installationId": "208162", "name": "Microsoft Dublin Data Centre Campus", "permit": "IE-GHG179", "accountHolder": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "group": "Microsoft", "verifiedT": { "2018": 140, "2019": 558, "2020": 604, "2021": 1062, "2022": 1028, "2023": 732, "2024": 797, "2025": 1332 } }, { "installationId": "227238", "name": "South Dublin Routing 4 No. 2 Limited", "permit": "IE-GHG619", "accountHolder": "South Dublin Routing 4 No. 2 Limited", "group": "South Dublin Routing", "verifiedT": { "2018": 0, "2019": 0, "2020": 0, "2021": 0, "2022": 0, "2023": 0, "2024": 133, "2025": 5567 } }, { "installationId": "209903", "name": "DUB 56 Data Processing Centre", "permit": "IE-GHG184", "accountHolder": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "group": "Amazon", "verifiedT": { "2018": 3171, "2019": 194, "2020": 616, "2021": 202, "2022": 256, "2023": 276, "2024": 404, "2025": 368 } }, { "installationId": "210539", "name": "Clonee Data Center", "permit": "IE-GHG189", "accountHolder": "Runways Information Services Limited", "group": "Meta", "verifiedT": { "2018": 539, "2019": 294, "2020": 607, "2021": 387, "2022": 467, "2023": 839, "2024": 612, "2025": 0 } }, { "installationId": "208826", "name": "DUB54 Data Processing Centre", "permit": "IE-GHG183", "accountHolder": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "group": "Amazon", "verifiedT": { "2018": 149, "2019": 341, "2020": 623, "2021": 227, "2022": 632, "2023": 348, "2024": 563, "2025": 452 } }, { "installationId": "206852", "name": "Data Processing Centre - DUB 8", "permit": "IE-GHG171", "accountHolder": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "group": "Amazon", "verifiedT": { "2018": 343, "2019": 413, "2020": 622, "2021": 215, "2022": 309, "2023": 165, "2024": 206, "2025": 49 } }, { "installationId": "213080", "name": "Data Processing Centre - DUB 58", "permit": "IE-GHG197", "accountHolder": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "group": "Amazon", "verifiedT": { "2018": 0, "2019": 0, "2020": 474, "2021": 363, "2022": 429, "2023": 381, "2024": 456, "2025": 120 } }, { "installationId": "206853", "name": "DUB9", "permit": "IE-GHG172", "accountHolder": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "group": "Amazon", "verifiedT": { "2018": 225, "2019": 318, "2020": 127, "2021": 151, "2022": 246, "2023": 153, "2024": 82, "2025": 79 } }, { "installationId": "205782", "name": "Google Ireland Data Center", "permit": "IE-GHG170", "accountHolder": "Google Ireland Limited", "group": "Google", "verifiedT": { "2018": 164, "2019": 321, "2020": 66, "2021": 152, "2022": 172, "2023": 50, "2024": 50, "2025": 213 } }, { "installationId": "206854", "name": "ADSIL DUB 10, Data Processing Centre", "permit": "IE-GHG173", "accountHolder": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "group": "Amazon", "verifiedT": { "2018": 104, "2019": 276, "2020": 142, "2021": 132, "2022": 184, "2023": 107, "2024": 118, "2025": 80 } }, { "installationId": "212920", "name": "DUB14 Profile Park", "permit": "IE-GHG190", "accountHolder": "Digital Netherlands VIII B.V.", "group": "Digital Realty", "verifiedT": { "2018": 62, "2019": 89, "2020": 110, "2021": 129, "2022": 74, "2023": 144, "2024": 201, "2025": 157 } }, { "installationId": "215120", "name": "Data Processing Centre - DUB 69", "permit": "IE-GHG203", "accountHolder": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "group": "Amazon", "verifiedT": { "2018": 0, "2019": 0, "2020": 0, "2021": 122, "2022": 382, "2023": 90, "2024": 281, "2025": 50 } }, { "installationId": "214062", "name": "KDCR DUB1", "permit": "IE-GHG195", "accountHolder": "KDCR (Ireland) Limited", "group": "Keppel DC (KDCR)", "verifiedT": { "2018": 64, "2019": 161, "2020": 144, "2021": 20, "2022": 56, "2023": 53, "2024": 109, "2025": 78 } }, { "installationId": "214040", "name": "Data Processing Centre - DUB 62", "permit": "IE-GHG200", "accountHolder": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "group": "Amazon", "verifiedT": { "2018": 0, "2019": 0, "2020": 0, "2021": 195, "2022": 23, "2023": 191, "2024": 169, "2025": 37 } }, { "installationId": "214063", "name": "KDCR DUB2", "permit": "IE-GHG196", "accountHolder": "KDCR (Ireland) 2 Limited", "group": "Keppel DC (KDCR)", "verifiedT": { "2018": 9, "2019": 29, "2020": 113, "2021": 51, "2022": 21, "2023": 46, "2024": 71, "2025": 32 } }, { "installationId": "210702", "name": "Equinix DB3", "permit": "IE-GHG192", "accountHolder": "Equinix (Ireland) Limited", "group": "Equinix", "verifiedT": { "2018": 55, "2019": 49, "2020": 19, "2021": 52, "2022": 59, "2023": 69, "2024": 27, "2025": 38 } }, { "installationId": "215920", "name": "Data Processing Centre - GCC1", "permit": "IE-GHG201", "accountHolder": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "group": "Amazon", "verifiedT": { "2018": 0, "2019": 0, "2020": 0, "2021": 103, "2022": 17, "2023": 30, "2024": 1, "2025": 58 } }, { "installationId": "210704", "name": "DB1", "permit": "IE-GHG191", "accountHolder": "Equinix (DB1) Limited", "group": "Equinix", "verifiedT": { "2018": 49, "2019": 12, "2020": 18, "2021": 18, "2022": 12, "2023": 18, "2024": 13, "2025": 18 } }, { "installationId": "216202", "name": "K2 Strategic Infrastructure Ireland Limited", "permit": "IE-GHG202", "accountHolder": "K2 Strategic Infrastructure Ireland Limited", "group": "K2", "verifiedT": { "2018": 0, "2019": 0, "2020": 0, "2021": 0, "2022": 36, "2023": 25, "2024": 52, "2025": 30 } }, { "installationId": "230561", "name": "ESSDUB97", "permit": "IE-GHG621-01", "accountHolder": "EdgeConneX OHA", "group": "EdgeConneX", "verifiedT": { "2018": 0, "2019": 0, "2020": 0, "2021": 0, "2022": 0, "2023": 0, "2024": 0, "2025": 86 } }, { "installationId": "210246", "name": "Vodafone CDC", "permit": "IE-GHG181", "accountHolder": "Vodafone Group Services Ireland Limited", "group": "Vodafone", "verifiedT": { "2018": 3, "2019": 0, "2020": 1, "2021": 4, "2022": 7, "2023": 5, "2024": 28, "2025": 26 } }, { "installationId": "232388", "name": "K2 Dublin 21", "permit": "IE-GHG618", "accountHolder": "K2 Strategic Infrastructure Ireland Limited", "group": "K2", "verifiedT": { "2018": 0, "2019": 0, "2020": 0, "2021": 0, "2022": 0, "2023": 0, "2024": 0, "2025": 60 } }, { "installationId": "231700", "name": "DB4", "permit": "IE-GHG630-01", "accountHolder": "Equinix (Ireland) Limited", "group": "Equinix", "verifiedT": { "2018": 0, "2019": 0, "2020": 0, "2021": 0, "2022": 0, "2023": 0, "2024": 0, "2025": 7 } }, { "installationId": "231984", "name": "Data Centre - KIC 1", "permit": "IE-GHG628", "accountHolder": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "group": "Amazon", "verifiedT": { "2018": 0, "2019": 0, "2020": 0, "2021": 0, "2022": 0, "2023": 0, "2024": 0, "2025": 0 } } ], "totalByYear": { "2018": 27608, "2019": 24623, "2020": 31545, "2021": 35830, "2022": 36958, "2023": 4968, "2024": 33844, "2025": 9471 }, "snapshot": "2026-10-10", "source": "EU Union Registry (EUTL) public extracts, https://union-registry-data.ec.europa.eu/report/welcome", "note": "Verified CO2 under the EU ETS. HVO is zero-rated (biomass) in the ETS, so fleets that switched to HVO (e.g. Meta Clonee 2025) can report ~0 t while still burning fuel." }, "shares": { "indirect": { "latestYear": 2025, "latestMtCO2": 1.463, "pctOfElectricitySector": 23.2, "pctOfNationalExclLULUCF": 2.8, "budget2021_2025MtCO2": 7.605, "pctOfElectricityCeiling2021_2025": 19.0, "electricityOvershoot2021_2025Mt": 0.118, "latestAsPctOfAvgAnnualElectricityCeiling2026_2030": 36.6, "growthSince2020MarginalSensitivityMt": 1.71 }, "direct": { "etsVerifiedLatestT": 9471, "etsVerifiedPeakT": 36958, "etsPeakYear": "2022", "licensedDcGasLowT": 945575, "licensedDcGasRefs": [ "P1113", "P1210", "P1204", "P1187", "P1168" ], "continuousSitesLowT": 1155437, "continuousSitesHighT": 1402050, "allGasLowT": 1359868, "allGasHighT": 1891357, "commercialSector2025Mt": 1.392, "commercialCeilingAvg2026_2030Mt": 1.0, "licensedDcGasPctOfCommercialCeilingAvg2026_2030": 94.6, "licensedDcGasPctOfCommercialSector2025": 67.9, "continuousLowPctOfCommercialCeilingAvg2026_2030": 115.5, "continuousHighPctOfCommercialCeilingAvg2026_2030": 140.2, "southDublinRoutingPctOfCommercialCeiling2026_2030": 25.2, "licensedDcGasPctOfNationalExclLULUCF2025": 1.8, "licensedDcGasLowExclFlexT": 631419, "licensedDcGasExclFlexRefs": [ "P1113", "P1210", "P1187", "P1168" ], "licensedDcGasExclFlexPctOfCommercialCeilingAvg2026_2030": 63.1, "licensedDcGasExclFlexNote": "Excludes EdgeConneX P1204, whose figure is the Inspector's maximum (flexible-operation) case, not an expected annual output.", "projectedCommercialWam2026_2030Mt": 8.1 }, "flex500h": { "pipelineGasMWth": 1419.6, "refs": [ "P1113", "P1210", "P1204", "P1187", "P1168", "P1227" ], "tCO2At500h": 144629, "pctOfCommercialCeilingAvg2026_2030": 14.5, "ccac5_8GWScenarioTCO2": 1406914, "ccac5_8GWScenarioPctOfCommercialCeilingAvg": 140.7, "note": "If every gas MWth in the data-centre licence pipeline ran only 500 h/yr (the EirGrid flexible-offer case) instead of continuously. CCAC scenario: 5.8 GW of new data-centre capacity matched by on-site gas run 500 h/yr at 42% electrical efficiency (A3, A4)." } }, "ccac": { "source": "Climate Change Advisory Council, Annual Review 2026: Electricity", "url": "https://www.climatecouncil.ie/councilpublications/annualreviewandreport/CCAC-AR2026-2-electricity-final.pdf", "points": [ "Data-centre consumption up 463% since 2015 and 220% since 2018; all other demand up 7% and 2%.", "Missed 50% renewable-share target: demand growth 'almost entirely driven by data centres'.", "CRU LEU Connection Policy (Dec 2025) requires only 80% of new data-centre demand to be matched by additional renewables; Council wants 100%, in advance of commissioning.", "Fossil gas use for on-site data-centre power 'expected to increase dramatically' as ~5.8 GW of new data-centre capacity is added.", "Private Wires Bill general scheme does not exclude fossil-fuel private wires; Council asks for an outright exclusion and restriction of gas-powered 'islanded' data centres." ] }, "assumptions": [ "A1 Gas emission factor 56.6 t CO2/TJ, derived: Equinix DB5 2024 ETS verified 29,232 t vs AER 510,550 GJ gas + 4,551 GJ gas oil. Consistent with P1210 IR (1.84 kg CO2/m3).", "A2 Gas oil 74.1 t CO2/TJ (IPCC default; Irish country-specific factor not checked).", "A3 500 h/yr = on-site generation run-hours in EirGrid flexible connection offers, per ACP inspector reports (EdgeConneX) and the Equinix P1168 licence.", "A4 42% electrical efficiency for on-site gas engines in the 5.8 GW scenario (unchecked).", "A5 Sites with no stated CO2: 50%-100% load factor on rated gas input, 8,760 h. For comparison, stated figures imply ~0.7-0.8 (P1210, P1113).", "A6 Marginal sensitivity: growth in data-centre demand since 2020 met by CCGT at ~0.37 t/MWh (unchecked).", "A7 Indirect uses an average (attributional) allocation; CSO metered TWh are not grossed up for losses because the share method spreads sector emissions over metered consumption.", "A8 Rated MWth assumed on a net calorific value basis (IED convention), as are AER GJ." ], "caveats": [ "P1202 (Crag Arklow Limited, 580.65 MWth) excluded: Withdrawn; Withdrawn Jan 2025 after the energy centre was relocated in planning; a new application is expected.", "P1203 (Vantage Data Centers DUB11 Limited, 508 MWth) excluded: Compliance Failure/Rejected; 2023 application the EPA could not consider (incomplete, Apr 2025); re-filed as P1227. MWth approximate sum (235 + 210 + 63).", "Sector placement of on-site combustion (Buildings - Commercial and Public) is the EPA inspectors' statement in licence reports (P1210 addendum p.41; P1186-02; P1181-02), not checked in the National Inventory Document.", "The EPA 2025-2030 projections describe the Commercial and Public sector as space and water heating; whether data-centre gas power is included is not stated (unchecked). If not, stated site emissions are on top of a sector already projected at 8.1 Mt vs a 5 Mt 2026-30 ceiling.", "Stated CO2 figures are licence-application estimates at expected operation, not measurements; actual output depends on when grid connections arrive. Measured on-site emissions so far are small (ETS verified ~9.5 kt in 2025).", "Ember intensity is lifecycle gCO2e and excludes imports; EPA and EirGrid figures are direct CO2 per kWh generated. The attributional method is the headline.", "EirGrid figure covers Oct 2025-Oct 2026, paired with CSO 2025 TWh.", "P1165 (Data And Power Hub) is a grid-exporting peaker; its emissions likely fall in the Electricity sector, so it is excluded from Commercial-sector shares and from the 500 h calculation.", "HVO is zero-rated in the ETS and inventory; fleets switching to HVO lower reported, not lifecycle, CO2.", "No EU ETS installation for Echelon (P1113, LEAP 'Licensable Activity Commenced') was found in the EUTL operators extract on the snapshot date; its gas turbines have no verified emissions yet.", "Three of the four continuous gas sites (P1210, P1204, P1227) had not commenced/been decided on the snapshot date; South Dublin Routing's temporary plant already reported 5,567 t in 2025." ] }, "policy": { "title": "How policy got here", "source": "Primary documents from gov.ie/enterprise.gov.ie (DETE), CRU, EirGrid, DECC, local authorities and PlanSight council minutes; curated in data/raw/policy/timeline.json", "asOf": "2026-10-03", "events": [ { "id": "dete-2018", "date": "2018-06-07", "body": "Government (DBEI, now DETE)", "type": "statement", "title": "Government Statement on the Role of Data Centres in Ireland's Enterprise Strategy", "whatItSays": "Declares data centres strategically important and says it is Government policy and in the national interest to deliver them quickly. Promises a plan-led approach, regional sites identified by IDA, data centres added to the Strategic Infrastructure (fast-track) planning route and a streamlined judicial review regime. Acknowledges grid, renewables and cost challenges but commits a 'supportive whole of government approach' to building the grid needed.", "whatChanged": "Nothing binding on connections. It set the political default to 'yes' that EirGrid, CRU and councils worked under until 2021, and that the CRU later cited as a reason not to impose a moratorium. The promised move of data centres into Strategic Infrastructure planning (s.49 Planning and Development (Amendment) Act 2018) was still uncommenced in July 2024 per the Oireachtas Library.", "originsAndDrivers": "October 2017 Government decision on a 'strengthened Strategic Policy Framework' for data centres (p5); planning delays and judicial reviews of data-centre permissions (p12, e.g. Apple Athenry); Brexit and GDPR as a pitch for EU-located data (p10).", "implications": { "developers": "Green light: grid and planning bodies told to accommodate, with Dublin still the default location.", "energySuppliers": "Signalled a big new demand block and CPPA market; statement itself warned it could raise network charges and PSO levies for other customers (p11).", "public": "Costs of grid build-out to be socialised through network tariffs; community concerns framed mainly as a planning-delay problem." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "it is Government policy and in the national interest, that these developments are delivered in the most efficient and timely way possible", "page": 15, "verified": true }, { "text": "Based on existing data centres, committed expansion and expected growth, total demand could treble within the next ten years.", "page": 11, "verified": true }, { "text": "data centres pose considerable challenges to the future planning and operation of Ireland\u2019s power system", "page": 10, "verified": true } ], "file": "2018-06_dete-statement.pdf", "url": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/publication-files/government-statement-data-centres-enterprise-strategy.pdf", "sourcesSecondary": [ { "title": "Oireachtas Library Spotlight: Data centres and energy (Jul 2024), p8 on s.49 not commenced", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/libraryResearch/2024/2024-07-23_spotlight-data-centres-and-energy_en.pdf", "file": "2024-07-23_oireachtas-spotlight-dc-energy.pdf" } ], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/2018-06_dete-statement.pdf", "fetched": "2026-10-03", "present": true } }, { "id": "eirgrid-paradigm-2018", "date": "2018-08", "body": "EirGrid", "type": "policy", "title": "'Accommodating Ireland's Increased Electricity Demands in the Context of the Data Centre Paradigm' (paper to customers) and flexible-demand offering", "whatItSays": "EirGrid told data-centre customers that demand growth was being driven by data centres concentrated in Dublin and that it was being asked to contract more than the Dublin network could carry. After its September 2018 forum it began offering 'flexible demand' connections in constrained areas.", "whatChanged": "First practical constraint: new Dublin connections could be offered on a non-firm (curtailable) basis rather than firm capacity.", "originsAndDrivers": "Dublin power requirements expected to rise c.38% 2017-2025, which EirGrid compared to 50 years of growth 1930-1980 (DCCOPP v1, p5).", "implications": { "developers": "Connection no longer guaranteed firm in Dublin; curtailment risk enters project finance.", "energySuppliers": "Early signal that on-site generation and demand response would be valued.", "public": "Not public at the time; paper circulated to customers only." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "Ireland has seen a paradigm shift in the scale of large data centres seeking to connect to the Irish electricity system.", "page": 5, "file": "2019-06-12_eirgrid-dccopp-v1.pdf", "verified": true } ], "file": "2019-06-12_eirgrid-dccopp-v1.pdf", "url": "https://www.eirgridgroup.com/site-files/library/EirGrid/Data-Centre-Connection-Offer-Process-and-Policy-paper.pdf", "note": "The Paradigm Paper itself is not published; described in DCCOPP v1 (p5) and EirGrid's 27 May 2021 letter (CRU/21/124 p44).", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/2019-06-12_eirgrid-dccopp-v1.pdf", "fetched": "2026-10-03", "present": true } }, { "id": "dccopp-v1", "date": "2019-06-12", "body": "EirGrid", "type": "policy", "title": "Data Centre Connection Offer Process and Policy (DCCOPP) v1", "whatItSays": "Sets a two-stage connection process: a connection method is reserved, the developer gets planning permission, then the offer issues. Names greater Dublin as a constrained region where new data centres get flexible (curtailable) demand, and offers firm capacity only if the site brings on-site dispatchable generation EirGrid can call on (example: 15 hours a day for 5 days).", "whatChanged": "Planning permission became a precondition for a grid offer; capacity capped at 2 MVA per 1,000 m2 of permitted floor space; flexible demand in Dublin; on-site generation as the route to firm access. This is the seed of 'bring your own power'.", "originsAndDrivers": "Paradigm Paper (2018) and EirGrid Data Centre Forum of 30 April 2019; CRU's ECP-1 planning-first rule for generators (CRU/18/058) (p18).", "implications": { "developers": "Need planning first, realistic MIC, and either accept curtailment or build gas/diesel-capable on-site generation.", "energySuppliers": "Opening for on-site gas engines and demand-side units at data-centre sites.", "public": "Back-up generation fleets at data centres grow, a later air-quality and emissions issue." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "At present, EirGrid has identified the greater Dublin region as constrained.", "page": 16, "verified": true }, { "text": "EirGrid will provide firm capacity where a data centre provides on-site dispatchable generation", "page": 18, "verified": true }, { "text": "up to 2MVA of MIC for every 1000 m2 of data centre planning permission received", "page": 19, "verified": true } ], "file": "2019-06-12_eirgrid-dccopp-v1.pdf", "url": "https://www.eirgridgroup.com/site-files/library/EirGrid/Data-Centre-Connection-Offer-Process-and-Policy-paper.pdf", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/2019-06-12_eirgrid-dccopp-v1.pdf", "fetched": "2026-10-03", "present": true } }, { "id": "council-motions", "date": "2019-10-14", "body": "Councillors (Fingal, South Dublin, Dublin City)", "type": "council", "title": "What councillors raised, 2019-2026 (PlanSight minutes)", "whatItSays": "Fingal councillors asked for renewable energy in data centres (2019), questioned the Amazon Mulhuddart facility's jobs, grid use and carbon footprint (Feb 2020) and later its water use (Sept 2026). Dublin City's North Central committee asked for a Coolock district-heating scheme using data-centre heat (Oct 2024). South Dublin councillors asked for lists of data centres, commercial rates paid (Sept 2026) and whether Dublin was 're-opening' after reports of a government reversal (Jan 2026).", "whatChanged": "No binding outcome; shows the local agenda moved from carbon (2019-20) to heat reuse (2024) to water, rates and transparency (2026).", "originsAndDrivers": "Local concentration of hyperscale sites; national policy shifts.", "implications": { "developers": "Expect questions on water, rates, heat.", "energySuppliers": "n/a", "public": "Councillors lack data: repeated requests for basic site lists." }, "keyQuotes": [], "url": "https://meetings.fingal.ie/ieListDocuments.aspx?CId=129&MId=5134#AI50139", "note": "Generated from PlanSight council_item table; full items in council block of the pipeline output. Coverage is partial (Fingal 6, SDCC 4, DCC 1 items).", "sourcesSecondary": [] }, { "id": "dccopp-v2", "date": "2020-07-17", "body": "EirGrid", "type": "policy", "title": "DCCOPP v2 (after consultation)", "whatItSays": "Refines v1: worked examples of how flexible demand curtailment works, minimum availability for on-site generation to offset flexible demand, annual ramping forecasts from customers, and a commitment to publish aggregate data-centre demand and contracted capacity.", "whatChanged": "Incremental. Made curtailment terms bankable and started the regular publication of data-centre MIC and consumption data that later underpinned the debate.", "originsAndDrivers": "Customer feedback on v1 (Appendix 1, p26).", "implications": { "developers": "Clearer, but Dublin access still non-firm unless generation is built.", "energySuppliers": "Little change.", "public": "More transparency on aggregate data-centre load." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "We have offered a route for customers to offset the requirement for flexible demand where they provide on-site generation.", "page": 26, "verified": true } ], "file": "2020-07-17_eirgrid-dccopp-v2.pdf", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Data-Centre-Connection-Offer-Process-and-Policy_v2_July-2020.pdf", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/2020-07-17_eirgrid-dccopp-v2.pdf", "fetched": "2026-10-03", "present": true } }, { "id": "eirgrid-letter-2021", "date": "2021-05-27", "body": "EirGrid", "type": "statement", "title": "EirGrid letter to CRU: 'Ireland's Data Centres \u2013 Next Steps'", "whatItSays": "EirGrid told the regulator that DCCOPP was no longer enough: data-centre demand was growing about 600 GWh a year, 1,800 MW was contracted with up to 2,000 MW more requested against a national peak of about 5,500 MW. It asked the CRU to decide new measures and raised whether serving global data demand was in the public interest.", "whatChanged": "Triggered the CRU process that produced CRU/21/060 (June 2021) and CRU/21/124 (Nov 2021).", "originsAndDrivers": "Generation scarcity after capacity-auction projects failed to deliver, older plant closing, and about 1,000 MW of new data-centre applications in the prior year (p45-46).", "implications": { "developers": "Signal that the window was closing.", "energySuppliers": "Security-of-supply margin under strain; justification for new gas capacity procurement.", "public": "First explicit statement by the TSO that grid investment for data centres is paid by all customers over 50 years." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "The rate at which data centres are seeking to grow their load is unprecedented.", "page": 45, "verified": true }, { "text": "potentially wider national debate as to that which is in the public interest in this regard", "page": 47, "verified": true }, { "text": "Investments made today will still be being paid for in 2070 and beyond.", "page": 48, "verified": true } ], "file": "2021-11-23_cru-21-124-direction.pdf", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU21124-CRU-Direction-to-the-System-Operators-related-to-Data-Centre-grid-connection-.pdf", "note": "Published as Appendix 3 of CRU/21/124.", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/2021-11-23_cru-21-124-direction.pdf", "fetched": "2026-10-03", "present": true } }, { "id": "dete-sub-2021", "date": "2021-07", "body": "DETE", "type": "consultation", "title": "DETE submission to CRU consultation CRU/21/060", "whatItSays": "The enterprise department accepted that 'do nothing' was not sensible but argued a moratorium would be disproportionate and inequitable, and asked that connection policy recognise data centres' potential for flexibility, on-site generation and CPPAs.", "whatChanged": "Government's enterprise arm publicly opposed a moratorium; the CRU's November 2021 decision followed that line.", "originsAndDrivers": "CRU/21/060 consultation (8 June 2021) offering three options: do nothing, moratorium, connection measures.", "implications": { "developers": "Political cover against an outright ban.", "energySuppliers": "n/a", "public": "n/a" }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "a moratorium on new data centres connections would be disproportionate and inequitable", "page": 1, "verified": true } ], "file": "2021-07_dete-submission-cru21060.pdf", "url": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/publication-files/submission-to-cru-consultation-cru21060.pdf", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/2021-07_dete-submission-cru21060.pdf", "fetched": "2026-10-03", "present": true } }, { "id": "meath-cdp-2021", "date": "2021-09", "body": "Meath County Council", "type": "council", "title": "Meath County Development Plan 2021-2027: support data centres on suitable sites", "whatItSays": "Policy ED POL 13 supports and facilitates data centres on suitable sites with supporting infrastructure, and the council says it has pioneered a plan-led identification of sites near the T50 fibre and high-voltage grid (e.g. the Facebook/Meta Clonee campus). Data centres are listed uses in enterprise zones.", "whatChanged": "The most permissive of the Dublin-area plans: no renewable or energy tests in the core policy. In practice the grid, not the plan, became the binding constraint.", "originsAndDrivers": "Meath's jobs deficit and commuting; Meta Clonee success.", "implications": { "developers": "Planning-friendly county adjoining Dublin; grid connection still governed by CRU/EirGrid.", "energySuppliers": "n/a", "public": "Local jobs argument dominates; energy questions deferred to national bodies." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "To support and facilitate the development of data centres on suitable sites with supporting infrastructure subject to obtaining the relevant consents.", "page": 29, "verified": true } ], "file": "plans/meath-cdp-2021-2027-varied-ch04-economy.pdf", "url": "https://www.meath.ie/council/council-services/planning-and-building/development-plans/meath-county-development-plan-2021-2027", "note": "Adoption month from memory (Sept 2021), unchecked; text from the varied plan chapter 4.", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/plans/meath-cdp-2021-2027-varied-ch04-economy.pdf", "fetched": null, "present": true } }, { "id": "cap-2021", "date": "2021-11-04", "body": "DECC", "type": "plan", "title": "Climate Action Plan 2021: review data-centre strategy against emissions ceilings", "whatItSays": "Calls data-centre growth a challenge to emissions targets, forecasting up to about 9 TWh of data-centre demand in 2030, and commits to review the 2018 Statement so growth only happens within sectoral emissions ceilings. Action 97 orders a review of policy for large energy users including data centres.", "whatChanged": "Direct origin of the July 2022 revised Statement and, via demand-side actions, of the CRU's LEU review.", "originsAndDrivers": "Climate Action and Low Carbon Development (Amendment) Act 2021; 51% emissions cut by 2030.", "implications": { "developers": "Emissions became a formal test for the sector.", "energySuppliers": "Demand flexibility targets (20-30% by 2030) with data centres expected to contribute more.", "public": "First plan tying data centres to carbon budgets." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "The government will review its strategy on data centres to ensure that the sector will be in alignment with sectoral emissions ceilings", "page": 9, "verified": true }, { "text": "Data centres are forecast to continue to grow by up to ~9 TWh in 2030", "page": 93, "verified": true } ], "file": "other/decc-cap2021-main.pdf", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/203558/f06a924b-4773-4829-ba59-b0feec978e40.pdf", "note": "Publication date 4 Nov 2021 from secondary sources.", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/other/decc-cap2021-main.pdf", "fetched": "2026-10-03", "present": true } }, { "id": "soef-2021", "date": "2021-11-09", "body": "EirGrid", "type": "plan", "title": "Shaping Our Electricity Future roadmap v1.0", "whatItSays": "EirGrid's grid plan to 2030 planned on the high-demand scenario driven by large energy users (1,550 MW of LEU demand) and flagged Dublin's 220 kV network as among the most at risk of overloading. It assumed some new LEU demand would be steered outside Dublin and the Mid-East.", "whatChanged": "Underpinned the '300 MW outside Dublin' figure the 2022 Government Statement later quoted, and the CRU's locational criterion.", "originsAndDrivers": "80% renewables by 2030 (CAP 2021); data-centre-led demand growth of about 140 MW a year.", "implications": { "developers": "Regional 220 kV nodes (e.g. Cashla) signposted as the only plausible new locations.", "energySuppliers": "Grid build prioritised for renewables, not new LEU load.", "public": "Network plan sized partly around data centres." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "some of the highest risk of significant overloading", "page": 75, "verified": true } ], "file": "other/eirgrid-soef-v1.0-2021.pdf", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/shaping-our-electricity-future", "note": "v1.1 (Jul 2023) raised data-centre demand by about 450 MW by 2030 and assumed 75 MW of new LEU demand at each of Cashla, Killonan, Knockraha and Great Island (p68, p80). Date from PDF metadata.", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/other/eirgrid-soef-v1.0-2021.pdf", "fetched": null, "present": true } }, { "id": "cru-21-124", "date": "2021-11-23", "body": "CRU", "type": "direction", "title": "CRU/21/124: Direction to the System Operators related to Data Centre grid connection processing", "whatItSays": "Under s.34 of the Electricity Regulation Act 1999 the CRU directed EirGrid and ESB Networks to assess every data-centre application (other than those already connected or contracted) against four unranked criteria: location in a constrained area, on-site dispatchable generation/storage at least equal to demand, and ability to cut demand on instruction. Applications that fail are terminated. The CRU rejected a moratorium but reserved the right to impose one.", "whatChanged": "In practice a near-moratorium in Dublin: almost all subsequent growth came from capacity contracted before the direction, and EirGrid reported only one new data centre contracted under these criteria by its June 2025 data freeze. Gas-fired on-site generation (to be hydrogen/biomethane-ready) became the expected route; units over 10 MW fall under secondary-fuel and capacity-market rules.", "originsAndDrivers": "EirGrid letter of 27 May 2021; generation shortfall from failed capacity-market projects; CRU Security of Supply Programme of Actions (Sept 2021); GCS 2021-2030 forecasting data centres at 23% of demand by 2030 (median), 30% high (p17).", "implications": { "developers": "Dublin effectively closed for new grid connections; viable projects need on-site gas generation, a regional site, or both. Existing contracted MIC became the scarce, valuable asset.", "energySuppliers": "Pushed demand toward the gas network (GNI applications rose until paused in 2022); on-site generators become market participants.", "public": "Avoided load-shedding risk the CRU called unacceptable; but fossil on-site generation conflicts with the 80% renewables target, which the CRU acknowledged (p31)." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "the CRU remains of the view that it is not currently appropriate to impose a moratorium on data centre connections", "page": 30, "verified": true }, { "text": "In the absence of data centres, Ireland would be experiencing much more modest electricity demand growth", "page": 20, "verified": true }, { "text": "there are no other viable short-term mitigation options available, other than imposing a moratorium", "page": 31, "verified": true } ], "file": "2021-11-23_cru-21-124-direction.pdf", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU21124-CRU-Direction-to-the-System-Operators-related-to-Data-Centre-grid-connection-.pdf", "sourcesSecondary": [ { "title": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035, p14: only one new data centre contracted under CRU/21/124 as at 30 June 2025 freeze", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "file": "2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.pdf" } ], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/2021-11-23_cru-21-124-direction.pdf", "fetched": "2026-10-03", "present": true } }, { "id": "eirgrid-dublin-2028", "date": "2022-01", "body": "EirGrid", "type": "statement", "title": "EirGrid: no new data-centre connections in Dublin until about 2028", "whatItSays": "EirGrid began telling applicants before Christmas 2021, and confirmed in January 2022, that the greater Dublin area could not take new data-centre connections until major transmission reinforcement, possibly not before 2028. The July 2022 Government Statement restated this.", "whatChanged": "Turned the CRU criteria into an explicit Dublin pause; pipeline projects not yet contracted were stranded or moved toward gas, private wires or regional sites.", "originsAndDrivers": "CRU/21/124 locational criterion; Dublin network at its limit pending 'Powering Up Dublin' reinforcement.", "implications": { "developers": "Projects with existing contracts gained scarcity value; new Dublin entrants shut out.", "energySuppliers": "Gas connection requests rose; GNI later paused new data-centre contracts (2022).", "public": "Grid reinforcement programme in Dublin (roadworks, cable routes) becomes a precondition for any new load, data centres or otherwise." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "Dublin\u2019s transmission system has been pushed to its limit", "page": 10, "file": "2022-07-27_dete-statement.pdf", "verified": true } ], "file": "2022-07-27_dete-statement.pdf", "url": "https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2022/0116/1273819-data-centres-eirgrid/", "note": "No standalone EirGrid publication found; position reported by RT\u00c9 (16 Jan 2022) and restated in the July 2022 Government Statement (p10).", "sourcesSecondary": [ { "title": "RT\u00c9, 16 Jan 2022: Data centres get to grips with EirGrid's Dublin pause", "url": "https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2022/0116/1273819-data-centres-eirgrid/" } ], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/2022-07-27_dete-statement.pdf", "fetched": "2026-10-03", "present": true } }, { "id": "sdcc-cdp-2022", "date": "2022-06", "body": "South Dublin County Council", "type": "council", "title": "South Dublin CDP 2022-2028: councillors vote data centres 'not permitted'; EDE7 conditions", "whatItSays": "Councillors adopted material amendments making data centres a 'not permitted' use in every zone. The plan's EDE7 objectives require 'space extensive enterprise' (data centres) to sit outside the M50 where possible, maximise on-site renewables, show energy efficiency and sign the Climate Neutral Data Centre Pact.", "whatChanged": "The ban was reversed by ministerial direction (next event); the EDE7 conditions remain the local test.", "originsAndDrivers": "Local concern over energy use and the July 2022-era national debate; South Dublin hosts the largest number of data-centre planning applications (64 of 131 in PlanSight).", "implications": { "developers": "Must show renewables, efficiency and CNDCP membership at planning stage.", "energySuppliers": "n/a", "public": "Democratic local attempt to stop data centres." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "Provide evidence of sign up to the Climate Neutral Data Centre Pact.", "page": 355, "verified": true } ], "file": "plans/sdcc-cdp-2022-2028-written-statement.pdf", "url": "https://www.sdcc.ie/en/devplan2022/", "note": "Adoption month (June 2022) unchecked; the 'not permitted' amendments are described in the s.31 Direction (Material Amendments 13.1-13.3).", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/plans/sdcc-cdp-2022-2028-written-statement.pdf", "fetched": null, "present": true } }, { "id": "gni-pause-2022", "date": "2022-07", "body": "Gas Networks Ireland", "type": "policy", "title": "GNI stops contracting new data-centre gas connections (beyond 11 already contracted)", "whatItSays": "After the July 2022 Statement GNI stopped signing new data-centre gas connection contracts, pending CRU policy. Only data centres contracted before the Statement are included in its network planning.", "whatChanged": "Closed the 'islanded' gas workaround to the electricity constraint. By 2025, 11 data centres were contracted to the gas network; others queued.", "originsAndDrivers": "July 2022 Statement on islanded data centres; ministerial direction to GNI reported by the CRU (Nov 2023); Climate Change Advisory Council recommendation.", "implications": { "developers": "No gas-only route; on-site gas generation still needs a gas connection, which is itself frozen for new entrants.", "energySuppliers": "GNI demand forecasts exclude new data centres.", "public": "Limits growth in fossil gas use by data centres; shifts security-of-supply risk debate onto gas imports." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "The CRU understands that GNI has paused processing islanded data centre applications in line with the Ministerial Direction", "page": 10, "file": "2023-11-15_cru-oireachtas-statement.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "all scenarios include only those Data Centre customers with connection agreements already in place prior to the Government Statement", "page": 6, "file": "2026-04_gni-ndp-2024-consultation-response.pdf", "verified": true } ], "file": "2026-04_gni-ndp-2024-consultation-response.pdf", "url": "https://www.gasnetworks.ie/sites/default/files/2026-04/NDP-2024-Consultation-Response-Report.pdf", "note": "Exact start date of the pause is not in a primary GNI document I found; '11 data centres' is from Irish Times (9 Jun 2025), unchecked against GNI.", "sourcesSecondary": [ { "title": "CRU opening statement to Oireachtas Climate Committee, 15 Nov 2023", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/committee/dail/33/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/submissions/2023/2023-11-15_opening-statement-jim-gannon-chairperson-commission-for-the-regulation-of-utilities-cru_en.pdf", "file": "2023-11-15_cru-oireachtas-statement.pdf" }, { "title": "Irish Times, 9 Jun 2025: 15 data centres awaiting decision on gas network connection", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/business/2025/06/09/15-data-centres-awaiting-decision-on-gas-network-connection/" } ], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/2026-04_gni-ndp-2024-consultation-response.pdf", "fetched": "2026-10-03", "present": true } }, { "id": "dete-2022", "date": "2022-07-27", "body": "Government (DETE)", "type": "statement", "title": "Revised Government Statement on the Role of Data Centres in Ireland's Enterprise Strategy", "whatItSays": "Replaces 2018's 'deliver quickly' with six preference principles: economic impact (regional), efficient grid use, renewable additionality, co-location with renewables or storage, decarbonised by design, community/SME benefit. Says not all demand can be accommodated and that development inconsistent with the principles is not in line with national policy. 'Islanded' data centres powered mainly by on-site fossil generation are ruled out.", "whatChanged": "Became the reference for planning authorities, the CRU and GNI: GNI stopped contracting new data-centre gas connections beyond the 11 already contracted; councils began citing the principles; the CRU's later 80% renewable requirement draws on 'renewables additionality'.", "originsAndDrivers": "Climate Action Plan 2021 commitment; National Energy Security Framework (April 2022) after Russia's invasion of Ukraine; CRU capacity-margin warnings; carbon budgets approved April 2022 (p5-6, p12).", "implications": { "developers": "Regional, renewable-linked, flexible projects favoured; Dublin and gas-only projects disfavoured. Preferences, not rules, so outcomes depend on CRU/EirGrid/council interpretation.", "energySuppliers": "Demand for CPPAs with additional Irish renewables; gas route for islanded sites closed.", "public": "First official acknowledgement that data-centre growth must fit carbon budgets; states that data centres should pay their full share of grid and renewables costs (p15)." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "Data centre development that is not consistent with these principles would not be in line with national policy.", "page": 20, "verified": true }, { "text": "not all existing demand for data centre development can be accommodated", "page": 2, "verified": true }, { "text": "\u2018Islanded\u2019 data centre developments, that are not connected to the electricity grid", "page": 11, "verified": true } ], "file": "2022-07-27_dete-statement.pdf", "url": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/publication-files/government-statement-on-the-role-of-data-centres-in-irelands-enterprise-strategy.pdf", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/2022-07-27_dete-statement.pdf", "fetched": "2026-10-03", "present": true } }, { "id": "dcc-cdp-2022", "date": "2022-11", "body": "Dublin City Council", "type": "council", "title": "Dublin City Development Plan 2022-2028: CEE25 data-centre tests", "whatItSays": "Policy CEE25 requires new or expanded data centres to show compliance with national policy on large energy users, high energy efficiency, maximum on-site renewables, waste-heat capture and reuse, Climate Neutral Data Centre Pact membership and local economic impact; data centres are confined to Z7 (employment/heavy industry) zoning.", "whatChanged": "Waste-heat reuse became a city planning expectation (e.g. 2024 Coolock district-heating motion).", "originsAndDrivers": "2022 Statement principles; Dublin district heating ambitions.", "implications": { "developers": "Heat-export design and CNDCP sign-up required.", "energySuppliers": "District heating opportunities.", "public": "Potential heat for homes; few sites." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "captures and reuses waste heat", "page": 23, "verified": true } ], "file": "plans/dcc-cdp-2022-2028-ch06-city-economy.pdf", "url": "https://www.dublincity.ie/residential/planning/strategic-planning/dublin-city-development-plan", "note": "Adoption month (Nov 2022) unchecked.", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/plans/dcc-cdp-2022-2028-ch06-city-economy.pdf", "fetched": null, "present": true } }, { "id": "sdcc-s31-2022", "date": "2022-11", "body": "Minister of State, Department of Housing (on OPR recommendation)", "type": "direction", "title": "Section 31 Direction: South Dublin must reinstate data centres as 'open for consideration'", "whatItSays": "On the Office of the Planning Regulator's recommendation, the Minister of State directed South Dublin to restore the data-centre use class as 'open for consideration' in REGEN, Enterprise and Employment and Major Retail Centre zones, finding the blanket ban inconsistent with RSES policy RPO 8.25 and lacking an evidential basis.", "whatChanged": "Established that councils cannot ban data centres outright without evidence; national/regional policy overrides local votes. South Dublin reportedly dropped any challenge and complied in January 2026.", "originsAndDrivers": "EMRA RSES RPO 8.25 promotes Ireland as a destination for ICT infrastructure such as data centres; 2018 Statement embedded in NPF.", "implications": { "developers": "Planning ban risk removed; site-by-site assessment.", "energySuppliers": "n/a", "public": "Local democratic control limited; energy constraints handled by CRU, not zoning." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "reinstate data centre use class as an \u2018open for consideration\u2019 use class", "page": 2, "verified": true }, { "text": "lacks an appropriate evidential basis", "page": 3, "verified": true } ], "file": "plans/sdcc-cdp-2022-2028-s31-final-direction.pdf", "url": "https://www.opr.ie/", "note": "Month per research summary (Nov 2022); DCD/Newstalk reported the ministerial order as August 2022 and SDCC compliance in January 2026 \u2014 exact dates unchecked.", "sourcesSecondary": [ { "title": "DCD: Dublin council folds to ministerial order to overturn data center ban (Jan 2026)", "url": "https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/dublin-council-folds-to-ministerial-order-to-overturn-data-center-ban/" } ], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/plans/sdcc-cdp-2022-2028-s31-final-direction.pdf", "fetched": null, "present": true } }, { "id": "cap-2023", "date": "2022-12-21", "body": "DECC", "type": "plan", "title": "Climate Action Plan 2023: LEU demand 'will have to be moderated'", "whatItSays": "Says new demand from large energy users such as data centres must be moderated to protect security of supply and fit carbon budgets, orders a review of gas and electricity connection policy for new LEUs, and says DECC will assess caps on LEUs' fossil-fuel demand from 2026.", "whatChanged": "Assigned the CRU action (EL/23/24) that became the LEU connection review; private-wires consultation (EL/23/15).", "originsAndDrivers": "Sectoral emissions ceilings agreed July 2022; electricity ceiling of 40 MtCO2e for 2021-25.", "implications": { "developers": "Signalled conditions on both gas and electricity connections.", "energySuppliers": "Potential fossil-demand caps for LEUs (never implemented as of 2026).", "public": "Explicit choice to slow data-centre growth for climate reasons." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "new demand growth from large energy users, such as data centres, will have to be moderated to protect security of supply", "page": 139, "verified": true }, { "text": "DECC will assess whether mandated caps on any increase in fossil fuel demand by large energy users could be put in place from 2026.", "page": 155, "verified": true } ], "file": "other/decc-cap2023-main.pdf", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/static/documents/climate-action-plan-2023-8b7dba92-f397-4163-8293-3aea656f6b5f.pdf", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/other/decc-cap2023-main.pdf", "fetched": "2026-10-03", "present": true } }, { "id": "kildare-cdp-2023", "date": "2023-01", "body": "Kildare County Council", "type": "council", "title": "Kildare CDP 2023-2029: RE O72 renewables minimum for data centres", "whatItSays": "Objective RE O72 requires data centres to consider fully renewable supply, or at least 30% where full supply is shown not to be possible. Data-centre zoning is provided around Naas.", "whatChanged": "One of the few local plans with a numeric renewables floor (30%), weaker than the CRU's later 80% national rule.", "originsAndDrivers": "2022 Statement; local climate plan.", "implications": { "developers": "Renewables evidence at planning stage.", "energySuppliers": "CPPA demand.", "public": "n/a" }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "in part (minimum of 30%) where this is not possible", "page": 27, "verified": true } ], "file": "plans/kildare-cdp-2023-2029-Chapter-4.-Resilient-Economy-Job-Creation.pdf", "url": "https://kildarecoco.ie/AllServices/Planning/DevelopmentPlans/KildareCountyDevelopmentPlan2023-2029/", "note": "In force date (Jan 2023) unchecked.", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/plans/kildare-cdp-2023-2029-Chapter-4.-Resilient-Economy-Job-Creation.pdf", "fetched": null, "present": true } }, { "id": "fingal-cdp-2023", "date": "2023-03", "body": "Fingal County Council", "type": "council", "title": "Fingal Development Plan 2023-2029: DMSO92 space-extensive (data centre) tests", "whatItSays": "Objective DMSO92 requires data-centre proposals to address energy-efficiency and renewable generation, energy demand and its source, and location away from land better suited to employment-intensive uses near public transport. Fingal permissions have since attached conditions requiring new renewables to match demand.", "whatChanged": "Fingal used planning conditions to impose renewable matching (cited by the CRU in Nov 2023) before national rules did.", "originsAndDrivers": "Concentration of hyperscale campuses in Dublin 15/Blanchardstown; councillor motions since 2019.", "implications": { "developers": "Expect CPPA/new-renewables conditions.", "energySuppliers": "CPPA demand.", "public": "Local leverage via conditions." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "Proposals for space extensive developments such as data centres are required to address the following", "page": 591, "verified": true } ], "file": "plans/fingal-cdp-2023-2029-written-statement-consolidated.pdf", "url": "https://www.fingal.ie/council/service/fingal-development-plan-2023-2029", "note": "In force date unchecked.", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/plans/fingal-cdp-2023-2029-written-statement-consolidated.pdf", "fetched": null, "present": true } }, { "id": "cru-cfe-2023", "date": "2023-06-21", "body": "CRU", "type": "consultation", "title": "Call for Evidence: Review of Large Energy Users Connection Policy (CRU202357)", "whatItSays": "Opened a review of how large energy users (electricity and gas) should connect so as to fit the sectoral emissions ceilings and the 2022 Statement, floating ideas such as CPPAs, real-time zero-carbon matching and renewable on-site fuels.", "whatChanged": "Started the 30-month process that ended in CRU2025236. Meanwhile CRU/21/124 stayed in force.", "originsAndDrivers": "Climate Action Plan 2023 action EL/23/24 (National Energy Demand Strategy); Sectoral Emissions Ceilings (July 2022).", "implications": { "developers": "Signalled a coming emissions-linked connection policy.", "energySuppliers": "CPPA and renewable gas demand signal.", "public": "Consultation open to all." }, "keyQuotes": [], "file": "2025-12-12_cru-2025236-leu-decision.pdf", "url": "https://www.cru.ie/publications/27891/", "note": "Call for evidence document not cached; dates from CRU2025236 p20-21.", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/2025-12-12_cru-2025236-leu-decision.pdf", "fetched": "2026-10-03", "present": true } }, { "id": "ms-gas-2023", "date": "2023-10-04", "body": "Gas Networks Ireland / CRU", "type": "consultation", "title": "GNI s.39A application to CRU for Microsoft Grange Castle gas line", "whatItSays": "GNI sought CRU consent to build a gas line to Microsoft's Grange Castle campus under a connection agreement signed 17 May 2021 for a 205 MW peak load, customer-funded. The gas is for back-up generation because EirGrid only offered a flexible (curtailable) electricity connection.", "whatChanged": "Shows the mechanism: DCCOPP flexible demand plus CRU/21/124 pushed hyperscalers to on-site gas; contracts signed before the July 2022 pause still proceed.", "originsAndDrivers": "DCCOPP flexible demand in Dublin; pre-July 2022 GNI contract.", "implications": { "developers": "Grandfathered gas contracts are valuable.", "energySuppliers": "Large new gas loads in Dublin.", "public": "Gas-fired generation at data-centre sites in Dublin suburbs (EPA licensing, NOx)." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "The gas connection is required for back up purposes due to a flexible power offer from Eirgrid.", "page": 3, "verified": true } ], "file": "other/cru-s39a-gni-microsoft-grange-castle.pdf", "url": "https://www.cru.ie/", "note": "Exact CRU URL for the s.39A application not recorded by the research pass; planning/EPA decisions for the 170 MW plant (reported Jul 2023) not obtained.", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/other/cru-s39a-gni-microsoft-grange-castle.pdf", "fetched": null, "present": true } }, { "id": "cru-oireachtas-2023", "date": "2023-11-15", "body": "CRU", "type": "statement", "title": "CRU opening statement to the Oireachtas Climate Committee on data-centre connections", "whatItSays": "CRU chair set out the LEU review, noted the Climate Change Advisory Council's call for CPPAs as a planning condition and for GNI not to sign more islanded data-centre contracts, cited a Fingal permission requiring new renewables to match a data centre's demand, and said the legal mandate of state bodies on climate was unclear.", "whatChanged": "Showed the regulator wanted emissions conditions to sit in planning or legislation rather than in its own connection policy.", "originsAndDrivers": "CCAC letter to the committee; Climate Act s.15 duties.", "implications": { "developers": "Planning conditions (CPPAs, heat export) likely to tighten.", "energySuppliers": "CPPA demand.", "public": "Climate obligations of regulators under review." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "there remains a lack of clarity in relation to the extent to", "page": 11, "verified": true } ], "file": "2023-11-15_cru-oireachtas-statement.pdf", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/committee/dail/33/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/submissions/2023/2023-11-15_opening-statement-jim-gannon-chairperson-commission-for-the-regulation-of-utilities-cru_en.pdf", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/2023-11-15_cru-oireachtas-statement.pdf", "fetched": "2026-10-03", "present": true } }, { "id": "cap-2024", "date": "2023-12-20", "body": "DECC", "type": "plan", "title": "Climate Action Plan 2024: data-centre demand as a lever if off track", "whatItSays": "Names managing data-centre power demand as a possible measure if emissions go off track and sets actions for a Private Wires framework (EL/24/9), an LEU emissions reporting framework (EL/24/22) and incentives for LEU demand flexibility (EL/24/23).", "whatChanged": "Little in practice: the private-wires and reporting actions slipped into 2025-26.", "originsAndDrivers": "Electricity sector off track on its emissions ceiling.", "implications": { "developers": "Reporting and flexibility obligations foreshadowed.", "energySuppliers": "Private wires on the horizon.", "public": "Data-centre curbs named as a contingency." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "Managing energy demand in the commercial sector, with a potential focus on data centre power demand.", "page": 69, "verified": true } ], "file": "other/decc-cap2024-main.pdf", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/publication/79659-climate-action-plan-2024/", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/other/decc-cap2024-main.pdf", "fetched": null, "present": true } }, { "id": "gcs-2023", "date": "2024-01", "body": "EirGrid / SONI", "type": "plan", "title": "Generation Capacity Statement 2023-2032", "whatItSays": "Forecasts total demand up 43% by 2032 (median), with data centres and other new large users at 30% of all demand by 2032. All extra data-centre load modelled is already contracted, almost all in Dublin; any new data centre must bring matching capacity, making it 'net-zero demand' for adequacy.", "whatChanged": "Formalised in the adequacy outlook that new data centres no longer add to the capacity the system must procure; growth comes from build-out of legacy contracts.", "originsAndDrivers": "CRU/21/124.", "implications": { "developers": "Existing contracted MIC is the growth runway to 2030.", "energySuppliers": "Capacity procurement driven by legacy contracts plus electrification.", "public": "Data centres' share of demand keeps rising even with no new connections." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "This makes new data centres \u2018net-zero demand\u2019 from a GCS adequacy perspective.", "page": 16, "verified": true }, { "text": "By 2032, 30% of all electricity demand is expected to come from data centres and other new large energy users.", "page": 18, "verified": true } ], "file": "2024-01_eirgrid-gcs-2023-2032.pdf", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/19035-EirGrid-Generation-Capacity-Statement-Combined-2023-V5-Jan-2024.pdf", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/2024-01_eirgrid-gcs-2023-2032.pdf", "fetched": "2026-10-03", "present": true } }, { "id": "cru-2024001", "date": "2024-01-15", "body": "CRU", "type": "consultation", "title": "Consultation on Review of Large Energy Users Connection Policy (CRU2024001)", "whatItSays": "Consulted on criteria for new LEU connections to electricity and gas aimed at minimising emissions: a transition (glide) path to net zero, location near renewables/energy parks, non-firm connections, interruptible gas, on-site renewable fuels, and emissions measurement and reporting.", "whatChanged": "Nothing binding; framed the problem as emissions (Climate Act) as well as security of supply.", "originsAndDrivers": "Sectoral Emissions Ceilings and the July 2022 Statement (p2-3).", "implications": { "developers": "Prospect of emissions glide paths and hourly matching.", "energySuppliers": "Prospect of interruptible gas products.", "public": "Emissions framing entered connection policy." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "minimises the impact on national carbon emissions while taking into account capacity of the system", "page": 3, "verified": true } ], "file": "2024-01-15_cru-2024001-leu-consultation.pdf", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2024001_Review_of_Large_Energy_Users_Connection_Policy_Consultation_1.PDF", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/2024-01-15_cru-2024001-leu-consultation.pdf", "fetched": "2026-10-03", "present": true } }, { "id": "eed-art12", "date": "2024-09-15", "body": "EU / DCEE", "type": "policy", "title": "EU Energy Efficiency Directive Article 12: first data-centre reporting deadline", "whatItSays": "Recast EED (EU) 2023/1791 Article 12 and Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/1364 require operators with installed IT power of at least 500 kW to report energy, water, PUE-type indicators and waste heat to an EU database: first by 15 September 2024, then every 15 May. Ireland's DCEE coordinates but reports go straight to the EU database, not SEAI.", "whatChanged": "Ireland had not transposed Article 12 by statutory instrument as of the 2026 SI lists checked; a 2025 promise of Q2 2025 legislation was missed. LEAP Action 12 (2026) recommits to mandatory LEU efficiency reporting.", "originsAndDrivers": "EU Fit for 55 recast of the EED (2023).", "implications": { "developers": "Reporting burden exists via EU regulation regardless of Irish transposition; Irish enforcement gap.", "energySuppliers": "n/a", "public": "Site-level data goes to the Commission; Irish public visibility limited. CCAC criticised late transposition." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "in the process of being transposed", "page": 1, "verified": true } ], "file": "other/dcee-eed-art12-dc-reporting-page.html", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment/", "note": "DCEE page published 24 Feb 2025, updated 9 Jun 2025 (exact URL in research notes not captured). 'No SI found' is from a search of SI title lists to SI 479/2026.", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/other/dcee-eed-art12-dc-reporting-page.html", "fetched": null, "present": true } }, { "id": "ai-refresh-2024", "date": "2024-11-06", "body": "DETE", "type": "plan", "title": "National AI Strategy Refresh", "whatItSays": "Calls data centres a critical part of AI infrastructure and commits (action 7B) to a plan-led approach to large energy users' needs, including green or renewable energy parks.", "whatChanged": "First link of data-centre policy to AI; the energy-park idea that became LEAP.", "originsAndDrivers": "AI investment race; 2022 Statement's 'energy park' idea.", "implications": { "developers": "AI used as the argument for reopening.", "energySuppliers": "Energy parks proposed.", "public": "n/a" }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "Data Centres are a critical part of the infrastructure required for AI.", "page": 30, "verified": true } ], "file": "other/dete-national-ai-strategy-refresh-2024.pdf", "url": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/national-ai-strategy-refresh-2024.html", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/other/dete-national-ai-strategy-refresh-2024.pdf", "fetched": "2026-10-03", "present": true } }, { "id": "pfg-2025", "date": "2025-01-23", "body": "Government (FF/FG/Independents)", "type": "plan", "title": "Programme for Government 2025 'Securing Ireland's Future': data-centre policy", "whatItSays": "Recognises data centres' central role, says their importance will grow with AI, commits to allow data centres that contribute to growth and efficient grid use, prioritise waste heat, and expedite a private-wires framework and a comprehensive energy plan to guide data-centre infrastructure.", "whatChanged": "Political tilt back toward enabling growth; led to the competitiveness plan action that became LEAP.", "originsAndDrivers": "Investor pressure after the de facto Dublin moratorium; AI.", "implications": { "developers": "Political support restored, conditional on grid efficiency.", "energySuppliers": "Private wires promised.", "public": "Waste-heat obligations promised." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "This importance will only grow with the development of Artificial Intelligence", "page": 54, "verified": true } ], "file": "other/dot-pfg-2025.pdf", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-the-taoiseach/publications/programme-for-government-2025-securing-irelands-future/", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/other/dot-pfg-2025.pdf", "fetched": null, "present": true } }, { "id": "cru-202504", "date": "2025-02-18", "body": "CRU", "type": "consultation", "title": "Proposed Decision on Large Energy Users Connection Policy (CRU202504)", "whatItSays": "Proposed that the policy apply only to data centres, which would need dispatchable on-site or 'proximate' generation/storage matching their MIC that participates in the wholesale market, plus location tests and annual self-reporting of renewables and emissions. Said the Climate Act gives the CRU no legal basis to mandate emissions abatement. Ordered a market-intelligence exercise on future demand.", "whatChanged": "Shift from 'back-up for yourself' to 'bring new capacity for the system'; emissions requirements dropped to reporting only (later reversed in the final decision).", "originsAndDrivers": "Data centres' share of demand rose from 5% (2015) to 21% (2023), 85% of all demand growth (p7).", "implications": { "developers": "Must finance a power plant (or storage) alongside the data centre; can earn capacity/energy revenue from it.", "energySuppliers": "New class of gas peaker/battery projects tied to data centres.", "public": "Security of supply protected; emissions impact left to other policy." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "the electricity consumption used by data centres rose from 5% of total demand to 21%, accounting for 85% of the overall growth", "page": 27, "verified": true } ], "file": "2025-02-18_cru-202504-leu-proposed.pdf", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU202504_LEU_connection_policy_proposed_decision.pdf", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/2025-02-18_cru-202504-leu-proposed.pdf", "fetched": "2026-10-03", "present": true } }, { "id": "npf-2025", "date": "2025-04", "body": "Government (DHLGH)", "type": "plan", "title": "National Planning Framework \u2013 First Revision", "whatItSays": "The revised NPF contains no National Policy Objective specific to data centres; the term appears once, in a description of research and digital infrastructure.", "whatChanged": "Spatial policy for data centres was left to LEAP's promised National Planning Statement on Green Energy Parks rather than the NPF.", "originsAndDrivers": "NPF revision focused on housing targets.", "implications": { "developers": "No national spatial designation yet.", "energySuppliers": "n/a", "public": "Gap in plan-led siting until LEAP Action 8 delivers." }, "keyQuotes": [], "file": "plans/npf-first-revision-2025.pdf", "url": "https://www.npf.ie/", "note": "Approval month (April 2025) from research summary.", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/plans/npf-first-revision-2025.pdf", "fetched": null, "present": true } }, { "id": "cap-2025", "date": "2025-04-15", "body": "DCEE", "type": "plan", "title": "Climate Action Plan 2025: no new data-centre action", "whatItSays": "No new data-centre measure; notes the CRU LEU review is ongoing and carries over the private-wires and LEU reporting actions.", "whatChanged": "Climate planning deferred to the CRU and enterprise departments on data centres.", "originsAndDrivers": "New government; LEU decision pending.", "implications": { "developers": "No additional climate constraint.", "energySuppliers": "n/a", "public": "Data centres drop out of the headline climate plan as electricity emissions rules stall." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "do not contribute to energy security challenges", "page": 91, "verified": true } ], "file": "other/decc-cap2025-main.pdf", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment/publications/climate-action-plan-2025/", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/other/decc-cap2025-main.pdf", "fetched": null, "present": true } }, { "id": "private-wires-2025", "date": "2025-07-15", "body": "DCEE", "type": "policy", "title": "Private Wires Policy Statement", "whatItSays": "Allows private wires in four cases, the first being a single generator or battery directly supplying a separate single user, under a CRU permit. Legislation to follow (general scheme approved December 2025).", "whatChanged": "Opens, on paper, a route for a data centre to take power directly from a co-located wind/solar/battery project; not yet legislated as of Sept 2026, and EirGrid's DCCOPP v3 explicitly ignores it.", "originsAndDrivers": "CAP 2023/2024 actions; Programme for Government; industry lobbying.", "implications": { "developers": "Co-location route possible once legislated.", "energySuppliers": "New bilateral supply models.", "public": "Risk that private wires bypass network cost-sharing; CCAC wants fossil infrastructure excluded." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "Connections between a single generator and a separate single user of electricity", "page": 3, "verified": true } ], "file": "other/dcee-private-wires-policy-2025.pdf", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment/publications/private-wires-policy-statement/", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/other/dcee-private-wires-policy-2025.pdf", "fetched": null, "present": true } }, { "id": "competitiveness-2025", "date": "2025-09-10", "body": "DETE", "type": "plan", "title": "Action Plan on Competitiveness and Productivity", "whatItSays": "Action 80 commits to design a medium-term plan to connect very large energy-intensive industries including data centres; Action 66 commits to private-wire legislation.", "whatChanged": "Commissioned LEAP.", "originsAndDrivers": "Competitiveness concerns, AWS/hyperscaler investment diverted (see ARET minutes May 2026).", "implications": { "developers": "Plan-led sites promised.", "energySuppliers": "n/a", "public": "n/a" }, "keyQuotes": [], "file": "other/dete-competitiveness-action-plan-2025.pdf", "url": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/publication-files/action-plan-on-competitiveness-and-productivity.pdf", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/other/dete-competitiveness-action-plan-2025.pdf", "fetched": "2026-10-03", "present": true } }, { "id": "airaa-2026", "date": "2025-12", "body": "EirGrid / SONI", "type": "plan", "title": "All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "whatItSays": "About 2,100 MVA of transmission and 300 MVA of 110 kV demand is contracted to data centres and new technology loads, almost all in greater Dublin and contracted before CRU/21/124. Data-centre demand forecast to grow from 959 MVA (2024) to 1,870 MVA by 2035 (median), with data centres and new tech loads at 32% of demand by 2030.", "whatChanged": "Confirmed that CRU/21/124 acted as a de facto freeze: one new data centre contracted under it by the June 2025 data freeze.", "originsAndDrivers": "Annual statutory adequacy assessment (successor to the GCS).", "implications": { "developers": "Legacy contracts carry the sector to the mid-2030s.", "energySuppliers": "Demand growth locked in regardless of new policy.", "public": "Data centres' share of national demand heads toward a third." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "there was only one new data centre contracted as it had met the requirements of the CRU/21/124 direction", "page": 14, "verified": true } ], "file": "2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.pdf", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "note": "Data freeze 30 June 2025; publication month not confirmed (cited by CRU in Dec 2025 as the 2025-2034 edition was the prior one).", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.pdf", "fetched": "2026-10-03", "present": true } }, { "id": "cru-2025236", "date": "2025-12-12", "body": "CRU", "type": "decision", "title": "Large Energy Users Connection Policy decision (CRU2025236)", "whatItSays": "Applies only to data centres of 1 MVA or more. Sites of 1-10 MVA need an autoproducer unit covering their MIC; 10 MVA and above need new, separately metered dispatchable generation/storage on-site or 'proximate', de-rated to at least their MIC and bidding into the market, and cannot energise or ramp until it is delivered. All must meet at least 80% of annual demand with additional, unsubsidised Irish renewables within six years of energisation or lose MIC. Location still decides; supersedes CRU/21/124 for new applications.", "whatChanged": "Ended the open-ended near-moratorium with a defined, demanding route: a data centre now comes as a package of demand plus a gas plant (or storage) plus new wind/solar PPAs. No change for gas connections; an interruptible gas product is to be consulted on separately. SOs had to publish processes by 31 March 2026.", "originsAndDrivers": "LEU review since 2023; National Energy Demand Strategy; market-intelligence exercise showing about 5.8 GW of prospective demand (p6); CRU's s.9(1)(s) duty to take account of renewable policy used as the legal hook after it found the Climate Act gave no emissions mandate (p62).", "implications": { "developers": "Viable only for well-capitalised players able to co-develop generation and contract new renewables; worked example: a 30 MVA site needs about 31 MW of gas turbine plus about 55 MW of onshore wind (p65). Wind barely reduces the firm requirement because of its low de-rating (0.056).", "energySuppliers": "New market for data-centre-linked gas peakers and batteries (1-year capacity contracts only) and for CPPAs with new unsubsidised wind/solar; RESS/ORESS projects excluded.", "public": "Data centres pay for their own adequacy and add renewables, but new gas plants are built and run, and up to 100% fossil supply is allowed in the first six years. Judicial review lodged March 2026." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "This policy will apply exclusively to all data centres seeking to connect to the electricity network.", "page": 3, "verified": true }, { "text": "potential for in the order of 5.8GW additional demand capacity required for the data centre sector in Ireland in the medium term", "page": 6, "verified": true }, { "text": "The CRU has no existing statutory function in the 1999 Act or otherwise that allows it to set express requirements for emissions reduction", "page": 62, "verified": true } ], "file": "2025-12-12_cru-2025236-leu-decision.pdf", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2025236_Large_Energy_User_connection_policy_decision_paper.pdf", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/2025-12-12_cru-2025236-leu-decision.pdf", "fetched": "2026-10-03", "present": true } }, { "id": "leap-2026", "date": "2026-01-13", "body": "DETE / DCEE", "type": "plan", "title": "Large Energy User Action Plan (LEAP)", "whatItSays": "17 actions for a plan-led approach after 2030: Green Energy Parks that co-locate big users with renewables, storage and dispatchable generation; a National Planning Statement on parks; flexible/non-firm connections; private-wire legislation; LEU efficiency reporting under the EED; an annual data-centre roundtable. Confirms grid investment to 2030 makes no room for data centres beyond existing contracts and that Dublin opportunities are extremely limited.", "whatChanged": "Shifts the long-term answer from 'connect where the grid is' to 'build the grid and generation where the user will be', but mostly post-2030. Widely reported as ending the Dublin 'ban', though the electricity constraint is unchanged.", "originsAndDrivers": "CRU's call for a State-led approach (CRU2025236); Competitiveness Plan Action 80; AI demand.", "implications": { "developers": "Long-dated: Green Energy Park sites, IDA 'Next Generation Sites' with investments from 2030.", "energySuppliers": "Offshore wind CPPAs to parks (Action 11); co-location tariffs (2028).", "public": "Grid build to 2030 (PR6) is not expanded for data centres, protecting other users; energy parks will need local consent." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "it does not provide for additional infrastructure to facilitate data centre demand- loads beyond those already with connection contracts", "page": 10, "verified": true }, { "text": "these opportunities are likely to be extremely limited owing to existing capacity constraint", "page": 28, "verified": true } ], "file": "other/dete-leap-2026.pdf", "url": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/leap.html", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/other/dete-leap-2026.pdf", "fetched": "2026-10-03", "present": true } }, { "id": "digital-ai-2026", "date": "2026-02-18", "body": "Department of the Taoiseach", "type": "plan", "title": "Digital Ireland: National Digital and AI Strategy", "whatItSays": "Includes implementing LEAP (deliverable 37) and a medium-term approach for large energy users including data centres.", "whatChanged": "Data-centre energy policy formally nested in AI strategy.", "originsAndDrivers": "AI policy consolidation.", "implications": { "developers": "AI framing continues.", "energySuppliers": "n/a", "public": "n/a" }, "keyQuotes": [], "file": "other/dot-digital-ai-strategy-2026.pdf", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-the-taoiseach/", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/other/dot-digital-ai-strategy-2026.pdf", "fetched": null, "present": true } }, { "id": "jr-2026", "date": "2026-03-10", "body": "Friends of the Irish Environment, Friends of the Earth Ireland, ClientEarth", "type": "consultation", "title": "Judicial review lodged against CRU2025236", "whatItSays": "Three environmental groups sought leave in the High Court to quash the LEU decision, arguing it breaches the Climate Act and the Energy Efficiency Directive by allowing new data centres to run on fossil power for six years and leaving 20% unmatched, with back-up generator emissions ignored.", "whatChanged": "EirGrid's DCCOPP v3 warns applicants that they proceed at their own risk while the case is pending.", "originsAndDrivers": "CRU's own finding that it lacked an emissions mandate; Climate Act s.15 duty on public bodies.", "implications": { "developers": "Legal uncertainty over the only connection route for 6+ months at least.", "energySuppliers": "Uncertainty over data-centre-linked generation pipelines.", "public": "Tests whether s.15 of the Climate Act binds regulators' connection policy." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "judicial review proceedings have been initiated against the CRU in relation to its decision paper", "page": 8, "file": "2026-05-20_eirgrid-dccopp-v3.pdf", "verified": true } ], "file": "2026-05-20_eirgrid-dccopp-v3.pdf", "url": "https://www.rte.ie/news/environment/2026/0323/1564681-data-centre-court/", "note": "Lodging date reported as Tuesday 10 March 2026 (Irish Times, 11 Mar 2026); status after May 2026 unchecked.", "sourcesSecondary": [ { "title": "Irish Times, 11 Mar 2026", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/environment/2026/03/11/environmental-groups-seek-high-court-review-of-policy-to-expand-data-centres/" }, { "title": "RT\u00c9, 23 Mar 2026", "url": "https://www.rte.ie/news/environment/2026/0323/1564681-data-centre-court/" } ], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/2026-05-20_eirgrid-dccopp-v3.pdf", "fetched": "2026-10-03", "present": true } }, { "id": "ccac-2026", "date": "2026-05-12", "body": "Climate Change Advisory Council", "type": "statement", "title": "CCAC Annual Review 2026 (electricity): data centres 'cannibalising' renewables", "whatItSays": "Says data-centre consumption is up 463% since 2015 and that the 5.8 GW pipeline would continue data centres absorbing all new renewable output, stalling the renewable share; criticises the six-year glide path for having no renewables at the outset and no interim milestones.", "whatChanged": "Statutory adviser formally opposed the CRU design; aligns with the judicial review.", "originsAndDrivers": "Electricity emissions ceiling overshoot; CRU2025236.", "implications": { "developers": "Pressure for tighter conditions in any review.", "energySuppliers": "n/a", "public": "Authoritative critique of the trade-off." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "cannibalising any increase in Irish renewable capacity", "page": 29, "verified": true }, { "text": "there is no requirement for renewables at the outset and no interim milestones", "page": 29, "verified": true } ], "file": "other/ccac-ar2026-electricity.pdf", "url": "https://www.climatecouncil.ie/", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/other/ccac-ar2026-electricity.pdf", "fetched": null, "present": true } }, { "id": "dccopp-v3", "date": "2026-05-20", "body": "EirGrid", "type": "policy", "title": "DCCOPP v3, Data Centre Technical Assessment and Constrained Area Overview", "whatItSays": "Implements CRU2025236 for transmission connections: a mandatory pre-application meeting (only for projects outside constrained areas), a three-part application (data centre + nominated generation + nominated renewables, each through ECP-GSS), 7.5 to 18 months to an offer, and MIC cuts or termination if generation or the 80% renewables test fails. The overview declares greater Dublin 'fully constrained' and estimates only 50-100 MW at each of Galway, Limerick and Cork on 220 kV, realistically from the mid-2030s.", "whatChanged": "The door reopened on paper but the map is small: perhaps 150-300 MW nationally outside Dublin versus about 6 GW of expressed interest. In Dublin the required on-site gas generation itself worsens short-circuit levels, so the policy cannot work there until 400 kV reinforcement.", "originsAndDrivers": "CRU2025236 deadline of 31 March 2026 (published late, 20 May); fault-ride-through incidents where data centres drop load during voltage dips; short-circuit limits in Dublin.", "implications": { "developers": "Regional 220 kV sites, early pre-application engagement and generation partners are the critical path; AI loads with oscillating demand face stability scrutiny.", "energySuppliers": "Generators that can be 'nominated' to a data centre gain a premium; Cork/Limerick/Galway nodes become contested.", "public": "Grid reinforcement (PR6 2026-2030) and outage scheduling compete with data-centre connections." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "For the avoidance of doubt, a data centre application cannot be progressed if it is in a constrained area.", "page": 11, "verified": true }, { "text": "The greater Dublin region is considered fully constrained.", "page": 11, "file": "2026-05-20_eirgrid-dc-constrained-area-overview.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "The oscillating demand characteristics of Artificial Intelligence data centres could also pose a risk to the stability of the Irish system.", "page": 10, "file": "2026-05-20_eirgrid-dc-constrained-area-overview.pdf", "verified": true } ], "file": "2026-05-20_eirgrid-dccopp-v3.pdf", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Data-Centre-Connection-Offer-Process-and-Policy-V3-May-2026.pdf", "sourcesSecondary": [ { "title": "EirGrid Data Centre Constrained Area Overview, May 2026", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Data-Centre-Constrained-Area-Overview-May-2026.pdf", "file": "2026-05-20_eirgrid-dc-constrained-area-overview.pdf" } ], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/2026-05-20_eirgrid-dccopp-v3.pdf", "fetched": "2026-10-03", "present": true } }, { "id": "aret-2026", "date": "2026-05-25", "body": "Accelerating Renewable Electricity Taskforce", "type": "statement", "title": "ARET minutes: AWS says moratorium moved investment to Spain", "whatItSays": "Minutes record AWS telling the government taskforce that the four-year de facto moratorium led it to move significant planned investment to Spain, citing Spain's and Germany's predictability.", "whatChanged": "On-record industry claim of investment diversion, used to argue for faster connections.", "originsAndDrivers": "CRU/21/124 effects; LEAP consultations.", "implications": { "developers": "Competitive pressure on Irish policy.", "energySuppliers": "n/a", "public": "Trade-off between investment and grid/climate made explicit." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "the four-year de facto moratorium on new data centres in Ireland resulted in AWS moving a significant level of planned investment to Spain", "page": 5, "verified": true } ], "file": "other/aret-minutes-12-2026-05-25.pdf", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment/", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/other/aret-minutes-12-2026-05-25.pdf", "fetched": null, "present": true } }, { "id": "kpmg-2026", "date": "2026-06-02", "body": "DETE (KPMG report)", "type": "statement", "title": "'The Value of Data Centres to Ireland' (DETE/KPMG)", "whatItSays": "Estimates data centres directly underpinned \u20ac2.2bn GVA and 19,500 jobs in 2024, and says enabled value could reach about \u20ac100bn by 2030. At launch the minister described the CRU rule as requiring 80% of on-site generation to be renewable, which is not what the decision says.", "whatChanged": "Government's economic case for reopening, commissioned by the enterprise department.", "originsAndDrivers": "LEAP; AI investment competition.", "implications": { "developers": "Political backing.", "energySuppliers": "n/a", "public": "Direct value is modest (\u20ac2.2bn GVA) relative to the 'enabled' headline; ministerial misstatement of the rule muddies public understanding." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "data centres in Ireland underpinned \u20ac2.2bn in GVA, 19,500 jobs", "page": 7, "verified": true } ], "file": "other/dete-kpmg-value-of-data-centres-2026.pdf", "url": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/other/dete-kpmg-value-of-data-centres-2026.pdf", "fetched": null, "present": true } }, { "id": "cru-202657", "date": "2026-06-25", "body": "CRU", "type": "consultation", "title": "CRU202657: proposed direction on interruptible gas connections", "whatItSays": "CRU is minded to direct GNI to make all new gas connections above 50 MWth interruptible, for a tariff discount, because 17 pending applications (5,466 MWth, mostly data centres and generators) would turn the 1-in-50 winter peak-day headroom (10%) into a 9% deficit by 2033, or an 18% deficit under GNI's risk-adjusted case (from 3% headroom). Market (SEM) generators, including separately metered data-centre generation under the LEU policy, are exempt; behind-the-meter data-centre gas would be interruptible.", "whatChanged": "Proposal only (consultation closed August 2026; no decision as of early September 2026). If adopted, data-centre gas becomes non-firm unless it is a market generator, reinforcing the LEU design.", "originsAndDrivers": "Gas security of supply: GNI letter of 11 May 2026; no new gas demand planned for data centres since July 2022.", "implications": { "developers": "Must structure on-site generation as a separately metered SEM unit to keep firm gas.", "energySuppliers": "Gas network capacity becomes the next binding constraint; firm gas for generators prioritised.", "public": "Protects household gas supply in a severe winter." }, "keyQuotes": [ { "text": "a cohort composed predominantly of data centres and electricity generators", "page": 3, "verified": true }, { "text": "Ireland may be unique in terms of the extent of data centre interest", "page": 23, "verified": true } ], "file": "other/cru-2026-interruptible-gas-consultation.pdf", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "sourcesSecondary": [], "cache": { "path": "data/raw/policy/other/cru-2026-interruptible-gas-consultation.pdf", "fetched": "2026-10-03", "present": true } } ], "phases": [ { "name": "Open door", "from": "2017-10", "to": "2019-06", "summary": "Government treats data centres as strategic infrastructure to be delivered 'in the most efficient and timely way possible' (2018 Statement). Grid connections are first-come, first-served and firm; challenges acknowledged but to be solved by building more grid." }, { "name": "Managed constraint", "from": "2019-06", "to": "2021-11", "summary": "EirGrid's DCCOPP names Dublin constrained, introduces curtailable 'flexible demand', planning-first offers and firm access only with on-site generation. Applications keep rising (about 1,000 MW in a year) until EirGrid asks the CRU to act (May 2021)." }, { "name": "De facto moratorium", "from": "2021-11", "to": "2025-12", "summary": "CRU/21/124 makes location and matching on-site generation tests for every new application; EirGrid pauses Dublin; the July 2022 Statement says not all demand can be met and bars islanded gas sites; GNI stops new gas contracts. Only one new data centre contracted under the criteria by mid-2025, yet data-centre consumption keeps rising (18% to 23% of metered demand) as pre-2021 contracts build out. Councils test bans (South Dublin) and are overruled." }, { "name": "Bring your own power (and renewables)", "from": "2025-12", "to": "present", "summary": "CRU2025236 and DCCOPP v3 replace the freeze with a demanding route: new dispatchable generation de-rated to match MIC, bidding into the market, plus 80% of annual demand from new unsubsidised Irish renewables within six years. Dublin declared fully constrained; maybe 150-300 MW possible in the west, realistically from the mid-2030s. Under judicial review; gas interruptibility proposed." }, { "name": "Plan-led energy parks (announced)", "from": "2026-01", "to": "2030s", "summary": "LEAP points to Green Energy Parks and nationally planned sites after 2030, co-locating large users with offshore/onshore renewables and dispatchable generation. Inference: this is the only route to the ~6 GW of expressed interest, and it depends on legislation (private wires, planning statement) and grid build not yet funded." } ], "implications": [ { "audience": "developers", "kind": "fact", "text": "A new data centre in Ireland is now a power-station project: e.g. a 30 MVA site needs about 31 MW of gas turbine plus about 55 MW of new onshore wind under contract (CRU2025236 worked example, PDF p65). Wind counts for only 5.6% of its capacity toward firmness." }, { "audience": "developers", "kind": "fact", "text": "Dublin is closed for new transmission connections (EirGrid, May 2026) because the gas generation the policy requires would worsen short-circuit levels; the realistic new-build map is 50-100 MW per node at Galway, Limerick and Cork 220 kV, from the mid-2030s." }, { "audience": "developers", "kind": "inference", "text": "Existing contracted MIC (about 2 GW, almost all Dublin, pre-2021) is the sector's scarce asset for the rest of the decade; growth to ~32% of national demand by 2030 comes from building out those contracts, so owners of legacy contracts (hyperscalers, colocation incumbents) are protected from new entrants." }, { "audience": "energySuppliers", "kind": "inference", "text": "Data-centre-linked gas peakers and batteries become a new asset class, but on 1-year capacity contracts only and potentially on interruptible gas unless separately metered market units (CRU202657 proposal) \u2014 financing risk shifts onto the data-centre sponsor." }, { "audience": "energySuppliers", "kind": "inference", "text": "The 80% additional-renewables rule creates a CPPA market outside RESS/ORESS for unsubsidised wind and solar, but competes for the same grid connections and planning consents as State-auctioned projects; the CCAC warns data centres will absorb new renewables rather than raise the renewable share." }, { "audience": "public", "kind": "fact", "text": "Data centres used 23% of metered electricity in 2025 (CSO), up from 5% in 2015 and 85% of demand growth 2015-2023 (CRU202504); grid investment to 2030 (PR6) explicitly makes no extra provision for data centres beyond existing contracts (LEAP)." }, { "audience": "public", "kind": "inference", "text": "The policy protects households from adequacy costs (data centres bring their own capacity) but locks in new gas plant and up to six years of largely fossil supply per new site; whether that satisfies the Climate Act is before the High Court." } ], "openQuestions": [ "Outcome and timing of the FIE/FoE/ClientEarth judicial review of CRU2025236 (leave sought March 2026).", "Will CRU adopt the interruptible gas direction (CRU202657), and does behind-the-meter data-centre gas become non-firm?", "When will Private Wires legislation pass, and will it exclude fossil generation as the CCAC wants?", "Will Ireland transpose EED Article 12 and make site-level data-centre energy/water data public?", "How many applications has EirGrid/ESBN received under DCCOPP v3 since 20 May 2026, and where?", "Where will Green Energy Parks be designated (LEAP Action 8 National Planning Statement), and who pays for their grid?", "Will a CAP 2026 (unpublished as of Sept 2026) add data-centre measures or DECC's long-floated cap on LEU fossil demand?", "Will fault-ride-through and AI load-oscillation rules (Grid Code mod MPID345) further limit connections?", "Did the CRU/21/124 freeze divert investment (AWS-Spain claim) or mainly delay it \u2014 can this be measured from planning and capex data?" ], "demandForecasts": [ { "edition": "GCS 2019-2028", "published": "2019", "metric": "data centres' share of Ireland's demand, median", "value": "29% by 2028", "page": 14, "file": "2019_eirgrid-gcs-2019-2028.pdf", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/EirGrid-Group-All-Island-Generation-Capacity-Statement-2019-2028.pdf" }, { "edition": "GCS 2021-2030", "published": "2021", "metric": "data centres' share of demand, median (high: 30%, per CRU/21/124 p17)", "value": "23% by 2030", "page": 13, "file": "2021_eirgrid-gcs-2021-2030.pdf", "url": "https://www.eirgridgroup.com/site-files/library/EirGrid/208281-All-Island-Generation-Capacity-Statement-LR13A.pdf" }, { "edition": "EirGrid letter to CRU", "published": "2021-05-27", "metric": "data centres' share of demand, median / high, latest forecast", "value": "25% / 33% by 2030", "page": 45, "file": "2021-11-23_cru-21-124-direction.pdf", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU21124-CRU-Direction-to-the-System-Operators-related-to-Data-Centre-grid-connection-.pdf" }, { "edition": "Government Statement", "published": "2022-07-27", "metric": "if all contracted capacity connected", "value": "25-33% by 2030", "page": 9, "file": "2022-07-27_dete-statement.pdf", "url": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/publication-files/government-statement-on-the-role-of-data-centres-in-irelands-enterprise-strategy.pdf" }, { "edition": "GCS 2023-2032", "published": "2024-01", "metric": "data centres and new large energy users, median", "value": "30% by 2032", "page": 18, "file": "2024-01_eirgrid-gcs-2023-2032.pdf", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/19035-EirGrid-Generation-Capacity-Statement-Combined-2023-V5-Jan-2024.pdf" }, { "edition": "CRU202504 (citing EirGrid)", "published": "2025-02-18", "metric": "data-centre and new tech load demand", "value": "7.1 TWh (21%) in 2023 to 13.3 TWh (30%) in 2032", "page": 28, "file": "2025-02-18_cru-202504-leu-proposed.pdf", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU202504_LEU_connection_policy_proposed_decision.pdf" }, { "edition": "AIRAA 2026-2035", "published": "2025 (freeze 30 Jun 2025)", "metric": "data centres and new tech loads share of demand, median; MVA 2024 to 2035", "value": "32% by 2030; 959 MVA to 1,870 MVA by 2035", "page": 52, "file": "2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.pdf", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf" } ], "council": { "source": "PlanSight council_item / consultation tables (local authority minutes), matched on 'data centre'", "fetched": "2026-10-10", "items": [ { "la": "FINGAL", "date": "2019-10-14", "committee": "County Council", "title": "Councillor D. Whooley - Renewable Energy in Data Centres", "text": null, "source_url": "https://meetings.fingal.ie/ieListDocuments.aspx?CId=129&MId=5134#AI50139" }, { "la": "FINGAL", "date": "2020-02-06", "committee": "Blanchardstown-Mulhuddart/Castleknock/Ongar Area Committee (Services B - Strategic & General Matters)", "title": "Councillor M. McCamley - Amazon Data Centre. AI052322", "text": "\u201cThat the Chief Executive provide a report regarding the State having designated the Amazon Data Centre in Mulhuddart/Tyrrelstown as \u2018Critical Infrastructure\u2019 and therefore by-passed the local planning process. Could Fingal County Council find out - (a) How many Jobs will this Centre Produce, (b) Will it depend on the National Grid for energy and (c) Because Data Centres are operating 24/7 and they use so much cooling so that they don\u2019t completely burn out, what renewable energy or clean energy are they using if any. (d) What will be the carbon footprint of the Amazon Data Centre on Fingal or \u2026", "source_url": "https://meetings.fingal.ie/ieListDocuments.aspx?CId=139&MId=5220#AI52322" }, { "la": "FINGAL", "date": "2020-03-05", "committee": "Blanchardstown-Mulhuddart/Castleknock/Ongar Area Committee (Services B - Strategic & General Matters)", "title": "Councillor D. Whooley - Amazon Energy Demands of Data Centre. AI052664", "text": "\u201cThat the Chief Executive requests Amazon to send a representative to address this Committee to explain how they aim to reduce the energy demand of their data centre and explain how they plan to make the centre more sustainable and powered by renewable sources.\u201d", "source_url": "https://meetings.fingal.ie/ieListDocuments.aspx?CId=139&MId=5221#AI52664" }, { "la": "FINGAL", "date": "2022-09-01", "committee": "Blanchardstown-Mulhuddart/Castleknock/Ongar Area Committee (Services B - Strategic & General Matters)", "title": "Councillor B. Hanaphy - Data Centres in Dublin 15 - AI081067", "text": null, "source_url": "https://meetings.fingal.ie/ieListDocuments.aspx?CId=139&MId=5713#AI81067" }, { "la": "DCC", "date": "2024-10-21", "committee": "North Central Area Committee", "title": "(1) Motion in the name of Councillor John Lyons", "text": "The Area Committee recognises the development of several data centres in the wider Coolock area over recent years; believes the local area is an appropriate location for a new district heating scheme; therefore, we call on Dublin City Council to commit to establishing a new district heating system for the Coolock area.\nThe Area Committee recognises the development of several data centres in the wider Coolock area over recent years; believes the local area is an appropriate location for a new district heating scheme; therefore, we call on Dublin City Council to commit to establishing a new \u2026", "source_url": "https://councilmeetings.dublincity.ie/ieListDocuments.aspx?CId=141&MId=5295#AI34847" }, { "la": "SDCC", "date": "2025-05-12", "committee": "County Council", "title": "To ask the Chief Executive for a report on data centres within the council area with a Planning Register Reference for each centre. This report should include; centres that are operational, that are under construction; and those within the planning process including those being appealed to An Bord Plean\u00e1la", "text": "Q3(a) Data Centres within South Dublin Q3(b) Data Centres - Planning Applications", "source_url": "https://meetings.southdublin.ie/Home/Agenda/2575" }, { "la": "SDCC", "date": "2026-01-26", "committee": "Tallaght Area Committee", "title": "\"To ask the Chief Executive are there any plans to increase data centres in the Tallaght area due to reports in the business post saying Dublin is open for data centres due to government reversing its stance on data centres in Dublin?\"", "text": "Data Centres and govt policy", "source_url": "https://meetings.southdublin.ie/Home/Agenda/2681?p=4" }, { "la": "FINGAL", "date": "2026-03-05", "committee": "Blanchardstown-Mulhuddart/Castleknock/Ongar Area Committee (Services B - Strategic & General Matters)", "title": "Councillor J. Burtchaell - Report on Data Centres in this LEA - AI106739", "text": null, "source_url": "https://meetings.fingal.ie/ieListDocuments.aspx?CId=139&MId=6273#AI106739" }, { "la": "SDCC", "date": "2026-09-14", "committee": "County Council", "title": "To ask the Chief Executive for a report listing all existing and proposed data centres within the Council area, including the Planning Register Reference and current status of each, with a breakdown of those that are operational, under construction, subject to a live planning application, or currently before An Bord Plean\u00e1la.", "text": null, "source_url": "https://meetings.southdublin.ie/Home/Agenda/2776" }, { "la": "SDCC", "date": "2026-09-14", "committee": "County Council", "title": "To ask the Chief Executive if a financial figure is available for the amount paid in commercial rates by data centres to SDCC in recent years?", "text": null, "source_url": "https://meetings.southdublin.ie/Home/Agenda/2776" }, { "la": "FINGAL", "date": "2026-09-14", "committee": "County Council", "title": "Councillor J. Burtchaell - Data Centres Water Consumption", "text": "\u201cThat the Chief Executive engage with Irish Water to determine what volume of water is drawn from the public water supply by the data centres located in the county for the years 2024, 2025 and 2026 (year to date) and how this compares to residential consumption over the same time periods.\u201d", "source_url": "https://meetings.fingal.ie/ieListDocuments.aspx?CId=129&MId=6295#AI109386" } ], "consultations": [ { "la": "FINGAL", "kind": "plan", "title": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Ltd. (ADSIL) Strategic Infrastructure Development Planning Application to An Bord Plean\u00e1la", "opens": "2019-02-15", "closes": "2019-04-05", "portal_url": "https://consult.fingal.ie/en/consultation/amazon-data-services-ireland-ltd-adsil-strategic-infrastructure-development-planning-application" } ] }, "quoteCheck": { "checked": 61, "notFound": [] } }, "ppa_supply": { "title": "Who can supply the renewables", "source": "PlanSight planning database (council registers + An Coimisiun Pleanala); EirGrid RESS 1-5 final auction results; company press releases (curated); CRU/2025/236; CSO MEC02", "asOf": "2026-10-10", "rule": { "text": "New data centres must match at least 80% of annual demand with additional renewable electricity generated in the Republic of Ireland (CPPA or own build), within a 6-year glide path from energisation. Generation contracted under REFIT/RESS/ORESS does not count; full repowering can.", "source": "CRU/2025/236 Large Energy Users decision, 12 Dec 2025, s.3.5 (data/raw/policy/2025-12-12_cru-2025236-leu-decision.txt)" }, "method": "Pool: PlanSight applications and ACP appeals/SIDs decided since 2016-01-01 whose description mentions wind, solar or battery storage; kept if granted (an ACP decision overrides the council's), not expired (register expiry date, else 10 years from decision if a 10-year permission is sought or it is an SID, else 5), and describing new generation (masts, life extensions, turbine delivery routes, grid-connection/substation-only and amendments without new capacity are excluded). Solar must be ground-mounted and >= 1 MW. MW is parsed from the description (MW/MWp), else estimated (see mwBasis). Same tech + council + same name or within ~1.5 km = one project (latest decision kept). Projects are matched to RESS 1-5 winners by the distinctive word in the RESS project name; matched ones are treated as state-contracted and ineligible for the CRU rule.", "pool": { "byTech": [ { "tech": "solar", "projects": 83, "mw": 2757.1, "mwStated": 620.1, "mwEstimated": 2137.0, "noMw": 0, "ressMatchedProjects": 10, "uncontractedMw": 2396.6, "mwBasis": "stated MW/MWp where given, else site hectares x 0.57 MW/ha" }, { "tech": "onshore_wind", "projects": 43, "mw": 1699.0, "mwStated": 0.0, "mwEstimated": 1699.0, "noMw": 8, "ressMatchedProjects": 5, "uncontractedMw": 1397.0, "mwBasis": "stated MW where given, else turbines x assumed rating by tip height [(170, 6.0), (150, 4.5), (120, 3.0), (0, 2.3)] (default 4.0 MW)" }, { "tech": "battery", "projects": 51, "mw": 623.5, "mwStated": 623.5, "mwEstimated": 0.0, "noMw": 42, "ressMatchedProjects": 0, "uncontractedMw": 623.5, "mwBasis": "stated MW only; projects without a stated MW count as projects but add 0 MW" } ], "byCouncil": [ { "council": "MEATH", "projects": 7, "mw": 524.3, "mwStated": 19.5, "mwEstimated": 504.8, "noMw": 0, "councilName": "Meath", "uncontractedMw": 503.9 }, { "council": "CORKCO", "projects": 19, "mw": 462.2, "mwStated": 35.8, "mwEstimated": 426.4, "noMw": 1, "councilName": "Cork County", "uncontractedMw": 432.9 }, { "council": "TIPPERARY", "projects": 10, "mw": 393.2, "mwStated": 168.2, "mwEstimated": 225.0, "noMw": 0, "councilName": "Tipperary", "uncontractedMw": 393.2 }, { "council": "MAYO", "projects": 6, "mw": 345.0, "mwStated": 0.0, "mwEstimated": 345.0, "noMw": 0, "councilName": "Mayo", "uncontractedMw": 273.0 }, { "council": "WESTMEATH", "projects": 5, "mw": 256.1, "mwStated": 0.0, "mwEstimated": 256.1, "noMw": 0, "councilName": "Westmeath", "uncontractedMw": 256.1 }, { "council": "WEXFORD", "projects": 9, "mw": 245.6, "mwStated": 0.0, "mwEstimated": 245.6, "noMw": 2, "councilName": "Wexford", "uncontractedMw": 245.6 }, { "council": "KILDARE", "projects": 5, "mw": 374.7, "mwStated": 234.5, "mwEstimated": 140.2, "noMw": 0, "councilName": "Kildare", "uncontractedMw": 244.7 }, { "council": "OFFALY", "projects": 10, "mw": 321.9, "mwStated": 65.0, "mwEstimated": 256.9, "noMw": 0, "councilName": "Offaly", "uncontractedMw": 237.9 }, { "council": "DONEGAL", "projects": 5, "mw": 232.0, "mwStated": 0.0, "mwEstimated": 232.0, "noMw": 1, "councilName": "Donegal", "uncontractedMw": 232.0 }, { "council": "KERRY", "projects": 7, "mw": 179.3, "mwStated": 2.0, "mwEstimated": 177.3, "noMw": 2, "councilName": "Kerry", "uncontractedMw": 179.3 }, { "council": "CLARE", "projects": 9, "mw": 194.3, "mwStated": 50.0, "mwEstimated": 144.3, "noMw": 1, "councilName": "Clare", "uncontractedMw": 144.3 }, { "council": "GALWAYCO", "projects": 4, "mw": 242.2, "mwStated": 0.0, "mwEstimated": 242.2, "noMw": 0, "councilName": "Galway County", "uncontractedMw": 117.9 }, { "council": "LONGFORD", "projects": 3, "mw": 126.8, "mwStated": 11.1, "mwEstimated": 115.7, "noMw": 0, "councilName": "Longford", "uncontractedMw": 107.1 }, { "council": "WATERFORD", "projects": 3, "mw": 101.8, "mwStated": 5.0, "mwEstimated": 96.8, "noMw": 0, "councilName": "Waterford", "uncontractedMw": 101.8 }, { "council": "CARLOW", "projects": 5, "mw": 120.0, "mwStated": 20.0, "mwEstimated": 100.0, "noMw": 0, "councilName": "Carlow", "uncontractedMw": 100.0 }, { "council": "KILKENNY", "projects": 5, "mw": 152.5, "mwStated": 0.0, "mwEstimated": 152.5, "noMw": 1, "councilName": "Kilkenny", "uncontractedMw": 68.5 }, { "council": "LAOIS", "projects": 2, "mw": 49.1, "mwStated": 0.0, "mwEstimated": 49.1, "noMw": 0, "councilName": "Laois", "uncontractedMw": 49.1 }, { "council": "LOUTH", "projects": 1, "mw": 35.8, "mwStated": 0.0, "mwEstimated": 35.8, "noMw": 0, "councilName": "Louth", "uncontractedMw": 35.8 }, { "council": "ROSCOMMON", "projects": 3, "mw": 20.3, "mwStated": 0.0, "mwEstimated": 20.3, "noMw": 0, "councilName": "Roscommon", "uncontractedMw": 20.3 }, { "council": "LIMERICK", "projects": 3, "mw": 18.6, "mwStated": 1.0, "mwEstimated": 17.6, "noMw": 0, "councilName": "Limerick", "uncontractedMw": 18.6 }, { "council": "WICKLOW", "projects": 2, "mw": 26.8, "mwStated": 0.0, "mwEstimated": 26.8, "noMw": 0, "councilName": "Wicklow", "uncontractedMw": 16.0 }, { "council": "CAVAN", "projects": 1, "mw": 8.0, "mwStated": 8.0, "mwEstimated": 0.0, "noMw": 0, "councilName": "Cavan", "uncontractedMw": 8.0 }, { "council": "FINGAL", "projects": 1, "mw": 7.6, "mwStated": 0.0, "mwEstimated": 7.6, "noMw": 0, "councilName": "Fingal", "uncontractedMw": 7.6 }, { "council": "LEITRIM", "projects": 1, "mw": 18.0, "mwStated": 0.0, "mwEstimated": 18.0, "noMw": 0, "councilName": "Leitrim", "uncontractedMw": 0 } ], "projects": [ { "id": "ACP 311831", "source": "appeal", "council": "MEATH", "councilName": "Meath", "tech": "solar", "name": null, "mw": 151.5, "mwBasis": "265.8 ha x 0.57 MW/ha (assumed)", "decided": "2022-08-15", "expiry": "2032-08-14", "expiryBasis": "assumed 10-year permission from decision", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 53.48102815767118, "lng": -6.415697261118729, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/311831", "acp": "311831", "description": "10 year planning permission the construction of, and a 40 year operation and subsequent decommissioning of a development consisting of a 265.8 hectare solar farm. A Natura Impact Statement was submitted with this application", "alsoRefs": [ "MEATH/21837", "MEATH/RA170479" ] }, { "id": "ACP 318785", "source": "appeal", "council": "KILDARE", "councilName": "Kildare", "tech": "solar", "name": null, "mw": 140.2, "mwBasis": "246 ha x 0.57 MW/ha (assumed)", "decided": "2024-08-20", "expiry": "2034-08-20", "expiryBasis": "assumed 10-year permission from decision", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 53.138716449259086, "lng": -6.681366032237776, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/318785", "acp": "318785", "description": "10 year planning permission for a solar farm with a total area of circa 246 hectares and all associated landscaping and ancillary works." }, { "id": "ACP 322423", "source": "appeal", "council": "MEATH", "councilName": "Meath", "tech": "solar", "name": null, "mw": 122.5, "mwBasis": "215 ha x 0.57 MW/ha (assumed)", "decided": "2025-11-03", "expiry": "2030-11-03", "expiryBasis": "assumed 5-year permission from decision", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 53.44577149319142, "lng": -6.43211533624748, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/322423", "acp": "322423", "description": "The proposed development will consist of an application for the construction of, development consisting of a 215 hectare solar farm and all other site works. . A Natura Impact Statement will also be submitted to the Planning Authority", "alsoRefs": [ "MEATH/2460742" ] }, { "id": "TIPPERARY/211128", "source": "council", "council": "TIPPERARY", "councilName": "Tipperary", "tech": "solar", "name": null, "mw": 122.0, "mwBasis": "stated MW/MWp", "decided": "2022-02-23", "expiry": "2027-03-28", "expiryBasis": "register expiry date", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 52.748439597601525, "lng": -7.667769318503282, "url": "http://www.eplanning.ie/TipperaryCC/AppFileRefDetails/211128/0", "acp": null, "description": "construction of a Solar PV development with a maximum export capacity (MEC) of up to 122MW comprising of ca. 214,800 no. photovoltaic panels laid out in arrays, the construction of a 38kV substation, (ca.57.31m2 x 4.45m tall) along with associated ancillary development including 30 no. Transformer S" }, { "id": "MEATH/23576", "source": "council", "council": "MEATH", "councilName": "Meath", "tech": "solar", "name": null, "mw": 107.7, "mwBasis": "188.9 ha x 0.57 MW/ha (assumed)", "decided": "2024-07-25", "expiry": "2034-11-13", "expiryBasis": "register expiry date", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 53.655877270589265, "lng": -6.501418316779341, "url": "http://www.eplanning.ie/MeathCC/AppFileRefDetails/23576/0", "acp": null, "description": "a ten year permission and 35 year operation life for a solar farm described herein. The total site area for the proposed development is 188.9 hectares consisting of the following: solar photovoltaic panels on ground mounted steel frames and associated hard standing, inverter/transformer stations, un" }, { "id": "ACP 316212", "source": "SID", "council": "WESTMEATH", "councilName": "Westmeath", "tech": "onshore_wind", "name": null, "mw": 104.0, "mwBasis": "26 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "decided": "2024-11-22", "expiry": "2034-11-22", "expiryBasis": "assumed 10-year permission from decision", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 53.54910609216218, "lng": -7.032217407989016, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/316212", "acp": "316212", "description": "Proposed development of 26 no. wind turbines and associated works." }, { "id": "KILDARE/22327", "source": "council", "council": "KILDARE", "councilName": "Kildare", "tech": "solar", "name": null, "mw": 100.0, "mwBasis": "stated MW/MWp", "decided": "2022-09-21", "expiry": "2032-11-10", "expiryBasis": "register expiry date", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 53.35573879588988, "lng": -7.008799890721632, "url": "http://www.eplanning.ie/KildareCC/AppFileRefDetails/22327/0", "acp": null, "description": "for development at this site on lands at Oldcourt (Carbury By), Kishawanny Upper, Coolavacoose, Coolcor, Carbury, Co. Kildare. (A Natura Impact Statement has been prepared in respect of this application) The development will consist of planning permission for a period of 10 years to construct and co" }, { "id": "ACP 303592", "source": "SID", "council": "LONGFORD", "councilName": "Longford", "tech": "onshore_wind", "name": null, "mw": 96.0, "mwBasis": "24 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "decided": "2020-06-12", "expiry": "2030-06-12", "expiryBasis": "assumed 10-year permission from decision", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 53.65404702843371, "lng": -7.902167373329177, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/303592", "acp": "303592", "description": "A 10-year planning permission for the construction of a wind farm comprising 24 no. wind turbines, 1 no. 110kV substation and all related works." }, { "id": "ACP 323402", "source": "appeal", "council": "CORKCO", "councilName": "Cork County", "tech": "solar", "name": null, "mw": 91.8, "mwBasis": "161 ha x 0.57 MW/ha (assumed)", "decided": "2026-05-14", "expiry": "2036-05-13", "expiryBasis": "assumed 10-year permission from decision", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 51.885730553736565, "lng": -8.801837216098448, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/323402", "acp": "323402", "description": "A 10 year permission is sought for a solar farm with a total area of circa 161 hectares and all associated site works. 40 years planning permission is requested." }, { "id": "ACP 318701", "source": "SID", "council": "MAYO", "councilName": "Mayo", "tech": "onshore_wind", "name": null, "mw": 88.0, "mwBasis": "22 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "decided": "2026-05-06", "expiry": "2036-05-05", "expiryBasis": "assumed 10-year permission from decision", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 54.244329852992195, "lng": -9.472488138260635, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/318701", "acp": "318701", "description": "10 year planning permission for the proposed wind energy development consisting of 22 wind turbines and all associated infrastructure" }, { "id": "ACP 308885", "source": "SID", "council": "CORKCO", "councilName": "Cork County", "tech": "onshore_wind", "name": null, "mw": 88.0, "mwBasis": "22 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "decided": "2023-11-09", "expiry": "2033-11-08", "expiryBasis": "assumed 10-year permission from decision", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 52.07706397369419, "lng": -8.500963999160254, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/308885", "acp": "308885", "description": "10 year permission for the construction of up to 22 no. wind turbines and all related site works and ancillary development." }, { "id": "ACP 302475", "source": "appeal", "council": "WEXFORD", "councilName": "Wexford", "tech": "solar", "name": null, "mw": 87.1, "mwBasis": "152.8 ha x 0.57 MW/ha (assumed)", "decided": "2019-07-05", "expiry": "2029-07-04", "expiryBasis": "assumed 10-year permission from decision", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 52.306256249002686, "lng": -6.740366859526701, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/302475", "acp": "302475", "description": "Ten year permission for a solar farm on a site of approximately 152.8 hectares" }, { "id": "ACP 315933", "source": "SID", "council": "MAYO", "councilName": "Mayo", "tech": "onshore_wind", "name": null, "mw": 84.0, "mwBasis": "21 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "decided": "2024-03-13", "expiry": "2034-03-13", "expiryBasis": "assumed 10-year permission from decision", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 54.17371038431815, "lng": -9.627355504182919, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/315933", "acp": "315933", "description": "Proposed development of 21 no. wind turbines and all associated works." }, { "id": "ACP 306706", "source": "SID", "council": "OFFALY", "councilName": "Offaly", "tech": "onshore_wind", "name": null, "mw": 84.0, "mwBasis": "21 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "decided": "2021-08-26", "expiry": "2031-08-26", "expiryBasis": "assumed 10-year permission from decision", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 53.1883365822627, "lng": -7.8665990128041265, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/306706", "acp": "306706", "description": "A ten year permission for a wind farm consisting of 21 wind turbines and all associated site works", "alsoRefs": [ "ACP 244053" ] }, { "id": "KERRY/23284", "source": "council", "council": "KERRY", "councilName": "Kerry", "tech": "solar", "name": null, "mw": 83.6, "mwBasis": "146.6 ha x 0.57 MW/ha (assumed)", "decided": "2023-09-13", "expiry": "2028-10-16", "expiryBasis": "register expiry date", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 52.527502723361266, "lng": -9.455640217877916, "url": "http://www.eplanning.ie/KerryCC/AppFileRefDetails/23284/0", "acp": null, "description": "APPLY FOR A 10 YEAR PERMISSION AND 40 YEAR OPERATION FOR A SOLAR FARM OF 146.6 HECTARES, ON 3 NO. LAND PARCELS CONSISTING AS DESCRIBED HERIN: WEST PARCEL( BALLYMACASY, BALLYLINE EAST AND BALLYLINE WEST TOWNLANDS) C 58.48 HECTARES, CENTRAL PARCEL ( COOLNAGRAIGUE TOWNLAND) C. 53.8 HECTARES AND EAST PA" }, { "id": "TIPPERARY/21261", "source": "council", "council": "TIPPERARY", "councilName": "Tipperary", "tech": "solar", "name": null, "mw": 81.3, "mwBasis": "142.7 ha x 0.57 MW/ha (assumed)", "decided": "2021-04-26", "expiry": "2031-05-29", "expiryBasis": "register expiry date", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 52.939328506722106, "lng": -7.713372436840141, "url": "http://www.eplanning.ie/TipperaryCC/AppFileRefDetails/21261/0", "acp": null, "description": "a 10 year planning permission for the construction of, and a 40 year operation and subsequent decommission of, a development consisting of a 142.7 hectare solar farm. The proposed solar farm will consist of a series of ground mounted solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, mounted on steel support structure" }, { "id": "WATERFORD/2360089", "source": "council", "council": "WATERFORD", "councilName": "Waterford", "tech": "solar", "name": null, "mw": 80.4, "mwBasis": "141 ha x 0.57 MW/ha (assumed)", "decided": "2023-05-03", "expiry": "2029-04-23", "expiryBasis": "register expiry date", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 52.291826342884825, "lng": -7.444098626314651, "url": "http://www.eplanning.ie/WaterfordCCC/AppFileRefDetails/2360089/0", "acp": null, "description": "A Solar Farm on a total site area of 141 hectares (ha), consisting of photovoltaic panels on ground mounted steel frames with associated cabling and ducting; 28 no. single storey inverter stations; perimeter fencing; permeable gravel access track; 49 no. onsite pole mounted CCTV cameras; 4 no. new s" }, { "id": "WESTMEATH/2460050", "source": "council", "council": "WESTMEATH", "councilName": "Westmeath", "tech": "solar", "name": null, "mw": 79.8, "mwBasis": "140 ha x 0.57 MW/ha (assumed)", "decided": "2024-09-10", "expiry": "2030-03-30", "expiryBasis": "register expiry date", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 53.57515219532204, "lng": -7.498059124022694, "url": "http://www.eplanning.ie/WestmeathCC/AppFileRefDetails/2460050/0", "acp": null, "description": "development which will consist/consists of: a 10-year permission for the development of a solar farm on a site of 140 hectares consisting of the following: 781,578sqm of solar photovoltaic panels on ground mounted steel frames; 17 hardstanding locations for the installation of electrical skids; new " }, { "id": "ACP 300460", "source": "SID", "council": "DONEGAL", "councilName": "Donegal", "tech": "onshore_wind", "name": null, "mw": 76.0, "mwBasis": "19 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "decided": "2018-06-25", "expiry": "2028-06-24", "expiryBasis": "assumed 10-year permission from decision", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 54.721617362305004, "lng": -7.884415746105548, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/300460", "acp": "300460", "description": "19 turbine wind farm" }, { "id": "ACP 320662", "source": "appeal", "council": "GALWAYCO", "councilName": "Galway County", "tech": "solar", "name": null, "mw": 71.2, "mwBasis": "125 ha x 0.57 MW/ha (assumed)", "decided": "2025-10-21", "expiry": "2030-10-21", "expiryBasis": "assumed 5-year permission from decision", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 53.15656690328781, "lng": -8.865170064109028, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/320662", "acp": "320662", "description": "The development of a solar farm on a site of 125 hectares and all associated site works & services. The solar farm will be operational for 40 years. A Natura Impact Statement was submitted with the planning application." }, { "id": "ACP 316078", "source": "appeal", "council": "MEATH", "councilName": "Meath", "tech": "solar", "name": null, "mw": 70.7, "mwBasis": "124.07 ha x 0.57 MW/ha (assumed)", "decided": "2024-09-02", "expiry": "2034-09-02", "expiryBasis": "assumed 10-year permission from decision", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 53.601766806856595, "lng": -6.4248748117724785, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/316078", "acp": "316078", "description": "Planning permission for a period of 10 years for a solar PV energy development with a total site area of 124.07 hectares. The solar farm will be operational for 35 years. A Natura Impact Statement was submitted with this planning application. Significant further information/revised plans submitted o" }, { "id": "CLARE/25291", "source": "council", "council": "CLARE", "councilName": "Clare", "tech": "solar", "name": null, "mw": 56.5, "mwBasis": "99.2 ha x 0.57 MW/ha (assumed)", "decided": "2025-11-03", "expiry": "2028-05-31", "expiryBasis": "register expiry date", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 52.80084098808638, "lng": -8.936416841800195, "url": "http://www.eplanning.ie/ClareCC/AppFileRefDetails/25291/0", "acp": null, "description": "to Extend the Appropriate Period of Planning permission for P20/562 the development will consist of a planning permission for a period of 5 years to construct and complete a Solar PV Energy development with a total site area of 99.2 hectares, to include a single storey electrical substation building", "alsoRefs": [ "CLARE/21915" ] }, { "id": "DONEGAL/2351543", "source": "council", "council": "DONEGAL", "councilName": "Donegal", "tech": "onshore_wind", "name": null, "mw": 56.0, "mwBasis": "14 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "decided": "2023-11-30", "expiry": "2029-01-05", "expiryBasis": "register expiry date", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 55.125537129879824, "lng": -7.281749382603652, "url": "http://www.eplanning.ie/DonegalCC/AppFileRefDetails/2351543/0", "acp": null, "description": "GRANT OF A 10 YEAR PLANNING PERMISSION FOR DEVELOPMENT OF A 14 TURBINE WIND FARM ON A SITE IN THE TOWNLAND OF AUGHT, APPROXIMATELY 5KM WEST OF QUIGLEY'S POINT. THE DEVELOPMENT WILL COMPRISE OF 14 NO ELECTRICITY GENERATING WIND TURBINES WITH A HUB HEIGHT OF 65 METRES AND A ROTOR DIAMETER OF 71 METRES" }, { "id": "ACP 317560", "source": "SID", "council": "MAYO", "councilName": "Mayo", "tech": "onshore_wind", "name": null, "mw": 52.0, "mwBasis": "13 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "decided": "2024-11-19", "expiry": "2034-11-19", "expiryBasis": "assumed 10-year permission from decision", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 54.13955791974784, "lng": -8.974599999902964, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/317560", "acp": "317560", "description": "Proposed windfarm development including 13 no. wind turbines in Bunnyconnellan, Co. Mayo and hydrogen plant in Castleconnor, Co. Sligo." }, { "id": "ACP 306303", "source": "SID", "council": "DONEGAL", "councilName": "Donegal", "tech": "onshore_wind", "name": null, "mw": 52.0, "mwBasis": "13 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "decided": "2021-01-27", "expiry": "2031-01-27", "expiryBasis": "assumed 10-year permission from decision", "applicant": null, "kind": "repowering", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 54.69358946087686, "lng": -7.939970782863603, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/306303", "acp": "306303", "description": "Decommissioning and removal of 25 existing wind turbines and the construction of up to 13 wind turbines and all associated site development and ancillary works including upgrade works associated with the existing 110kV grid connection and widening of junction and local road." }, { "id": "ACP 301321", "source": "appeal", "council": "WEXFORD", "councilName": "Wexford", "tech": "solar", "name": null, "mw": 51.0, "mwBasis": "89.46 ha x 0.57 MW/ha (assumed)", "decided": "2019-01-11", "expiry": "2029-01-10", "expiryBasis": "assumed 10-year permission from decision", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 52.23325154492744, "lng": -6.468720744057848, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/301321", "acp": "301321", "description": "A 10 year permission for the construction of a solar PV energy development within a total site area of up to 89.46 HA." }, { "id": "TIPPERARY/2460074", "source": "council", "council": "TIPPERARY", "councilName": "Tipperary", "tech": "solar", "name": null, "mw": 50.4, "mwBasis": "88.5 ha x 0.57 MW/ha (assumed)", "decided": "2024-08-20", "expiry": "2029-09-22", "expiryBasis": "register expiry date", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 52.82830826889242, "lng": -8.181968198512457, "url": "http://www.eplanning.ie/TipperaryCC/AppFileRefDetails/2460074/0", "acp": null, "description": "a 10-year planning permission to construct and complete a solar PV Energy Development with a total site area of c. 88.5 hectares comprising of solar PV ground mounted on support structures, inverter substations, 38kV substation, watercourse crossings, temporary construction compounds, internal acces" }, { "id": "ACP 312674", "source": "appeal", "council": "WEXFORD", "councilName": "Wexford", "tech": "solar", "name": null, "mw": 49.4, "mwBasis": "86.6 ha x 0.57 MW/ha (assumed)", "decided": "2022-05-06", "expiry": "2032-05-05", "expiryBasis": "assumed 10-year permission from decision", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 52.28416990133349, "lng": -6.656738590713458, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/312674", "acp": "312674", "description": "Ten year permission for a solar farm on a site of approximately 86.6 hectares. A Natura impact statement accompanies this application." }, { "id": "MAYO/2460537", "source": "council", "council": "MAYO", "councilName": "Mayo", "tech": "onshore_wind", "name": null, "mw": 48.0, "mwBasis": "8 turbines x 6.0 MW (assumed from tip 180 m)", "decided": "2025-11-10", "expiry": "2035-11-10", "expiryBasis": "assumed 10-year permission from decision", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 54.230102881614066, "lng": -9.43200844129327, "url": "http://www.eplanning.ie/MayoCC/AppFileRefDetails/2460537/0", "acp": null, "description": "A ten year permission for the development of a wind farm project. The development will consist of: - the construction of up to 8 No. wind turbines with a maximum overall tip height of between 176-180m, comprising rotor diameters ranging between 133-150m and hub heights ranging between 105-112m high;" }, { "id": "ACP 310312", "source": "appeal", "council": "LAOIS", "councilName": "Laois", "tech": "onshore_wind", "name": null, "mw": 48.0, "mwBasis": "8 turbines x 6.0 MW (assumed from tip 185 m)", "decided": "2024-01-03", "expiry": "2029-01-02", "expiryBasis": "assumed 5-year permission from decision", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 53.15209000978619, "lng": -7.341992371987545, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/310312", "acp": "310312", "description": "Construct up to 8 no. wind turbines with a tip height of up to 185 metres and all associated foundations and hardstanding areas. An Environmental Impact Assessment Report (EIAR) and a Natura Impact Statement (NIS) have been prepared in respect of the proposed development." }, { "id": "ACP 308806", "source": "SID", "council": "DONEGAL", "councilName": "Donegal", "tech": "onshore_wind", "name": null, "mw": 48.0, "mwBasis": "12 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "decided": "2022-08-29", "expiry": "2032-08-28", "expiryBasis": "assumed 10-year permission from decision", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 54.89344711281129, "lng": -7.90754326601535, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/308806", "acp": "308806", "description": "Construction of windfarm (12 turbines) with associated works" }, { "id": "ACP 243486", "source": "appeal", "council": "CORKCO", "councilName": "Cork County", "tech": "onshore_wind", "name": null, "mw": 48.0, "mwBasis": "12 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "decided": "2016-12-23", "expiry": "2026-12-23", "expiryBasis": "assumed 10-year permission from decision", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 51.80332741054728, "lng": -9.213005961810156, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/243486", "acp": "243486", "description": "Ten year permission to construct wind farm consisting of 12 windturbines and all ancillary site works. Cloghboola, Gortnacarriga, Tooreenalour, Garryantorna, Shehy More," }, { "id": "ACP 312288", "source": "appeal", "council": "KERRY", "councilName": "Kerry", "tech": "solar", "name": null, "mw": 47.9, "mwBasis": "84 ha x 0.57 MW/ha (assumed)", "decided": "2022-05-23", "expiry": "2027-05-23", "expiryBasis": "assumed 5-year permission from decision", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 52.48482160947142, "lng": -9.547448078523823, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/312288", "acp": "312288", "description": "Construction of a solar farm which will connect to the national grid on lands with a total area of circa 84 hectares." }, { "id": "GALWAYCO/2361049", "source": "council", "council": "GALWAYCO", "councilName": "Galway County", "tech": "solar", "name": null, "mw": 46.7, "mwBasis": "81.9 ha x 0.57 MW/ha (assumed)", "decided": "2024-08-27", "expiry": "2034-10-06", "expiryBasis": "register expiry date", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 53.23268326661009, "lng": -8.246098595119426, "url": "http://www.eplanning.ie/GalwayCC/AppFileRefDetails/2361049/0", "acp": null, "description": "for the development that will consist of a planning permission for a period of 10 years to construct & complete a Solar PV Energy development with a total site area of circa 81.9 hectares, to include, solar PV panels ground mounted on support structures, electrical transformer & inverter station mod" }, { "id": "ACP 318475", "source": "appeal", "council": "CARLOW", "councilName": "Carlow", "tech": "solar", "name": null, "mw": 43.9, "mwBasis": "77 ha x 0.57 MW/ha (assumed)", "decided": "2024-06-04", "expiry": "2034-06-04", "expiryBasis": "assumed 10-year permission from decision", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 52.83079066583552, "lng": -6.79196466799781, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/318475", "acp": "318475", "description": "A ten year planning permission for a solar energy development with a total site area of 77 hectares and all associated site works." }, { "id": "ACP 301852", "source": "appeal", "council": "KERRY", "councilName": "Kerry", "tech": "onshore_wind", "name": null, "mw": 40.0, "mwBasis": "10 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "decided": "2021-12-23", "expiry": "2031-12-23", "expiryBasis": "assumed 10-year permission from decision", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 52.40554081723519, "lng": -9.562102569629676, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/301852", "acp": "301852", "description": "10 year permission to construct a windfarm and associated works. The proposed development will consist of the provision of 10 no. wind turbines" }, { "id": "OFFALY/21227", "source": "council", "council": "OFFALY", "councilName": "Offaly", "tech": "solar", "name": null, "mw": 40.0, "mwBasis": "stated MW/MWp", "decided": "2021-06-14", "expiry": "2031-08-09", "expiryBasis": "register expiry date", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 53.11880455024472, "lng": -7.8723918476490535, "url": "http://www.eplanning.ie/OffalyCC/AppFileRefDetails/21227/0", "acp": null, "description": "A 10 YEAR PERMISSION FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A SOLAR PV DEVELOPMENT WITH A MAXIMUM EXPORT CAPACITY (MEC) OF UP TO 40MW COMPRISING ON CA. 122,904 NO. PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS LAID OUT IN ARRAYS, THE CONSTRUCTION OF A 38KV SUBSTATION (CA. 144.4M2 X 4.75M TALL), A TRANSFORMER UNIT (CA. 18M2 X 4M TALL) AND A" }, { "id": "CLARE/2360249", "source": "council", "council": "CLARE", "councilName": "Clare", "tech": "solar", "name": null, "mw": 39.9, "mwBasis": "70 ha x 0.57 MW/ha (assumed)", "decided": "2023-09-06", "expiry": "2028-10-09", "expiryBasis": "register expiry date", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 52.717174291213986, "lng": -8.619907915349588, "url": "http://www.eplanning.ie/ClareCC/AppFileRefDetails/2360249/0", "acp": null, "description": "a solar farm on a site of 70 hectares consisting of the following: 309,008 sq. m. of solar photovoltaic panels on ground mounted steel frames; a 38 kV electrical substation with electrical control building and associated compound with palisade fence; the installation of 21 electrical skids within 7 ", "alsoRefs": [ "CLARE/2357" ] }, { "id": "ACP 322787", "source": "appeal", "council": "CORKCO", "councilName": "Cork County", "tech": "onshore_wind", "name": null, "mw": 36.0, "mwBasis": "9 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "decided": "2026-05-21", "expiry": "2031-05-21", "expiryBasis": "assumed 5-year permission from decision", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 52.19490569292238, "lng": -8.728673390645838, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/322787", "acp": "322787", "description": "Construction and decommissioning of 9 wind turbines and all associated site works. The Environmental Impact Assessment Report (EIAR) and Natura Impact Statement (NIS) was submitted to the Planning Authority with the application." }, { "id": "ACP 318704", "source": "SID", "council": "TIPPERARY", "councilName": "Tipperary", "tech": "onshore_wind", "name": null, "mw": 36.0, "mwBasis": "9 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "decided": "2024-09-12", "expiry": "2034-09-12", "expiryBasis": "assumed 10-year permission from decision", "applicant": null, "kind": "new", "commenced": null, "ress": [], "lat": 52.827239775020864, "lng": -7.806118110247783, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/318704", "acp": "318704", "description": "10 year development of 9 Wind Turbines and associated infrastructure" } ], "totals": { "generationProjects": 126, "generationMw": 4456.1, "uncontractedProjects": 111, "uncontractedMw": 3793.6, "uncontractedMwByTech": { "onshore_wind": 1397.0, "solar": 2396.6 }, "ressMatchedProjects": 15, "batteryProjects": 51, "batteryMwStated": 623.5, "excluded": { "grid-connection/substation only": 233, "ancillary/life-extension": 185, "expired": 119, "amendment to an existing consent": 21 } }, "coverage": { "ressProjectsChecked": 46, "foundInPlanSight": 25, "share": 0.54, "note": "RESS 3-5 winners >= 20 MW whose name appears in any PlanSight wind/solar/battery record since 2016; a rough proxy for how much of the real permitted pool the planning extract captures." }, "inPlanningSid": { "projects": 23, "mw": 796.0, "note": "SID wind/solar applications lodged with ACP and not yet decided (not in the pool).", "items": [ { "id": "ACP 321029", "la": "KERRY", "tech": "onshore_wind", "mw": 68.0, "mwBasis": "17 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "received": null, "descr": "10 year planning permission for wind energy development consisting of 17 no. wind turbines and related works" }, { "id": "ACP 323780", "la": "LIMERICK", "tech": "onshore_wind", "mw": 68.0, "mwBasis": "17 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "received": null, "descr": "10 year planning permission for Ballinlee Wind Farm consisting of 17 no. wind turbines, a permanent 110kV substation and ancillary development" }, { "id": "ACP 324258", "la": "MAYO", "tech": "onshore_wind", "mw": 64.0, "mwBasis": "16 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "received": null, "descr": "The proposed development consists of up to 16 no. wind turbines (Tirawley Wind Farm), including a 110kV sub-station on site, an energy storage system in the form of a battery array located within cont" }, { "id": "ACP 324165", "la": "CORKCO", "tech": "onshore_wind", "mw": 56.0, "mwBasis": "14 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "received": null, "descr": "10 year planning permission for Maughanaclea Wind Farm consisting of 14 no. wind turbines, a 110kV substation and 110kV underground cabling connection and associated works" }, { "id": "ACP 323783", "la": "CLARE", "tech": "onshore_wind", "mw": 56.0, "mwBasis": "14 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "received": null, "descr": "Planning permission for Cloonkett Wind Farm consisting of 14 no. wind turbines, a permanent 220kV substation and ancillary development" }, { "id": "ACP 324290", "la": "LEITRIM", "tech": "onshore_wind", "mw": 56.0, "mwBasis": "14 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "received": null, "descr": "10 year planning permission for Lissinagroagh Wind Farm consisting of 14 no. wind turbines and all associated infrastructure" }, { "id": "ACP 324387", "la": "MAYO", "tech": "onshore_wind", "mw": 52.0, "mwBasis": "13 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "received": null, "descr": "The proposed development consists of 13 wind turbines, a 110kV substation, battery energy storage system (BESS) and all associated infrastructure" }, { "id": "ACP 324420", "la": "WATERFORD", "tech": "onshore_wind", "mw": 48.0, "mwBasis": "12 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "received": null, "descr": "Construction of Dyrick Hill Windfarm comprising 12 no. wind turbines and related works." }, { "id": "ACP 324167", "la": "ROSCOMMON", "tech": "onshore_wind", "mw": 44.0, "mwBasis": "11 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "received": null, "descr": "Proposed Carrigeen Renewable Energy Development including 11 wind turbines and other associated works" }, { "id": "ACP 320089", "la": "GALWAYCO", "tech": "onshore_wind", "mw": 44.0, "mwBasis": "11 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "received": null, "descr": "Wind Farm Comprising of 11 Wind Turbines and Associated Infrastructure." }, { "id": "ACP 322845", "la": "KILDARE", "tech": "onshore_wind", "mw": 44.0, "mwBasis": "11 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "received": null, "descr": "Proposed development of 11 wind turbines and ancillary development" }, { "id": "ACP 323699", "la": "GALWAYCO", "tech": "onshore_wind", "mw": 44.0, "mwBasis": "11 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "received": null, "descr": "11 no. turbine wind farm and associated infrastructure" }, { "id": "ACP 324370", "la": "TIPPERARY", "tech": "onshore_wind", "mw": 44.0, "mwBasis": "11 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "received": null, "descr": "The proposed Littleton Wind Farm comprising of 11 no. turbines and all associated works" }, { "id": "ACP 323957", "la": "KILKENNY", "tech": "onshore_wind", "mw": 40.0, "mwBasis": "10 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "received": null, "descr": "10 year planning permission for Ballyfasy Wind Farm consisting of 10 no. wind turbines and all associated infrastructure" }, { "id": "ACP 321595", "la": "WESTMEATH", "tech": "onshore_wind", "mw": 36.0, "mwBasis": "9 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "received": null, "descr": "Renewable energy development comprising 9 no. wind turbines and associated infrastructure." }, { "id": "ACP 319307", "la": "GALWAYCO", "tech": "onshore_wind", "mw": 32.0, "mwBasis": "8 turbines x 4.0 MW (assumed; tip not stated)", "received": null, "descr": "Proposed no 8 wind turbines and associated works." }, { "id": "ACP 321522", "la": "WATERFORD", "tech": "onshore_wind", "mw": null, "mwBasis": "not stated", "received": null, "descr": "Proposed development of Scartmountain Wind Farm" }, { "id": "ACP 322568", "la": "KERRY", "tech": "battery", "mw": null, "mwBasis": "not stated", "received": null, "descr": "10 year permission for proposed Shannon Technology and Energy Park consisting of power plant, battery energy storage system, floating storage and regasification unit, jetty, onshore receiving faciliti" }, { "id": "ACP 323761", "la": "GALWAYCO", "tech": "onshore_wind", "mw": null, "mwBasis": "not stated", "received": null, "descr": "Construction of wind energy development and all associated works" }, { "id": "ACP 324343", "la": "LAOIS", "tech": "onshore_wind", "mw": null, "mwBasis": "not stated", "received": null, "descr": "Proposed Coolglass windfarm and related works" }, { "id": "ACP 324258", "la": "MAYO", "tech": "battery", "mw": null, "mwBasis": "not stated", "received": null, "descr": "The proposed development consists of up to 16 no. wind turbines (Tirawley Wind Farm), including a 110kV sub-station on site, an energy storage system in the form of a battery array located within cont" }, { "id": "ACP 324279", "la": "TIPPERARY", "tech": "onshore_wind", "mw": null, "mwBasis": "not stated", "received": null, "descr": "10 year planning permission for the proposed development of Ballincor Wind Farm and all associated infrastructure" }, { "id": "ACP 324387", "la": "MAYO", "tech": "battery", "mw": null, "mwBasis": "not stated", "received": null, "descr": "The proposed development consists of 13 wind turbines, a 110kV substation, battery energy storage system (BESS) and all associated infrastructure" } ] } }, "ressContracted": { "byRound": [ { "round": "RESS 1", "projects": 82, "mw": 1275.54, "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "projects": 80, "mw": 1948.2, "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 3", "projects": 23, "mw": 646.0, "resultsDate": "2023-09", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-3-Final-Auction-Results-(R3FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 4", "projects": 27, "mw": 1333.64, "resultsDate": "2024-09-27", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-4-Final-Auction-Results-R4FAR.pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 5", "projects": 22, "mw": 1072.22, "resultsDate": "2025-10-15", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/industry/renewable-electricity-support-scheme-ress" } ], "mwByTech": { "onshore_wind": 1454.2, "solar": 4497.5 }, "mwByTechNote": "unique projects (re-bids counted once at their latest round); byRound sums each round as published", "projects": [ { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0009", "applicant": "Solas Eireann 7 Ltd", "project": "Ballinknockane Solar Farm", "mw": 50.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0013", "applicant": "Hts Source Renewable Partners Limited", "project": "Ballycrissane Solar Farm", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0014", "applicant": "Coolroe Solar Limited", "project": "Ballycullane Solar Park", "mw": 4.99, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0019", "applicant": "Sunrise Energy Supply Limited", "project": "Ballymackesy East Solar Farm", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0022", "applicant": "Amarenco Solar Cobh Ltd", "project": "Ballynacrusha", "mw": 4.95, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0025", "applicant": "Ballytobin Solar Limited", "project": "Ballytobin Solar PV", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0026", "applicant": "Reeve Wave Limited", "project": "Ballytrasna Solar Farm", "mw": 0.5, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0028", "applicant": "Templederry Energy Resources Ltd", "project": "Barnderg Solar Farm", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0037", "applicant": "Lightsource Ireland Spv 4 Limited", "project": "Blundlestown", "mw": 52.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0038", "applicant": "Blusheens Solar Limited", "project": "Blusheens Solar Park", "mw": 7.98, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0050", "applicant": "Solar Sense Spv 1 Limited", "project": "Carrick Solar", "mw": 5.8, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0061", "applicant": "Eepv1 Limited", "project": "Castlekelly Solar PV Farm", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0064", "applicant": "Sunrise Energy Supply Limited", "project": "Clashnagoneen Solar Farm", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0065", "applicant": "Grian Pv Longford Limited", "project": "Cleggill Solar Park", "mw": 8.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0066", "applicant": "Galetech Energy Developments Cloghan Limited", "project": "Cloghan", "mw": 34.0, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0067", "applicant": "Cloncreen Wind Farm Designated Activity Company", "project": "Cloncreen WF", "mw": 75.0, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0073", "applicant": "Clooncon East Single Wtg Limited", "project": "Clooncon East Single WTG", "mw": 0.9, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0076", "applicant": "Solas Eireann 5 Ltd", "project": "Confey Solar Farm", "mw": 9.5, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0077", "applicant": "Coolberrin Wind Limited", "project": "Coolberrin Wind Farm", "mw": 21.0, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0078", "applicant": "Amarenco Solar Inniscarra Ltd", "project": "Coolyduff", "mw": 4.95, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0082", "applicant": "Eepv14 Limited", "project": "Courtown Solar Farm", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0085", "applicant": "Amarenco Solar Mallow Ltd", "project": "Crossfield Solar", "mw": 4.95, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0086", "applicant": "Xmr Energy Limited", "project": "Crossmore Windfarm", "mw": 15.0, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0088", "applicant": "Curraghmartin Solar Limited", "project": "Curraghmartin Solar Park", "mw": 3.99, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0090", "applicant": "Davidstown Renewables Ltd", "project": "Davidstown Solar", "mw": 4.95, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0091", "applicant": "Harmony Solar Dennistown Ltd", "project": "Dennistown Solar", "mw": 26.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0098", "applicant": "Cearth Ltd", "project": "Dooleeg More Windfarm", "mw": 2.5, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0099", "applicant": "Roscrea Solar Farm Limited", "project": "Doonane Solar", "mw": 20.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0101", "applicant": "Dreenacreenig West Wind Farm Limited", "project": "Dreenacreenig West Wind Farm", "mw": 5.8, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0102", "applicant": "Amarenco Solar Kanturk Ltd", "project": "Dromalour", "mw": 4.95, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0105", "applicant": "Grasstail Limited", "project": "Dromroe Solar Array", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0106", "applicant": "Amarenco Solar Whitechurch Ltd", "project": "Drumgarriff South", "mw": 4.95, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0107", "applicant": "Sunrise Energy Supply Limited", "project": "Drumroe East Solar Farm", "mw": 15.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0115", "applicant": "Solar Sense Spv 2 Limited", "project": "Farranlahassery Solar", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0119", "applicant": "Foxhall Solar Designated Activity Company", "project": "Foxhall PV", "mw": 3.99, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0120", "applicant": "Friarspark Solar Limited", "project": "Friarspark Solar", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0122", "applicant": "Jbm Solar Developments Limited", "project": "Gallanstown Solar", "mw": 119.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0124", "applicant": "Garravagh Solar Farm Limited", "project": "Garravagh 1 Solar Park", "mw": 10.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0126", "applicant": "Amarenco Solar Timoleague Ltd", "project": "Garryndruig", "mw": 4.95, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0128", "applicant": "Dullarbtons Limited", "project": "Gillinstown Solar", "mw": 95.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0132", "applicant": "Gorey Solar Limited", "project": "Gorey Solar", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0140", "applicant": "Bnrgn Hilltown Limited", "project": "Hilltown PV", "mw": 10.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0142", "applicant": "Bnrgn Hortland Limited", "project": "Hortland PV", "mw": 14.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0147", "applicant": "Sunrise Energy Supply Limited", "project": "Kilcummer Upper Solar Farm", "mw": 10.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0149", "applicant": "Vento Ludens Ltd", "project": "Kishavanna Solar Farm", "mw": 4.99, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0154", "applicant": "Knockeenbui Wind Farm Ltd", "project": "Knockeenbui wind Farm", "mw": 13.8, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0155", "applicant": "Bawnmore Windfarm Limited", "project": "Knockglass Solar Farm", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0156", "applicant": "Knocknamona Windfarm Limited", "project": "Knocknamona Wind Farm", "mw": 30.4, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0159", "applicant": "Amarenco Solar Carrigaline Ltd", "project": "Leacht Cross Solar", "mw": 4.95, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0160", "applicant": "Hts Source Renewable Partners Limited", "project": "Lehinch Solar Farm", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0161", "applicant": "Lenalea Wind Farm Dac", "project": "Lenalea", "mw": 30.5, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0166", "applicant": "Templederry Energy Resources Ltd", "project": "Lisduff Solar Park", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0172", "applicant": "I.Q Solar Limited", "project": "Lurrig Solar Farm", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0174", "applicant": "Macallian Solar Limited", "project": "Macallian Solar", "mw": 9.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0181", "applicant": "Solas Eireann 1 Ltd", "project": "Matt Solar Farm", "mw": 4.95, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0186", "applicant": "Bnrgn Millvale Ltd", "project": "Millvale North PV", "mw": 8.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0187", "applicant": "Moatstown Solar Limited", "project": "Moatstown Solar Park", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0190", "applicant": "Franklink Limited", "project": "Monroe East Solar Farm", "mw": 8.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0196", "applicant": "Cuilfeach Teoranta", "project": "Mully Graffy", "mw": 29.9, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0197", "applicant": "Beaulieu Solar Designated Activity Company", "project": "Newtown PV", "mw": 3.99, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0202", "applicant": "Ovidstown Solar Limited", "project": "Ovidstown Solar", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0205", "applicant": "Oweninny Power 2 Dac", "project": "Oweninny Power 2", "mw": 83.0, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0206", "applicant": "Painestown Hill Solar Designated Activity Compan", "project": "y Painestown Hill Solar Farm", "mw": 7.14, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0208", "applicant": "Pollardstown Solar Designated Activity Company", "project": "Pollardstown PV", "mw": 3.99, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0217", "applicant": "Elipsgeen Limited", "project": "Rosspile Solar Farm", "mw": 95.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0218", "applicant": "Derm Energy Limited", "project": "Roxborough", "mw": 4.95, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0222", "applicant": "Amarenco Solar Kilmoney Ltd", "project": "Shanagraigue Solar", "mw": 4.95, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0226", "applicant": "Sheskin Wind Farm Ltd", "project": "Sheskin Windfarm", "mw": 16.8, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0228", "applicant": "Clare Winds Limited", "project": "Sorrell Island WF Ext", "mw": 8.0, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0230", "applicant": "Sunrise Energy Supply Limited", "project": "St Johns Sweetfarm Tomnalosset", "mw": 12.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0232", "applicant": "Stamullen Solar Limited", "project": "Stamullen Solar Park", "mw": 3.99, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0234", "applicant": "Cregg Wind Farm Limited", "project": "Taghart Windfarm", "mw": 23.06, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0238", "applicant": "Cooleasts Limited", "project": "Templerainy East Solar Farm", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0240", "applicant": "Solas Eireann 2 Ltd", "project": "Threecastles Solar Farm", "mw": 15.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0244", "applicant": "Sunrise Energy Supply Limited", "project": "Tomfarney North Solar Farm", "mw": 8.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0246", "applicant": "Solas Eireann 6 Ltd", "project": "Towerhill Solar Farm", "mw": 6.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0249", "applicant": "Upperchurch Windfarm Limited", "project": "Upperchurch Wind Farm", "mw": 73.326, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0253", "applicant": "Grian Pv Limited Horsep", "project": "asture Solar Farm", "mw": 8.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0254", "applicant": "Clogheravaddy Wind Farm Ltd Cloghe", "project": "ravaddy Windfarm (Phase 2)", "mw": 10.8, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0256", "applicant": "Keiloge Solar Ltd Keilog", "project": "e Solar", "mw": 3.95, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0257", "applicant": "Solas Eireann 4 Ltd Ballye", "project": "dock Solar Farm", "mw": 12.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 1", "ref": "RESS1-0260", "applicant": "Wind Power Consultants Ltd Muine", "project": "Bheag Wind", "mw": 0.5, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2020-09-10", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(R1FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0003", "applicant": "Amarenco Solar Beal Na Mblath Ltd.", "project": "Currabeha", "mw": 4.95, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0005", "applicant": "Amarenco Solar Clonakilty LTD.", "project": "Beanhill South", "mw": 4.95, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0010", "applicant": "Amarenco Solar Kilcannon Ltd.", "project": "Kilcannon", "mw": 4.95, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0023", "applicant": "Blue Pine Solar 03 Ltd", "project": "Cooltubbrid West Solar Farm", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0024", "applicant": "Blue Pine Solar 06 LTD.", "project": "Keatingstown Solar Farm", "mw": 6.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0031", "applicant": "BNRG Kerdiffstown Limited", "project": "Kerdiffstown PV", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0032", "applicant": "BNRG Dunmurry Limited", "project": "Dunmurry Springs Solar", "mw": 12.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0041", "applicant": "Castlecomer Solar DAC", "project": "Loan PV", "mw": 4.99, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0042", "applicant": "Cearth LTD.", "project": "Dooleeg More Wind Farm", "mw": 1.3, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0045", "applicant": "Carhoo Wind Ltd", "project": "Carhoo Wind", "mw": 0.5, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0046", "applicant": "ESB Solar (Ireland) LTD.", "project": "Ballyenaghty Solar Park", "mw": 9.9, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0050", "applicant": "Kilnaglory Solar Farm Limited", "project": "Kilnaglory Solar Farm", "mw": 9.5, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0053", "applicant": "Cluide Energy LTD.", "project": "Cluide Solar", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0073", "applicant": "Dysart Solar DAC", "project": "Dysart Solar Farm", "mw": 17.5, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0075", "applicant": "EEPV4 Limited", "project": "Parksgrove", "mw": 35.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0076", "applicant": "EEPV5 Limited", "project": "Taghadoe Solar Farm", "mw": 25.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0078", "applicant": "EEPV3 Limited", "project": "Liss Solar Farm", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0080", "applicant": "Blue Pine Solar 01 Limited", "project": "Shanderry Solar Farm", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0082", "applicant": "EEPV10 Limited", "project": "Muinagh Solar", "mw": 5.8, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0083", "applicant": "EEPV2 Limited", "project": "Lisnageeragh Solar Farm", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0088", "applicant": "Blue Pine Solar 08 Limited", "project": "Bodenstown Solar Farm", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0101", "applicant": "Creevy Solar Farm DAC", "project": "Creevy Solar Farm", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0104", "applicant": "Green Wind Energy (Wexford) LTD.", "project": "Yellow River Wind Farm", "mw": 104.4, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0109", "applicant": "Harmony Solar Longford LTD.", "project": "Middleton Solar", "mw": 56.6, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0111", "applicant": "Joriclo Limited", "project": "Gaskinstown Solar Farm", "mw": 80.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0112", "applicant": "Clonswees Limited", "project": "North Arklow Solar & Battery", "mw": 47.11, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0114", "applicant": "Clashganny Community Solar Ltd", "project": "Clashganny South Solar Farm", "mw": 4.99, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0115", "applicant": "Amberhill Community Solar Ltd", "project": "Amberhill Solar Farm", "mw": 3.5, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0130", "applicant": "Glenoge Community Solar Ltd", "project": "Glenoge Community Solar Farm", "mw": 4.99, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0131", "applicant": "Coolnagloose Community Solar Ltd", "project": "Coolnagloose Community Solar Farm", "mw": 1.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0132", "applicant": "Barnland Community Solar Ltd", "project": "Barnland Community Solar Farm", "mw": 0.65, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0142", "applicant": "East Laois Solar Farm Limited", "project": "Loughteague Solar", "mw": 80.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0147", "applicant": "Mainscourt Solar DAC", "project": "Mainscourt Solar Farm", "mw": 39.99, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0154", "applicant": "Mid Clare Renewable Energy DAC", "project": "Gortaheera CM2 Wind Farm", "mw": 3.0, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0156", "applicant": "Natkhas LTD.", "project": "Rathnaskilloge Solar", "mw": 95.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0159", "applicant": "Tullyhaw Wind Limtied", "project": "Tullyhaw Wind", "mw": 3.35, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0167", "applicant": "Pinewood Wind LTD", "project": "Pinewoods Wind Farm", "mw": 44.0, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0180", "applicant": "Rhothirees Ltd", "project": "Clonin North Solar Farm", "mw": 47.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0182", "applicant": "Shantallow Solar Farm LTD.", "project": "Shantallow Solar", "mw": 35.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0188", "applicant": "Solar Sense SPV 3 Limited", "project": "Thomastown Road Solar", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0189", "applicant": "Solar Sense SPV 1 Limited", "project": "Carrick Solar", "mw": 5.8, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0190", "applicant": "Solar Sense SPV 2 Limited", "project": "Farranlahassery Solar", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0191", "applicant": "Solas Eireann 7 Limited", "project": "Ballinknockane Solar Farm", "mw": 50.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0212", "applicant": "The Dell Solar DAC", "project": "The Dell Solar Farm", "mw": 20.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0214", "applicant": "Tullamore Solar Farm LTD.", "project": "Drombeg Solar Park", "mw": 50.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0216", "applicant": "Western Power Developments Ltd", "project": "Knockranny Wind Farm", "mw": 47.3, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0226", "applicant": "Cearth LTD.", "project": "Dooleeg More Wind Farm Extension", "mw": 1.2, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0228", "applicant": "Claremorris & Western District Energy Co-op", "project": "Claremorris 2 Solar Farm", "mw": 4.211, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0231", "applicant": "Clogheravaddy Wind Farm LTD.", "project": "Clogheravaddy Wind Farm", "mw": 3.6, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0233", "applicant": "Clonfad Solar LTD.", "project": "Clonfad Solar", "mw": 100.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0234", "applicant": "Ballyspillane West Solar Farm Ltd", "project": "Ballyspillane West Solar Farm", "mw": 9.5, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0236", "applicant": "Hazelboro Ltd t/a Strategic Power Monvallet", "project": "Monvallet Hybrid Solar & Battery Farm", "mw": 50.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0241", "applicant": "Derrinlough Wind Farm DAC", "project": "Derrinlough Wind Farm", "mw": 105.0, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0245", "applicant": "BNRG Ballyduff Limited", "project": "Ballyduff PV", "mw": 7.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0246", "applicant": "BNRG Finnis Limited", "project": "Finnis PV", "mw": 9.4, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0247", "applicant": "Solas Eireann 2 Limited", "project": "Threecastles", "mw": 15.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0249", "applicant": "Tullynamoyle Wind Farm 5 Limited", "project": "Tullynamoyle Wind Farm 5", "mw": 16.35, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0251", "applicant": "Amarenco Solar Rathcormac Ltd", "project": "Farran South", "mw": 15.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0252", "applicant": "Amarenco Solar Carrigaline Ltd.", "project": "Leacht Cross Phase 2", "mw": 5.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0254", "applicant": "Monaraha Solar farm Ltd", "project": "Ballymacadam Solar PV Farm", "mw": 19.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0266", "applicant": "EEPV6 Limited", "project": "Ballinalard Solar Farm", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0267", "applicant": "EEPV11 Limited", "project": "Rathleg Solar Farm", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0268", "applicant": "EEPV12 Limited", "project": "Marlinstown Solar farm", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0269", "applicant": "EEPV15 Limited", "project": "Tullynally Estate Solar farm", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0270", "applicant": "Blue Pine Solar 02 Limited", "project": "Kilkeelan 1 & 2 Solar Farm", "mw": 5.35, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0277", "applicant": "Bullstown Solar Ltd", "project": "Bullstown Solar", "mw": 8.42, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0285", "applicant": "Sundew Solar DAC", "project": "Timahoe North Solar Farm Phase 1", "mw": 70.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0287", "applicant": "Templederry Renewable Energy Supply LTD.", "project": "Lisbrien Solar Farm", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0288", "applicant": "Soleire Renewables SPV Limited", "project": "Ballyroe Solar", "mw": 120.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0289", "applicant": "Soleire Renewables SPV Alpha 2 Limited", "project": "Erkina Solar Park Extension", "mw": 70.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0290", "applicant": "Soleire Renewables SPV Alpha 2 Limited", "project": "Erkina Solar Park", "mw": 66.56, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0296", "applicant": "Lettergull Wind Farm Ltd", "project": "Lettergull Wind Farm", "mw": 16.8, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0297", "applicant": "Midas Energy Limited", "project": "Coumaclovane Solar Extension", "mw": 7.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0298", "applicant": "Stacks Mountain Windfarm Limited", "project": "Stacks Mountain Windfarm", "mw": 25.3, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0299", "applicant": "Knocknamork Ltd", "project": "Knocknamork Wind Farm", "mw": 42.0, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0300", "applicant": "Knocknamork Ltd", "project": "Knocknamork Solar Farm", "mw": 12.5, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0303", "applicant": "Martinstown Solar Farm DAC", "project": "Martinstown Solar Farm", "mw": 4.99, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0305", "applicant": "Drumman Solar Limited", "project": "Drumman Solar Farm", "mw": 7.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0307", "applicant": "Garrymore Solar Farm DAC", "project": "Knockadosan Solar", "mw": 6.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 2", "ref": "RESS2-0308", "applicant": "Ballymoneen Project Limited", "project": "Ballymoneen Solar Farm", "mw": 100.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2022-06-15", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-2-Final-Auction-Results-(R2FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 3", "ref": "RESS3-0048", "applicant": "Harmony Solar Kilkenny Limited", "project": "Clashwilliam Solar", "mw": 42.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2023-09", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-3-Final-Auction-Results-(R3FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 3", "ref": "RESS3-0086", "applicant": "EEPV13 Limited", "project": "Shannagh Beg Solar Farm", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2023-09", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-3-Final-Auction-Results-(R3FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 3", "ref": "RESS3-0089", "applicant": "Engie Developments Ireland Limited", "project": "Rooaun Solar", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2023-09", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-3-Final-Auction-Results-(R3FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 3", "ref": "RESS3-0095", "applicant": "ESB Solar (Ireland) LTD.", "project": "Tracystown Solar Park", "mw": 101.1, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2023-09", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-3-Final-Auction-Results-(R3FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 3", "ref": "RESS3-0098", "applicant": "Farm Power Generation LTD.", "project": "Coppenagh Solar Farm", "mw": 9.3, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2023-09", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-3-Final-Auction-Results-(R3FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 3", "ref": "RESS3-0100", "applicant": "Friarspark Solar LTD.", "project": "Friarspark 2", "mw": 2.1, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2023-09", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-3-Final-Auction-Results-(R3FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 3", "ref": "RESS3-0104", "applicant": "Green Wind Energy (Wexford) LTD.", "project": "Yellow River Wind Farm", "mw": 101.0, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2023-09", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-3-Final-Auction-Results-(R3FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 3", "ref": "RESS3-0136", "applicant": "Tuam Energy Park 1 Limited", "project": "Tuam Energy Park 1", "mw": 20.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2023-09", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-3-Final-Auction-Results-(R3FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 3", "ref": "RESS3-0140", "applicant": "Ballyvatta Solar Farm Ltd", "project": "Monatooreen Solar Farm", "mw": 42.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2023-09", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-3-Final-Auction-Results-(R3FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 3", "ref": "RESS3-0200", "applicant": "Tead More Solar Limited", "project": "Tead More Solar", "mw": 3.95, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2023-09", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-3-Final-Auction-Results-(R3FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 3", "ref": "RESS3-0235", "applicant": "Garreenleen Solar Farm Ltd", "project": "Garreenleen Solar Farm", "mw": 81.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2023-09", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-3-Final-Auction-Results-(R3FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 3", "ref": "RESS3-0255", "applicant": "Engie Developments Ireland Limited", "project": "Ardnadoman Solar Farm", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2023-09", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-3-Final-Auction-Results-(R3FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 3", "ref": "RESS3-0256", "applicant": "Engie Developments Ireland Limited", "project": "Ballyboughlin Solar Farm", "mw": 14.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2023-09", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-3-Final-Auction-Results-(R3FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 3", "ref": "RESS3-0259", "applicant": "Engie Developments Ireland Limited", "project": "Farranmacedmond Solar Farm", "mw": 6.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2023-09", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-3-Final-Auction-Results-(R3FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 3", "ref": "RESS3-0261", "applicant": "Engie Developments Ireland Limited", "project": "Islanduane Solar Farm", "mw": 4.95, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2023-09", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-3-Final-Auction-Results-(R3FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 3", "ref": "RESS3-0271", "applicant": "Bradan Wind LTD.", "project": "Bradan Wind Farm", "mw": 4.2, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2023-09", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-3-Final-Auction-Results-(R3FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 3", "ref": "RESS3-0273", "applicant": "EEPV8 Limited", "project": "Kilcarrig Solar Farm", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2023-09", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-3-Final-Auction-Results-(R3FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 3", "ref": "RESS3-0275", "applicant": "WXD Energy Limited", "project": "Tomsallagh Solar Farm", "mw": 50.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2023-09", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-3-Final-Auction-Results-(R3FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 3", "ref": "RESS3-0279", "applicant": "Gromane Limited", "project": "Farranrory Wind Farm", "mw": 43.2, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2023-09", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-3-Final-Auction-Results-(R3FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 3", "ref": "RESS3-0282", "applicant": "Engie Developments Ireland Limited", "project": "Dromsallagh Solar Farm", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2023-09", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-3-Final-Auction-Results-(R3FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 3", "ref": "RESS3-0304", "applicant": "Manusmore Solar Limited", "project": "Manusmore Solar Farm", "mw": 60.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2023-09", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-3-Final-Auction-Results-(R3FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 3", "ref": "RESS3-0315", "applicant": "ESB Solar (Ireland) LTD.", "project": "Carriglong Solar Park", "mw": 32.7, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2023-09", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-3-Final-Auction-Results-(R3FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 3", "ref": "RESS3-0316", "applicant": "Ballinaclough Solar DAC", "project": "Ballinaclough Solar Farm", "mw": 8.5, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2023-09", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-3-Final-Auction-Results-(R3FAR).pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 4", "ref": "RESS4-0004", "applicant": "Amarenco Solar Carrigaline LTD", "project": "Leacht Cross Solar", "mw": 4.95, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2024-09-27", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-4-Final-Auction-Results-R4FAR.pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 4", "ref": "RESS4-0007", "applicant": "Amarenco Solar Cobh LTD", "project": "Ballynacrusha Solar", "mw": 4.95, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2024-09-27", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-4-Final-Auction-Results-R4FAR.pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 4", "ref": "RESS4-0013", "applicant": "Amarenco Solar Timoleague LTD", "project": "Garryndruig Solar", "mw": 4.95, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2024-09-27", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-4-Final-Auction-Results-R4FAR.pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 4", "ref": "RESS4-0018", "applicant": "Ballinrea Solar Farm LTD", "project": "Ballinrea Solar Park", "mw": 55.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2024-09-27", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-4-Final-Auction-Results-R4FAR.pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 4", "ref": "RESS4-0099", "applicant": "Franklink LTD", "project": "Monroe East Solar Farm", "mw": 8.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2024-09-27", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-4-Final-Auction-Results-R4FAR.pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 4", "ref": "RESS4-0250", "applicant": "Johnstown North Solar Limited", "project": "Johnstown North PV", "mw": 22.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2024-09-27", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-4-Final-Auction-Results-R4FAR.pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 4", "ref": "RESS4-0291", "applicant": "OBM Solar Limited", "project": "Garr Solar and Storage", "mw": 85.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2024-09-27", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-4-Final-Auction-Results-R4FAR.pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 4", "ref": "RESS4-0295", "applicant": "Tuam Energy Park Limited", "project": "Barnacurragh Solar Park", "mw": 32.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2024-09-27", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-4-Final-Auction-Results-R4FAR.pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 4", "ref": "RESS4-0318", "applicant": "Tullamore Solar Farm Limited", "project": "Drombeg Solar Park Phase II", "mw": 44.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2024-09-27", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-4-Final-Auction-Results-R4FAR.pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 4", "ref": "RESS4-0320", "applicant": "Harmony Solar Meath Limited", "project": "Milltown Solar", "mw": 100.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2024-09-27", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-4-Final-Auction-Results-R4FAR.pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 4", "ref": "RESS4-0321", "applicant": "PRT Solar Limited", "project": "Grangeford Solar PV", "mw": 48.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2024-09-27", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-4-Final-Auction-Results-R4FAR.pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 4", "ref": "RESS4-0323", "applicant": "Cuilmore Solar Limited", "project": "Cuilmore Solar Park", "mw": 40.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2024-09-27", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-4-Final-Auction-Results-R4FAR.pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 4", "ref": "RESS4-0324", "applicant": "Blue Pine Solar 11 Limited", "project": "Treascon Solar Farm", "mw": 60.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2024-09-27", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-4-Final-Auction-Results-R4FAR.pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 4", "ref": "RESS4-0329", "applicant": "Amarenco Solar Ennistymon LTD", "project": "Ballingaddy Solar", "mw": 4.99, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2024-09-27", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-4-Final-Auction-Results-R4FAR.pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 4", "ref": "RESS4-0330", "applicant": "Amarenco Solar Midleton LTD", "project": "Carrigogna Solar", "mw": 10.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2024-09-27", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-4-Final-Auction-Results-R4FAR.pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 4", "ref": "RESS4-0332", "applicant": "Grasstail Limited", "project": "Dromroe Solar Array", "mw": 4.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2024-09-27", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-4-Final-Auction-Results-R4FAR.pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 4", "ref": "RESS4-0334", "applicant": "Soleirtricity Lisheen Limited", "project": "Killoran Solar PV Farm", "mw": 76.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2024-09-27", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-4-Final-Auction-Results-R4FAR.pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 4", "ref": "RESS4-0335", "applicant": "Futurenergy Carrownagowan DAC", "project": "Carrownagowan Wind Farm", "mw": 91.2, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2024-09-27", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-4-Final-Auction-Results-R4FAR.pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 4", "ref": "RESS4-0336", "applicant": "Drumnahough Wind Farm Designated Activity Company", "project": "Drumnahough Wind Farm", "mw": 60.0, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2024-09-27", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-4-Final-Auction-Results-R4FAR.pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 4", "ref": "RESS4-0338", "applicant": "Upperchurch Windfarm Limited", "project": "Upperchurch Wind Farm", "mw": 84.0, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2024-09-27", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-4-Final-Auction-Results-R4FAR.pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 4", "ref": "RESS4-0339", "applicant": "TDC Community Solar Park Limited", "project": "Taduff Solar Park", "mw": 75.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2024-09-27", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-4-Final-Auction-Results-R4FAR.pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 4", "ref": "RESS4-0340", "applicant": "Clonymeath Solar Limited", "project": "Clonymeath Solar", "mw": 63.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2024-09-27", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-4-Final-Auction-Results-R4FAR.pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 4", "ref": "RESS4-0342", "applicant": "Springfield Renewables Limited", "project": "Castlebanny Wind Farm", "mw": 138.6, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2024-09-27", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-4-Final-Auction-Results-R4FAR.pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 4", "ref": "RESS4-0344", "applicant": "Kilcush Solar Farm LTD", "project": "Kilcush Solar Farm", "mw": 50.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2024-09-27", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-4-Final-Auction-Results-R4FAR.pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 4", "ref": "RESS4-0346", "applicant": "Tullabeg Solar Farm 2 Limited", "project": "Tullabeg Phase 2", "mw": 105.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2024-09-27", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-4-Final-Auction-Results-R4FAR.pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 4", "ref": "RESS4-0348", "applicant": "Power Capital Developments Limited", "project": "Barnaleen Solar Farm", "mw": 55.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2024-09-27", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-4-Final-Auction-Results-R4FAR.pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 4", "ref": "RESS4-0351", "applicant": "Barryscourt Solar Limited", "project": "Barryscourt Solar Farm", "mw": 8.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2024-09-27", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-4-Final-Auction-Results-R4FAR.pdf" }, { "round": "RESS 5", "ref": "RESS5-0044", "applicant": "Cooleasts Limited", "project": "Coolboy Solar Farm", "mw": 5.99, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2025-10-15", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/industry/renewable-electricity-support-scheme-ress" }, { "round": "RESS 5", "ref": "RESS5-0172", "applicant": "Foxhall Solar DAC", "project": "Foxhall PV", "mw": 3.99, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2025-10-15", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/industry/renewable-electricity-support-scheme-ress" }, { "round": "RESS 5", "ref": "RESS5-0306", "applicant": "Kilbrew Eco Developments Limited", "project": "Reask Solar farm", "mw": 55.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2025-10-15", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/industry/renewable-electricity-support-scheme-ress" }, { "round": "RESS 5", "ref": "RESS5-0333", "applicant": "Barna Wind Energy (B.W.E.) Limited", "project": "Carrigdangan Wind Farm", "mw": 13.65, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2025-10-15", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/industry/renewable-electricity-support-scheme-ress" }, { "round": "RESS 5", "ref": "RESS5-0340", "applicant": "Clonymeath Solar Limited", "project": "Clonymeath Solar", "mw": 15.8, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2025-10-15", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/industry/renewable-electricity-support-scheme-ress" }, { "round": "RESS 5", "ref": "RESS5-0345", "applicant": "Toolestown Solar DAC", "project": "Toolestown Solar", "mw": 50.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2025-10-15", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/industry/renewable-electricity-support-scheme-ress" }, { "round": "RESS 5", "ref": "RESS5-0347", "applicant": "Lysaghtstown Solar Farm 2 Limited", "project": "Lysaghtstown Solar Farm Phase 2", "mw": 45.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2025-10-15", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/industry/renewable-electricity-support-scheme-ress" }, { "round": "RESS 5", "ref": "RESS5-0349", "applicant": "BNRG Ballymoney Limited", "project": "Ballymoney PV", "mw": 7.6, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2025-10-15", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/industry/renewable-electricity-support-scheme-ress" }, { "round": "RESS 5", "ref": "RESS5-0352", "applicant": "Ballymanus Windfarm LTD", "project": "Ballymanus Wind Farm", "mw": 39.99, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2025-10-15", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/industry/renewable-electricity-support-scheme-ress" }, { "round": "RESS 5", "ref": "RESS5-0357", "applicant": "Harmony Solar Limerick Limited", "project": "Ballyvalode Solar", "mw": 100.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2025-10-15", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/industry/renewable-electricity-support-scheme-ress" }, { "round": "RESS 5", "ref": "RESS5-0358", "applicant": "Harmony Solar Offaly Limited", "project": "Kilcormac Solar", "mw": 105.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2025-10-15", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/industry/renewable-electricity-support-scheme-ress" }, { "round": "RESS 5", "ref": "RESS5-0360", "applicant": "Clonswees Limited", "project": "Templemichael Solar plus Storage", "mw": 30.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2025-10-15", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/industry/renewable-electricity-support-scheme-ress" }, { "round": "RESS 5", "ref": "RESS5-0362", "applicant": "Mill Farm Solar Project Limited", "project": "Mill Farm Solar", "mw": 63.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2025-10-15", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/industry/renewable-electricity-support-scheme-ress" }, { "round": "RESS 5", "ref": "RESS5-0365", "applicant": "Knockroe Windfarm Limited", "project": "Knockroe Wind Farm", "mw": 33.6, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2025-10-15", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/industry/renewable-electricity-support-scheme-ress" }, { "round": "RESS 5", "ref": "RESS5-0366", "applicant": "Curns Energy Limited", "project": "Lyrenacarriga Wind Farm & Bess", "mw": 81.6, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2025-10-15", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/industry/renewable-electricity-support-scheme-ress" }, { "round": "RESS 5", "ref": "RESS5-0367", "applicant": "Lodgewood Solar Farm Limited", "project": "Tincurry Solar Farm", "mw": 109.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2025-10-15", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/industry/renewable-electricity-support-scheme-ress" }, { "round": "RESS 5", "ref": "RESS5-0368", "applicant": "Coolcarrigan Solar Limited", "project": "Coolcarrigan Solar", "mw": 100.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2025-10-15", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/industry/renewable-electricity-support-scheme-ress" }, { "round": "RESS 5", "ref": "RESS5-0369", "applicant": "Blue Pine Solar 09 Limited", "project": "Friarstown Solar Farm", "mw": 50.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2025-10-15", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/industry/renewable-electricity-support-scheme-ress" }, { "round": "RESS 5", "ref": "RESS5-0374", "applicant": "Tullabeg Solar Farm 2 Limited", "project": "Tullabeg Phase 3", "mw": 30.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2025-10-15", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/industry/renewable-electricity-support-scheme-ress" }, { "round": "RESS 5", "ref": "RESS5-0375", "applicant": "Ballin Solar Limited", "project": "Gortdrum Solar PV", "mw": 48.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2025-10-15", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/industry/renewable-electricity-support-scheme-ress" }, { "round": "RESS 5", "ref": "RESS5-0376", "applicant": "Seskin Solar Farm Limited", "project": "Barnaleen Solar Phase 2", "mw": 35.0, "tech": "solar", "resultsDate": "2025-10-15", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/industry/renewable-electricity-support-scheme-ress" }, { "round": "RESS 5", "ref": "RESS5-0378", "applicant": "Oweninny Wind Farm Power 3 DAC", "project": "Oweninny 3", "mw": 50.0, "tech": "onshore_wind", "resultsDate": "2025-10-15", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/industry/renewable-electricity-support-scheme-ress" } ] }, "cppas": [ { "date": "2016-04-07", "buyer": "Facebook (Meta)", "seller": "Brookfield Renewable", "project": "Brookfield Irish wind portfolio (existing assets)", "technology": "onshore_wind", "mw": 150, "termYears": 10, "status": "operational", "country": "IE", "url": "https://www.constructionireland.ie/construction-news/212079/brookfield-enters-renewable-energy-agreement-with-facebook", "note": "Supply equal to the average output of about 150 MW of Brookfield wind, for at least 10 years, for the Clonee data centre and the Dublin HQ. The 10-year term is a minimum. Existing assets, so not additional capacity.", "newBuild": false }, { "date": "2017-10-09", "buyer": "Microsoft", "seller": "GE", "project": "Tullahennel", "technology": "onshore_wind", "mw": 37, "termYears": 15, "status": "operational", "country": "IE", "url": "https://news.microsoft.com/europe/2017/10/09/microsoft-announces-new-renewable-wind-energy-agreement-in-ireland/", "note": "Microsoft buys 100% of the output of the Co Kerry wind farm for 15 years. The turbines have integrated batteries. Widely described as Ireland's first corporate PPA.", "newBuild": true }, { "date": "2019-04-08", "buyer": "Amazon (AWS)", "seller": "Invis Energy", "project": "Meenbog", "technology": "onshore_wind", "mw": 91.2, "termYears": null, "status": "operational", "country": "IE", "url": "https://www.aboutamazon.eu/news/press-lounge/amazon-announces-new-renewable-energy-project-in-ireland-to-support-aws-global-infrastructure", "note": "Donegal wind farm, billed as Ireland's first unsubsidised CPPA project. The project is named Meenbog in later Amazon/RTE coverage. Hit by a 2020 bog slide and came online around 2022.", "newBuild": true }, { "date": "2019-08-01", "buyer": "Amazon (AWS)", "seller": "Invis Energy", "project": "Esk", "technology": "onshore_wind", "mw": 23.2, "termYears": null, "status": "operational", "country": "IE", "url": "https://www.siliconrepublic.com/business/amazon-aws-cork-wind-farm", "note": "North Cork wind farm with AWS taking 100% of output. Amazon said it went live in early 2021 as Ireland's first wind farm built without subsidy.", "newBuild": true }, { "date": "2020-08-07", "buyer": "Facebook (Meta)", "seller": "Brookfield Renewable", "project": "Lisheen III", "technology": "onshore_wind", "mw": 28.8, "termYears": null, "status": "operational", "country": "IE", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/business/energy-and-resources/facebook-agrees-irish-wind-farm-deal-with-brookfield-in-tipperary-1.4324582", "note": "New Co Tipperary wind farm (due 2022) extending the 2016 Brookfield partnership. Part of an 806 MW global Facebook PPA announcement. Brookfield's Irish onshore business later passed to \u00d8rsted (status inferred, not from this source).", "newBuild": true }, { "date": "2020-08-24", "buyer": "Amazon (AWS)", "seller": null, "project": "Ardderroo", "technology": "onshore_wind", "mw": 115, "termYears": null, "status": "operational", "country": "IE", "url": "https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2020/0824/1160899-amazon-wind-farms/", "note": "Amazon's third Irish wind CPPA, near Moycullen in Co Galway, due online in 2022. The seller is not named in the sources loaded (search snippets suggest Invis Energy, unverified).", "newBuild": true }, { "date": "2021-12-01", "buyer": "Amazon", "seller": "\u00d8rsted", "project": "Ballykeel", "technology": "onshore_wind", "mw": 16, "termYears": null, "status": "operational", "country": "NI", "url": "https://orsted.com/en/media/news/2021/12/20211201449311", "note": "Amazon takes the full output of the Co Antrim wind farm. Silicon Republic (Jan 2022) called it Northern Ireland's first project to reach FID under a corporate PPA, with a fixed-price term.", "newBuild": true }, { "date": "2022-11-23", "buyer": "Microsoft", "seller": "Statkraft", "project": "Six projects (3 wind, 3 solar) incl. Harlockstown Solar (34 MW, Co Meath) and a ~199 MW four-farm solar complex near Dublin (sold to ORIT in 2024)", "technology": "mixed", "mw": 366, "termYears": null, "status": "partly operational / under construction", "country": "IE", "url": "https://www.statkraft.ie/news/2022/microsoft-and-statkraft-sign-366mw-renewable-energy-deal/", "note": "Statkraft's first Irish PPA and part of Microsoft's 900+ MW Irish package. Power-technology.com (Feb 2024) says the Dublin solar complex sells to Microsoft under a 15-year PPA. Statkraft says it also won RESS-2 contracts, but none are tied to these projects.", "newBuild": true }, { "date": "2022-11-24", "buyer": "Microsoft", "seller": "Energia Group; Power Capital Renewable Energy", "project": "Energia framework (first project: Drumlins Park 49 MW wind, Co Monaghan, operational Aug 2024); Power Capital solar portfolio in Cork, Louth and Meath (~150 MW)", "technology": "mixed", "mw": 534, "termYears": null, "status": "partly operational / under construction", "country": "IE", "url": "https://www.energycentral.com/renewables/post/microsoft-signs-its-largest-ppas-outside-us-agrees-take-900-mw-power-JCUp26UPh8nb7rE", "confidence": "low", "note": "The 534 MW is the residual of Microsoft's 900 MW after Statkraft's 366 MW, as reported by Energy Central. Neither company disclosed its own share. Sub-project facts come from Montel (Drumlins Park, 2024-08-07) and the Irish Examiner (Power Capital, 2023-08-01). Energia press release: https://www.energiagroup.com/news-media/energia-group-and-microsoft-announce-corporate-power-purchase-agreement-for-new-renewable-energy-in-ireland/", "newBuild": true }, { "date": "2023-05-09", "buyer": "Google", "seller": "Power Capital Renewable Energy", "project": "Tullabeg Solar Farm", "technology": "solar", "mw": 58, "projectCapacityMw": 83, "termYears": 14, "status": "operational", "country": "IE", "url": "https://blog.google/intl/en-ie/company-news/googles-clean-energy-progress-in-ireland/", "ress": "local_results_match: a separate 'Tullabeg Phase 2' (105 MW) appears in RESS-4 results", "note": "Google's first long-term Irish clean-energy deal, from a Co Wexford solar farm. RTE (2023-09-05, https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2023/0905/1403490-power-capital-renewable-energy-in-google-solar-deal/) gives the 14-year term and the 83 MW size. Construction was due to finish in early 2024; 'operational' is assumed from that, not confirmed by a source.", "newBuild": true }, { "date": "2023-10-09", "buyer": "Meta", "seller": "Highfield Energy (Highfield Solar)", "project": "Two solar farms in Co Meath and Co Wexford (names not given)", "technology": "solar", "mw": 276, "termYears": 15, "status": "operational", "country": "IE", "url": "https://www.energytech.com/renewables/article/21275173/meta-signs-189m-ppas-for-276-mwp-of-solar-energy-in-ireland", "note": "Two 15-year PPAs worth about $190m for 276 MWp of already-operational solar, supporting the Clonee data centre. The figure is MWp (DC). Confirmed by DLA Piper (2023-10-12).", "newBuild": false }, { "date": "2024-04-18", "buyer": "Keppel DC REIT", "seller": "Greencoat Renewables", "project": "Ballybane Phase 1", "technology": "onshore_wind", "mw": null, "termYears": 10, "status": "operational", "country": "IE", "url": "https://www.greencoat-renewables.com/news-and-media/news-hub/18042024-greencoat-renewables-agrees-10-year-corporate-ppa/", "note": "Keppel takes the full ~67 GWh/yr output of an existing Co Cork wind farm (re-contracted after its tariff ended) for its two Dublin data centres. MW not stated; the whole Ballybane site is ~48.3 MW across three phases.", "newBuild": false }, { "date": "2024-05-01", "buyer": "Amazon (AWS)", "seller": "Bord na M\u00f3na", "project": "Derrinlough", "technology": "onshore_wind", "mw": 105, "projectCapacityMw": 126, "termYears": null, "status": "operational", "country": "IE", "url": "https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2024/0430/1446583-aws-plans-data-centres-as-part-of-bord-na-mona-deal/", "ress": "stated: Derrinlough cleared the RESS-2 auction (Vestas, 2022-12-21; Offaly Independent, 2022-05-27). Also in local ress2-final-results.txt at 105 MW", "note": "AWS's first PPA with Bord na M\u00f3na, tied to AWS data centres at the Midlands Eco Energy Park. RTE reports the Co Offaly wind farm officially opened on 2026-04-28 at 126 MW. It has both a RESS-2 award and an AWS CPPA, but no source says how the two coexist.", "newBuild": true }, { "date": "2024-05-02", "buyer": "Microsoft", "seller": "SSE Renewables; FuturEnergy Ireland (ESB/Coillte JV)", "project": "Lenalea", "technology": "onshore_wind", "mw": 30, "termYears": null, "status": "operational", "country": "IE", "url": "https://www.sserenewables.com/news-and-views/2024/05/power-purchase-deal-inked-with-microsoft-for-lenalea-wind-farm/", "ress": "local_results_match: 'Lenalea Wind Farm Dac' (30.5 MW) appears in RESS-1 results; the SSE release does not mention RESS", "note": "Long-term CPPA for the Co Donegal wind farm, which started commercial operation in December 2023. It is the first CPPA for the SSE and FuturEnergy partnership.", "newBuild": true }, { "date": "2024-05-29", "buyer": "Keppel DC REIT", "seller": "Mytilineos (Metlen) / M Renewables", "project": "Gorey Solar (Co Wexford), Goresbridge Solar (Co Kilkenny)", "technology": "solar", "mw": 14.28, "termYears": 10, "status": "operational", "country": "IE", "url": "https://www.metlen.com/news/press-releases/keppel-dc-reit-and-mytilineos-sign-two-10-year-power-purchase-agreements/", "ress": "local_results_match: 'Gorey Solar' (4 MW) appears in RESS-1 results; unclear if it is the same asset", "note": "Two 10-year PPAs, about 13.6 GWh/yr, covering roughly 11% of Keppel's Dublin data-centre load. The farms were due for completion in summer 2024; 'operational' is assumed from that, not confirmed by a source.", "newBuild": true }, { "date": "2024-08-07", "buyer": "Unnamed 'leading technology company'", "seller": "Greencoat Renewables / Schroders Greencoat (acquired from Statkraft)", "project": "South Meath Solar Farm", "technology": "solar", "mw": 80.5, "termYears": null, "status": "operational", "country": "IE", "url": "https://www.pv-magazine.com/2024/08/07/greencoat-renewables-acquires-irish-solar-farm-enters-long-term-ppa/", "confidence": "low", "note": "Long-term PPA for 100% of output with an unnamed tech company. The farm came from Statkraft, so this may overlap with Microsoft's 366 MW Statkraft deal (possible double count).", "newBuild": null }, { "date": "2025-02-05", "buyer": "Amazon", "seller": "ERG", "project": "Corlacky Hill", "technology": "onshore_wind", "mw": 47.3, "termYears": null, "status": "under construction (due Q4 2025)", "country": "NI", "url": "https://www.aboutamazon.eu/news/job-creation-and-investment/amazon-announces-investment-in-corlacky-hill-wind-farm-in-northern-ireland", "note": "Pay-as-produced PPA covering energy and REGOs, about 2.5 TWh over the term (term years not disclosed). The Co Derry project has 11 Vestas V117 turbines. Amazon says it has six wind farms on the island totalling 373 MW.", "newBuild": true }, { "date": "2025-03-10", "buyer": "Microsoft", "seller": "Energia Group", "project": "Ballylongford, Crossmore", "technology": "onshore_wind", "mw": null, "projectCapacityMw": 50, "termYears": null, "status": "Crossmore operational/commissioning; Ballylongford under construction (due 2026)", "country": "IE", "url": "https://newsday.ie/microsoft-signs-two-wind-power-ppas-energia-onshore-wind-energy-ireland/", "ress": "local_results_match: 'Crossmore Windfarm' (15 MW, Xmr Energy Ltd) appears in RESS-1 results; unclear if it is the same contract", "note": "Two more Microsoft CPPAs with Energia on top of the 2022 framework, each tied to a 25 MW wind farm in Kerry/Clare (sources disagree on which farm is in which county). PPA capacity and term were not disclosed.", "newBuild": true }, { "date": "2025-05-01", "buyer": "Keppel DC REIT", "seller": "Greencoat Renewables", "project": "Ballincollig", "technology": "onshore_wind", "mw": null, "termYears": 10, "status": "operational", "country": "IE", "url": "https://www.greencoat-renewables.com/news-and-media/news-hub/greencoat-renewables-signs-long-term-ppa/", "note": "Keppel's second Greencoat PPA, for 100% of about 31.5 GWh/yr through 2036 (pay-as-produced), re-contracted as the tariff ends. MW not stated by a loaded source (search snippets say ~13.3 MW, Co Kerry).", "newBuild": false } ], "cppaAggregates": [ { "stat": "PPAs signed by data-centre buyers in Ireland, 2018 to May 2026 (vs 18.8 GW Europe-wide, 6 GW Spain, 1.5 GW Finland)", "value": "1.9 GW", "date": "2026-05-19", "url": "https://pexapark.com/blog/the-new-geography-of-european-data-centers/" }, { "stat": "Estimated corporate renewable PPAs signed in Ireland to date, and the share signed with big tech (Amazon, Google, Microsoft etc.)", "value": "~1.8 GW total, of which ~1.4-1.5 GW with big tech (~78-83%)", "date": "2024-05-31", "url": "https://www.mintselection.com/blog/2024/05/ireland-irish-renewables-generators-enjoying-sellers-market-in-face-of-ongoing-planning-bottleneck" }, { "stat": "Government Climate Action Plan target for electricity demand met by renewable CPPAs by 2030, and Microsoft's 900+ MW share of it", "value": "15% of demand (~6 TWh); Microsoft ~28% of the target", "date": "2022-11-24", "url": "https://www.pv-magazine.com/press-releases/microsoft-announces-renewable-energy-investments-that-contribute-almost-30-of-irelands-corporate-power-purchase-agreement-target-by-2030/" }, { "stat": "Amazon wind farms enabled across the island of Ireland (IE + NI)", "value": "6 wind farms, 373 MW", "date": "2025-02-05", "url": "https://www.aboutamazon.eu/news/job-creation-and-investment/amazon-announces-investment-in-corlacky-hill-wind-farm-in-northern-ireland" }, { "stat": "AWS commitment to invest in new renewable projects in Ireland", "value": "up to 800 MW", "date": "2024-05-01", "url": "https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2024/0430/1446583-aws-plans-data-centres-as-part-of-bord-na-mona-deal/" }, { "stat": "Microsoft's Irish CPPAs (Statkraft, Energia, Power Capital), onshore wind and solar", "value": "900+ MW (Statkraft 366 MW; Energia + Power Capital 534 MW)", "date": "2022-11-24", "url": "https://www.energiagroup.com/news-media/energia-group-and-microsoft-announce-corporate-power-purchase-agreement-for-new-renewable-energy-in-ireland/" }, { "stat": "Greencoat Renewables re-contracting PPAs since Dec 2023 (buyers include Keppel DC REIT; others not named)", "value": "6 PPAs, ~540 GWh/yr (~20% of 5-year merchant volumes)", "date": "2025-05-02", "url": "https://finance.yahoo.com/news/greencoat-renewables-signs-10-ppa-152807388.html" } ], "cppaSummary": { "deals": 19, "irishDeals": 17, "irishDealsNormalConfidence": 15, "irishMwStated": 1909.0, "irishMwNewBuild": 1402.5, "irishDealsNoMw": 3, "mwByTech": { "onshore_wind": 580.2, "mixed": 900, "solar": 428.8 }, "mwByBuyer": [ { "buyer": "Microsoft", "deals": 5, "mw": 967.0 }, { "buyer": "Meta", "deals": 3, "mw": 454.8 }, { "buyer": "Amazon (AWS)", "deals": 4, "mw": 334.4 }, { "buyer": "Unnamed 'leading technology company'", "deals": 1, "mw": 80.5 }, { "buyer": "Google", "deals": 1, "mw": 58.0 }, { "buyer": "Keppel DC REIT", "deals": 3, "mw": 14.3 } ], "compiled": "2026-10-03" }, "gap": { "dcDemandTWh2025": 7.662, "dcDemandTWh2025Source": "CSO MEC02, Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2025 (https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dcmec/datacentresmeteredelectricityconsumption2025/)", "dcDemandTWh2034": 14.6, "dcDemandTWh2034Source": "EirGrid forecast as cited in CRU2025236 (originally summarised by McCann FitzGerald) (https://www.mccannfitzgerald.com/knowledge/digital-infrastructure/storm-in-a-dccopp-irelands-new-data-centre-connection-framework); second-hand, check against the GCS", "required80pctTWh": 6.13, "required80pctTWh2034": 11.68, "newDemandTWh2025to2034": 5.2, "newDemandBasis": "EirGrid 2025 (9.4 TWh) to EirGrid 2034 forecast (14.6 TWh), both as cited in CRU2025236", "requiredForNewDemandTWh": 4.16, "mwNeededForNewDemand": { "onshore_wind": 1583, "solar": 4317 }, "announcedCppaTWhEst": 3.55, "announcedCppaTWhEstNormalConfidence": 2.52, "announcedCppaTWhEstNewBuild": 2.82, "poolTWhEst": 5.98, "ressContractedTWhEst": 8.16, "assumptions": { "capacityFactors": { "onshore_wind": 0.3, "offshore_wind": 0.4, "solar": 0.11, "mixed": 0.205 }, "capacityFactorNote": "Assumed round numbers (unchecked): Irish onshore wind ~30%, solar ~11%, offshore ~40%. Dispatch-down (curtailment/constraint) is not deducted; it was ~10%+ for wind in recent years (unchecked).", "solarMwPerHa": 0.57, "solarMwPerHaBasis": "median MW/ha site area across 109 PlanSight solar applications stating both (>=4 MW, >=8 ha)", "turbineMwByTipHeight": [ [ 170, 6.0 ], [ 150, 4.5 ], [ 120, 3.0 ], [ 0, 2.3 ] ], "turbineMwDefault": 4.0, "rule": "The 80% rule applies to NEW data-centre connections, so the binding figure is 80% of demand growth (requiredForNewDemandTWh); 80% of all 2025 demand is shown as an upper bound.", "cppaCounting": "Announced CPPA MW is counted whether or not the plant is built or still contracted; older deals (pre-Dec 2025) cover existing data centres and do not count toward the new rule." } }, "matching": { "question": "Ireland's 80% rule is annual; Spain's draft decree tests 80% in every hour. What would an Irish wind+solar PPA portfolio actually cover hour by hour?", "rules": [ { "jurisdiction": "IE", "instrument": "CRU/2025/236 (decision, 12 Dec 2025)", "status": "in force (connection policy); judicial review pending", "threshold": "at least 80% of annual demand", "temporal": "annual", "glidePath": "6 years from energisation", "additionality": "new Irish renewables; REFIT/RESS/ORESS-contracted plant excluded; full repowering allowed", "location": "generated in the Republic of Ireland, feeding the Irish network", "scope": "new data-centre connections at/above the de-minimis MIC", "enforcement": "contractual requirement in the connection agreement (s.3.5.7)", "quotes": [ "ie_annual", "ie_glide", "ie_actual", "ie_realtime_future", "ie_247_asked" ] }, { "jurisdiction": "ES", "instrument": "Draft Royal Decree on data-centre sustainability and digital sovereignty (MITECO, urgent procedure)", "status": "draft; public consultation 27 Aug-4 Sep 2026; final adoption not found as of 3 Oct 2026 (unchecked beyond press search)", "threshold": "80% of total consumption from additional renewables (Art. 8) AND each hour at least 80% backed by renewables generated in that hour (Art. 9)", "temporal": "hourly", "glidePath": "none stated; consumption capped at what additionality covers (Art. 8.4)", "additionality": "self-consumption or long-term PPAs with plant commissioned no more than 18 months before the data centre starts; GO-only exchange products excluded", "location": "Art. 8 additionality plant located in Spain; Art. 9 hourly backing text does not repeat the location test", "scope": "data centres with access capacity >= 1 MW", "exemption": "none of this applies once Spain's renewable share exceeds 90% (n-2); hours then capped", "enforcement": "surcharges on network tolls and charges: hourly failures 10/30/50% by share of failed hours in the month (+10 pts per consecutive month); additionality shortfall 100-500%; loss of access permits for significant repeated breach", "quotes": [ "es_hourly", "es_additional", "es_18m", "es_scope", "es_no_go", "es_90pct", "es_rfnbo", "es_surcharge_hours", "es_surcharge_add", "es_dates" ] }, { "jurisdiction": "DE", "instrument": "EnEfG s.11(5) (in force since Nov 2023)", "status": "in force", "threshold": "50% from 1 Jan 2024, 100% from 1 Jan 2027", "temporal": "annual balance ('bilanziell')", "additionality": "not required by the text of s.11(5)", "location": "not specified in s.11(5)", "scope": "data-centre operators within EnEfG scope", "quotes": [ "de_bilanziell", "de_100" ] } ], "model": { "data": "EirGrid Smart Grid Dashboard, ROI actual wind and solar output (15-min, averaged to hours), 2025-10 to 2026-09, 8759 hours (data/raw/eirgrid_grid).", "method": "A flat 1 MW load (24/7 data centre). A PPA portfolio shaped like the national wind and solar fleets is scaled so its annual output equals X% of the load's annual energy. Each hour, matched = min(output, load). 'Hourly matched' = matched MWh / load MWh. 'Hours meeting 80%' = share of hours where output covers >=80% of load (the Spanish Art. 9 test). Battery variant: greedy charge from surplus, 85% round-trip, 4-hour.", "fleetSolarEnergySharePct": 11.2, "grid": [ { "mix": "wind only", "solarEnergyShare": 0.0, "annualCoverPct": 80, "hourlyMatchedPct": 65.3, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 45.4, "monthsWithFailHoursOver20Pct": 12, "months": 12 }, { "mix": "wind only", "solarEnergyShare": 0.0, "annualCoverPct": 100, "hourlyMatchedPct": 71.5, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 54.3, "monthsWithFailHoursOver20Pct": 12, "months": 12 }, { "mix": "wind only", "solarEnergyShare": 0.0, "annualCoverPct": 150, "hourlyMatchedPct": 80.9, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 68.1, "monthsWithFailHoursOver20Pct": 12, "months": 12 }, { "mix": "wind only", "solarEnergyShare": 0.0, "annualCoverPct": 200, "hourlyMatchedPct": 86.0, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 76.4, "monthsWithFailHoursOver20Pct": 6, "months": 12 }, { "mix": "wind only", "solarEnergyShare": 0.0, "annualCoverPct": 300, "hourlyMatchedPct": 91.2, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 85.3, "monthsWithFailHoursOver20Pct": 3, "months": 12 }, { "mix": "80% wind / 20% solar", "solarEnergyShare": 0.2, "annualCoverPct": 80, "hourlyMatchedPct": 69.5, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 50.1, "monthsWithFailHoursOver20Pct": 12, "months": 12 }, { "mix": "80% wind / 20% solar", "solarEnergyShare": 0.2, "annualCoverPct": 100, "hourlyMatchedPct": 76.1, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 59.9, "monthsWithFailHoursOver20Pct": 12, "months": 12 }, { "mix": "80% wind / 20% solar", "solarEnergyShare": 0.2, "annualCoverPct": 150, "hourlyMatchedPct": 84.9, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 74.2, "monthsWithFailHoursOver20Pct": 9, "months": 12 }, { "mix": "80% wind / 20% solar", "solarEnergyShare": 0.2, "annualCoverPct": 200, "hourlyMatchedPct": 89.5, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 81.4, "monthsWithFailHoursOver20Pct": 4, "months": 12 }, { "mix": "80% wind / 20% solar", "solarEnergyShare": 0.2, "annualCoverPct": 300, "hourlyMatchedPct": 93.9, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 89.2, "monthsWithFailHoursOver20Pct": 0, "months": 12 }, { "mix": "50% wind / 50% solar", "solarEnergyShare": 0.5, "annualCoverPct": 80, "hourlyMatchedPct": 61.7, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 38.4, "monthsWithFailHoursOver20Pct": 12, "months": 12 }, { "mix": "50% wind / 50% solar", "solarEnergyShare": 0.5, "annualCoverPct": 100, "hourlyMatchedPct": 68.9, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 49.8, "monthsWithFailHoursOver20Pct": 12, "months": 12 }, { "mix": "50% wind / 50% solar", "solarEnergyShare": 0.5, "annualCoverPct": 150, "hourlyMatchedPct": 79.4, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 66.1, "monthsWithFailHoursOver20Pct": 12, "months": 12 }, { "mix": "50% wind / 50% solar", "solarEnergyShare": 0.5, "annualCoverPct": 200, "hourlyMatchedPct": 84.8, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 74.3, "monthsWithFailHoursOver20Pct": 9, "months": 12 }, { "mix": "50% wind / 50% solar", "solarEnergyShare": 0.5, "annualCoverPct": 300, "hourlyMatchedPct": 90.5, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 83.6, "monthsWithFailHoursOver20Pct": 2, "months": 12 } ], "battery": [ { "batteryMwPerMwLoad": 0.5, "hours": 4, "annualCoverPct": 80, "hourlyMatchedPct": 72.6, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 56.2, "monthsWithFailHoursOver20Pct": 12, "months": 12 }, { "batteryMwPerMwLoad": 1.0, "hours": 4, "annualCoverPct": 80, "hourlyMatchedPct": 74.0, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 58.7, "monthsWithFailHoursOver20Pct": 12, "months": 12 }, { "batteryMwPerMwLoad": 0.5, "hours": 4, "annualCoverPct": 150, "hourlyMatchedPct": 88.6, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 81.2, "monthsWithFailHoursOver20Pct": 5, "months": 12 }, { "batteryMwPerMwLoad": 1.0, "hours": 4, "annualCoverPct": 150, "hourlyMatchedPct": 91.2, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 85.9, "monthsWithFailHoursOver20Pct": 3, "months": 12 } ], "bestSolarShareAt80pctAnnual": 0.2, "annualCoverNeededFor80pctHourly": 117, "annualCoverNeededFor80pctHourlyMix": "80% wind / 20% solar" }, "headline": { "irishRuleHourlyMatchedPct": 69.5, "irishRuleHoursMeeting80PctPct": 50.1, "windOnlyHourlyMatchedPct": 65.3, "oversizeFor80pctHourly": 1.17, "oversizeVsIrishRule": 1.47, "spanishTopSurchargeMonthsAtIrishSizing": 12, "text": "A portfolio sized to meet Ireland's rule exactly (80% of annual energy, 80/20 wind/solar) matches about 70% of a flat load hour by hour, and covers 80% of load in only 50% of hours, so under Spain's draft it would fall in the top hourly-surcharge band in 12 of 12 months. Reaching 80% hourly-matched needs about 1.2x the load's annual energy in contracted output (1.5x what Ireland's rule requires); passing Spain's per-hour test in every hour is not reachable with wind and solar alone (even 3x gives 89% of hours)." }, "campusTest": { "question": "Which Irish data-centre operators could pass a Spanish-style test (80% of load matched by renewables in every hour) today, and what would it take?", "kind": "model (estimate); no site-level hourly data is public", "headline": "Modelled on public data, none of the 6 operators with EPA-reported loads would pass an 80%-every-hour test today. Best placed on paper (every announced ROI deal counted as if fully built): Microsoft (70% of hours, 132% annual cover; counting only deals marked fully operational, 0% of hours and 13% cover, as 900 of its 967 MW are partly built, under construction or framework deals), Meta (32% of hours, 62% annual cover), Google (13% of hours, 25% annual cover). Passing every hour needs firm low-carbon supply close to 80% of load (77-81% after rounding) even with contracts topped up to 2x the load's energy and a 4-hour battery (still 86-88% of hours pass). With storage alone, a battery of 0.8x load would need about 121-126 hours (about 5 days) of storage: the longest Irish wind-and-solar lull sets the size.", "rows": [ { "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "loadMW2025": 424.7, "licences": [ { "ref": "P1170", "avgMW": 50.3, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/d30f01fa-7b3c-4f1d-b37d-be8909ba4629.pdf" }, { "ref": "P1171", "avgMW": 116.5, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/bc4198f1-1fa7-4f2e-be31-0b9f5e99993c.pdf" }, { "ref": "P1172", "avgMW": 49.8, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/3b5e09fb-a5aa-4442-8d18-c00f3271aeb7.pdf" }, { "ref": "P1173", "avgMW": 45.6, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/45b512a3-d54e-493a-9d32-dd4136f33e47.pdf" }, { "ref": "P1177", "avgMW": 34.6, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/a6bb6933-65be-46c5-871e-ebd91e39bc43.pdf" }, { "ref": "P1181", "avgMW": 12.7, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/99502627-835d-4f88-af93-b6f9bee84194.pdf" }, { "ref": "P1182", "avgMW": 76.6, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/b8bc1941-41e7-4fe5-a8ce-3b57f4997691.pdf" }, { "ref": "P1184", "avgMW": 10.7, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/8d3453b5-f0c5-4d9a-a2fe-aa338f484415.pdf" }, { "ref": "P1186", "avgMW": 27.9, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/7e3d2b6f-cb9a-4528-ad23-01ffc34e9391.pdf" } ], "niDealsMW": 63.3, "campuses": [ { "campusId": "amazon-aws-clonshaugh", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Clonshaugh", "status": "operating", "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "genMWe": null, "genFuel": "diesel / HVO", "renewables": "CPPAs in three wind projects; rooftop PV (26 kWe per building on E and F)" }, { "campusId": "amazon-aws-grange-castle-south", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Grange Castle South", "status": "operating", "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "genMWe": null, "genFuel": "diesel / HVO", "renewables": "on-site PV 219.45 kWe; CPPAs in three wind projects" }, { "campusId": "amazon-aws-belgard-tallaght", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Belgard, Tallaght", "status": "operating", "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "genMWe": null, "genFuel": "diesel / HVO", "renewables": "CPPAs in three wind projects" }, { "campusId": "amazon-aws-greenhills-road-tallaght", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Greenhills Road, Tallaght", "status": "operating", "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "genMWe": null, "genFuel": "diesel / HVO", "renewables": null }, { "campusId": "amazon-aws-blanchardstown", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Blanchardstown", "status": "operating", "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "genMWe": null, "genFuel": "diesel / HVO", "renewables": "rooftop PV 9.6 kWe on Building D; stated ambition for renewable-only electricity" }, { "campusId": "amazon-aws-cruiserath", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Cruiserath", "status": "operating", "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "genMWe": null, "genFuel": "HVO (diesel where HVO unavailable)", "renewables": "CPPA with new Irish renewables required by ACP condition; rooftop PV" }, { "campusId": "amazon-aws-drogheda", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Drogheda", "status": "operating", "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "genMWe": null, "genFuel": "diesel and/or HVO (moving to 100% HVO)", "renewables": "Amazon CPPAs with Irish wind farms (115 MW Galway, 91 MW Donegal, 23 MW Cork); rooftop PV" }, { "campusId": "amazon-aws-leixlip", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Kildare Innovation Campus, Leixlip", "status": "operating", "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "genMWe": 16, "genFuel": "CTGs: natural gas/biogas (HVO backup); backup generators: HVO/diesel", "renewables": "CPPAs for new Irish renewables to offset grid use; renewable gas CPPAs for energy centre; 8,560 PV modules 2,859 kWp" } ], "allAnnouncedIE": { "contractedMW": 334.4, "deals": [ "Meenbog", "Esk", "Ardderroo", "Derrinlough" ], "annualCoverPct": 24, "solarEnergySharePct": 0, "hourlyMatchedPct": 23.6, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 0.0, "failHours": 8759, "monthsInTopSurchargeBand": 12, "months": 12, "passesEveryHour": false, "firmMwPerMwLoadToPassEveryHour": 0.8, "toReach80pctHourlyMatched": { "annualCoverPct": 117, "extraTWh": 3.48, "extraMWNew8020": 1781, "extraMWNote": "new contracts 80% wind / 20% solar by energy, at the assumed capacity factors" }, "toPassEveryHour": { "batteryAloneSearchCapHours": 2000, "firmLowCarbonMW_currentPortfolio": 340, "firmLowCarbonMW_with2xPortfolioAnd4hBattery": 333, "portfolioTopUpNote": "existing contracts topped up to 2x load energy with new 80/20 wind/solar", "hoursMeeting80PctPct_with2xPortfolioAnd4hBattery": 87.5, "batteryMWhAlone_with2xPortfolio": 42807, "batteryHoursAlone_with2xPortfolio": 126 } }, "operatingIE": { "contractedMW": 334.4, "deals": [ "Meenbog", "Esk", "Ardderroo", "Derrinlough" ], "annualCoverPct": 24, "solarEnergySharePct": 0, "hourlyMatchedPct": 23.6, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 0.0, "failHours": 8759, "monthsInTopSurchargeBand": 12, "months": 12, "passesEveryHour": false, "firmMwPerMwLoadToPassEveryHour": 0.8, "toReach80pctHourlyMatched": { "annualCoverPct": 117, "extraTWh": 3.48, "extraMWNew8020": 1781, "extraMWNote": "new contracts 80% wind / 20% solar by energy, at the assumed capacity factors" }, "toPassEveryHour": { "batteryAloneSearchCapHours": 2000, "firmLowCarbonMW_currentPortfolio": 340, "firmLowCarbonMW_with2xPortfolioAnd4hBattery": 333, "portfolioTopUpNote": "existing contracts topped up to 2x load energy with new 80/20 wind/solar", "hoursMeeting80PctPct_with2xPortfolioAnd4hBattery": 87.5, "batteryMWhAlone_with2xPortfolio": 42807, "batteryHoursAlone_with2xPortfolio": 126 } } }, { "operator": "Microsoft", "loadMW2025": 154.4, "licences": [ { "ref": "P1187", "avgMW": 25.9, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/756ed289-739f-4a3f-85ce-c0e411c991ab.pdf" }, { "ref": "P1190", "avgMW": 24.5, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/9019c07a-0ea9-47b4-8d4e-e7bd5019af9e.pdf" }, { "ref": "P1191", "avgMW": 104.1, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/61031159-d228-4c09-82ba-64b8ce219a13.pdf" } ], "niDealsMW": 0, "campuses": [ { "campusId": "microsoft-grange-castle", "name": "Microsoft Grange Castle", "status": "operating", "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "genMWe": null, "genFuel": "diesel/HVO (backup); natural gas (DUB15 engines)", "renewables": "small on-site PV (50.6 GJ in 2025 at DUB6-13); HVO in generators" }, { "campusId": "microsoft-huntstown", "name": "Microsoft Huntstown (Energia/Huntstown Power data centres)", "status": "under construction", "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "genMWe": null, "genFuel": "diesel", "renewables": "CPPAs with Energia; ~900 MW renewables pipeline committed to Microsoft; rooftop PV" } ], "allAnnouncedIE": { "contractedMW": 967.0, "deals": [ "Tullahennel", "Six projects (3 wind, 3 solar) incl. Harlockstown Solar (34 MW, Co Meath) and a ~199 MW four-farm solar complex near Dublin (sold to ORIT in 2024)", "Energia framework (first project: Drumlins Park 49 MW wind, Co Monaghan, operational Aug 2024); Power Capital solar portfolio in Cork, Louth and Meath (~150 MW)", "Lenalea" ], "annualCoverPct": 132, "solarEnergySharePct": 24, "hourlyMatchedPct": 82.2, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 69.7, "failHours": 2657, "monthsInTopSurchargeBand": 12, "months": 12, "passesEveryHour": false, "firmMwPerMwLoadToPassEveryHour": 0.79, "toReach80pctHourlyMatched": { "annualCoverPct": 132, "extraTWh": 0.0, "extraMWNew8020": 0, "extraMWNote": "new contracts 80% wind / 20% solar by energy, at the assumed capacity factors" }, "toPassEveryHour": { "batteryAloneSearchCapHours": 2000, "firmLowCarbonMW_currentPortfolio": 122, "firmLowCarbonMW_with2xPortfolioAnd4hBattery": 121, "portfolioTopUpNote": "existing contracts topped up to 2x load energy with new 80/20 wind/solar", "hoursMeeting80PctPct_with2xPortfolioAnd4hBattery": 87.2, "batteryMWhAlone_with2xPortfolio": 15195, "batteryHoursAlone_with2xPortfolio": 123 } }, "operatingIE": { "contractedMW": 67.0, "deals": [ "Tullahennel", "Lenalea" ], "annualCoverPct": 13, "solarEnergySharePct": 0, "hourlyMatchedPct": 13.0, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 0.0, "failHours": 8759, "monthsInTopSurchargeBand": 12, "months": 12, "passesEveryHour": false, "firmMwPerMwLoadToPassEveryHour": 0.8, "toReach80pctHourlyMatched": { "annualCoverPct": 117, "extraTWh": 1.41, "extraMWNew8020": 721, "extraMWNote": "new contracts 80% wind / 20% solar by energy, at the assumed capacity factors" }, "toPassEveryHour": { "batteryAloneSearchCapHours": 2000, "firmLowCarbonMW_currentPortfolio": 124, "firmLowCarbonMW_with2xPortfolioAnd4hBattery": 121, "portfolioTopUpNote": "existing contracts topped up to 2x load energy with new 80/20 wind/solar", "hoursMeeting80PctPct_with2xPortfolioAnd4hBattery": 87.5, "batteryMWhAlone_with2xPortfolio": 15442, "batteryHoursAlone_with2xPortfolio": 125 } } }, { "operator": "Meta", "loadMW2025": 135.0, "licences": [ { "ref": "P1192", "avgMW": 135.0, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/83a977fe-88cc-4bee-b532-11a09561984d.pdf" } ], "niDealsMW": 0, "campuses": [ { "campusId": "meta-clonee", "name": "Meta Clonee", "status": "operating", "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "genMWe": null, "genFuel": "HVO (diesel fully replaced in 2025)", "renewables": "100% renewable electricity via CPPA and other structures" } ], "allAnnouncedIE": { "contractedMW": 454.8, "deals": [ "Brookfield Irish wind portfolio (existing assets)", "Lisheen III", "Two solar farms in Co Meath and Co Wexford (names not given)" ], "annualCoverPct": 62, "solarEnergySharePct": 36, "hourlyMatchedPct": 57.6, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 31.8, "failHours": 5976, "monthsInTopSurchargeBand": 12, "months": 12, "passesEveryHour": false, "firmMwPerMwLoadToPassEveryHour": 0.796, "toReach80pctHourlyMatched": { "annualCoverPct": 122, "extraTWh": 0.71, "extraMWNew8020": 365, "extraMWNote": "new contracts 80% wind / 20% solar by energy, at the assumed capacity factors" }, "toPassEveryHour": { "batteryAloneSearchCapHours": 2000, "firmLowCarbonMW_currentPortfolio": 107, "firmLowCarbonMW_with2xPortfolioAnd4hBattery": 106, "portfolioTopUpNote": "existing contracts topped up to 2x load energy with new 80/20 wind/solar", "hoursMeeting80PctPct_with2xPortfolioAnd4hBattery": 87.0, "batteryMWhAlone_with2xPortfolio": 13283, "batteryHoursAlone_with2xPortfolio": 123 } }, "operatingIE": { "contractedMW": 454.8, "deals": [ "Brookfield Irish wind portfolio (existing assets)", "Lisheen III", "Two solar farms in Co Meath and Co Wexford (names not given)" ], "annualCoverPct": 62, "solarEnergySharePct": 36, "hourlyMatchedPct": 57.6, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 31.8, "failHours": 5976, "monthsInTopSurchargeBand": 12, "months": 12, "passesEveryHour": false, "firmMwPerMwLoadToPassEveryHour": 0.796, "toReach80pctHourlyMatched": { "annualCoverPct": 122, "extraTWh": 0.71, "extraMWNew8020": 365, "extraMWNote": "new contracts 80% wind / 20% solar by energy, at the assumed capacity factors" }, "toPassEveryHour": { "batteryAloneSearchCapHours": 2000, "firmLowCarbonMW_currentPortfolio": 107, "firmLowCarbonMW_with2xPortfolioAnd4hBattery": 106, "portfolioTopUpNote": "existing contracts topped up to 2x load energy with new 80/20 wind/solar", "hoursMeeting80PctPct_with2xPortfolioAnd4hBattery": 87.0, "batteryMWhAlone_with2xPortfolio": 13283, "batteryHoursAlone_with2xPortfolio": 123 } } }, { "operator": "Google", "loadMW2025": 26.0, "licences": [ { "ref": "P1189", "avgMW": 26.0, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/06296e48-321f-4c8e-b8d2-322574354684.pdf" } ], "niDealsMW": 0, "campuses": [ { "campusId": "google-grange-castle-south", "name": "Google Grange Castle South", "status": "operating", "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "genMWe": null, "genFuel": "diesel (HVO possible)", "renewables": "14-year CPPA for 58 MW Tullabeg solar; DC3 to be offset by new CPPAs (condition 5); rooftop PV" } ], "allAnnouncedIE": { "contractedMW": 58.0, "deals": [ "Tullabeg Solar Farm" ], "annualCoverPct": 25, "solarEnergySharePct": 100, "hourlyMatchedPct": 22.5, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 12.6, "failHours": 7652, "monthsInTopSurchargeBand": 12, "months": 12, "passesEveryHour": false, "firmMwPerMwLoadToPassEveryHour": 0.8, "toReach80pctHourlyMatched": { "annualCoverPct": 129, "extraTWh": 0.24, "extraMWNew8020": 122, "extraMWNote": "new contracts 80% wind / 20% solar by energy, at the assumed capacity factors" }, "toPassEveryHour": { "batteryAloneSearchCapHours": 2000, "firmLowCarbonMW_currentPortfolio": 21, "firmLowCarbonMW_with2xPortfolioAnd4hBattery": 20, "portfolioTopUpNote": "existing contracts topped up to 2x load energy with new 80/20 wind/solar", "hoursMeeting80PctPct_with2xPortfolioAnd4hBattery": 86.5, "batteryMWhAlone_with2xPortfolio": 2514, "batteryHoursAlone_with2xPortfolio": 121 } }, "operatingIE": { "contractedMW": 58.0, "deals": [ "Tullabeg Solar Farm" ], "annualCoverPct": 25, "solarEnergySharePct": 100, "hourlyMatchedPct": 22.5, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 12.6, "failHours": 7652, "monthsInTopSurchargeBand": 12, "months": 12, "passesEveryHour": false, "firmMwPerMwLoadToPassEveryHour": 0.8, "toReach80pctHourlyMatched": { "annualCoverPct": 129, "extraTWh": 0.24, "extraMWNew8020": 122, "extraMWNote": "new contracts 80% wind / 20% solar by energy, at the assumed capacity factors" }, "toPassEveryHour": { "batteryAloneSearchCapHours": 2000, "firmLowCarbonMW_currentPortfolio": 21, "firmLowCarbonMW_with2xPortfolioAnd4hBattery": 20, "portfolioTopUpNote": "existing contracts topped up to 2x load energy with new 80/20 wind/solar", "hoursMeeting80PctPct_with2xPortfolioAnd4hBattery": 86.5, "batteryMWhAlone_with2xPortfolio": 2514, "batteryHoursAlone_with2xPortfolio": 121 } } }, { "operator": "Equinix", "loadMW2025": 18.5, "licences": [ { "ref": "P1168", "avgMW": 18.5, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/6adb806d-c61a-429a-b6ea-b66400d8ddbe.pdf" } ], "niDealsMW": 0, "campuses": [ { "campusId": "equinix-blanchardstown", "name": "Equinix DB5 Blanchardstown", "status": "operating", "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "genMWe": null, "genFuel": "natural gas (high-pressure mains, primary); gas oil secondary", "renewables": "100% REGO-matched renewable supply; rooftop solar in service 2025 (217 GJ)" }, { "campusId": "equinix-profile-park", "name": "Equinix Profile Park", "status": "under construction", "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "genMWe": 27.48, "genFuel": "natural gas (GNI 45MW @ 400mbar connection; hydrogen-ready claim)", "renewables": "committed to corporate PPA with a new renewable plant (2 wind projects referenced); rooftop PV" } ], "allAnnouncedIE": { "contractedMW": 0.0, "deals": [], "annualCoverPct": 0, "solarEnergySharePct": 0, "hourlyMatchedPct": 0.0, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 0.0, "failHours": 8759, "monthsInTopSurchargeBand": 12, "months": 12, "passesEveryHour": false, "firmMwPerMwLoadToPassEveryHour": 0.8, "toReach80pctHourlyMatched": { "annualCoverPct": 118, "extraTWh": 0.19, "extraMWNew8020": 98, "extraMWNote": "new contracts 80% wind / 20% solar by energy, at the assumed capacity factors" }, "toPassEveryHour": { "batteryAloneSearchCapHours": 2000, "firmLowCarbonMW_currentPortfolio": 15, "firmLowCarbonMW_with2xPortfolioAnd4hBattery": 15, "portfolioTopUpNote": "existing contracts topped up to 2x load energy with new 80/20 wind/solar", "hoursMeeting80PctPct_with2xPortfolioAnd4hBattery": 87.4, "batteryMWhAlone_with2xPortfolio": 1852, "batteryHoursAlone_with2xPortfolio": 125 } }, "operatingIE": { "contractedMW": 0.0, "deals": [], "annualCoverPct": 0, "solarEnergySharePct": 0, "hourlyMatchedPct": 0.0, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 0.0, "failHours": 8759, "monthsInTopSurchargeBand": 12, "months": 12, "passesEveryHour": false, "firmMwPerMwLoadToPassEveryHour": 0.8, "toReach80pctHourlyMatched": { "annualCoverPct": 118, "extraTWh": 0.19, "extraMWNew8020": 98, "extraMWNote": "new contracts 80% wind / 20% solar by energy, at the assumed capacity factors" }, "toPassEveryHour": { "batteryAloneSearchCapHours": 2000, "firmLowCarbonMW_currentPortfolio": 15, "firmLowCarbonMW_with2xPortfolioAnd4hBattery": 15, "portfolioTopUpNote": "existing contracts topped up to 2x load energy with new 80/20 wind/solar", "hoursMeeting80PctPct_with2xPortfolioAnd4hBattery": 87.4, "batteryMWhAlone_with2xPortfolio": 1852, "batteryHoursAlone_with2xPortfolio": 125 } } }, { "operator": "K2 Strategic", "loadMW2025": 17.5, "licences": [ { "ref": "P1143", "avgMW": 17.5, "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/e7d3de11-0b4d-4d54-b7b3-cc5fd92a73eb.pdf" } ], "niDealsMW": 0, "campuses": [ { "campusId": "k2-strategic-ballycoolin", "name": "K2 Strategic Ballycoolin", "status": "operating", "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "genMWe": null, "genFuel": "HVO (reported as diesel for ETS)", "renewables": null } ], "allAnnouncedIE": { "contractedMW": 0.0, "deals": [], "annualCoverPct": 0, "solarEnergySharePct": 0, "hourlyMatchedPct": 0.0, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 0.0, "failHours": 8759, "monthsInTopSurchargeBand": 12, "months": 12, "passesEveryHour": false, "firmMwPerMwLoadToPassEveryHour": 0.8, "toReach80pctHourlyMatched": { "annualCoverPct": 118, "extraTWh": 0.18, "extraMWNew8020": 93, "extraMWNote": "new contracts 80% wind / 20% solar by energy, at the assumed capacity factors" }, "toPassEveryHour": { "batteryAloneSearchCapHours": 2000, "firmLowCarbonMW_currentPortfolio": 14, "firmLowCarbonMW_with2xPortfolioAnd4hBattery": 14, "portfolioTopUpNote": "existing contracts topped up to 2x load energy with new 80/20 wind/solar", "hoursMeeting80PctPct_with2xPortfolioAnd4hBattery": 87.4, "batteryMWhAlone_with2xPortfolio": 1754, "batteryHoursAlone_with2xPortfolio": 125 } }, "operatingIE": { "contractedMW": 0.0, "deals": [], "annualCoverPct": 0, "solarEnergySharePct": 0, "hourlyMatchedPct": 0.0, "hoursMeeting80PctPct": 0.0, "failHours": 8759, "monthsInTopSurchargeBand": 12, "months": 12, "passesEveryHour": false, "firmMwPerMwLoadToPassEveryHour": 0.8, "toReach80pctHourlyMatched": { "annualCoverPct": 118, "extraTWh": 0.18, "extraMWNew8020": 93, "extraMWNote": "new contracts 80% wind / 20% solar by energy, at the assumed capacity factors" }, "toPassEveryHour": { "batteryAloneSearchCapHours": 2000, "firmLowCarbonMW_currentPortfolio": 14, "firmLowCarbonMW_with2xPortfolioAnd4hBattery": 14, "portfolioTopUpNote": "existing contracts topped up to 2x load energy with new 80/20 wind/solar", "hoursMeeting80PctPct_with2xPortfolioAnd4hBattery": 87.4, "batteryMWhAlone_with2xPortfolio": 1754, "batteryHoursAlone_with2xPortfolio": 125 } } } ], "method": "Load = 2025 grid electricity in each EPA-licensed site's Annual Environmental Report, summed by operator and assumed flat. Contracted supply = announced Irish CPPAs by buyer (ROI only; NI deals listed separately), MW x assumed capacity factor (onshore wind 0.3, solar 0.11; 'mixed' deals split 50/50 by MW), shaped hour by hour like the national wind and solar fleets (EirGrid actual output, same year as the fleet model above). Each hour, matched = min(output, load); test = matched >= 80% of load. 'allAnnouncedIE' counts every announced ROI deal whatever its build status; 'operatingIE' only deals marked operational. Firm low-carbon MW = the largest hourly shortfall below 80% of load. Battery: greedy, 85% round trip.", "caveats": [ "Operator level, not campus level: CPPAs are announced by company, and no public document assigns a PPA to a campus.", "Loads are 2025 averages from EPA AERs for licensed sites only; unlicensed sites of the same operator are missing, so annual cover is overstated where those exist. Loads are growing.", "Fleet-shaped output is smoother than any real portfolio of a few projects, so hours meeting 80% are an upper bound.", "Capacity factors are round assumptions (unchecked); announced MW may not be built, may be partly built, or may have ended.", "Spain's draft also requires additionality (plant commissioned no more than 18 months before the data centre); almost all existing Irish deals would fail that. Only the hourly (Art. 9) test is modelled.", "On-site gas engines (Echelon, Vantage, Equinix DB5, Pure DC, EdgeConneX, Data & Power Hub) give firm power but are not renewable, so they do not count; only biomethane or another low-carbon fuel would.", "0% cover means no announced Irish CPPA was found for that operator; it may still buy renewable supply tariffs or guarantees of origin, which this hourly test does not count.", "Operators with no EPA-reported load (Digital Realty, CyrusOne, Keppel, Echelon, Vantage and others) cannot be modelled; none has a public Irish CPPA large enough to matter except Keppel (MW not stated).", "No campus in the planning/licence documents (facility_specs) states an on-site battery." ] }, "sources": { "cru236": { "publisher": "CRU", "title": "CRU/2025/236 LEU connection policy decision", "date": "2025-12-12", "url": "https://www.cru.ie/publications/ (CRU/2025/236, 12 Dec 2025)", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2025-12-12_cru-2025236-leu-decision.txt" }, "es_prd": { "publisher": "MITECO (Spain)", "title": "Proyecto de Real Decreto: requisitos de sostenibilidad energetica ... aplicables a los centros de datos (audiencia publica)", "date": "2026-08-27", "url": "https://www.miteco.gob.es/content/dam/miteco/es/energia/files-1/es-ES/Participacion/Documents/anexos/aeip-rd-cpds-sostenibles/PRD%20CPDs%20audiencia%20publica.pdf", "cache": "data/raw/ppa_supply/matching/miteco-prd-cpds-audiencia-2026-10-03.txt" }, "es_page": { "publisher": "MITECO (Spain)", "title": "Audiencia e informacion publica (consultation page, k-851)", "date": "2026-08-27", "url": "https://www.miteco.gob.es/en/energia/participacion/2026/detalle-participacion-publica-k-851.html", "cache": "data/raw/ppa_supply/matching/miteco-participacion-k851-2026-10-03.html" }, "es_main": { "publisher": "MITECO (Spain)", "title": "MAIN (regulatory impact report) of the draft Royal Decree", "date": "2026-08", "url": "https://www.miteco.gob.es/content/dam/miteco/es/energia/files-1/es-ES/Participacion/Documents/anexos/aeip-rd-cpds-sostenibles/MAIN%20PRD%20CPDs.pdf", "cache": "data/raw/ppa_supply/matching/miteco-main-prd-cpds-2026-10-03.txt" }, "de_enefg": { "publisher": "Bundesministerium der Justiz (gesetze-im-internet.de)", "title": "Energieeffizienzgesetz (EnEfG) s.11 Klimaneutrale Rechenzentren", "date": "2023-11-18", "url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/enefg/__11.html", "cache": "data/raw/ppa_supply/matching/enefg-s11-2026-10-03.html" } }, "quotes": { "ie_annual": { "source": "cru236", "quote": "at least 80% of the data centres demand on an annual basis", "verified": true }, "ie_glide": { "source": "cru236", "quote": "6-year glide path from the date of a data centre demand site's energisation", "verified": true }, "ie_actual": { "source": "cru236", "quote": "the actual output of the renewable generation facility should be considered", "verified": true }, "ie_realtime_future": { "source": "cru236", "quote": "allowing for an appropriate progression towards requiring closer to real time renewable energy requirements", "verified": true }, "ie_247_asked": { "source": "cru236", "quote": "It was suggested a glide path could be developed toward achieving 24/7 renewable energy matching.", "verified": true }, "es_hourly": { "source": "es_prd", "quote": "la energ\u00eda consumida en cada hora se encuentra respaldada, al menos en un 80 por ciento", "verified": true }, "es_additional": { "source": "es_prd", "quote": "deber\u00e1n acreditar que cubren el 80 por ciento de su consumo total", "verified": true }, "es_18m": { "source": "es_prd", "quote": "en una fecha no anterior en m\u00e1s de dieciocho meses a la entrada en funcionamiento del centro de datos", "verified": true }, "es_scope": { "source": "es_prd", "quote": "centros de datos cuya potencia de acceso sea igual o superior a 1 MW", "verified": true }, "es_no_go": { "source": "es_prd", "quote": "cuyo origen renovable se acredite exclusivamente mediante garant\u00edas de origen", "verified": true }, "es_90pct": { "source": "es_prd", "quote": "haya superado el 90 por ciento en el a\u00f1o natural n-2", "verified": true }, "es_rfnbo": { "source": "es_prd", "quote": "se plantea extender esas mismas exigencias de adicionalidad y correlaci\u00f3n horaria a los centros de datos", "verified": true }, "es_surcharge_hours": { "source": "es_prd", "quote": "Cuando dicho porcentaje sea igual o superior al 20 por ciento, el recargo aplicable ser\u00e1 del 50 por ciento.", "verified": true }, "es_surcharge_add": { "source": "es_prd", "quote": "inferior al 20 por ciento del consumo anual, el recargo ser\u00e1 del 500 por ciento", "verified": true }, "es_dates": { "source": "es_page", "quote": "from Thursday, August 27, 2026 until Friday, September 04, 2026", "verified": true }, "de_bilanziell": { "source": "de_enefg", "quote": "decken den Stromverbrauch in ihren Rechenzentren bilanziell", "verified": true }, "de_100": { "source": "de_enefg", "quote": "ab dem 1. Januar 2027 zu 100 Prozent durch Strom aus erneuerbaren Energien", "verified": true } }, "caveats": [ "The national fleet is geographically diverse, so its output is smoother than any single PPA portfolio: these hourly figures are an upper bound for a real portfolio.", "EirGrid 'actual' output is after dispatch-down (curtailment and constraint), which is what the CRU says counts; a new PPA plant could be dispatched down more or less than the fleet average.", "One year (Oct 2025-Sep 2026) of weather only; wind years vary by roughly +/-10% (unchecked).", "Spain's text is a draft; the final decree may change. Whether Art. 9 hourly backing must come from Spanish plant is not explicit in the draft.", "The Spanish hourly test is not modelled for Spain itself (no Spanish hourly generation cached); a Spanish solar-heavy portfolio would fail at night instead of in calm spells.", "Battery runs are a simple greedy dispatch with perfect foresight of nothing; no prices, no degradation." ] }, "caveats": [ "PlanSight coverage of council registers is incomplete and descriptions are free text; MW is often not stated and is then estimated.", "A permitted project may already be built and operating with another offtaker, may be under judicial review, or may never be built. Commencement notices are attached where found but wind farms often do not file them.", "RESS matching is by project name word; misses and false matches are possible. Projects that won RESS 1-2 are likely operating.", "Offshore wind (ORESS, Maritime Area Consents) is not in the planning pool.", "Batteries are listed for completeness but supply no renewable energy toward the 80% rule.", "CPPA list is hand-compiled from public announcements; private deals and undisclosed volumes are missing." ] }, "legacy_capacity": { "title": "Who holds the grid capacity", "source": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la inspector reports (pleanala.ie); EPA LEAP licence documents (leap.epa.ie); EirGrid GCS 2019/2021/2023, DCCOPP 2020, AIRAA 2026-2035, Constrained Area Overview May 2026; CRU/21/124; CSO Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2025", "asOf": "2026-10-03", "method": "Read by hand from cached primary documents: An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la inspector reports (data/raw/acp_reports), EPA LEAP licence documents (data/raw/epa_generation/docs), EirGrid / CRU / Oireachtas / CSO papers (data/raw/policy). Quotes are verbatim (<25 words); page = PDF page of the cached file (pdftotext form-feed index). build() re-checks every quote against the cache. contractedMVA is filled only where a document states a contracted or offered Maximum Import Capacity (MIC); any other figure is a stated demand (statedDemandMW), not a contract. Usable MW = MVA x 0.95 (assumed power factor). Utilisation = 2025 average draw / usable MW. Headroom = usable MW - 2025 average draw. statedDemandMW comparisons are labelled separately.", "powerFactor": 0.95, "sites": [ { "campus": "amazon-aws-cruiserath", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Cruiserath", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "status": "operating", "contractedMVA": 240, "contractBasis": "EirGrid Transmission Connection Agreement, Maximum Import Capacity (MIC); covers the whole Cruiserath masterplan (Buildings A-G, 219.7 MW stated demand); ramped in eight annual steps 2022-2029", "contractStatus": "contract", "contractDate": "2017-06-17", "contractDateNote": "Solicitor's letter gives 17 June 2017; EirGrid's letter gives 19 June 2017. Modified agreement 14 Feb 2025; MIC unchanged.", "legacy": true, "usableMW": 228.0, "gridMW2025": 76.6, "gridMW2025Basis": "EPA AER 2025: P1182 76.6 MW", "utilisationPct": 33.6, "headroomMW": 151.4, "statedDemandMW": 219.7, "statedDemandBasis": "whole masterplan energy demand per EIAR (ACP 318180)", "utilisationVsStatedPct": 34.9, "headroomVsStatedMW": 143.1, "licenceDesignMW": 83.0, "drawVsLicenceDesignPct": 92.3, "epaRefs": [ "P1182" ], "quotes": [ { "text": "entered into a Transmission Connection Agreement with EirGrid plc for connection of a facility with a Maximum Import Capacity of 240 MVA", "file": "acp_reports/318180a.txt", "page": 5, "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/318/r318180a.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 22 }, { "text": "The maximum import capacity of the Connection Agreement remains as 240 MVA, which was the position in 2017.", "file": "acp_reports/318180a.txt", "page": 6, "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/318/r318180a.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 18 }, { "text": "dated 19 June 2017 and subsequently amended by several iterations", "file": "acp_reports/318180a.txt", "page": 6, "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/318/r318180a.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 10 }, { "text": "provides for eight incremental ramps (increases) in power supply to the site commencing in 2022 and completing in 2029", "file": "acp_reports/318180.txt", "page": 43, "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/318/r318180.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 19 }, { "text": "the entire masterplan site would have a total energy demand of 219.7 MW", "file": "acp_reports/318180.txt", "page": 68, "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/318/r318180.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 13 }, { "text": "consume approximately 727,080 MW hours of electricity", "file": "epa_generation/docs/090151b280875e4b.txt", "page": 32, "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280875e4b.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 7 } ], "sources": [ "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/318180", "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1182", "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/b8bc1941-41e7-4fe5-a8ce-3b57f4997691.pdf" ] }, { "campus": "echelon-arklow", "name": "Echelon Arklow", "operator": "Echelon", "status": "under construction", "contractedMVA": 50, "contractBasis": "EirGrid offer to connect to the transmission network, MIC 50 MVA (2019); whether it was executed, and whether it counts as 'Contracted' under CRU/21/124, is not public", "contractStatus": "offer", "contractDate": null, "contractDateNote": "Offer referred to in the 2019 inspector's report (decided 17 Jul 2019).", "legacy": null, "usableMW": 47.5, "gridMW2025": 0.0, "gridMW2025Basis": "not yet operating", "utilisationPct": 0.0, "headroomMW": 47.5, "statedDemandMW": null, "statedDemandBasis": null, "utilisationVsStatedPct": null, "headroomVsStatedMW": null, "licenceDesignMW": null, "drawVsLicenceDesignPct": null, "epaRefs": [ "P1240", "P1202" ], "quotes": [ { "text": "It is noted that the Maximum Import Capacity will be 50 Mega-Volt Amps.", "file": "acp_reports/303938.txt", "page": 10, "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/303/r303938.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 13 }, { "text": "the applicants have received correspondence form Eirgrid making an offer to connect to the transmission network", "file": "acp_reports/303938.txt", "page": 10, "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/303/r303938.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 16 } ], "sources": [ "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/303938", "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1240" ] }, { "campus": "echelon-crag-avenue-clondalkin", "name": "Echelon Crag Avenue, Clondalkin", "operator": "Echelon", "status": "operating", "contractedMVA": 40, "contractBasis": "existing ESB Networks (distribution) grid connection via on-site 110 kV GIS substation; a gas energy centre supplements it", "contractStatus": "contract", "contractDate": null, "contractDateNote": "Connection described as 'previously granted' in the 2020 EPA inspector's report, so it predates CRU/21/124; exact date not public.", "legacy": true, "usableMW": 38.0, "gridMW2025": null, "gridMW2025Basis": "no 2025 AER filed", "utilisationPct": null, "headroomMW": null, "statedDemandMW": 110, "statedDemandBasis": "total maximum operational demand (85 MW IT) per EPA P1113-01 inspector's report (2020)", "utilisationVsStatedPct": null, "headroomVsStatedMW": null, "licenceDesignMW": null, "drawVsLicenceDesignPct": null, "epaRefs": [ "P1113" ], "quotes": [ { "text": "The Energy Centre will supplement the existing ESB Networks 40 MVA grid connection to supply power to the 4 no. under construction ICTF buildings.", "file": "epa_generation/docs/36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62.txt", "page": 3, "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 24 }, { "text": "total maximum operational demand of approximately 110MWe and an IT capacity (or critical IT load) of 85MW", "file": "epa_generation/docs/090151b2807714b4.txt", "page": 2, "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2807714b4.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 17 }, { "text": "enough power available for approximately half the data centre development (40MW IT capacity) (firm agreement)", "file": "epa_generation/docs/090151b2807714b4.txt", "page": 2, "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2807714b4.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 15 } ], "sources": [ "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1113" ] }, { "campus": "pure-dc-orion-business-campus", "name": "Pure DC Orion Business Campus", "operator": "Pure DC", "status": "operating", "contractedMVA": 0.5, "contractBasis": "ESB Networks utility connection for lighting, offices and safety systems only; no grid agreement for the IT load, which runs on on-site gas engines", "contractStatus": "utility-only", "contractDate": null, "contractDateNote": null, "legacy": false, "usableMW": 0.5, "gridMW2025": null, "gridMW2025Basis": "no 2025 AER filed", "utilisationPct": null, "headroomMW": null, "statedDemandMW": null, "statedDemandBasis": null, "utilisationVsStatedPct": null, "headroomVsStatedMW": null, "licenceDesignMW": null, "drawVsLicenceDesignPct": null, "epaRefs": [ "P1210" ], "quotes": [ { "text": "The agreed maximum import capacity (MIC) of the utility connection is 500 kVA.", "file": "epa_generation/docs/35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8.txt", "page": 6, "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 13 }, { "text": "There is no electricity grid connection agreement in place to power the main IT load of the data centres", "file": "epa_generation/docs/35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8.txt", "page": 6, "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 19 } ], "sources": [ "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1210" ] }, { "campus": "microsoft-grange-castle", "name": "Microsoft Grange Castle", "operator": "Microsoft", "status": "operating", "contractedMVA": null, "contractBasis": "not public", "contractStatus": null, "contractDate": null, "contractDateNote": null, "legacy": true, "usableMW": null, "gridMW2025": 154.5, "gridMW2025Basis": "EPA AER 2025: P1187 25.9 MW, P1190 24.5 MW, P1191 104.1 MW", "utilisationPct": null, "headroomMW": null, "statedDemandMW": null, "statedDemandBasis": null, "utilisationVsStatedPct": null, "headroomVsStatedMW": null, "licenceDesignMW": 133.6, "drawVsLicenceDesignPct": 115.6, "epaRefs": [ "P1187", "P1190", "P1191" ], "quotes": [ { "text": "the proposed electricity consumption figure is provided as 275,900 MW hours of electricity per year", "file": "epa_generation/docs/090151b28087481a.txt", "page": 31, "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28087481a.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 15 }, { "text": "the proposed electricity consumption figure is provided as 894,000 MW hours of electricity per year", "file": "epa_generation/docs/090151b2808790a3.txt", "page": 32, "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2808790a3.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 15 } ], "sources": [ "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1191", "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/756ed289-739f-4a3f-85ce-c0e411c991ab.pdf", "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/9019c07a-0ea9-47b4-8d4e-e7bd5019af9e.pdf", "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/61031159-d228-4c09-82ba-64b8ce219a13.pdf" ] }, { "campus": "amazon-aws-clonshaugh", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Clonshaugh", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "status": "operating", "contractedMVA": null, "contractBasis": "not public", "contractStatus": null, "contractDate": null, "contractDateNote": null, "legacy": true, "usableMW": null, "gridMW2025": 144.4, "gridMW2025Basis": "EPA AER 2025: P1171 116.5 MW, P1186 27.9 MW", "utilisationPct": null, "headroomMW": null, "statedDemandMW": null, "statedDemandBasis": null, "utilisationVsStatedPct": null, "headroomVsStatedMW": null, "licenceDesignMW": 188.3, "drawVsLicenceDesignPct": 76.7, "epaRefs": [ "P1171", "P1186" ], "quotes": [ { "text": "consume approximately 1,447,152 MW hours of electricity per year", "file": "epa_generation/docs/090151b280874ea0.txt", "page": 32, "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280874ea0.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 9 }, { "text": "consume approximately 202,794 MW hours of electricity per year", "file": "epa_generation/docs/090151b28087521c.txt", "page": 15, "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28087521c.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 9 } ], "sources": [ "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1171", "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/bc4198f1-1fa7-4f2e-be31-0b9f5e99993c.pdf", "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/7e3d2b6f-cb9a-4528-ad23-01ffc34e9391.pdf" ] }, { "campus": "meta-clonee", "name": "Meta Clonee", "operator": "Meta", "status": "operating", "contractedMVA": null, "contractBasis": "existing EirGrid connection, modified for a new 220 kV substation (MIC not stated)", "contractStatus": null, "contractDate": null, "contractDateNote": "Modified agreement referred to in the 2018 inspector's report, so the campus connection predates CRU/21/124.", "legacy": true, "usableMW": null, "gridMW2025": 135.0, "gridMW2025Basis": "EPA AER 2025: P1192 135.0 MW", "utilisationPct": null, "headroomMW": null, "statedDemandMW": 180, "statedDemandBasis": "overall campus maximum energy demand (ACP 301923, 2018)", "utilisationVsStatedPct": 75.0, "headroomVsStatedMW": 45.0, "licenceDesignMW": 143.9, "drawVsLicenceDesignPct": 93.8, "epaRefs": [ "P1192" ], "quotes": [ { "text": "subject to a modified connection agreement, the proposed 200kV infrastructure can be accommodated by EirGrid", "file": "acp_reports/301923.txt", "page": 9, "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/301/r301923.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 15 }, { "text": "the overall data centre campus would have a maximum energy demand of 180 MW", "file": "acp_reports/301923.txt", "page": 63, "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/301/r301923.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 14 }, { "text": "the electricity consumption figure is provided as 1,261,000 MW hours of electricity", "file": "epa_generation/docs/090151b28088a8ae.txt", "page": 37, "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28088a8ae.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 12 } ], "sources": [ "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/301923", "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1192", "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/83a977fe-88cc-4bee-b532-11a09561984d.pdf" ] }, { "campus": "amazon-aws-grange-castle-south", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Grange Castle South", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "status": "operating", "contractedMVA": null, "contractBasis": "not public", "contractStatus": null, "contractDate": null, "contractDateNote": null, "legacy": true, "usableMW": null, "gridMW2025": 61.0, "gridMW2025Basis": "EPA AER 2025: P1170 50.3 MW, P1184 10.7 MW", "utilisationPct": null, "headroomMW": null, "statedDemandMW": null, "statedDemandBasis": null, "utilisationVsStatedPct": null, "headroomVsStatedMW": null, "licenceDesignMW": 193.4, "drawVsLicenceDesignPct": 31.5, "epaRefs": [ "P1170", "P1184" ], "quotes": [ { "text": "consume approximately 1,447,152 MW hours of electricity per year", "file": "epa_generation/docs/090151b280879452.txt", "page": 33, "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280879452.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 9 }, { "text": "consume approximately 247,470 MW hours of electricity per year", "file": "epa_generation/docs/090151b280875e4e.txt", "page": 34, "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280875e4e.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 9 } ], "sources": [ "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1170", "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/d30f01fa-7b3c-4f1d-b37d-be8909ba4629.pdf", "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/8d3453b5-f0c5-4d9a-a2fe-aa338f484415.pdf" ] }, { "campus": "amazon-aws-blanchardstown", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Blanchardstown", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "status": "operating", "contractedMVA": null, "contractBasis": "not public", "contractStatus": null, "contractDate": null, "contractDateNote": null, "legacy": true, "usableMW": null, "gridMW2025": 49.8, "gridMW2025Basis": "EPA AER 2025: P1172 49.8 MW", "utilisationPct": null, "headroomMW": null, "statedDemandMW": null, "statedDemandBasis": null, "utilisationVsStatedPct": null, "headroomVsStatedMW": null, "licenceDesignMW": 203.8, "drawVsLicenceDesignPct": 24.4, "epaRefs": [ "P1172" ], "quotes": [ { "text": "consume approximately 1,785,233 MW hours of electricity per year", "file": "epa_generation/docs/090151b28087bd24.txt", "page": 17, "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28087bd24.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 9 } ], "sources": [ "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1172", "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/3b5e09fb-a5aa-4442-8d18-c00f3271aeb7.pdf" ] }, { "campus": "amazon-aws-belgard-tallaght", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Belgard, Tallaght", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "status": "operating", "contractedMVA": null, "contractBasis": "not stated; EPA inspector gives the installation's maximum operational demand", "contractStatus": null, "contractDate": null, "contractDateNote": null, "legacy": true, "usableMW": null, "gridMW2025": 45.6, "gridMW2025Basis": "EPA AER 2025: P1173 45.6 MW", "utilisationPct": null, "headroomMW": null, "statedDemandMW": 83, "statedDemandBasis": "maximum operational demand, Buildings A (2017) and B (2021), EPA P1173 inspector's report", "utilisationVsStatedPct": 54.9, "headroomVsStatedMW": 37.4, "licenceDesignMW": 83.0, "drawVsLicenceDesignPct": 54.9, "epaRefs": [ "P1173" ], "quotes": [ { "text": "thereby giving an overall maximum operational demand of 83 MWe for the installation", "file": "epa_generation/docs/090151b280874817.txt", "page": 2, "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280874817.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 13 }, { "text": "consume approximately 727,080 MW hours of electricity per year", "file": "epa_generation/docs/090151b280874817.txt", "page": 16, "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280874817.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 9 } ], "sources": [ "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1173", "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/45b512a3-d54e-493a-9d32-dd4136f33e47.pdf" ] }, { "campus": "amazon-aws-greenhills-road-tallaght", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Greenhills Road, Tallaght", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "status": "operating", "contractedMVA": null, "contractBasis": "not public", "contractStatus": null, "contractDate": null, "contractDateNote": null, "legacy": true, "usableMW": null, "gridMW2025": 34.6, "gridMW2025Basis": "EPA AER 2025: P1177 34.6 MW", "utilisationPct": null, "headroomMW": null, "statedDemandMW": null, "statedDemandBasis": null, "utilisationVsStatedPct": null, "headroomVsStatedMW": null, "licenceDesignMW": 70.3, "drawVsLicenceDesignPct": 49.2, "epaRefs": [ "P1177" ], "quotes": [ { "text": "consume approximately 615,828 MW hours of electricity per year", "file": "epa_generation/docs/090151b2808746ab.txt", "page": 15, "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2808746ab.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 9 } ], "sources": [ "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1177", "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/a6bb6933-65be-46c5-871e-ebd91e39bc43.pdf" ] }, { "campus": "google-grange-castle-south", "name": "Google Grange Castle South", "operator": "Google", "status": "operating", "contractedMVA": null, "contractBasis": "not public", "contractStatus": null, "contractDate": null, "contractDateNote": null, "legacy": true, "usableMW": null, "gridMW2025": 26.0, "gridMW2025Basis": "EPA AER 2025: P1189 26.0 MW", "utilisationPct": null, "headroomMW": null, "statedDemandMW": null, "statedDemandBasis": null, "utilisationVsStatedPct": null, "headroomVsStatedMW": null, "licenceDesignMW": 27.4, "drawVsLicenceDesignPct": 94.9, "epaRefs": [ "P1189" ], "quotes": [ { "text": "consume approximately 240,000 MW hours of electricity per year from the national grid", "file": "epa_generation/docs/090151b280877441.txt", "page": 35, "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280877441.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 13 } ], "sources": [ "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1189", "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/06296e48-321f-4c8e-b8d2-322574354684.pdf" ] }, { "campus": "equinix-blanchardstown", "name": "Equinix Blanchardstown", "operator": "Equinix", "status": "operating", "contractedMVA": null, "contractBasis": "EirGrid connection with MIC delivered in stages (size not stated); ran on gas engines Feb-Nov 2024 awaiting full MIC", "contractStatus": null, "contractDate": null, "contractDateNote": null, "legacy": null, "usableMW": null, "gridMW2025": 18.5, "gridMW2025Basis": "EPA AER 2025: P1168 18.5 MW", "utilisationPct": null, "headroomMW": null, "statedDemandMW": null, "statedDemandBasis": null, "utilisationVsStatedPct": null, "headroomVsStatedMW": null, "licenceDesignMW": null, "drawVsLicenceDesignPct": null, "epaRefs": [ "P1168" ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Ongoing delays with the site receiving full MIC, resulted in the site having to operate the generators as prime", "file": "epa_generation/docs/632e86ac-f221-47b6-b9c2-a5765cb06d09.txt", "page": 16, "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/632e86ac-f221-47b6-b9c2-a5765cb06d09.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 19 }, { "text": "During 2025, the site operated on mains utility due to the increase in MIC from 2024.", "file": "epa_generation/docs/6adb806d-c61a-429a-b6ea-b66400d8ddbe.txt", "page": 16, "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/6adb806d-c61a-429a-b6ea-b66400d8ddbe.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 16 } ], "sources": [ "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1168", "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/6adb806d-c61a-429a-b6ea-b66400d8ddbe.pdf" ] }, { "campus": "k2-strategic-ballycoolin", "name": "K2 Strategic Ballycoolin", "operator": "K2 Strategic", "status": "operating", "contractedMVA": null, "contractBasis": "not public", "contractStatus": null, "contractDate": null, "contractDateNote": null, "legacy": null, "usableMW": null, "gridMW2025": 17.5, "gridMW2025Basis": "EPA AER 2025: P1143 17.5 MW", "utilisationPct": null, "headroomMW": null, "statedDemandMW": null, "statedDemandBasis": null, "utilisationVsStatedPct": null, "headroomVsStatedMW": null, "licenceDesignMW": null, "drawVsLicenceDesignPct": null, "epaRefs": [ "P1143" ], "quotes": [], "sources": [ "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1143", "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/e7d3de11-0b4d-4d54-b7b3-cc5fd92a73eb.pdf" ] }, { "campus": "amazon-aws-drogheda", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Drogheda", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "status": "operating", "contractedMVA": null, "contractBasis": "not stated; inspector records EirGrid confirmation of sufficient power for a 48 MW building, 144 MW for three", "contractStatus": null, "contractDate": null, "contractDateNote": null, "legacy": null, "usableMW": null, "gridMW2025": 12.7, "gridMW2025Basis": "EPA AER 2025: P1181 12.7 MW", "utilisationPct": null, "headroomMW": null, "statedDemandMW": 144, "statedDemandBasis": "three phases at 48 MW each (ACP 310729, applicant Tunis Properties; Amazon attribution is by co-location in the directory)", "utilisationVsStatedPct": 8.8, "headroomVsStatedMW": 131.3, "licenceDesignMW": 48.0, "drawVsLicenceDesignPct": 26.5, "epaRefs": [ "P1181" ], "quotes": [ { "text": "maximum demand of 48MW and that Eirgrid has confirmed there is sufficient power available to serve the development", "file": "acp_reports/310729.txt", "page": 84, "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/310/r310729.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 18 }, { "text": "The three phases of data centre are stated to generate a demand for 144MW", "file": "acp_reports/310729.txt", "page": 86, "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/310/r310729.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 14 }, { "text": "420,480 MW hours of electricity per year from the national grid", "file": "epa_generation/docs/090151b2808c8938.txt", "page": 39, "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2808c8938.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 11 } ], "sources": [ "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/310729", "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1181", "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/99502627-835d-4f88-af93-b6f9bee84194.pdf" ] }, { "campus": "microsoft-huntstown", "name": "Microsoft Huntstown", "operator": "Microsoft", "status": "under construction", "contractedMVA": null, "contractBasis": "EirGrid Transmission Connection Agreement (MIC not stated in the reports); project by Huntstown Power Company (Energia) with Microsoft as end user", "contractStatus": null, "contractDate": "2021-03-08", "contractDateNote": null, "legacy": true, "usableMW": null, "gridMW2025": 0.0, "gridMW2025Basis": "not yet operating", "utilisationPct": null, "headroomMW": null, "statedDemandMW": 150, "statedDemandBasis": "stated electricity requirement of the data centre (ACP 313583)", "utilisationVsStatedPct": 0.0, "headroomVsStatedMW": 150.0, "licenceDesignMW": null, "drawVsLicenceDesignPct": null, "epaRefs": [], "quotes": [ { "text": "A transmission connection agreement with Eirgrid to provide electricity to the proposed development dates to 8 March 2021.", "file": "acp_reports/313583a.txt", "page": 8, "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/313/r313583a.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 18 }, { "text": "requiring 150 MW or 1,310GWh of electricity annually", "file": "acp_reports/313583.txt", "page": 34, "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/313/r313583.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 8 } ], "sources": [ "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/313583" ] }, { "campus": "amazon-aws-leixlip", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Leixlip", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "status": "operating", "contractedMVA": null, "contractBasis": "EirGrid connection agreement for the Kildare Innovation Campus masterplan, 110 kV GIS substation (MIC and date not stated)", "contractStatus": null, "contractDate": null, "contractDateNote": null, "legacy": null, "usableMW": null, "gridMW2025": null, "gridMW2025Basis": "no 2025 AER filed", "utilisationPct": null, "headroomMW": null, "statedDemandMW": null, "statedDemandBasis": null, "utilisationVsStatedPct": null, "headroomVsStatedMW": null, "licenceDesignMW": null, "drawVsLicenceDesignPct": null, "epaRefs": [ "P1222", "P1238" ], "quotes": [ { "text": "A connection agreement to supply the KIC Masterplan site, including the Installation, is in place with Eirgrid.", "file": "epa_generation/docs/2d49847b-7cbc-4fee-8a62-739d6f7196bd.txt", "page": 12, "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/2d49847b-7cbc-4fee-8a62-739d6f7196bd.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 17 } ], "sources": [ "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1238" ] }, { "campus": "vantage-profile-park", "name": "Vantage Profile Park", "operator": "Vantage", "status": "under construction", "contractedMVA": null, "contractBasis": "EirGrid Transmission Connection Agreement for part of the campus demand (MIC not stated); signed after CRU/21/124", "contractStatus": null, "contractDate": "2022-07-01", "contractDateNote": null, "legacy": false, "usableMW": null, "gridMW2025": 0.0, "gridMW2025Basis": "not yet operating", "utilisationPct": null, "headroomMW": null, "statedDemandMW": null, "statedDemandBasis": null, "utilisationVsStatedPct": null, "headroomVsStatedMW": null, "licenceDesignMW": null, "drawVsLicenceDesignPct": null, "epaRefs": [ "P1227" ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Transmission Connection Agreement between Eirgrid Plc and Vantage Data Centres DUB11 Limited which was signed on the 1st July 2022", "file": "acp_reports/317446.txt", "page": 37, "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317446.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 20 }, { "text": "VDC has received and executed a grid connection agreement with EirGrid for a portion of the site's electricity demand.", "file": "epa_generation/docs/2e3da75b-086c-4114-8ca7-1786cfcbbb90.txt", "page": 4, "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/2e3da75b-086c-4114-8ca7-1786cfcbbb90.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 19 } ], "sources": [ "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/317446", "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1227" ] }, { "campus": "edgeconnex-newcastle-road-lucan", "name": "EdgeConneX Newcastle Road, Lucan", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "status": "operating", "contractedMVA": null, "contractBasis": "EirGrid flexible-demand connection agreement, signed, bond and charges paid (MIC not disclosed)", "contractStatus": null, "contractDate": null, "contractDateNote": null, "legacy": null, "usableMW": null, "gridMW2025": null, "gridMW2025Basis": "no 2025 AER filed", "utilisationPct": null, "headroomMW": null, "statedDemandMW": 30, "statedDemandBasis": "maximum operational demand of the 2022 extension only (ACP 317802)", "utilisationVsStatedPct": null, "headroomVsStatedMW": null, "licenceDesignMW": null, "drawVsLicenceDesignPct": null, "epaRefs": [ "P1204" ], "quotes": [ { "text": "It is confirmed that the Edgeconnex Grid Connection Agreement has been signed, the Bond paid, and all connection charges are fully paid.", "file": "acp_reports/317802.txt", "page": 29, "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317802.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 22 }, { "text": "The Proposed Development will have a maximum operational electrical demand of 30MW.", "file": "acp_reports/317802.txt", "page": 130, "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317802.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 12 } ], "sources": [ "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/317802", "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1204" ] } ], "totals": { "contractedMVAKnown": 280, "contractedMVAKnownSites": [ "amazon-aws-cruiserath", "echelon-crag-avenue-clondalkin" ], "offeredMVAKnown": 50, "drawnMW2025": 776.2, "drawnMW2025Basis": "sum of 2025 EPA AER average grid draw, 16 licences", "drawnMW2025National": 874.8, "epaShareOfNationalPct": 88.7, "headroomMW": 151.4, "headroomMWBasis": "sites with both a stated MIC and a known 2025 draw: amazon-aws-cruiserath", "namedLegacyHeadroom": [ { "campus": "amazon-aws-cruiserath", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "headroomMW": 151.4, "basis": "contracted MIC" }, { "campus": "microsoft-huntstown", "operator": "Microsoft", "headroomMW": 150.0, "basis": "stated demand (not a contract)" }, { "campus": "meta-clonee", "operator": "Meta", "headroomMW": 45.0, "basis": "stated demand (not a contract)" }, { "campus": "amazon-aws-belgard-tallaght", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "headroomMW": 37.4, "basis": "stated demand (not a contract)" } ], "namedLegacyHeadroomMW": 383.8, "drawnMW2025ByOperator": { "Amazon (AWS)": 424.7, "Microsoft": 154.5, "Meta": 135.0, "Google": 26.0, "Equinix": 18.5, "K2 Strategic": 17.5 }, "nationalHeadroom": { "latestEirGrid": { "contractedMVA": 2400, "usableMW": 2280.0, "drawnMW2025": 874.8, "utilisationPct": 38.4, "headroomMW": 1405.2, "basis": "AIRAA 2026-2035: ~2,100 MVA transmission + ~300 MVA distribution (data centres and other new technology loads)" }, "dataCentresOnly2GW": { "contractedMVA": 2000, "usableMW": 1900.0, "drawnMW2025": 874.8, "utilisationPct": 46.0, "headroomMW": 1025.2, "basis": "EirGrid Constrained Area Overview (May 2026): 2 GW of contracted data centres" }, "eirgridOwn2024": { "contractedMVA": 2400, "demandMVA2024": 959, "utilisationPct": 40.0, "headroomMVA": 1441, "forecast2035MVA": { "low": 1402, "median": 1870, "high": 2183 } }, "drawnBasis": "CSO 2025 data-centre metered electricity 7,663 GWh / 8,760 h" }, "legacyBookNov2021": { "connectedMVA": 931.3, "contractedNotConnectedMVA": 1017.05, "totalExemptMVA": 1948.35, "dublinShareMVA": 1884.35, "basis": "CRU/21/124 tables 1-2 (EirGrid + ESBN, Nov 2021); 'Connected' and 'Contracted' are exempt from the Direction" }, "eirgridStated": { "gcs2019": { "key": "gcs2019", "date": "2019", "doc": "EirGrid All-Island Generation Capacity Statement 2019-2028", "contractedMVA": 1000, "scope": "data centres and other large energy users, connected", "drawnShareOfMICPct": 35, "quotes": [ { "text": "there is presently approximately 1000 MVA of demand capacity that is contracted to data centres and other large energy users", "file": "policy/2019_eirgrid-gcs-2019-2028.txt", "page": 25, "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/EirGrid-Group-All-Island-Generation-Capacity-Statement-2019-2028.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 20 }, { "text": "The typical load currently drawn by these customers is approximately 35% of their contracted Maximum Input Capacity.", "file": "policy/2019_eirgrid-gcs-2019-2028.txt", "page": 25, "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/EirGrid-Group-All-Island-Generation-Capacity-Statement-2019-2028.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 17 } ] }, "dccopp2020": { "key": "dccopp2020", "date": "2020-07-17", "doc": "EirGrid DCCOPP v2 consultation paper", "contractedMVA": 1300, "appliedOrEnquiryMVA": 1600, "scope": "data centres, connected + contracted; applied or material enquiry", "quotes": [ { "text": "There is currently over 1,300 MVA of connected/contracted data centre capacity and a further approx. 1,600 MVA that has applied for connection", "file": "policy/2020-07-17_eirgrid-dccopp-v2-consultation.txt", "page": 4, "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Data-Centre-Connection-Offer-Process-and-Policy-Consultation-Paper.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 22 }, { "text": "it could be reasonably assumed that it will take up to 10 years for the Data Centres in Dublin to ramp to 1000 MVA", "file": "policy/2020-07-17_eirgrid-dccopp-v2-consultation.txt", "page": 5, "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Data-Centre-Connection-Offer-Process-and-Policy-Consultation-Paper.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 24 } ] }, "gcs2021": { "key": "gcs2021", "date": "2021", "doc": "EirGrid All-Island Generation Capacity Statement 2021-2030", "contractedMVA": 1700, "scope": "data centres and other large energy users already connected", "drawnShareOfMICPct": 30, "quotes": [ { "text": "The average load currently drawn by these customers is approximately 30% of the overall contracted Maximum Import Capacity.", "file": "policy/2021_eirgrid-gcs-2021-2030.txt", "page": 26, "sourceUrl": "https://www.eirgridgroup.com/site-files/library/EirGrid/208281-All-Island-Generation-Capacity-Statement-LR13A.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 18 } ] }, "cru21124": { "key": "cru21124", "date": "2021-11-23", "doc": "CRU/21/124 Direction (EirGrid and ESBN tables, Nov 2021)", "contractedMVA": 1800, "requestedMVA": 2000, "table": { "transmission": { "dublin": { "connected": 427.5, "contracted": 839.4, "applicationStage": 1199.21, "onHold": 55.5 }, "outsideDublin": { "connected": 0, "contracted": 57, "applicationStage": 788.2, "onHold": 225 } }, "distribution": { "dublin": { "connected": 496.8, "contracted": 120.65, "applicationStage": 86.1, "onHold": 72.3 }, "outsideDublin": { "connected": 7, "contracted": 0, "liveOffer": 5.23, "applicationStage": 40, "onHold": 10 } } }, "quotes": [ { "text": "Connection Agreements are already in place for over 1,800 MVA of MIC for data centres, with up to 2,000 MVA of additional requests received", "file": "policy/2021-11-23_cru-21-124-direction.txt", "page": 18, "sourceUrl": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU21124-CRU-Direction-to-the-System-Operators-related-to-Data-Centre-grid-connection-.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 24 }, { "text": "in table 1 and table 2 contained in section 2.2 of this document are not subject to the Directions", "file": "policy/2021-11-23_cru-21-124-direction.txt", "page": 37, "sourceUrl": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU21124-CRU-Direction-to-the-System-Operators-related-to-Data-Centre-grid-connection-.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 19 }, { "text": "Contracted 839.4 MVA", "file": "policy/2021-11-23_cru-21-124-direction.txt", "page": 18, "sourceUrl": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU21124-CRU-Direction-to-the-System-Operators-related-to-Data-Centre-grid-connection-.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 3 } ] }, "gcs2023": { "key": "gcs2023", "date": "2024-01", "doc": "EirGrid Ten-Year Generation Capacity Statement 2023-2032", "contractedMVA": 2300, "transmissionMVA": 2000, "distributionMVA": 300, "existingDemandMVA": 734, "existingDemandYear": 2022, "scope": "data centres and other new technology loads", "quotes": [ { "text": "approximately 2000MVA of demand capacity that is contracted to data centres and other new technology loads at the transmission level", "file": "policy/2024-01_eirgrid-gcs-2023-2032.txt", "page": 16, "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/19035-EirGrid-Generation-Capacity-Statement-Combined-2023-V5-Jan-2024.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 20 }, { "text": "Almost all of this extra load is contracted in the greater Dublin region and was contracted prior to the CRU direction", "file": "policy/2024-01_eirgrid-gcs-2023-2032.txt", "page": 16, "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/19035-EirGrid-Generation-Capacity-Statement-Combined-2023-V5-Jan-2024.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 21 } ] }, "airaa2026": { "key": "airaa2026", "date": "2026", "doc": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "contractedMVA": 2400, "transmissionMVA": 2100, "distributionMVA": 300, "existingDemandMVA": 959, "existingDemandYear": 2024, "forecast2035MVA": { "low": 1402, "median": 1870, "high": 2183 }, "projects": { "transmission": 17, "distribution110kV": 5 }, "newContractsUnderCRU21124": 1, "scope": "data centres and other new technology loads", "quotes": [ { "text": "approximately 2,100 MVA of demand capacity that is contracted to data centres and other new technology loads at the transmission level", "file": "policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.txt", "page": 14, "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 21 }, { "text": "a further 300 MVA contracted at the 110 kV distribution level (managed by ESB Networks)", "file": "policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.txt", "page": 14, "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 15 }, { "text": "there was only one new data centre contracted as it had met the requirements of the CRU/21/124 direction", "file": "policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.txt", "page": 14, "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 18 }, { "text": "2024 Demand 959 MVA", "file": "policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.txt", "page": 52, "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 4 } ] }, "constrained2026": { "key": "constrained2026", "date": "2026-05-20", "doc": "EirGrid Data Centre Constrained Area Overview", "contractedMVA": 2000, "scope": "data centres (stated as 2 GW)", "dublinCapAssumedGW": 1.3, "quotes": [ { "text": "Ireland has 2 GW of contracted data centres mostly located in the greater Dublin area.", "file": "policy/2026-05-20_eirgrid-dc-constrained-area-overview.txt", "page": 7, "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Data-Centre-Constrained-Area-Overview-May-2026.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 15 }, { "text": "existing contracted data centres within the Dublin area did not grow beyond 1.3 GW", "file": "policy/2026-05-20_eirgrid-dc-constrained-area-overview.txt", "page": 11, "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Data-Centre-Constrained-Area-Overview-May-2026.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 14 }, { "text": "the available headroom of capacity in the Irish power system has largely been exhausted", "file": "policy/2026-05-20_eirgrid-dc-constrained-area-overview.txt", "page": 11, "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Data-Centre-Constrained-Area-Overview-May-2026.pdf", "checked": true, "words": 14 } ] } }, "correction": "The '~1,300 MVA connected/contracted, ~1,600 MVA applied' summary is EirGrid's July 2020 DCCOPP consultation figure. Later EirGrid/CRU figures are higher: >1,800 MVA (Nov 2021), ~2,000 + 300 MVA (GCS 2023-2032), ~2,100 + 300 MVA (AIRAA 2026-2035), '2 GW' of data centres (May 2026)." }, "national2025": { "dataCentreGWh": 7663, "doc": "CSO Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2025", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dcmec/datacentresmeteredelectricityconsumption2025/", "quote": { "text": "from 6, 973 Gigawatt hours (GWh) in 2024 to 7,663 GWh in 2025", "file": "policy/other/cso-dcmec-2025-keyfindings.txt", "page": 1, "sourceUrl": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dcmec/datacentresmeteredelectricityconsumption2025/keyfindings/", "checked": true, "words": 13 }, "avgMW": 874.8 }, "licenceDesignNote": "Annual grid electricity the licence application said the installation would use, as quoted in the EPA inspector's report (MWh/yr). Divided by 8,760 h it gives the design average load of the licensed buildings - a build-out marker, not a grid contract.", "quoteCheck": { "total": 57, "checked": 57, "unchecked": [], "over25Words": [] }, "caveats": [ "Per-site contracted MIC is almost never public. Only four sites have a stated MIC (one of them an offer, one a 0.5 MVA utility supply); everything else is either a stated demand from planning/EPA papers or unknown. Do not read statedDemandMW as a grid contract.", "Utilisation assumes power factor 0.95 (MW = MVA x 0.95). Data-centre power factors are typically 0.95-0.99, so this slightly understates usable MW and overstates utilisation by up to ~4%.", "2025 draw is the annual average from EPA Annual Environmental Reports (electricity GJ / 31,536,000 s). Peak draw is higher than the average, so headroom against MIC at peak is smaller than the average-based figure.", "EPA AERs cover only sites with >= 50 MWth of licensed generators (12 campuses, 776 MW in 2025, ~89% of CSO's national data-centre total). Smaller and colocation sites are missing from the per-site view.", "EirGrid's national contracted totals (2,100 MVA transmission + 300 MVA distribution) include 'other new technology loads', not only data centres, and are not broken down by customer. The May 2026 EirGrid overview rounds the data-centre figure to 2 GW.", "The earlier summary of '~1,300 MVA connected/contracted and ~1,600 MVA applied' is from EirGrid's July 2020 DCCOPP consultation and is out of date: CRU/21/124 (Nov 2021) gives >1,800 MVA; GCS 2023-2032 gives ~2,000 + ~300 MVA; AIRAA 2026-2035 gives ~2,100 + ~300 MVA.", "Amazon Cruiserath: the 240 MVA MIC is ramped in yearly steps to 2029, so the headroom usable today may be smaller than 240 MVA minus current draw.", "Amazon Drogheda: the 2022 appeal (ACP 310729) was lodged by Tunis Properties LLC; the Amazon attribution is the directory's co-location inference.", "The Nov 2021 exempt book (CRU/21/124 tables: 931 MVA connected + 1,017 MVA contracted = 1,948 MVA) is smaller than today's ~2,400 MVA. EirGrid reports only one new data-centre contract under the 2021 rules, so the gap is probably MIC increases on existing contracts, the wider 'new technology loads' scope, and rounding; the documents do not reconcile it.", "legacy = true means the documents show the site's grid connection predates CRU/21/124 (Nov 2021) or the site was already drawing power before then; null means the date is not public.", "licenceDesignMW is the annual consumption the EPA licence application assumed, divided by 8,760 h. Some campuses already draw more than that (Microsoft Grange Castle 116%, Amazon Clonshaugh P1186 alone 120%), which shows the licensed design is not a cap on grid use." ] }, "siting_detail": { "title": "Top sites, checked", "source": "Zoning: DHLGH Generalised Zoning Types (https://services.arcgis.com/NzlPQPKn5QF9v2US/arcgis/rest/services/GZT_Current_Plan/FeatureServer/0, CC-BY-4.0) via PlanSight; Substations, gas pipelines, towns: \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) via Overpass; Data-centre applications: council planning registers via PlanSight / planningregister.ie; IDA land: LDA Register of Relevant Lands (https://lda.ie/public-lands/register-of-relevant-lands, CC-BY-4.0); Natura 2000 and NHA boundaries: NPWS Designated Areas (https://services-eu1.arcgis.com/Jhij7i46ouO8Cc0N/arcgis/rest/services/NPWSDesignatedAreas/FeatureServer, CC-BY-4.0); Recorded monuments: National Monuments Service SMR (CC-BY-4.0); NIAH (CC-BY-4.0); protected structures: council RPS where CC-BY-4.0; council flood zones (CC-BY-4.0); all via PlanSight; Cadastral parcels: Tailte \u00c9ireann (CC-BY-4.0); public land: LDA Register of Relevant Lands (CC-BY-4.0); RZLT maps (local authorities, CC-BY-4.0); reason-to-sell signals: Buildable (derived from the same public sources)", "asOf": "2026-10-10", "method": "Takes the top 30 zones from the proximity screen ('Where the next one could go'), rebuilds each zone's full outline and measures the share inside Special Areas of Conservation, Special Protection Areas, Natural Heritage Areas and Flood Zones A/B. Zones more than 50% inside are ruled out; partial overlaps lose 0.3 points per percent. Proposed NHAs and recorded-monument zones lose up to 5 points each, protected structures and NIAH buildings up to 3. areaHaChecked is the zone's true footprint (overlapping zoning polygons counted once). Land: +3 if one cadastral parcel of 10 ha+ sits in the zone, -5 if the largest is under 5 ha, +3 for 5 ha+ held by a public owner other than IDA (already scored), +2 for 1 ha+ on the final 2026 RZLT map, +2 for a Buildable reason-to-sell signal (s.183 disposal, stalled or lapsing permission, underused land). Missing data scores zero, not a penalty: check each row's coverage.", "restrictedIncluded": true, "candidates": [ { "la": "FINGAL", "zone": "Enterprise and employment / Industrial / Business and technology, near Blanchardstown", "gzt": [ "C2.1", "C2.2", "C3" ], "objective": "GE - General Employment; HI - Heavy Industry; HT - High Technology", "areaHa": 1225.3, "lat": 53.41034, "lng": -6.33119, "nearest220kVkm": 0.4, "nearest220kV": "Huntstown 220 kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 17.3, "hv220plusWithin5km": 4, "nearestGasKm": 0.0, "nearestGasBar": null, "nearestDCkm": 0.7, "dcApplicationsInside": 15, "idaHa": 129.34, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 75, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1, C2.2, C3)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 1225 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 0.4 km", "points": 25 }, { "factor": "4 substations of 220 kV+ within 5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 0.0 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 0.7 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "129 ha owned by IDA Ireland", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "In the four Dublin councils, where new data-centre grid connections are constrained (hypothesis P1, unchecked)", "points": -15 } ], "proximityRank": 3, "checked": true, "areaHaChecked": 1225.3, "constrainedPct": 0.0, "constraintKinds": [ { "kind": "smr_zone", "label": "recorded-monument zone of notification", "ha": 16.03, "pct": 1.3, "names": [] } ], "monumentsInside": 29, "protectedStructuresInside": 2, "niahInside": 0, "parcels": 1584, "largestParcelHa": 68.1, "parcelsOver5ha": 63, "publicOwners": [ { "owner": "The Industrial Development Authority", "ha": 129.3 }, { "owner": "Fingal County Council", "ha": 60.2 }, { "owner": "Electricity Supply Board", "ha": 30.7 }, { "owner": "Dublin City Council", "ha": 2.1 }, { "owner": "Bord G\u00e1is", "ha": 0.4 } ], "rztlHa": 0.0, "rzltDraft2027Ha": 0.0, "buildableSignals": { "public_land": 49, "s183_disposal": 1, "stalled": 8 }, "coverage": { "designations": "national (NPWS)", "flood": "OPW CFRAM flood maps + council SFRA where present", "ownership": "Tailte parcels + LDA public land", "buildable": "Buildable sites" }, "adjustments": [ { "factor": "2 protected structures and 0 NIAH buildings inside", "points": -2 }, { "factor": "Largest cadastral parcel 68.1 ha (no assembly needed for a campus)", "points": 3 }, { "factor": "60 ha held by Fingal County Council (public owner)", "points": 3 }, { "factor": "Buildable reason-to-sell signals: s183 disposal (1), stalled (8)", "points": 2 } ], "adjustedScore": 81, "excluded": false, "verdict": "Shortlist: 1225 ha 0.4 km from a 220 kV+ station with a 68 ha single parcel and 129 ha held by The Industrial Development Authority; but it sits in Dublin's grid-constrained area.", "rank": 1, "rankChange": 2 }, { "la": "CORKCO", "zone": "Enterprise and employment, near Cobh", "gzt": [ "C2.1" ], "objective": "Industry", "areaHa": 152.3, "lat": 51.82222, "lng": -8.2413, "nearest220kVkm": 1.0, "nearest220kV": "Glanagow 220 kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 118.9, "hv220plusWithin5km": 3, "nearestGasKm": 0.3, "nearestGasBar": null, "nearestDCkm": 12.1, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 80, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 152 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 1.0 km", "points": 25 }, { "factor": "3 substations of 220 kV+ within 5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 0.3 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 12.1 km", "points": 5 } ], "proximityRank": 1, "checked": true, "areaHaChecked": 152.2, "constrainedPct": 1.0, "constraintKinds": [ { "kind": "smr_zone", "label": "recorded-monument zone of notification", "ha": 4.76, "pct": 3.1, "names": [] }, { "kind": "pnha", "label": "proposed Natural Heritage Area", "ha": 1.74, "pct": 1.1, "names": [ "Whitegate Bay" ] }, { "kind": "flood_a_council", "label": "Flood Zone A (council SFRA)", "ha": 1.16, "pct": 0.8, "names": [ "Cork County Development Plan 2022-2028" ] }, { "kind": "flood_b_council", "label": "Flood Zone B (council SFRA)", "ha": 0.25, "pct": 0.2, "names": [ "Cork County Development Plan 2022-2028" ] }, { "kind": "spa", "label": "Special Protection Area", "ha": 0.18, "pct": 0.1, "names": [ "Cork Harbour SPA" ] } ], "monumentsInside": 8, "protectedStructuresInside": 0, "niahInside": 1, "parcels": null, "largestParcelHa": null, "parcelsOver5ha": null, "publicOwners": [], "rztlHa": 0.0, "rzltDraft2027Ha": 0.0, "buildableSignals": {}, "coverage": { "designations": "national (NPWS)", "flood": "council SFRA", "ownership": "not checked: PlanSight parcels cover the Dublin area only", "buildable": "not covered: Buildable is Dublin councils only" }, "adjustments": [ { "factor": "1% inside SAC/SPA/NHA or flood zone A/B", "points": 0 }, { "factor": "0 protected structures and 1 NIAH buildings inside", "points": -1 } ], "adjustedScore": 79, "excluded": false, "verdict": "Shortlist: 152 ha 1.0 km from a 220 kV+ station; but ownership unchecked (no cadastral data here).", "rank": 2, "rankChange": -1 }, { "la": "MEATH", "zone": "Enterprise and employment, near Dunboyne", "gzt": [ "C2.1" ], "objective": "E2/E3 - General Enterprise and Employment/ Warehousing and Distribution", "areaHa": 391.4, "lat": 53.42439, "lng": -6.44665, "nearest220kVkm": 0.2, "nearest220kV": "Bracetown 220kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 9.9, "hv220plusWithin5km": 3, "nearestGasKm": 5.5, "nearestGasBar": 85.0, "nearestDCkm": 0.6, "dcApplicationsInside": 5, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 75, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 391 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 0.2 km", "points": 25 }, { "factor": "3 substations of 220 kV+ within 5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 5.5 km", "points": 0 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 0.6 km", "points": 10 } ], "proximityRank": 4, "checked": true, "areaHaChecked": 391.4, "constrainedPct": 0.3, "constraintKinds": [ { "kind": "flood_b_opw", "label": "OPW 1-in-1000 flood extent", "ha": 1.02, "pct": 0.3, "names": [] }, { "kind": "smr_zone", "label": "recorded-monument zone of notification", "ha": 0.85, "pct": 0.2, "names": [] }, { "kind": "flood_a_opw", "label": "OPW 1-in-100/200 flood extent", "ha": 0.43, "pct": 0.1, "names": [] } ], "monumentsInside": 47, "protectedStructuresInside": 0, "niahInside": 0, "parcels": 102, "largestParcelHa": 51.1, "parcelsOver5ha": 24, "publicOwners": [], "rztlHa": 0.0, "rzltDraft2027Ha": 0.0, "buildableSignals": {}, "coverage": { "designations": "national (NPWS)", "flood": "OPW CFRAM flood maps + council SFRA where present", "ownership": "Tailte parcels + LDA public land", "buildable": "not covered: Buildable is Dublin councils only" }, "adjustments": [ { "factor": "Largest cadastral parcel 51.1 ha (no assembly needed for a campus)", "points": 3 } ], "adjustedScore": 78, "excluded": false, "verdict": "Shortlist: 391 ha 0.2 km from a 220 kV+ station with a 51 ha single parcel.", "rank": 3, "rankChange": 1 }, { "la": "DCC", "zone": "Enterprise and employment, near Swords", "gzt": [ "C2.1" ], "objective": "Z6", "areaHa": 93.8, "lat": 53.40472, "lng": -6.22335, "nearest220kVkm": 1.5, "nearest220kV": "Belcamp 220kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 24.2, "hv220plusWithin5km": 1, "nearestGasKm": 1.0, "nearestGasBar": 19.0, "nearestDCkm": 0.1, "dcApplicationsInside": 3, "idaHa": 37.99, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 70, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 94 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 1.5 km", "points": 25 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 1.0 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 0.1 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "38 ha owned by IDA Ireland", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "In the four Dublin councils, where new data-centre grid connections are constrained (hypothesis P1, unchecked)", "points": -15 } ], "proximityRank": 11, "checked": true, "areaHaChecked": 93.8, "constrainedPct": 0.8, "constraintKinds": [ { "kind": "flood_b_opw", "label": "OPW 1-in-1000 flood extent", "ha": 0.72, "pct": 0.8, "names": [] }, { "kind": "flood_a_opw", "label": "OPW 1-in-100/200 flood extent", "ha": 0.65, "pct": 0.7, "names": [] } ], "monumentsInside": 0, "protectedStructuresInside": 0, "niahInside": 0, "parcels": 133, "largestParcelHa": 21.8, "parcelsOver5ha": 6, "publicOwners": [ { "owner": "The Industrial Development Authority", "ha": 38.0 }, { "owner": "Dublin City Council", "ha": 5.1 }, { "owner": "Electricity Supply Board", "ha": 0.6 }, { "owner": "Fingal County Council", "ha": 0.4 }, { "owner": "An Post", "ha": 0.1 } ], "rztlHa": 0.0, "rzltDraft2027Ha": 0.0, "buildableSignals": { "public_land": 18, "stalled": 2 }, "coverage": { "designations": "national (NPWS)", "flood": "OPW CFRAM flood maps + council SFRA where present", "ownership": "Tailte parcels + LDA public land", "buildable": "Buildable sites" }, "adjustments": [ { "factor": "Largest cadastral parcel 21.8 ha (no assembly needed for a campus)", "points": 3 }, { "factor": "5 ha held by Dublin City Council (public owner)", "points": 3 }, { "factor": "Buildable reason-to-sell signals: stalled (2)", "points": 2 } ], "adjustedScore": 78, "excluded": false, "verdict": "Shortlist: 94 ha 1.5 km from a 220 kV+ station with a 22 ha single parcel and 38 ha held by The Industrial Development Authority; but it sits in Dublin's grid-constrained area.", "rank": 4, "rankChange": 7 }, { "la": "CORKCO", "zone": "Enterprise and employment, near Cobh", "gzt": [ "C2.1" ], "objective": "Industry", "areaHa": 97.2, "lat": 51.83404, "lng": -8.22807, "nearest220kVkm": 0.2, "nearest220kV": "Aghada 220kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 118.6, "hv220plusWithin5km": 3, "nearestGasKm": 0.1, "nearestGasBar": 70.0, "nearestDCkm": 11.9, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 80, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 97 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 0.2 km", "points": 25 }, { "factor": "3 substations of 220 kV+ within 5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 0.1 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 11.9 km", "points": 5 } ], "proximityRank": 2, "checked": true, "areaHaChecked": 97.2, "constrainedPct": 10.6, "constraintKinds": [ { "kind": "flood_a_council", "label": "Flood Zone A (council SFRA)", "ha": 10.05, "pct": 10.3, "names": [ "Cork County Development Plan 2022-2028" ] }, { "kind": "smr_zone", "label": "recorded-monument zone of notification", "ha": 2.37, "pct": 2.4, "names": [] }, { "kind": "flood_b_council", "label": "Flood Zone B (council SFRA)", "ha": 0.28, "pct": 0.3, "names": [ "Cork County Development Plan 2022-2028" ] } ], "monumentsInside": 3, "protectedStructuresInside": 0, "niahInside": 1, "parcels": null, "largestParcelHa": null, "parcelsOver5ha": null, "publicOwners": [], "rztlHa": 0.0, "rzltDraft2027Ha": 0.0, "buildableSignals": {}, "coverage": { "designations": "national (NPWS)", "flood": "council SFRA", "ownership": "not checked: PlanSight parcels cover the Dublin area only", "buildable": "not covered: Buildable is Dublin councils only" }, "adjustments": [ { "factor": "11% inside SAC/SPA/NHA or flood zone A/B", "points": -3 }, { "factor": "0 protected structures and 1 NIAH buildings inside", "points": -1 } ], "adjustedScore": 76, "excluded": false, "verdict": "Shortlist: 97 ha 0.2 km from a 220 kV+ station; but 10% Flood Zone A (council SFRA) (Cork County Development Plan 2022-2028), ownership unchecked (no cadastral data here).", "rank": 5, "rankChange": -3 }, { "la": "DCC", "zone": "Enterprise and employment / Industrial, near Clondalkin", "gzt": [ "C2.1", "C2.2" ], "objective": "Z6; Z7", "areaHa": 140.5, "lat": 53.33266, "lng": -6.36339, "nearest220kVkm": 1.5, "nearest220kV": "Inchicore 220kV GIS Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 20.9, "hv220plusWithin5km": 2, "nearestGasKm": 1.2, "nearestGasBar": 19.0, "nearestDCkm": 0.2, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 70, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1, C2.2)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 140 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 1.5 km", "points": 25 }, { "factor": "2 substations of 220 kV+ within 5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 1.2 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 0.2 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "In the four Dublin councils, where new data-centre grid connections are constrained (hypothesis P1, unchecked)", "points": -15 } ], "proximityRank": 10, "checked": true, "areaHaChecked": 140.5, "constrainedPct": 0.0, "constraintKinds": [ { "kind": "pnha", "label": "proposed Natural Heritage Area", "ha": 0.93, "pct": 0.7, "names": [ "Grand Canal" ] } ], "monumentsInside": 0, "protectedStructuresInside": 16, "niahInside": 18, "parcels": 499, "largestParcelHa": 10.6, "parcelsOver5ha": 3, "publicOwners": [ { "owner": "C\u00f3ras Iompair \u00c9ireann", "ha": 25.3 }, { "owner": "Dublin City Council", "ha": 14.3 }, { "owner": "Electricity Supply Board", "ha": 12.5 }, { "owner": "The Office of Public Works", "ha": 2.8 } ], "rztlHa": 0.0, "rzltDraft2027Ha": 0.0, "buildableSignals": { "public_land": 45, "s183_disposal": 5, "stalled": 3 }, "coverage": { "designations": "national (NPWS)", "flood": "OPW CFRAM flood maps + council SFRA where present", "ownership": "Tailte parcels + LDA public land", "buildable": "Buildable sites" }, "adjustments": [ { "factor": "16 protected structures and 18 NIAH buildings inside", "points": -3 }, { "factor": "Largest cadastral parcel 10.6 ha (no assembly needed for a campus)", "points": 3 }, { "factor": "25 ha held by C\u00f3ras Iompair \u00c9ireann (public owner)", "points": 3 }, { "factor": "Buildable reason-to-sell signals: s183 disposal (5), stalled (3)", "points": 2 } ], "adjustedScore": 75, "excluded": false, "verdict": "Shortlist: 140 ha 1.5 km from a 220 kV+ station with an 11 ha single parcel and 25 ha held by C\u00f3ras Iompair \u00c9ireann; but it sits in Dublin's grid-constrained area.", "rank": 6, "rankChange": 4 }, { "la": "CORKCO", "zone": "Enterprise and employment, near Carrigaline", "gzt": [ "C2.1" ], "objective": "Existing Mixed/General Business/Industrial Uses; Industry", "areaHa": 47.2, "lat": 51.83455, "lng": -8.36708, "nearest220kVkm": 0.9, "nearest220kV": "Raffeen 220 kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 112.3, "hv220plusWithin5km": 1, "nearestGasKm": 0.1, "nearestGasBar": 70.0, "nearestDCkm": 7.1, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 75, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 47 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 0.9 km", "points": 25 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 0.1 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 7.1 km", "points": 5 } ], "proximityRank": 5, "checked": true, "areaHaChecked": 47.2, "constrainedPct": 0.7, "constraintKinds": [ { "kind": "flood_a_council", "label": "Flood Zone A (council SFRA)", "ha": 0.32, "pct": 0.7, "names": [ "Cork County Development Plan 2022-2028" ] }, { "kind": "smr_zone", "label": "recorded-monument zone of notification", "ha": 0.07, "pct": 0.1, "names": [] }, { "kind": "flood_b_council", "label": "Flood Zone B (council SFRA)", "ha": 0.01, "pct": 0.0, "names": [ "Cork County Development Plan 2022-2028" ] } ], "monumentsInside": 0, "protectedStructuresInside": 0, "niahInside": 0, "parcels": null, "largestParcelHa": null, "parcelsOver5ha": null, "publicOwners": [], "rztlHa": 0.0, "rzltDraft2027Ha": 0.0, "buildableSignals": {}, "coverage": { "designations": "national (NPWS)", "flood": "council SFRA", "ownership": "not checked: PlanSight parcels cover the Dublin area only", "buildable": "not covered: Buildable is Dublin councils only" }, "adjustments": [], "adjustedScore": 75, "excluded": false, "verdict": "Shortlist: 47 ha 0.9 km from a 220 kV+ station; but ownership unchecked (no cadastral data here).", "rank": 7, "rankChange": -2 }, { "la": "FINGAL", "zone": "Enterprise and employment, near Blanchardstown", "gzt": [ "C2.1" ], "objective": "GE - General Employment", "areaHa": 37.5, "lat": 53.40024, "lng": -6.31535, "nearest220kVkm": 0.6, "nearest220kV": "Finglas 220 kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 18.8, "hv220plusWithin5km": 4, "nearestGasKm": 1.5, "nearestGasBar": null, "nearestDCkm": 1.2, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 70, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 38 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 0.6 km", "points": 25 }, { "factor": "4 substations of 220 kV+ within 5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 1.5 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 1.2 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "In the four Dublin councils, where new data-centre grid connections are constrained (hypothesis P1, unchecked)", "points": -15 } ], "proximityRank": 12, "checked": true, "areaHaChecked": 37.5, "constrainedPct": 0.0, "constraintKinds": [], "monumentsInside": 0, "protectedStructuresInside": 0, "niahInside": 0, "parcels": 79, "largestParcelHa": 10.7, "parcelsOver5ha": 1, "publicOwners": [ { "owner": "Bord G\u00e1is", "ha": 3.1 }, { "owner": "Fingal County Council", "ha": 0.6 }, { "owner": "The Office of Public Works", "ha": 0.2 } ], "rztlHa": 0.0, "rzltDraft2027Ha": 0.0, "buildableSignals": { "public_land": 5, "stalled": 1 }, "coverage": { "designations": "national (NPWS)", "flood": "OPW CFRAM flood maps + council SFRA where present", "ownership": "Tailte parcels + LDA public land", "buildable": "Buildable sites" }, "adjustments": [ { "factor": "Largest cadastral parcel 10.7 ha (no assembly needed for a campus)", "points": 3 }, { "factor": "Buildable reason-to-sell signals: stalled (1)", "points": 2 } ], "adjustedScore": 75, "excluded": false, "verdict": "Shortlist: 38 ha 0.6 km from a 220 kV+ station with an 11 ha single parcel and a stalled signal; but it sits in Dublin's grid-constrained area.", "rank": 8, "rankChange": 4 }, { "la": "CORKCO", "zone": "Industrial, near Carrigaline", "gzt": [ "C2.2" ], "objective": "Industry", "areaHa": 24.4, "lat": 51.82302, "lng": -8.35175, "nearest220kVkm": 1.3, "nearest220kV": "Raffeen 220 kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 113.9, "hv220plusWithin5km": 1, "nearestGasKm": 0.1, "nearestGasBar": 19.0, "nearestDCkm": 8.5, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 75, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.2)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 24 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 1.3 km", "points": 25 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 0.1 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 8.5 km", "points": 5 } ], "proximityRank": 6, "checked": true, "areaHaChecked": 24.4, "constrainedPct": 0.0, "constraintKinds": [ { "kind": "smr_zone", "label": "recorded-monument zone of notification", "ha": 0.0, "pct": 0.0, "names": [] } ], "monumentsInside": 0, "protectedStructuresInside": 0, "niahInside": 0, "parcels": null, "largestParcelHa": null, "parcelsOver5ha": null, "publicOwners": [], "rztlHa": 0.0, "rzltDraft2027Ha": 0.0, "buildableSignals": {}, "coverage": { "designations": "national (NPWS)", "flood": "not checked: no publishable flood map in PlanSight for this council", "ownership": "not checked: PlanSight parcels cover the Dublin area only", "buildable": "not covered: Buildable is Dublin councils only" }, "adjustments": [], "adjustedScore": 75, "excluded": false, "verdict": "Shortlist: 24 ha 1.3 km from a 220 kV+ station; but ownership unchecked (no cadastral data here).", "rank": 9, "rankChange": -3 }, { "la": "CORKCO", "zone": "Enterprise and employment / Industrial / Commercial and business / industrial, near Cobh", "gzt": [ "C2.1", "C2.2", "C6" ], "objective": "Existing Mixed/General Business/Industrial Uses; Industry", "areaHa": 82.1, "lat": 51.82486, "lng": -8.30766, "nearest220kVkm": 4.1, "nearest220kV": "Glanagow 220 kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 115.7, "hv220plusWithin5km": 3, "nearestGasKm": 0.1, "nearestGasBar": 19.0, "nearestDCkm": 9.2, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 73, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1, C2.2, C6)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 82 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 4.1 km", "points": 18 }, { "factor": "3 substations of 220 kV+ within 5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 0.1 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 9.2 km", "points": 5 } ], "proximityRank": 8, "checked": true, "areaHaChecked": 82.1, "constrainedPct": 0.5, "constraintKinds": [ { "kind": "pnha", "label": "proposed Natural Heritage Area", "ha": 0.32, "pct": 0.4, "names": [ "Lough Beg (Cork)" ] }, { "kind": "smr_zone", "label": "recorded-monument zone of notification", "ha": 0.28, "pct": 0.3, "names": [] }, { "kind": "flood_a_council", "label": "Flood Zone A (council SFRA)", "ha": 0.16, "pct": 0.2, "names": [ "Cork County Development Plan 2022-2028" ] }, { "kind": "flood_b_council", "label": "Flood Zone B (council SFRA)", "ha": 0.13, "pct": 0.2, "names": [ "Cork County Development Plan 2022-2028" ] }, { "kind": "spa", "label": "Special Protection Area", "ha": 0.14, "pct": 0.2, "names": [ "Cork Harbour SPA" ] } ], "monumentsInside": 0, "protectedStructuresInside": 0, "niahInside": 0, "parcels": null, "largestParcelHa": null, "parcelsOver5ha": null, "publicOwners": [], "rztlHa": 0.0, "rzltDraft2027Ha": 0.0, "buildableSignals": {}, "coverage": { "designations": "national (NPWS)", "flood": "council SFRA", "ownership": "not checked: PlanSight parcels cover the Dublin area only", "buildable": "not covered: Buildable is Dublin councils only" }, "adjustments": [], "adjustedScore": 73, "excluded": false, "verdict": "Shortlist: 82 ha 4.1 km from a 220 kV+ station; but ownership unchecked (no cadastral data here).", "rank": 10, "rankChange": -2 }, { "la": "KILDARE", "zone": "Industrial, commercial and warehousing, near Naas", "gzt": [ "C7" ], "objective": "Data Centre", "areaHa": 54.6, "lat": 53.20642, "lng": -6.69278, "nearest220kVkm": 5.8, "nearest220kV": "Dunstown 400kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 5.8, "hv220plusWithin5km": 0, "nearestGasKm": 2.2, "nearestGasBar": 70.0, "nearestDCkm": 1.8, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 73, "factors": [ { "factor": "Zoning objective names data centres", "points": 30 }, { "factor": "Size 55 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 5.8 km", "points": 8 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 2.2 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 1.8 km", "points": 10 } ], "proximityRank": 9, "checked": true, "areaHaChecked": 54.5, "constrainedPct": 0.0, "constraintKinds": [], "monumentsInside": 0, "protectedStructuresInside": 0, "niahInside": 0, "parcels": null, "largestParcelHa": null, "parcelsOver5ha": null, "publicOwners": [], "rztlHa": 0.0, "rzltDraft2027Ha": 0.0, "buildableSignals": {}, "coverage": { "designations": "national (NPWS)", "flood": "not checked: no publishable flood map in PlanSight for this council", "ownership": "not checked: PlanSight parcels cover the Dublin area only", "buildable": "not covered: Buildable is Dublin councils only" }, "adjustments": [], "adjustedScore": 73, "excluded": false, "verdict": "Shortlist: 54 ha 5.8 km from a 220 kV+ station; but ownership unchecked (no cadastral data here).", "rank": 11, "rankChange": -2 }, { "la": "SDCC", "zone": "Enterprise and employment, near Lucan", "gzt": [ "C2.1" ], "objective": "EE", "areaHa": 25.7, "lat": 53.34931, "lng": -6.40909, "nearest220kVkm": 1.9, "nearest220kV": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1231460605", "nearest400kVkm": 17.5, "hv220plusWithin5km": 4, "nearestGasKm": 0.4, "nearestGasBar": null, "nearestDCkm": 2.6, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 70, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 26 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 1.9 km", "points": 25 }, { "factor": "4 substations of 220 kV+ within 5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 0.4 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 2.6 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "In the four Dublin councils, where new data-centre grid connections are constrained (hypothesis P1, unchecked)", "points": -15 } ], "proximityRank": 14, "checked": true, "areaHaChecked": 25.7, "constrainedPct": 0.0, "constraintKinds": [], "monumentsInside": 0, "protectedStructuresInside": 0, "niahInside": 0, "parcels": 28, "largestParcelHa": 19.5, "parcelsOver5ha": 4, "publicOwners": [ { "owner": "Health Service Executive", "ha": 0.1 } ], "rztlHa": 0.0, "rzltDraft2027Ha": 0.0, "buildableSignals": {}, "coverage": { "designations": "national (NPWS)", "flood": "OPW CFRAM flood maps + council SFRA where present", "ownership": "Tailte parcels + LDA public land", "buildable": "Buildable sites" }, "adjustments": [ { "factor": "Largest cadastral parcel 19.5 ha (no assembly needed for a campus)", "points": 3 } ], "adjustedScore": 73, "excluded": false, "verdict": "Shortlist: 26 ha 1.9 km from a 220 kV+ station with a 20 ha single parcel; but it sits in Dublin's grid-constrained area.", "rank": 12, "rankChange": 2 }, { "la": "KILDARE", "zone": "Enterprise and employment / Commercial and business / industrial / Industrial, commercial and warehousing, near Naas", "gzt": [ "C2.1", "C6", "C7" ], "objective": "Data Centre; Enterprise and Employment; Industry and Warehousing", "areaHa": 209.6, "lat": 53.22049, "lng": -6.7065, "nearest220kVkm": 7.5, "nearest220kV": "Dunstown 400kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 7.5, "hv220plusWithin5km": 0, "nearestGasKm": 3.5, "nearestGasBar": 70.0, "nearestDCkm": 0.0, "dcApplicationsInside": 2, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 73, "factors": [ { "factor": "Zoning objective names data centres", "points": 30 }, { "factor": "Size 210 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 7.5 km", "points": 8 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 3.5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 0.0 km", "points": 10 } ], "proximityRank": 7, "checked": true, "areaHaChecked": 209.6, "constrainedPct": 0.0, "constraintKinds": [ { "kind": "smr_zone", "label": "recorded-monument zone of notification", "ha": 2.04, "pct": 1.0, "names": [] } ], "monumentsInside": 3, "protectedStructuresInside": 1, "niahInside": 0, "parcels": null, "largestParcelHa": null, "parcelsOver5ha": null, "publicOwners": [], "rztlHa": 0.0, "rzltDraft2027Ha": 0.0, "buildableSignals": {}, "coverage": { "designations": "national (NPWS)", "flood": "not checked: no publishable flood map in PlanSight for this council", "ownership": "not checked: PlanSight parcels cover the Dublin area only", "buildable": "not covered: Buildable is Dublin councils only" }, "adjustments": [ { "factor": "1 protected structures and 0 NIAH buildings inside", "points": -1 } ], "adjustedScore": 72, "excluded": false, "verdict": "Shortlist: 210 ha 7.5 km from a 220 kV+ station; but ownership unchecked (no cadastral data here).", "rank": 13, "rankChange": -6 }, { "la": "MEATH", "zone": "Enterprise and employment, near Dunshaughlin", "gzt": [ "C2.1" ], "objective": "E2 - General Enterprise and Employment", "areaHa": 52.5, "lat": 53.507, "lng": -6.54898, "nearest220kVkm": 3.9, "nearest220kV": "Woodland 400kV Transmission Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 3.9, "hv220plusWithin5km": 1, "nearestGasKm": 1.6, "nearestGasBar": 85.0, "nearestDCkm": 11.9, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 68, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 52 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 3.9 km", "points": 18 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 1.6 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 11.9 km", "points": 5 } ], "proximityRank": 19, "checked": true, "areaHaChecked": 52.5, "constrainedPct": 0.0, "constraintKinds": [], "monumentsInside": 0, "protectedStructuresInside": 0, "niahInside": 0, "parcels": 10, "largestParcelHa": 29.0, "parcelsOver5ha": 3, "publicOwners": [], "rztlHa": 0.0, "rzltDraft2027Ha": 0.0, "buildableSignals": {}, "coverage": { "designations": "national (NPWS)", "flood": "OPW CFRAM flood maps + council SFRA where present", "ownership": "Tailte parcels + LDA public land", "buildable": "not covered: Buildable is Dublin councils only" }, "adjustments": [ { "factor": "Largest cadastral parcel 29.0 ha (no assembly needed for a campus)", "points": 3 } ], "adjustedScore": 71, "excluded": false, "verdict": "Shortlist: 52 ha 3.9 km from a 220 kV+ station with a 29 ha single parcel.", "rank": 14, "rankChange": 5 }, { "la": "MEATH", "zone": "Enterprise and employment, near Dunboyne", "gzt": [ "C2.1" ], "objective": "E2 - General Enterprise and Employment", "areaHa": 69.0, "lat": 53.44746, "lng": -6.4677, "nearest220kVkm": 3.2, "nearest220kV": "Bracetown 220kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 7.4, "hv220plusWithin5km": 2, "nearestGasKm": 7.6, "nearestGasBar": 85.0, "nearestDCkm": 3.4, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 68, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 69 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 3.2 km", "points": 18 }, { "factor": "2 substations of 220 kV+ within 5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 7.6 km", "points": 0 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 3.4 km", "points": 10 } ], "proximityRank": 17, "checked": true, "areaHaChecked": 69.0, "constrainedPct": 0.0, "constraintKinds": [ { "kind": "smr_zone", "label": "recorded-monument zone of notification", "ha": 5.56, "pct": 8.1, "names": [] } ], "monumentsInside": 15, "protectedStructuresInside": 0, "niahInside": 0, "parcels": 13, "largestParcelHa": 25.9, "parcelsOver5ha": 3, "publicOwners": [], "rztlHa": 0.0, "rzltDraft2027Ha": 0.0, "buildableSignals": {}, "coverage": { "designations": "national (NPWS)", "flood": "OPW CFRAM flood maps + council SFRA where present", "ownership": "Tailte parcels + LDA public land", "buildable": "not covered: Buildable is Dublin councils only" }, "adjustments": [ { "factor": "8% within recorded-monument zones of notification (15 monuments inside)", "points": -1 }, { "factor": "Largest cadastral parcel 25.9 ha (no assembly needed for a campus)", "points": 3 } ], "adjustedScore": 70, "excluded": false, "verdict": "Shortlist: 69 ha 3.2 km from a 220 kV+ station with a 26 ha single parcel.", "rank": 15, "rankChange": 2 }, { "la": "DCC", "zone": "Enterprise and employment, near Dublin", "gzt": [ "C2.1" ], "objective": "Z6", "areaHa": 26.1, "lat": 53.40151, "lng": -6.28785, "nearest220kVkm": 1.8, "nearest220kV": "Finglas 220 kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 20.4, "hv220plusWithin5km": 2, "nearestGasKm": 2.4, "nearestGasBar": 19.0, "nearestDCkm": 2.4, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 18.29, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 70, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 26 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 1.8 km", "points": 25 }, { "factor": "2 substations of 220 kV+ within 5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 2.4 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 2.4 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "18 ha owned by IDA Ireland", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "In the four Dublin councils, where new data-centre grid connections are constrained (hypothesis P1, unchecked)", "points": -15 } ], "proximityRank": 13, "checked": true, "areaHaChecked": 26.1, "constrainedPct": 0.0, "constraintKinds": [], "monumentsInside": 0, "protectedStructuresInside": 0, "niahInside": 0, "parcels": 60, "largestParcelHa": 8.0, "parcelsOver5ha": 1, "publicOwners": [ { "owner": "The Industrial Development Authority", "ha": 18.3 }, { "owner": "City of Dublin Education and Training Board", "ha": 3.2 }, { "owner": "Dublin City Council", "ha": 0.5 }, { "owner": "Forf\u00e1s", "ha": 0.3 } ], "rztlHa": 0.0, "rzltDraft2027Ha": 0.0, "buildableSignals": { "public_land": 13 }, "coverage": { "designations": "national (NPWS)", "flood": "OPW CFRAM flood maps + council SFRA where present", "ownership": "Tailte parcels + LDA public land", "buildable": "Buildable sites" }, "adjustments": [], "adjustedScore": 70, "excluded": false, "verdict": "Shortlist: 26 ha 1.8 km from a 220 kV+ station with 18 ha held by The Industrial Development Authority; but it sits in Dublin's grid-constrained area.", "rank": 16, "rankChange": -3 }, { "la": "MEATH", "zone": "Business and technology, near Dunboyne", "gzt": [ "C3" ], "objective": "E1/E3 - Strategic Employment Zones (High Technology Uses)/ Warehousing & Distribution", "areaHa": 25.3, "lat": 53.43709, "lng": -6.47884, "nearest220kVkm": 2.7, "nearest220kV": "Bracetown 220kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 7.3, "hv220plusWithin5km": 2, "nearestGasKm": 7.9, "nearestGasBar": 85.0, "nearestDCkm": 2.9, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 68, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C3)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 25 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 2.7 km", "points": 18 }, { "factor": "2 substations of 220 kV+ within 5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 7.9 km", "points": 0 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 2.9 km", "points": 10 } ], "proximityRank": 21, "checked": true, "areaHaChecked": 25.3, "constrainedPct": 5.1, "constraintKinds": [ { "kind": "flood_b_opw", "label": "OPW 1-in-1000 flood extent", "ha": 1.3, "pct": 5.1, "names": [] }, { "kind": "flood_a_opw", "label": "OPW 1-in-100/200 flood extent", "ha": 0.41, "pct": 1.6, "names": [] }, { "kind": "smr_zone", "label": "recorded-monument zone of notification", "ha": 0.01, "pct": 0.0, "names": [] } ], "monumentsInside": 0, "protectedStructuresInside": 0, "niahInside": 0, "parcels": 7, "largestParcelHa": 17.7, "parcelsOver5ha": 1, "publicOwners": [], "rztlHa": 0.0, "rzltDraft2027Ha": 0.0, "buildableSignals": {}, "coverage": { "designations": "national (NPWS)", "flood": "OPW CFRAM flood maps + council SFRA where present", "ownership": "Tailte parcels + LDA public land", "buildable": "not covered: Buildable is Dublin councils only" }, "adjustments": [ { "factor": "5% inside SAC/SPA/NHA or flood zone A/B", "points": -2 }, { "factor": "Largest cadastral parcel 17.7 ha (no assembly needed for a campus)", "points": 3 } ], "adjustedScore": 69, "excluded": false, "verdict": "Possible: 25 ha 2.7 km from a 220 kV+ station with an 18 ha single parcel; but 5% OPW 1-in-1000 flood extent, 2% OPW 1-in-100/200 flood extent.", "rank": 17, "rankChange": 4 }, { "la": "SDCC", "zone": "Enterprise and employment, near Lucan", "gzt": [ "C2.1" ], "objective": "EE", "areaHa": 644.1, "lat": 53.32175, "lng": -6.47569, "nearest220kVkm": 1.5, "nearest220kV": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/942416227", "nearest400kVkm": 18.1, "hv220plusWithin5km": 3, "nearestGasKm": 4.6, "nearestGasBar": 19.0, "nearestDCkm": 1.1, "dcApplicationsInside": 57, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 65, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 644 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 1.5 km", "points": 25 }, { "factor": "3 substations of 220 kV+ within 5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 4.6 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 1.1 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "In the four Dublin councils, where new data-centre grid connections are constrained (hypothesis P1, unchecked)", "points": -15 } ], "proximityRank": 24, "checked": true, "areaHaChecked": 644.1, "constrainedPct": 7.1, "constraintKinds": [ { "kind": "flood_b_opw", "label": "OPW 1-in-1000 flood extent", "ha": 46.0, "pct": 7.1, "names": [] }, { "kind": "flood_a_opw", "label": "OPW 1-in-100/200 flood extent", "ha": 12.12, "pct": 1.9, "names": [] }, { "kind": "smr_zone", "label": "recorded-monument zone of notification", "ha": 11.31, "pct": 1.8, "names": [] }, { "kind": "pnha", "label": "proposed Natural Heritage Area", "ha": 2.07, "pct": 0.3, "names": [ "Grand Canal" ] } ], "monumentsInside": 13, "protectedStructuresInside": 3, "niahInside": 6, "parcels": 257, "largestParcelHa": 50.0, "parcelsOver5ha": 42, "publicOwners": [ { "owner": "Dublin City Council", "ha": 71.7 }, { "owner": "South Dublin County Council", "ha": 50.7 }, { "owner": "Electricity Supply Board", "ha": 1.6 } ], "rztlHa": 0.0, "rzltDraft2027Ha": 0.0, "buildableSignals": { "public_land": 19, "stalled": 7 }, "coverage": { "designations": "national (NPWS)", "flood": "OPW CFRAM flood maps + council SFRA where present", "ownership": "Tailte parcels + LDA public land", "buildable": "Buildable sites" }, "adjustments": [ { "factor": "7% inside SAC/SPA/NHA or flood zone A/B", "points": -2 }, { "factor": "3 protected structures and 6 NIAH buildings inside", "points": -3 }, { "factor": "Largest cadastral parcel 50.0 ha (no assembly needed for a campus)", "points": 3 }, { "factor": "72 ha held by Dublin City Council (public owner)", "points": 3 }, { "factor": "Buildable reason-to-sell signals: stalled (7)", "points": 2 } ], "adjustedScore": 68, "excluded": false, "verdict": "Possible: 644 ha 1.5 km from a 220 kV+ station with a 50 ha single parcel and 72 ha held by Dublin City Council; but it sits in Dublin's grid-constrained area, 7% OPW 1-in-1000 flood extent, 2% OPW 1-in-100/200 flood extent.", "rank": 18, "rankChange": 6 }, { "la": "FINGAL", "zone": "Enterprise and employment / Business and technology, near Blanchardstown", "gzt": [ "C2.1", "C3" ], "objective": "GE - General Employment; HT - High Technology", "areaHa": 203.2, "lat": 53.41281, "lng": -6.41686, "nearest220kVkm": 0.8, "nearest220kV": "Clonee 220kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 12.2, "hv220plusWithin5km": 4, "nearestGasKm": 3.5, "nearestGasBar": 85.0, "nearestDCkm": 0.4, "dcApplicationsInside": 2, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 65, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1, C3)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 203 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 0.8 km", "points": 25 }, { "factor": "4 substations of 220 kV+ within 5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 3.5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 0.4 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "In the four Dublin councils, where new data-centre grid connections are constrained (hypothesis P1, unchecked)", "points": -15 } ], "proximityRank": 27, "checked": true, "areaHaChecked": 203.2, "constrainedPct": 18.2, "constraintKinds": [ { "kind": "flood_b_opw", "label": "OPW 1-in-1000 flood extent", "ha": 36.91, "pct": 18.2, "names": [] }, { "kind": "flood_a_opw", "label": "OPW 1-in-100/200 flood extent", "ha": 23.63, "pct": 11.6, "names": [] } ], "monumentsInside": 0, "protectedStructuresInside": 0, "niahInside": 0, "parcels": 210, "largestParcelHa": 21.3, "parcelsOver5ha": 20, "publicOwners": [ { "owner": "Fingal County Council", "ha": 49.6 }, { "owner": "Dublin City Council", "ha": 8.6 }, { "owner": "The Office of Public Works", "ha": 0.4 }, { "owner": "Health Service Executive", "ha": 0.2 } ], "rztlHa": 0.0, "rzltDraft2027Ha": 0.0, "buildableSignals": { "public_land": 20, "stalled": 3 }, "coverage": { "designations": "national (NPWS)", "flood": "OPW CFRAM flood maps + council SFRA where present", "ownership": "Tailte parcels + LDA public land", "buildable": "Buildable sites" }, "adjustments": [ { "factor": "18% inside SAC/SPA/NHA or flood zone A/B", "points": -5 }, { "factor": "Largest cadastral parcel 21.3 ha (no assembly needed for a campus)", "points": 3 }, { "factor": "50 ha held by Fingal County Council (public owner)", "points": 3 }, { "factor": "Buildable reason-to-sell signals: stalled (3)", "points": 2 } ], "adjustedScore": 68, "excluded": false, "verdict": "Possible: 203 ha 0.8 km from a 220 kV+ station with a 21 ha single parcel and 50 ha held by Fingal County Council; but it sits in Dublin's grid-constrained area, 18% OPW 1-in-1000 flood extent, 12% OPW 1-in-100/200 flood extent.", "rank": 19, "rankChange": 8 }, { "la": "WICKLOW", "zone": "Enterprise and employment, near Arklow", "gzt": [ "C2.1" ], "objective": "Employment - Special; Employment", "areaHa": 95.8, "lat": 52.77625, "lng": -6.16853, "nearest220kVkm": 4.5, "nearest220kV": "Arklow 220kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 54.6, "hv220plusWithin5km": 1, "nearestGasKm": 2.7, "nearestGasBar": null, "nearestDCkm": 3.9, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 68, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 96 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 4.5 km", "points": 18 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 2.7 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 3.9 km", "points": 10 } ], "proximityRank": 15, "checked": true, "areaHaChecked": 95.8, "constrainedPct": 0.0, "constraintKinds": [ { "kind": "smr_zone", "label": "recorded-monument zone of notification", "ha": 0.93, "pct": 1.0, "names": [] } ], "monumentsInside": 2, "protectedStructuresInside": 0, "niahInside": 0, "parcels": null, "largestParcelHa": null, "parcelsOver5ha": null, "publicOwners": [], "rztlHa": 0.0, "rzltDraft2027Ha": 0.0, "buildableSignals": {}, "coverage": { "designations": "national (NPWS)", "flood": "not checked: no publishable flood map in PlanSight for this council", "ownership": "not checked: PlanSight parcels cover the Dublin area only", "buildable": "not covered: Buildable is Dublin councils only" }, "adjustments": [], "adjustedScore": 68, "excluded": false, "verdict": "Possible: 96 ha 4.5 km from a 220 kV+ station; but ownership unchecked (no cadastral data here).", "rank": 20, "rankChange": -5 }, { "la": "WICKLOW", "zone": "Enterprise and employment, near Arklow", "gzt": [ "C2.1" ], "objective": "Employment", "areaHa": 24.2, "lat": 52.77981, "lng": -6.17999, "nearest220kVkm": 4.5, "nearest220kV": "Arklow 220kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 53.8, "hv220plusWithin5km": 1, "nearestGasKm": 2.8, "nearestGasBar": null, "nearestDCkm": 3.5, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 67, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 24 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 19 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 4.5 km", "points": 18 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 2.8 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 3.5 km", "points": 10 } ], "proximityRank": 22, "checked": true, "areaHaChecked": 24.2, "constrainedPct": 0.0, "constraintKinds": [ { "kind": "smr_zone", "label": "recorded-monument zone of notification", "ha": 0.13, "pct": 0.5, "names": [] } ], "monumentsInside": 3, "protectedStructuresInside": 0, "niahInside": 0, "parcels": null, "largestParcelHa": null, "parcelsOver5ha": null, "publicOwners": [], "rztlHa": 0.0, "rzltDraft2027Ha": 0.0, "buildableSignals": {}, "coverage": { "designations": "national (NPWS)", "flood": "not checked: no publishable flood map in PlanSight for this council", "ownership": "not checked: PlanSight parcels cover the Dublin area only", "buildable": "not covered: Buildable is Dublin councils only" }, "adjustments": [], "adjustedScore": 67, "excluded": false, "verdict": "Possible: 24 ha 4.5 km from a 220 kV+ station; but ownership unchecked (no cadastral data here).", "rank": 21, "rankChange": 1 }, { "la": "SDCC", "zone": "Enterprise and employment, near Clondalkin", "gzt": [ "C2.1" ], "objective": "EE", "areaHa": 63.2, "lat": 53.33488, "lng": -6.38911, "nearest220kVkm": 2.7, "nearest220kV": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1231460605", "nearest400kVkm": 19.6, "hv220plusWithin5km": 3, "nearestGasKm": 0.6, "nearestGasBar": 85.0, "nearestDCkm": 0.6, "dcApplicationsInside": 2, "idaHa": 10.7, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 68, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 63 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 2.7 km", "points": 18 }, { "factor": "3 substations of 220 kV+ within 5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 0.6 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 0.6 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "11 ha owned by IDA Ireland", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "In the four Dublin councils, where new data-centre grid connections are constrained (hypothesis P1, unchecked)", "points": -15 } ], "proximityRank": 18, "checked": true, "areaHaChecked": 63.2, "constrainedPct": 0.0, "constraintKinds": [ { "kind": "pnha", "label": "proposed Natural Heritage Area", "ha": 0.3, "pct": 0.5, "names": [ "Grand Canal" ] } ], "monumentsInside": 0, "protectedStructuresInside": 0, "niahInside": 2, "parcels": 362, "largestParcelHa": 6.4, "parcelsOver5ha": 3, "publicOwners": [ { "owner": "The Industrial Development Authority", "ha": 10.7 }, { "owner": "Dublin City Council", "ha": 3.2 }, { "owner": "C\u00f3ras Iompair \u00c9ireann", "ha": 0.2 } ], "rztlHa": 0.0, "rzltDraft2027Ha": 0.0, "buildableSignals": { "public_land": 11 }, "coverage": { "designations": "national (NPWS)", "flood": "OPW CFRAM flood maps + council SFRA where present", "ownership": "Tailte parcels + LDA public land", "buildable": "Buildable sites" }, "adjustments": [ { "factor": "0 protected structures and 2 NIAH buildings inside", "points": -2 } ], "adjustedScore": 66, "excluded": false, "verdict": "Possible: 63 ha 2.7 km from a 220 kV+ station with 11 ha held by The Industrial Development Authority; but it sits in Dublin's grid-constrained area.", "rank": 22, "rankChange": -4 }, { "la": "CORKCITY", "zone": "Enterprise and employment, near Watergrasshill", "gzt": [ "C2.1" ], "objective": "Light Industry and Related Uses", "areaHa": 22.8, "lat": 51.95999, "lng": -8.39139, "nearest220kVkm": 5.0, "nearest220kV": "Knockraha 220kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 100.7, "hv220plusWithin5km": 1, "nearestGasKm": 0.1, "nearestGasBar": 70.0, "nearestDCkm": 6.7, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 66, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 23 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 18 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 5.0 km", "points": 18 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 0.1 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 6.7 km", "points": 5 } ], "proximityRank": 23, "checked": true, "areaHaChecked": 22.8, "constrainedPct": 0.0, "constraintKinds": [ { "kind": "smr_zone", "label": "recorded-monument zone of notification", "ha": 0.03, "pct": 0.1, "names": [] } ], "monumentsInside": 0, "protectedStructuresInside": 0, "niahInside": 0, "parcels": null, "largestParcelHa": null, "parcelsOver5ha": null, "publicOwners": [], "rztlHa": 0.0, "rzltDraft2027Ha": 0.0, "buildableSignals": {}, "coverage": { "designations": "national (NPWS)", "flood": "not checked: no publishable flood map in PlanSight for this council", "ownership": "not checked: PlanSight parcels cover the Dublin area only", "buildable": "not covered: Buildable is Dublin councils only" }, "adjustments": [], "adjustedScore": 66, "excluded": false, "verdict": "Possible: 23 ha 5.0 km from a 220 kV+ station; but ownership unchecked (no cadastral data here).", "rank": 23, "rankChange": 0 }, { "la": "FINGAL", "zone": "Enterprise and employment / Business and technology / Light industry and warehousing, near Blanchardstown", "gzt": [ "C2.1", "C3", "C4" ], "objective": "GE - General Employment; HT - High Technology; WD - Warehousing and Distribution", "areaHa": 578.5, "lat": 53.41457, "lng": -6.29213, "nearest220kVkm": 1.8, "nearest220kV": "Finglas 220 kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 19.6, "hv220plusWithin5km": 3, "nearestGasKm": 2.3, "nearestGasBar": null, "nearestDCkm": 1.8, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 65, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1, C3, C4)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 579 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 1.8 km", "points": 25 }, { "factor": "3 substations of 220 kV+ within 5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 2.3 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 1.8 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "In the four Dublin councils, where new data-centre grid connections are constrained (hypothesis P1, unchecked)", "points": -15 } ], "proximityRank": 25, "checked": true, "areaHaChecked": 578.5, "constrainedPct": 1.9, "constraintKinds": [ { "kind": "smr_zone", "label": "recorded-monument zone of notification", "ha": 34.27, "pct": 5.9, "names": [] }, { "kind": "flood_b_opw", "label": "OPW 1-in-1000 flood extent", "ha": 10.83, "pct": 1.9, "names": [] }, { "kind": "flood_a_opw", "label": "OPW 1-in-100/200 flood extent", "ha": 1.94, "pct": 0.3, "names": [] } ], "monumentsInside": 26, "protectedStructuresInside": 2, "niahInside": 2, "parcels": 261, "largestParcelHa": 36.7, "parcelsOver5ha": 33, "publicOwners": [ { "owner": "Fingal County Council", "ha": 0.3 }, { "owner": "Dublin City Council", "ha": 0.3 } ], "rztlHa": 0.0, "rzltDraft2027Ha": 0.0, "buildableSignals": { "public_land": 4, "s183_disposal": 1, "stalled": 3 }, "coverage": { "designations": "national (NPWS)", "flood": "OPW CFRAM flood maps + council SFRA where present", "ownership": "Tailte parcels + LDA public land", "buildable": "Buildable sites" }, "adjustments": [ { "factor": "2% inside SAC/SPA/NHA or flood zone A/B", "points": -1 }, { "factor": "6% within recorded-monument zones of notification (26 monuments inside)", "points": -1 }, { "factor": "2 protected structures and 2 NIAH buildings inside", "points": -3 }, { "factor": "Largest cadastral parcel 36.7 ha (no assembly needed for a campus)", "points": 3 }, { "factor": "Buildable reason-to-sell signals: s183 disposal (1), stalled (3)", "points": 2 } ], "adjustedScore": 65, "excluded": false, "verdict": "Possible: 578 ha 1.8 km from a 220 kV+ station with a 37 ha single parcel and a s.183 disposal signal; but it sits in Dublin's grid-constrained area, 2% OPW 1-in-1000 flood extent.", "rank": 24, "rankChange": 1 }, { "la": "CLARE", "zone": "Industrial, commercial and warehousing, near Kilrush", "gzt": [ "C7" ], "objective": "Marine Related Industry", "areaHa": 281.7, "lat": 52.6114, "lng": -9.42231, "nearest220kVkm": 0.1, "nearest220kV": "Moneypoint 400kV Station", "nearest400kVkm": 0.1, "hv220plusWithin5km": 3, "nearestGasKm": 17.5, "nearestGasBar": 85.0, "nearestDCkm": 37.2, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 65, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C7)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 282 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 0.1 km", "points": 25 }, { "factor": "3 substations of 220 kV+ within 5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 17.5 km", "points": 0 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 37.2 km", "points": 0 } ], "proximityRank": 26, "checked": true, "areaHaChecked": 281.7, "constrainedPct": 0.1, "constraintKinds": [ { "kind": "smr_zone", "label": "recorded-monument zone of notification", "ha": 6.56, "pct": 2.3, "names": [] }, { "kind": "sac", "label": "Special Area of Conservation", "ha": 0.28, "pct": 0.1, "names": [ "Lower River Shannon SAC" ] }, { "kind": "spa", "label": "Special Protection Area", "ha": 0.07, "pct": 0.0, "names": [ "River Shannon and River Fergus Estuaries SPA" ] } ], "monumentsInside": 6, "protectedStructuresInside": 0, "niahInside": 0, "parcels": null, "largestParcelHa": null, "parcelsOver5ha": null, "publicOwners": [], "rztlHa": 0.0, "rzltDraft2027Ha": 0.0, "buildableSignals": {}, "coverage": { "designations": "national (NPWS)", "flood": "not checked: no publishable flood map in PlanSight for this council", "ownership": "not checked: PlanSight parcels cover the Dublin area only", "buildable": "not covered: Buildable is Dublin councils only" }, "adjustments": [], "adjustedScore": 65, "excluded": false, "verdict": "Possible: 282 ha 0.1 km from a 220 kV+ station; but ownership unchecked (no cadastral data here).", "rank": 25, "rankChange": 1 }, { "la": "DLR", "zone": "Enterprise and employment, near Blackrock", "gzt": [ "C2.1" ], "objective": "Objective E", "areaHa": 99.0, "lat": 53.2552, "lng": -6.18856, "nearest220kVkm": 0.6, "nearest220kV": "Carrickmines 220 kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 35.1, "hv220plusWithin5km": 2, "nearestGasKm": 1.0, "nearestGasBar": null, "nearestDCkm": 11.6, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 65, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 99 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 0.6 km", "points": 25 }, { "factor": "2 substations of 220 kV+ within 5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 1.0 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 11.6 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "In the four Dublin councils, where new data-centre grid connections are constrained (hypothesis P1, unchecked)", "points": -15 } ], "proximityRank": 29, "checked": true, "areaHaChecked": 49.5, "constrainedPct": 19.5, "constraintKinds": [ { "kind": "flood_b_opw", "label": "OPW 1-in-1000 flood extent", "ha": 9.68, "pct": 19.6, "names": [] }, { "kind": "flood_a_opw", "label": "OPW 1-in-100/200 flood extent", "ha": 1.43, "pct": 2.9, "names": [] }, { "kind": "smr_zone", "label": "recorded-monument zone of notification", "ha": 0.49, "pct": 1.0, "names": [] } ], "monumentsInside": 0, "protectedStructuresInside": 0, "niahInside": 0, "parcels": 54, "largestParcelHa": 13.5, "parcelsOver5ha": 1, "publicOwners": [ { "owner": "Dublin City Council", "ha": 15.3 }, { "owner": "Electricity Supply Board", "ha": 6.3 }, { "owner": "An Post", "ha": 0.4 }, { "owner": "D\u00fan Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council", "ha": 0.3 } ], "rztlHa": 0.0, "rzltDraft2027Ha": 0.0, "buildableSignals": { "public_land": 6 }, "coverage": { "designations": "national (NPWS)", "flood": "OPW CFRAM flood maps + council SFRA where present", "ownership": "Tailte parcels + LDA public land", "buildable": "Buildable sites" }, "adjustments": [ { "factor": "20% inside SAC/SPA/NHA or flood zone A/B", "points": -6 }, { "factor": "Largest cadastral parcel 13.5 ha (no assembly needed for a campus)", "points": 3 }, { "factor": "15 ha held by Dublin City Council (public owner)", "points": 3 } ], "adjustedScore": 65, "excluded": false, "verdict": "Possible: 50 ha 0.6 km from a 220 kV+ station with a 14 ha single parcel and 15 ha held by Dublin City Council; but it sits in Dublin's grid-constrained area, 20% OPW 1-in-1000 flood extent, 3% OPW 1-in-100/200 flood extent.", "rank": 26, "rankChange": 3 }, { "la": "WICKLOW", "zone": "Industrial, near Arklow", "gzt": [ "C2.2" ], "objective": "Extractive Industry", "areaHa": 82.8, "lat": 52.77599, "lng": -6.14515, "nearest220kVkm": 4.4, "nearest220kV": "Arklow 220kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 55.6, "hv220plusWithin5km": 1, "nearestGasKm": 2.5, "nearestGasBar": null, "nearestDCkm": 4.3, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 68, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.2)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 83 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 4.4 km", "points": 18 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 2.5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 4.3 km", "points": 10 } ], "proximityRank": 16, "checked": true, "areaHaChecked": 82.8, "constrainedPct": 0.0, "constraintKinds": [ { "kind": "pnha", "label": "proposed Natural Heritage Area", "ha": 34.28, "pct": 41.4, "names": [ "Arklow Rock-Askintinny" ] }, { "kind": "smr_zone", "label": "recorded-monument zone of notification", "ha": 1.15, "pct": 1.4, "names": [] } ], "monumentsInside": 4, "protectedStructuresInside": 0, "niahInside": 0, "parcels": null, "largestParcelHa": null, "parcelsOver5ha": null, "publicOwners": [], "rztlHa": 0.0, "rzltDraft2027Ha": 0.0, "buildableSignals": {}, "coverage": { "designations": "national (NPWS)", "flood": "not checked: no publishable flood map in PlanSight for this council", "ownership": "not checked: PlanSight parcels cover the Dublin area only", "buildable": "not covered: Buildable is Dublin councils only" }, "adjustments": [ { "factor": "41% inside a proposed NHA", "points": -4 } ], "adjustedScore": 64, "excluded": false, "verdict": "Possible: 83 ha 4.4 km from a 220 kV+ station; but 41% inside a proposed NHA (Arklow Rock-Askintinny), ownership unchecked (no cadastral data here).", "rank": 27, "rankChange": -11 }, { "la": "WICKLOW", "zone": "Enterprise and employment, near Arklow", "gzt": [ "C2.1" ], "objective": "Employment", "areaHa": 44.0, "lat": 52.81149, "lng": -6.17942, "nearest220kVkm": 2.2, "nearest220kV": "Arklow 220kV Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 51.1, "hv220plusWithin5km": 1, "nearestGasKm": 2.4, "nearestGasBar": null, "nearestDCkm": 0.0, "dcApplicationsInside": 6, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 68, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 44 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 2.2 km", "points": 18 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 2.4 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 0.0 km", "points": 10 } ], "proximityRank": 20, "checked": true, "areaHaChecked": 44.0, "constrainedPct": 12.1, "constraintKinds": [ { "kind": "flood_a_council", "label": "Flood Zone A (council SFRA)", "ha": 3.76, "pct": 8.6, "names": [ "Wicklow County Development Plan 2022-2028" ] }, { "kind": "flood_b_council", "label": "Flood Zone B (council SFRA)", "ha": 1.57, "pct": 3.6, "names": [ "Wicklow County Development Plan 2022-2028" ] } ], "monumentsInside": 0, "protectedStructuresInside": 0, "niahInside": 0, "parcels": null, "largestParcelHa": null, "parcelsOver5ha": null, "publicOwners": [], "rztlHa": 0.0, "rzltDraft2027Ha": 0.0, "buildableSignals": {}, "coverage": { "designations": "national (NPWS)", "flood": "council SFRA", "ownership": "not checked: PlanSight parcels cover the Dublin area only", "buildable": "not covered: Buildable is Dublin councils only" }, "adjustments": [ { "factor": "12% inside SAC/SPA/NHA or flood zone A/B", "points": -4 } ], "adjustedScore": 64, "excluded": false, "verdict": "Possible: 44 ha 2.2 km from a 220 kV+ station; but 9% Flood Zone A (council SFRA) (Wicklow County Development Plan 2022-2028), 4% Flood Zone B (council SFRA) (Wicklow County Development Plan 2022-2028), ownership unchecked (no cadastral data here).", "rank": 28, "rankChange": -8 }, { "la": "DCC", "zone": "Industrial, near Blackrock", "gzt": [ "C2.2" ], "objective": "Z7", "areaHa": 75.8, "lat": 53.33943, "lng": -6.18595, "nearest220kVkm": 0.2, "nearest220kV": "Shellybanks 220kV GIS Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 29.6, "hv220plusWithin5km": 3, "nearestGasKm": 0.1, "nearestGasBar": null, "nearestDCkm": 6.9, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 65, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.2)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 76 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 0.2 km", "points": 25 }, { "factor": "3 substations of 220 kV+ within 5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 0.1 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 6.9 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "In the four Dublin councils, where new data-centre grid connections are constrained (hypothesis P1, unchecked)", "points": -15 } ], "proximityRank": 30, "checked": true, "areaHaChecked": 75.8, "constrainedPct": 8.6, "constraintKinds": [ { "kind": "flood_b_opw", "label": "OPW 1-in-1000 flood extent", "ha": 6.52, "pct": 8.6, "names": [] }, { "kind": "flood_a_opw", "label": "OPW 1-in-100/200 flood extent", "ha": 3.93, "pct": 5.2, "names": [] }, { "kind": "pnha", "label": "proposed Natural Heritage Area", "ha": 0.67, "pct": 0.9, "names": [ "South Dublin Bay" ] }, { "kind": "smr_zone", "label": "recorded-monument zone of notification", "ha": 0.11, "pct": 0.1, "names": [] }, { "kind": "spa", "label": "Special Protection Area", "ha": 0.0, "pct": 0.0, "names": [ "South Dublin Bay and River Tolka Estuary SPA" ] } ], "monumentsInside": 3, "protectedStructuresInside": 2, "niahInside": 0, "parcels": 22, "largestParcelHa": 8.0, "parcelsOver5ha": 2, "publicOwners": [ { "owner": "Electricity Supply Board", "ha": 21.4 }, { "owner": "Irish Water", "ha": 14.2 }, { "owner": "Dublin Port Company", "ha": 10.4 }, { "owner": "Dublin City Council", "ha": 6.1 }, { "owner": "Bord G\u00e1is", "ha": 0.3 } ], "rztlHa": 0.0, "rzltDraft2027Ha": 0.0, "buildableSignals": { "public_land": 15 }, "coverage": { "designations": "national (NPWS)", "flood": "OPW CFRAM flood maps + council SFRA where present", "ownership": "Tailte parcels + LDA public land", "buildable": "Buildable sites" }, "adjustments": [ { "factor": "9% inside SAC/SPA/NHA or flood zone A/B", "points": -3 }, { "factor": "2 protected structures and 0 NIAH buildings inside", "points": -2 }, { "factor": "21 ha held by Electricity Supply Board (public owner)", "points": 3 } ], "adjustedScore": 63, "excluded": false, "verdict": "Possible: 76 ha 0.2 km from a 220 kV+ station with 21 ha held by Electricity Supply Board; but it sits in Dublin's grid-constrained area, 9% OPW 1-in-1000 flood extent, 5% OPW 1-in-100/200 flood extent.", "rank": 29, "rankChange": 1 }, { "la": "DCC", "zone": "Enterprise and employment / Industrial, near Dublin", "gzt": [ "C2.1", "C2.2" ], "objective": "Z6; Z7", "areaHa": 197.7, "lat": 53.34793, "lng": -6.20901, "nearest220kVkm": 0.3, "nearest220kV": "North Wall 220kV GIS Substation", "nearest400kVkm": 27.8, "hv220plusWithin5km": 3, "nearestGasKm": 0.7, "nearestGasBar": 70.0, "nearestDCkm": 5.7, "dcApplicationsInside": 0, "idaHa": 0.0, "waterHeadroom": null, "score": 65, "factors": [ { "factor": "Enterprise/industrial zoning (C2.1, C2.2)", "points": 15 }, { "factor": "Size 198 ha (full marks at 25 ha+, a hyperscale campus)", "points": 20 }, { "factor": "Nearest 220/400 kV substation 0.3 km", "points": 25 }, { "factor": "3 substations of 220 kV+ within 5 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "Nearest mapped gas pipeline 0.7 km", "points": 10 }, { "factor": "Nearest data-centre site or application 5.7 km", "points": 5 }, { "factor": "In the four Dublin councils, where new data-centre grid connections are constrained (hypothesis P1, unchecked)", "points": -15 } ], "proximityRank": 28, "checked": true, "areaHaChecked": 197.7, "constrainedPct": 11.7, "constraintKinds": [ { "kind": "flood_b_opw", "label": "OPW 1-in-1000 flood extent", "ha": 23.07, "pct": 11.7, "names": [] }, { "kind": "flood_a_opw", "label": "OPW 1-in-100/200 flood extent", "ha": 4.43, "pct": 2.2, "names": [] }, { "kind": "pnha", "label": "proposed Natural Heritage Area", "ha": 0.99, "pct": 0.5, "names": [ "North Dublin Bay" ] }, { "kind": "spa", "label": "Special Protection Area", "ha": 0.02, "pct": 0.0, "names": [ "South Dublin Bay and River Tolka Estuary SPA" ] } ], "monumentsInside": 0, "protectedStructuresInside": 3, "niahInside": 9, "parcels": 72, "largestParcelHa": 3.7, "parcelsOver5ha": 0, "publicOwners": [ { "owner": "Dublin Port Company", "ha": 172.6 }, { "owner": "Electricity Supply Board", "ha": 4.5 }, { "owner": "Dublin City Council", "ha": 3.0 }, { "owner": "The Office of Public Works", "ha": 1.4 } ], "rztlHa": 0.0, "rzltDraft2027Ha": 0.0, "buildableSignals": { "public_land": 10, "stalled": 3 }, "coverage": { "designations": "national (NPWS)", "flood": "OPW CFRAM flood maps + council SFRA where present", "ownership": "Tailte parcels + LDA public land", "buildable": "Buildable sites" }, "adjustments": [ { "factor": "12% inside SAC/SPA/NHA or flood zone A/B", "points": -4 }, { "factor": "3 protected structures and 9 NIAH buildings inside", "points": -3 }, { "factor": "Largest cadastral parcel only 3.7 ha (land must be assembled)", "points": -5 }, { "factor": "173 ha held by Dublin Port Company (public owner)", "points": 3 }, { "factor": "Buildable reason-to-sell signals: stalled (3)", "points": 2 } ], "adjustedScore": 58, "excluded": false, "verdict": "Possible: 198 ha 0.3 km from a 220 kV+ station with 173 ha held by Dublin Port Company and a stalled signal; but it sits in Dublin's grid-constrained area, 12% OPW 1-in-1000 flood extent, 2% OPW 1-in-100/200 flood extent.", "rank": 30, "rankChange": -2 } ], "caveats": [ "Most land data in PlanSight covers the Dublin area only (parcels, LDA public land, Buildable). Zones in Cork, Kildare outside Naas's Dublin edge, Wicklow and Clare have constraints checked but ownership unchecked; see each row's coverage.", "Missing data scores zero, so an unchecked zone can outrank a checked one. Treat 'ownership unchecked' as a to-do, not a pass.", "Flood: OPW CFRAM/NIFM maps are CC-BY-NC-ND and marked not publishable, so the published ranking does not use them. Council flood zones are in PlanSight for Galway County and Roscommon only. Flood risk is therefore unchecked for almost every published candidate.", "SMR zones of notification flag archaeology to assess, not a ban; they are a penalty, not a knock-out.", "Cadastral parcels show plots, not owners. Owner names come only from the LDA register of public bodies; private owners are counted, never named. Company ownership is not in the data.", "RZLT applies to residential and mixed-use land, so RZLT area inside an enterprise zone marks a mixed or residential pocket under tax pressure, and land that housing will compete for.", "IDA land in the proximity score comes from the LDA register, which covers the Dublin area only, so IDA estates elsewhere earn no points.", "Uisce \u00c9ireann capacity is not used (terms forbid republication). ESB Networks substation headroom is shown in its own section and is not part of this re-rank.", "Grid proximity is not grid capacity. A 220/400 kV station nearby says nothing about whether EirGrid will offer a connection." ] }, "investment": { "title": "How much lands in Ireland", "source": "Building Control Management System commencement notices (NBCO national CSV via local PlanSight mirror); SEC EDGAR 10-K filings; CSO MEC02; official/industry reports listed in officialEstimates", "asOf": "2026-10-10", "method": "Physical proxy: one row per main data-hall building in Building Control commencement notices (first notice only; substations, MV rooms, fit-outs and enabling works excluded), dated by the notice, sized by the GFA stated in planning or notice text. Official totals are quoted from primary documents and checked against cached text. Company data: Microsoft is the only hyperscaler whose 10-K names Ireland in its long-lived-assets table; Meta and Alphabet give US vs rest of world. Shares and ratios are inferences.", "irelandSeries": [ { "year": 2014, "dcConstructionM2Started": 24077, "hyperscalerM2Started": 19671, "buildingsStarted": 3, "imputedM2": 0, "dcElectricityGWh": null, "addedAverageMW": null, "basis": "Building Control commencement notices (first notice per main data-hall building); GFA from planning/ACP/notice text where stated" }, { "year": 2015, "dcConstructionM2Started": 19309, "hyperscalerM2Started": 19309, "buildingsStarted": 2, "imputedM2": 0, "dcElectricityGWh": 1240.0, "addedAverageMW": null, "basis": "Building Control commencement notices (first notice per main data-hall building); GFA from planning/ACP/notice text where stated" }, { "year": 2016, "dcConstructionM2Started": 191119, "hyperscalerM2Started": 179750, "buildingsStarted": 9, "imputedM2": 0, "dcElectricityGWh": 1483.0, "addedAverageMW": 28, "basis": "Building Control commencement notices (first notice per main data-hall building); GFA from planning/ACP/notice text where stated" }, { "year": 2017, "dcConstructionM2Started": 45198, "hyperscalerM2Started": 39507, "buildingsStarted": 4, "imputedM2": 0, "dcElectricityGWh": 1762.0, "addedAverageMW": 32, "basis": "Building Control commencement notices (first notice per main data-hall building); GFA from planning/ACP/notice text where stated" }, { "year": 2018, "dcConstructionM2Started": 61923, "hyperscalerM2Started": 57868, "buildingsStarted": 5, "imputedM2": 0, "dcElectricityGWh": 2183.0, "addedAverageMW": 48, "basis": "Building Control commencement notices (first notice per main data-hall building); GFA from planning/ACP/notice text where stated" }, { "year": 2019, "dcConstructionM2Started": 142590, "hyperscalerM2Started": 123708, "buildingsStarted": 5, "imputedM2": 16576, "dcElectricityGWh": 2489.0, "addedAverageMW": 35, "basis": "Building Control commencement notices (first notice per main data-hall building); GFA from planning/ACP/notice text where stated" }, { "year": 2020, "dcConstructionM2Started": 89787, "hyperscalerM2Started": 89787, "buildingsStarted": 4, "imputedM2": 0, "dcElectricityGWh": 3031.0, "addedAverageMW": 62, "basis": "Building Control commencement notices (first notice per main data-hall building); GFA from planning/ACP/notice text where stated" }, { "year": 2021, "dcConstructionM2Started": 192848, "hyperscalerM2Started": 89398, "buildingsStarted": 9, "imputedM2": 33152, "dcElectricityGWh": 4013.0, "addedAverageMW": 112, "basis": "Building Control commencement notices (first notice per main data-hall building); GFA from planning/ACP/notice text where stated" }, { "year": 2022, "dcConstructionM2Started": 54862, "hyperscalerM2Started": 0, "buildingsStarted": 6, "imputedM2": 16576, "dcElectricityGWh": 5274.0, "addedAverageMW": 144, "basis": "Building Control commencement notices (first notice per main data-hall building); GFA from planning/ACP/notice text where stated" }, { "year": 2023, "dcConstructionM2Started": 143966, "hyperscalerM2Started": 26756, "buildingsStarted": 9, "imputedM2": 0, "dcElectricityGWh": 6339.0, "addedAverageMW": 122, "basis": "Building Control commencement notices (first notice per main data-hall building); GFA from planning/ACP/notice text where stated" }, { "year": 2024, "dcConstructionM2Started": 55322, "hyperscalerM2Started": 55322, "buildingsStarted": 2, "imputedM2": 0, "dcElectricityGWh": 6974.0, "addedAverageMW": 72, "basis": "Building Control commencement notices (first notice per main data-hall building); GFA from planning/ACP/notice text where stated" }, { "year": 2025, "dcConstructionM2Started": 55085, "hyperscalerM2Started": 38950, "buildingsStarted": 3, "imputedM2": 0, "dcElectricityGWh": 7662.0, "addedAverageMW": 79, "basis": "Building Control commencement notices (first notice per main data-hall building); GFA from planning/ACP/notice text where stated" }, { "year": 2026, "dcConstructionM2Started": 73243, "hyperscalerM2Started": 69778, "buildingsStarted": 4, "imputedM2": 0, "dcElectricityGWh": null, "addedAverageMW": null, "basis": "Building Control commencement notices (first notice per main data-hall building); GFA from planning/ACP/notice text where stated; partial year" } ], "buildings": [ { "noticeId": 32710, "noticeNo": "SN0000079SD", "date": "2014-08-05", "year": 2014, "label": "DUB9 extension, Tallaght", "operator": "Amazon", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 4491, "gfaBasis": "desc", "bcmsFloorAreaField": null, "planningRef": "SD14A/0091", "note": "electrical/plant extension to an existing data centre" }, { "noticeId": 13183, "noticeNo": "CN0001795FL", "date": "2014-08-20", "year": 2014, "label": "Telecity data hall, Blanchardstown", "operator": "Digital Realty (Interxion)", "hyperscaler": false, "gfaM2": 4406, "gfaBasis": "desc", "bcmsFloorAreaField": null, "planningRef": "FW13A/0097", "note": "2,294 m2 data hall + 2,112 m2 plant enclosure" }, { "noticeId": 34671, "noticeNo": "CN0003633SD", "date": "2014-11-24", "year": 2014, "label": "Profile Park data storage facility, phase 1 of 2", "operator": "Google", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 15180, "gfaBasis": "split", "bcmsFloorAreaField": null, "planningRef": "SD14A/0023", "note": "SD14A/0023 states 30,361 m2 over two phases; split equally" }, { "noticeId": 35884, "noticeNo": "SN0000334SD", "date": "2015-02-02", "year": 2015, "label": "ADSIL DUB-53, Greenhills Rd", "operator": "Amazon", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 11700, "gfaBasis": "desc", "bcmsFloorAreaField": null, "planningRef": "SD14A/0232", "note": null }, { "noticeId": 34299, "noticeNo": "CN0012605SD", "date": "2015-12-11", "year": 2015, "label": "Grange Castle data centre (SD15A/0133)", "operator": "Microsoft", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 7609, "gfaBasis": "desc", "bcmsFloorAreaField": null, "planningRef": "SD15A/0133", "note": null }, { "noticeId": 15718, "noticeNo": "SN0000972FL", "date": "2016-01-28", "year": 2016, "label": "DUB057, Blanchardstown", "operator": "Amazon", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 15938, "gfaBasis": "desc", "bcmsFloorAreaField": null, "planningRef": "FW15A/0135", "note": null }, { "noticeId": 32358, "noticeNo": "CN0013431SD", "date": "2016-02-01", "year": 2016, "label": "Interxion DUB3, Grange Castle", "operator": "Digital Realty (Interxion)", "hyperscaler": false, "gfaM2": 5530, "gfaBasis": "desc", "bcmsFloorAreaField": null, "planningRef": "SD15A/0034", "note": "4,214 m2 data centre + 1,243 m2 office + substation" }, { "noticeId": 29287, "noticeNo": "SN0001016DC", "date": "2016-02-22", "year": 2016, "label": "ADSIL DUB054, Clonshaugh", "operator": "Amazon", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 16700, "gfaBasis": "desc", "bcmsFloorAreaField": null, "planningRef": "3874/15", "note": null }, { "noticeId": 124980, "noticeNo": "CN0014430MH", "date": "2016-03-14", "year": 2016, "label": "Clonee campus building 1 (two data-centre buildings + admin)", "operator": "Meta", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 57224, "gfaBasis": "desc", "bcmsFloorAreaField": null, "planningRef": "RA150605", "note": "50,800 m2 data halls + 6,424 m2 admin" }, { "noticeId": 32083, "noticeNo": "CN0014667SD", "date": "2016-03-22", "year": 2016, "label": "DUB07 & DUB08, Grange Castle", "operator": "Microsoft", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 33800, "gfaBasis": "desc", "bcmsFloorAreaField": null, "planningRef": "SD15A/0343", "note": null }, { "noticeId": 31634, "noticeNo": "CN0019584SD", "date": "2016-08-19", "year": 2016, "label": "DUB09, Grange Castle", "operator": "Microsoft", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 17598, "gfaBasis": "desc", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 70392.0, "planningRef": "SD16A/0088", "note": null }, { "noticeId": 33084, "noticeNo": "CN0019595SD", "date": "2016-08-19", "year": 2016, "label": "DUB10, Grange Castle", "operator": "Microsoft", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 17598, "gfaBasis": "desc", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 52794.0, "planningRef": "SD16A/0088", "note": null }, { "noticeId": 34664, "noticeNo": "SN0001523SD", "date": "2016-08-23", "year": 2016, "label": "ADSIL DUB056, Belgard Rd (Jacob's factory conversion)", "operator": "Amazon", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 20892, "gfaBasis": "desc", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 5160.0, "planningRef": "SD16A/0093", "note": "conversion of an existing building, not new build" }, { "noticeId": 34759, "noticeNo": "CN0020965SD", "date": "2016-10-05", "year": 2016, "label": "EdgeConneX EDCDUB001", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "hyperscaler": false, "gfaM2": 5839, "gfaBasis": "desc", "bcmsFloorAreaField": null, "planningRef": "SD16A/0214", "note": null }, { "noticeId": 31535, "noticeNo": "SN0001872SD", "date": "2017-01-26", "year": 2017, "label": "EdgeConneX EDCDUB01 phase 2 data hall", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "hyperscaler": false, "gfaM2": 4176, "gfaBasis": "desc", "bcmsFloorAreaField": null, "planningRef": "SD16A/0345", "note": null }, { "noticeId": 25339, "noticeNo": "SN0002163DC", "date": "2017-05-23", "year": 2017, "label": "ADSIL DUB64, Clonshaugh", "operator": "Amazon", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 14107, "gfaBasis": "desc", "bcmsFloorAreaField": null, "planningRef": "4449/16", "note": null }, { "noticeId": 118721, "noticeNo": "SN0002686MH", "date": "2017-11-13", "year": 2017, "label": "Clonee CLN3", "operator": "Meta", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 25400, "gfaBasis": "split", "bcmsFloorAreaField": null, "planningRef": null, "note": "RA150605 campus total 76,200 m2 (ACP 248544 report) less building 1's 50,800 m2" }, { "noticeId": 33835, "noticeNo": "CN0034044SD", "date": "2017-11-23", "year": 2017, "label": "EdgeConneX EDCDUB02 data hall", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "hyperscaler": false, "gfaM2": 1515, "gfaBasis": "desc", "bcmsFloorAreaField": null, "planningRef": "SD17A/0141", "note": null }, { "noticeId": 16319, "noticeNo": "SN0003074FL", "date": "2018-04-18", "year": 2018, "label": "Hexagon data-centre extension, Blanchardstown", "operator": null, "hyperscaler": false, "gfaM2": 4055, "gfaBasis": "plan", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 12183.0, "planningRef": "FW17A/0237", "note": "FW17A/0237 GFA 4,055 m2 (BCMS field says 12,183)" }, { "noticeId": 32561, "noticeNo": "CN0039354SD", "date": "2018-05-22", "year": 2018, "label": "Profile Park data storage facility, phase 2", "operator": "Google", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 15181, "gfaBasis": "split", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 22000.0, "planningRef": "SD14A/0023", "note": "see phase 1" }, { "noticeId": 36134, "noticeNo": "SN0003322SD", "date": "2018-07-16", "year": 2018, "label": "DUB 55, Greenhills Rd", "operator": "Amazon", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 8229, "gfaBasis": "desc", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 16458.0, "planningRef": "SD17A/0469", "note": null }, { "noticeId": 33460, "noticeNo": "CN0041836SD", "date": "2018-07-26", "year": 2018, "label": "DUB12, Grange Castle", "operator": "Microsoft", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 17598, "gfaBasis": "plan", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 52794.0, "planningRef": "SD16A/0088", "note": "SD16A/0088: each of four data centres c.17,598 m2" }, { "noticeId": 27940, "noticeNo": "SN0003789DC", "date": "2018-12-11", "year": 2018, "label": "DUB 74, Clonshaugh", "operator": "Amazon", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 16860, "gfaBasis": "desc", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 101160.0, "planningRef": "3096/18", "note": "BCMS field 101,160 (6x)" }, { "noticeId": 34903, "noticeNo": "SN0003958SD", "date": "2019-02-28", "year": 2019, "label": "DUB 066, Tallaght", "operator": "Amazon", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 23283, "gfaBasis": "desc", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 302679.0, "planningRef": "SD18A/0219", "note": "BCMS field 302,679 (13x)" }, { "noticeId": 9653, "noticeNo": "SN0004073FL", "date": "2019-03-29", "year": 2019, "label": "DUB 060, Blanchardstown (Kingston building site)", "operator": "Amazon", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 16576, "gfaBasis": "imputed (median of known buildings)", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 40000.0, "planningRef": "FW18A/0078", "note": "BCMS field 40,000; not stated elsewhere" }, { "noticeId": 34879, "noticeNo": "CN0053218SD", "date": "2019-06-25", "year": 2019, "label": "CyrusOne Grange Castle", "operator": "CyrusOne", "hyperscaler": false, "gfaM2": 18882, "gfaBasis": "bcms", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 18882.0, "planningRef": "SD18A/0134", "note": "planning record floor area 35,426 for the whole permission" }, { "noticeId": 121897, "noticeNo": "CN0054306MH", "date": "2019-07-22", "year": 2019, "label": "Clonee CLN5_6 (two data-centre buildings + admin)", "operator": "Meta", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 63110, "gfaBasis": "desc", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 229528.0, "planningRef": "RA180671", "note": "57,400 + 5,710 m2" }, { "noticeId": 14197, "noticeNo": "SN0004568FL", "date": "2019-08-26", "year": 2019, "label": "ADSIL Cruiserath data storage facility", "operator": "Amazon", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 20739, "gfaBasis": "acp", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 203280.0, "planningRef": "FW17A/0025", "note": "ACP 248544: 20,739 m2 (BCMS field 203,280)" }, { "noticeId": 119665, "noticeNo": "CN0065508MH", "date": "2020-06-30", "year": 2020, "label": "DUB 062, Drogheda IDA park", "operator": "Amazon", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 28573, "gfaBasis": "plan", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 131472.0, "planningRef": "LB/191735", "note": "LB191735" }, { "noticeId": 18827, "noticeNo": "CN0066135DC", "date": "2020-07-16", "year": 2020, "label": "DUB 84, Clonshaugh", "operator": "Amazon", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 16860, "gfaBasis": "desc", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 134880.0, "planningRef": "4185/18", "note": "BCMS field 134,880 (8x)" }, { "noticeId": 34817, "noticeNo": "CN0068148SD", "date": "2020-09-16", "year": 2020, "label": "DUB13, Grange Castle", "operator": "Microsoft", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 17598, "gfaBasis": "plan", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 35498.2, "planningRef": "SD16A/0088", "note": "SD16A/0088" }, { "noticeId": 34516, "noticeNo": "SN0005555SD", "date": "2020-09-23", "year": 2020, "label": "DUB069 (Building A), Grange Castle South", "operator": "Amazon", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 26756, "gfaBasis": "split", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 257157.0, "planningRef": "SD20A/0121", "note": "SD20A/0121 planning floor area 80,269 m2 over three buildings" }, { "noticeId": 33976, "noticeNo": "SN0005804SD", "date": "2021-01-26", "year": 2021, "label": "EdgeConneX EDCDUB 3.0 data hall", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "hyperscaler": false, "gfaM2": 3270, "gfaBasis": "bcms", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 3270.0, "planningRef": "SD18A/0298", "note": null }, { "noticeId": 35102, "noticeNo": "SN0005814SD", "date": "2021-02-02", "year": 2021, "label": "EdgeConneX EDCDUB 2.2 data hall", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "hyperscaler": false, "gfaM2": 2604, "gfaBasis": "bcms", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 2604.0, "planningRef": "SD18A/0298", "note": null }, { "noticeId": 16301, "noticeNo": "SN0005834FL", "date": "2021-02-09", "year": 2021, "label": "Equinix DB5 (building 3), Blanchardstown", "operator": "Equinix", "hyperscaler": false, "gfaM2": 21000, "gfaBasis": "bcms", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 21000.0, "planningRef": "FW20A/0087", "note": null }, { "noticeId": 15336, "noticeNo": "CN0074132FL", "date": "2021-04-08", "year": 2021, "label": "K2 DUB4, Ballycoolin", "operator": "K2 Strategic", "hyperscaler": false, "gfaM2": 30000, "gfaBasis": "bcms", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 30000.0, "planningRef": "FW19A/0089", "note": "round figure; unchecked" }, { "noticeId": 21905, "noticeNo": "SN0006528DC", "date": "2021-09-23", "year": 2021, "label": "Clonshaugh Woodlands building E", "operator": null, "hyperscaler": false, "gfaM2": 16576, "gfaBasis": "desc", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 99456.0, "planningRef": "3803/20", "note": null }, { "noticeId": 31692, "noticeNo": "CN0082685SD", "date": "2021-10-26", "year": 2021, "label": "DUB14 & DUB15, Grange Castle", "operator": "Microsoft", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 56246, "gfaBasis": "plan", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 337268.0, "planningRef": "SD20A/0283", "note": "SD20A/0283 floor area 59,766 less the 3,520 m2 admin building" }, { "noticeId": 10255, "noticeNo": "CN0083148FL", "date": "2021-11-01", "year": 2021, "label": "DUB068, Cruiserath", "operator": "Amazon", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 16576, "gfaBasis": "imputed (median of known buildings)", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 173666.0, "planningRef": "FW19A/0087", "note": "BCMS field 173,666; GFA not stated" }, { "noticeId": 14356, "noticeNo": "CN0083150FL", "date": "2021-11-01", "year": 2021, "label": "DUB078, Cruiserath", "operator": "Amazon", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 16576, "gfaBasis": "imputed (median of known buildings)", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 217128.0, "planningRef": "FW19A/0087", "note": "BCMS field 217,128; GFA not stated" }, { "noticeId": 10630, "noticeNo": "CN0084299FL", "date": "2021-12-07", "year": 2021, "label": "K2 DUB5, Ballycoolin", "operator": "K2 Strategic", "hyperscaler": false, "gfaM2": 30000, "gfaBasis": "bcms", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 30000.0, "planningRef": "FW19A/0089", "note": "round figure; unchecked" }, { "noticeId": 31569, "noticeNo": "CN0087630SD", "date": "2022-03-28", "year": 2022, "label": "Interxion IX DUB4, Grange Castle", "operator": "Digital Realty (Interxion)", "hyperscaler": false, "gfaM2": 7246, "gfaBasis": "desc", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 7246.0, "planningRef": "SD18A/0323", "note": null }, { "noticeId": 9961, "noticeNo": "CN0088221FL", "date": "2022-04-12", "year": 2022, "label": "Pure DUB01, Orion Park", "operator": "Pure DC", "hyperscaler": false, "gfaM2": 16576, "gfaBasis": "imputed (median of known buildings)", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 13.14, "planningRef": "FW18A/0114", "note": "BCMS field 13.14" }, { "noticeId": 33253, "noticeNo": "SN0007401SD", "date": "2022-07-08", "year": 2022, "label": "Echelon DUB10 building 12 shell", "operator": "Echelon", "hyperscaler": false, "gfaM2": 4310, "gfaBasis": "bcms", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 4310.0, "planningRef": "SD20A/0309", "note": null }, { "noticeId": 56028, "noticeNo": "SN0007671CC", "date": "2022-09-21", "year": 2022, "label": "Wallingstown, Little Island, phase 1", "operator": null, "hyperscaler": false, "gfaM2": 7750, "gfaBasis": "bcms", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 7750.0, "planningRef": "175895", "note": null }, { "noticeId": 11102, "noticeNo": "CN0095110FL", "date": "2022-10-27", "year": 2022, "label": "Equinix DB6 (building 2)", "operator": "Equinix", "hyperscaler": false, "gfaM2": 4650, "gfaBasis": "bcms", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 4650.0, "planningRef": "FW20A/0087", "note": null }, { "noticeId": 27201, "noticeNo": "CN0095338DC", "date": "2022-11-14", "year": 2022, "label": "Clonshaugh data centres A and B", "operator": null, "hyperscaler": false, "gfaM2": 14330, "gfaBasis": "plan", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 38622.0, "planningRef": "3641/21", "note": "3641/21: 12,875 + 1,455 m2 (BCMS field 38,622 = 3x)" }, { "noticeId": 33586, "noticeNo": "CN0097317SD", "date": "2023-02-06", "year": 2023, "label": "EdgeConneX EDCDUB04 (four halls)", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "hyperscaler": false, "gfaM2": 17685, "gfaBasis": "acp", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 52389.0, "planningRef": "SD19A/0042", "note": "ACP 305948 (BCMS field 52,389)" }, { "noticeId": 87783, "noticeNo": "CN0099013KE", "date": "2023-03-27", "year": 2023, "label": "Public Sector Data Centre, Backweston", "operator": "State (OGCIO)", "hyperscaler": false, "gfaM2": 5474, "gfaBasis": "desc", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 5474.0, "planningRef": "19/164", "note": null }, { "noticeId": 34356, "noticeNo": "SN0008297SD", "date": "2023-04-03", "year": 2023, "label": "DUB079 (Building B), Grange Castle South", "operator": "Amazon", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 26756, "gfaBasis": "split", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 130350.0, "planningRef": "SD20A/0121", "note": "SD20A/0121, see DUB069" }, { "noticeId": 32513, "noticeNo": "CN0100024SD", "date": "2023-04-20", "year": 2023, "label": "Vantage DUB11, Grange Castle", "operator": "Vantage", "hyperscaler": false, "gfaM2": 24667, "gfaBasis": "bcms", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 24667.0, "planningRef": "SD21A/0241", "note": "two buildings in SD21A/0241 total 40,589 m2" }, { "noticeId": 23819, "noticeNo": "SN0008536DC", "date": "2023-06-06", "year": 2023, "label": "Clonshaugh Woodlands building F", "operator": null, "hyperscaler": false, "gfaM2": 16576, "gfaBasis": "desc", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 66304.0, "planningRef": "3803/20", "note": null }, { "noticeId": 33162, "noticeNo": "CN0102388SD", "date": "2023-07-03", "year": 2023, "label": "EdgeConneX EDC DUB05", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "hyperscaler": false, "gfaM2": 15542, "gfaBasis": "bcms", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 15542.0, "planningRef": "SD21A/0042", "note": null }, { "noticeId": 31545, "noticeNo": "SN0008802SD", "date": "2023-07-26", "year": 2023, "label": "Vantage DUB12, Grange Castle", "operator": "Vantage", "hyperscaler": false, "gfaM2": 12744, "gfaBasis": "bcms", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 12744.0, "planningRef": "SD21A/0241", "note": null }, { "noticeId": 32477, "noticeNo": "CN0104022SD", "date": "2023-08-10", "year": 2023, "label": "K2 DUB21, Citywest", "operator": "K2 Strategic", "hyperscaler": false, "gfaM2": 7410, "gfaBasis": "bcms", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 7410.0, "planningRef": "SD22A/0311", "note": "planning 7,582 m2" }, { "noticeId": 34476, "noticeNo": "SN0009495SD", "date": "2023-12-05", "year": 2023, "label": "Echelon DUB11 (ICT building), Clondalkin", "operator": "Echelon", "hyperscaler": false, "gfaM2": 17112, "gfaBasis": "bcms", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 17112.0, "planningRef": "SD20A/0309", "note": null }, { "noticeId": 32001, "noticeNo": "SN0010941SD", "date": "2024-09-20", "year": 2024, "label": "DUB089 (Building C), Grange Castle South", "operator": "Amazon", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 26756, "gfaBasis": "split", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 228584.0, "planningRef": "SD20A/0121", "note": "SD20A/0121, see DUB069" }, { "noticeId": 121999, "noticeNo": "SN0011515MH", "date": "2024-11-14", "year": 2024, "label": "DUB072, Drogheda IDA park", "operator": "Amazon", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 28566, "gfaBasis": "acp", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 89073.0, "planningRef": "21663", "note": "ACP 310729" }, { "noticeId": 36328, "noticeNo": "SN0013020SD", "date": "2025-09-10", "year": 2025, "label": "Echelon DUB41, Newcastle", "operator": "Echelon", "hyperscaler": false, "gfaM2": 16135, "gfaBasis": "bcms", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 16135.0, "planningRef": "SD20A/0324", "note": "SD20A/0324: two buildings total 30,518 m2" }, { "noticeId": 31576, "noticeNo": "CN0133642SD", "date": "2025-09-25", "year": 2025, "label": "DUB16 regional network gateway", "operator": "Microsoft", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 1303, "gfaBasis": "bcms", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 1302.7, "planningRef": "SD24A/0166W", "note": "network gateway, not a full data centre" }, { "noticeId": 13521, "noticeNo": "CN0135598FL", "date": "2025-11-10", "year": 2025, "label": "MSFT DUB41, Huntstown", "operator": "Microsoft", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 37647, "gfaBasis": "acp", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 37647.0, "planningRef": "FW21A/0151", "note": "ACP 313583: buildings A and B 37,647 m2 each" }, { "noticeId": 9965, "noticeNo": "CN0139779FL", "date": "2026-03-16", "year": 2026, "label": "Equinix DB7x, Blanchardstown", "operator": "Equinix", "hyperscaler": false, "gfaM2": 3465, "gfaBasis": "bcms", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 3465.0, "planningRef": "FW20A/0087/E1; FW21A/0073/E1; FW21A/0176/E1A", "note": null }, { "noticeId": 34653, "noticeNo": "CN0140288SD", "date": "2026-04-03", "year": 2026, "label": "DUB91 regional network gateway", "operator": "Microsoft", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 11480, "gfaBasis": "bcms", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 11480.12, "planningRef": "SD25A/0035W", "note": "network gateway" }, { "noticeId": 12810, "noticeNo": "CN0142878FL", "date": "2026-06-02", "year": 2026, "label": "MSFT DUB40 building A, Huntstown", "operator": "Microsoft", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 37647, "gfaBasis": "acp", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 37647.0, "planningRef": "FW21A/0151", "note": "ACP 313583" }, { "noticeId": 8848, "noticeNo": "CN0144820FL", "date": "2026-07-10", "year": 2026, "label": "DUB 108 building F, Cruiserath", "operator": "Amazon", "hyperscaler": true, "gfaM2": 20651, "gfaBasis": "bcms", "bcmsFloorAreaField": 20651.0, "planningRef": "FW22A/0308", "note": null } ], "buildingsMeta": { "medianImputedM2": 16576, "missingNoticeIds": [] }, "officialEstimates": [ { "body": "CSO", "title": "Information Note: Investment in Infrastructure 2025", "date": "2026", "figure": "Digital infrastructure investment (data centres and telecoms): EUR 856m (2024), EUR 744m (2025)", "kind": "capex (construction, incl. telecoms)", "quote": "Investment in digital infrastructure, which includes the construction of new data centres and telecoms networks, decreased from \u20ac856 million in 2024 to \u20ac744 million in 2025.", "url": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/in/ii/informationnote-investmentininfrastructure2025/", "file": "cso-information-note-investment-in-infrastructure-2025-2026-10-03.html", "quoteVerified": true }, { "body": "Department of Finance", "title": "Annual Progress Report 2026, Box 3 'Rise of the (modified) machines'", "date": "2026-04", "figure": "Net imports of AI-related hardware c. EUR 1.9bn in Q4 2025; modified M&E grew almost 50% y/y in Q4 2025", "kind": "hardware imports (enter modified M&E investment)", "quote": "net imports of AI related hardware totalling c. \u20ac1.9 billion", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-finance/publications/annual-progress-report-2026/", "file": "dof-annual-progress-report-2026-2026-10-03.pdf", "quoteVerified": true }, { "body": "Department of Finance", "title": "Annual Progress Report 2026, Box 3", "date": "2026-04", "figure": "Data centres face restrictions in response to infrastructure constraints", "kind": "context", "quote": "restrictions being placed on new data centres in response to infrastructure constraints", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-finance/publications/annual-progress-report-2026/", "file": "dof-annual-progress-report-2026-2026-10-03.pdf", "quoteVerified": true }, { "body": "Central Bank of Ireland", "title": "Quarterly Bulletin 2 2026 (Box A on AI/data-centre imports)", "date": "2026-06", "figure": "AI-linked data-centre hardware imports are over half of modified machinery and equipment investment", "kind": "hardware imports", "quote": "AI-linked data centre hardware imports have surged in recent years to represent over half of modified machinery and equipment investment", "url": "https://www.centralbank.ie/publication/quarterly-bulletins", "file": "cbi-qb-2026-q2-landing-2026-10-03.html", "quoteVerified": true }, { "body": "Irish Fiscal Advisory Council", "title": "Fiscal Assessment Report, June 2026", "date": "2026-06", "figure": "2025 M&E surge mostly upgrading existing data centres; grid may limit further growth", "kind": "qualitative", "quote": "Much of this appears to be related to upgrading existing data centres with new equipment.", "url": "https://www.fiscalcouncil.ie/fiscal-assessment-reports/", "file": "ifac-fiscal-assessment-report-june-2026-2026-10-03.pdf", "quoteVerified": true }, { "body": "ESRI", "title": "Quarterly Economic Commentary, Summer 2026", "date": "2026", "figure": "Rise in ICT equipment investment linked to data-centre (AI) equipment imports", "kind": "qualitative", "quote": "This investment has been linked to the import of equipment for data centres, particularly those used to facilitate artificial intelligence", "url": "https://www.esri.ie/publications/quarterly-economic-commentary-summer-2026", "file": "esri-qec-2026-summer-2026-10-03.pdf", "quoteVerified": true }, { "body": "Bitpower / Host in Ireland", "title": "Ireland Q4 2024 Market Update", "date": "2025", "figure": "EUR 15bn invested in building data centres (hyperscalers EUR 10bn, nine others EUR 5bn), excl. IT fit-out (possibly a further EUR 30bn); EUR 8-10bn pipeline plus EUR 8-10bn at risk", "kind": "cumulative capex (construction only)", "quote": "\u20ac15 Billion has been invested in building", "url": "https://hostinireland.com/", "file": "bitpower-2024-q4-market-update-2026-10-03.pdf", "quoteVerified": true }, { "body": "Bitpower / Host in Ireland", "title": "Ireland Q4 2024 Market Update", "date": "2025", "figure": "IT fit-outs excluded from the EUR 15bn", "kind": "caveat", "quote": "These figures exclude IT fit-outs, which we", "url": "https://hostinireland.com/", "file": "bitpower-2024-q4-market-update-2026-10-03.pdf", "quoteVerified": true }, { "body": "DETE / KPMG", "title": "The Value of Data Centres to Ireland (published 2 June 2026)", "date": "2026-06-02", "figure": "Construction-driven GVA peaked at EUR 2.4bn in 2020; EUR 13.8bn construction GVA 2010-2024; 2025-30 assumes only 300 MW more and construction jobs falling to zero", "kind": "GVA (not capex)", "quote": "Construction-driven impacts peaked at \u20ac2.4bn in 2020, reflecting Ireland\u2019s rapid capacity build-out", "url": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/the-value-of-data-centres-to-ireland.html", "file": "dete-value-of-data-centres-to-ireland-kpmg-2026-10-03.pdf", "quoteVerified": true }, { "body": "DETE / KPMG", "title": "The Value of Data Centres to Ireland", "date": "2026-06-02", "figure": "Projection 2025-2030 assumes no new grid connection contracts", "kind": "assumption", "quote": "Construction related jobs are projected to decline to zero, on the assumption Jobs that no new grid connection contracts are entered into during this period.", "url": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/the-value-of-data-centres-to-ireland.html", "file": "dete-value-of-data-centres-to-ireland-kpmg-2026-10-03.pdf", "quoteVerified": true }, { "body": "DETE (press release)", "title": "Value of data centres report published", "date": "2026-06-02", "figure": "2024: construction and operation of data centres EUR 2.2bn GVA, 19,500 jobs", "kind": "GVA", "quote": "in 2024, construction and operation of data centres collectively accounted for \u20ac2.2 billion in GVA, 19,500 jobs", "url": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/news-and-events/department-news/", "file": "dete-press-release-value-of-data-centres-20260602-2026-10-03.html", "quoteVerified": true }, { "body": "Digital Infrastructure Ireland (Ibec)", "title": "Digital Infrastructure for the Future We Want", "date": "2026-05-27", "figure": "EUR 18bn invested across 105 facilities and 35 operators", "kind": "cumulative capex (industry)", "quote": "there has been \u20ac18 billion in investment from Ireland\u2019s data centre ecosystem, spanning across 105 facilities and 35 operators", "url": "https://www.ibec.ie/", "file": "dii-future-we-want-press-20260527-2026-10-03.html", "quoteVerified": true }, { "body": "DBEI (now DETE) / Grant Thornton for IDA", "title": "Government Statement on the Role of Data Centres (2018)", "date": "2018-06", "figure": "Over EUR 7bn total economic impact since 2010 (16 entities surveyed)", "kind": "economic impact (not capex)", "quote": "have contributed in excess of \u20ac7 billion to the economy since 2010 through direct and indirect expenditure", "url": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/publication-files/government-statement-data-centres-enterprise-strategy.pdf", "file": "dbei-govt-statement-data-centres-enterprise-strategy-2018-2026-10-03.pdf", "quoteVerified": true }, { "body": "Amazon (comparator: Spain)", "title": "AWS plans to invest EUR 15.7bn in Spain", "date": "2024-05-22", "figure": "EUR 15.7bn (Aragon), raised to EUR 33.7bn in March 2026", "kind": "comparator (announced)", "quote": "AWS plans to invest \u20ac15.7 billion in Spain", "url": "https://www.aboutamazon.eu/news/aws/aws-plans-to-invest-15-7-billion-in-spain", "file": "amazon-aws-spain-15-7bn-2024-2026-10-03.html", "quoteVerified": true }, { "body": "Amazon (comparator: Spain)", "title": "Amazon increases Spain investment to EUR 33.7bn", "date": "2026-03-02", "figure": "EUR 33.7bn", "kind": "comparator (announced)", "quote": "Amazon increases investment in Spain to \u20ac33.7 billion to expand data centre infrastructure", "url": "https://www.aboutamazon.eu/", "file": "amazon-spain-33-7bn-2026-2026-10-03.html", "quoteVerified": true }, { "body": "Google (comparator: Finland)", "title": "Google deepens its commitment to Finland", "date": "2026", "figure": "EUR 13bn in AI infrastructure", "kind": "comparator (announced)", "quote": "Google deepens its commitment to Finland with a \u20ac13 billion investment in AI infrastructure", "url": "https://blog.google/", "file": "google-finland-13bn-2026-10-03.html", "quoteVerified": true }, { "body": "Microsoft (comparator: Denmark)", "title": "Microsoft West Denmark datacenter region", "date": "2026", "figure": "USD 3bn in Danish datacenter capacity 2023-2027, more beyond", "kind": "comparator (announced)", "quote": "between 2023 and 2027 alone, Microsoft is investing $3 billion in datacenter capacity on Danish soil", "url": "https://news.microsoft.com/", "file": "microsoft-west-denmark-region-2026-10-03.html", "quoteVerified": true } ], "companyIreland": [ { "company": "Microsoft", "year": 2011, "fiscalYearEnd": "2011-06-30", "longLivedAssetsTotalUsdM": 21487.0, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312513310206/d527745d10k.htm", "file": "10k_MSFT_FY2013.htm", "longLivedAssetsIrelandUsd": null, "irelandBelowUsdM": 2149, "quote": "with countries over 10% of the total shown separately (Ireland not shown)" }, { "company": "Microsoft", "year": 2012, "fiscalYearEnd": "2012-06-30", "longLivedAssetsTotalUsdM": 24891.0, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312513310206/d527745d10k.htm", "file": "10k_MSFT_FY2013.htm", "longLivedAssetsIrelandUsd": null, "irelandBelowUsdM": 2489, "quote": "with countries over 10% of the total shown separately (Ireland not shown)" }, { "company": "Microsoft", "year": 2013, "fiscalYearEnd": "2013-06-30", "longLivedAssetsTotalUsdM": 27729.0, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312513310206/d527745d10k.htm", "file": "10k_MSFT_FY2013.htm", "longLivedAssetsIrelandUsd": null, "irelandBelowUsdM": 2773, "quote": "with countries over 10% of the total shown separately (Ireland not shown)" }, { "company": "Microsoft", "year": 2014, "fiscalYearEnd": "2014-06-30", "longLivedAssetsTotalUsdM": 40119.0, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312516662209/d187868d10k.htm", "file": "10k_MSFT_FY2016.htm", "longLivedAssetsIrelandUsd": null, "irelandBelowUsdM": 4012, "quote": "with countries over 10% of the total shown separately (Ireland not shown)" }, { "company": "Microsoft", "year": 2015, "fiscalYearEnd": "2015-06-30", "longLivedAssetsTotalUsdM": 36505.0, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312516662209/d187868d10k.htm", "file": "10k_MSFT_FY2016.htm", "longLivedAssetsIrelandUsd": null, "irelandBelowUsdM": 3650, "quote": "with countries over 10% of the total shown separately (Ireland not shown)" }, { "company": "Microsoft", "year": 2016, "fiscalYearEnd": "2016-06-30", "longLivedAssetsTotalUsdM": 39961.0, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312516662209/d187868d10k.htm", "file": "10k_MSFT_FY2016.htm", "longLivedAssetsIrelandUsd": null, "irelandBelowUsdM": 3996, "quote": "with countries over 10% of the total shown separately (Ireland not shown)" }, { "company": "Microsoft", "year": 2017, "fiscalYearEnd": "2017-06-30", "longLivedAssetsTotalUsdM": 75517.0, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000156459019027952/msft-10k_20190630.htm", "file": "10k_MSFT_FY2019.htm", "longLivedAssetsIrelandUsd": 12889000000.0, "irelandSharePct": 17.1, "quote": "Ireland 12,958 12,843 12,889 (June 30, 2019/2018/2017, $m)" }, { "company": "Microsoft", "year": 2018, "fiscalYearEnd": "2018-06-30", "longLivedAssetsTotalUsdM": 79882.0, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000156459019027952/msft-10k_20190630.htm", "file": "10k_MSFT_FY2019.htm", "longLivedAssetsIrelandUsd": 12843000000.0, "irelandSharePct": 16.1, "quote": "Ireland 12,958 12,843 12,889 (June 30, 2019/2018/2017, $m)" }, { "company": "Microsoft", "year": 2019, "fiscalYearEnd": "2019-06-30", "longLivedAssetsTotalUsdM": 93632.0, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000156459019027952/msft-10k_20190630.htm", "file": "10k_MSFT_FY2019.htm", "longLivedAssetsIrelandUsd": 12958000000.0, "irelandSharePct": 13.8, "quote": "Ireland 12,958 12,843 12,889 (June 30, 2019/2018/2017, $m)" }, { "company": "Microsoft", "year": 2020, "fiscalYearEnd": "2020-06-30", "longLivedAssetsTotalUsdM": 103293.0, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000156459022026876/msft-10k_20220630.htm", "file": "10k_MSFT_FY2022.htm", "longLivedAssetsIrelandUsd": 12734000000.0, "irelandSharePct": 12.3, "quote": "Ireland 15,505 13,303 12,734 (June 30, 2022/2021/2020, $m)" }, { "company": "Microsoft", "year": 2021, "fiscalYearEnd": "2021-06-30", "longLivedAssetsTotalUsdM": 128314.0, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000156459022026876/msft-10k_20220630.htm", "file": "10k_MSFT_FY2022.htm", "longLivedAssetsIrelandUsd": 13303000000.0, "irelandSharePct": 10.4, "quote": "Ireland 15,505 13,303 12,734 (June 30, 2022/2021/2020, $m)" }, { "company": "Microsoft", "year": 2022, "fiscalYearEnd": "2022-06-30", "longLivedAssetsTotalUsdM": 166368.0, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000156459022026876/msft-10k_20220630.htm", "file": "10k_MSFT_FY2022.htm", "longLivedAssetsIrelandUsd": 15505000000.0, "irelandSharePct": 9.3, "quote": "Ireland 15,505 13,303 12,734 (June 30, 2022/2021/2020, $m)" }, { "company": "Microsoft", "year": 2023, "fiscalYearEnd": "2023-06-30", "longLivedAssetsTotalUsdM": 187239.0, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000095017023035122/msft-20230630.htm", "file": "10k_MSFT_FY2023.htm", "longLivedAssetsIrelandUsd": 16359000000.0, "irelandSharePct": 8.7, "quote": "Ireland 16,359 15,505 13,303 (June 30, 2023/2022/2021, $m)" }, { "company": "Microsoft", "year": 2024, "fiscalYearEnd": "2024-06-30", "longLivedAssetsTotalUsdM": 301369.0, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000095017024087843/msft-20240630.htm", "file": "10k_MSFT_FY2024.htm", "longLivedAssetsIrelandUsd": null, "irelandBelowUsdM": 30137, "quote": "with countries over 10% of the total shown separately (Ireland not shown)" }, { "company": "Microsoft", "year": 2025, "fiscalYearEnd": "2025-06-30", "longLivedAssetsTotalUsdM": 371902.0, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312526323660/msft-20260630.htm", "file": "10k_MSFT_FY2026.htm", "longLivedAssetsIrelandUsd": null, "irelandBelowUsdM": 37190, "quote": "with countries over 10% of the total shown separately (Ireland not shown)" }, { "company": "Microsoft", "year": 2026, "fiscalYearEnd": "2026-06-30", "longLivedAssetsTotalUsdM": 475513.0, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312526323660/msft-20260630.htm", "file": "10k_MSFT_FY2026.htm", "longLivedAssetsIrelandUsd": null, "irelandBelowUsdM": 47551, "quote": "with countries over 10% of the total shown separately (Ireland not shown)" } ], "companyContextNonUs": [ { "company": "Alphabet", "year": 2016, "usUsdM": 47383.0, "nonUsUsdM": 14706.0, "nonUsSharePct": 23.7, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204418000007/goog10-kq42017.htm", "file": "10k_GOOGL_FY2017.htm" }, { "company": "Alphabet", "year": 2017, "usUsdM": 55113.0, "nonUsUsdM": 17874.0, "nonUsSharePct": 24.5, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204418000007/goog10-kq42017.htm", "file": "10k_GOOGL_FY2017.htm" }, { "company": "Alphabet", "year": 2018, "usUsdM": 74882.0, "nonUsUsdM": 22234.0, "nonUsSharePct": 22.9, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204420000008/goog10-k2019.htm", "file": "10k_GOOGL_FY2019.htm" }, { "company": "Alphabet", "year": 2019, "usUsdM": 94907.0, "nonUsUsdM": 28424.0, "nonUsSharePct": 23.0, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204420000008/goog10-k2019.htm", "file": "10k_GOOGL_FY2019.htm" }, { "company": "Alphabet", "year": 2020, "usUsdM": 69315.0, "nonUsUsdM": 27645.0, "nonUsSharePct": 28.5, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204422000019/goog-20211231.htm", "file": "10k_GOOGL_FY2021.htm" }, { "company": "Alphabet", "year": 2021, "usUsdM": 80207.0, "nonUsUsdM": 30351.0, "nonUsSharePct": 27.5, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204422000019/goog-20211231.htm", "file": "10k_GOOGL_FY2021.htm" }, { "company": "Alphabet", "year": 2022, "usUsdM": 93565.0, "nonUsUsdM": 33484.0, "nonUsSharePct": 26.4, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204424000022/goog-20231231.htm", "file": "10k_GOOGL_FY2023.htm" }, { "company": "Alphabet", "year": 2023, "usUsdM": 110053.0, "nonUsUsdM": 38383.0, "nonUsSharePct": 25.9, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204424000022/goog-20231231.htm", "file": "10k_GOOGL_FY2023.htm" }, { "company": "Alphabet", "year": 2024, "usUsdM": 138993.0, "nonUsUsdM": 45631.0, "nonUsSharePct": 24.7, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204426000018/goog-20251231.htm", "file": "10k_GOOGL_FY2025.htm" }, { "company": "Alphabet", "year": 2025, "usUsdM": 195337.0, "nonUsUsdM": 66481.0, "nonUsSharePct": 25.4, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204426000018/goog-20251231.htm", "file": "10k_GOOGL_FY2025.htm" }, { "company": "Meta", "year": 2016, "usUsdM": 6793.0, "nonUsUsdM": 1798.0, "nonUsSharePct": 20.9, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000132680118000009/fb-12312017x10k.htm", "file": "10k_META_FY2017.htm" }, { "company": "Meta", "year": 2017, "usUsdM": 10406.0, "nonUsUsdM": 3315.0, "nonUsSharePct": 24.2, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000132680118000009/fb-12312017x10k.htm", "file": "10k_META_FY2017.htm" }, { "company": "Meta", "year": 2018, "usUsdM": 18950.0, "nonUsUsdM": 5733.0, "nonUsSharePct": 23.2, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000132680120000013/fb-12312019x10k.htm", "file": "10k_META_FY2019.htm" }, { "company": "Meta", "year": 2019, "usUsdM": 35858.0, "nonUsUsdM": 8925.0, "nonUsSharePct": 19.9, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000132680120000013/fb-12312019x10k.htm", "file": "10k_META_FY2019.htm" }, { "company": "Meta", "year": 2020, "usUsdM": 43128.0, "nonUsUsdM": 11853.0, "nonUsSharePct": 21.6, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000132680122000018/fb-20211231.htm", "file": "10k_META_FY2021.htm" }, { "company": "Meta", "year": 2021, "usUsdM": 55497.0, "nonUsUsdM": 14467.0, "nonUsSharePct": 20.7, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000132680122000018/fb-20211231.htm", "file": "10k_META_FY2021.htm" }, { "company": "Meta", "year": 2022, "usUsdM": 76334.0, "nonUsUsdM": 15857.0, "nonUsSharePct": 17.2, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000132680124000012/meta-20231231.htm", "file": "10k_META_FY2023.htm" }, { "company": "Meta", "year": 2023, "usUsdM": 91940.0, "nonUsUsdM": 17941.0, "nonUsSharePct": 16.3, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000132680124000012/meta-20231231.htm", "file": "10k_META_FY2023.htm" }, { "company": "Meta", "year": 2024, "usUsdM": 117478.0, "nonUsUsdM": 18790.0, "nonUsSharePct": 13.8, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000162828026003942/meta-20251231.htm", "file": "10k_META_FY2025.htm" }, { "company": "Meta", "year": 2025, "usUsdM": 173390.0, "nonUsUsdM": 23414.0, "nonUsSharePct": 11.9, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000162828026003942/meta-20251231.htm", "file": "10k_META_FY2025.htm" } ], "globalCapex": { "totalByYear": [ { "year": 2019, "usdBn": 71.096 }, { "year": 2020, "usdBn": 94.589 }, { "year": 2021, "usdBn": 127.14 }, { "year": 2022, "usdBn": 154.713 }, { "year": 2023, "usdBn": 148.827 }, { "year": 2024, "usdBn": 224.133 }, { "year": 2025, "usdBn": 378.723 } ], "source": "SEC EDGAR XBRL company facts API (data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts)" }, "shareEstimate": { "label": "inference", "physicalShareIndex": { "m2Started2016to2021PerYear": 120578, "m2Started2022to2026PerYear": 80522, "hyperscalerM2Started2016to2021PerYear": 96670, "hyperscalerM2Started2022to2026PerYear": 40170, "globalCapexUsdBn2016to2021PerYear": 48.8, "globalCapexUsdBn2022to2025PerYear": 226.6, "m2PerGlobalCapexUsdBnEarly": 1981, "m2PerGlobalCapexUsdBnLate": 177, "assumptions": [ "2026 counts 9 months (to early Oct), so 2022-2026 is averaged over 4.75 years.", "Hyperscaler = Amazon, Microsoft, Google, Meta buildings (operator from notice/planning text).", "Floor area is a physical proxy; cost per m2 has risen with power density, so m2 understates late-period value. The ratio is an index of 'Irish building per dollar of global capex', not a share." ] }, "microsoftIrelandShareOfLongLivedAssets": [ { "year": 2017, "pct": 17.1, "belowPct": null }, { "year": 2018, "pct": 16.1, "belowPct": null }, { "year": 2019, "pct": 13.8, "belowPct": null }, { "year": 2020, "pct": 12.3, "belowPct": null }, { "year": 2021, "pct": 10.4, "belowPct": null }, { "year": 2022, "pct": 9.3, "belowPct": null }, { "year": 2023, "pct": 8.7, "belowPct": null }, { "year": 2024, "pct": null, "belowPct": 10 }, { "year": 2025, "pct": null, "belowPct": 10 }, { "year": 2026, "pct": null, "belowPct": 10 } ], "microsoftIrelandGrowth": { "from": 2017, "to": 2023, "irelandUsdBn": [ 12.89, 16.36 ], "totalUsdBn": [ 75.5, 187.2 ], "irelandShareOfIncreasePct": 3.1 }, "bitpowerConstructionVsGlobalCapex": [ { "year": 2014, "irelandConstructionEurM": 476, "projectedBaseEurM": null, "projectedUpperEurM": null, "globalCapexUsdBn": null }, { "year": 2015, "irelandConstructionEurM": 601, "projectedBaseEurM": null, "projectedUpperEurM": null, "globalCapexUsdBn": null }, { "year": 2016, "irelandConstructionEurM": 536, "projectedBaseEurM": null, "projectedUpperEurM": null, "globalCapexUsdBn": null }, { "year": 2017, "irelandConstructionEurM": 673, "projectedBaseEurM": null, "projectedUpperEurM": null, "globalCapexUsdBn": null }, { "year": 2018, "irelandConstructionEurM": 1129, "projectedBaseEurM": null, "projectedUpperEurM": null, "globalCapexUsdBn": null }, { "year": 2019, "irelandConstructionEurM": 1344, "projectedBaseEurM": null, "projectedUpperEurM": null, "globalCapexUsdBn": 71.096, "irelandEurMPerGlobalUsdBn": 18.9, "roughSharePct": 1.89 }, { "year": 2020, "irelandConstructionEurM": 1445, "projectedBaseEurM": null, "projectedUpperEurM": null, "globalCapexUsdBn": 94.589, "irelandEurMPerGlobalUsdBn": 15.3, "roughSharePct": 1.53 }, { "year": 2021, "irelandConstructionEurM": 1519, "projectedBaseEurM": null, "projectedUpperEurM": null, "globalCapexUsdBn": 127.14, "irelandEurMPerGlobalUsdBn": 11.9, "roughSharePct": 1.19 }, { "year": 2022, "irelandConstructionEurM": 1948, "projectedBaseEurM": null, "projectedUpperEurM": null, "globalCapexUsdBn": 154.713, "irelandEurMPerGlobalUsdBn": 12.6, "roughSharePct": 1.26 }, { "year": 2023, "irelandConstructionEurM": 2363, "projectedBaseEurM": null, "projectedUpperEurM": null, "globalCapexUsdBn": 148.827, "irelandEurMPerGlobalUsdBn": 15.9, "roughSharePct": 1.59 }, { "year": 2024, "irelandConstructionEurM": 2875, "projectedBaseEurM": null, "projectedUpperEurM": null, "globalCapexUsdBn": 224.133, "irelandEurMPerGlobalUsdBn": 12.8, "roughSharePct": 1.28 }, { "year": 2025, "irelandConstructionEurM": null, "projectedBaseEurM": 2063, "projectedUpperEurM": 1667, "globalCapexUsdBn": 378.723, "irelandEurMPerGlobalUsdBn": 5.4, "roughSharePct": 0.54, "note": "2025 uses Bitpower's projected lower segment only (projection, not outturn)" }, { "year": 2026, "irelandConstructionEurM": null, "projectedBaseEurM": 1706, "projectedUpperEurM": 1889, "globalCapexUsdBn": null }, { "year": 2027, "irelandConstructionEurM": null, "projectedBaseEurM": 2069, "projectedUpperEurM": 1550, "globalCapexUsdBn": null }, { "year": 2028, "irelandConstructionEurM": null, "projectedBaseEurM": 2192, "projectedUpperEurM": 1642, "globalCapexUsdBn": null } ], "csoDigitalInfraVsGlobalCapex": [ { "year": 2024, "eurM": 856, "globalCapexUsdBn": 224.133, "roughSharePct": 0.38 }, { "year": 2025, "eurM": 744, "globalCapexUsdBn": 378.723, "roughSharePct": 0.2 } ], "assumptions": [ "Rough shares treat EUR and USD as equal (EUR/USD ~1.05-1.18 over 2019-2025); this moves shares by <20%.", "Numerator is construction only (Bitpower excludes IT fit-out; CSO counts construction of data centres AND telecoms networks). Denominator is total cash capex of Microsoft, Amazon, Alphabet, Meta and Oracle, including servers and Amazon retail. So these are not true shares; they are indices of 'Irish building per dollar of global capex'.", "Bitpower includes colocation operators not in the denominator (about EUR 5bn of its EUR 15bn).", "Servers and AI hardware installed in Irish data centres appear in national accounts as modified M&E investment (DoF, Central Bank, IFAC); that channel is growing and is NOT in the construction indices." ], "headline": "Inference: Irish data-centre construction ran at roughly EUR 1.3-2.9bn a year in 2019-2024 (Bitpower) while US hyperscaler capex rose from $71bn to $224bn, so Ireland's construction-to-global-capex ratio fell from ~1.9% (2019) to ~1.3% (2024); on CSO's narrower measure 2025 is ~0.2%. Floor area started by hyperscalers fell from ~97k m2/yr (2016-21) to ~40k m2/yr (2022-26). Microsoft's Irish share of long-lived assets halved, 17.1% (2017) to 8.7% (2023), then dropped below its 10% disclosure line." }, "caveats": [ "Building Control data cover works from March 2014. Some sites (e.g. Google, Meta, Microsoft projects described as 'ICT facility' or by code names) may be missed; 'Project Igloo'-type containers, fit-outs and ancillary buildings are excluded.", "BCMS's floor-area field is unreliable for data centres (Amazon notices carry 6-13x the described GFA), so stated GFAs from planning documents are used instead; four buildings with no stated GFA are imputed at the median and flagged.", "A commencement notice is the legal start of works; buildings can stall or be built in phases.", "Microsoft's long-lived assets include goodwill, intangibles and operating-lease assets, and are classified by the country of the controlling statutory company, not where the asset sits. Ireland's figure can include non-datacentre and non-Irish-located assets. Ireland first appears in FY2017 at $12.9bn (below 10% before), a jump that looks like an intangibles/goodwill booking, not a building boom; read the 2017-2023 trend, not the level.", "Global capex is cash capex for five US companies (incl. Amazon retail and Oracle); Irish data-centre investment includes colocation operators (Equinix, Digital Realty, EdgeConneX, Vantage, K2, Echelon, CyrusOne, Pure DC) that are not in the global denominator." ] }, "water": { "title": "How much water they use", "source": [ { "name": "EPA LEAP Annual Environmental Reports (Table 5 'Water Used')", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/" }, { "name": "Oireachtas PQ answers on data-centre water, 2023-2026", "url": "https://api.oireachtas.ie/v1/questions" }, { "name": "Fearon, Bresnihan & Brodie, 'How we all pay for Big Tech', MUSSI Working Paper 31, Maynooth University, Sept 2026", "url": "https://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/id/eprint/21841/1/MUSSI%20working%20paper%2031.pdf" }, { "name": "CSO MEC02 data-centre metered electricity", "url": "https://data.cso.ie/table/MEC02" }, { "name": "The Water Forum (T. McGrath), 'Water use by data centres: an Irish context', Oct 2024, p.3, quoting Government of Ireland (2022)", "url": "https://thewaterforum.ie/app/uploads/2024/10/McGrath-2024-Data-Centre-Water-Use-in-Ireland-.pdf" }, { "name": "The Journal Investigates, 24 Jul and 24 Aug 2026", "url": "https://www.thejournal.ie/investigates-data-centre-water-use-7110966-Jul2026/" } ], "asOf": "2026-10-03", "method": "Per-site water read by hand from Table 5 'Water Used' in each EPA Annual Environmental Report (AER) for the data-centre Industrial Emissions licences already tracked in data/raw/epa_generation (same documents, same pdftotext output; page = PDF page). National, hosepipe-ban and modelled figures from Oireachtas PQ answers (cached XML in data/raw/water/pq/), the Maynooth MUSSI working paper 31 (cached PDF), the Water Forum (2024, quoting the Government's 2022 data-centre statement) and The Journal Investigates (secondary; used only where no primary source is public).", "headline": { "year": 2025, "aerLitres": 1047627520, "aerSites": 16, "top2SharePct": 91.1, "modelledLitres": 46000000000.0, "shareOfPublicSupplyPct": 0.17 }, "national": [ { "year": 2021, "litres": 810000000.0, "approxYear": true, "basis": "Uisce \u00c9ireann public supply to all known data centres (Government Statement on the Role of Data Centres, 2022)", "shareOfPublicSupplyPct": 0.13, "source": "The Water Forum (T. McGrath), 'Water use by data centres: an Irish context', Oct 2024, p.3, quoting Government of Ireland (2022)", "url": "https://thewaterforum.ie/app/uploads/2024/10/McGrath-2024-Data-Centre-Water-Use-in-Ireland-.pdf", "quote": "Uisce \u00c9ireann supplies approximately 608,000 megalitres of water annually, of which 0.13% (c.810 megalitres) is consumed across all known data centres" }, { "year": 2023, "litres": 216607940, "basis": "Sum of EPA AER public-supply water, 14 licensed data-centre installations (13 part-year)", "shareOfPublicSupplyPct": 0.036, "litresPerMWh": 79.0, "source": "EPA LEAP AERs (this pipeline's own sum)", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/" }, { "year": 2024, "litres": 752109010, "basis": "Sum of EPA AER public-supply water, 15 licensed data-centre installations (1 part-year)", "shareOfPublicSupplyPct": 0.124, "litresPerMWh": 126.7, "source": "EPA LEAP AERs (this pipeline's own sum)", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/" }, { "year": 2025, "litres": 1047627520, "basis": "Sum of EPA AER public-supply water, 16 licensed data-centre installations", "shareOfPublicSupplyPct": 0.172, "litresPerMWh": 154.1, "source": "EPA LEAP AERs (this pipeline's own sum)", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/" }, { "year": 2024, "litres": 752000000.0, "basis": "Sum of EPA AER public-supply water, 48 data centres (The Journal's analysis)", "source": "The Journal Investigates (C. O'Carroll, D. Mac Redmond), 24 Jul 2026", "url": "https://www.thejournal.ie/investigates-data-centre-water-use-7110966-Jul2026/", "quote": "rising from 752 million litres in 2024 to over 999 million litres in 2025" }, { "year": 2025, "litres": 999000000.0, "basis": "Sum of EPA AER public-supply water, 48 data centres (The Journal's analysis)", "source": "The Journal Investigates, 24 Jul 2026", "url": "https://www.thejournal.ie/investigates-data-centre-water-use-7110966-Jul2026/", "quote": "rising from 752 million litres in 2024 to over 999 million litres in 2025" }, { "year": null, "litres": 1744700000, "derived": true, "basis": "Uisce \u00c9ireann: 57 data centres on the public network, 4.78 ML/day x 365 (averaging period not stated)", "shareOfPublicSupplyPct": 0.29, "source": "The Journal Investigates, 24 Jul 2026", "url": "https://www.thejournal.ie/investigates-data-centre-water-use-7110966-Jul2026/", "quote": "the 57 data centres identified by the utility use a total of 4.78 million litres of water a day on average" } ], "reconciliation": { "2024": { "press": 752000000.0, "aerSum": 752109010 }, "2025": { "press": 999000000.0, "aerSum": 1047627520, "aerSumExcludingK2_P1143": 999195520 }, "finding": "The widely quoted 752 ML (2024) and 999 ML (2025) are sums of EPA AER public-supply water, not Uisce \u00c9ireann meter totals: the AER sum reproduces 752,109 m3 for 2024 exactly, and 999,196 m3 for 2025 once K2 Strategic (P1143, 48,432 m3, AER apparently not in The Journal's set) is left out. Uisce \u00c9ireann's own figure for its 57 connected sites (4.78 ML/day) annualises to ~1.7 bn L." }, "concentration": { "year": 2025, "top2": [ { "operator": "Runways Information Services Limited (Meta)", "epaRef": "P1192", "litres": 556513000, "litresPerMWh": 470.6 }, { "operator": "Equinix Hyperscale 1 (DB5) Limited", "epaRef": "P1168", "litres": 398058000, "litresPerMWh": 2453.3 } ], "top2SharePct": 91.1, "restLitres": 93056520, "restSites": 14, "restMedianLitresPerMWh": 12.9, "restRangeLitresPerMWh": [ 1.0, 315.2 ] }, "sites": [ { "name": "Sl\u00ed na Ch\u00e1irde, Portan, Clonee, Co. Meath", "operator": "Runways Information Services Limited (Meta)", "epaRef": "P1192", "year": 2025, "litres": 556513000, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 1182516, "litresPerMWh": 470.6, "partialYear": false, "note": "AER: one data hall (CLN2.DHB) offline part of 2025 for retrofit.", "quote": "Public Supply 556,513 2.6% decrease", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2025, AER 2025 .pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.16", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/83a977fe-88cc-4bee-b532-11a09561984d.pdf" }, { "name": "Blanchardstown Industrial Park, Snugborough Road, Dublin 15 (DB5/DB6)", "operator": "Equinix Hyperscale 1 (DB5) Limited", "epaRef": "P1168", "year": 2025, "litres": 398058000, "otherSourcesLitres": 1095000, "otherSources": { "Recycled Water": 1095.0 }, "gridMWh": 162257, "litresPerMWh": 2453.3, "partialYear": false, "note": "Plus 1,095 m3 recycled water.", "quote": "Public Supply 398,058 286% Increase", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2025, 2025 AER - Equinix DB5x P1168-01 .pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.17", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/6adb806d-c61a-429a-b6ea-b66400d8ddbe.pdf" }, { "name": "Ballycoolin Business Park, Ballycoolin Road, Dublin 15", "operator": "K2 Strategic Infrastructure Ireland Limited", "epaRef": "P1143", "year": 2025, "litres": 48432000, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 153632, "litresPerMWh": 315.2, "partialYear": false, "note": "Most use at Dub4; new meter added to Dub5 in 2025.", "quote": "Public Supply 48,432 109%", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2025, AER 2025 - P1143-01 K2 Dublin v1.0.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.15", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/e7d3de11-0b4d-4d54-b7b3-cc5fd92a73eb.pdf" }, { "name": "Grange Castle Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22 (DUB3-5)", "operator": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "epaRef": "P1190", "year": 2025, "litres": 8674580, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 214644, "litresPerMWh": 40.4, "partialYear": false, "note": "AER attributes rise to construction/decommissioning activity, not steady-state cooling.", "quote": "Public Supply 8674.58 +82.7%", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2025, AER P1190 Final 30-3-26.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.18", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/9019c07a-0ea9-47b4-8d4e-e7bd5019af9e.pdf" }, { "name": "Blanchardstown Industrial Park, Snugborough Road, Dublin 15", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "epaRef": "P1172", "year": 2025, "litres": 7851950, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 436585, "litresPerMWh": 18.0, "partialYear": false, "note": null, "quote": "Public Supply 7,851.95 -10%", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2025, P1172-01-Annual Environmental Report-2025.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.15", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/3b5e09fb-a5aa-4442-8d18-c00f3271aeb7.pdf" }, { "name": "Grange Castle Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22 (DUB6-13)", "operator": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "epaRef": "P1191", "year": 2025, "litres": 4557100, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 911626, "litresPerMWh": 5.0, "partialYear": false, "note": null, "quote": "Public Supply 4557.10 -18.59%", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2025, AER P1191 Final 31-3-26.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.18", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/61031159-d228-4c09-82ba-64b8ce219a13.pdf" }, { "name": "Hibernian Industrial Estate, Greenhills Road, Dublin 24", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "epaRef": "P1177", "year": 2025, "litres": 4199000, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 303368, "litresPerMWh": 13.8, "partialYear": false, "note": null, "quote": "Public Supply 4,199 111%", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2025, P1177-01-Annual Environmental Report-2025.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.17", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/a6bb6933-65be-46c5-871e-ebd91e39bc43.pdf" }, { "name": "Grange Castle Business Park South, Baldonnel Road, Dublin 22", "operator": "Google Ireland Limited", "epaRef": "P1189", "year": 2025, "litres": 3340850, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 227525, "litresPerMWh": 14.7, "partialYear": false, "note": null, "quote": "Public Supply 3340.85 -6%", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2025, AER-template-2021_V4-Final PPK.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.14", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/06296e48-321f-4c8e-b8d2-322574354684.pdf" }, { "name": "Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22 (DUB14/DUB15)", "operator": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "epaRef": "P1187", "year": 2025, "litres": 2919500, "otherSourcesLitres": 480000, "otherSources": { "Rainwater": 480.0 }, "gridMWh": 226454, "litresPerMWh": 12.9, "partialYear": false, "note": "Plus 480 m3 rainwater. AER total excludes the rainwater line.", "quote": "Public Supply 2919.50 +80.52%", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2025, AER P1187 Final 30-3-26.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.18", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/756ed289-739f-4a3f-85ce-c0e411c991ab.pdf" }, { "name": "Clonshaugh Business & Technology Park, Dublin 17", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "epaRef": "P1171", "year": 2025, "litres": 2910650, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 1020370, "litresPerMWh": 2.9, "partialYear": false, "note": null, "quote": "Public Supply 2,910.65 -86%", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2025, P1171-01-Annual Environmental Report-2025.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.16", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/bc4198f1-1fa7-4f2e-be31-0b9f5e99993c.pdf" }, { "name": "Clonshaugh Business and Technology Park, Dublin 17", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "epaRef": "P1186", "year": 2025, "litres": 2563180, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 244113, "litresPerMWh": 10.5, "partialYear": false, "note": null, "quote": "Public Supply 2,563.18 -70%", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2025, P1186-01-Annual Environmental Report-2025.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.16", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/7e3d2b6f-cb9a-4528-ad23-01ffc34e9391.pdf" }, { "name": "Grange Castle Business Park South, Baldonnell Road, Dublin 22", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "epaRef": "P1184", "year": 2025, "litres": 2469870, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 93924, "litresPerMWh": 26.3, "partialYear": false, "note": null, "quote": "Public Supply 2,469.87 -38%", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2025, P1184-01-Annual Environmental Report-2025.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.16", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/8d3453b5-f0c5-4d9a-a2fe-aa338f484415.pdf" }, { "name": "Airton Road, Tallaght, Dublin 24 (Belgard)", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "epaRef": "P1173", "year": 2025, "litres": 1978350, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 399286, "litresPerMWh": 5.0, "partialYear": false, "note": null, "quote": "Public Supply 1,978.35 -43%", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2025, P1173-01-Annual Environmental Report-2025.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.15", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/45b512a3-d54e-493a-9d32-dd4136f33e47.pdf" }, { "name": "IDA Business & Technology Park, Donore Road, Drogheda, Co. Meath", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "epaRef": "P1181", "year": 2025, "litres": 1338000, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 111035, "litresPerMWh": 12.1, "partialYear": false, "note": null, "quote": "Public Supply 1,338.00 N/A", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2025, P1181-01-Annual Environmental Report-2025.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.16", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/99502627-835d-4f88-af93-b6f9bee84194.pdf" }, { "name": "Grange Castle South Business Park, Baldonnel Road, Dublin 22", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "epaRef": "P1170", "year": 2025, "litres": 1132660, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 440803, "litresPerMWh": 2.6, "partialYear": false, "note": null, "quote": "Public Supply 1,132.66 -87%", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2025, P1170-01-Annual Environmental Report-2025.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.16", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/d30f01fa-7b3c-4f1d-b37d-be8909ba4629.pdf" }, { "name": "Cruiserath Road, Dublin 15", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "epaRef": "P1182", "year": 2025, "litres": 688830, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 670668, "litresPerMWh": 1.0, "partialYear": false, "note": null, "quote": "Public Supply 688.83 -84%", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2025, P1182-01-Annual Environmental Report-2025.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.15", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/b8bc1941-41e7-4fe5-a8ce-3b57f4997691.pdf" }, { "name": "Sl\u00ed na Ch\u00e1irde, Portan, Clonee, Co. Meath", "operator": "Runways Information Services Limited (Meta)", "epaRef": "P1192", "year": 2024, "litres": 571298000, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 1076960, "litresPerMWh": 530.5, "partialYear": false, "note": null, "quote": "Public Supply 571,298 N/A", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2024, P1192-01 Annual Environmental Report 2024.docx.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.17", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/815592bd-4587-468f-88ba-1f9340f3bb92.pdf" }, { "name": "Blanchardstown Industrial Park, Snugborough Road, Dublin 15 (DB5/DB6)", "operator": "Equinix Hyperscale 1 (DB5) Limited", "epaRef": "P1168", "year": 2024, "litres": 102953000, "otherSourcesLitres": 406000, "otherSources": { "Recycled Water": 403.0, "Rainwater": 3.0 }, "gridMWh": 84390, "litresPerMWh": 1220.0, "partialYear": false, "note": "Plus 403 m3 recycled and 3 m3 rainwater; customer load rose sharply.", "quote": "Public Supply 102,953 69% Increase", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2024, 2024 AER - Equinix DB5x P1168-01 Final.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.17", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/632e86ac-f221-47b6-b9c2-a5765cb06d09.pdf" }, { "name": "Clonshaugh Business & Technology Park, Dublin 17", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "epaRef": "P1171", "year": 2024, "litres": 21092000, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 902007, "litresPerMWh": 23.4, "partialYear": false, "note": null, "quote": "Public Supply 21,092 N/A", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2024, P1171-01-Annual Environmental Report-2024.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.17", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/c30f08a6-d159-4926-8e66-2f07366442d0.pdf" }, { "name": "Grange Castle South Business Park, Baldonnel Road, Dublin 22", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "epaRef": "P1170", "year": 2024, "litres": 8988000, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 298170, "litresPerMWh": 30.1, "partialYear": false, "note": null, "quote": "Public Supply 8,988 N/A", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2024, P1170-01-Annual Environmental Report-2024.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.17", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/2ea853df-3fd4-4c75-8ad9-ac2f2b2af3e2.pdf" }, { "name": "Blanchardstown Industrial Park, Snugborough Road, Dublin 15", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "epaRef": "P1172", "year": 2024, "litres": 8702000, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 505910, "litresPerMWh": 17.2, "partialYear": false, "note": null, "quote": "Public Supply 8,702 N/A", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2024, P1172-Annual Environmental Report-2024.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.16", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/88f0c54d-43a5-4512-9a0d-dfbc75809bbd.pdf" }, { "name": "Clonshaugh Business and Technology Park, Dublin 17", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "epaRef": "P1186", "year": 2024, "litres": 8587000, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 238939, "litresPerMWh": 35.9, "partialYear": false, "note": null, "quote": "Public Supply 8,587 N/A", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2024, P1186-01-Annual Environmental Report-2024.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.16", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/49fe5529-148a-4051-9b2c-6fc6b17c23a9.pdf" }, { "name": "Grange Castle Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22 (DUB6-13)", "operator": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "epaRef": "P1191", "year": 2024, "litres": 5597800, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 892422, "litresPerMWh": 6.3, "partialYear": false, "note": "AER: decrease due to completion of construction testing.", "quote": "Public Supply 5,597.8 -43%", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2024, P1191-01 (DUB6-13) AER 2024 Final.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.16", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/1e45c3de-2356-481f-adf7-97bcb3c9abda.pdf" }, { "name": "Grange Castle Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22 (DUB3-5)", "operator": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "epaRef": "P1190", "year": 2024, "litres": 4749210, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 224169, "litresPerMWh": 21.2, "partialYear": false, "note": null, "quote": "Public Supply 4,749.21 119%", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2024, P1190-01 (DB3-5) AER 2024 Final.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.17", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/8b0f94cc-5fcf-41c3-9036-08dfc582adf6.pdf" }, { "name": "Cruiserath Road, Dublin 15", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "epaRef": "P1182", "year": 2024, "litres": 4342000, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 529488, "litresPerMWh": 8.2, "partialYear": false, "note": null, "quote": "Public Supply 4,342 N/A", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2024, P1182-01-Annual Environmental Report-2024.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.17", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/590ab27a-8f33-4740-8907-19e7bb0057a5.pdf" }, { "name": "Grange Castle Business Park South, Baldonnell Road, Dublin 22", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "epaRef": "P1184", "year": 2024, "litres": 4007000, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 77858, "litresPerMWh": 51.5, "partialYear": false, "note": null, "quote": "Public Supply 4,007 N/A", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2024, P1184-01-Annual Environmental Report-2024.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.17", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/8fbda91b-8ac8-493e-a7a5-6ff170485c51.pdf" }, { "name": "Grange Castle Business Park South, Baldonnel Road, Dublin 22", "operator": "Google Ireland Limited", "epaRef": "P1189", "year": 2024, "litres": 3542000, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 160034, "litresPerMWh": 22.1, "partialYear": false, "note": null, "quote": "Public Supply 3,542 N/A - 2024 was", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2024, P1189-01 AER 2024.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.15", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/8c0e1001-3657-4b4c-a1dd-0b288d1e5edc.pdf" }, { "name": "Airton Road, Tallaght, Dublin 24 (Belgard)", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "epaRef": "P1173", "year": 2024, "litres": 3445000, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 444927, "litresPerMWh": 7.7, "partialYear": false, "note": null, "quote": "Public Supply 3,445 N/A", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2024, P1173-01-Annual Environmental Report-2024.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.17", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/bce6c592-9719-4937-9e39-29ca7ea7281a.pdf" }, { "name": "Hibernian Industrial Estate, Greenhills Road, Dublin 24", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "epaRef": "P1177", "year": 2024, "litres": 1989000, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 319536, "litresPerMWh": 6.2, "partialYear": false, "note": null, "quote": "Public Supply 1,989 N/A", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2024, P1177-01-Annual Environmental Report-2024.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.17", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/c0881a67-aa10-4edb-8577-2b86f7a1ac15.pdf" }, { "name": "Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22 (DUB14/DUB15)", "operator": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "epaRef": "P1187", "year": 2024, "litres": 1617000, "otherSourcesLitres": 20000000, "otherSources": { "Rainwater": 20000.0 }, "gridMWh": 111431, "litresPerMWh": 14.5, "partialYear": false, "note": "Plus ~20,000 m3 harvested rainwater (May-Dec 2024) not counted as public supply.", "quote": "Public Supply 1,617 -33%", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2024, P1187-01 (DUB14-15) AER 2024 Final.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.17", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/0c36fae7-a803-44cc-b035-5d0465cf3ba4.pdf" }, { "name": "IDA Business & Technology Park, Donore Road, Drogheda, Co. Meath", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "epaRef": "P1181", "year": 2024, "litres": 1200000, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 72042, "litresPerMWh": 16.7, "partialYear": true, "note": "Partial year: August (licence grant) to December.", "quote": "Public Supply 1,200 N/A", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2024, P1181-01-Annual Environmental Report-2024.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.16", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/c1c93c77-e1f3-422f-b51a-7ee363bf6704.pdf" }, { "name": "Sl\u00ed na Ch\u00e1irde, Portan, Clonee, Co. Meath", "operator": "Runways Information Services Limited (Meta)", "epaRef": "P1192", "year": 2023, "litres": 84820000, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 239477, "litresPerMWh": 354.2, "partialYear": true, "note": "Partial year: Q4 2023 only (licence issued October 2023).", "quote": "Public Supply 84,820 N/A", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2023, P1192-01 2023 AER.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.15", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/ddae9594-6586-4106-9f07-680299c4992e.pdf" }, { "name": "Blanchardstown Industrial Park, Snugborough Road, Dublin 15 (DB5/DB6)", "operator": "Equinix Hyperscale 1 (DB5) Limited", "epaRef": "P1168", "year": 2023, "litres": 60763000, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 31474, "litresPerMWh": 1930.6, "partialYear": false, "note": "Cumulative site-meter reading including construction and commissioning; site ~18% loaded.", "quote": "Public Supply 60763* Not operational", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2023, 2023 AER - Equinix DB5x P1168-01 Final.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.17", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/c916aff2-adda-468d-841d-872f8905f094.pdf" }, { "name": "Blanchardstown Industrial Park, Snugborough Road, Dublin 15", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "epaRef": "P1172", "year": 2023, "litres": 18500000, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 289796, "litresPerMWh": 63.8, "partialYear": true, "note": "Partial year: July (licence grant) to December.", "quote": "Public Supply 18,500 N/A", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2023, P1172-01-Annual Environmental Report-2023.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.16", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/8b2104f3-dc23-4b03-b857-8c1797dd4307.pdf" }, { "name": "Clonshaugh Business and Technology Park, Dublin 17", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "epaRef": "P1186", "year": 2023, "litres": 10756000, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 142595, "litresPerMWh": 75.4, "partialYear": true, "note": "Partial year: June (licence grant) to December.", "quote": "Public Supply 10,756 N/A", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2023, P1186-01-Annual Environmental Report-2023.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.17", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/50132403-a35a-4d78-b806-e7345c89e786.pdf" }, { "name": "Clonshaugh Business & Technology Park, Dublin 17", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "epaRef": "P1171", "year": 2023, "litres": 10175000, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 525111, "litresPerMWh": 19.4, "partialYear": true, "note": "Partial year: June (licence grant) to December.", "quote": "Public Supply 10,175 N/A", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2023, P1171-01-Annual Environmental Report-2023.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.17", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/c2528608-72cb-4b74-ab1e-fccf3e604822.pdf" }, { "name": "Grange Castle Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22 (DUB6-13)", "operator": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "epaRef": "P1191", "year": 2023, "litres": 9877000, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 459693, "litresPerMWh": 21.5, "partialYear": true, "note": "Partial year: July (licence grant) to December.", "quote": "Public Supply 9,877 N/A", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2023, P1191-01 (DUB6-13) AER 2023_Final.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.16", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/f2242c83-9bcb-49b0-b405-650d99f8b7d7.pdf" }, { "name": "Hibernian Industrial Estate, Greenhills Road, Dublin 24", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "epaRef": "P1177", "year": 2023, "litres": 9054000, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 204761, "litresPerMWh": 44.2, "partialYear": true, "note": "Partial year: June (licence grant) to December.", "quote": "Public Supply 9,054 N/A", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2023, P1177-01-Annual Environmental Report-2023.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.17", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/5194e170-3e76-4a00-8870-5d6cb941edcd.pdf" }, { "name": "Airton Road, Tallaght, Dublin 24 (Belgard)", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "epaRef": "P1173", "year": 2023, "litres": 3145000, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 275442, "litresPerMWh": 11.4, "partialYear": true, "note": "Partial year: June (licence grant) to December.", "quote": "Public Supply 3,145 N/A", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2023, P1173-01-Annual Environmental Report-2023.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.16", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/8b4fd0f2-282e-4441-bf18-8875c7acc9e6.pdf" }, { "name": "Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22 (DUB14/DUB15)", "operator": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "epaRef": "P1187", "year": 2023, "litres": 2424000, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 11759, "litresPerMWh": 206.1, "partialYear": true, "note": "Includes construction/commissioning water (could not be separated).", "quote": "Public Supply 2424 N/A", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2023, P1187-01 (DUB14-15) AER 2023_Final.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.17", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/fe99f8bc-f027-40e5-91e3-2ccff4e51e76.pdf" }, { "name": "Grange Castle Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22 (DUB3-5)", "operator": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "epaRef": "P1190", "year": 2023, "litres": 2165000, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 125137, "litresPerMWh": 17.3, "partialYear": true, "note": "Partial year: June (licence grant) to December.", "quote": "Public Supply 2,165 N/A", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2023, P1190-01 (DB3-5) AER 2023 Final.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.17", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/026458a9-4e24-41cc-9820-c0c5c6d959fb.pdf" }, { "name": "Cruiserath Road, Dublin 15", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "epaRef": "P1182", "year": 2023, "litres": 1488000, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 243503, "litresPerMWh": 6.1, "partialYear": true, "note": "Partial year: June (licence grant) to December.", "quote": "Public Supply 1,488 N/A", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2023, P1182-01-Annual Environmental Report-2023.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.16", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/cf1e53e2-bac9-4d9f-b0c9-0173525cb296.pdf" }, { "name": "Grange Castle Business Park South, Baldonnell Road, Dublin 22", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "epaRef": "P1184", "year": 2023, "litres": 1421000, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 45281, "litresPerMWh": 31.4, "partialYear": true, "note": "Partial year: June (licence grant) to December.", "quote": "Public Supply 1,421 N/A", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2023, P1184-01-Annual Environmental Report-2023.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.17", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/bc2c9077-ce4c-4555-ac86-af9683d45957.pdf" }, { "name": "Grange Castle South Business Park, Baldonnel Road, Dublin 22", "operator": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "epaRef": "P1170", "year": 2023, "litres": 1397000, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 111329, "litresPerMWh": 12.5, "partialYear": true, "note": "Partial year: July (licence grant) to December.", "quote": "Public Supply 1397 N/A", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2023, P1170-01-Annual Environmental Report-2023.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.16", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/a5cee463-0f08-422f-bc30-74ce4aeacd3a.pdf" }, { "name": "Grange Castle Business Park South, Baldonnel Road, Dublin 22", "operator": "Google Ireland Limited", "epaRef": "P1189", "year": 2023, "litres": 622940, "otherSourcesLitres": null, "otherSources": null, "gridMWh": 35395, "litresPerMWh": 17.6, "partialYear": true, "note": null, "quote": "Public Supply 622.94 N/A \u2013 first", "verified": true, "source": "EPA AER 2023, P1189-01 AER 2023.pdf, Table 5 'Water Used', p.14", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/94746fbb-9a5c-4d29-8af8-7242008a11b1.pdf" } ], "hosepipeBan": { "periods": [ { "label": "Jan-Apr 2026", "start": "2026-01-01", "end": "2026-04-30", "litres": 276000000.0, "reportedDailyRange": "1-3 ML/day", "days": 120, "mlPerDay": 2.3 }, { "label": "May-Jul 2026", "start": "2026-05-01", "end": "2026-07-31", "litres": 514000000.0, "reportedDailyRange": "4-6 ML/day", "days": 92, "mlPerDay": 5.59 }, { "label": "Jul 2026", "start": "2026-07-01", "end": "2026-07-31", "litres": 200000000.0, "approx": "over 200 million litres", "days": 31, "mlPerDay": 6.45 } ], "ratioSummerToSpring": 2.43, "banDates": { "gdaRegionalStart": "c. mid-July 2026 (about a week before 22 July)", "nationwide": [ "2026-07-24", "2026-08-26" ], "extended": "to end-September 2026 for 13 counties incl. Dublin and Meath", "source": "RT\u00c9 News, 22 Jul 2026; The Journal, Aug 2026", "url": "https://www.rte.ie/news/environment/2026/0722/1584504-hosepipe-ban/", "extraUrl": "https://www.thejournal.ie/uisce-eireann-extends-hosepipe-ban-until-the-end-of-september-for-13-counties-7139913-Aug2026/" }, "sites": 57, "basis": "Uisce \u00c9ireann figures supplied to Deputy Ciar\u00e1n Ahern, 57 data centres on the public network (desktop review)", "source": "The Journal Investigates (C. O'Carroll), 24 Aug 2026", "url": "https://www.thejournal.ie/ireland-data-centre-water-use-7137959-Aug2026/", "quote": "between four and six million litres of water a day", "dailQuote": { "quote": "ordinary people were asked to abide by a hosepipe ban this summer whereas data centres actually doubled their water consumption", "source": "D\u00e1il oral PQ 4 [65969/26], Deputy Ciar\u00e1n Ahern (Labour), 17 Sep 2026", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/question/2026-09-17/pq_4" }, "finding": "Daily use did roughly double, from ~2.3 ML/day (Jan-Apr) to ~5.6 ML/day (May-Jul), but the rise began in May, before any Water Conservation Order; the ban covered only the second half of July in this data. It is a hot-weather (cooling) effect that coincided with the ban, not a response to it. July alone was over 200 ML (~6.5 ML/day)." }, "modelledVsMetered": { "year": 2025, "modelled": { "litres": 46000000000.0, "litresPerDay": 125900000.0, "basis": "Water footprint of the electricity data centres consume (UNU parameter 6 L/kWh for Irish electricity x CSO metered data-centre electricity, table MEC02)", "source": "Fearon, Bresnihan & Brodie, 'How we all pay for Big Tech', MUSSI Working Paper 31, Maynooth University, Sept 2026", "url": "https://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/id/eprint/21841/1/MUSSI%20working%20paper%2031.pdf", "page": 21, "quote": "we estimate that the total water footprint of the electricity consumption of data centres in Ireland was approximately 125.9 million litres", "methodQuote": "The UN report estimates the water footprint intensity of Irish electricity consumption is 6L/kWh.", "methodPage": 37 }, "reproduced": { "csoDataCentreGWh": 7662.0, "litres": 45972000000, "csoAsOf": "2026-10-10", "url": "https://data.cso.ie/table/MEC02" }, "meteredAER": { "litres": 1047627520, "litresPerMWh": 154.1 }, "meteredUisceEireann57Annualised": 1744700000, "meteredPerCsoMWh": 136.7, "modelledLitresPerMWh": 6000.0, "ratioModelledToAER": 43.9, "explanation": [ "The 46 bn L is the water footprint of generating the electricity data centres use: the paper multiplies CSO data-centre electricity by a UNU intensity of 6 L/kWh for Irish electricity (p.37 n.86). 7,662 GWh x 6 L/kWh = 46.0 bn L.", "It is not on-site water. The metered figures (EPA AERs, Uisce \u00c9ireann) count water delivered to the site from the public mains; AERs do not break it down by use.", "The two measure different things, so the ~44x gap is not evidence that sites under-report. Per MWh, even the thirstiest site (Equinix DB5, ~2,450 L/MWh in 2025) uses less on-site water than the 6,000 L/MWh the paper assigns to generation.", "Metered public supply also misses private wells: per Uisce \u00c9ireann (PQ 225, 28 Jul 2026), some data centres have their own wells or use harvested rainwater. Every AER in this set reports zero groundwater." ] }, "context": [ { "quote": "Over four billion litres", "basis": "Six pharmaceutical plants, public supply, 2024-2025 combined (EPA AERs); Aughinish Alumina >10 bn L over the same two years", "source": "The Journal Investigates, 24 Jul 2026", "url": "https://www.thejournal.ie/investigates-data-centre-water-use-7110966-Jul2026/" } ], "statements": [ { "date": "2026-06-11", "quote": "most large data centres have improved efficiency and rely on closed loop systems with minimal ongoing consumption", "source": "D\u00e1il written answer, Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment, PQ 150 [44886/26], 11 Jun 2026 (citing Uisce \u00c9ireann's previous analysis)", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/question/2026-06-11/pq_150" }, { "date": "2026-07-28", "quote": "data centres are not a major driver of demand on the public water supply network, accounting for less than 0.3%", "source": "D\u00e1il written answer, Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment, PQ 225 [58369/26], 28 Jul 2026 (Uisce \u00c9ireann advice)", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/question/2026-07-28/pq_225" }, { "date": "2026-07-28", "quote": "not all data centres use water from the Uisce \u00c9ireann network, with a number of them having their own wells", "source": "D\u00e1il written answer, PQ 225 [58369/26], 28 Jul 2026", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/question/2026-07-28/pq_225" }, { "date": "2023-02-02", "quote": "There is currently no register held by a public body that includes the energy and water requirements of data centres.", "source": "D\u00e1il written answer, PQ 200-201 [5313/23, 5314/23], 2 Feb 2023", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/question/2023-02-02/pq_201" }, { "date": "2025-03-19", "quote": "Uisce \u00c9ireann does not publish ongoing water consumption figures relating to particular businesses as the information may be commercially sensitive", "source": "D\u00e1il written answer, Minister for Housing, PQ 960 [12591/25], 19 Mar 2025", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/question/2025-03-19/pq_960" }, { "date": "2026-04-14", "quote": "data centres in Ireland are reporting this information to a confidential EU database on data centres", "source": "D\u00e1il written answer, PQ 449 [25230/26], 14 Apr 2026 (EED Article 12 / Reg. 2024/1364)", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/question/2026-04-14/pq_449" }, { "date": "2026-09-17", "quote": "ordinary people were asked to abide by a hosepipe ban this summer whereas data centres actually doubled their water consumption", "source": "D\u00e1il oral PQ 4 [65969/26], Deputy Ciar\u00e1n Ahern (Labour), 17 Sep 2026", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/question/2026-09-17/pq_4" } ], "caveats": [ "AER water is what the operator reports for the licensed installation; Amazon sites' 2025 falls of 84-87% are not explained in the AERs.", "2023 rows are mostly part-year (licences granted mid-2023). Equinix 2023 and Microsoft P1187 2023 include construction water.", "Only data centres with >=50 MW of on-site combustion plant hold EPA licences and file AERs; smaller sites are not covered (Uisce \u00c9ireann counts 57 on the network).", "litresPerMWh = public-supply water / grid electricity imported, both from the same AER. Electricity covers the whole licensed installation.", "The Uisce \u00c9ireann 57-site figures (4.78 ML/day; 2026 monthly) were released to a TD and are reported only by The Journal. No primary document is public, and the averaging period for 4.78 ML/day is not stated.", "Share of public supply uses 608,000 ML/yr from the Government's 2022 statement. About 38% of supply is lost to leakage (Water Forum 2024), so share of water actually used is higher.", "National totals hide local pressure: 93% of data centres are in the Greater Dublin Area (Water Forum 2024).", "Data-centre water KPIs reported under EED Article 12 go to a confidential EU database (PQ 449, 14 Apr 2026). They are not public per site." ] }, "press": { "title": "What's been reported", "source": "Hand-compiled review of journalism, academic, NGO, industry and official publications on Irish data centres, 2019 to Oct 2026; each item links its source.", "asOf": "2026-10-03", "method": "Searched and read Irish and international outlets, academic databases, NGO, industry and official sites. Recorded each piece's claims, numbers and data source, then compared every claim against our pipelines (CSO MEC02, EPA AERs and licences, EU ETS, Ember, Eurostat, EirGrid dashboard, planning/ACP, Tailte \u00c9ireann valuations, policy timeline, PPA list).", "stats": { "items": 80, "claims": 211, "byType": { "news": 28, "analysis": 14, "official": 12, "investigation": 10, "academic": 7, "industry": 5, "NGO": 4 }, "byVerdict": { "confirms": 35, "extends": 23, "updates": 14, "contradicts": 7, "untested": 1 }, "byAngle": { "policy": 40, "emissions": 34, "grid security": 30, "gas": 21, "renewables/PPAs": 21, "bills": 20, "jobs/tax": 18, "AI demand": 17, "transparency": 16, "planning": 9, "water": 5, "local opposition": 5, "lobbying": 2, "land/rates": 1, "equity": 1 }, "byOutlet": { "Irish Times": 21, "The Journal": 12, "RT\u00c9": 7, "Irish Examiner": 6, "Houses of the Oireachtas": 3, "UCC": 3, "The Ditch": 2, "DETE": 2, "Friends of the Earth Ireland": 2, "Digital Infrastructure Ireland": 2, "CRU": 2, "IEA": 2, "ESRI": 2, "Maynooth University": 1, "CCAC": 1, "Media, Culture & Society (SAGE)": 1, "EirGrid": 1, "SEAI": 1, "Bloomberg": 1, "ClientEarth": 1, "Ember": 1, "Bitpower": 1, "Ibec / Cloud Infrastructure Ireland": 1, "The Water Forum (An F\u00f3ram Uisce)": 1, "Guardian": 1, "Codema (Dublin's Energy Agency), conference slides": 1, "Business Post": 1 }, "byYear": { "2019": 2, "2020": 1, "2021": 2, "2022": 6, "2023": 1, "2024": 11, "2025": 17, "2026": 40 }, "paywalled": 6 }, "items": [ { "date": "2026-09-29", "outlet": "Irish Examiner", "author": "Gr\u00e1inne N\u00ed Aodha", "title": "Reduced gas prices for data centres ruled out by energy regulator, D\u00e1il committee told", "url": "https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-41917285.html", "type": "news", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "gas", "bills", "policy" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "CRU told Oireachtas committee it is not discounting gas prices, only network tariffs if supply is interrupted.", "numbers": null, "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CRU evidence to Oireachtas committee" }, { "claim": "Large energy users' network tariffs rose much faster than households'.", "numbers": "+175% large energy users vs +45% domestic, 2020-2026", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CRU" }, { "claim": "Sector size.", "numbers": "72 DC buildings on 36 sites, 69 in Greater Dublin; 5% to 23% of electricity in 10 years; AI sites >100 MW", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CRU / CSO" } ], "quote": "What is being considered is that if a gas connection is interrupted, there would be a reduction in the transmission or distribution network tariff.", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "Fact-checked 3 Oct 2026: mostly accurate. The +175% reproduces exactly from the CRU's PR6 impact note: the extra-large energy user archetype (190 GWh/yr, 44 MW, data-centre sized) paid EUR 2.45m in network charges in 2020-21 and EUR 6.76m in 2024-25 (+175%).", "factCheck": { "rating": "mostly accurate", "checkedOn": "2026-10-03", "claimText": "Large energy users' network tariffs rose much faster than households': +175% vs +45%, 2020-2026.", "origin": "CRU, via the Irish Examiner.", "reasoning": [ "The +175% reproduces exactly from the CRU's PR6 impact note: the extra-large energy user archetype (190 GWh/yr, 44 MW, data-centre sized) paid EUR 2.45m in network charges in 2020-21 and EUR 6.76m in 2024-25 (+175%).", "The same tables give the domestic archetype EUR 293 -> EUR 384 (+31%), not +45%. We could not reproduce +45% (it may use 2025-26 tariffs; unchecked).", "It flips after 2024-25: by 2029-30 the CRU estimates extra-large users -20% and households +15%. That is how RT\u00c9 Prime Time's '-14%' and this '+175%' can both cite the CRU: different base years.", "Over the whole span 2020-21 to 2029-30: extra-large users +119%, households +51%. So 'rose much faster' is right for the past; it does not describe the coming years.", "Sector size: CSO share 5.0% (2015) -> 23.2% (2025) matches '5% to 23% in 10 years'." ], "numbers": { "xleu2020_21EUR": 2454335, "xleu2024_25EUR": 6758543, "xleuChangePct": 175, "domestic2020_21EUR": 293, "domestic2024_25EUR": 384, "domesticChangePct": 31, "xleu2024_25to2029_30Pct": -20, "domestic2024_25to2029_30Pct": 15, "csoShare2015Pct": 5.0, "csoShare2025Pct": 23.2 }, "caveats": [ "CRU archetypes are illustrative customers, not averages; a data centre's actual charges depend on its MIC and voltage." ], "sources": [ { "name": "CRU2025198 PR6 Final Determination, Impact Analysis Note, Tables 1, 16, 17", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2025198_-_Price_Review_Six_-_Final_Determination_-_Impact_Analysis_Note.pdf", "cache": "data/raw/intuition/cru-CRU2025198-PR6-impact-note-2026-10-03.txt" }, { "name": "CSO MEC02 Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption", "url": "https://data.cso.ie/table/MEC02", "cache": "data/cso-mec02-2026-10-03.json" } ], "myths": [ "my_bill" ] } }, "followUpIdea": "Pull CRU PR5/PR6 and annual tariff decisions to settle who pays network costs.", "id": "2026-09-irish-examiner-reduced-gas-prices-for-data-ce" }, { "date": "2026-09-29", "outlet": "Irish Times", "author": "Emmet Malone, Cormac McQuinn", "title": "New data centres designed for AI 'require power in excess of that used by 100,000 homes'", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/oireachtas/2026/09/29/new-data-centres-designed-for-ai-require-power-in-excess-of-that-used-by-100000-homes/", "type": "news", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "AI demand", "grid security", "policy" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "CRU told an Oireachtas committee that AI-focused facilities can exceed 100 MW each.", "numbers": ">100 MW ~ 100,000 households; DC share ~35% by 2035; 5% (2015) to 23% (2025); ~100 of ~130 DCs in Dublin", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CRU (Jim Gannon), EirGrid, ESB Networks evidence" } ], "quote": "Large AI-focused facilities can exceed 100 megawatts in demand with annual electricity consumption comparable to that of around 100,000 households.", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "EPA AERs: three single sites already average >100 MW (Meta Clonee 135 MW, Amazon Clonshaugh 117 MW, Microsoft DUB6-13 104 MW in 2025)." }, "followUpIdea": null, "id": "2026-09-irish-times-new-data-centres-designed-for-" }, { "date": "2026-09-24", "outlet": "The Journal", "author": "Conor O'Carroll", "title": "Government report on data centres was 'flawed' and 'exaggerated', new research claims", "url": "https://www.thejournal.ie/government-data-centre-report-academic-research-7165266-Sep2026/", "type": "news", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "jobs/tax", "policy", "AI demand" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Academic study disputes the KPMG claim that data centres 'underpin' 876,000 jobs.", "numbers": "876,000 'underpinned' jobs vs ~3,300 direct employees; DCs 22% of electricity (2024); German car industry 400,000 jobs on 3% of power", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Fearon (UAB), Bresnihan (Maynooth), Brodie (UCD) report; CSO" }, { "claim": "Resources used for DC expansion had large opportunity costs.", "numbers": "~50,000 homes could have been built (2019-2024); or 20,490 education / 12,657 health / 25,484 social-work jobs", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Authors' own modelling" } ], "quote": "This is a huge claim to make and that it is almost impossible to establish. (Patrick Bresnihan)", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "extends", "note": "Tailte \u00c9ireann valuations: data centres pay an estimated EUR 73m a year in commercial rates (66 properties), a local-tax number neither side cites." }, "followUpIdea": "Add rates to the jobs/tax ledger beside KPMG's EUR 280m/yr employment taxes.", "outletDetail": "TheJournal.ie (The Journal Investigates)", "id": "2026-09-the-journal-government-report-on-data-cent" }, { "date": "2026-09-24", "outlet": "Irish Times", "author": "Ian Curran", "title": "Data centres 'may have used as much water' last year in Ireland as more than 340,000 homes", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/business/2026/09/24/data-centres-may-have-used-as-much-water-last-year-in-ireland-as-more-than-340000-homes/", "type": "news", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "water", "transparency", "jobs/tax" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Researchers estimate data-centre water footprint, including water embedded in electricity generation.", "numbers": "46bn litres/yr (125.9m/day) = 340,600 homes; 85 active DCs", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Bresnihan (Maynooth), Fearon (UAB), Brodie (UCD); UN water-footprint factors applied to CSO electricity data" }, { "claim": "Data centres are extremely electricity-intensive per job.", "numbers": "3,300 permanent employees; 776x electricity per job vs education", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO; KPMG employment figure" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "contradicts", "note": "Footprint built on 9.4 TWh; CSO metered DC use was 7.66 TWh in 2025, so the electricity-linked (indirect) part of the water estimate would fall by ~18% on that input alone." }, "followUpIdea": null, "id": "2026-09-irish-times-data-centres-may-have-used-as-" }, { "date": "2026-09-22", "outlet": "Irish Times", "author": "Conor Pope", "title": "Households 'put on the hook' for cost of data centre expansion to electricity grid", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/2026/09/22/households-put-on-the-hook-for-cost-of-data-centre-expansion-to-electricity-grid/", "type": "news", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "bills", "grid security", "policy" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "A TCD study argues CRU's accumulated regulatory choices socialise data-centre grid costs onto households; connection fees don't cover reinforcement.", "numbers": "Castlebaggot substation \u20ac100m, consumed by DC demand before completion; network charges ~30% of a household bill", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Eve Ryan (TCD), 'By Design, Not by Default' (launched by MEP Lynn Boylan)" }, { "claim": "Affordability context cited.", "numbers": ">320,000 households in arrears", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "cited by Lynn Boylan" } ], "quote": "Households are being put on the hook for costs associated with the enormous increase in electricity demand from data centres. (Lynn Boylan)", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "extends", "note": "Fact-checked 3 Oct 2026: can't be tested with public data. No public data splits network reinforcement cost by the customers who caused it, so the core claim cannot be tested. Supporting facts check out. CRU (CRU202504, Feb 2025): Castlebaggot 220 kV station was planned for housing and West Dublin growth, but its new capacity was 'almost entirely used by data centres'. The EUR 100m cost was not checked. CRU's 2020 factsheet put network costs at 31.8% of a typical household bill ('~30%').", "factCheck": { "rating": "can't be tested with public data", "checkedOn": "2026-10-03", "claimText": "CRU rules socialise data-centre grid costs onto households; connection fees don't cover reinforcement (TCD, 'By Design, Not by Default').", "origin": "Eve Ryan (TCD), launched by Lynn Boylan MEP; via the Irish Times.", "reasoning": [ "No public data splits network reinforcement cost by the customers who caused it, so the core claim cannot be tested.", "Supporting facts check out. CRU (CRU202504, Feb 2025): Castlebaggot 220 kV station was planned for housing and West Dublin growth, but its new capacity was 'almost entirely used by data centres'. The EUR 100m cost was not checked. CRU's 2020 factsheet put network costs at 31.8% of a typical household bill ('~30%').", "Cutting against it: the CRU's archetype tables show extra-large users' network charges rose +175% from 2020-21 to 2024-25 vs +31% for households, so large users have paid sharply more.", "Supporting it, for the future: from 2024-25 to 2029-30 the CRU projects households +15% and extra-large users -20%, as transmission charges (which big users pay most of) fall and distribution charges rise." ], "numbers": { "networkShareOfHouseholdBill2020Pct": 31.8, "xleu2020_21to2024_25Pct": 175, "domestic2020_21to2024_25Pct": 31, "domestic2024_25to2029_30Pct": 15, "xleu2024_25to2029_30Pct": -20 }, "caveats": [ "The TCD study itself was not read." ], "sources": [ { "name": "CRU202504 LEU connection policy proposed decision, p.42", "url": "https://www.cru.ie/", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2025-02-18_cru-202504-leu-proposed.txt" }, { "name": "CRU20125 domestic bills factsheet (2020)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU20125-Factsheet-Domestic-Electricity-and-Gas-Bills-in-Ireland-CRU20125.pdf", "cache": "data/raw/intuition/cru-CRU20125-bill-factsheet-2026-10-03.txt" }, { "name": "CRU2025198 PR6 Final Determination, Impact Analysis Note, Tables 1, 16, 17", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2025198_-_Price_Review_Six_-_Final_Determination_-_Impact_Analysis_Note.pdf", "cache": "data/raw/intuition/cru-CRU2025198-PR6-impact-note-2026-10-03.txt" } ], "myths": [ "my_bill" ] } }, "followUpIdea": "Obtain CRU connection-charge and shallow/deep cost rules to quantify socialised reinforcement.", "id": "2026-09-irish-times-households-put-on-the-hook-for" }, { "date": "2026-09-22", "outlet": "Irish Times", "author": null, "title": "Data centre expansion 'a runaway train taking Ireland away from climate targets'", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/oireachtas/2026/09/22/data-centre-expansion-a-runaway-train-taking-ireland-away-from-climate-targets/", "type": "news", "paywalled": true, "angle": [ "planning", "emissions", "policy" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Friends of the Earth told the committee that a large pipeline of DCs is in planning.", "numbers": "700+ MW in planning = potential 11% increase in peak demand; DCs almost 25% of electricity in 2025 (CSO) vs 5% in 2015", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "FoE planning tracking; CSO" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "read-partial", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "extends", "note": "Lifecycle: 8 live-but-unstarted permissions (~192k m2) plus 6 under construction; directory has 5 permitted and 4 proposed campuses." }, "followUpIdea": "Convert unbuilt floorspace to MW to test FoE's 700+ MW.", "outletDetail": "The Irish Times (Oireachtas Committee on AI hearing)", "id": "2026-09-irish-times-data-centre-expansion-a-runawa" }, { "date": "2026-09-17", "outlet": "The Journal", "author": "Eoghan Dalton", "title": "Man who won appeal overturning Mayo data centre hopes it 'represents change in thinking'", "url": "https://www.thejournal.ie/data-centre-mayo-sally-rooney-7165952-Sep2026/", "type": "news", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "planning", "local opposition", "gas", "policy" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la overturned Mayo County Council's approval for Avaio Digital's Killala data centre on climate/grid grounds.", "numbers": "\u20ac1.5bn; 50 MW average power; 300 construction jobs; 30-35 permanent", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "ACP decision; appeal by Colin Doyle" }, { "claim": "Grounds: no demonstrated grid capacity, no local renewable supply or long-term renewable contract, reliance on gas/biodiesel backup, inconsistency with Climate Action Plan 2025.", "numbers": null, "dataSourceTheyUsed": "ACP decision" } ], "quote": "It will hinder us on achieving our mandatory EU targets and see us hit with fines.", "verified": "read-full", "note": "Also covered by Irish Times and Irish Examiner (arid-41912716), 2026-09-17.", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "extends", "note": "Our ACP inspector-report set (22 cases to Jul 2026) does not yet include Killala; since the 2021 CRU direction refusals rose from 4% to 22% of decided new builds and appeals from 15% to 71%." }, "followUpIdea": "Add the Killala decision to acp_reports and test whether 'no demonstrated grid capacity' is now a standard refusal reason.", "outletDetail": "TheJournal.ie", "id": "2026-09-the-journal-man-who-won-appeal-overturning" }, { "date": "2026-09-12", "outlet": "Irish Times", "author": "Muireann Lynch (ESRI)", "title": "Do data centres pay their own way? The answer is not straightforward", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/2026/09/12/muireann-lynch-do-data-centres-pay-their-own-way-the-answer-is-not-straightforward/", "type": "analysis", "paywalled": true, "angle": [ "jobs/tax", "bills" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "KPMG's benefits conflate effects: much construction would happen anyway. The key test is whether DCs pay the costs they impose on the power system. Multinationals' share of VAT and payroll taxes is cited at nearly 20% (Fiscal Council estimate).", "numbers": "Irish demand +13% since 2010; Ireland moved from 13th to 7th in EU per-capita demand; KPMG \u20ac22bn GVA 2010-2024, over half from construction", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "KPMG 2026; Irish Fiscal Advisory Council; Eurostat" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "read-partial", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "extends", "note": "Rates ~EUR 73m/yr; Eurostat big-user prices 1.45x EU." }, "followUpIdea": null, "outletDetail": "The Irish Times (opinion)", "id": "2026-09-irish-times-do-data-centres-pay-their-own-" }, { "date": "2026-09-07", "outlet": "Irish Times", "author": "Caroline O'Doherty", "title": "Data centres in Ireland to be offered cut-price gas in return for possible supply disruption", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/environment/2026/09/07/data-centres-to-get-cut-price-gas-in-exchange-for-possible-disruption-of-supply/", "type": "news", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "gas", "grid security", "bills", "policy" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "CRU proposes interruptible gas connections for new large users with a tariff discount.", "numbers": "17 planned DCs would need gas equal to six large gas-fired generators or 2.6 million homes; gas shortfall 9-18% in severe cold", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CRU consultation paper; Gas Networks Ireland" } ], "quote": "It has become apparent to the CRU that new large industrial customers...have the potential to have a major impact on the gas system.", "verified": "read-full", "note": "Cross-outlet story: TheJournal.ie 2026-09-07 (Lynn Boylan 'deeply unfair'); Irish Examiner 2026-09-29 (CRU says no discount on gas price).", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "extends", "note": "EPA licences: 7 data-centre sites hold or seek on-site gas; ~2.0 GW thermal is meant as main or continuous power. Policy timeline has CRU202657 (Jun 2026)." }, "followUpIdea": "Map the 17 planned gas-using DCs against our EPA licence and planning lists.", "id": "2026-09-irish-times-data-centres-in-ireland-to-be-" }, { "date": "2026-09-03", "outlet": "The Journal", "author": "Diarmuid Pepper", "title": "Environmental Protection Agency launches investigation into noise complaints over Dublin data centre", "url": "https://www.thejournal.ie/epa-launches-investigation-noise-complaints-clondalkin-data-centre-7150972-Sep2026/", "type": "news", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "local opposition", "planning" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "EPA investigating noise at Echelon's new Clondalkin data centre; a contractor generator running out of hours was removed and chiller mitigation added.", "numbers": "12 complaints since 15 July per article body (search snippet said 13)", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "EPA; Echelon; residents" } ], "quote": "This is, and remains, a key priority (Echelon spokesperson)", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "extends", "note": "EPA LEAP: Echelon Clondalkin (P1113) is licensed for 448 MWth of gas plant intended to run continuously, ~378,588 t CO2/yr per the inspector." }, "followUpIdea": "Noise is the visible part; the bigger Echelon story is the licensed continuous gas plant.", "outletDetail": "TheJournal.ie", "id": "2026-09-the-journal-environmental-protection-agenc" }, { "date": "2026-09-01", "outlet": "Irish Times", "author": "Fintan O'Toole", "title": "Ireland can't be a dumping ground for data centres other countries don't want", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/2026/09/01/fintan-otoole-why-should-ireland-be-a-dumping-ground-for-data-centres-other-countries-dont-want/", "type": "analysis", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "policy", "bills", "local opposition" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "As other jurisdictions impose moratoriums, Ireland risks taking the overflow without cost-benefit analysis.", "numbers": "Ireland 129 DCs vs New York 133; 10x EU per-capita average", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "not stated" }, { "claim": "Households paid more due to data centres.", "numbers": "\u20ac715m to 2023; \u20ac1.43bn projected to 2034", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Friends of the Earth report (Se\u00e1n Fearon)" }, { "claim": "Share rising.", "numbers": "23% now; 30% by 2030", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO; EirGrid" } ], "quote": "If there's a global backlash against the imposition of more and more data centres, they will go where the government is most compliant.", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "contradicts", "note": "Directory: 79 campuses / 55 operating (129 is a building-level or all-status count); CSO 23.2%." }, "followUpIdea": null, "id": "2026-09-irish-times-ireland-can-t-be-a-dumping-gro" }, { "date": "2026-09", "outlet": "Maynooth University", "author": "Se\u00e1n Fearon; Patrick Bresnihan; Patrick Brodie", "title": "How we all pay for Big Tech: The social, economic, and environmental costs of data centres in Ireland", "url": "https://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/id/eprint/21841/", "type": "academic", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "jobs/tax", "bills", "water", "emissions", "policy", "land/rates" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Argues the government-commissioned KPMG report 'The value of data centres to Ireland' (June 2026) exaggerates benefits. Its figure of 876,000 jobs 'underpinned' came from surveying about 30 large firms (2,100-5,200 staff each) and extrapolating 'digitally dependent' shares to the whole economy, then running input-output modelling on inflated GVA.", "numbers": "KPMG: 876,000 jobs (~1/3 of employment), \u20ac14.6bn employment taxes; direct DC jobs ~3,300 (2024)", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Critique of KPMG 2026 report; CSO national accounts / input-output tables" }, { "claim": "Puts 2025 data-centre electricity at 9.4 TWh, 23% of grid demand, with about 3,300 direct jobs. That is 144 jobs per 1% of national power. A DC job is 776x more electricity-intensive than an education job and 1,529x more than one in health and social care.", "numbers": "9.4 TWh (2025) [NB: CSO MEC02 metered figure is 7,662 GWh, so check source]; 23%; 3,300 jobs", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO; KPMG 2026; own ratios" }, { "claim": "Estimates the water footprint (direct plus indirect, from electricity generation) of Irish data centres at about 125.9 million litres/day in 2025, or 46 billion litres/yr, and 254.7 billion litres cumulatively from 2015 to 2025. That equals the direct water use of about 340,600 homes (18.5% of occupied dwellings).", "numbers": "125.9 ML/day; 46 bn L/yr (2025); 254.7 bn L (2015-2025); ~1.48 ML/day per DC assuming ~85 active DCs; 370 L/household/day", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "UNU-INWEH water-footprint parameters applied to CSO DC electricity data; CSO household water consumption 2016-2022" }, { "claim": "Puts emissions at 620 tCO2 per direct full-time data-centre worker (2024 data), 42x the average Irish job.", "numbers": "620 tCO2/FTE; 880x health, 590x education, ~400x retail", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Own calculation, 2024 data" }, { "claim": "Opportunity cost: the capital and labour that went into data centres could have built nearly 50,000 homes in 2019-2024. Ireland's HTC construction exports (\u20ac2.1bn) are under 1% of foreign-owned computer-services exports (\u20ac279bn in 2024, 94% foreign-owned). Calls for a moratorium.", "numbers": "~50,000 homes (2019-2024); \u20ac279bn computer services exports, \u20ac262bn foreign-owned; HTC \u20ac2.1bn", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO trade/national accounts; KPMG 2026" }, { "claim": "Re-uses Fearon's FoE modelling: data centres raised household wholesale electricity costs by \u20ac360 per average household (\u20ac715m in total) over 2015-2023.", "numbers": "\u20ac360/household; \u20ac715m (2015-2023)", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Fearon 2026 (FoE/Beyond Fossil Fuels)" }, { "claim": "Authors summarise their report 'How we all pay for Big Tech'.", "numbers": "DCs 23% of demand; \u20ac360/household and \u20ac715m total wholesale cost 2015-2023; water 125.9 million L/day, 46 billion L/yr (2025) = 18.5% of occupied dwellings' direct use; ~3,300 jobs; DC job 880x more CO2-intensive than a health job; 30% of demand by 2030; capital could have built 50,000 houses 2019-2024", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO; FoE/BFF cost model; UN water-intensity methodology applied to Irish CSO electricity data; Census 2022" }, { "claim": "The paper says data centres give few permanent jobs for the power they use.", "numbers": "3,300 direct permanent jobs; 23% of national power (9.4 TWh, 2024); 144 jobs per 1% of demand vs 17,500 for health; Meta Clonee used 1,076,961 MWh in 2024 (3.34% of demand)", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "KPMG/DETE report; CSO; EPA AERs; company filings" }, { "claim": "KPMG's headline figures (\u20ac104bn GVA, 876,000 jobs, \u20ac14.6bn tax) rest on a spurious method, attributing whole sectors' activity to data centres via an input-output model.", "numbers": "\u20ac104bn GVA; 876,000 jobs; \u20ac14.6bn employment tax; Irish HTC DC construction exports \u20ac2.1bn = <1% of foreign-owned computer services exports (\u20ac262bn)", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Critique of KPMG 2026 report; CSO national accounts" }, { "claim": "Estimated water footprint of Irish data centres (direct plus indirect).", "numbers": "125.9m litres/day and 46bn litres in 2025; 254.7bn litres 2015-2025; = direct use of 340,600 homes (18.5% of occupied dwellings)", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Own estimate from electricity use and water-intensity factors" }, { "claim": "Capital used for data centres could instead have built homes or funded public services jobs. The authors call for a moratorium.", "numbers": "~50,000 homes 2019-2024; or 20,490 education / 12,657 health / 25,484 social-work jobs", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Own counterfactual using investment totals and CSO cost data" }, { "claim": "They estimate DC construction jobs are higher than KPMG's figure.", "numbers": "7,750 direct jobs (6,220 construction) vs KPMG ~6,000 direct construction", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Own estimate" } ], "quote": "The economic contributions of data centres to the Irish economy are exaggerated", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "contradicts", "note": "CSO MEC02: 7.66 TWh in 2025, not 9.4 TWh; EPA AER confirms Meta Clonee 1,077 GWh in 2024 (the paper's 1,076,961 MWh). Rates (~EUR 73m/yr) absent from the ledger." }, "followUpIdea": "Offer the authors CSO-based recalculation.", "alsoPublishedAs": [ { "outlet": "Irish Examiner (opinion)", "url": "https://www.irishexaminer.com/opinion/commentanalysis/arid-41914288.html", "date": "2026-09-24" }, { "outlet": "Maynooth University Social Science Institute (MUSSI Working Paper 31)", "url": "https://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/id/eprint/21841/", "date": "2026-09-16" } ], "outletDetail": "Maynooth University Social Science Institute (MUSSI Working Paper 31)", "id": "2026-09-maynooth-university-how-we-all-pay-for-big-tech-th" }, { "date": "2026-08-06", "outlet": "The Journal", "author": "Conor O'Carroll", "title": "Concerns over supporting data centres ahead of transport or housing scrubbed from government report", "url": "https://www.thejournal.ie/data-centre-government-report-housing-transport-7122123-Aug2026/", "type": "investigation", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "policy", "transparency", "water" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Drafts of the KPMG report flagged opportunity costs vs housing/transport and recommended mandatory water/energy standards; these were removed after departmental feedback.", "numbers": "Report cost \u20ac100,000+", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Draft versions and Department of Enterprise feedback emails obtained by MEP Lynn Boylan (FOI)" }, { "claim": "A draft said 'non-domestically critical' data centres could relocate without disrupting Irish services.", "numbers": null, "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Same FOI records" }, { "claim": "FOI records show the Department asked KPMG to strengthen the pro-data-centre narrative of its draft; an 'opportunity costs' section was dropped and community concerns reduced.", "numbers": "draft Nov 2025; changes requested 11 Dec; revised by 19 Dec 2025", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "FOI records released to Sinn F\u00e9in (also reported by The Journal, Irish Daily Mail)" }, { "claim": "Separately, RT\u00c9 (19 June 2026, Gordon Deegan) reported the Department paid KPMG for the study.", "numbers": "\u20ac104,938 ex VAT", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Department records" } ], "quote": "The government already had the answer and was looking for ways to justify it (Lynn Boylan MEP)", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "extends", "note": "Fact-checked 3 Oct 2026: mostly accurate. The drafts are FOI-only, so the before/after cannot be checked from public documents. What can be checked is the published report. The published KPMG report never mentions housing (0 occurrences in the text), consistent with the reported removal.", "factCheck": { "rating": "mostly accurate", "checkedOn": "2026-10-03", "claimText": "Drafts of the KPMG report flagged opportunity costs against housing/transport; these were removed after Department feedback.", "origin": "FOI records (drafts and Department emails) released to Lynn Boylan MEP and Sinn F\u00e9in.", "reasoning": [ "The drafts are FOI-only, so the before/after cannot be checked from public documents. What can be checked is the published report.", "The published KPMG report never mentions housing (0 occurrences in the text), consistent with the reported removal.", "It does still have an 'opportunity costs and trade-offs' table (main body and appendix), but every cost is paired with a 'however' counterpoint. So 'opportunity costs section dropped' is too strong; 'softened' fits the published text.", "The 'non-domestically critical' phrase does not appear in the published report." ], "numbers": { "housingMentionsInFinal": 0, "opportunityCostTablesInFinal": 2 }, "caveats": [ "The KPMG fee (EUR 104,938 ex VAT, RT\u00c9) was not checked." ], "sources": [ { "name": "KPMG for DETE, The Value of Data Centres to Ireland (Jun 2026)", "url": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/publication-files/the-value-of-data-centres-to-ireland.pdf", "cache": "data/raw/investment/dete-value-of-data-centres-to-ireland-kpmg-2026-10-03.txt" } ], "myths": [ "jobs_876k" ] } }, "followUpIdea": "Track ministerial answers on the KPMG report via the oireachtas pipeline.", "alsoPublishedAs": [ { "outlet": "Irish Times", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/2026/08/07/department-of-enterprise-denies-trying-to-predetermine-conclusions-of-data-centre-study/", "date": "2026-08-07" } ], "outletDetail": "TheJournal.ie (The Journal Investigates)", "id": "2026-08-the-journal-concerns-over-supporting-data-" }, { "date": "2026-07-28", "outlet": "Irish Times", "author": "Ian Curran", "title": "Computing giants 'pivoting away' from 'constrained' Dublin as data centre hub", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/business/2026/07/28/computing-giants-pivoting-away-from-constrained-dublin-as-data-centre-hub/", "type": "news", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "AI demand", "grid security", "jobs/tax" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Dublin's share of capacity among five big western European hubs is smallest.", "numbers": "Dublin 15%; London 39%; Frankfurt 18%; Paris 18%", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "DC Byte market intelligence" }, { "claim": "Microsoft, Amazon and Meta are shifting new builds away from Dublin, Microsoft toward the Nordics.", "numbers": "DCs nearly 25% of 2025 electricity; >30% by 2030", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "DC Byte; CSO" } ], "quote": "Microsoft, Amazon and Meta are all pivoting away from Dublin, with Microsoft looking towards the Nordics as an alternative.", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "Lifecycle: new-build applications fell from 55 (pre-Nov 2021) to 14 since; policy timeline: AWS told an ARET meeting (May 2026) the moratorium moved investment to Spain." }, "followUpIdea": null, "id": "2026-07-irish-times-computing-giants-pivoting-away" }, { "date": "2026-07-24", "outlet": "The Journal", "author": "Conor O'Carroll, David Mac Redmond", "title": "Data centres used almost one billion litres of water last year, but another industry used far more", "url": "https://www.thejournal.ie/investigates-data-centre-water-use-7110966-Jul2026/", "type": "investigation", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "water", "transparency" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Data centres drew close to a billion litres from public supply in 2025.", "numbers": "999 million litres (2025); 1.7 billion litres 2024-2025; Meta Clonee 556m L; Equinix Dublin 398m L (2025)", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "EPA annual environmental reports; Uisce \u00c9ireann; FOI/PQ data to Labour TD Ciar\u00e1n Ahern" }, { "claim": "Pharma and alumina use far more water.", "numbers": "6 pharma plants >4 billion L over two years; Pfizer Grange Castle 1.2bn L; Aughinish Alumina 10bn+ L over two years", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "EPA AERs" }, { "claim": "Data centre public water use rose sharply in the summer 2026 heat/hosepipe ban.", "numbers": "4-6 million L/day May-July vs 1-3 million L/day Jan-April; ~514m L (May-Jul) vs ~276m L (Jan-Apr); July >200m L; 57 DCs on public supply", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Uisce \u00c9ireann figures supplied to Ciar\u00e1n Ahern TD" } ], "quote": "It doesn't seem like anyone here has a handle on exactly what resources data centres in this country are using (Ciar\u00e1n Ahern TD)", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "Fact-checked 3 Oct 2026: accurate. Summing the public-supply water in the EPA AERs reproduces The Journal's figures exactly: 752.1m L for 2024 and 999.2m L for 2025 (1,047.6m L if K2 Strategic P1143 is included). So it is an AER total for 16 licensed sites, not an Uisce \u00c9ireann meter total.", "factCheck": { "rating": "accurate", "checkedOn": "2026-10-03", "claimText": "Data centres drew close to a billion litres from public supply in 2025 (999m L), and their use roughly doubled in summer 2026.", "origin": "The Journal Investigates, from EPA AERs and Uisce \u00c9ireann figures released to Ciar\u00e1n Ahern TD.", "reasoning": [ "Summing the public-supply water in the EPA AERs reproduces The Journal's figures exactly: 752.1m L for 2024 and 999.2m L for 2025 (1,047.6m L if K2 Strategic P1143 is included). So it is an AER total for 16 licensed sites, not an Uisce \u00c9ireann meter total.", "That is ~0.17% of public supply. Uisce \u00c9ireann's own figure for 57 connected sites (4.78 ML/day) annualises to ~1.74bn L (~0.29%), consistent with its 'less than 0.3%' advice to the Minister.", "Two sites are 91% of the AER total: Meta Clonee 556.5m L and Equinix DB5 398.1m L.", "Summer rise confirmed from the same Uisce \u00c9ireann figures: ~2.3 ML/day (Jan-Apr) to ~5.6 ML/day (May-Jul). It began in May, before the hosepipe ban, so it is a hot-weather cooling effect that coincided with the ban.", "The pharma/alumina comparisons were not re-checked." ], "numbers": { "aer2025Litres": 1047627520, "aer2025ExclK2Litres": 999195520, "aer2024Litres": 752109010, "shareOfPublicSupplyPct": 0.17, "ue57AnnualisedLitres": 1744700000, "top2SharePct": 91.1, "mlPerDayJanApr2026": 2.3, "mlPerDayMayJul2026": 5.59 }, "caveats": [ "Private wells are not in the metered figures; every AER reports zero groundwater.", "Uisce \u00c9ireann's monthly figures are reported only by The Journal; no primary document is public." ], "sources": [ { "name": "EPA AERs, public-supply water (water pipeline)", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/", "cache": "data/raw/water/extracted.json" }, { "name": "D\u00e1il written answer PQ 225 [58369/26], 28 Jul 2026", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/question/2026-07-28/pq_225" } ], "myths": [ "water_city" ] } }, "followUpIdea": "Add water abstraction/supply fields to the epa_generation AER parser and cross-check the 999 million litres.", "alsoPublishedAs": [ { "outlet": "TheJournal.ie", "url": "https://www.thejournal.ie/ireland-data-centre-water-use-7137959-Aug2026/", "date": "2026-08-24" } ], "outletDetail": "TheJournal.ie (The Journal Investigates)", "id": "2026-07-the-journal-data-centres-used-almost-one-b" }, { "date": "2026-07-13", "outlet": "Irish Examiner", "author": "Aoife M. Foley (University of Manchester)", "title": "Data centres aren't the risk \u2014 lack of energy infrastructure is", "url": "https://www.irishexaminer.com/opinion/commentanalysis/arid-41877059.html", "type": "analysis", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "grid security", "policy", "bills" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Argues Ireland's issue is infrastructure planning, not data centres.", "numbers": "23% of metered electricity 2025 (5% in 2015); DC demand +10% vs other demand +2%; = 160,000-200,000 homes; prices ~40% above EU average; EPA projects at most 25% emissions cut by 2030 vs 50% target", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO; KPMG report; EPA projections" } ], "quote": "Put plainly, Ireland does not have a data centre problem. It has an infrastructure planning problem.", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "CSO 23.2% (2025); Eurostat 1.45x EU for big users; Ember: wind flat since 2020 and imports 16% of demand, consistent with an infrastructure-shortfall reading." }, "followUpIdea": null, "outletDetail": "Irish Examiner (opinion)", "id": "2026-07-irish-examiner-data-centres-aren-t-the-risk-l" }, { "date": "2026-07-07", "outlet": "RT\u00c9", "author": "Brian O'Donovan", "title": "Data centres account for 23% of electricity usage - CSO", "url": "https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2026/0707/1582175-cso-data-centre-energy-figures/", "type": "news", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "grid security", "bills", "jobs/tax" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "CSO 2025 figures: data-centre share 23%.", "numbers": "6,973 to 7,663 GWh; Q1 2015 291 GWh to Q4 2025 1,991 GWh; LEUs 33%; residential 28%; total metered +34% 2015-2025", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO DCMEC 2025" }, { "claim": "Article sets cost and benefit side by side.", "numbers": "\u20ac360 per household 2015-2023; \u20ac22bn added, 17,000 jobs, \u20ac2.8bn tax since 2010", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "FoE/Beyond Fossil Fuels report; industry/KPMG figures" }, { "claim": "CSO 2025 figures: DC demand up 10%, now 23% of metered electricity.", "numbers": "7,663 GWh (2025); +518% since 2015; increase = ~160,000 homes; emissions = ~30,000 extra cars; EirGrid: 30% by 2030", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO MEC02; EirGrid forecast" }, { "claim": "Data centres used 23% of metered electricity in 2025.", "numbers": "7,663 GWh 2025 vs 6,973 GWh 2024 (+10%); 5% in 2015; one-third by 2030", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO DCMEC 2025. CHECKABLE: dataset has 7,662 GWh / 23.2%" }, { "claim": "Overall demand forecast to rise sharply.", "numbers": "+45% 2023-2034", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "EirGrid" }, { "claim": "FoE report says data centres add to household bills.", "numbers": "\u20ac90/yr", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Friends of the Earth" } ], "quote": "Ireland is really seen as a very strong outlier across Europe and across the whole world in terms of the pressure. (Prof Hannah Daly)", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "CSO MEC02: 7,662 GWh (2025). Our AER data adds that Amazon's nine licensed sites drew ~3.7 TWh, equal to up to ~49% of the national DC total (upper bound; roughly 40\u201350%)." }, "followUpIdea": null, "alsoPublishedAs": [ { "outlet": "Irish Examiner", "url": "https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-41875397.html", "date": "2026-07-07" }, { "outlet": "Irish Times", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/business/2026/07/07/data-centres-account-for-almost-one-quarter-of-irish-electricity-usage-in-2025/", "date": "2026-07-07" } ], "id": "2026-07-rt-data-centres-account-for-23-of" }, { "date": "2026-07-06", "outlet": "The Ditch", "author": "The Ditch editors", "title": "Irish energy regulator was to attend Thiel event", "url": "https://www.ontheditch.com/energy-regulator/", "type": "investigation", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "lobbying", "transparency", "policy" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "CRU commissioner Tanya Harrington was nominated to attend Peter Thiel's Dialog event at Powerscourt (later cancelled); CRU sets DC connection rules.", "numbers": null, "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Leaked/hacked Dialog files; records obtained by The Ditch" }, { "claim": "Harrington had said DCs would take a third of 2030 electricity and over half in Dublin/Meath today.", "numbers": ">30% of 2030 electricity; >50% of Dublin & Meath production", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Her Oireachtas committee testimony" } ], "quote": "Over 30 percent of electricity \u2013 everything that we produce in 2030 \u2013 will go to data centres.", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "Policy forecasts: EirGrid AIRAA 2026-2035 has data centres and new tech loads at 32% of demand by 2030; the Dublin & Meath figure traces to the CRU's own estimate of consumption (not production): we reproduce 49.5% for 2024 on CSO data, within a 41-53% range (see RT\u00c9, 23 Mar 2026)." }, "followUpIdea": null, "id": "2026-07-the-ditch-irish-energy-regulator-was-to-" }, { "date": "2026-06-24", "outlet": "The Journal", "author": "Conor O'Carroll", "title": "Government data centre report didn't examine prospect of higher electricity bills", "url": "https://www.thejournal.ie/government-data-centre-report-higher-electricity-prices-7079259-Jun2026/", "type": "investigation", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "bills", "policy", "transparency" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "KPMG's Department of Enterprise report omitted electricity-price impacts even though its terms of reference asked for them.", "numbers": "Report cost \u20ac100,000+", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Terms of reference vs final KPMG report ('The value of data centres to Ireland')" }, { "claim": "NGO modelling suggests households already pay more because of DC demand.", "numbers": "\u20ac360 per household extra 2015-2023; \u20ac295-\u20ac644 per year more 2025-2034", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Friends of the Earth / Beyond Fossil Fuels 'The Cost of Data Centres' (May 2026) wholesale-price modelling" } ], "quote": "The potential for increases in electricity prices related to any grid infrastructure developments required to support further data centre development.", "verified": "read-full", "note": "Quote is from the terms of reference, as reproduced in the article.", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "extends", "note": "Eurostat: Ireland's largest users paid EUR 0.159/kWh vs EU 0.110 in 2025-S2 (1.45x); EirGrid dashboard: data centres are ~28% of the overnight demand floor, the hours when cheap wind would otherwise set prices." }, "followUpIdea": "Explain the price mechanism with our grid data: flat DC load lifts residual demand in low-price night hours.", "outletDetail": "TheJournal.ie (The Journal Investigates)", "id": "2026-06-the-journal-government-data-centre-report-" }, { "date": "2026-06-22", "outlet": "Irish Times", "author": "John FitzGerald", "title": "We should halt data centre growth in Ireland unless they use 100% green energy", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/2026/06/22/we-should-halt-data-centre-growth-in-ireland-unless-they-use-100-green-energy/", "type": "analysis", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "bills", "emissions", "jobs/tax", "policy" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Economist argues for halting expansion unless data centres run on 100% renewables, citing bills and emissions.", "numbers": "22% (2024) to 30% by 2030; DC construction \u20ac1.4bn of output 2024", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO; ESRI; Dept of Finance" }, { "claim": "He says the Department of Enterprise study lacks detailed econometric analysis behind its 'one-third of output' claim.", "numbers": null, "dataSourceTheyUsed": "critique of KPMG report" } ], "quote": "The optimum location for data centres is where there's an always-on source of abundant carbon-free energy", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "extends", "note": "PPA supply: CPPAs announced 1.9 GW (Microsoft 967 MW, Meta 455, Amazon 334, Google 58); none found for Equinix, Digital Realty, CyrusOne, EdgeConneX, Vantage, Echelon." }, "followUpIdea": null, "id": "2026-06-irish-times-we-should-halt-data-centre-gro" }, { "date": "2026-06-11", "outlet": "Houses of the Oireachtas", "author": "Patrick Brodie (UCD)", "title": "Expanded Statement to the Oireachtas Joint Committee on AI - 11 June 2026", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/committee/dail/34/joint_committee_on_artificial_intelligence/submissions/2026/2026-06-16_opening-statement-dr-patrick-brodie-assistant-professor-and-ad-astra-fellow-school-of-information-and-communication-studies-university-college-dublin_en.pdf", "type": "academic", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "policy", "AI demand", "bills", "jobs/tax" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Ireland is an outlier: data centres were 22% of grid electricity in 2024, against 7-9% in Singapore and 3-5% in the Netherlands. A 2026 UNU report calls Ireland a 'cautionary tale'.", "numbers": "22% IE (2024); 7-9% SG; 3-5% NL", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "EC JRC (Kamiya & Bertoldi 2024); UNU-INWEH 2026" }, { "claim": "KPMG projects installed DC capacity to grow 19% between 2025 and 2030 to 1.84 GW, based on 300 MW of existing contracts. An EirGrid market-intelligence exercise found 5.8 GW of further demand out to 2040.", "numbers": "+19%; 1.84 GW; 300 MW contracted; 5.8 GW to 2040", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "KPMG 2026 'The Value of Data Centres to Ireland'; CRU2025236 LEU decision paper" }, { "claim": "Places data centres in Ireland's long-running 'industrialisation by invitation' FDI model (Intel at Leixlip as the template) and calls for a data-centre moratorium.", "numbers": "", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Historical research (Bresnihan & Brodie 2025 book)" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "read-partial", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "extends", "note": "Policy forecasts: AIRAA 2026-2035 has contracted DC/new tech MVA from 959 to 1,870 by 2035; directory: 6 campuses under construction, 5 permitted." }, "followUpIdea": null, "outletDetail": "Houses of the Oireachtas, Joint Committee on Artificial Intelligence (expanded statement)", "id": "2026-06-houses-of-the-oireachtas-expanded-statement-to-the-oire" }, { "date": "2026-06-08", "outlet": "UCC", "author": "Teresa Bonserio; Hannah Daly", "title": "Data centre expansion in Ireland: the conflict between grid connection policy and national energy and climate targets", "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/20585450", "type": "academic", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "emissions", "gas", "policy", "renewables/PPAs", "AI demand", "grid security" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Models the CRU 2025 Large Energy User connection policy enabling 5.8 GW of extra data-centre capacity by 2040 (figure from an EirGrid/CRU market intelligence exercise), comparing against the SEAI 'With Additional Measures' (WAM) baseline. Not a forecast; a stress test of the policy's stated scale.", "numbers": "5.8 GW added in equal 390 MW/yr steps 2026-2040; utilisation ramps 10% of MIC (yr1) to 80% (yr5); 100% fossil gas during 6-yr glide path, then 80% renewables/20% gas; 400 gCO2/kWh; 50% gas-to-power efficiency; 4.4 TWh per GW offshore wind", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CRU LEU Connection Policy decision (CRU2025236) market intelligence exercise; SEAI WAM projections; CSO metered electricity 2024" }, { "claim": "Baseline: data centres used 7.2 TWh of 33 TWh metered electricity in 2024 (22%); already-contracted DCs projected to use 10.4 TWh in 2030 and 12.4 TWh in 2040 under WAM.", "numbers": "7.2 TWh / 33 TWh = 22% (2024); 10.4 TWh (2030, 25%); 12.4 TWh (2040, 24%)", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO data centres metered electricity 2024; SEAI WAM projections" }, { "claim": "Additional LEU-enabled demand would reach 8.1 TWh in 2030 and 35.2 TWh in 2040, exceeding today's national consumption; all data centres combined would be 47.6 TWh, i.e. 38% of demand in 2030 and 55% in 2040.", "numbers": "+8.1 TWh (2030); +35.2 TWh (2040); 47.6 TWh total DC (2040); 38% (2030), 55% (2040)", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Own scenario calculation on SEAI WAM baseline" }, { "claim": "Additional electricity-sector emissions would be 3.3 MtCO2 in 2030, above the whole indicative 2030 power-sector target of 3 MtCO2, peaking at 6.3 MtCO2 in 2040; cumulative extra emissions over the study period exceed 60 MtCO2.", "numbers": "3.3 MtCO2 (2030); 6.3 MtCO2 (2040); >60 MtCO2 cumulative; power-sector 2030 target 3 MtCO2", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Own calculation, 400 gCO2/kWh gas factor; Climate Act sectoral ceilings" }, { "claim": "Complying with the 80% renewable-matching rule would need about 20 TWh of new renewable generation by 2040, over 40% more than Ireland's current renewable output and on the order of 4 GW of offshore wind.", "numbers": "~20 TWh by 2040; current renewables 13.7 TWh; ~4 GW offshore wind", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Own calculation; SEAI renewable generation data" }, { "claim": "5.8 GW is about equal to the Republic's all-time peak demand. Daly presented this paper to the Oireachtas Joint Committee on AI on 9 June 2026.", "numbers": "peak 6.02 GW (January 2025)", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "EirGrid peak demand record" } ], "quote": "5.8 GW is roughly equivalent to the highest ever recorded peak electricity demand for the entire Republic of Ireland", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "extends", "note": "Emissions pipeline: the 5.8 GW scenario hits the commercial & public buildings ceiling if gas is on site (EPA inspectors attribute on-site DC gas there), not only the electricity ceiling; our 500 h/yr variant is ~1.41 Mt/yr." }, "followUpIdea": "Clarify which sectoral ceiling on-site DC gas counts against.", "outletDetail": "Zenodo (UCC Energy Policy and Modelling Group working paper)", "id": "2026-06-ucc-data-centre-expansion-in-irela" }, { "date": "2026-06-03", "outlet": "Irish Times", "author": null, "title": "The Irish Times view on the Government's data centre argument: how not to make the case", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/editorials/2026/06/03/the-irish-times-view-on-the-governments-data-centre-argument-how-not-to-make-the-case/", "type": "analysis", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "jobs/tax", "transparency", "bills", "emissions" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Editorial criticises the KPMG/Department of Enterprise report's 'enabled' jobs and output figures as misleading.", "numbers": "876,000 jobs 'enabled'; \u20ac104bn output; 94,000 jobs 'at risk'; only 3,300 employed in operational DCs (2024)", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "KPMG 'The Value of Data Centres to Ireland' (June 2026)" }, { "claim": "Construction jobs fall to zero by 2030; Ireland to miss 2030 emissions and 80% renewables targets.", "numbers": "\u20ac20bn potential cost", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "KPMG report; Fiscal Council" } ], "quote": "By this logic, a large share of every job in Irish services is attributable to data centres.", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "extends", "note": "Rates EUR 73m/yr (Tailte \u00c9ireann) is a hard local-tax figure missing from KPMG." }, "followUpIdea": null, "outletDetail": "Irish Times (editorial)", "id": "2026-06-irish-times-the-irish-times-view-on-the-go" }, { "date": "2026-06-02", "outlet": "DETE", "author": "KPMG", "title": "The value of data centres to Ireland", "url": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/publication-files/the-value-of-data-centres-to-ireland.pdf", "type": "official", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "jobs/tax", "AI demand", "policy" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Commissioned and paid for by DETE, not industry (cost \u20ac104,938 ex VAT, per RT\u00c9). The method is an economic impact model built on CSO input-output tables, project inputs and industry multipliers (direct, indirect, induced), plus surveys of operators, suppliers and customers.", "numbers": "\u20ac104,938 contract value", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO input-output tables; KPMG surveys" }, { "claim": "Economic impact of data centre construction and operation in 2024.", "numbers": "\u20ac2.2bn GVA; 19,500 jobs (11,155 construction, 8,316 operations; 54%/39% direct); \u20ac280m employment-related tax", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "KPMG IO model" }, { "claim": "Cumulative upstream impact 2010-2024.", "numbers": "\u20ac22.2bn GVA (\u20ac13.8bn construction, \u20ac8.4bn operations); jobs rose from 2,478 (2010) to 19,472 (2024); \u20ac2.8bn employment-related tax", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "KPMG IO model" }, { "claim": "Projection for 2025-2030, assuming 300 MW more capacity comes online.", "numbers": "+\u20ac11bn GVA; construction jobs falling to zero; operational jobs 8,534 to 9,462; +\u20ac1.36bn employment tax", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "KPMG scenario" }, { "claim": "The 'dependent sectors' headline: activity said to be enabled by data centres.", "numbers": "~\u20ac104bn annual GVA (19.4% of total); 876,000 jobs (32% of employment); \u20ac14.6bn employment tax (28%); Irish HTC \u20ac2.1bn DC construction exports (~40% of HTC exports)", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "KPMG sector-dependency analysis on CSO data" }, { "claim": "DETE funded the KPMG report through a MEAT tender awarded in 2024. The 181-page report was published 2 June 2026.", "numbers": "\u20ac104,938 ex VAT: \u20ac24,985 commissioning, \u20ac34,978 interim, \u20ac5,000 survey, \u20ac39,975 completion", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "DETE records released to RT\u00c9" } ], "quote": "Data centres are critical enabling infrastructure for a wide range of sectors across the economy", "verified": "read-partial", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "extends", "note": "Rates EUR 73m/yr (Tailte \u00c9ireann) is a direct fiscal contribution KPMG does not report; its 1.84 GW 2030 capacity sits between our 2025 average draw (~875 MW, CSO) and AIRAA's 1,870 MVA contracted by 2035." }, "followUpIdea": "Jobs/tax ledger with every published figure side by side.", "alsoPublishedAs": [ { "outlet": "RT\u00c9", "url": "https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2026/0619/1579293-enterprise-dept-paid-kpmg-105-000-for-data-centre-study/", "date": "2026-06-19" } ], "outletDetail": "Department of Enterprise, Tourism and Employment (prepared by KPMG)", "id": "2026-06-dete-the-value-of-data-centres-to-i" }, { "date": "2026-05-28", "outlet": "RT\u00c9", "author": "Conor Hunt", "title": "Data centres may be leading to energy cost hike - report", "url": "https://www.rte.ie/news/ireland/2026/0528/1575728-data-centres/", "type": "news", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "bills" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "A Friends of the Earth / Beyond Fossil Fuels report estimates households paid more because of data-centre demand pushing up wholesale prices.", "numbers": "~\u20ac360 per household 2015-2023; \u20ac1.4bn more on household bills in coming years", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "'The Cost of Data Centres' (FoE Ireland & Beyond Fossil Fuels), wholesale price modelling" } ], "quote": "The rapid and inflexible growth in data centre power consumption appears to be increasing wholesale electricity prices for consumers.", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "Fact-checked 3 Oct 2026: mostly accurate. Mechanism: data centres add a flat ~0.9 GW to demand, so more hours are priced by gas plant. Our wholesale data agree gas most likely set the Irish price in ~81% of half-hours (Oct 2025-Sep 2026).", "factCheck": { "rating": "mostly accurate", "checkedOn": "2026-10-03", "claimText": "Data-centre demand pushed up wholesale prices: ~EUR 360 per household over 2015-2023.", "origin": "Fearon for Friends of the Earth Ireland / Beyond Fossil Fuels (May 2026), residual-demand wholesale model.", "reasoning": [ "Mechanism: data centres add a flat ~0.9 GW to demand, so more hours are priced by gas plant. Our wholesale data agree gas most likely set the Irish price in ~81% of half-hours (Oct 2025-Sep 2026).", "We reran the same residual-demand method on independent data. 2021-23 (Ember hourly prices + EirGrid demand and wind): ~EUR 293 per household (3,682 kWh), vs Fearon's EUR 263. 2020: ~EUR 23. Oct 2025-Sep 2026 (SEMOpx + EirGrid): ~EUR 30/MWh, or ~EUR 110-130 per household per year.", "So the number reproduces in size; it is not an outlier for this method. It is a model, though: it holds imports, the plant fleet and bidding fixed and treats the whole link between residual demand and price as caused by load. That makes it a short-run, upper-end estimate, not a measured bill impact.", "Suppliers hedge, so wholesale changes reach bills late and only partly.", "RT\u00c9's 'may be leading' and the report's 'appears to be' are appropriately hedged." ], "numbers": { "fearon2015to2023PerHousehold": 360, "fearon2021to2023PerHousehold": 263, "ours2021to2023PerHousehold": 293, "ours2025_26EURperMWh": 30.5, "ours2025_26PerHouseholdPerYear": [ 112, 128 ], "gasSetSharePct": 80.6 }, "caveats": [ "Our rerun is an estimate with the same structural limits as the original." ], "sources": [ { "name": "Our rerun of the Fearon residual-demand method (SEMOpx + EirGrid, Oct 2025-Sep 2026; Ember hourly + EirGrid, 2020-24)", "url": "https://www.semopx.com/market-data/", "cache": "data/raw/press/sources/fearon-replication-2026-10-03.json" }, { "name": "Wholesale pipeline: gas price-setting share", "url": "https://www.semopx.com/market-data/" }, { "name": "CSO MEC02 Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption", "url": "https://data.cso.ie/table/MEC02", "cache": "data/cso-mec02-2026-10-03.json" } ], "myths": [ "my_bill" ] } }, "followUpIdea": "Rerun the FoE residual-demand method on our 15-min EirGrid data as an independent check.", "id": "2026-05-rt-data-centres-may-be-leading-to" }, { "date": "2026-05-27", "outlet": "Irish Times", "author": "Barry O'Halloran", "title": "Failure to attract data centres 'a threat to corporation tax revenues'", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/2026/05/27/failure-to-attract-data-centres-a-threat-to-corporation-tax-revenues/", "type": "news", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "jobs/tax", "policy" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Industry lobby argues that if data centres go elsewhere, the IP assets behind corporation tax could follow.", "numbers": "\u20ac33bn corporation tax last year; \u20ac279bn computer services exports 2024", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Digital Infrastructure Ireland (Maurice Mortell)" } ], "quote": "if data centres are going to be built in other locations, because they cannot be built in Ireland, the intellectual property assets could follow.", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "extends", "note": "Fact-checked 3 Oct 2026: can't be tested with public data. The numbers are right: corporation tax was EUR 33.0bn in 2025 (Department of Finance: 2026 forecast EUR 35.3bn, up EUR 2.3bn) and computer services exports were EUR 279bn in 2024 (CSO, via KPMG).", "factCheck": { "rating": "can't be tested with public data", "checkedOn": "2026-10-03", "claimText": "If data centres are built elsewhere, the IP assets behind Ireland's corporation tax could follow.", "origin": "Digital Infrastructure Ireland (Maurice Mortell), via the Irish Times.", "reasoning": [ "The numbers are right: corporation tax was EUR 33.0bn in 2025 (Department of Finance: 2026 forecast EUR 35.3bn, up EUR 2.3bn) and computer services exports were EUR 279bn in 2024 (CSO, via KPMG).", "The causal link is an assertion. No public data links where IP is booked to where data centres are built. KPMG's own report says services can be delivered from data centres located elsewhere.", "The evidence so far runs the other way: Microsoft's share of its long-lived assets held in Ireland fell from 17.1% (2017) to under 10% (2024-26), and Irish new-build applications fell from 55 to 14 after 2021, while corporation tax kept rising." ], "numbers": { "ct2025EURbn": 33.0, "computerServicesExports2024EURbn": 279, "msftIrelandAssetShare2017Pct": 17.1, "msftIrelandAssetShare2025Pct": "<10" }, "caveats": [ "'Could follow' is a conditional; no public data can rule it in or out." ], "sources": [ { "name": "Department of Finance, Annual Progress Report 2026", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-finance/publications/annual-progress-report-2026/", "cache": "data/raw/investment/dof-annual-progress-report-2026-2026-10-03.txt" }, { "name": "KPMG for DETE (Jun 2026)", "url": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/publication-files/the-value-of-data-centres-to-ireland.pdf", "cache": "data/raw/investment/dete-value-of-data-centres-to-ireland-kpmg-2026-10-03.txt" }, { "name": "Investment pipeline (SEC 10-K long-lived assets)", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=0000789019" } ], "myths": [ "no_tax" ] } }, "followUpIdea": "Measure Ireland's share of hyperscaler capex (P5).", "id": "2026-05-irish-times-failure-to-attract-data-centre" }, { "date": "2026-05-27", "outlet": "Friends of the Earth Ireland", "author": "Se\u00e1n Fearon (ICTA-UAB)", "title": "The cost of data centres: Modelling the household electricity costs of Ireland's data centre sector", "url": "https://www.friendsoftheearth.ie/assets/files/pdf/the_cost_of_data_centres_-_modelling_the_household_electricity_costs_of_irelands_data_centre_sectordocxpdf.pdf", "type": "NGO", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "bills", "gas", "AI demand" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Method: builds an hourly 'residual demand' price curve as a proxy for the merit order (2015-2023), then removes a constant DC load to create a counterfactual with no data centres. The price difference at each residual-demand percentile is the data-centre wholesale price effect, which is passed through to households.", "numbers": "Hourly, 2015-2023", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "EirGrid system & renewable data reports (hourly demand/wind); CSO quarterly DC MW (MEC) scaled to hourly using CSO 2023 hourly DC profile; CSO MEC04; SEM wholesale prices" }, { "claim": "Data centres added about \u20ac360 to the average household's electricity costs from 2015 to 2023 (\u20ac715m across all households). About 73% (\u20ac263) of this came during the 2021-2023 energy crisis.", "numbers": "\u20ac360/household; \u20ac715m; \u20ac263 (73%) crisis years; \u20ac286 lowest vs \u20ac428 highest income group", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Own model" }, { "claim": "Projection for 2025-2034, cumulative extra cost per household: \u20ac295 (low), \u20ac461 (median) or \u20ac644 (high demand scenario), i.e. \u20ac633m, \u20ac991m or \u20ac1.43bn across all households. With a price shock, up to \u20ac1.6bn.", "numbers": "\u20ac295/\u20ac461/\u20ac644; \u20ac633m/\u20ac991m/\u20ac1.43bn; shock \u20ac726m/\u20ac1.11bn/\u20ac1.6bn", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "EirGrid demand scenarios (AIRAA 2026-2035)" }, { "claim": "DC share of metered power rose from 4.4% to 23.9% (as cited from CSO).", "numbers": "4.4% -> 23.9%", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO 2025" }, { "claim": "Data centre demand pushed wholesale prices up the merit order toward gas price-setting, adding to household bills 2015-2023.", "numbers": "\u20ac360 per average household; \u20ac715m all households 2015-2023; \u20ac263 per household in 2021-2023 crisis period (FoE press release says \u20ac209 for poorest households over 2021-2023); \u20ac286 lowest-income vs \u20ac428 highest-income cumulative", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Own merit-order / residual-demand model of ISEM wholesale prices; CSO, EirGrid demand data" }, { "claim": "Further costs projected for 2025-2034 under EirGrid demand scenarios.", "numbers": "\u20ac295 / \u20ac461 / \u20ac644 per household (low/median/high); \u20ac633m / \u20ac991m / \u20ac1.43bn all households; with a price shock up to \u20ac726m / \u20ac1.11bn / \u20ac1.6bn", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "EirGrid demand scenarios (existing DC contracts)" }, { "claim": "Data centres consume more than 22% of Irish electricity, projected 30% by 2030.", "numbers": "22%+ now; 30% by 2030", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO; EirGrid" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "read-partial", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "Fact-checked 3 Oct 2026: mostly accurate. Mechanism: data centres add a flat ~0.9 GW to demand, so more hours are priced by gas plant. Our wholesale data agree gas most likely set the Irish price in ~81% of half-hours (Oct 2025-Sep 2026).", "factCheck": { "rating": "mostly accurate", "checkedOn": "2026-10-03", "claimText": "Data centres added ~EUR 360 to the average household's electricity costs over 2015-2023 (EUR 263 in 2021-23) and will add EUR 295-644 over 2025-2034.", "origin": "Own residual-demand model on EirGrid, CSO and SEM price data.", "reasoning": [ "Mechanism: data centres add a flat ~0.9 GW to demand, so more hours are priced by gas plant. Our wholesale data agree gas most likely set the Irish price in ~81% of half-hours (Oct 2025-Sep 2026).", "We reran the same residual-demand method on independent data. 2021-23 (Ember hourly prices + EirGrid demand and wind): ~EUR 293 per household (3,682 kWh), vs Fearon's EUR 263. 2020: ~EUR 23. Oct 2025-Sep 2026 (SEMOpx + EirGrid): ~EUR 30/MWh, or ~EUR 110-130 per household per year.", "So the number reproduces in size; it is not an outlier for this method. It is a model, though: it holds imports, the plant fleet and bidding fixed and treats the whole link between residual demand and price as caused by load. That makes it a short-run, upper-end estimate, not a measured bill impact.", "Suppliers hedge, so wholesale changes reach bills late and only partly.", "The context figure '4.4% -> 23.9%' is quarterly, low to high: Q1 2015 (4.4%) to Q3 2024 (23.9%). On annual figures it is 5.0% (2015) to 21.9% (2024) or 23.2% (2025).", "The 2025-34 projections depend on EirGrid demand scenarios and fuel prices and cannot be tested." ], "numbers": { "fearon2015to2023PerHousehold": 360, "fearon2021to2023PerHousehold": 263, "ours2021to2023PerHousehold": 293, "ours2025_26PerHouseholdPerYear": [ 112, 128 ], "csoQ1_2015SharePct": 4.4, "csoQ3_2024SharePct": 23.9, "csoAnnual2024SharePct": 21.9 }, "caveats": [ "Our rerun is an estimate with the same structural limits as the original." ], "sources": [ { "name": "Our rerun of the Fearon residual-demand method (SEMOpx + EirGrid, Oct 2025-Sep 2026; Ember hourly + EirGrid, 2020-24)", "url": "https://www.semopx.com/market-data/", "cache": "data/raw/press/sources/fearon-replication-2026-10-03.json" }, { "name": "CSO MEC02 Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption", "url": "https://data.cso.ie/table/MEC02", "cache": "data/cso-mec02-2026-10-03.json" } ], "myths": [ "my_bill" ] } }, "followUpIdea": "Independent replication with EirGrid 15-min data and SEMO prices.", "alsoPublishedAs": [ { "outlet": "Friends of the Earth Ireland and Beyond Fossil Fuels", "url": "https://www.friendsoftheearth.ie/publications/the-cost-of-data-centre-growth-in-ireland", "date": "2026-05-21" } ], "outletDetail": "Friends of the Earth Ireland / Beyond Fossil Fuels", "id": "2026-05-friends-of-the-earth-ireland-the-cost-of-data-centres-model" }, { "date": "2026-05-27", "outlet": "Digital Infrastructure Ireland", "author": "Jim Power, Gerard O'Neill", "title": "Digital Infrastructure for the Future We Want", "url": "https://www.digitalinfrastructure.ie/post/digital-infrastructure-for-the-future-we-want-report", "type": "industry", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "jobs/tax", "AI demand" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Paid for by the industry body. The report puts the ICT sector's economic contribution at \u20ac107.5bn and says data centres matter beyond their direct jobs.", "numbers": "\u20ac107.5bn ICT contribution; \u20ac18bn DC ecosystem investment; 105 facilities, 35 operators; computer services exports \u20ac278.7bn (57.7% of services exports); Dublin power 1.9 GW flat", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO; Knight Frank; SynMax; method not detailed on landing page" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "read-partial", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "extends", "note": "Fact-checked 3 Oct 2026: can't be tested with public data. The EUR 107.5bn and EUR 18bn headlines rest on an unpublished method and can't be tested. The export figure checks out: EUR 279bn of computer services exports in 2024, ~58% of services exports (CSO via KPMG).", "factCheck": { "rating": "can't be tested with public data", "checkedOn": "2026-10-03", "claimText": "The ICT sector contributes EUR 107.5bn; EUR 18bn data-centre ecosystem investment; 105 facilities; Dublin power 1.9 GW.", "origin": "Digital Infrastructure Ireland (Am\u00e1rach / Jim Power); method not published on the landing page.", "reasoning": [ "The EUR 107.5bn and EUR 18bn headlines rest on an unpublished method and can't be tested.", "The export figure checks out: EUR 279bn of computer services exports in 2024, ~58% of services exports (CSO via KPMG).", "'105 facilities' counts buildings; our directory has 77 campuses, 55 operating. Different units, not a contradiction.", "'1.9 GW' is close to contracted capacity, not use: EirGrid (May 2026) counts 2 GW of contracted data centres nationally (~1.9 GW at our assumed power factor). Average draw was ~875 MW in 2025, peaking at ~1,000 MW in June 2026." ], "numbers": { "computerServicesExports2024EURbn": 279, "campuses": 77, "operating": 55, "contractedUsableMW": 1900, "avgDrawMW2025": 875, "peakDrawMWJun2026": 1000 }, "caveats": [], "sources": [ { "name": "KPMG for DETE (CSO exports)", "url": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/publication-files/the-value-of-data-centres-to-ireland.pdf", "cache": "data/raw/investment/dete-value-of-data-centres-to-ireland-kpmg-2026-10-03.txt" }, { "name": "Our campus directory (app/public/ireland.json extra.directory)", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/" }, { "name": "Legacy capacity and grid limits pipelines (EirGrid AIRAA; CRU202704)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/" } ], "myths": [ "jobs_876k", "no_tax" ] } }, "followUpIdea": null, "outletDetail": "Digital Infrastructure Ireland (prepared by Am\u00e1rach Research, Jim Power)", "id": "2026-05-digital-infrastructure-ireland-digital-infrastructure-for-the" }, { "date": "2026-05-21", "outlet": "The Journal", "author": "Diarmuid Pepper", "title": "Nearly 90% of Dublin's data centres are located in economically deprived communities", "url": "https://www.thejournal.ie/nearly-90-of-dublins-data-centres-located-in-economically-deprived-communities-7047279-May2026/", "type": "news", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "local opposition", "planning", "equity" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Most Dublin-area data centres sit in disadvantaged areas.", "numbers": "84 of 97 (86.6%)", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Pobal HP Deprivation Index overlaid on DC locations (study author not confirmed)" }, { "claim": "DC electricity use has surged since 2015.", "numbers": "22% of demand (2024); +463% since 2015; per-capita DC development ~10x European average", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO" } ], "quote": "Infrastructure underpinning the global digital economy is being embedded in economically marginalised communities.", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "updates", "note": "Fact-checked 3 Oct 2026: mostly accurate. Our join: each of the 79 directory campuses placed in its 2022 electoral division (ED) on Pobal's public HP Deprivation 2022 layer. Of 54 Dublin campuses, 40 (74%) sit in EDs scoring below the national average; of the 44 operating ones, 34 (77%).", "factCheck": { "rating": "mostly accurate", "checkedOn": "2026-10-03", "claimText": "84 of 97 Dublin data centres (86.6%) are in disadvantaged areas; data-centre electricity use is 22% of demand (2024), up 463% since 2015.", "origin": "Unnamed study cited by The Journal: Pobal HP Deprivation Index overlaid on data-centre locations; CSO for the electricity figures.", "reasoning": [ "Our join: each of the 79 directory campuses placed in its 2022 electoral division (ED) on Pobal's public HP Deprivation 2022 layer. Of 54 Dublin campuses, 40 (74%) sit in EDs scoring below the national average; of the 44 operating ones, 34 (77%).", "But only 24 of the 54 (44%) are in EDs Pobal labels 'Disadvantaged' or worse; 16 are 'Marginally below average'. The 86.6% matches 'below average', not 'disadvantaged' in Pobal's own banding, so 'economically deprived' overstates it.", "The clustering is real and strongly skewed: 12 campuses sit in The Ward (Fingal, marginally above average), but 10 in Priorswood A (-12.5), 5 in Clondalkin-Dunawley (-12.2) and 4 in Blanchardstown-Corduff (-14.2).", "The study counts 97 buildings at small-area level; we count campuses at ED level (coarser: an ED mixes industrial estates with housing). The study itself could not be checked (author unconfirmed).", "The CSO figures check out: 21.9% in 2024; 6,974 GWh vs 1,240 GWh in 2015 = +462%." ], "numbers": { "dublinCampuses": 54, "belowAverage": 40, "belowAveragePct": 74, "dublinOperating": 44, "operatingBelowAverage": 34, "disadvantagedOrWorse": 24, "disadvantagedPct": 44, "claimedPct": 86.6, "csoShare2024Pct": 21.9, "csoGrowth2015to2024Pct": 462 }, "caveats": [ "Deprivation scores describe residents; data centres sit in industrial zones, so the finding is about the neighbouring communities, which is the article's point.", "ED level only; Pobal small-area scores are licensed." ], "sources": [ { "name": "Pobal HP Deprivation Index 2022 (ED), ArcGIS layer", "url": "https://services6.arcgis.com/MmUrOQU5v1he9gfS/ArcGIS/rest/services/PobalHPDeprivation2022/FeatureServer", "cache": "data/raw/press/sources/pobal-hp2022-ed-campus-join-2026-10-03.json" }, { "name": "Our campus directory (app/public/ireland.json extra.directory)", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/" }, { "name": "CSO MEC02 Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption", "url": "https://data.cso.ie/table/MEC02", "cache": "data/cso-mec02-2026-10-03.json" } ], "myths": [ "all_dublin" ] } }, "followUpIdea": "Join directory campuses to Pobal HP Deprivation small areas and test the 86.6% claim at campus level.", "outletDetail": "TheJournal.ie", "id": "2026-05-the-journal-nearly-90-of-dublin-s-data-cen" }, { "date": "2026-05-13", "outlet": "The Journal", "author": "Diarmuid Pepper", "title": "Data centres 'cannibalising' renewables as Ireland warned of fossil fuel 'energy shock'", "url": "https://www.thejournal.ie/ireland-exposed-to-global-energy-shock-due-to-dependence-on-imported-fossil-fuels-7037689-May2026/", "type": "news", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "renewables/PPAs", "bills", "emissions" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Climate Change Advisory Council says DC growth is absorbing new renewables, stalling the renewable share.", "numbers": "Renewables 8 GW (Mar 2026) vs 1.2 GW (2015); only 0.8 GW added last year vs 2 GW/yr needed; DC demand +463% since 2015 vs +7% other sectors; 10% renewables curtailed/constrained", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CCAC Annual Review 2026" }, { "claim": "Fossil-heavy hours are far more expensive.", "numbers": "\u20ac94/MWh high-wind days vs \u20ac179/MWh fossil-reliant days", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CCAC / wholesale market data" } ], "quote": "Data centres cannibalising any increase in Irish renewable capacity, causing stagnation of the share of renewable electricity.", "verified": "read-full", "note": "Checkable vs Ember (wind flat ~37-38% since 2020).", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "Ember: wind generation ~11.7 TWh in 2020 and ~11.8 TWh in 2025 (flat) while CSO data-centre use rose 3.0 -> 7.7 TWh; net imports rose to 16% of demand." }, "followUpIdea": "Chart: DC growth vs wind growth vs imports, 2015-2025.", "outletDetail": "TheJournal.ie", "id": "2026-05-the-journal-data-centres-cannibalising-ren" }, { "date": "2026-05-12", "outlet": "CCAC", "author": null, "title": "Annual Review 2026: Electricity", "url": "https://www.climatecouncil.ie/councilpublications/annualreviewandreport/CCAC-AR2026-2-electricity-final.pdf", "type": "official", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "emissions", "renewables/PPAs", "gas", "transparency" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Renewables growth has been matched or exceeded by DC demand. Recent emissions falls came from imports and the end of coal, and the renewables share target was missed.", "numbers": "Total demand 30.2% above 2015; DC demand +463% since 2015, +220% since 2018, ~23% a year; all other demand +7% since 2015; net imports 17.3% of mix in 2025 (13.9% in 2024)", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO; EirGrid" }, { "claim": "The CRU's 80% rule falls short of the Council's 100% recommendation and has no interim milestones. Gas use for on-site power is expected to rise sharply.", "numbers": "~5.8 GW new DC capacity", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CRU decision; Irish Times" }, { "claim": "Data centre sustainability reporting under the EED is poor.", "numbers": "Only 18 (15%) of an estimated 123 DCs reported, vs EU average 36%", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "EU report July 2025" }, { "claim": "The Council repeats its call that new DC demand be entirely met by new renewables connected before commissioning, and that gas-powered 'islanded' DCs be restricted. It says the CRU lacks a statutory basis to require emissions mitigation.", "numbers": "DCs 21% of metered electricity in 2023 (5% in 2015); EirGrid (Mar 2025): consumption up 45% by 2034, one-third used by DCs", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO; EirGrid March 2025 GCS" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "read-partial", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "Ember: net imports 16.4% of demand 2025 (CCAC 17.3% of mix); CSO DC +518% since 2015." }, "followUpIdea": null, "alsoPublishedAs": [ { "outlet": "Climate Change Advisory Council", "url": "https://www.climatecouncil.ie/councilpublications/annualreviewandreport/CCAC-AR2025-Electricity-FINAL.pdf", "date": "2025-04-28" } ], "outletDetail": "Climate Change Advisory Council", "id": "2026-05-ccac-annual-review-2026-electricity" }, { "date": "2026-04-27", "outlet": "Friends of the Earth Ireland", "author": null, "title": "Irish energy regulator sued over latest data centre decision amidst climate and energy concerns", "url": "https://www.clientearth.org/latest/press-office/irish-energy-regulator-sued-over-latest-data-centre-decision-amidst-climate-and-energy-concerns/", "type": "NGO", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "policy", "gas", "emissions" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Three NGOs got leave for judicial review of the CRU's December 2025 Large Energy Users connection policy. They argue it breaches the Climate Act, the EU Energy Efficiency Directive, the SEA Directive and the Aarhus and Espoo Conventions.", "numbers": "DCs use over 20% of electricity, projected a third by end of decade; ~90 DCs operating; 6-year glide path before an 80% renewable requirement that excludes backup generation", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CRU decision CRU/2025/236; CSO" }, { "claim": "High Court granted leave for judicial review of CRU data-centre connection policy on climate-law grounds.", "numbers": "22% now; >30% by 2031", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO; EirGrid" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "read-partial", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "Policy timeline: JR lodged Mar 2026, leave granted Apr 2026." }, "followUpIdea": null, "alsoPublishedAs": [ { "outlet": "Irish Times", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/2026/04/28/environmental-groups-granted-leave-to-challenge-data-centre-policy/", "date": "2026-04-28" } ], "outletDetail": "ClientEarth / Friends of the Irish Environment / Friends of the Earth Ireland", "id": "2026-04-friends-of-the-earth-ireland-irish-energy-regulator-sued-ov" }, { "date": "2026-04-17", "outlet": "The Journal", "author": "Conor O'Carroll, Nico Schmidt, Ella Joyner", "title": "How Big Tech wrote secrecy into EU law to hide data centres' environmental toll", "url": "https://www.thejournal.ie/investigates-data-centre-confidential-lobbying-7013368-Apr2026/", "type": "investigation", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "lobbying", "transparency", "policy" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Microsoft and DigitalEurope (representing Amazon, Apple, Google, Meta) lobbied for confidentiality wording; the Commission's March 2024 delegated act adopted their proposed Article 5 almost verbatim, making per-site data confidential.", "numbers": null, "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Lobbying documents / Commission records (access-to-documents requests)" }, { "claim": "EU-level reporting under the Energy Efficiency Directive is patchy; Ireland missed deadlines.", "numbers": "38% of eligible DCs (~770 facilities) reported; 18 Irish data centres reported; Ireland missed first two deadlines", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "European Commission EED reporting database" } ], "quote": "The fact that the Commission copy-pasted a Microsoft amendment is shocking. (Bram Vranken, Corporate Europe Observatory)", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "extends", "note": "Our EPA AER extraction gives site-level grid electricity for 16 licensed sites (6.8 TWh, 89% of CSO's 2025 total), information the EU database keeps confidential." }, "followUpIdea": "Publish site-level electricity from Irish AERs as the public substitute for confidential EED data.", "outletDetail": "TheJournal.ie (The Journal Investigates, cross-border collaboration)", "id": "2026-04-the-journal-how-big-tech-wrote-secrecy-int" }, { "date": "2026-03-23", "outlet": "RT\u00c9", "author": "George Lee", "title": "Environment groups seek to overturn data centre decision", "url": "https://www.rte.ie/news/environment/2026/0323/1564681-data-centre-court/", "type": "news", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "policy", "emissions", "gas" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Friends of the Irish Environment, Friends of the Earth and ClientEarth sought judicial review of the CRU decision, alleging breaches of the Climate Act and EU Energy Efficiency Directive and fossil lock-in.", "numbers": "80% renewable / 20% fossil allowed", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "court filings" }, { "claim": "Data centres dominate Dublin demand.", "numbers": "22% nationally 2024; 31% by 2034; 50% of metered electricity in Dublin/Meath region 2024", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CRU (CRU2025236) for the Dublin/Meath 50%; CSO and EirGrid for the national shares" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "Fact-checked 3 Oct 2026: accurate as a ballpark, but it is a CRU estimate (CRU2025236, p37-38), not a CSO statistic. Re-running the CRU's method on CSO MEC03 county data + MEC02 gives 49.5% for 2024 (51.4% for 2025). Swapping in the EPA AER grid draw of the 15 licensed Dublin/Meath sites and varying where CSO's unlocated large users sit gives 39-53% (2024); Intel Leixlip's AER (1,393 GWh of grid electricity, more than Kildare's whole coded non-residential total of 568 GWh) shows at least 825 GWh of the unlocated non-data-centre block is in Kildare, which lifts the floor to 41.4%. Range 41-53% (2024), so 'about 50%' sits at the upper-middle of what the public data supports (updated 3 Oct 2026, hypothesis 97).", "factCheck": { "rating": "accurate", "checkedOn": "2026-10-03", "claimText": "About 50% of metered electricity consumption in the Dublin and Meath region in 2024 was attributable to data centres.", "origin": "CRU Large Energy User connection policy decision CRU2025236 (12 Dec 2025), pp37-38: 'circa 50%' for 2024, from CSO county data plus all data-centre consumption assumed to be in Dublin/Meath. The CRU's Feb 2025 proposed decision (CRU202504, p51) gave circa 48% for 2023.", "reasoning": [ "CSO MEC03 gives metered consumption by county and Dublin postal district, but 9,090 GWh (2024) is 'Not coded': large users left unclassified for confidentiality. CSO MEC02 puts data centres at 6,974 GWh, so data centres are most of the uncoded block.", "CRU method reproduced: Dublin postal districts + Co. Dublin + Co. Meath coded = 7,127 GWh; add all 6,974 GWh of data centres -> 49.5% (2024). Same method gives 47.6% for 2023, matching CRU's 48%.", "Lower bound: only the 15 EPA-licensed sites with 2024 AERs (all in Dublin or Meath) drew 5,938 GWh; if the other 1,036 GWh of data-centre use were elsewhere and all 2,116 GWh of uncoded non-data-centre use were in Dublin/Meath, the share is 39.1%.", "Middle: licensed sites only, other uncoded users outside Dublin/Meath -> 45.5%.", "Upper bound: all data centres in Dublin/Meath and the 1,036 GWh of unlicensed data-centre use already inside the coded county figures -> 53.4%.", "What 'Not coded' is (CSO MEC 2025 release, 7 Jul 2026, background notes and Table 3.4): 'A small number of Large Energy Users have not been classified by county for confidentiality reasons', plus a few meters CSO could not place. It was 76 non-residential meters in 2024 (75 in 2025) and 9,090 GWh, i.e. 92% of all Large Energy User consumption (9,897 GWh; DG8, DG9, DG10 and TCON). So only about 807 GWh of large-user consumption is coded to a county (a little more if some uncoded meters are not large users), and the 2,116 GWh of non-data-centre uncoded use is essentially the rest of Ireland's very large industrial users.", "Tightened lower bound (Intel): Intel Ireland's 2024 AER (EPA licence P0207, Leixlip, Co. Kildare) reports 5,015,832 GJ of electricity (1,393 GWh), generated off site. Kildare's entire coded non-residential consumption in 2024 was 568 GWh, so at least 825 GWh of Intel's use must sit in 'Not coded' (inference: assumes CSO did not code Intel to another county, which its address-based method makes unlikely). That leaves at most 1,291 GWh of other uncoded use that could be in Dublin/Meath: low bound 41.4% (was 39.1%). If all of Intel is uncoded, 43.1%.", "Why it can't be tightened further from public data: CSO publishes no county-by-tariff table, so the ~807 GWh of coded large-user use can't be located; EPA AERs cover only licensed sites (other big users such as cement, mines, water treatment or pharma would each need an AER read and a county check, and many are smaller than their county's coded total, so they prove nothing); EU ETS lists installations and emissions, not electricity use. Only CSO can give a Dublin/Meath total including the uncoded users.", "The directory has 5 of 55 operating campuses outside Dublin/Meath (Kildare 2, Clare, Louth, Limerick), so most of the unlicensed 1,036 GWh is probably also in Dublin; where the 2,116 GWh of other uncoded large users sit is unknown." ], "numbers": { "year": 2024, "codedDublinMeathGWh": 7127, "notCodedGWh": 9090, "csoDataCentreGWh": 6974, "aerLicensedDublinMeathGWh": 5938, "aerSites": 15, "cruMethodPct": 49.5, "lowPct": 41.4, "lowPctBeforeIntel": 39.1, "lowPctIfIntelAllUncoded": 43.1, "notCodedMeters": 76, "leuTotalGWh": 9897, "kildareCodedNonResGWh": 568, "intelAerElectricityGWh": 1393, "intelMinInNotCodedGWh": 825, "otherUncodedMaxInDublinMeathGWh": 1291, "middlePct": 45.5, "highPct": 53.4, "cruMethod2025Pct": 51.4, "range2025Pct": [ 41.6, 54.6 ] }, "caveats": [ "'Metered consumption' is CSO's measure; it is not the same as electricity produced in the region (the IEA and The Ditch versions of this claim say 'generated'/'produced', which is a different and untested claim).", "AER grid electricity is self-reported by operators to the EPA; CSO and AER years may not align exactly." ], "sources": [ { "name": "CSO MEC03 Metered Electricity Consumption by county", "url": "https://data.cso.ie/table/MEC03", "cache": "data/raw/imports/cso-MEC03-2026-10-03.json" }, { "name": "CSO MEC02 Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption", "url": "https://data.cso.ie/table/MEC02", "cache": "data/cso-mec02-2026-10-03.json" }, { "name": "EPA AERs (epa_generation pipeline)", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/" }, { "name": "CSO Metered Electricity Consumption 2025, background notes and non-residential tables (7 Jul 2026)", "url": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-mec/meteredelectricityconsumption2025/backgroundnotes/", "cache": "data/raw/cso_notcoded/2026-10-03_cso-mec2025-backgroundnotes.html" }, { "name": "Intel Ireland AER 2024 (EPA licence P0207), Table 3 Energy Used", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/d9ca223c-e1e6-497e-8b00-98fb386e3b51.pdf", "cache": "data/raw/cso_notcoded/2025-04-26_epa-P0207-intel-aer2024.pdf" }, { "name": "CRU2025236 LEU connection policy decision", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2025236_Large_Energy_User_connection_policy_decision_paper.pdf", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2025-12-12_cru-2025236-leu-decision.txt" }, { "name": "RT\u00c9 article (cached)", "url": "https://www.rte.ie/news/environment/2026/0323/1564681-data-centre-court/", "cache": "data/raw/imports/2026-03-23_rte-data-centre-court.html" } ] } }, "followUpIdea": "Ask CSO which large users are 'Not coded' by county, or for a Dublin/Meath total including them, to narrow the 41-53% range (the remaining uncertainty is where ~1.3 TWh of non-data-centre large users and ~0.8 TWh of coded large users sit).", "id": "2026-03-rt-environment-groups-seek-to-ove" }, { "date": "2026-03-17", "outlet": "Irish Times", "author": "Jude Webber", "title": "What the world can learn from Ireland's battle to power data centres", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/business/2026/03/17/what-the-world-can-learn-from-irelands-battle-to-power-data-centres/", "type": "analysis", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "policy", "gas", "AI demand", "jobs/tax" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Ireland is a 'canary in the coal mine' for AI-driven demand; DC share will rise to nearly a third.", "numbers": ">21% now; nearly one-third by 2034", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "EirGrid forecasts" }, { "claim": "Renewables are far behind target.", "numbers": "42% renewable power 2024 vs 80% target for 2030", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "EirGrid/SEAI" }, { "claim": "CRU estimates a large amount of extra capacity is needed for data centres.", "numbers": "~5.8 GW", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CRU" }, { "claim": "Tech sector is a large share of GDP.", "numbers": "13% of GDP", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "not stated" } ], "quote": "Data centres will still want grid connections to access natural gas at scale, particularly to cope with swings in demand.", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "extends", "note": "Emissions pipeline: the CCAC 5.8 GW scenario with on-site gas at 500 h/yr is ~1.41 Mt CO2/yr, ~141% of the commercial & public buildings ceiling average." }, "followUpIdea": null, "outletDetail": "Irish Times (Financial Times byline)", "id": "2026-03-irish-times-what-the-world-can-learn-from-" }, { "date": "2026-03-12", "outlet": "RT\u00c9", "author": "Brian O'Donovan", "title": "Off-grid Dublin data centre fuelled by own power plant", "url": "https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2026/0312/1562943-dublin-data-centre/", "type": "news", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "gas", "grid security" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Pure Data Centres Group's west-Dublin campus runs on an islanded gas-fired microgrid built by AVK, not connected to the national grid.", "numbers": "110 MW planned (~100,000 homes); gas now, HVO/biomethane capable", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "company statements" }, { "claim": "Friends of the Earth Ireland warned gas reliance worsens energy-security exposure.", "numbers": null, "dataSourceTheyUsed": "FoE Ireland (Deirdre Duffy)" } ], "quote": "This microgrid is unique and is the first in Europe. It's a self-generated data centre (Gary Wojtaszek, Pure DC)", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "extends", "note": "EPA LEAP P1210 (South Dublin Routing 4 No.2, the Pure DC Ballycoolen campus): 9 dual-fuel engines, >99% on-site power, ~252,213 t CO2/yr, licensed 2 Jul 2026 and 'not commenced' at last check." }, "followUpIdea": "Ask Pure DC/EPA which plant was running in March 2026 before the IE licence was granted.", "id": "2026-03-rt-off-grid-dublin-data-centre-fu" }, { "date": "2026-03", "outlet": "Media, Culture & Society (SAGE)", "author": "Dylan Murphy; Patrick Brodie (UCD School of Information and Communication Studies)", "title": "Canary in the data mine: Irish data centre activism amid planetary flows, frictions and antagonism", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437261422614", "type": "academic", "paywalled": true, "angle": [ "local opposition", "policy", "emissions" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Maps Irish data-centre activism since the mid-2010s. Argues DC growth has produced antagonism in civil society and facilitation from the state, and that Ireland is a global outlier. Uses scholar-activist methods: Murphy was involved in the Not Here Not Anywhere 'Press Pause on Data Centres' campaign.", "numbers": "DCs 22% of Irish electricity in 2024", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Critical data-centre studies; scholar-activist fieldwork; CSO (22% figure)" }, { "claim": "Calls for researchers to move beyond footprinting environmental 'impacts', since the industry uses impact metrics in its own sustainability narratives, and to put 'antagonism' back at the centre of critique.", "numbers": "", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Conceptual/qualitative" } ], "quote": "In 2024, data centres consumed 22% of Ireland's electricity, making the country a significant outlier", "verified": "read-partial", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "Fact-checked 3 Oct 2026: accurate. CSO MEC02: 6,974 of 31,904 GWh = 21.9% of metered electricity in 2024. Outlier: Brodie's Oireachtas evidence puts the Netherlands at 3-5% and Singapore at 7-9%.", "factCheck": { "rating": "accurate", "checkedOn": "2026-10-03", "claimText": "In 2024 data centres consumed 22% of Ireland's electricity, making Ireland a global outlier.", "origin": "CSO; critical data-centre studies.", "reasoning": [ "CSO MEC02: 6,974 of 31,904 GWh = 21.9% of metered electricity in 2024.", "Outlier: Brodie's Oireachtas evidence puts the Netherlands at 3-5% and Singapore at 7-9%.", "The rest of the article is qualitative and not a factual claim we can test." ], "numbers": { "csoShare2024Pct": 21.9, "dcGWh2024": 6974 }, "caveats": [ "'Electricity' here means metered consumption, not generation." ], "sources": [ { "name": "CSO MEC02 Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption", "url": "https://data.cso.ie/table/MEC02", "cache": "data/cso-mec02-2026-10-03.json" } ], "myths": [ "fifth_of_energy" ] } }, "followUpIdea": null, "id": "2026-03-media-culture-society-sage-canary-in-the-data-mine-irish-" }, { "date": "2026-03", "outlet": "EirGrid", "author": null, "title": "All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "type": "official", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "grid security", "AI demand" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "The demand forecast counts only DCs with existing contracts. Since CRU/21/124 only one new DC has been contracted.", "numbers": "~2,100 MVA contracted to DCs/new tech load at transmission + ~300 MVA at 110 kV; forecast covers 17 transmission and 5 distribution DC projects; DCs assumed to have flat daily demand", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "EirGrid connection agreements" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "read-partial", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "Policy forecasts table includes AIRAA." }, "followUpIdea": null, "outletDetail": "EirGrid / SONI", "id": "2026-03-eirgrid-all-island-resource-adequacy-a" }, { "date": "2026-02-18", "outlet": "Irish Times", "author": "Caroline O'Doherty", "title": "Inside the Dublin data centres consuming an unknown amount of energy", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/environment/2026/02/18/inside-the-dublin-data-centres-consuming-an-unknown-amount-of-energy/", "type": "analysis", "paywalled": false, "verified": "read-partial", "angle": [ "transparency", "grid security", "renewables/PPAs" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Data centres used 22% of Irish electricity in 2024, more than every home in Irish cities and towns.", "numbers": "22% (2024) vs urban homes 18%; DC use +20% 2022-23", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO metered electricity" }, { "claim": "One unnamed west Dublin data centre uses ten times the electricity of a nearby pharma plant employing 2,000 people, equal to about 200,000 homes; how much individual sites use is not published.", "numbers": "10x; ~200,000 homes", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Not stated (site unnamed)" }, { "claim": "Microsoft Ireland has PPAs for about 1 GW of renewables, 600 MW operational.", "numbers": "1 GW contracted; 600 MW operating", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Microsoft" } ], "quote": "Data centres used more electricity in 2024 than every home in an Irish city or town.", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "extends", "note": "EPA AERs name the sites: in 2025 Amazon's P1171 campus drew 1,020 GWh (~117 MW average), Meta Clonee 1,182 GWh (135 MW) and Microsoft's P1191 campus 912 GWh (104 MW); each is roughly 200,000-280,000 homes' worth at ~4.2 MWh/home. Our PPA list has Microsoft at 967 MW of Irish CPPAs." }, "followUpIdea": "Publish the per-site league table from AERs - the 'unknown amount' is partly knowable.", "id": "2026-02-irish-times-inside-the-dublin-data-centres" }, { "date": "2026-01-19", "outlet": "Irish Times", "author": "Una Mullally", "title": "Data centres in Ireland leap back into business under new policy", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/2026/01/19/data-centres-leap-back-into-business-under-new-government-policy/", "type": "analysis", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "bills", "policy", "jobs/tax" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "LEAP reopens the door to data centres; DCs take about half of Dublin's metered electricity.", "numbers": "22% nationally; ~50% in Dublin", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO / not fully specified" }, { "claim": "Households have subsidised large energy users' network costs through 'LEU rebalancing'.", "numbers": "\u20ac600m total; \u20ac50m/yr over 12 years", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Oireachtas committee testimony (2023)" }, { "claim": "A data-centre operator's Irish subsidiary paid large dividends abroad.", "numbers": "CyrusOne Irish unit \u20ac24.6m dividend to Dutch parent 2024; director pay up >40% to ~\u20ac800,000", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CyrusOne company filings" }, { "claim": "Potential EU climate fines.", "numbers": "\u20ac28bn", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "not stated" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "updates", "note": "Policy: LEAP (Jan 2026) is plan-led energy parks - a 2030s story; Dublin stays constrained. Rates: data centres pay ~EUR 73m/yr in commercial rates." }, "followUpIdea": null, "id": "2026-01-irish-times-data-centres-in-ireland-leap-b" }, { "date": "2025-12-18", "outlet": "SEAI", "author": null, "title": "Energy in Ireland 2025", "url": "https://www.seai.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Energy-in-Ireland-2025.pdf", "type": "official", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "emissions", "grid security" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Data centres are the dominant driver of Irish electricity demand growth.", "numbers": "21.2% of electricity demand in 2024; 7.0 TWh in 2024 (+10.0%); 88.2% of demand increase since 2015; total demand 32.9 TWh (+4.1%)", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO MEC; SEAI energy balance" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "read-partial", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "CSO: 7.0 TWh in 2024 (+10%)." }, "followUpIdea": null, "outletDetail": "Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland", "id": "2025-12-seai-energy-in-ireland-2025" }, { "date": "2025-12-12", "outlet": "Irish Times", "author": "Ian Curran", "title": "New data centres must generate and supply electricity to wider market, regulator rules", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/business/2025/12/12/new-data-centres-must-generate-and-supply-electricity-to-wider-market-regulator-rules/", "type": "news", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "policy", "gas", "renewables/PPAs" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "CRU ruled that new data centres must bring generation/storage matching demand and supply the market, plus meet 80% of annual demand from new Irish renewables, with a six-year glide path.", "numbers": "80% renewables; 6-year glide path; DCs a fifth of electricity, 30% by 2032", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CRU decision CRU2025236" }, { "claim": "Constrained areas named: greater Dublin, Galway, Limerick, Cork and Waterford.", "numbers": null, "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CRU decision" }, { "claim": "Industry body says onsite plants could double build costs.", "numbers": null, "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Digital Infrastructure Ireland" }, { "claim": "CRU decision summary and reactions: DII hopes it ends a four-year de facto moratorium; Wind Energy Ireland says it unlocks wind investment; Friends of the Earth calls it 'merely an accounting exercise'.", "numbers": "80%; 6-year glide path; DC share 5% (2015) to 22% (2024)", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CRU decision; CSO" } ], "quote": "Their construction can double the cost of building a data centre. Their operation is complex and expensive. (DII)", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "Policy timeline: CRU2025236 (12 Dec 2025) read from the primary document; one new DC contract in ~3.5 years before it." }, "followUpIdea": null, "alsoPublishedAs": [ { "outlet": "RT\u00c9", "url": "https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2025/1212/1548674-80-of-data-centre-energy-must-come-from-renewables-cru/", "date": "2025-12-12" } ], "id": "2025-12-irish-times-new-data-centres-must-generate" }, { "date": "2025-12-12", "outlet": "Bloomberg", "author": "Jennifer Duggan", "title": "Ireland Ends Moratorium on New Power Links to Data Centers", "url": "https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-12-12/ireland-set-to-end-moratorium-on-new-power-links-to-data-centers", "type": "news", "paywalled": true, "angle": [ "policy", "grid security" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Ireland lifted its de facto ban (since 2021) on new data-centre grid links around Dublin; new sites need onsite generation/batteries covering full demand and 80% new renewables.", "numbers": "almost a quarter of electricity, up from ~5% a decade ago; 80%", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CRU decision; read via Energy Connects syndication (energyconnects.com)" } ], "quote": "The moratorium has been in place since 2021, when the regulator halted new connections amid a surge in electricity demand from the sector.", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "updates", "note": "Policy: the decision ended the de facto moratorium on paper, but Dublin remains 'fully constrained' (EirGrid May 2026 constrained-area overview) partly because on-site gas would push fault currents past switchgear limits." }, "followUpIdea": null, "id": "2025-12-bloomberg-ireland-ends-moratorium-on-new" }, { "date": "2025-12-12", "outlet": "CRU", "author": null, "title": "Large Energy User connection policy decision paper (CRU/2025/236)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2025236_Large_Energy_User_connection_policy_decision_paper.pdf", "type": "official", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "policy", "renewables/PPAs", "grid security", "bills" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "New DCs must match their import capacity with on-site or nearby generation or storage, and meet at least 80% of annual demand from additional Irish renewables within a 6-year glide path.", "numbers": "80%; 6 years; system operators to publish process by 31 March 2026", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CRU decision" }, { "claim": "Historical growth and EirGrid forecast.", "numbers": "DC share ~5% (2015) to ~22% (2024); DC demand up 460%+; +633 GWh 2023-24 (~150,000 households); +5,731 GWh since 2015 (1.36m households); EirGrid forecasts 9.4 TWh (2025) to 14.6 TWh (2034), 31% of demand", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO; EirGrid GCS 2025-2034" }, { "claim": "System operators' market-intelligence exercise points to large potential new demand.", "numbers": "~5.8 GW additional DC demand capacity in the medium term", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "EirGrid/ESBN/GNI market intelligence" }, { "claim": "Consultation responses split. Some respondents criticised a lack of climate alignment (citing the Coolglass judgment). DCs cited CPPA commitments covering 30-50% of site demand. The tariff cost burden was referred to the network tariff review.", "numbers": "30-50% CPPA commitments", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Responses to CRU202504" } ], "quote": "The new policy provides a greater level of clarity to those considering investments in new digital infrastructure.", "verified": "read-partial", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "updates", "note": "CSO outturn 7.66 TWh in 2025 vs EirGrid's 9.4 TWh forecast for the same year cited in the decision; the basis of EirGrid's figure (contracted vs metered, losses) is unchecked, but anyone quoting 9.4 TWh as 2025 use overstates it by ~23%." }, "followUpIdea": null, "outletDetail": "Commission for Regulation of Utilities", "id": "2025-12-cru-large-energy-user-connection-p" }, { "date": "2025-12", "outlet": "IEA", "author": "IEA", "title": "Powering Ireland's Energy Future: Approaches for a secure, renewables-led electricity system to 2035", "url": "https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/23c246c7-1eaa-4018-b52c-04ee7ce2bd43/PoweringIrelandsEnergyFuture.pdf", "type": "official", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "grid security", "gas", "renewables/PPAs", "AI demand", "policy" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Data centres used 6.9 TWh (22%) of Irish electricity in 2024, up from 5% in 2015. In IEA's Adapted Transition Pathway, DC demand doubles by 2035 and DCs become the largest consuming sector; contracted DC capacity reaches at least 30% of supply in 2030. EirGrid expects 13-15 TWh.", "numbers": "6.9 TWh / 22% (2024); 5% (2015); \u226530% (2030); EirGrid 13-15 TWh; residential and DC each +~7 TWh 2023-2035", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO; EirGrid/SONI AIRAA; Tomorrow's Energy Scenarios; UCC EPMG projections" }, { "claim": "Nearly all 2.2 GW of operating and contracted DC demand (2024) is in Dublin, where DCs consume 50% of locally generated electricity. About 1.9 GW was awaiting connection in 2022, and by 2024 7 of 82 DCs had connected to gas for on-site generation.", "numbers": "2.2 GW; 50%; 1.9 GW queue; 7 of 82 on gas", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "ESB Networks capacity heatmap; GNI; Data Center Map" }, { "claim": "CPPAs covered just 16% of additional DC demand in 2020-2023. DCs respond less to wholesale prices than other large users (flat hourly profile), so price signals alone may not unlock flexibility. A July 2024 US event, where 1,500 MW of voltage-sensitive DC load tripped, shows the risk for an Irish system with a ~6,000 MW peak.", "numbers": "16%; 1,500 MW; ~6,000 MW peak", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Daly 2024; NERC incident; EirGrid" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "read-partial", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "CSO 6,974 GWh 2024; EPA licences: 7 DC sites with on-site gas, matching IEA's '7 of 82'." }, "followUpIdea": null, "outletDetail": "International Energy Agency", "id": "2025-12-iea-powering-ireland-s-energy-futu" }, { "date": "2025-10-16", "outlet": "Irish Times", "author": null, "title": "The Irish Times view on data centres: how many is too many?", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/editorials/2025/10/16/the-irish-times-view-on-data-centres-how-many-is-too-many/", "type": "analysis", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "policy", "emissions", "grid security" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Editorial says data centres take a quarter of Irish electricity against a small EU average.", "numbers": "25% vs EU 3.1%", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "not stated. FLAG: higher than CSO 21.9% for 2024; likely a demand-share or forecast figure" }, { "claim": "Ireland faces heavy EU fines if 2030 climate targets are missed.", "numbers": "up to \u20ac26bn", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "not stated (likely Fiscal Council / CCAC)" }, { "claim": "Grid investment and offshore wind ambitions are large.", "numbers": "\u20ac3.5bn grid investment to 2030; 20 GW offshore by 2040", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "not stated" } ], "quote": "Data centres are a crucial component of the tech ecosystem in which Ireland is deeply embedded.", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "contradicts", "note": "CSO: 21.9% in 2024 and 23.2% in 2025 - not 'a quarter' when the editorial ran (Oct 2025)." }, "followUpIdea": null, "outletDetail": "Irish Times (editorial)", "id": "2025-10-irish-times-the-irish-times-view-on-data-c" }, { "date": "2025-10-14", "outlet": "ClientEarth", "author": null, "title": "ClientEarth lawyers intervene on Irish data centre that could send dangerous signal for Europe (Herbata, Naas)", "url": "https://www.clientearth.org/latest/press-office/press-releases/clientearth-lawyers-intervene-on-irish-data-centre-that-could-send-dangerous-signal-for-europe/", "type": "NGO", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "gas", "emissions", "planning" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "The Herbata data centre in Naas, Co Kildare, with on-site gas, would have large continuous demand and emissions.", "numbers": "~240 MW continuous; ~2.1 TWh/yr; ~950,000 tCO2e/yr; ~4.74 MtCO2e 2026-2030 = ~24% of the electricity-sector ceiling for 2026-2030", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "ClientEarth's own calculation from planning application documents" }, { "claim": "Permission should be refused on EU climate law, EIA, Water Framework and Habitats Directive grounds.", "numbers": null, "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Legal submission to An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "read-partial", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "extends", "note": "EPA inspectors attribute on-site DC gas to the commercial & public buildings ceiling; if Herbata's on-site gas were counted the same way, ~0.95 Mt/yr would be ~95% of that sector's 2026-30 average annual budget, a sharper framing than 24% of the electricity ceiling." }, "followUpIdea": "Add Herbata to the EPA/ACP tracking.", "id": "2025-10-clientearth-clientearth-lawyers-intervene-" }, { "date": "2025-08-21", "outlet": "RT\u00c9", "author": "Oonagh Smyth", "title": "Govt warned of rising household bills as data centres strain grid", "url": "https://www.rte.ie/news/primetime/2025/0821/1529518-govt-warned-of-rising-household-bills-as-data-centres-strain-grid/", "type": "investigation", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "bills", "grid security", "emissions", "transparency" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Officials told Government that one data centre can use as much electricity as Kilkenny, and DCs could reach 30% of demand by 2030.", "numbers": "30% by 2030", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "DPER memo, Nov 2024 (released records)" }, { "claim": "Data centres drive almost all projected demand growth.", "numbers": "89% of EirGrid's projected demand growth over next decade", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CRU analysis" }, { "claim": "Household network costs are rising while large users' bills fall.", "numbers": "domestic +8-21% over five years; urban \u20ac404-\u20ac454/yr, rural \u20ac520-\u20ac584; large energy users -14%", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CRU PR6 price review" }, { "claim": "New west-Dublin substation capacity was used up by data centres before completion.", "numbers": "Castlebaggot bulk supply point", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "EirGrid documents to Department, Nov 2024" }, { "claim": "New solar in 2023 was absorbed by that year's data-centre growth.", "numbers": "439 GWh solar added 2023", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Oireachtas Library research paper" }, { "claim": "One large data centre can emit substantial CO2.", "numbers": "450,000 t CO2/yr", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Prof Hannah Daly research" } ], "quote": "Allowing in another cohort of big new data centres would require yet-further network upgrades. There is no free lunch. (Dr Paul Cuffe, UCD)", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "extends", "note": "Network-cost claims are outside our data; EirGrid AIRAA counts ~2,100 MVA contracted to DCs/new tech load at transmission; CSO 2025: 23.2%." }, "followUpIdea": "Get the CRU PR6 tariff tables to reconcile 'LEU -14%' with the Examiner's '+175%'.", "outletDetail": "RT\u00c9 Prime Time", "id": "2025-08-rt-govt-warned-of-rising-househol" }, { "date": "2025-07-30", "outlet": "Irish Times", "author": "Kevin O'Sullivan", "title": "Data centres could consume as much electricity as two million Irish homes by 2030, report predicts", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/2025/07/30/data-centres-could-consume-as-much-electricity-as-two-million-irish-homes-by-2030-report-predicts/", "type": "news", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "AI demand", "renewables/PPAs", "grid security" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Data-centre consumption will reach about 8.6 TWh by 2030, equal to two million homes.", "numbers": "8.6 TWh 2030; 21% share in 2023", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Wood Mackenzie report with Pinergy" }, { "claim": "Ireland will miss its offshore wind target badly.", "numbers": "4 GW short of 5 GW offshore target by 2030; 4.7 GW storage needed", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Wood Mackenzie" }, { "claim": "Long-run data-centre share falls as total demand grows.", "numbers": "demand to 59 TWh by 2050; DC share 16% by 2050", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Wood Mackenzie" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "updates", "note": "CSO already 7.66 TWh in 2025, so 8.6 TWh by 2030 implies growth slowing to ~2%/yr, against 10% in 2025; EirGrid forecasts 14.6 TWh by 2034." }, "followUpIdea": "Forecast-vs-outturn tracker for every published DC demand projection.", "id": "2025-07-irish-times-data-centres-could-consume-as-" }, { "date": "2025-06-19", "outlet": "Ember", "author": "Elisabeth Cremona; Pawel Czyzak", "title": "Grids for data centres: ambitious grid planning can win Europe's AI race", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/06/Grids-for-data-centres-in-Europe.pdf", "type": "NGO", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "grid security", "AI demand", "policy" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Data centres are 19% of Ireland's national electricity demand. In 2023 they consumed almost 80% of electricity in Dublin, against 33-42% in Amsterdam, London and Frankfurt.", "numbers": "19% IE; ~80% Dublin (2023)", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Ember compilation (national statistics, local grid data)" }, { "claim": "Ireland imposed a de facto moratorium on new Dublin DCs until 2028. EirGrid reports that DC customers draw on average about 34% of contracted capacity.", "numbers": "~34% of contracted capacity", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "EirGrid" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "read-partial", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "CSO 2025 avg ~875 MW vs ~2,000\u20132,400 MVA contracted = ~38\u201346% used (at power factor 0.95), close to Ember's 34% utilisation; 19% national share is out of date (23.2%)." }, "followUpIdea": null, "id": "2025-06-ember-grids-for-data-centres-ambitio" }, { "date": "2025-06-10", "outlet": "Irish Times", "author": "Ella Sloane", "title": "Data centres accounted for more than fifth of Ireland's electricity usage last year", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/environment/2025/06/10/data-centres-accounted-for-more-than-fifth-of-irelands-electricity-usage-last-year/", "type": "news", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "grid security" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Data centres used 22% of metered electricity in 2024, up from 5% in 2015.", "numbers": "22% (2024); 6,969 GWh in 2024 vs 6,335 GWh 2023 (+10%); Q1 2015 290 GWh to Q4 2024 1,829 GWh (+531%)", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2024. FLAG: the 2026 CSO release revised 2024 to 6,973 GWh" }, { "claim": "Large energy users (mainly data centres) took nearly a third of metered consumption; total metered demand grew.", "numbers": "LEUs 31%; total metered +4.3% in 2024, +30% since 2015", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "updates", "note": "CSO revised 2024 to 6,974 GWh (21.9%); 2025 is 7,662 GWh (23.2%)." }, "followUpIdea": null, "id": "2025-06-irish-times-data-centres-accounted-for-mor" }, { "date": "2025-06-04", "outlet": "The Journal", "author": "Conor O'Carroll", "title": "The Journal Investigates: Where are all the data centres and why should you care?", "url": "https://investigates.thejournal.ie/data-centres", "type": "investigation", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "planning", "emissions", "transparency", "grid security" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "First complete map of operating and planned Irish data centres, built by trawling 25+ years of planning records from every local authority.", "numbers": "89 operating; 11 in development; 30+ with permission or under appeal; close to 130 if all built", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Local authority planning records; online sources" }, { "claim": "Data centres use a far larger share of national electricity in Ireland than in any other EU state.", "numbers": "Ireland 18%; Netherlands 5.2%; Luxembourg 4.8%", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "EU Commission energy report" }, { "claim": "EPA has issued greenhouse gas permits and industrial emissions licences to data centre operators; EdgeConneX Lucan is the top emitter.", "numbers": "24 GHG permits; 15 IE licences granted, 9 pending; 181,553 t CO2 since 2005; EdgeConneX ~130,000 t since 2017", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "EPA GHG permit data / EU ETS" } ], "quote": "Building a data centre in any other country in northwest Europe would produce less climate pollution (Paul Deane, UCC)", "verified": "read-full", "note": "Count (89 operating) can be compared with our 79-campus directory; 18% figure is older than CSO 2025 23.2%.", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "updates", "note": "Directory (6 sources joined): 79 campuses, 55 operating, 7 under construction, 6 permitted, 3 proposed, 8 lapsed. The Journal counts buildings/sites (89 operating), so the two are not the same unit; ETS verified on-site emissions peaked at 36,958 t in 2022 and were 9,471 t in 2025." }, "followUpIdea": "Publish a reconciliation table: every published count (70, 82, 89, 121, 129, '72 buildings on 36 sites') against our campus-level directory, with the unit each used.", "outletDetail": "The Journal Investigates", "id": "2025-06-the-journal-the-journal-investigates-where" }, { "date": "2025-04-18", "outlet": "Irish Examiner", "author": "Gordon Deegan", "title": "Developer of \u20ac1.5bn data centre campus says connection delays putting project at risk", "url": "https://www.irishexaminer.com/business/economy/arid-41616328.html", "type": "news", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "planning", "grid security" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Art Data Centres (Ennis) has planning since April 2024 but no grid connection; engaging EirGrid since 2017, first application 2019.", "numbers": "\u20ac1.5bn; 200 MW; six halls; 145 acres / 1.3m sq ft", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Developer statements" } ], "quote": "We have a project of national importance. Almost all legal, technical, and environmental requirements are met (Tom McNamara)", "verified": "read-full", "note": "Earlier Examiner piece 2022-08-09 (P\u00e1draig Hoare, arid-40936703): Climate Camp called Clare Co Co approval 'head-scratching'; then \u20ac450m, 200 MW, 450 jobs; Ireland had 70 DCs. Our planning dataset can check build time from 2019 application.", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "ACP 314474 (Apr 2024): Art Data Centres Ennis granted, 200 MW, ~120 MW from 18 gas engines; lifecycle: Ennis 119k m2 is live but unstarted." }, "followUpIdea": "Watch the Ennis permission expiry date.", "id": "2025-04-irish-examiner-developer-of-1-5bn-data-centre" }, { "date": "2025-04-04", "outlet": "Digital Infrastructure Ireland", "author": null, "title": "Digital Infrastructure Ireland Response to CRU202504 (Large Energy Users connection policy)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/materials/200/277/DII%20Response%20to%20CRU202504.pdf", "type": "industry", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "policy", "jobs/tax", "emissions" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "DII says the digital infrastructure ecosystem is worth about \u20ac228bn to the economy and that power limits are stranding investment.", "numbers": "~\u20ac228bn (~60% of services exports); DCs <3% of national emissions; members invested \u20ac1.85bn (~20% of operational capacity, 90%+ of retail colo); c. \u20ac2.5bn committed; \u20ac4.4bn early-stage developments stranded; over 50% of capital unable to progress", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Member survey; CSO export data" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "read-partial", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "Emissions: DC grid power 2.8% of national emissions excl. LULUCF in 2025 - 'under 3%' holds, before any on-site gas." }, "followUpIdea": null, "outletDetail": "Digital Infrastructure Ireland (submission to CRU)", "id": "2025-04-digital-infrastructure-ireland-digital-infrastructure-ireland" }, { "date": "2025-03-20", "outlet": "Houses of the Oireachtas", "author": null, "title": "The future of data centres in Ireland", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/libraryResearch/2025/2025-03-20_the-future-of-data-centres-in-ireland_en.pdf", "type": "official", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "policy", "jobs/tax", "emissions" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Paper for new TDs setting out options: ban new DCs, restrict grid access (pushing them to gas), speed up renewables and regional siting, or legislate for waste heat, PPAs and private wires.", "numbers": "~121 DCs run by 24 providers; DCs 21% (6.3 TWh) in 2023 vs 5% (1.2 TWh) in 2015; EirGrid 2024: 89% of next-decade demand growth from DCs; 2.5-4% of national GHG attributed to DCs", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO; EirGrid GCS 2024" }, { "claim": "No specific tax figures are published for DC operators. About a fifth of corporation tax is linked to ICT companies including DCs.", "numbers": "~\u20ac4bn of 2023 CT; total CT \u20ac24bn in 2023", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Central Bank of Ireland; Revenue" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "read-partial", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "updates", "note": "Emissions: 2.8% of national emissions (2025), at the low end of '2.5-4%'." }, "followUpIdea": null, "outletDetail": "Oireachtas Library & Research Service (Research Matters)", "id": "2025-03-houses-of-the-oireachtas-the-future-of-data-centres-in-" }, { "date": "2025-01-02", "outlet": "Irish Times", "author": "Hannah Daly", "title": "Let's get real: Ireland's data centre boom is driving up fossil fuel dependence", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/environment/climate-crisis/2025/01/02/lets-get-real-irelands-data-centre-boom-is-driving-up-fossil-fuel-dependence/", "type": "analysis", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "emissions", "gas", "renewables/PPAs" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Since 2015 virtually all Irish electricity demand growth came from data centres.", "numbers": "2015 onward; DC demand growing >20%/yr", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO; SEAI" }, { "claim": "Corporate PPAs covered only a small share of data-centre demand growth.", "numbers": "16% of DC demand growth 2020-2023", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Daly report 'Data Centres in the Context of Ireland's Carbon Budgets'" }, { "claim": "Data centres with existing gas connection agreements will burn significant gas.", "numbers": "3 TWh gas by 2031; 2.6 Mt CO2 through 2030", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Gas Networks Ireland projections" }, { "claim": "Exceeding EU targets could cost Ireland up to \u20ac20bn by 2030.", "numbers": "\u20ac20bn", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Irish Fiscal Advisory Council" } ], "quote": "Renewables have been serving demand growth, not displacing fossil fuels.", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "updates", "note": "Since 2020 the marginal supply for DC growth was imports, not Irish gas: Ember shows domestic gas generation ~16.3 TWh (2020) -> ~15.0 TWh (2025) while net imports rose ~0 -> 6.1 TWh. On-site gas burn per AERs was only 10,322 GJ in 2025." }, "followUpIdea": "Emissions 'leak' to Britain via interconnectors: quantify the imported share of DC growth.", "id": "2025-01-irish-times-let-s-get-real-ireland-s-data-" }, { "date": "2025-01", "outlet": "Bitpower", "author": null, "title": "Ireland Q4 2024 Market Update: Digital Dashboard", "url": "https://bitpower.ie/images/Reports/2024_Q4_Market_Update_Ireland_v1-2.pdf", "type": "industry", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "jobs/tax", "emissions", "renewables/PPAs", "planning" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Capacity and number of facilities.", "numbers": "1,400 MW design capacity (1,062 MW IT) in Q4 2024; 23 campuses, 64 large, 9 standalone colo, 19 small DCs; 14 DCs under construction = +348 MW", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Bitpower tracking database" }, { "claim": "Investment in DC construction.", "numbers": "\u20ac15bn invested (\u20ac10bn by AWS, Microsoft, Meta, Google; \u20ac5bn by nine others); excludes IT fit-out (est. further \u20ac30bn); pipeline \u20ac8-10bn at risk across 15+ projects; ~\u20ac2bn/yr projected", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Bitpower estimates" }, { "claim": "Energy and carbon estimates.", "numbers": "~6 TWh in 2024 (~50% average utilisation); 1.53 Mt CO2 at 255 gCO2/kWh = ~2.5% of national CO2; ~\u20ac97m carbon cost via ETS; AWS committed 800 MW and Microsoft 900 MW of renewables", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "EPA grid intensity 2023; CSO; own assumptions" }, { "claim": "Hyperscaler employment (whole company, not only DCs).", "numbers": "17,000 direct (Microsoft 3,500, Google 5,000, AWS 6,500, Meta 2,000)", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Company figures" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "read-full", "dateNote": "approximate: Q4 2024 report, publication date not shown", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "contradicts", "note": "CSO MEC02: 6.97 TWh in 2024, ~16% more than Bitpower's ~6 TWh; Bitpower's 1.53 Mt CO2 (2023) matches our 1.554 Mt." }, "followUpIdea": null, "id": "2025-01-bitpower-ireland-q4-2024-market-update-" }, { "date": "2024-12-12", "outlet": "Ibec / Cloud Infrastructure Ireland", "author": null, "title": "Cloud Infrastructure Ireland Statement on Friends of the Earth Publication", "url": "https://www.ibec.ie/connect-and-learn/media/2024/12/12/cloud-infrastructure-ireland-statement-on-friends-of-the-earth-publication", "type": "industry", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "renewables/PPAs", "policy" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Industry rebuttal to the Daly report: members are buying renewables, and connections have been effectively frozen.", "numbers": "CII members committed to 1,200 MW of CPPAs; only one EirGrid connection agreement in 4 years; 'de facto moratorium' since 2022", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Member commitments; EirGrid" } ], "quote": "Ireland has earned a strong reputation as a global digital hub", "verified": "read-partial", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "Policy: one new DC contract in ~3.5 years; PPA data: 1.9 GW of DC CPPAs announced (CII's 1,200 MW plus others)." }, "followUpIdea": null, "id": "2024-12-ibec-cloud-infrastructure-ireland-cloud-infrastructure-ireland-s" }, { "date": "2024-12-10", "outlet": "Irish Examiner", "author": "Sean Murray", "title": "Data centres to use more electricity than Ireland's entire industrial sector by 2030", "url": "https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-41533169.html", "type": "news", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "renewables/PPAs", "emissions", "AI demand" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "UCC analysis for Friends of the Earth: DC demand absorbed all additional wind generation 2017-2023.", "numbers": "DC demand +22.6%/yr since 2015; one-fifth of consumption in 2023; Irish demand second-fastest growing in EU", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "UCC (Hannah Daly) analysis commissioned by Friends of the Earth; CSO; EirGrid" } ], "quote": "Data centres are growing far faster than the renewable energy procured to meet their needs. (Hannah Daly, UCC)", "verified": "read-full", "note": "Business Post ran same research: 'Ireland's data centre trajectory not compatible with carbon budgets' (date inferred ~Dec 2024, paywalled).", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "Ember x CSO: 2017-2023 wind rose ~4.3 TWh while data-centre use rose ~4.6 TWh, so DC growth did absorb all extra wind over that window." }, "followUpIdea": null, "id": "2024-12-irish-examiner-data-centres-to-use-more-elect" }, { "date": "2024-12-10", "outlet": "Irish Times", "author": "Kevin O'Sullivan", "title": "Data centre boom under AI growth in Ireland threatening climate targets, report warns", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/environment/climate-crisis/2024/12/10/data-centre-boom-under-ai-growth-in-ireland-is-threatening-climate-targets-report-warns/", "type": "news", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "emissions", "AI demand", "renewables/PPAs" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Irish electricity demand growth 2012-2022 was the second-fastest in the EU, driven by data centres.", "numbers": "+24.7% 2012-2022", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Prof Hannah Daly (UCC) report for Friends of the Earth Ireland" }, { "claim": "All additional wind generation 2017-2023 was absorbed by data-centre demand growth.", "numbers": "2017-2023", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Daly report (SEAI/CSO data)" }, { "claim": "Missing EU 2030 emissions targets could cost Ireland heavily.", "numbers": "\u20ac20bn by 2030", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Irish Fiscal Advisory Council, via Daly report" }, { "claim": "Data centres take about a fifth of supply.", "numbers": "21%", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO" } ], "quote": "Data centres are growing far faster than the renewable energy procured to meet their needs (Prof Hannah Daly)", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "Ember x CSO: 2017-2023 wind +~4.3 TWh vs data centres +~4.6 TWh." }, "followUpIdea": null, "id": "2024-12-irish-times-data-centre-boom-under-ai-grow" }, { "date": "2024-12", "outlet": "UCC", "author": "Hannah Daly", "title": "Data centres in the context of Ireland's carbon budgets", "url": "https://www.ucc.ie/en/epmg/publications/2024-12-10-data-centres-in-the-context-of-irelands-carbon-budgets.html", "type": "academic", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "emissions", "gas", "renewables/PPAs", "transparency", "policy" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Data-centre electricity demand grew 22.6% a year from 2015 to 2023, against 0.4% a year for all other sectors combined. Total Irish electricity demand grew 24.7% from 2012 to 2022, the second-fastest rate in the EU, while EU demand fell 3.1%.", "numbers": "22.6%/yr DC vs 0.4%/yr other (2015-2023); +24.7% IE vs -3.1% EU (2012-2022); DCs 21% of electricity in 2023; +20% DC growth 2022-23", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2023; SEAI energy balance; Eurostat" }, { "claim": "Between 2017 and 2023, data-centre demand growth absorbed all of the additional wind generation, so renewables did not deliver a net cut in fossil power.", "numbers": "2017-2023", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "SEAI Energy in Ireland / energy balance" }, { "claim": "Gas: 11 data centres had gas-network connection agreements (2.1 GW maximum hourly load); 22 more (9.3 GW) had made formal enquiries. In fully islanded mode the 2.1 GW could burn 18,400 GWh of gas a year, about 38% of Irish gas use. GNI projects gas demand from the 11 rising from 200 GWh (2023/24) to 2,700 GWh (2030/31), with a Best Estimate of 3,300 GWh.", "numbers": "11 DCs / 2.1 GW; 22 enquiries / 9.3 GW; 18,400 GWh max (~38% of national gas); 200 -> 2,700 GWh; Best 3,300 GWh; theoretical max for all 11.4 GW = 100 TWh", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Gas Networks Ireland Network Development Plan 2023; SEAI Energy Balance (info & comms sub-sector gas 24 ktoe / 280 GWh in 2023)" }, { "claim": "On GNI's projections, electricity-sector emissions would exceed the sectoral emissions ceiling by at least 2.6 MtCO2 (Low scenario), and by up to 3.6 MtCO2 (High scenario). Extra data-centre emissions to 2030 were put at 1.1 MtCO2 over 2021-30 in one case.", "numbers": "+2.6 to +3.6 MtCO2 over SEC; 1.1 MtCO2 (2021-30); electricity SEC 12 MtCO2 cited", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Own calculation; GNI NDP 2023; Climate Act sectoral emissions ceilings" }, { "claim": "Gas demand from data centres (GNI projections) equals more than 60% of the Climate Action Plan's 5.7 TWh biomethane target for 2030, so biomethane is not a credible fix.", "numbers": ">60% of 5.7 TWh biomethane target", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Climate Action Plan; SEAI biomethane assessment" }, { "claim": "Ireland has no real-time emissions data for data centres. The share of CPPAs signed by data centres is unknown, and DC demand far outstripped CPPA-procured renewables between 2020 and 2023.", "numbers": "", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Review of public data" }, { "claim": "Data centre electricity demand grew far faster than the rest of the economy since 2015.", "numbers": "22.6% a year for DCs vs 0.4% a year for all other sectors; DCs 21% of electricity in 2023; Irish demand 2012-2022 up 24.7% (2nd fastest in EU) while EU demand fell 3.1%", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO metered electricity consumption; Eurostat" }, { "claim": "Growth in data centre demand absorbed all the additional wind generation added between 2017 and 2023.", "numbers": "2017-2023", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO; EirGrid/SEAI generation data" }, { "claim": "Data centre grid electricity emitted about 1.53 Mt CO2 in 2023.", "numbers": "1.53 MtCO2 in 2023 = 2.5% of national GHG (figure also attributed to Bitpower Q4 2024 using EPA 255 gCO2/kWh)", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Bitpower Q4 2024 market update; EPA grid intensity" }, { "claim": "Gas Networks Ireland data show a big pipeline of data centres seeking gas connections.", "numbers": "11 DCs with gas contracts (2.1 GW max hourly load), 7 operating (1.8 GW); 22 more made formal enquiries (9.3 GW); GNI projects DC gas use rising from 200 GWh (2023/24) to 2,700 GWh (2030/31), best estimate 3,300 GWh", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "GNI advice to DECC, Nov 2024" }, { "claim": "Counting DC gas use, the sector holding these emissions would overshoot its sectoral ceiling; a theoretical maximum (not a forecast) is far higher.", "numbers": "SEC overshoot of 2.6-3.6 MtCO2 (GNI Low/High); theoretical max 20 MtCO2/yr = 68% of 2023 fossil combustion CO2", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "GNI scenarios; EPA projections (WEM/WAM)" } ], "quote": "Between 2017 and 2023, all additional wind energy generation in Ireland was absorbed by data centres.", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "Ember x CSO confirms 2017-2023 wind growth (~4.3 TWh) < DC growth (~4.6 TWh); emissions pipeline: DC grid power 1.554 Mt in 2023 (Daly/Bitpower 1.53 Mt)." }, "followUpIdea": null, "alsoPublishedAs": [ { "outlet": "Friends of the Earth Ireland (UCC / Prof Hannah Daly)", "url": "https://www.friendsoftheearth.ie/assets/files/pdf/data_centrres_and_the_carbon_budgets_-_prof_hannah_daly_dec_2024.pdf", "date": "2024-12-10" } ], "outletDetail": "University College Cork (commissioned by Friends of the Earth Ireland)", "id": "2024-12-ucc-data-centres-in-the-context-of" }, { "date": "2024-11-28", "outlet": "The Journal", "author": "Conor O'Carroll", "title": "Ireland's data centres turning to fossil fuels after maxing out country's electricity grid", "url": "https://www.thejournal.ie/investigates-data-centres-6554698-Nov2024/", "type": "investigation", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "gas", "emissions", "grid security", "transparency" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Data centre on-site generators have emitted large amounts of CO2 outside the grid.", "numbers": "135,000+ t CO2 over five years from backup/emergency generators; 181,553 t since 2005, 169,886 t (94%) since 2017", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "EPA GHG permits / EU ETS emissions data" }, { "claim": "EPA licences cover hundreds of generators and very large energy demand.", "numbers": "800+ emergency/backup generators listed; licensed DCs 10,000+ GWh/yr demand, up to 16,000 GWh with pending applications", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "EPA Industrial Emissions licence files" }, { "claim": "Data centres have repeatedly approached Gas Networks Ireland for connections.", "numbers": "22 formal enquiries", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Gas Networks Ireland" }, { "claim": "EdgeConneX Lucan is the largest emitter, running on generators.", "numbers": "~130,000 t CO2 since 2017 from 28 generators", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "EPA" } ], "quote": "When you're trying to reduce emissions, every tonne of carbon dioxide counts (Paul Deane, UCC)", "verified": "read-full", "note": "Checkable against our EPA licence dataset (~9.1 GW thermal plant, 16 licensed sites).", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "updates", "note": "EU ETS verified data: EdgeConneX Lucan's on-site emissions fell from 30,132 t (2022) to 122 t (2025) and all data-centre on-site CO2 fell 74% from the 2022 peak to 9,471 t; but the licensed gas pipeline (Echelon, South Dublin Routing, EdgeConneX) is ~0.95 Mt/yr if run as licensed. EPA AERs: licensed sites actually drew 6.8 TWh in 2025, vs the 10,000+ GWh licensed demand cited." }, "followUpIdea": "Story: the on-site emissions problem is about to change scale, from ~10 kt today to up to ~1 Mt/yr as islanded gas sites commission.", "outletDetail": "TheJournal.ie (The Journal Investigates)", "id": "2024-11-the-journal-ireland-s-data-centres-turning" }, { "date": "2024-10-18", "outlet": "UCC", "author": "Hannah Daly", "title": "Unfettered data centre growth works against Ireland's climate obligations", "url": "https://hannahdaly.ie/2024-10-18-data-centres-revisited/", "type": "analysis", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "emissions", "renewables/PPAs", "gas" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "CPPAs met only 16% of new data-centre demand growth since 2020. DC demand grew about six times faster than the new wind financed by CPPAs.", "numbers": "16% (2020-2023); ~6x", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "SEAI Energy in Ireland reports; industry estimates of CPPA-financed wind" }, { "claim": "Data-centre demand added from 2021 to 2023 caused about 1.1 MtCO2 in 2023, roughly 2% of national GHG emissions. This assumes 86% of that demand was met by gas at 400 gCO2/kWh.", "numbers": "~1.1 MtCO2 (2023); ~2% of national GHG", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Own calculation from CSO/SEAI data" }, { "claim": "Installed wind capacity rose by about 430 MW from end-2020 to end-2023, below the roughly 600 MW a year the Climate Action Plan needs.", "numbers": "~430 MW over 3 yrs vs 600 MW/yr", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "SEAI Energy in Ireland" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "read-partial", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "updates", "note": "Emissions pipeline marginal sensitivity: growth since 2020 ~1.71 Mt if met at the margin; but Ember shows the post-2020 marginal supply was largely imports, which are zero-rated in the Irish inventory." }, "followUpIdea": null, "outletDetail": "hannahdaly.ie (blog; summarised in Irish Times opinion)", "id": "2024-10-ucc-unfettered-data-centre-growth-" }, { "date": "2024-10", "outlet": "The Water Forum (An F\u00f3ram Uisce)", "author": "Triona McGrath; Angelos Alamanos (Dundalk IT)", "title": "Water use by data centres: An Irish Context", "url": "https://thewaterforum.ie/app/uploads/2024/10/McGrath-2024-Data-Centre-Water-Use-in-Ireland-.pdf", "type": "official", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "water", "transparency" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Government figures say Uisce \u00c9ireann supplies about 608,000 ML/yr, of which 0.13% (c.810 ML) goes to known data centres. The authors say this national comparison is misleading: 87% of DCs are in Dublin and 93% in the Greater Dublin Area, which has a chronic supply deficit, and 38% of supply is lost to leakage.", "numbers": "608,000 ML/yr; 0.13% / ~810 ML; 87% Dublin, 93% GDA; 38% leakage", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Government Statement on Data Centres 2022; Uisce \u00c9ireann Regional Water Resources Plan; Bitpower/Host in Ireland site counts" }, { "claim": "In 2021 only 24 data centres were connected to public supply (per Uisce \u00c9ireann), against 82 operating. Private abstractions over 25 m3/day must be registered with the EPA, but there is no data-centre category, so DC abstraction is not visible.", "numbers": "24 connected vs 82 operational; 25 m3/day threshold", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Uisce \u00c9ireann and EPA personal communications" }, { "claim": "Peak DC use can range from 0.5 to 5 million litres/day, and peaks coincide with droughts.", "numbers": "0.5-5 ML/day", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Sunday Business Post / Eolas 2020" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "read-partial", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "Fact-checked 3 Oct 2026: mostly accurate. The national share holds up: 0.13% (2021, Government) is in line with the 0.17% we sum from 2025 AERs and Uisce \u00c9ireann's 'less than 0.3%' (Jul 2026). Clustering confirmed: 44 of 55 operating campuses in our directory are in the four Dublin councils and 48 are in the GDA (87%; 94% of the 51 we can place). The report's 87% Dublin / 93% GDA used older industry counts.", "factCheck": { "rating": "mostly accurate", "checkedOn": "2026-10-03", "claimText": "The national 0.13% share is misleading because data centres cluster in the water-stressed Greater Dublin Area.", "origin": "Water Forum (McGrath & Alamanos), from Government, Uisce \u00c9ireann and industry counts.", "reasoning": [ "The national share holds up: 0.13% (2021, Government) is in line with the 0.17% we sum from 2025 AERs and Uisce \u00c9ireann's 'less than 0.3%' (Jul 2026).", "Clustering confirmed: 44 of 55 operating campuses in our directory are in the four Dublin councils and 48 are in the GDA (87%; 94% of the 51 we can place). The report's 87% Dublin / 93% GDA used older industry counts.", "Concentration is even sharper by volume: two sites are 91% of AER water.", "'24 of 82 connected' (2021) is out of date: Uisce \u00c9ireann now counts 57 data centres on the public network.", "Peaks of 0.5-5 ML/day per site are not confirmed: the largest 2025 AER user (Meta Clonee) averaged ~1.5 ML/day, and all 57 connected sites together used 4-6 ML/day in summer 2026. The 38% leakage figure was not re-checked." ], "numbers": { "shareOfPublicSupply2021Pct": 0.13, "shareOfPublicSupply2025AerPct": 0.17, "operatingCampuses": 55, "dublinCouncils": 44, "gda": 48, "top2SharePct": 91.1, "ueConnectedSites2026": 57, "metaClonee2025MLperDay": 1.52 }, "caveats": [ "Private wells are invisible in the metered data." ], "sources": [ { "name": "EPA AERs, public-supply water (water pipeline)", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/", "cache": "data/raw/water/extracted.json" }, { "name": "Our campus directory (app/public/ireland.json extra.directory)", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/" } ], "myths": [ "water_city" ] } }, "followUpIdea": "Parse AER water fields.", "id": "2024-10-the-water-forum-an-f-ram-uisce-water-use-by-data-centres-an-i" }, { "date": "2024-07-23", "outlet": "Guardian", "author": "Jillian Ambrose", "title": "Ireland's datacentres overtake electricity use of all urban homes combined, figures show", "url": "https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/23/ireland-datacentres-overtake-electricity-use-of-all-homes-combined-figures-show", "type": "news", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "grid security", "emissions" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Data centres used more electricity in 2023 than all urban homes combined.", "numbers": "21% of electricity 2023 vs 18% urban homes", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO metered electricity consumption 2023" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "search-snippet-only", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "CSO MEC02: 6,339 GWh, 20.7% of metered electricity in 2023." }, "followUpIdea": null, "id": "2024-07-guardian-ireland-s-datacentres-overtake" }, { "date": "2024-07-23", "outlet": "Houses of the Oireachtas", "author": "Kate Walsh", "title": "Spotlight: Data centres and energy (No. 2 of 2024)", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/libraryResearch/2024/2024-07-23_spotlight-data-centres-and-energy_en.pdf", "type": "official", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "grid security", "emissions", "renewables/PPAs", "policy" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "DC demand rose by about 1 TWh a year, faster than new renewables such as solar.", "numbers": "21% of metered electricity 2023 (18% in 2022, 5% in 2015); 6,334 GWh in 2023 (+20%); +473% 2015-2023; solar metered generation 439 GWh in 2023", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO MEC tables" }, { "claim": "Contracted but not yet used capacity is larger still.", "numbers": "~2,000 MVA contracted at transmission + ~300 MVA at 110 kV; 2019 load ~1,000 MVA = ~35% of contracted MIC; EirGrid: 30% of demand from DCs and new large users by 2032", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "EirGrid GCS 2019-2028 and 2023-2032" }, { "claim": "Size of the sector and EPA licensing.", "numbers": "Average design capacity 15.3 MW; Dublin 738 MW (Cushman & Wakefield) vs 1,261 MW (other source); EPA issued 13 energy IE licences to DCs in 2023", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Cushman & Wakefield; Mordor Intelligence; EPA personal communication" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "read-partial", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "CSO 2023: 6,339 GWh, 20.7%; AIRAA ~2,100 MVA contracted." }, "followUpIdea": null, "outletDetail": "Oireachtas Library & Research Service", "id": "2024-07-houses-of-the-oireachtas-spotlight-data-centres-and-ene" }, { "date": "2024-01-24", "outlet": "RT\u00c9", "author": "IEA", "title": "Electricity 2024: Analysis and forecast to 2026 (Ireland data-centre section)", "url": "https://www.siliconrepublic.com/enterprise/ireland-data-centres-electricity-consumption-demand-iea-grid", "type": "official", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "AI demand", "grid security" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "The IEA forecast Irish data centres reaching 32% of total electricity demand in 2026, up from 17-18% in 2022, potentially doubling consumption. Ireland then had 82 DCs, 14 under construction and 40 approved.", "numbers": "32% (2026 forecast); 18% (2022, CSO); 82 / 14 / 40 sites", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "IEA Electricity 2024; CSO; Host in Ireland/Bitpower" }, { "claim": "Checkable: CSO MEC02 shows 21.9% in 2024 and 23.2% in 2025, so the 32%-by-2026 forecast looks well above outturn.", "numbers": "", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Comparison note (our dataset)" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "read-partial", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "contradicts", "note": "CSO outturn: 21.9% (2024) and 23.2% (2025), far below the IEA's 32% for 2026." }, "followUpIdea": null, "outletDetail": "International Energy Agency (Electricity 2024), reported by Silicon Republic", "id": "2024-01-rt-electricity-2024-analysis-and-" }, { "date": "2024", "outlet": "Codema (Dublin's Energy Agency), conference slides", "author": "John O'Shea", "title": "Data Centres & DH in Tallaght: Delivering data centre heat to buildings through a heat network", "url": "https://ior.org.uk/public/downloads/W3JJ3/JOS%20Codema.pdf", "type": "analysis", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "emissions", "renewables/PPAs" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "1 MWh of DC electrical load yields about 750 kWh of recoverable heat at 25-35\u00b0C (air-cooled) or 40-60\u00b0C (direct liquid-cooled). The Tallaght District Heating Scheme uses Amazon DC waste heat upgraded by large heat pumps.", "numbers": "~750 kWh thermal per MWh; 25-35\u00b0C / 40-60\u00b0C", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Codema; datacenterfrontier.com" }, { "claim": "Context slide: DCs will be 29% of electricity demand by 2028, will need close to \u20ac9bn of generation and grid investment, and will drive a 13% rise in grid emissions by 2030.", "numbers": "29% (2028); ~\u20ac9bn; +13% emissions by 2030", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "EirGrid; Irish Academy of Engineering" }, { "claim": "Critique, reported by Trellis (2022, updated 2024): TCD's Anthony Robinson notes large heat losses and extra electricity use, and doubts the long-term model. Heat-pump output is quoted at 2-3 units of heat per unit of electricity.", "numbers": "COP ~2-3", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Trellis interview" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "read-partial", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "updates", "note": "Fact-checked 3 Oct 2026: can't be tested with public data. No public operating data from the Tallaght scheme lets us test the recovered-heat figure. The context slide has aged. '29% of demand by 2028' is EirGrid's 2019 forecast; the outturn was 23.2% in 2025.", "factCheck": { "rating": "can't be tested with public data", "checkedOn": "2026-10-03", "claimText": "Each MWh of data-centre load yields ~750 kWh of recoverable heat, used in Tallaght district heating.", "origin": "Codema conference slides.", "reasoning": [ "No public operating data from the Tallaght scheme lets us test the recovered-heat figure.", "The context slide has aged. '29% of demand by 2028' is EirGrid's 2019 forecast; the outturn was 23.2% in 2025.", "'+13% grid emissions by 2030' has not happened as an absolute rise: electricity-sector CO2 fell from 8.3 Mt (2020) to 6.3 Mt (2025), and the EPA projects 4.0-4.7 Mt in 2030. As a 'higher than it would otherwise be' claim it can't be tested." ], "numbers": { "csoShare2025Pct": 23.2, "electricityMt2020": 8.289, "electricityMt2025": 6.297, "epaProjection2030Mt": [ 4.0, 4.7 ] }, "caveats": [], "sources": [ { "name": "CSO MEC02 Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption", "url": "https://data.cso.ie/table/MEC02", "cache": "data/cso-mec02-2026-10-03.json" }, { "name": "EPA greenhouse gas inventory and projections (emissions pipeline)", "url": "https://www.epa.ie/our-services/monitoring--assessment/climate-change/ghg/", "cache": "data/raw/emissions/epa_provisional_1990-2025-2026-10-03.txt" } ], "myths": [ "renewables" ] } }, "followUpIdea": null, "dateNote": "approximate: slides undated; cites a 2024-updated Trellis piece", "id": "2024-codema-dublin-s-energy-agency-conference-slides-data-centres-dh-in-tallaght-de" }, { "date": "2023-11-08", "outlet": "Irish Examiner", "author": "Paul Hosford", "title": "Gas Networks Ireland will connect 11 data centres to gas grid despite emissions target concerns", "url": "https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-41264824.html", "type": "news", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "gas", "emissions", "policy" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "GNI is contractually bound to connect 11 'islanded' data centres; fewer than three done; no new contracts pending CRU review.", "numbers": "11 contracted; <3 connected; CRU review by Q1 2024", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "GNI and CRU replies to Oireachtas climate committee / Senator Lynn Boylan" } ], "quote": "Gas Networks Ireland plans to connect those data centres it is contractually bound to connect.", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "EPA LEAP: 7 data-centre sites have licensed or applied-for on-site gas (Equinix, Echelon, EdgeConneX, Microsoft, Data and Power Hub, South Dublin Routing, Vantage DUB11)." }, "followUpIdea": null, "id": "2023-11-irish-examiner-gas-networks-ireland-will-conn" }, { "date": "2022-12-19", "outlet": "The Journal", "author": "Niall Sargent", "title": "Drilling for Data: Growing energy needs fuelling rise in data centre emissions (Lights Out, part 2)", "url": "https://www.thejournal.ie/lights-out-part2-data-centres-5944594-Dec2022/", "type": "investigation", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "gas", "emissions", "grid security", "transparency" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Direct on-site emissions from data centres rose more than 35-fold in a decade.", "numbers": "just under 1,000 t CO2e (2012) to over 35,000 t (2021)", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Noteworthy analysis of EU ETS data" }, { "claim": "Data centres were turning to gas and generators as grid access tightened.", "numbers": "14 DCs contracted to GNI (mid-Sept 2022); 12 formal + 8 informal enquiries; DCs 6% of projected gas demand in 2030; ~350 backup diesel generators registered with EPA; a dozen EPA licence applications; one licensed site can emit ~200,000 t CO2e/yr", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Gas Networks Ireland; EPA licence files; dozens of FOI requests; energy data submitted to the EU" }, { "claim": "EirGrid projected data centres and large users would exceed a quarter of electricity use by 2031.", "numbers": ">25% by 2031", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "EirGrid Generation Capacity Statement" } ], "quote": "That's why our emissions are increasing at a time when they should be decreasing (Paul Deane, UCC)", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "updates", "note": "ETS verified: direct on-site emissions peaked at 36,958 t in 2022 (the year after this piece's 35,000 t for 2021), then fell to 9,471 t in 2025. EPA licences: 7 sites now licensed or applied for on-site gas." }, "followUpIdea": "Follow-up on the 14 GNI-contracted sites: which of them are built, licensed and burning gas (EPA AER fuel use).", "outletDetail": "Noteworthy (TheJournal.ie)", "id": "2022-12-the-journal-drilling-for-data-growing-ener" }, { "date": "2022-12", "outlet": "Business Post", "author": null, "title": "Amazon, Microsoft seek licences to power data centres with fossil fuels amid energy supply warnings", "url": "https://www.businesspost.ie/news/amazon-microsoft-seek-licences-to-power-data-centres-with-fossil-fuels-amid-energy-supply-warnings/", "type": "news", "paywalled": true, "angle": [ "gas", "grid security", "emissions" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Microsoft lodged two EPA licence applications (in December) for on-site generators at Grange Castle; Big Tech applying to run diesel generators if cut off from grid.", "numbers": "136 generators; 791 MW combined", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "EPA licence applications" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "search-snippet-only", "note": "Date not confirmed (likely early 2023 given Grange Castle timeline, unverified). Related BP headlines: 'Microsoft secures planning for \u20ac100m gas plant to power data centre'; 'Microsoft in new bid for fossil fuel licences to power Dublin data centres'. Checkable vs our EPA licence dataset.", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "EPA LEAP: Microsoft Grange Castle licences P1190 + P1191 total 791.9 MWth of generators, matching the 791 MW reported." }, "followUpIdea": null, "dateNote": "approximate: search summary dates it Dec 2022; Microsoft's licences P1190/P1191 were granted Jun-Jul 2023", "id": "2022-12-business-post-amazon-microsoft-seek-licences" }, { "date": "2022-09-26", "outlet": "Irish Examiner", "author": "Paul Hosford", "title": "Data centre demands for gas connections 'could damage Ireland's emissions targets'", "url": "https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-40968257.html", "type": "news", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "gas", "emissions", "policy" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Requests for DC gas connections rose each year 2019-2021 after electricity connection curbs; Department of Environment warned islanded DCs run counter to emissions goals.", "numbers": "Annual increase 2019-2021 (no totals given)", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Figures reviewed by Irish Examiner; CEPA energy security review; CRU evidence to Oireachtas committee" } ], "quote": "GNI flagged to us that this could create a much higher demand profile on the gas network. (Aoife MacEvilly, CRU)", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "EPA licences and An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la reports: 8 appeal cases rely on on-site gas; the Board refused Vantage DUB13 and Equinix fearing gas would become primary power." }, "followUpIdea": null, "id": "2022-09-irish-examiner-data-centre-demands-for-gas-co" }, { "date": "2022-09-06", "outlet": "The Ditch", "author": "The Ditch editors", "title": "ABP chair voted for data centre 900 metres from his home", "url": "https://www.ontheditch.com/abp-chair-voted-neighbourhood/", "type": "investigation", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "planning", "transparency" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "An Bord Plean\u00e1la chair Dave Walsh voted to approve Amazon-linked (Tunis Properties) Drogheda data centre close to his home, despite code of conduct.", "numbers": "\u20ac350m; 28,566 sq m; 48 MW; 900 m from his home; An Taisce: DCs 31% of grid electricity by 2027", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "ABP board records; ABP code of conduct; An Taisce appeal" } ], "quote": "Shall not knowingly deal with a file or other matter...concerning his/her own immediate neighbourhood. (ABP code)", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "extends", "note": "ACP 310729 (Apr 2022): Tunis Properties, Drogheda, 48 MW, granted; inspector also recommended grant." }, "followUpIdea": null, "id": "2022-09-the-ditch-abp-chair-voted-for-data-centr" }, { "date": "2022-08-15", "outlet": "RT\u00c9", "author": "Aoife Ryan-Christensen", "title": "The rise and rise of data centres in Ireland", "url": "https://www.rte.ie/brainstorm/2022/0815/1315804-data-centres-ireland-electricity-energy-resources-climate-change/", "type": "analysis", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "grid security", "policy", "emissions" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Data centres overtook rural homes' electricity use in 2021.", "numbers": "14% of metered electricity in 2021 vs rural homes 12%; consumption +32% 2020-2021", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO metered electricity (MEC02) 2021" }, { "claim": "EirGrid expected the data-centre share to keep climbing.", "numbers": "up to 30% by 2030", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "EirGrid statement" }, { "claim": "Ireland hosted about 70 data centres, 65 of them in greater Dublin.", "numbers": "70 / 65", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "article text, no source given" } ], "quote": "They're very much central to our modern technology, our modern economy. (Dr Paul Deane, MaREI)", "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "CSO MEC02: 14.1% in 2021 (4,013 GWh)." }, "followUpIdea": null, "outletDetail": "RT\u00c9 Brainstorm", "id": "2022-08-rt-the-rise-and-rise-of-data-cent" }, { "date": "2022-07-27", "outlet": "DETE", "author": null, "title": "Government Statement on the Role of Data Centres in Ireland's Enterprise Strategy", "url": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/news-and-events/department-news/2022/july/new-statement-on-the-role-of-data-centres-in-irelands-enterprise-strategy-published.html", "type": "official", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "policy", "renewables/PPAs" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Government principles favouring data centres with economic activity, efficient grid use, renewables additionality, co-location, decarbonisation by design and SME/community benefits. Projects not consistent with the principles would not be in line with policy.", "numbers": "DCs ~14% of electricity and ~2% of GHG emissions; tech sector \u20ac52bn (16%) GVA and 140,000 jobs", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "CSO; DETE" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "read-partial", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "CSO 2021: 14.1%; policy timeline holds the statement." }, "followUpIdea": null, "outletDetail": "Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment", "id": "2022-07-dete-government-statement-on-the-ro" }, { "date": "2021-11-23", "outlet": "CRU", "author": null, "title": "CRU Direction to the System Operators related to Data Centre grid connection processing (CRU/21/124)", "url": "https://www.cru.ie/publications/27081/", "type": "official", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "grid security", "policy" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "New DC connections are assessed on location relative to grid constraint, on-site dispatchable generation or storage at least equal to demand, and demand flexibility. In practice this halted new Dublin connections.", "numbers": "EirGrid then said contracted DCs could reach 25-33% of demand by 2030", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "EirGrid connection data" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "search-snippet-only", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "Policy timeline; planning: new-build applications 55 -> 14 after it." }, "followUpIdea": null, "outletDetail": "Commission for Regulation of Utilities", "id": "2021-11-cru-cru-direction-to-the-system-op" }, { "date": "2021-05-11", "outlet": "Irish Times", "author": null, "title": "Host in Ireland biannual report, May 2021", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/business/energy-and-resources/number-of-operational-data-centres-in-ireland-up-by-quarter-report-finds-1.4562274", "type": "industry", "paywalled": true, "angle": [ "jobs/tax", "emissions" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Industry-promotion body's count of capacity and investment.", "numbers": "70 operational DCs using 900 MW; 8 under construction (250 MW); \u20ac7bn invested 2010-2020; \u20ac7bn more expected 2021-2026; \u20ac1.33bn in 2021", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Bitpower tracking" }, { "claim": "The report says data centre emissions are small and stable.", "numbers": "1.85% of national carbon emissions in 2020; DCs 11% of grid consumption, projected 19% by 2026; underpin \u20ac132bn ICT exports", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Cornwall Insight modelling" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "read-partial", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "contradicts", "note": "Its forecast of 19% by 2026 was already exceeded in 2023 (20.7%, CSO) and 2025 hit 23.2%." }, "followUpIdea": null, "outletDetail": "Host in Ireland (analysis by Bitpower and Cornwall Insight), reported by Irish Times", "id": "2021-05-irish-times-host-in-ireland-biannual-repor" }, { "date": "2020-04-02", "outlet": "ESRI", "author": "Desta Fitiwi; Muireann \u00c1. Lynch", "title": "Climate policy costs of spatially unbalanced growth in electricity demand: the case of datacentres", "url": "https://www.esri.ie/publications/climate-policy-costs-of-spatially-unbalanced-growth-in-electricity-demand-the-case-of", "type": "academic", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "bills", "renewables/PPAs", "grid security", "emissions" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Joint generation and transmission expansion planning optimisation for the island of Ireland, with uncertain datacentre growth, under different climate policies. DC demand raises power-system costs by 6% under a carbon-reduction policy and by 9% to 15% under renewable-energy targets.", "numbers": "+6% (carbon policy); +9% to +15% (RES targets)", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "GTEP optimisation model; EirGrid DC demand scenarios" }, { "claim": "Flat DC demand is best matched by constant-output (often fossil, possibly with CCS) supply. A technology-neutral carbon policy is more robust to demand uncertainty than a renewable target.", "numbers": "", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Model results" } ], "quote": "Datacentre expansion imposes significant extra costs on the power system, even under the cheapest policy option.", "verified": "read-partial", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "untested", "note": "Fact-checked 3 Oct 2026: can't be tested with public data. This is a counterfactual optimisation result; no public dataset can reproduce it. One premise has changed since 2020: the extra demand was not met mainly by new domestic plant. From 2020 to 2025 data centres used 4.6 TWh more, wind was flat at ~11.8 TWh, Irish gas generation fell, and net imports rose from ~0 to ~6.1 TWh (Ember; EirGrid's ROI series gives -0.5 to 5.8 TWh).", "factCheck": { "rating": "can't be tested with public data", "checkedOn": "2026-10-03", "claimText": "Data-centre demand raises power-system costs by 6% (carbon policy) to 9-15% (renewable targets).", "origin": "ESRI Working Paper 657, generation and transmission expansion model.", "reasoning": [ "This is a counterfactual optimisation result; no public dataset can reproduce it.", "One premise has changed since 2020: the extra demand was not met mainly by new domestic plant. From 2020 to 2025 data centres used 4.6 TWh more, wind was flat at ~11.8 TWh, Irish gas generation fell, and net imports rose from ~0 to ~6.1 TWh (Ember; EirGrid's ROI series gives -0.5 to 5.8 TWh)." ], "numbers": { "dcGrowth2020to2025TWh": 4.6, "netImports2025TWh": 6.1 }, "caveats": [], "sources": [ { "name": "CSO MEC02 Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption", "url": "https://data.cso.ie/table/MEC02", "cache": "data/cso-mec02-2026-10-03.json" }, { "name": "Imports pipeline (EirGrid, CSO)", "url": "https://www.smartgriddashboard.com/" } ], "myths": [ "my_bill" ] } }, "followUpIdea": null, "outletDetail": "ESRI Working Paper 657 (later Climate Policy 24(5), 2023)", "id": "2020-04-esri-climate-policy-costs-of-spatia" }, { "date": "2019-12-20", "outlet": "IEA", "author": "George Kamiya; Oskar Kvarnstr\u00f6m", "title": "Data centres and energy - from global headlines to local headaches?", "url": "https://www.iea.org/commentaries/data-centres-and-energy-from-global-headlines-to-local-headaches", "type": "analysis", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "AI demand", "renewables/PPAs" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Cites EirGrid's projection that demand from data centres and other large users could more than double in a decade, to almost 30% of Irish electricity demand in 2028. Suggests DCs could absorb surplus night-time wind (wind was 28% of generation in 2018).", "numbers": "~30% by 2028; wind 28% (2018)", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "EirGrid All-Island Generation Capacity Statement 2019-2028; IEA Ireland 2019 Review" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "updates", "note": "EirGrid GCS 2019 forecast ~29-30% by 2028; outturn 23.2% in 2025 - on a slower path than forecast." }, "followUpIdea": null, "outletDetail": "International Energy Agency (commentary)", "id": "2019-12-iea-data-centres-and-energy-from-g" }, { "date": "2019-06", "outlet": "ESRI", "author": "Muireann \u00c1. Lynch; Mel T. Devine", "title": "Who pays for renewables? The effect of datacentres on renewable subsidies", "url": "https://www.esri.ie/publications/who-pays-for-renewables-the-effect-of-datacentres-on-renewable-subsidies", "type": "academic", "paywalled": false, "angle": [ "bills", "renewables/PPAs" ], "keyClaims": [ { "claim": "Renewable targets are a share of total demand, so DC load raises the renewable build required. The PSO levy is allocated by contribution to peak demand, so households and SMEs pick up part of the extra subsidy.", "numbers": "40% RES-E target 2020; 100 MWh demand -> 40 MWh extra renewables", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "EirGrid low/median/high datacentre demand scenarios; 2016 PSO levy (\u20ac6.62/month residential, \u20ac23.29/month small commercial)" }, { "claim": "If the extra renewables are onshore wind, residential subsidy costs rise 3% (median DC scenario) or 7% (high) against the low scenario. If solar, they rise 20% and 41%. The authors propose levying PSO on average demand or per unit consumed.", "numbers": "+3% / +7% (wind); +20% / +41% (solar)", "dataSourceTheyUsed": "Own simulation" } ], "quote": null, "verified": "read-full", "whatOurDataSays": { "verdict": "confirms", "note": "Fact-checked 3 Oct 2026: mostly accurate. The mechanism still holds. CRU's 2025/26 PSO decision allocates the levy across domestic, small and medium/large customers 'in proportion to the ratio of these demand peaks'. Households carry 34.23% of the levy but used 27.5% of metered electricity in 2025 (CSO MEC05). Medium/large users, including data centres, carry 55.71% while using ~62%. Flat loads like data centres add little to the peak, so they pay less than their energy share.", "factCheck": { "rating": "mostly accurate", "checkedOn": "2026-10-03", "claimText": "The PSO levy is allocated by contribution to peak demand, so households and SMEs pick up part of the extra renewable subsidy that data-centre demand creates.", "origin": "ESRI (Lynch & Devine, 2019), own simulation.", "reasoning": [ "The mechanism still holds. CRU's 2025/26 PSO decision allocates the levy across domestic, small and medium/large customers 'in proportion to the ratio of these demand peaks'.", "Households carry 34.23% of the levy but used 27.5% of metered electricity in 2025 (CSO MEC05). Medium/large users, including data centres, carry 55.71% while using ~62%. Flat loads like data centres add little to the peak, so they pay less than their energy share.", "The amounts are small now: the 2025/26 levy was EUR 162m (cut to EUR 125m from Dec 2025), EUR 2.01 a month per household before the cut. Allocating by energy instead would take roughly a fifth off the household share, about EUR 5 per household per year (our estimate).", "The +3% to +41% subsidy increases are modelled scenarios and can't be checked." ], "numbers": { "domesticPeakSharePct": 34.23, "mediumLargePeakSharePct": 55.71, "residentialEnergyShare2025Pct": 27.5, "mediumLargeEnergyShare2025Pct": 62.0, "psoLevy2025_26EURm": 162.37, "psoLevyRevisedEURm": 125.38, "domesticEURperMonth": 2.01 }, "caveats": [ "The PSO levy is small when wholesale prices are high, because renewable support pays out less." ], "sources": [ { "name": "CRU2025108 2025/26 PSO Levy Final Decision, s4.3 and Table 1", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/2025-26_PSO_Final_Decision_PaperCRU2025108.pdf", "cache": "data/raw/press/sources/cru-CRU2025108-PSO-2025-26-final-2026-10-03.txt" }, { "name": "CSO MEC05 Metered Electricity Consumption by tariff group", "url": "https://data.cso.ie/table/MEC05", "cache": "data/raw/imports/cso-MEC05-2026-10-03.json" } ], "myths": [ "my_bill" ] } }, "followUpIdea": "Pull PSO levy decisions to test cost allocation now that DCs are 23% of demand.", "outletDetail": "ESRI Research Bulletin 2019/11 (summarising World Journal of Applied Economics 5(1):25-29)", "id": "2019-06-esri-who-pays-for-renewables-the-ef" } ], "narratives": [ { "narrative": "Data centres use about a quarter of Ireland's electricity and the share keeps climbing", "evidence": "well-evidenced", "detail": "Every outlet uses CSO MEC02: 23.2% in 2025 (7,662 GWh), from 5% in 2015. One error recurs: rounding up ('a quarter' in an Oct 2025 editorial when the latest figure was 21.9%). Regional claims are mixed: '50% of Dublin/Meath' (CRU's estimate) holds up: CSO county data give 49.5% for 2024, within a 41-53% range once EPA site data are used. 'Almost 80% of Dublin' has no public basis.", "ourData": "CSO MEC02 series held in full; EPA AERs cover 89% of it site by site." }, { "narrative": "Data centres swallowed all the new renewables, so Ireland stayed on fossil fuels", "evidence": "well-evidenced for 2017-2023; needs updating since 2020", "detail": "Daly (UCC/FoE, Dec 2024) and the CCAC (2025, 2026) show data-centre growth matched or beat wind growth. Our Ember \u00d7 CSO numbers agree for 2017-23 (wind about +4.3 TWh, data centres about +4.6 TWh). But since 2020 wind has been flat, Irish gas-fired generation has fallen slightly, and net imports have grown from ~0 to ~6.1 TWh. The extra demand came from Britain, not from Irish gas.", "ourData": "ember + cso" }, { "narrative": "Households pay for data centres on their bills", "evidence": "weakly evidenced (plausible mechanism, one unreplicated model, contradictory tariff claims)", "detail": "The \u20ac360-per-household figure comes from a single NGO-commissioned wholesale model (Fearon for FoE/Beyond Fossil Fuels, May 2026). It is repeated across RT\u00c9, the Irish Times, The Journal and the Maynooth paper. On network charges, the press contradicts itself: RT\u00c9 Prime Time (Aug 2025, CRU PR6) says large users' charges fall 14%, while the Irish Examiner (Sep 2026, CRU) says large energy users' tariffs rose 175% against 45% for households between 2020 and 2026. ESRI (2019) showed that peak-based PSO allocation shifts renewable-subsidy costs onto households.", "ourData": "Eurostat (big users pay 1.45\u00d7 the EU average) and the EirGrid dashboard (data centres are ~28% of the overnight floor) support the mechanism; we hold no tariff data." }, { "narrative": "Data centres are turning to gas and diesel: fossil lock-in", "evidence": "well-evidenced as a pipeline; overstated as present-day emissions", "detail": "EPA licences, GNI contracts (11 sites, 2.1 GW) and islanded projects (Pure DC, Echelon) are all real. But on-site combustion today is small and falling: verified ETS emissions were 36,958 t in 2022 and 9,471 t in 2025. Stories that add up historic generator emissions (135,000-181,553 t) mix the past with a future that is much larger: about 0.95 Mt a year if the licensed gas sites run as licensed.", "ourData": "epa_generation, emissions (ETS verified)" }, { "narrative": "Data centres underpin the economy: jobs, tax and FDI", "evidence": "weakly evidenced at the headline level; direct figures well evidenced", "detail": "KPMG for DETE (Jun 2026): 876,000 'enabled' jobs and \u20ac104bn GVA. Industry bodies: \u20ac228bn 'ecosystem' and \u20ac107.5bn ICT. These attribute whole sectors to data centres; the Irish Times editorial, Muireann Lynch (ESRI) and Fearon/Bresnihan/Brodie all reject that framing. The well-evidenced figures are small: ~3,300 direct operating jobs and \u20ac280m a year in employment taxes (KPMG, 2024). No data-centre-specific corporation-tax figure exists (Oireachtas Library 2025).", "ourData": "valuation: ~\u20ac73m/yr in commercial rates is a hard fiscal figure nobody cites." }, { "narrative": "The de facto moratorium is pushing investment to the Nordics and Spain", "evidence": "moderately evidenced", "detail": "Sources are executive quotes (Microsoft's Val Walsh; AWS at ARET), DC Byte market data and the CII line of 'one connection agreement in four years'. The corporation-tax threat (DII, May 2026) is asserted, not shown.", "ourData": "lifecycle: new-build applications fell 55 \u2192 14 after Nov 2021, appeals rose 15% \u2192 71%, refusals 4% \u2192 22%; policy: one new contract in ~3.5 years." }, { "narrative": "Secrecy: nobody knows what individual data centres use", "evidence": "well-evidenced for EU reporting; partly untrue for Ireland", "detail": "The Journal (Apr 2026) showed the EED delegated act made site data confidential, and the CCAC found that only 18 of ~123 Irish data centres reported. But Irish EPA annual environmental reports are public and give site-level grid electricity for the 16 licensed sites.", "ourData": "epa_generation AERs \u00f7 CSO: Amazon up to \u224849% (roughly 40\u201350%), Microsoft 18%, Meta 15% of national data-centre electricity (2025); shares are upper bounds." }, { "narrative": "Data centres strain water supply", "evidence": "weakly evidenced as a national issue; moderately evidenced locally and seasonally", "detail": "Direct public-supply use is about 1bn litres a year (The Journal, from AERs and Uisce \u00c9ireann; Water Forum: 0.13% of supply). It doubles in hot months. The 46bn-litre 'footprint' (Maynooth, Sep 2026) is mostly water used in generating the electricity, and it is calculated from 9.4 TWh rather than CSO's 7.66 TWh.", "ourData": "not yet held (AER water fields are unparsed)." }, { "narrative": "Forecasts: 30%+ of electricity by 2030", "evidence": "contested: forecasts have a poor track record in both directions", "detail": "The IEA (Jan 2024) said 32% by 2026; EirGrid GCS 2019 said ~29% by 2028; Host in Ireland (2021) said 19% by 2026. Outturn was 23.2% in 2025. Forecasts assume contracted capacity fills, but data centres draw only ~34-36% of contracted MVA.", "ourData": "policy.demandForecasts and CSO outturn." }, { "narrative": "Ireland is a global outlier and a cautionary tale for Europe", "evidence": "well-evidenced", "detail": "22-23% compares with 3-5% in the Netherlands and 7-9% in Singapore (JRC, cited by Brodie). The FT, Bloomberg, UNU and the IEA all frame Ireland this way.", "ourData": "CSO; Ember comparison countries." }, { "narrative": "Data centres are sited in deprived areas, and local opposition is rising", "evidence": "moderately evidenced (one deprivation overlay, not peer-reviewed; appeal outcomes)", "detail": "84 of 97 Dublin data centres are in disadvantaged areas (TheJournal, May 2026, author of the study unconfirmed). Refusals include Killala (Sep 2026) and Vantage/Equinix (2024-25). Echelon noise complaints (Sep 2026).", "ourData": "acp_reports, lifecycle, directory coordinates (deprivation not yet joined)." } ], "unanswered": [ { "question": "Which individual data centres use the most electricity, and who owns them?", "askedBy": "Irish Times (Feb 2026, 'unknown amount of energy'); The Journal (Apr 2026, EU secrecy); Ciar\u00e1n Ahern TD", "ourAnswer": "Partly answerable now: EPA AERs give 2025 grid draw for 16 licensed sites (6.8 TWh, 89% of CSO). Amazon up to \u224849% (an upper bound; roughly 40\u201350%), Microsoft 18%, Meta Clonee 15% (1,183 GWh, 135 MW).", "datasets": [ "epa_generation", "directory" ] }, { "question": "How many data centres are there, actually?", "askedBy": "Published counts range from 70 to 129 (Host in Ireland 70; IEA/Bitpower 82; The Journal 89 operating; ClientEarth ~90; Oireachtas Library 121; CCAC 123; O'Toole 129; CRU '72 buildings on 36 sites')", "ourAnswer": "79 campuses: 55 operating, 7 under construction, 6 permitted, 3 proposed, 8 lapsed. The differences come from the unit counted (building, site, campus) and from status.", "datasets": [ "directory" ] }, { "question": "How much gas will on-site plants burn, and whose climate budget does it hit?", "askedBy": "ClientEarth (Herbata), Daly (UCC), CCAC 2026, Bonserio & Daly 2026, Irish Times (interruptible gas, Sep 2026)", "ourAnswer": "Licensed gas sites \u22480.95 Mt/yr if run as licensed, against ~9.5 kt today. EPA inspectors place it under the commercial & public buildings ceiling, where it is \u224895% of the 2026-30 average annual budget.", "datasets": [ "epa_generation", "emissions" ] }, { "question": "Are data-centre emissions rising or falling?", "askedBy": "Daly, CCAC, Bitpower, DII ('<3%')", "ourAnswer": "Grid-attributed CO2 was 1.70 Mt in 2022 and 1.46 Mt in 2025, even though use rose 45%, because grid intensity fell and imports rose. Imports count as zero in Ireland's inventory. Marginal-attribution sensitivity: ~1.7 Mt from growth since 2020.", "datasets": [ "emissions", "ember", "cso" ] }, { "question": "Where did the extra electricity for data centres come from?", "askedBy": "CCAC 'cannibalising'; Daly 'fossil dependence'", "ourAnswer": "2017-2020: mostly new wind. 2020-2025: data centres grew by +4.6 TWh while wind was flat (~11.8 TWh), Irish gas generation fell slightly, and net imports grew by ~6 TWh.", "datasets": [ "ember", "cso" ] }, { "question": "Can the CRU's 80% new-renewables rule actually be met, and by whom?", "askedBy": "FoE ('accounting exercise'), WEI, DII, CCAC (wants 100%)", "ourAnswer": "80% of growth to 2034 needs ~5.55 TWh/yr (\u22482.1 GW onshore wind). Only ~1.4 GW of permitted, uncontracted wind exists. 1.9 GW of CPPAs have been announced, all by four hyperscalers; none found for the colocation operators.", "datasets": [ "ppa_supply" ] }, { "question": "How much of the planning pipeline is real?", "askedBy": "FoE (700+ MW in planning), Bitpower (\u20ac8-10bn at risk), KPMG (+300 MW to 2030)", "ourAnswer": "68% of granted new builds since 2014 started. 11 permissions lapsed unbuilt and 8 are live but unstarted (~192k m\u00b2). Median ~3 years from application to completion.", "datasets": [ "lifecycle", "acp_reports" ] }, { "question": "What do data centres pay locally?", "askedBy": "O'Gorman / Conway-Walsh PQs (Sep 2026); Lynch (ESRI) 'do they pay their own way'", "ourAnswer": "~\u20ac73m a year in commercial rates (66 valued properties, mostly South Dublin ~\u20ac43m). This is an estimate from Tailte \u00c9ireann NAV \u00d7 2026 ARV.", "datasets": [ "valuation" ] }, { "question": "How reliable are the '30% by 2030' forecasts?", "askedBy": "Almost every news piece cites one", "ourAnswer": "Forecast-vs-outturn: IEA 32% by 2026 vs 23.2% in 2025; GCS 2019 ~29% by 2028; Host in Ireland 19% by 2026 (already beaten in 2023). Actual draw is ~38\u201346% of contracted capacity.", "datasets": [ "policy", "cso" ] }, { "question": "Is Ireland's share of hyperscaler investment falling?", "askedBy": "DII (corporation-tax threat), DC Byte (pivot to Nordics), AWS at ARET", "ourAnswer": "Partly: the five hyperscalers' global capex rose 5.3\u00d7 (2019-2025) while Irish new-build applications fell 55 \u2192 14. Irish euros spent are not yet measured.", "datasets": [ "edgar_capex", "lifecycle" ] }, { "question": "Where can a new data centre still get power?", "askedBy": "Art Data Centres (Ennis), Avaio (Killala), LEAP coverage", "ourAnswer": "Dublin is 'fully constrained' (EirGrid, May 2026). East Cork harbour, Kildare/Naas, Meath and Arklow pair 220/400 kV with gas. Proximity is not the same as capacity.", "datasets": [ "siting", "policy" ] } ], "competingNumbers": [ { "topic": "Jobs", "industry": [ { "figure": "876,000 jobs 'enabled' (32% of employment)", "source": "KPMG for DETE, The value of data centres to Ireland (Jun 2026)", "url": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/publication-files/the-value-of-data-centres-to-ireland.pdf" }, { "figure": "19,500 jobs from construction and operation in 2024 (8,316 operations)", "source": "KPMG for DETE (Jun 2026)", "url": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/publication-files/the-value-of-data-centres-to-ireland.pdf" }, { "figure": "17,000 direct staff at AWS, Microsoft, Google and Meta (whole companies)", "source": "Bitpower Q4 2024", "url": "https://bitpower.ie/images/Reports/2024_Q4_Market_Update_Ireland_v1-2.pdf" } ], "critics": [ { "figure": "~3,300 direct permanent data-centre jobs; 144 jobs per 1% of national power", "source": "Fearon, Bresnihan & Brodie, MUSSI WP31 (Sep 2026)", "url": "https://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/id/eprint/21841/" }, { "figure": "7,750 direct jobs incl. 6,220 construction", "source": "MUSSI WP31 (Sep 2026)", "url": "https://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/id/eprint/21841/" } ], "ourData": "No employment data; the directory and AERs give MW per site for jobs-per-MW ratios if operators publish headcounts." }, { "topic": "Tax", "industry": [ { "figure": "\u20ac14.6bn employment taxes in 'dependent sectors' (28%)", "source": "KPMG for DETE (Jun 2026)", "url": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/publication-files/the-value-of-data-centres-to-ireland.pdf" }, { "figure": "\u20ac2.8bn employment-related tax 2010-2024; \u20ac280m in 2024", "source": "KPMG for DETE (Jun 2026)", "url": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/publication-files/the-value-of-data-centres-to-ireland.pdf" }, { "figure": "\u20ac33bn corporation tax at risk if IP follows data centres abroad", "source": "Digital Infrastructure Ireland via Irish Times (27 May 2026)", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/2026/05/27/failure-to-attract-data-centres-a-threat-to-corporation-tax-revenues/" } ], "critics": [ { "figure": "No data-centre-specific corporation-tax figure is published; ~\u20ac4bn of 2023 CT linked to ICT incl. DCs", "source": "Oireachtas Library, The future of data centres in Ireland (Mar 2025)", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/libraryResearch/2025/2025-03-20_the-future-of-data-centres-in-ireland_en.pdf" }, { "figure": "CyrusOne Irish unit paid \u20ac24.6m dividend to Dutch parent (2024)", "source": "Una Mullally, Irish Times (19 Jan 2026)", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/2026/01/19/data-centres-leap-back-into-business-under-new-government-policy/" } ], "ourData": "~\u20ac73m/yr commercial rates (Tailte \u00c9ireann valuation \u00d7 2026 ARV; estimate)." }, { "topic": "Investment / economic value", "industry": [ { "figure": "\u20ac15bn invested in Irish DCs (\u20ac10bn by 4 hyperscalers), excl. ~\u20ac30bn IT fit-out", "source": "Bitpower Q4 2024", "url": "https://bitpower.ie/images/Reports/2024_Q4_Market_Update_Ireland_v1-2.pdf" }, { "figure": "\u20ac22.2bn GVA 2010-2024 (\u20ac13.8bn construction)", "source": "KPMG for DETE (Jun 2026)", "url": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/publication-files/the-value-of-data-centres-to-ireland.pdf" }, { "figure": "\u20ac228bn digital ecosystem; \u20ac4.4bn of developments stranded", "source": "DII response to CRU202504 (Apr 2025)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/materials/200/277/DII%20Response%20to%20CRU202504.pdf" }, { "figure": "\u20ac7bn invested 2010-2020", "source": "Host in Ireland (May 2021)", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/business/energy-and-resources/number-of-operational-data-centres-in-ireland-up-by-quarter-report-finds-1.4562274" } ], "critics": [ { "figure": "Resources could have built ~50,000 homes (2019-2024)", "source": "MUSSI WP31 (Sep 2026)", "url": "https://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/id/eprint/21841/" }, { "figure": "Much construction GVA would occur anyway; the test is whether DCs pay system costs", "source": "Muireann Lynch (ESRI), Irish Times (12 Sep 2026)", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/2026/09/12/muireann-lynch-do-data-centres-pay-their-own-way-the-answer-is-not-straightforward/" } ], "ourData": "SEC capex: 5 hyperscalers $379bn globally in FY2025; Ireland's share not yet measured." }, { "topic": "Emissions", "industry": [ { "figure": "1.85% of national emissions (2020)", "source": "Host in Ireland / Cornwall Insight (May 2021)", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/business/energy-and-resources/number-of-operational-data-centres-in-ireland-up-by-quarter-report-finds-1.4562274" }, { "figure": "1.53 Mt CO2 in 2023 (~2.5% of national)", "source": "Bitpower Q4 2024", "url": "https://bitpower.ie/images/Reports/2024_Q4_Market_Update_Ireland_v1-2.pdf" }, { "figure": "DCs under 3% of national emissions", "source": "DII response to CRU202504 (Apr 2025)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/materials/200/277/DII%20Response%20to%20CRU202504.pdf" } ], "critics": [ { "figure": "~1.1 Mt CO2 in 2023 from demand added since 2021 alone (marginal, 86% gas)", "source": "Hannah Daly blog (Oct 2024)", "url": "https://hannahdaly.ie/2024-10-18-data-centres-revisited/" }, { "figure": "Electricity sector overshoots its ceiling by 2.6-3.6 Mt with GNI-projected DC gas", "source": "Daly for FoE (Dec 2024)", "url": "https://www.ucc.ie/en/epmg/publications/2024-12-10-data-centres-in-the-context-of-irelands-carbon-budgets.html" }, { "figure": "+3.3 Mt in 2030, +6.3 Mt in 2040, >60 Mt cumulative under the 5.8 GW scenario", "source": "Bonserio & Daly, UCC (Jun 2026)", "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/20585450" }, { "figure": "Herbata Naas alone ~950,000 tCO2e/yr", "source": "ClientEarth (Oct 2025)", "url": "https://www.clientearth.org/latest/press-office/press-releases/clientearth-lawyers-intervene-on-irish-data-centre-that-could-send-dangerous-signal-for-europe/" } ], "ourData": "Grid-attributed 1.46 Mt (2025) = 2.8% of national excl. LULUCF, 23% of electricity-sector emissions; both camps are right about different things. Today's on-site 9.5 kt vs licensed \u22480.95 Mt/yr." }, { "topic": "Household bills", "industry": [ { "figure": "Onsite plants could double build costs (argument against cost-shifting rules)", "source": "DII via Irish Times (12 Dec 2025)", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/business/2025/12/12/new-data-centres-must-generate-and-supply-electricity-to-wider-market-regulator-rules/" }, { "figure": "Large energy users' network tariffs +175% vs households +45% (2020-2026)", "source": "CRU evidence via Irish Examiner (29 Sep 2026)", "url": "https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-41917285.html" } ], "critics": [ { "figure": "\u20ac360 per household 2015-2023 (\u20ac715m); \u20ac295-\u20ac644 more 2025-2034", "source": "Fearon for FoE / Beyond Fossil Fuels (May 2026)", "url": "https://www.friendsoftheearth.ie/publications/the-cost-of-data-centre-growth-in-ireland" }, { "figure": "Domestic network costs +8-21% over five years while large users' fall 14%", "source": "RT\u00c9 Prime Time citing CRU PR6 (Aug 2025)", "url": "https://www.rte.ie/news/primetime/2025/0821/1529518-govt-warned-of-rising-household-bills-as-data-centres-strain-grid/" }, { "figure": "\u20ac600m of LEU network costs rebalanced onto others (\u20ac50m/yr over 12 years)", "source": "Una Mullally citing Oireachtas testimony (Jan 2026)", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/2026/01/19/data-centres-leap-back-into-business-under-new-government-policy/" } ], "ourData": "Eurostat: big users pay \u20ac0.159/kWh vs EU \u20ac0.110; our rerun of the FoE wholesale model gives ~\u20ac110-130 per household a year (short-run, upper-end estimate); CRU PR6 archetypes: extra-large users +175% vs households +31% (2020-21 to 2024-25), then -20% vs +15% to 2029-30. Note that the CRU-sourced tariff claims point in opposite directions." }, { "topic": "Water", "industry": [ { "figure": "0.13% of public supply (~810 ML/yr) to known DCs", "source": "Government Statement 2022, as cited by the Water Forum (Oct 2024)", "url": "https://thewaterforum.ie/app/uploads/2024/10/McGrath-2024-Data-Centre-Water-Use-in-Ireland-.pdf" } ], "critics": [ { "figure": "999 million litres from public supply in 2025; doubles in summer", "source": "The Journal Investigates (Jul/Aug 2026)", "url": "https://www.thejournal.ie/investigates-data-centre-water-use-7110966-Jul2026/" }, { "figure": "46bn litres/yr footprint (incl. electricity generation) = 340,600 homes", "source": "MUSSI WP31 (Sep 2026)", "url": "https://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/id/eprint/21841/" } ], "ourData": "Not held; the 46bn-litre figure uses 9.4 TWh against CSO's 7.66 TWh." }, { "topic": "Electricity share forecasts", "industry": [ { "figure": "19% by 2026", "source": "Host in Ireland (May 2021)", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/business/energy-and-resources/number-of-operational-data-centres-in-ireland-up-by-quarter-report-finds-1.4562274" }, { "figure": "+19% capacity to 1.84 GW by 2030", "source": "KPMG for DETE (Jun 2026)", "url": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/publication-files/the-value-of-data-centres-to-ireland.pdf" } ], "critics": [ { "figure": "38% by 2030 and 55% by 2040 if 5.8 GW connects", "source": "Bonserio & Daly (Jun 2026)", "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/20585450" }, { "figure": "32% by 2026", "source": "IEA Electricity 2024", "url": "https://www.siliconrepublic.com/enterprise/ireland-data-centres-electricity-consumption-demand-iea-grid" } ], "ourData": "Outturn 23.2% (2025). EirGrid AIRAA 32% by 2030; actual draw ~38\u201346% of contracted capacity." } ], "dataChangesStory": [ { "rank": 1, "headline": "We can name who uses the power: Amazon's licensed sites drew 3.7 TWh, up to about half of data-centre electricity", "publicStory": "Site-level use is 'unknown' (Irish Times, Feb 2026) or confidential under EU rules (The Journal, Apr 2026).", "ourData": "EPA AERs: 16 licensed sites drew 6.8 TWh in 2025 (89% of CSO). Amazon's nine sites \u22483.7 TWh (~11% of all Irish metered electricity), Microsoft ~1.35 TWh, Meta Clonee 1.18 TWh.", "caveat": "AER figures re-read and confirmed (3 Oct 2026). The share crosses two sources (EPA AERs \u00f7 CSO), so 49% is an upper bound: roughly 40\u201350%." }, { "rank": 2, "headline": "On-site gas: tiny today, potentially ~1 Mt a year, and it lands in the buildings budget", "publicStory": "Coverage adds up historic generator emissions (135-181 kt) or frames gas against the electricity ceiling (ClientEarth, Daly).", "ourData": "ETS verified on-site CO2 fell 74% from its 2022 peak to 9,471 t in 2025. Licensed gas sites \u22480.95 Mt/yr if run as licensed, and EPA inspectors place it under the commercial & public buildings ceiling: \u224895% of that sector's 2026-30 average annual budget.", "caveat": "Assumes licensed run modes, and EdgeConneX (\u22480.31 Mt, a third of the total) is counted at its maximum run-on-instruction case though it is licensed as flexible; sector attribution is per EPA inspector reports." }, { "rank": 3, "headline": "Since 2020 the extra power came from Britain, not Irish gas", "publicStory": "Data centres 'driving up fossil fuel dependence' (Daly, Jan 2025); 'cannibalising renewables' (CCAC 2026).", "ourData": "2020-2025: data centres +4.6 TWh; wind flat (~11.8 TWh); Irish gas generation ~16.3 \u2192 ~15.0 TWh; net imports ~0 \u2192 ~6.1 TWh. Grid-attributed data-centre CO2 fell 1.70 \u2192 1.46 Mt (2022-25) partly because imports count as zero in Ireland's inventory.", "caveat": "Ember generation-based shares; generation derived as demand minus net imports." }, { "rank": 4, "headline": "Several widely repeated numbers are wrong or have the wrong unit", "publicStory": "9.4 TWh used for 2025 (Maynooth WP31, repeated in Irish Times/Examiner); 'a quarter' in Oct 2025; IEA 32% by 2026; counts of 70-129 'data centres'.", "ourData": "CSO metered 7.66 TWh (2025); 21.9% (2024); 23.2% (2025); 79 campuses, 55 operating; draw ~38\u201346% of contracted capacity, so '30% by 2030' depends on contracts filling up.", "caveat": "EirGrid's 9.4 TWh may be on a different basis (unchecked); it is a forecast, not metered use." }, { "rank": 5, "headline": "The cost-benefit ledger is missing hard local numbers, and the moratorium is now measurable", "publicStory": "The jobs/tax debate swings between 876,000 'enabled' jobs and ~3,300 direct jobs; the 'pivot away' is told through executive quotes.", "ourData": "~\u20ac73m/yr in commercial rates (South Dublin ~\u20ac43m). After Nov 2021: new-build applications 55 \u2192 14, appeals 15% \u2192 71%, refusals 4% \u2192 22%, one new grid contract in ~3.5 years.", "caveat": "Rates are an estimate (NAV \u00d7 ARV), not bills; small post-2021 planning sample." } ], "caveats": [ "Hand-compiled from public pages, 3 Oct 2026. Paywalled items (Business Post, Bloomberg, some Irish Times, SAGE/Wiley journals) are recorded from visible text or syndication only and marked 'paywalled'; 'verified' records how much of each piece was read.", "Claims are paraphrased; quotes are under 25 words. Numbers are as the source gave them, not corrected; corrections appear in whatOurDataSays.", "Verdicts compare a piece's claims with our datasets as of 3 Oct 2026: confirms (our data agrees), updates (newer data changes the number), contradicts (our data disagrees with a stated fact), extends (we can add something material), untested (outside our data).", "Duplicates were merged: the same report covered by several outlets keeps one item, with 'alsoPublishedAs' links.", "Coverage is weighted to 2022-2026 and to free-to-read outlets; Business Post, FT and Bloomberg are under-represented because of paywalls. No original Reuters or FT pieces were captured (one FT piece appears via Irish Times syndication).", "Some dates are approximate (marked 'dateNote')." ], "flagged": [] }, "gas": { "title": "Gas: the next limit", "source": "CRU202657 (25 Jun 2026); GNI NDP 2024 and 2023; GNI Winter Outlook 2025/26; D\u00e1il PQ 33, 6 Nov 2024; Daly/UCC for FoE Ireland (Dec 2024); GNI s39A and EIAR filings; EPA LEAP licences; RT\u00c9 and Irish Examiner (Sep 2026)", "asOf": "2026-10-10", "method": "Numbers read by hand from cached primary documents; every number has a quote (<25 words) with page, re-checked against cached text on each build. Site list = EPA-licensed data-centre gas plant (roles primary-gas, gas-flex, gas-peaker; superseded P1066 and P1203 dropped), gas-fired MWth only. Classification applies the proposed Direction's text: >50 MWth peak hourly at >=16 barg, new connections and contract increases only, SEM generators exempt, behind-the-meter generation interruptible. Contract status per site is public only for Microsoft; elsewhere it is inferred from gas already flowing (so pre-July-2022) or marked unknown. Peak-day figures for the 17 applicants are our arithmetic (MWth x 24 h).", "forecasts": [ { "year": "2023/24", "gwh": 94, "peakDayGWh": null, "scenario": "NDP 2024, all scenarios: large new I&C loads (contracted data centres only)", "source": { "text": "Table 6-2: Annual large new industrial & commercial load demand forecasts", "page": 28, "source": "GNI Network Development Plan 2024", "url": "https://www.gasnetworks.ie/sites/default/files/2025-10/Network-Development-Plan-2024.pdf", "date": "2025-10", "verified": true } }, { "year": "2024/25", "gwh": 299, "peakDayGWh": null, "scenario": "NDP 2024, all scenarios: large new I&C loads (contracted data centres only)", "source": { "text": "Table 6-2: Annual large new industrial & commercial load demand forecasts", "page": 28, "source": "GNI Network Development Plan 2024", "url": "https://www.gasnetworks.ie/sites/default/files/2025-10/Network-Development-Plan-2024.pdf", "date": "2025-10", "verified": true } }, { "year": "2025/26", "gwh": 973, "peakDayGWh": null, "scenario": "NDP 2024, all scenarios: large new I&C loads (contracted data centres only)", "source": { "text": "Table 6-2: Annual large new industrial & commercial load demand forecasts", "page": 28, "source": "GNI Network Development Plan 2024", "url": "https://www.gasnetworks.ie/sites/default/files/2025-10/Network-Development-Plan-2024.pdf", "date": "2025-10", "verified": true } }, { "year": "2026/27", "gwh": 1363, "peakDayGWh": null, "scenario": "NDP 2024, all scenarios: large new I&C loads (contracted data centres only)", "source": { "text": "Table 6-2: Annual large new industrial & commercial load demand forecasts", "page": 28, "source": "GNI Network Development Plan 2024", "url": "https://www.gasnetworks.ie/sites/default/files/2025-10/Network-Development-Plan-2024.pdf", "date": "2025-10", "verified": true } }, { "year": "2027/28", "gwh": 1521, "peakDayGWh": null, "scenario": "NDP 2024, all scenarios: large new I&C loads (contracted data centres only)", "source": { "text": "Table 6-2: Annual large new industrial & commercial load demand forecasts", "page": 28, "source": "GNI Network Development Plan 2024", "url": "https://www.gasnetworks.ie/sites/default/files/2025-10/Network-Development-Plan-2024.pdf", "date": "2025-10", "verified": true } }, { "year": "2028/29", "gwh": 1618, "peakDayGWh": null, "scenario": "NDP 2024, all scenarios: large new I&C loads (contracted data centres only)", "source": { "text": "Table 6-2: Annual large new industrial & commercial load demand forecasts", "page": 28, "source": "GNI Network Development Plan 2024", "url": "https://www.gasnetworks.ie/sites/default/files/2025-10/Network-Development-Plan-2024.pdf", "date": "2025-10", "verified": true } }, { "year": "2029/30", "gwh": 1668, "peakDayGWh": null, "scenario": "NDP 2024, all scenarios: large new I&C loads (contracted data centres only)", "source": { "text": "Table 6-2: Annual large new industrial & commercial load demand forecasts", "page": 28, "source": "GNI Network Development Plan 2024", "url": "https://www.gasnetworks.ie/sites/default/files/2025-10/Network-Development-Plan-2024.pdf", "date": "2025-10", "verified": true } }, { "year": "2030/31", "gwh": 1818, "peakDayGWh": null, "scenario": "NDP 2024, all scenarios: large new I&C loads (contracted data centres only)", "source": { "text": "Table 6-2: Annual large new industrial & commercial load demand forecasts", "page": 28, "source": "GNI Network Development Plan 2024", "url": "https://www.gasnetworks.ie/sites/default/files/2025-10/Network-Development-Plan-2024.pdf", "date": "2025-10", "verified": true } }, { "year": "2031/32", "gwh": 2018, "peakDayGWh": null, "scenario": "NDP 2024, all scenarios: large new I&C loads (contracted data centres only)", "source": { "text": "Table 6-2: Annual large new industrial & commercial load demand forecasts", "page": 28, "source": "GNI Network Development Plan 2024", "url": "https://www.gasnetworks.ie/sites/default/files/2025-10/Network-Development-Plan-2024.pdf", "date": "2025-10", "verified": true } }, { "year": "2032/33", "gwh": 2218, "peakDayGWh": null, "scenario": "NDP 2024, all scenarios: large new I&C loads (contracted data centres only)", "source": { "text": "Table 6-2: Annual large new industrial & commercial load demand forecasts", "page": 28, "source": "GNI Network Development Plan 2024", "url": "https://www.gasnetworks.ie/sites/default/files/2025-10/Network-Development-Plan-2024.pdf", "date": "2025-10", "verified": true } }, { "year": "2023/24", "gwh": 200, "peakDayGWh": null, "scenario": "NDP 2023 Low (11 contracted data centres), read off GNI chart by Daly", "source": { "text": "grow from 200 GWh in 2023/24 to 2,700 GWh in 2030/31", "page": 14, "source": "Daly (UCC) for Friends of the Earth, Data centres in the context of Ireland's carbon budgets", "url": "https://www.friendsoftheearth.ie/assets/files/pdf/data_centrres_and_the_carbon_budgets_-_prof_hannah_daly_dec_2024.pdf", "date": "2024-12-10", "verified": true } }, { "year": "2030/31", "gwh": 2700, "peakDayGWh": null, "scenario": "NDP 2023 Low (11 contracted data centres), read off GNI chart by Daly", "source": { "text": "grow from 200 GWh in 2023/24 to 2,700 GWh in 2030/31", "page": 14, "source": "Daly (UCC) for Friends of the Earth, Data centres in the context of Ireland's carbon budgets", "url": "https://www.friendsoftheearth.ie/assets/files/pdf/data_centrres_and_the_carbon_budgets_-_prof_hannah_daly_dec_2024.pdf", "date": "2024-12-10", "verified": true } }, { "year": "2030/31", "gwh": 3300, "peakDayGWh": null, "scenario": "NDP 2023 Best Estimate (contracted + some new), read off GNI chart by Daly", "source": { "text": "is 3,300 GWh, 600 GWh above the \"Low\" estimate", "page": 14, "source": "Daly (UCC) for Friends of the Earth, Data centres in the context of Ireland's carbon budgets", "url": "https://www.friendsoftheearth.ie/assets/files/pdf/data_centrres_and_the_carbon_budgets_-_prof_hannah_daly_dec_2024.pdf", "date": "2024-12-10", "verified": true } }, { "year": "2029/30", "gwh": null, "peakDayGWh": 26.2, "scenario": "DERIVED: 17 pending applicants at 20% of 5,466 MWth x 24 h (CRU/GNI ramp assumption; our arithmetic)", "source": { "text": "Ramp gas demand linearly over 4 years from 2029/30 to 2032/33 to 80% of their contractual capacity", "page": 23, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true } }, { "year": "2030/31", "gwh": null, "peakDayGWh": 52.5, "scenario": "DERIVED: 17 pending applicants at 40% of 5,466 MWth x 24 h (CRU/GNI ramp assumption; our arithmetic)", "source": { "text": "Ramp gas demand linearly over 4 years from 2029/30 to 2032/33 to 80% of their contractual capacity", "page": 23, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true } }, { "year": "2031/32", "gwh": null, "peakDayGWh": 78.7, "scenario": "DERIVED: 17 pending applicants at 60% of 5,466 MWth x 24 h (CRU/GNI ramp assumption; our arithmetic)", "source": { "text": "Ramp gas demand linearly over 4 years from 2029/30 to 2032/33 to 80% of their contractual capacity", "page": 23, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true } }, { "year": "2032/33", "gwh": null, "peakDayGWh": 104.9, "scenario": "DERIVED: 17 pending applicants at 80% of 5,466 MWth x 24 h (CRU/GNI ramp assumption; our arithmetic)", "source": { "text": "Ramp gas demand linearly over 4 years from 2029/30 to 2032/33 to 80% of their contractual capacity", "page": 23, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true } } ], "contracts": { "asOf": "2024-11-06", "contractedSites": 11, "contractedMW": 2100, "connectedSites": 7, "connectedMW": 1778, "awaitingSites": 4, "awaitingMW": 322, "consumingGasSites": "fewer than 5", "enquiries": 22, "enquiryMW": 9308, "enquiryRangeMW": [ 3.1, 1300 ], "unit": "aggregated max hourly load, MW thermal input", "pending2025": { "applications": 17, "maxHourlyMWth": 5466, "withPlanning": 10, "withPlanningMWth": 2614, "asOf": "2025-08" }, "source": [ { "text": "Data Centres contracted to connect to the gas network 11 2,100", "page": null, "source": "D\u00e1il written answer 33 (DECC, GNI data on data-centre gas contracts)", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2024-11-06/33/", "date": "2024-11-06", "verified": true }, { "text": "Connected to the gas network (of those contracted) 7 1,778", "page": null, "source": "D\u00e1il written answer 33 (DECC, GNI data on data-centre gas contracts)", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2024-11-06/33/", "date": "2024-11-06", "verified": true }, { "text": "Awaiting connection to the gas network (of those contracted) 4 322", "page": null, "source": "D\u00e1il written answer 33 (DECC, GNI data on data-centre gas contracts)", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2024-11-06/33/", "date": "2024-11-06", "verified": true }, { "text": "Formal Enquiries received from Data Centre Sites (but not contracted) 22 9,308", "page": null, "source": "D\u00e1il written answer 33 (DECC, GNI data on data-centre gas contracts)", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2024-11-06/33/", "date": "2024-11-06", "verified": true }, { "text": "with less than 5 data centre sites of these consuming gas", "page": null, "source": "D\u00e1il written answer 33 (DECC, GNI data on data-centre gas contracts)", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2024-11-06/33/", "date": "2024-11-06", "verified": true }, { "text": "Projected demand from these enquiries' ranges from 3.1MW up to 1,300MW", "page": null, "source": "D\u00e1il written answer 33 (DECC, GNI data on data-centre gas contracts)", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2024-11-06/33/", "date": "2024-11-06", "verified": true }, { "text": "GNI is not currently contracting more data centres", "page": null, "source": "D\u00e1il written answer 33 (DECC, GNI data on data-centre gas contracts)", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2024-11-06/33/", "date": "2024-11-06", "verified": true }, { "text": "with a combined max hourly load of 5,466 MWth", "page": 22, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "10 of these applicants had planning permission in place with a combined max hourly load of 2,614 MWth", "page": 22, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "Since July 2022, new Data Centre connections to the gas network have been paused", "page": 41, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true } ] }, "proposal": { "id": "CRU202657", "threshold": "New 'Relevant Large Industrial Customers': peak hourly demand > 50 MWth and connection pressure >= 16 barg", "scope": "Mandatory interruptible capacity (Option 4) for new connections, plus contract increases by existing Industrial Customers. Not retrospective. On-site gas generation behind a data centre's own meter is interruptible.", "exemptions": "Gas-fired generators participating in the SEM, including data-centre dispatchable generation that is separately connected and metered under the LEU policy (CRU2025236).", "compensation": "A network-tariff discount reflecting the probability of interruption. Not a discount on the gas price (CRU, Oireachtas committee, 29 Sep 2026). Context: large-energy-user network tariffs rose 175% in 2020-26, against 45% for domestic users.", "fallback": "CRU expects interrupted users to switch to alternative fuel, most likely diesel.", "status": "Consultation closed 5 Aug 2026. No decision as of 7 Sep 2026 (RT\u00c9); still described as in process on 29 Sep 2026.", "published": "2026-06-25", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "evidence": [ { "text": "peak hourly demand above 50 MW thermal and a connection pressure of 16 barg or above", "page": 39, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "that is not a gas-fired generator customer participating in the Single Electricity Market", "page": 39, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "This Direction will not apply retrospectively", "page": 39, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "the increased volumes where existing Industrial Customers increase demand", "page": 40, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "if an LEU provides onsite gas fired generation behind their own LEU meter, such generation would be interruptible", "page": 32, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "gas fired dispatchable generation provided by data centres, which are separately connected and metered", "page": 32, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "a tariff discount would be applied reflecting the probability of interruption", "page": 33, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "There is no discount being offered on gas as the commodity and the price of gas", "page": null, "source": "Irish Examiner, Reduced gas prices for data centres ruled out by energy regulator", "url": "https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-41917285.html", "date": "2026-09-29", "verified": true }, { "text": "network tariffs had increased by 175% for large energy users between 2020 and 2026", "page": null, "source": "Irish Examiner, Reduced gas prices for data centres ruled out by energy regulator", "url": "https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-41917285.html", "date": "2026-09-29", "verified": true }, { "text": "the comparable increase in network charges for domestic users was 45%", "page": null, "source": "Irish Examiner, Reduced gas prices for data centres ruled out by energy regulator", "url": "https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-41917285.html", "date": "2026-09-29", "verified": true }, { "text": "being able to meet their energy needs using alternative fuel which is most likely to be diesel", "page": 36, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "requires that these be received by 17:00 on 5 August 2026", "page": 6, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "The energy regulator has said it has not yet made a decision on a proposal", "page": null, "source": "RT\u00c9, No decision yet on proposed discounted data centre gas tariff", "url": "https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2026/0907/1590611-data-centres-gas-usage/", "date": "2026-09-07", "verified": true }, { "text": "cannot refuse to connect an Industrial Customer on the grounds of possible future limitations to available network capacities", "page": 30, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "These schemes have been largely unsuccessful and undersubscribed", "page": 19, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "To review gas connection policy and introduce gas demand flexibility measures", "page": 1, "source": "Energy Security in Ireland to 2030, Annex of Actions", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/281720/8b705216-ce2b-485a-bbee-f7496cad361d.pdf", "date": "2023-11", "verified": true } ] }, "shortfall": { "standard": "1-in-50 peak day, total system entry capacity, no new entry capacity beyond current forecast", "baselineHeadroomPct": { "bestEstimate": 10, "riskAdjusted": 3 }, "with17FirmPct": { "bestEstimate": -9, "riskAdjusted": -18, "year": "2033" }, "swingPctPoints": { "bestEstimate": 19, "riskAdjusted": 21 }, "averageWinterPeak": "sufficient capacity even with all 17 connected", "pendingPeakDayGWh": { "atFullLoad": 131.2, "at80pct": 104.9, "note": "DERIVED: 5,466 MWth x 24 h; GNI/CRU assume 80% ramp by 2032/33" }, "roiPeakDayGWh2025_26": { "oneIn50": 325.5, "averageWinter": 284.5 }, "pendingShareOfRoi1in50Pct": 32.2, "readingNote": "The 9% -> 18% is Best Estimate vs risk-adjusted, BOTH with the 17 connected. It is not 'with vs without' the applicants. Their own effect is a swing from +10% headroom to a 9% deficit (Best Estimate), or +3% to an 18% deficit (risk-adjusted). The CRU paper dates the deficit to 2033 (p22, p30) and to 2030 (p18).", "evidence": [ { "text": "there is a minimum of 10% capacity headroom for the period out to 2032/33", "page": 21, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "For the Risk Adjusted Best Estimate scenario there is a minimum of 3% capacity headroom", "page": 21, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "the total system entry capacity could be in a 9% deficit by 2033", "page": 22, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "In the risk-adjusted version with 17 additional connections, the deficit is forecasted to increase from 9% to 18%", "page": 22, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "the total system entry capacity could be in deficit by 2030", "page": 18, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "there would be sufficient capacity for these customers on an average winter peak event", "page": 22, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "Contract in 2026/27", "page": 22, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "Commence operations in 2029/30", "page": 23, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "Ramp gas demand linearly over 4 years from 2029/30 to 2032/33 to 80% of their contractual capacity", "page": 23, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "equivalent to the peak gas demand of six 500 MWe Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) generators", "page": 22, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "for a 1-in-50 peak day, Moffat would be required to operate at just under 96.5% of revised technical flow capacity", "page": 4, "source": "GNI Winter Outlook 2025/26", "url": "https://www.gasnetworks.ie/sites/default/files/2025-11/Winter-Outlook-2025_0.pdf", "date": "2025-11", "verified": true } ] }, "sitesAffected": [ { "ref": "P1187", "operator": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "site": "Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22 (DUB14/DUB15)", "gasMWth": 167.2, "totalRatedMWth": 342.8, "role": "gas-flex", "gasUse": "gas engines behind the meter, grid demand reduction", "epaStatus": "Licensed / Licensable Activity Commenced / 2023-07-04", "over50MWth": true, "likelyInterruptible": false, "reason": "Existing firm contract: GNI's LNCA with Microsoft was executed 17 May 2021 (205 MW peak, 19 barg). The Direction is not retrospective. Gas is still not flowing: 12 engines idle awaiting high-pressure gas.", "evidence": [ { "text": "There will be 22 no. 7.6 MWth (mega watt thermal input capacity) gas engines (167.2", "page": 2, "source": "EPA LEAP document (P1187)", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280879455.pdf", "date": null, "verified": true }, { "text": "a Large Network Connection Agreement (\"LNCA\")\") was executed with the Customer on 17 May 2021", "page": 3, "source": "GNI s39A application, Gas to Microsoft Grange Castle Pipelines 1 & 2", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/S39A_Consent_Application_-_Gas_to_Microsoft_Grange_Castle_Pipelines_1__2.pdf", "date": "2023-10-04", "verified": true }, { "text": "The peak load is 205 MW which will require a transmission gas connection. The outlet pressure required is 19 barg", "page": 3, "source": "GNI s39A application, Gas to Microsoft Grange Castle Pipelines 1 & 2", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/S39A_Consent_Application_-_Gas_to_Microsoft_Grange_Castle_Pipelines_1__2.pdf", "date": "2023-10-04", "verified": true }, { "text": "The gas connection is required for back up purposes due to a flexible power offer from Eirgrid", "page": 3, "source": "GNI s39A application, Gas to Microsoft Grange Castle Pipelines 1 & 2", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/S39A_Consent_Application_-_Gas_to_Microsoft_Grange_Castle_Pipelines_1__2.pdf", "date": "2023-10-04", "verified": true }, { "text": "Due to delay in high pressure gas, 12 of the 7.6 MWth gas engines/generators are unavailable", "page": 31, "source": "EPA LEAP document (P1187)", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/756ed289-739f-4a3f-85ce-c0e411c991ab.pdf", "date": null, "verified": true }, { "text": "This Direction will not apply retrospectively", "page": 39, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true } ], "epaUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1187" }, { "ref": "P1168", "operator": "Equinix Hyperscale 1 (DB5) Limited", "site": "Blanchardstown Industrial Park, Snugborough Road, Dublin 15 (DB5/DB6)", "gasMWth": 167.76, "totalRatedMWth": 167.76, "role": "primary-gas", "gasUse": "dual-fuel gas turbines behind the meter (ran as prime power Feb-Nov 2024)", "epaStatus": "Licensed / Licensable Activity Commenced / 2022-11-03", "over50MWth": true, "likelyInterruptible": false, "reason": "Already connected and burned grid gas in 2024, so it holds a pre-pause contract; the Direction is not retrospective. Any increase in contracted volume would be interruptible.", "evidence": [ { "text": "Since July 2022, new Data Centre connections to the gas network have been paused", "page": 41, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "This Direction will not apply retrospectively", "page": 39, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "the increased volumes where existing Industrial Customers increase demand", "page": 40, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true } ], "epaUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1168" }, { "ref": "P1113", "operator": "Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited", "site": "Crag Avenue, Clondalkin Industrial Estate, Dublin 22", "gasMWth": 448.0, "totalRatedMWth": 598.2, "role": "primary-gas", "gasUse": "8 CCGT + 2 OCGT behind the meter, continuous (120 MWe to the installation)", "epaStatus": "Licensed / Licensable Activity Commenced / 2026-06-22", "over50MWth": true, "likelyInterruptible": null, "reason": "Gas comes from GNI and it must predate the July 2022 pause, so the original capacity is probably firm. But the 2025 licence swapped the 2020 design (12 x 21.3 = 255.6 MWth engines) for 448 MWth of turbines; any contracted increase would be interruptible. The contract size is not public.", "evidence": [ { "text": "5 no. 46 Megawatt Thermal Input (MWth) Combined Cycle Gas Turbines", "page": 3, "source": "EPA LEAP document (P1113)", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62.pdf", "date": null, "verified": true }, { "text": "Natural gas will be provided by GNI", "page": 61, "source": "EPA LEAP document (P1113)", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62.pdf", "date": null, "verified": true }, { "text": "Since July 2022, new Data Centre connections to the gas network have been paused", "page": 41, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "the increased volumes where existing Industrial Customers increase demand", "page": 40, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true } ], "epaUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1113" }, { "ref": "P1165", "operator": "Data And Power Hub Services Limited", "site": "Peamount Road, Newcastle, Co. Dublin", "gasMWth": 269.4, "totalRatedMWth": 557, "role": "gas-peaker", "gasUse": "7 gas engines as a grid-export peaker (116 MWe)", "epaStatus": "Licensed / Not Commenced / 2025-07-18", "over50MWth": true, "likelyInterruptible": false, "reason": "Exempt: a gas-fired generator in the SEM. GNI is building a dedicated transmission pipeline to the Milltown AGI for the peaker. This is the design the exemption rewards.", "evidence": [ { "text": "each with a rated thermal input of 38.488 MWth, equivalent to a total 269.4 MWth", "page": 6, "source": "EPA LEAP document (P1165)", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2808f4d79.pdf", "date": null, "verified": true }, { "text": "with onsite gas generation serving as a Peaker Plant for grid export", "page": 22, "source": "Gas to Milltown pipeline EIAR non-technical summary (for GNI)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2026120b_Milltown_Pipeline_EIAR_Vol._1_Non-Technical_Summary_AWN_for_GNI_2026.pdf", "date": "2026-01", "verified": true }, { "text": "to facilitate the supply of natural gas to the permitted Power Generation Facility being developed by Data and Power Hub Services Ltd", "page": 6, "source": "Gas to Milltown pipeline EIAR non-technical summary (for GNI)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2026120b_Milltown_Pipeline_EIAR_Vol._1_Non-Technical_Summary_AWN_for_GNI_2026.pdf", "date": "2026-01", "verified": true }, { "text": "that is not a gas-fired generator customer participating in the Single Electricity Market", "page": 39, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "gas fired dispatchable generation provided by data centres, which are separately connected and metered", "page": 32, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true } ], "epaUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1165" }, { "ref": "P1204", "operator": "EdgeConneX Ireland Limited", "site": "Newcastle Road, Lucan, Co. Dublin (EDCDUB04/05 + ESSDUB97)", "gasMWth": 206.0, "totalRatedMWth": 537.2, "role": "gas-flex", "gasUse": "20 gas engines behind the meter, run on EirGrid instruction (flexible demand offer)", "epaStatus": "Licensed / Not Commenced / 2026-09-03", "over50MWth": true, "likelyInterruptible": null, "reason": "Behind the meter and not a SEM generator, so a new or increased connection would be interruptible. No public document shows whether EdgeConneX holds a pre-July-2022 GNI contract for ESSDUB97.", "evidence": [ { "text": "The energy centre (named ESSDUB97) will consist of 20 no. gas engines", "page": 3, "source": "EPA LEAP document (P1204)", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/d549f597-eb7d-43f1-ad77-ea681b3052fc.pdf", "date": null, "verified": true }, { "text": "Operation of the gas engines will be as per instruction from EirGrid", "page": 3, "source": "EPA LEAP document (P1204)", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/d549f597-eb7d-43f1-ad77-ea681b3052fc.pdf", "date": null, "verified": true }, { "text": "if an LEU provides onsite gas fired generation behind their own LEU meter, such generation would be interruptible", "page": 32, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "Since July 2022, new Data Centre connections to the gas network have been paused", "page": 41, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true } ], "epaUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1204" }, { "ref": "P1210", "operator": "South Dublin Routing 4 No. 2 Limited", "site": "Orion Business Campus, Northwest Business Park, Ballycoolen, Dublin 15", "gasMWth": 194.76, "totalRatedMWth": 196.72, "role": "primary-gas", "gasUse": "dual-fuel engines as >99% of site power, islanded (no grid connection for IT load)", "epaStatus": "Licensed / Not Commenced / 2026-07-02", "over50MWth": true, "likelyInterruptible": false, "reason": "Takes gas from the GNI network today (temporary engines power DC1), so the contract predates the pause and stays firm. This is the most gas-dependent data centre in Ireland, and the proposal leaves its supply firm.", "evidence": [ { "text": "The installation's gas supply is through the national gas network operated by Gas Networks Ireland (GNI)", "page": 9, "source": "EPA LEAP document (P1210)", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/172d3343-dbd8-4e24-bd30-69c2a0547b3c.pdf", "date": null, "verified": true }, { "text": "The temporary energy generation plant is currently in place and powering DC1", "page": 4, "source": "EPA LEAP document (P1210)", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/172d3343-dbd8-4e24-bd30-69c2a0547b3c.pdf", "date": null, "verified": true }, { "text": "Since July 2022, new Data Centre connections to the gas network have been paused", "page": 41, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "This Direction will not apply retrospectively", "page": 39, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true } ], "epaUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1210" }, { "ref": "P1227", "operator": "Vantage Data Centers DUB11 Limited", "site": "Profile Park, Kilbride, Dublin 22", "gasMWth": 235.84, "totalRatedMWth": 492.19, "role": "primary-gas", "gasUse": "11 dual-fuel engines behind the meter, continuous while grid capacity is limited", "epaStatus": "Applied", "over50MWth": true, "likelyInterruptible": null, "reason": "Behind the meter, so a new or increased connection would be interruptible. A GNI compound on site was re-permitted in Oct 2024, which suggests an existing GNI arrangement; its size and date are not public. EPA application still under assessment.", "evidence": [ { "text": "of 21.44 MWth (gas mode)", "page": 9, "source": "EPA LEAP document (P1227)", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/2e3da75b-086c-4114-8ca7-1786cfcbbb90.pdf", "date": null, "verified": true }, { "text": "modifications to the Gas Networks Ireland (GNI) compound", "page": 7, "source": "EPA LEAP document (P1227)", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/2e3da75b-086c-4114-8ca7-1786cfcbbb90.pdf", "date": null, "verified": true }, { "text": "if an LEU provides onsite gas fired generation behind their own LEU meter, such generation would be interruptible", "page": 32, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true } ], "epaUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1227" }, { "ref": "P1202", "operator": "Crag Arklow Limited", "site": "Avoca River Park (Shelton Abbey), Arklow, Co. Wicklow", "gasMWth": 580.65, "totalRatedMWth": 580.65, "role": "primary-gas", "gasUse": "30 gas engines (energy centre for the Avoca campus); EPA application withdrawn Jan 2025", "epaStatus": "Withdrawn", "over50MWth": true, "likelyInterruptible": true, "reason": "No known GNI contract, and it would need a new transmission connection at Arklow. Interruptible if it re-applies with behind-the-meter generation. Exempt only if the engines are restructured as a separately metered SEM generator.", "evidence": [ { "text": "equivalent to a total 580.65 MWth for the overall installation", "page": 2, "source": "EPA LEAP document (P1202)", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280911b7c.pdf", "date": null, "verified": true }, { "text": "peak hourly demand above 50 MW thermal and a connection pressure of 16 barg or above", "page": 39, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "if an LEU provides onsite gas fired generation behind their own LEU meter, such generation would be interruptible", "page": 32, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "gas fired dispatchable generation provided by data centres, which are separately connected and metered", "page": 32, "source": "CRU202657 proposed Direction related to Interruptible Gas Connections (consultation)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "verified": true } ], "epaUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1202" } ], "sitesSummary": { "sites": 8, "gasMWth": 2269.6, "firmOrExempt": { "n": 4, "gasMWth": 799.1 }, "unknownOrPartly": { "n": 3, "gasMWth": 889.8 }, "likelyInterruptible": { "n": 1, "gasMWth": 580.6 } }, "caveats": [ "The 17 pending applicants (5,466 MWth) are not named in any public document. The EPA list cannot be matched to them; most EPA-licensed gas sites appear to be among the 11 pre-2022 contracts, which the Direction leaves firm.", "CRU calls the 17 'predominantly data centres and electricity generators' (p3); GNI's letter calls all 17 'Data Centres' (p42).", "NDP 2024 Table 6-2 is 'large new industrial & commercial loads', which GNI frames around contracted data centres; not strictly data centres only. It cuts the 2030/31 figure to 1,818 GWh, from ~2,700 GWh read off the NDP 2023 chart.", "Daly's 2,700/3,300 GWh are read off a GNI chart (NDP 2023 Figure 6-6, no table). Daly treats GNI's 1,300 MW as an aggregate upper bound for the 22 enquiries. In the source PQ it is the top of the per-enquiry range (3.1-1,300 MW), so Daly's 2.3 TWh 'plausible estimate' rests on a misreading.", "MWth in PQ/CRU is maximum hourly load (thermal input), not electrical output and not annual use.", "Peak-day GWh for the 17 is our arithmetic (MWth x 24 h), not a GNI figure.", "16 barg test: only Microsoft's pressure (19 barg) is documented; the other sites are assumed transmission-connected given their size.", "No GNI Network Development Plan 2025 had been published on gasnetworks.ie as of the fetch date; NDP 2024 (Oct 2025) is the latest.", "Press reports (RT\u00c9, Irish Examiner) are used only for status and the CRU commissioner's tariff remarks." ], "transport": { "question": "What does an Irish gas-fired plant pay on top of the GB hub (NBP) price to get gas to its gate?", "fxGbpPerEur": 0.86, "fxNote": "GB charges converted at 0.86 GBP/EUR in this table (round number); the wholesale model uses the daily ECB rate.", "byGasYear": [ { "gasYear": "2024/25", "gni": { "moffatEntryCap": 417.27, "exitCap": 618.9, "capUnit": "EUR per peak-day MWh per year (annual product)", "entryComm": 0.162, "exitComm": 0.338, "commUnit": "EUR/MWh", "costOfTransportationUkGas": 1036.17 }, "nts": { "moffatExitCap": 0.0265, "capUnit": "p/kWh/day (annual, monthly and daily reserve price)", "gntsExit": 0.0075, "gntsUnit": "p/kWh" }, "eurPerMWhGas": { "commodityOnly": 0.59, "annualAt100pctLoadFactor": 3.73, "annualAt50pctLoadFactor": 6.88, "dailyProductsEveryDay": 8.83, "gniOnlyAnnualAt100pct": 3.34, "gniOnlyCommodity": 0.5 }, "dailyProductByMonth": [ { "month": 10, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 7.53, "gniOnly": 7.14 }, { "month": 11, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 7.53, "gniOnly": 7.14 }, { "month": 12, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 12.69, "gniOnly": 12.3 }, { "month": 1, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 21.54, "gniOnly": 21.14 }, { "month": 2, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 24.49, "gniOnly": 24.09 }, { "month": 3, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 18.59, "gniOnly": 18.2 }, { "month": 4, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 7.53, "gniOnly": 7.14 }, { "month": 5, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 1.4, "gniOnly": 1.0 }, { "month": 6, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 1.4, "gniOnly": 1.0 }, { "month": 7, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 1.4, "gniOnly": 1.0 }, { "month": 8, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 1.4, "gniOnly": 1.0 }, { "month": 9, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 1.4, "gniOnly": 1.0 } ], "evidence": [ { "text": "Moffat (IP) entry 417.27 436.79", "page": 21, "source": "CRU202543 Gas Networks Ireland Transmission Tariffs and Allowed Revenue 2025/26 (decision)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Gas_Networks_Ireland_Transmission_Tariff_and_Allowed_Revenue_2025_26.pdf", "date": "2025-06-06", "verified": true }, { "text": "Domestic exit 618.9 649.69", "page": 21, "source": "CRU202543 Gas Networks Ireland Transmission Tariffs and Allowed Revenue 2025/26 (decision)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Gas_Networks_Ireland_Transmission_Tariff_and_Allowed_Revenue_2025_26.pdf", "date": "2025-06-06", "verified": true }, { "text": "Entry Commodity 0.162 0.169", "page": 21, "source": "CRU202543 Gas Networks Ireland Transmission Tariffs and Allowed Revenue 2025/26 (decision)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Gas_Networks_Ireland_Transmission_Tariff_and_Allowed_Revenue_2025_26.pdf", "date": "2025-06-06", "verified": true }, { "text": "Exit Commodity 0.338 0.353", "page": 21, "source": "CRU202543 Gas Networks Ireland Transmission Tariffs and Allowed Revenue 2025/26 (decision)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Gas_Networks_Ireland_Transmission_Tariff_and_Allowed_Revenue_2025_26.pdf", "date": "2025-06-06", "verified": true }, { "text": "Moffat Interconnector 0.0265", "page": 38, "source": "National Gas Transmission, Gas Transmission Transportation Charges October 2024", "url": "https://www.nationalgas.com/sites/default/files/documents/Transportation%20Statement%20Oct%2024.pdf", "date": "2024-09-30", "verified": true }, { "text": "Non-Transmission Services Exit 0.0075", "page": 40, "source": "National Gas Transmission, Gas Transmission Transportation Charges October 2024", "url": "https://www.nationalgas.com/sites/default/files/documents/Transportation%20Statement%20Oct%2024.pdf", "date": "2024-09-30", "verified": true } ] }, { "gasYear": "2025/26", "gni": { "moffatEntryCap": 436.79087, "exitCap": 649.687976, "capUnit": "EUR per peak-day MWh per year (annual product)", "entryComm": 0.168658, "exitComm": 0.353005, "commUnit": "EUR/MWh", "costOfTransportationUkGas": 1086.48 }, "nts": { "moffatExitCap": 0.0299, "capUnit": "p/kWh/day (annual, monthly and daily reserve price)", "gntsExit": 0.0206, "gntsUnit": "p/kWh" }, "eurPerMWhGas": { "commodityOnly": 0.76, "annualAt100pctLoadFactor": 4.09, "annualAt50pctLoadFactor": 7.41, "dailyProductsEveryDay": 9.43, "gniOnlyAnnualAt100pct": 3.5, "gniOnlyCommodity": 0.52 }, "dailyProductByMonth": [ { "month": 10, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 8.07, "gniOnly": 7.48 }, { "month": 11, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 8.07, "gniOnly": 7.48 }, { "month": 12, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 13.48, "gniOnly": 12.89 }, { "month": 1, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 22.76, "gniOnly": 22.17 }, { "month": 2, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 25.85, "gniOnly": 25.26 }, { "month": 3, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 19.66, "gniOnly": 19.08 }, { "month": 4, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 8.07, "gniOnly": 7.48 }, { "month": 5, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 1.63, "gniOnly": 1.05 }, { "month": 6, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 1.63, "gniOnly": 1.05 }, { "month": 7, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 1.63, "gniOnly": 1.05 }, { "month": 8, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 1.63, "gniOnly": 1.05 }, { "month": 9, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 1.63, "gniOnly": 1.05 } ], "evidence": [ { "text": "Moffat (IP) entry 417.27 436.79", "page": 21, "source": "CRU202543 Gas Networks Ireland Transmission Tariffs and Allowed Revenue 2025/26 (decision)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Gas_Networks_Ireland_Transmission_Tariff_and_Allowed_Revenue_2025_26.pdf", "date": "2025-06-06", "verified": true }, { "text": "Domestic exit 618.9 649.69", "page": 21, "source": "CRU202543 Gas Networks Ireland Transmission Tariffs and Allowed Revenue 2025/26 (decision)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Gas_Networks_Ireland_Transmission_Tariff_and_Allowed_Revenue_2025_26.pdf", "date": "2025-06-06", "verified": true }, { "text": "Exit Capacity Commodity 649.687976 0.353005", "page": 1, "source": "GNI Transmission Tariffs for the Gas Year 2025/26 (tariff sheet)", "url": "https://www.gasnetworks.ie/sites/default/files/2025-08/Tariffs-Tx-2025-26.pdf", "date": "2025-08", "verified": true }, { "text": "Moffat Interconnector 0.0299", "page": 38, "source": "National Gas Transmission, Gas Transmission Transportation Charges October 2025", "url": "https://www.nationalgas.com/sites/default/files/documents/Transportation%20Statement%20Oct%2025.pdf", "date": "2025-09-30", "verified": true }, { "text": "Non-Transmission Services Exit 0.0206", "page": 40, "source": "National Gas Transmission, Gas Transmission Transportation Charges October 2025", "url": "https://www.nationalgas.com/sites/default/files/documents/Transportation%20Statement%20Oct%2025.pdf", "date": "2025-09-30", "verified": true } ] }, { "gasYear": "2026/27", "gni": { "moffatEntryCap": 446.88437, "exitCap": 653.733206, "capUnit": "EUR per peak-day MWh per year (annual product)", "entryComm": 0.173929, "exitComm": 0.362739, "commUnit": "EUR/MWh", "costOfTransportationUkGas": 1100.62 }, "nts": { "moffatExitCap": 0.0356, "capUnit": "p/kWh/day (annual, monthly and daily reserve price)", "gntsExit": 0.0213, "gntsUnit": "p/kWh" }, "eurPerMWhGas": { "commodityOnly": 0.78, "annualAt100pctLoadFactor": 4.21, "annualAt50pctLoadFactor": 7.64, "dailyProductsEveryDay": 9.62, "gniOnlyAnnualAt100pct": 3.55, "gniOnlyCommodity": 0.54 }, "dailyProductByMonth": [ { "month": 10, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 8.25, "gniOnly": 7.59 }, { "month": 11, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 8.25, "gniOnly": 7.59 }, { "month": 12, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 13.73, "gniOnly": 13.07 }, { "month": 1, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 23.13, "gniOnly": 22.47 }, { "month": 2, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 26.26, "gniOnly": 25.6 }, { "month": 3, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 19.99, "gniOnly": 19.33 }, { "month": 4, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 8.25, "gniOnly": 7.59 }, { "month": 5, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 1.73, "gniOnly": 1.07 }, { "month": 6, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 1.73, "gniOnly": 1.07 }, { "month": 7, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 1.73, "gniOnly": 1.07 }, { "month": 8, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 1.73, "gniOnly": 1.07 }, { "month": 9, "dailyProductEurPerMWhGas": 1.73, "gniOnly": 1.07 } ], "evidence": [ { "text": "Moffat (IP) 436.79 446.88", "page": 27, "source": "CRU202683 Gas Networks Ireland Transmission Tariff and Allowed Revenue 2026/27 (decision)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU202683_Gas_Networks_Ireland_Transmission_Tariff_and_Allowed_Revenue_2026_27.pdf", "date": "2026-06-05", "verified": true }, { "text": "Domestic 649.69 653.73", "page": 27, "source": "CRU202683 Gas Networks Ireland Transmission Tariff and Allowed Revenue 2026/27 (decision)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU202683_Gas_Networks_Ireland_Transmission_Tariff_and_Allowed_Revenue_2026_27.pdf", "date": "2026-06-05", "verified": true }, { "text": "Entry 0.169 0.174", "page": 27, "source": "CRU202683 Gas Networks Ireland Transmission Tariff and Allowed Revenue 2026/27 (decision)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU202683_Gas_Networks_Ireland_Transmission_Tariff_and_Allowed_Revenue_2026_27.pdf", "date": "2026-06-05", "verified": true }, { "text": "Exit 0.353 0.363", "page": 27, "source": "CRU202683 Gas Networks Ireland Transmission Tariff and Allowed Revenue 2026/27 (decision)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU202683_Gas_Networks_Ireland_Transmission_Tariff_and_Allowed_Revenue_2026_27.pdf", "date": "2026-06-05", "verified": true }, { "text": "446.884370", "page": 1, "source": "GNI Transmission Tariffs for the Gas Year 2026/27 (tariff sheet)", "url": "https://www.gasnetworks.ie/sites/default/files/2026-09/2026-27-Transmission-Tariffs.pdf", "date": "2026-09", "verified": true }, { "text": "653.733206", "page": 1, "source": "GNI Transmission Tariffs for the Gas Year 2026/27 (tariff sheet)", "url": "https://www.gasnetworks.ie/sites/default/files/2026-09/2026-27-Transmission-Tariffs.pdf", "date": "2026-09", "verified": true }, { "text": "Moffat Interconnector 0.0356", "page": 38, "source": "National Gas Transmission, Gas Transmission Transportation Charges October 2026", "url": "https://www.nationalgas.com/sites/default/files/documents/Transportation%20Statement%20Oct%2026.pdf", "date": "2026-09-30", "verified": true }, { "text": "Non-Transmission Services Exit 0.0213", "page": 40, "source": "National Gas Transmission, Gas Transmission Transportation Charges October 2026", "url": "https://www.nationalgas.com/sites/default/files/documents/Transportation%20Statement%20Oct%2026.pdf", "date": "2026-09-30", "verified": true }, { "text": "Drakelow Power Station DC 0.0356", "page": 21, "source": "National Gas Transmission, Gas Transmission Transportation Charges October 2026", "url": "https://www.nationalgas.com/sites/default/files/documents/Transportation%20Statement%20Oct%2026.pdf", "date": "2026-09-30", "verified": true } ] } ], "components": [ "GB: NTS IP exit capacity at Moffat (same p/kWh/day reserve price for yearly, quarterly, monthly and daily products) + General Non-Transmission Services exit commodity.", "IE: GNI Moffat entry capacity + onshore exit capacity (annual tariffs; short-term products priced with seasonal multipliers) + entry and exit commodity.", "Interconnectors IC1/IC2 and the Scottish onshore pipeline: GNI (UK) assets inside GNI's regulated revenue (Scottish rates and subsea inspection are GNI pass-through costs), so paid through the GNI Moffat entry tariff, not separately.", "Shrinkage (own-use and unaccounted-for gas): a GNI pass-through cost inside the tariffs.", "Not included: shipper/supplier margin, balancing and imbalance charges, GNI's Moffat odourisation (inside GNI pass-through costs), within-year revisions of GB charges." ], "gbPlantsPaySame": "A GB power station pays the same NTS exit capacity (postage stamp, 0.0356 p/kWh/d in 2026/27 at e.g. Drakelow) and the same GNTS commodity at its own exit, so only the GNI part is extra for an Irish plant.", "evidence": [ { "text": "GB price of gas plus the cost of transporting gas from GB to Ireland via interconnectors, as GB is the marginal source of gas for Ireland", "page": 5, "source": "CRU202683 Gas Networks Ireland Transmission Tariff and Allowed Revenue 2026/27 (decision)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU202683_Gas_Networks_Ireland_Transmission_Tariff_and_Allowed_Revenue_2026_27.pdf", "date": "2026-06-05", "verified": true }, { "text": "Moffat entry capacity tariff + domestic exit capacity tariff", "page": 5, "source": "CRU202683 Gas Networks Ireland Transmission Tariff and Allowed Revenue 2026/27 (decision)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU202683_Gas_Networks_Ireland_Transmission_Tariff_and_Allowed_Revenue_2026_27.pdf", "date": "2026-06-05", "verified": true }, { "text": "UK gas 1086.48 1100.62", "page": 27, "source": "CRU202683 Gas Networks Ireland Transmission Tariff and Allowed Revenue 2026/27 (decision)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU202683_Gas_Networks_Ireland_Transmission_Tariff_and_Allowed_Revenue_2026_27.pdf", "date": "2026-06-05", "verified": true }, { "text": "Multipliers and seasonal factors are applied to the reference prices to set the tariffs for non-yearly capacity products", "page": 30, "source": "CRU202683 Gas Networks Ireland Transmission Tariff and Allowed Revenue 2026/27 (decision)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU202683_Gas_Networks_Ireland_Transmission_Tariff_and_Allowed_Revenue_2026_27.pdf", "date": "2026-06-05", "verified": true }, { "text": "January 29.89 1.99", "page": 30, "source": "CRU202683 Gas Networks Ireland Transmission Tariff and Allowed Revenue 2026/27 (decision)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU202683_Gas_Networks_Ireland_Transmission_Tariff_and_Allowed_Revenue_2026_27.pdf", "date": "2026-06-05", "verified": true }, { "text": "\u20ac649.688 * 1.9924% = \u20ac12.94 per MWh", "page": 2, "source": "GNI Transmission Short Term Capacity Examples (file named 2026-27; content headed 2025/26)", "url": "https://www.gasnetworks.ie/sites/default/files/2026-09/2026-27-Transmission-Tariffs-Short-Term-Capacity-Examples.pdf", "date": "2026-09", "verified": true }, { "text": "Shrinkage gas includes own use gas (OUG) and unaccounted for gas (UAG)", "page": 20, "source": "CRU202683 Gas Networks Ireland Transmission Tariff and Allowed Revenue 2026/27 (decision)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU202683_Gas_Networks_Ireland_Transmission_Tariff_and_Allowed_Revenue_2026_27.pdf", "date": "2026-06-05", "verified": true }, { "text": "applied to GNI's properties in Scotland", "page": 21, "source": "CRU202683 Gas Networks Ireland Transmission Tariff and Allowed Revenue 2026/27 (decision)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU202683_Gas_Networks_Ireland_Transmission_Tariff_and_Allowed_Revenue_2026_27.pdf", "date": "2026-06-05", "verified": true }, { "text": "refer to an additional inspection that GNI carried out", "page": 22, "source": "CRU202683 Gas Networks Ireland Transmission Tariff and Allowed Revenue 2026/27 (decision)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU202683_Gas_Networks_Ireland_Transmission_Tariff_and_Allowed_Revenue_2026_27.pdf", "date": "2026-06-05", "verified": true }, { "text": "Passthrough costs, such as shrinkage gas, CO", "page": 12, "source": "CRU202543 Gas Networks Ireland Transmission Tariffs and Allowed Revenue 2025/26 (decision)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Gas_Networks_Ireland_Transmission_Tariff_and_Allowed_Revenue_2025_26.pdf", "date": "2025-06-06", "verified": true }, { "text": "the CRU decision as at the 5th of June 2026 (CRU202683)", "page": 1, "source": "GNI Transmission Tariffs for the Gas Year 2026/27 (tariff sheet)", "url": "https://www.gasnetworks.ie/sites/default/files/2026-09/2026-27-Transmission-Tariffs.pdf", "date": "2026-09", "verified": true }, { "text": "The General Non-Transmission Services charges are uniform rates, independent of Entry or Exit points", "page": 40, "source": "National Gas Transmission, Gas Transmission Transportation Charges October 2026", "url": "https://www.nationalgas.com/sites/default/files/documents/Transportation%20Statement%20Oct%2026.pdf", "date": "2026-09-30", "verified": true }, { "text": "Drakelow Power Station DC 0.0356", "page": 21, "source": "National Gas Transmission, Gas Transmission Transportation Charges October 2026", "url": "https://www.nationalgas.com/sites/default/files/documents/Transportation%20Statement%20Oct%2026.pdf", "date": "2026-09-30", "verified": true } ], "bookingMix": { "question": "How do Irish gas-fired power stations book GNI capacity, and what does that make marginal in their bids?", "powerExitBookingPctOfAllExit": { "annual": 36.9, "monthly": 0.0, "daily": 8.6, "gasYear": "2020/21" }, "powerDailySharePct": 18.9, "powerDailyShareRangePct": [ 10, 40 ], "rangeKind": "assumption (half to double the checked 2020/21 share)", "moffatEntryBookingPctOfAllEntry": { "annual": 64.7, "monthly": 0.3, "daily": 2.2, "gasYear": "2020/21" }, "bidRule": "SEM bid rules: the commodity element of gas transport and any capacity bought within the day may go into bids; long-term (annual, quarterly, monthly) capacity is not marginal. So a plant on annual capacity passes through commodity only; a plant buying daily capacity passes through that day's daily price.", "method": "Best estimate of the GNI cost that reaches the price when gas is marginal = 81% x commodity only + 19% x that day's daily product (power's checked daily share, used as the chance the marginal plant books daily). Electricity at a 0.49 CCGT. The annual product at 100% load factor is the full-cost reference, not a marginal cost.", "kind": "checked booking split (GNI model, 2020/21) and bid rule; the weighting is an estimate", "byGasYear": [ { "gasYear": "2024/25", "gniCommodityOnlyElec": 1.02, "gniAnnual100pctElec": 6.81, "gniBestDecFebElec": 8.22, "gniDailyDecFebElec": 39.14, "byMonth": [ { "month": 10, "gniBestGas": 1.75, "gniBestElec": 3.58, "gniDailyElec": 14.56 }, { "month": 11, "gniBestGas": 1.75, "gniBestElec": 3.58, "gniDailyElec": 14.56 }, { "month": 12, "gniBestGas": 2.73, "gniBestElec": 5.57, "gniDailyElec": 25.1 }, { "month": 1, "gniBestGas": 4.4, "gniBestElec": 8.98, "gniDailyElec": 43.15 }, { "month": 2, "gniBestGas": 4.96, "gniBestElec": 10.12, "gniDailyElec": 49.17 }, { "month": 3, "gniBestGas": 3.84, "gniBestElec": 7.85, "gniDailyElec": 37.13 }, { "month": 4, "gniBestGas": 1.75, "gniBestElec": 3.58, "gniDailyElec": 14.56 }, { "month": 5, "gniBestGas": 0.59, "gniBestElec": 1.21, "gniDailyElec": 2.04 }, { "month": 6, "gniBestGas": 0.59, "gniBestElec": 1.21, "gniDailyElec": 2.04 }, { "month": 7, "gniBestGas": 0.59, "gniBestElec": 1.21, "gniDailyElec": 2.04 }, { "month": 8, "gniBestGas": 0.59, "gniBestElec": 1.21, "gniDailyElec": 2.04 }, { "month": 9, "gniBestGas": 0.59, "gniBestElec": 1.21, "gniDailyElec": 2.04 } ] }, { "gasYear": "2025/26", "gniCommodityOnlyElec": 1.06, "gniAnnual100pctElec": 7.14, "gniBestDecFebElec": 8.62, "gniDailyDecFebElec": 41.03, "byMonth": [ { "month": 10, "gniBestGas": 1.84, "gniBestElec": 3.75, "gniDailyElec": 15.26 }, { "month": 11, "gniBestGas": 1.84, "gniBestElec": 3.75, "gniDailyElec": 15.26 }, { "month": 12, "gniBestGas": 2.86, "gniBestElec": 5.84, "gniDailyElec": 26.31 }, { "month": 1, "gniBestGas": 4.61, "gniBestElec": 9.41, "gniDailyElec": 45.24 }, { "month": 2, "gniBestGas": 5.2, "gniBestElec": 10.61, "gniDailyElec": 51.55 }, { "month": 3, "gniBestGas": 4.03, "gniBestElec": 8.22, "gniDailyElec": 38.93 }, { "month": 4, "gniBestGas": 1.84, "gniBestElec": 3.75, "gniDailyElec": 15.26 }, { "month": 5, "gniBestGas": 0.62, "gniBestElec": 1.27, "gniDailyElec": 2.14 }, { "month": 6, "gniBestGas": 0.62, "gniBestElec": 1.27, "gniDailyElec": 2.14 }, { "month": 7, "gniBestGas": 0.62, "gniBestElec": 1.27, "gniDailyElec": 2.14 }, { "month": 8, "gniBestGas": 0.62, "gniBestElec": 1.27, "gniDailyElec": 2.14 }, { "month": 9, "gniBestGas": 0.62, "gniBestElec": 1.27, "gniDailyElec": 2.14 } ] }, { "gasYear": "2026/27", "gniCommodityOnlyElec": 1.1, "gniAnnual100pctElec": 7.25, "gniBestDecFebElec": 8.75, "gniDailyDecFebElec": 41.59, "byMonth": [ { "month": 10, "gniBestGas": 1.87, "gniBestElec": 3.81, "gniDailyElec": 15.48 }, { "month": 11, "gniBestGas": 1.87, "gniBestElec": 3.81, "gniDailyElec": 15.48 }, { "month": 12, "gniBestGas": 2.91, "gniBestElec": 5.93, "gniDailyElec": 26.67 }, { "month": 1, "gniBestGas": 4.68, "gniBestElec": 9.55, "gniDailyElec": 45.85 }, { "month": 2, "gniBestGas": 5.27, "gniBestElec": 10.76, "gniDailyElec": 52.24 }, { "month": 3, "gniBestGas": 4.09, "gniBestElec": 8.35, "gniDailyElec": 39.45 }, { "month": 4, "gniBestGas": 1.87, "gniBestElec": 3.81, "gniDailyElec": 15.48 }, { "month": 5, "gniBestGas": 0.64, "gniBestElec": 1.3, "gniDailyElec": 2.18 }, { "month": 6, "gniBestGas": 0.64, "gniBestElec": 1.3, "gniDailyElec": 2.18 }, { "month": 7, "gniBestGas": 0.64, "gniBestElec": 1.3, "gniDailyElec": 2.18 }, { "month": 8, "gniBestGas": 0.64, "gniBestElec": 1.3, "gniDailyElec": 2.18 }, { "month": 9, "gniBestGas": 0.64, "gniBestElec": 1.3, "gniDailyElec": 2.18 } ] } ], "evidence": [ { "text": "The proportional levels of product bookings are presented as a percentage of total capacity booked on the system over the year", "page": 55, "source": "CRU/21/14 Gas Transmission Tariff Methodology, TAR NC Article 28 Consultation, Gas Year 2021/22", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2114-Gas-Transmission-Tariff-Methodology-Article-28-Consultation-Gas-Year-21-22.pdf", "date": "2021-02-10", "verified": true }, { "text": "Annual 36.9% 36.0% 36.6% 26.1%", "page": 55, "source": "CRU/21/14 Gas Transmission Tariff Methodology, TAR NC Article 28 Consultation, Gas Year 2021/22", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2114-Gas-Transmission-Tariff-Methodology-Article-28-Consultation-Gas-Year-21-22.pdf", "date": "2021-02-10", "verified": true }, { "text": "Daily 8.6% 8.6% 8.0% 15.8%", "page": 55, "source": "CRU/21/14 Gas Transmission Tariff Methodology, TAR NC Article 28 Consultation, Gas Year 2021/22", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2114-Gas-Transmission-Tariff-Methodology-Article-28-Consultation-Gas-Year-21-22.pdf", "date": "2021-02-10", "verified": true }, { "text": "Annual 64.7% 51.6% 61.7% 42.3%", "page": 55, "source": "CRU/21/14 Gas Transmission Tariff Methodology, TAR NC Article 28 Consultation, Gas Year 2021/22", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2114-Gas-Transmission-Tariff-Methodology-Article-28-Consultation-Gas-Year-21-22.pdf", "date": "2021-02-10", "verified": true }, { "text": "Daily 2.2% 5.1% 3.2% 12.0%", "page": 55, "source": "CRU/21/14 Gas Transmission Tariff Methodology, TAR NC Article 28 Consultation, Gas Year 2021/22", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2114-Gas-Transmission-Tariff-Methodology-Article-28-Consultation-Gas-Year-21-22.pdf", "date": "2021-02-10", "verified": true }, { "text": "the Power sector already books most of the daily capacity on the system", "page": 55, "source": "CRU/21/14 Gas Transmission Tariff Methodology, TAR NC Article 28 Consultation, Gas Year 2021/22", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2114-Gas-Transmission-Tariff-Methodology-Article-28-Consultation-Gas-Year-21-22.pdf", "date": "2021-02-10", "verified": true }, { "text": "it cannot exactly replicate the behaviour of market participants as it assumes perfect foresight", "page": 54, "source": "CRU/21/14 Gas Transmission Tariff Methodology, TAR NC Article 28 Consultation, Gas Year 2021/22", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2114-Gas-Transmission-Tariff-Methodology-Article-28-Consultation-Gas-Year-21-22.pdf", "date": "2021-02-10", "verified": true }, { "text": "the Power sector is the biggest user of non-annual capacity products", "page": 62, "source": "CRU/21/14 Gas Transmission Tariff Methodology, TAR NC Article 28 Consultation, Gas Year 2021/22", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2114-Gas-Transmission-Tariff-Methodology-Article-28-Consultation-Gas-Year-21-22.pdf", "date": "2021-02-10", "verified": true }, { "text": "unplanned outages resulting in other power generators adjusting their capacity bookings", "page": 17, "source": "CRU202543 Gas Networks Ireland Transmission Tariffs and Allowed Revenue 2025/26 (decision)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Gas_Networks_Ireland_Transmission_Tariff_and_Allowed_Revenue_2025_26.pdf", "date": "2025-06-06", "verified": true }, { "text": "The 2025/26 forecast assumes a return to normal booking practices by generators", "page": 17, "source": "CRU202543 Gas Networks Ireland Transmission Tariffs and Allowed Revenue 2025/26 (decision)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Gas_Networks_Ireland_Transmission_Tariff_and_Allowed_Revenue_2025_26.pdf", "date": "2025-06-06", "verified": true }, { "text": "consider whether the continued application of short-term exit capacity products remains appropriate", "page": 1, "source": "CRU consultation portal: TAR NC Article 28 Consultation Gas Year 2026/27", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/consultation/gas-transmission-tariff-methodology-%E2%80%93-tariff-network-code-article-28-consultation-gas-year-202627", "date": "2026-03-31", "verified": true }, { "text": "The commodity element of GTC costs will be permitted for inclusion in complex bid offer data, as will any GTC capacity purchased within day", "page": 8, "source": "SEM-17-020 I-SEM Complex Bid Offer Controls, decision paper", "url": "https://www.semcommittee.com/files/semcommittee/media-files/SEM-17-020%20Decision%20Paper%20on%20Complex%20Bid%20Offer%20Controls.pdf", "date": "2017-04-07", "verified": true }, { "text": "long term GTC costs are not marginal in the BM", "page": 51, "source": "SEM-17-020 I-SEM Complex Bid Offer Controls, decision paper", "url": "https://www.semcommittee.com/files/semcommittee/media-files/SEM-17-020%20Decision%20Paper%20on%20Complex%20Bid%20Offer%20Controls.pdf", "date": "2017-04-07", "verified": true }, { "text": "The incremental exit gas transportation costs", "page": 6, "source": "SEM-17-049 Balancing Market Principles Code of Practice", "url": "https://www.semcommittee.com/files/semcommittee/media-files/SEM-17-049%20Balancing%20Market%20Principles%20Code%20of%20Practice.PDF", "date": "2017-07-11", "verified": true } ], "caveats": [ "The 2020/21 split is from GNI's booking optimisation model ('assumes perfect foresight'), in a CRU consultation; later CRU papers give no product split.", "Shares are of capacity booked over the year by sector, not per plant; peakers and mid-merit plant (more often marginal) likely book daily more than baseload CCGTs (unchecked).", "CRU202543: generators changed bookings in the 2024/25 cold snap and outages, so recent winters may have a higher daily share.", "CRU is reviewing whether short-term exit products should continue (2026/27 Article 28 consultation; GNI to report Q4 2026). Removing them would force annual booking and push the marginal transport cost toward commodity only.", "The bid rule cited is for balancing-market complex bid offer data (SEM-17-020, SEM-17-049); day-ahead bids are not cost-mitigated the same way (unchecked)." ] }, "caveats": [ "Capacity charges are per unit of booked peak-day capacity, so the cost per MWh of gas burned depends on how a plant books: an annual booking used at 50% load factor costs twice the 100% figure per MWh; daily bookings cost ~EUR 1.4-1.7/MWh in summer and EUR 22-26/MWh in Jan-Feb (all-in, GB exit and commodity included).", "Booking mix: power's checked 2020/21 split is ~81% annual / ~19% daily (CRU/21/14, GNI model); no later split or per-plant data is public. See bookingMix.", "GB charges are as at 1 October each year; GNTS and revenue-recovery charges can be revised within a gas year.", "The 2024/25 GNI figures are the 2-decimal comparison values in CRU202543; later years use GNI's 6-decimal tariff sheets." ] }, "quoteCheck": { "total": 108, "problems": {} } }, "intuition": { "title": "How big is a data centre, really?", "source": "Curated constants: CRU, CSO, SEAI, Uisce \u00c9ireann, Google, Epoch AI, IEA, NVIDIA, Uptime Institute, company reports", "asOf": "2026-10-03", "constants": { "cru_typical_home_kwh": { "id": "cru_typical_home_kwh", "group": "household", "value": 4200, "unit": "kWh/yr", "meaning": "The CRU's standard 'typical' home used for bill comparisons (24-hour urban meter).", "source": "CRU Factsheet: Domestic Electricity and Gas Bills in Ireland (CRU20125)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU20125-Factsheet-Domestic-Electricity-and-Gas-Bills-in-Ireland-CRU20125.pdf", "date": "2020", "quote": "a standard 24-hour urban electricity customer with an average annual consumption of 4,200kWh", "confidence": "high", "note": "A billing benchmark, not a measured average; higher than the CSO median. Use it as 'a typical home' and say so.", "cached": "data/raw/intuition/cru-CRU20125-bill-factsheet-2026-10-03.pdf" }, "cso_median_home_kwh_2025": { "id": "cso_median_home_kwh_2025", "group": "household", "value": 3228, "unit": "kWh/yr", "meaning": "Median metered electricity use of an Irish residential customer in 2025.", "source": "CSO, Metered Electricity Consumption 2025 - Key Findings", "url": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-mec/meteredelectricityconsumption2025/keyfindings/", "date": "2026-07-07", "quote": "the national median consumption for a residential customer in 2025 stood at 3,228 kWh", "confidence": "high", "note": "Median per meter. Using it instead of 4,200 makes data-centre 'home equivalents' ~30% bigger; show both or pick one and label it." }, "cso_residential_gwh_2025": { "id": "cso_residential_gwh_2025", "group": "household", "value": 9075, "unit": "GWh/yr", "meaning": "All residential metered electricity in 2025 (urban 5,954 + rural 3,121 GWh); 28% of metered total.", "source": "CSO, Metered Electricity Consumption 2025 - Key Findings", "url": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-mec/meteredelectricityconsumption2025/keyfindings/", "date": "2026-07-07", "quote": "residential customers consumed 28%", "confidence": "medium", "note": "Sum of urban and rural figures read via a fetch tool; re-check against table MEC before publishing. Data centres (7,663 GWh) = ~84% of all household electricity." }, "census2022_private_households": { "id": "census2022_private_households", "group": "household", "value": 1841152, "unit": "households", "meaning": "Private households counted in Census 2022 (April 2022).", "source": "CSO, Census of Population 2022 - Summary Results / Profile 3 Households", "url": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpp3/censusofpopulation2022profile3-householdsfamiliesandchildcare/privatehouseholdsandlivingalone/", "date": "2023-05-30 (summary); 2023-08-31 (profile 3)", "quote": "In 2022, there were just over 1.8 million households counted", "confidence": "high", "note": "Exact 1,841,152 per Summary Results (private occupied dwellings / households). Average household size 2.74." }, "ue_litres_per_person_day": { "id": "ue_litres_per_person_day", "group": "household", "value": 133, "unit": "L/person/day", "meaning": "Uisce \u00c9ireann's average water use per person per day (domestic).", "source": "Uisce \u00c9ireann (Margaret Attridge, Head of Water Operations) via Irish Examiner", "url": "https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-41221129.html", "date": "2023-09-07", "quote": "The average water use of one person is 133 litres per day.", "confidence": "medium", "note": "Primary basis is Uisce \u00c9ireann metered data (~2018); the Water Forum notes 133 is considered high for new homes. Quoted repeatedly by UE (Irish Times, Jul 2025)." }, "cso_household_water_median_2022": { "id": "cso_household_water_median_2022", "group": "household", "value": 261, "unit": "L/household/day", "meaning": "Median metered daily water use per household (public supply), 2022. Average was 357 L.", "source": "CSO, Domestic Metered Public Water Consumption 2022 - Key Findings", "url": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dmpwc/domesticmeteredpublicwaterconsumption2022/keyfindings", "date": "2023-11-20", "quote": null, "confidence": "high", "range": [ 261, 357 ], "note": "Average 357 L/day (pulled up by leaks); median is the better 'typical home'." }, "olympic_pool_litres": { "id": "olympic_pool_litres", "group": "household", "value": 2500000, "unit": "L", "meaning": "Water in a 50 m x 25 m Olympic pool at the 2 m minimum depth (= 2,500 m3 = 2.5 ML).", "source": "World Aquatics (FINA) Facilities Rules 2021-2025, FR 2.2.1/2.2.3/2.2.4", "url": "https://resources.fina.org/fina/document/2022/02/08/77c3058d-b549-4543-8524-ad51a857864e/210805-Facilities-Rules_clean.pdf", "date": "2021-08-05", "quote": "Depth: 2 Metres (minimum); 3 metres recommended", "confidence": "high", "range": [ 2500000, 3750000 ], "note": "Derived: 50 x 25 x 2 m. At the 3 m recommended depth it is 3.75 ML. 2.5 ML is the conventional figure.", "cached": "data/raw/intuition/worldaquatics-facilities-rules-2021-2026-10-03.pdf" }, "cso_metered_total_gwh_2025": { "id": "cso_metered_total_gwh_2025", "group": "ireland", "value": 32986, "unit": "GWh/yr", "meaning": "All metered electricity consumption in Ireland, 2025 (includes data centres).", "source": "CSO, Metered Electricity Consumption 2025 - Key Findings", "url": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-mec/meteredelectricityconsumption2025/keyfindings/", "date": "2026-07-07", "quote": "Total metered electricity consumption was 32,986 GWh (gigawatt hours) in 2025", "confidence": "high" }, "cso_dc_gwh_2025": { "id": "cso_dc_gwh_2025", "group": "ireland", "value": 7663, "unit": "GWh/yr", "meaning": "Data-centre metered electricity, 2025 (6,973 GWh in 2024). 23% of metered electricity.", "source": "CSO, Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2025 - Key Findings", "url": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dcmec/datacentresmeteredelectricityconsumption2025/keyfindings/", "date": "2026-07-07", "quote": "rising from 6,973 Gigawatt hours (GWh) in 2024 to 7,663 GWh in 2025", "confidence": "high", "note": "Our table MEC02 pull gives 7,662 GWh (rounding). 7,663 / 8,760 h = ~875 MW average draw." }, "cso_dc_share_2025": { "id": "cso_dc_share_2025", "group": "ireland", "value": 23, "unit": "% of metered electricity", "meaning": "Data centres' share of metered electricity, 2025 (5% in 2015).", "source": "CSO, Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2025", "url": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dcmec/datacentresmeteredelectricityconsumption2025/keyfindings/", "date": "2026-07-07", "quote": "23% in 2025 from 5% in 2015", "confidence": "high", "note": "7,663 / 32,986 = 23.2%." }, "cso_other_users_growth_2025": { "id": "cso_other_users_growth_2025", "group": "ireland", "value": 2, "unit": "% growth 2024-25", "meaning": "Growth in electricity use by everyone except data centres (DCs grew 10%).", "source": "CSO, Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2025", "url": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dcmec/datacentresmeteredelectricityconsumption2025/keyfindings/", "date": "2026-07-07", "quote": "Consumption by all other users, including residential and other business customers, went up by 2%", "confidence": "high" }, "seai_tfc_twh_2024": { "id": "seai_tfc_twh_2024", "group": "ireland", "value": 143.74, "unit": "TWh/yr", "meaning": "Ireland's total final energy consumption (all fuels: oil, electricity, gas, renewables, coal, peat), 2024.", "source": "SEAI, Energy in Ireland 2025 report, Table 5.1", "url": "https://www.seai.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Energy-in-Ireland-2025.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "quote": "Ireland's total final energy consumption in 2024 was 143.7 TWh, up 2.4% on the previous year.", "confidence": "high", "note": "2025 TFC is in SEAI's Interim National Energy Balance (May 2026) but the SEAI site blocked automated download; fill in by hand. Data centres 2024 (6.97 TWh) = 4.9% of TFC.", "cached": "data/raw/intuition/seai-energy-in-ireland-2025-2026-10-03.pdf" }, "seai_electricity_share_tfc_2024": { "id": "seai_electricity_share_tfc_2024", "group": "ireland", "value": 22.9, "unit": "% of final energy", "meaning": "Electricity's share of all final energy, 2024 (32.86 TWh). Oil is 54.3%, gas 14.4%.", "source": "SEAI, Energy in Ireland 2025, Table 5.1", "url": "https://www.seai.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Energy-in-Ireland-2025.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "quote": null, "confidence": "high", "note": "So '23% of electricity' is roughly 23% x 23% = ~5% of all energy.", "cached": "data/raw/intuition/seai-energy-in-ireland-2025-2026-10-03.pdf" }, "seai_tper_twh_2024": { "id": "seai_tper_twh_2024", "group": "ireland", "value": 168.0, "unit": "TWh/yr", "meaning": "Total primary energy requirement (supply incl. conversion losses), 2024.", "source": "SEAI, Energy in Ireland 2025", "url": "https://www.seai.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Energy-in-Ireland-2025.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "quote": "Ireland's total primary energy requirement in 2024 was 168.0 TWh, up 2.6% on the previous year.", "confidence": "high", "note": "Use TFC (final) for the 'share of energy' line; primary would include gas burned to make the DCs' electricity, so mixing bases is wrong." }, "seai_dc_share_growth_since_2015": { "id": "seai_dc_share_growth_since_2015", "group": "ireland", "value": 88.2, "unit": "% of electricity demand growth 2015-2024", "meaning": "Share of Ireland's electricity demand growth since 2015 accounted for by data centres.", "source": "SEAI, Energy in Ireland 2025", "url": "https://www.seai.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Energy-in-Ireland-2025.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "quote": "Data centres account for 88.2% of the increase observed in Ireland's electricity demand since 2015.", "confidence": "high", "note": "Non-DC demand flat at 24.6-25.9 TWh for 9 years." }, "ue_treated_water_l_per_day_2024": { "id": "ue_treated_water_l_per_day_2024", "group": "ireland", "value": 1700000000.0, "unit": "L/day", "meaning": "Drinking water treated by Uisce \u00c9ireann per day, 2024 (= ~620,000 ML/yr).", "source": "Uisce \u00c9ireann press release on 2024 annual report", "url": "https://www.water.ie/news/uisce-eireann-invested-over-eu13-billion-2024-deliver-safer-more-sustainable-water-services", "date": "2025-06-30", "quote": "treated 1.7 billion litres of drinking water", "confidence": "high", "note": "Includes ~38% leakage (Water Forum). The Government's 2022 statement used 608,000 ML/yr supplied." }, "gov2022_ue_supply_ml_yr": { "id": "gov2022_ue_supply_ml_yr", "group": "ireland", "value": 608000, "unit": "ML/yr", "meaning": "Uisce \u00c9ireann annual public supply in the Government's 2022 data-centre statement; DCs 0.13% (~810 ML).", "source": "Government Statement on the Role of Data Centres (2022), quoted by The Water Forum (McGrath, Oct 2024) p.3", "url": "https://thewaterforum.ie/app/uploads/2024/10/McGrath-2024-Data-Centre-Water-Use-in-Ireland-.pdf", "date": "2022-07", "quote": "supplies approximately 608,000 megalitres of water annually, of which 0.13% (c.810 megalitres) is consumed across all known data centres", "confidence": "high", "note": "Year of the 810 ML not stated; 2021 at best.", "cached": "data/raw/water/waterforum-mcgrath-2024-10-23.txt" }, "gda_water_l_per_day_2026": { "id": "gda_water_l_per_day_2026", "group": "ireland", "value": 640000000.0, "unit": "L/day", "meaning": "Greater Dublin Area average daily water use in 2026 to late May (record 685-693 ML/day in 2026 heat).", "source": "Irish Times (citing Uisce \u00c9ireann), 29 May 2026; UE press release 10 Jul 2026 (693 ML record)", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/dublin/2026/05/29/dublin-water-use-reached-a-record-high-on-tuesday-with-685m-litres-used-in-capital/", "date": "2026-05-29", "quote": "an average of 640 million litres a day to date in 2026", "confidence": "medium", "note": "Local denominator: most DCs are in the GDA, so 4-6 ML/day in summer is ~0.6-0.9% of Dublin's supply, vs ~0.17% nationally." }, "dc_water_public_supply_2025_journal": { "id": "dc_water_public_supply_2025_journal", "group": "ireland", "value": 999000000.0, "unit": "L/yr", "meaning": "Data centres' public-supply water in 2025, summed from EPA AERs (48 sites) by The Journal.", "source": "The Journal Investigates, 24 Jul 2026", "url": "https://www.thejournal.ie/investigates-data-centre-water-use-7110966-Jul2026/", "date": "2026-07-24", "quote": "rising from 752 million litres in 2024 to over 999 million litres in 2025", "confidence": "medium", "range": [ 999000000.0, 1047600000.0 ], "note": "Secondary source. Our own sum of 16 AER sites gives 1,047.6 ML (data/raw/water/extracted.json). Excludes private wells (UE: some DCs have their own).", "cached": "data/raw/water/extracted.json" }, "dc_water_aer_sum_2025": { "id": "dc_water_aer_sum_2025", "group": "ireland", "value": 1047627.5, "unit": "m3/yr", "meaning": "Our sum of 'Public Supply' water in 2025 EPA Annual Environmental Reports for 16 licensed data-centre sites.", "source": "EPA LEAP AERs, Table 5 'Water Used' (read by hand)", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/", "date": "2026 (AERs for 2025)", "quote": null, "confidence": "high", "note": "Primary. Meta Clonee (P1192) 556,513 m3 + Equinix DB5 (P1168) 398,058 m3 = 91% of the total.", "cached": "data/raw/water/extracted.json" }, "meta_clonee_water_2025": { "id": "meta_clonee_water_2025", "group": "ireland", "value": 556513, "unit": "m3/yr", "meaning": "Meta Clonee public-supply water, 2025 (571,298 m3 in 2024). 1,182 GWh grid electricity -> 0.47 L per kWh.", "source": "EPA AER 2025, licence P1192 (Runways Information Services / Meta), p.16", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/83a977fe-88cc-4bee-b532-11a09561984d.pdf", "date": "2026", "quote": "Public Supply 556,513 2.6% decrease", "confidence": "high", "note": "Meta's own 2025 Environmental Data Index gives Clonee withdrawal 571 ML (2024), matching the AER.", "cached": "data/raw/water/extracted.json" }, "equinix_db5_water_2025": { "id": "equinix_db5_water_2025", "group": "ireland", "value": 398058, "unit": "m3/yr", "meaning": "Equinix DB5/DB6 (Blanchardstown) public-supply water, 2025 (102,953 m3 in 2024). ~162 GWh -> ~2.5 L/kWh.", "source": "EPA AER 2025, licence P1168 (Equinix Hyperscale 1 (DB5) Ltd), p.17", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/6adb806d-c61a-429a-b6ea-b66400d8ddbe.pdf", "date": "2026", "quote": "Public Supply 398,058 286% Increase", "confidence": "high", "cached": "data/raw/water/extracted.json" }, "ue_dc_share_lt_03": { "id": "ue_dc_share_lt_03", "group": "ireland", "value": 0.3, "unit": "% of public water demand (upper bound)", "meaning": "Uisce \u00c9ireann advice to the Minister: data centres are under 0.3% of public supply demand.", "source": "D\u00e1il written answer PQ 225 [58369/26]", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/question/2026-07-28/pq_225", "date": "2026-07-28", "quote": "data centres are not a major driver of demand on the public water supply network, accounting for less than 0.3%", "confidence": "high", "cached": "data/raw/water/pq/2026-07-28_dbsect_197.xml" }, "ue_dc_summer_ml_day_2026": { "id": "ue_dc_summer_ml_day_2026", "group": "ireland", "value": [ 4000000.0, 6000000.0 ], "unit": "L/day", "meaning": "Data centres' public water use May-Jul 2026 (vs 1-3 ML/day Jan-Apr), 57 sites, Uisce \u00c9ireann figures to Ciar\u00e1n Ahern TD.", "source": "The Journal, 24 Aug 2026", "url": "https://www.thejournal.ie/ireland-data-centre-water-use-7137959-Aug2026/", "date": "2026-08-24", "quote": "between four and six million litres of water a day", "confidence": "medium", "note": "Secondary; the underlying UE reply to the TD is not public. Summer doubling is the legitimate local story.", "cached": "data/raw/water/extracted.json" }, "maynooth_water_footprint_2025": { "id": "maynooth_water_footprint_2025", "group": "ireland", "value": 46000000000.0, "unit": "L/yr", "meaning": "Maynooth WP31 'water footprint' incl. water used to generate the electricity (6 L/kWh x electricity).", "source": "Fearon, Bresnihan & Brodie, MUSSI Working Paper 31, Sept 2026", "url": "https://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/id/eprint/21841/1/MUSSI%20working%20paper%2031.pdf", "date": "2026-09", "quote": "The UN report estimates the water footprint intensity of Irish electricity consumption is 6L/kWh.", "confidence": "medium", "note": "Different metric (mostly power-station water, much of it returned) and based on 9.4 TWh not CSO 7.66 TWh. Li et al. use 1.476 L/kWh for Ireland - a 4x spread in the factor itself.", "cached": "data/raw/water/mussi-wp31-2026-10-03.txt" }, "google_gemini_prompt_wh": { "id": "google_gemini_prompt_wh", "group": "output", "value": 0.24, "unit": "Wh per median text prompt", "meaning": "Energy of the median Gemini Apps text prompt, incl. idle machines, CPU/RAM and data-centre overhead (PUE).", "source": "Google Cloud blog, 'Measuring the environmental impact of AI inference' (+ technical paper)", "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/infrastructure/measuring-the-environmental-impact-of-ai-inference", "date": "2025-08-21", "quote": "equivalent to watching TV for less than nine seconds", "confidence": "medium", "range": [ 0.24, 0.34 ], "note": "Company self-report, median not mean, text only (no images/video/long reasoning), May 2025 snapshot; Google says it fell 33x in a year. Google conflict: owner may return to Google - cite public figures only." }, "google_gemini_prompt_ml": { "id": "google_gemini_prompt_ml", "group": "output", "value": 0.26, "unit": "mL water per median text prompt", "meaning": "On-site cooling water per median Gemini text prompt ('about five drops').", "source": "Google Cloud blog, 21 Aug 2025", "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/infrastructure/measuring-the-environmental-impact-of-ai-inference", "date": "2025-08-21", "quote": null, "confidence": "medium", "note": "On-site only; excludes water used in power generation." }, "openai_avg_query_wh": { "id": "openai_avg_query_wh", "group": "output", "value": 0.34, "unit": "Wh per average ChatGPT query", "meaning": "Sam Altman's stated average ChatGPT query energy.", "source": "Sam Altman, 'The Gentle Singularity' (blog)", "url": "https://blog.samaltman.com/the-gentle-singularity", "date": "2025-06-10", "quote": "about 0.34 watt-hours, about what an oven would use in a little over one second", "confidence": "low", "note": "No method published; 'average query' undefined. Water: 0.000085 gal = ~0.32 mL ('one fifteenth of a teaspoon'). Date from press coverage (DCD), not shown on the post." }, "epoch_chatgpt_query_wh": { "id": "epoch_chatgpt_query_wh", "group": "output", "value": 0.3, "unit": "Wh per typical GPT-4o query", "meaning": "Independent estimate for a typical query (~500 output tokens); ~2.5 Wh at 10k-token input, ~40 Wh at 100k.", "source": "Epoch AI (Josh You), 'How much energy does ChatGPT use?'", "url": "https://epoch.ai/gradient-updates/how-much-energy-does-chatgpt-use", "date": "2025-02-07", "quote": "typical ChatGPT queries using GPT-4o likely consume roughly 0.3 watt-hours", "confidence": "medium", "range": [ 0.3, 40 ], "note": "Assumes H100 at ~1,500 W all-in per GPU and ~10% utilisation. Reasoning/agentic/image/video requests can be 10-100x+." }, "li_ren_ireland_ml_per_response": { "id": "li_ren_ireland_ml_per_response", "group": "output", "value": 7.1, "unit": "mL water per GPT-3 response (Ireland, on-site + off-site)", "meaning": "Li/Ren 'Making AI Less Thirsty' Table 1, Ireland row: 0.08 mL on-site + 7.03 mL from electricity generation; 70.4 responses per 500 mL.", "source": "Li, Yang, Islam, Ren, arXiv:2304.03271v5 (Comm. ACM 2025)", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.03271", "date": "2025-03-26 (v5)", "quote": "a 500ml bottle of water for roughly 10 - 50 medium-length responses, depending on when and where it is deployed", "confidence": "medium", "note": "GPT-3-era model and Microsoft location PUE/WUE (Ireland PUE 1.19, on-site WUE 0.02 L/kWh, grid EWIF 1.476 L/kWh). Source of the 'bottle per prompt' myth.", "cached": "data/raw/intuition/li-ren-making-ai-less-thirsty-arxiv-2026-10-03.pdf" }, "google_search_wh_2009": { "id": "google_search_wh_2009", "group": "output", "value": 0.3, "unit": "Wh per Google search (2009)", "meaning": "Google's 2009 figure for one web search incl. index-building.", "source": "Urs H\u00f6lzle, Google blog 'Powering a Google search', via iTnews", "url": "https://www.itnews.com.au/news/google-debunks-search-energy-usage-claims-132881", "date": "2009-01-11", "quote": "this amounts to 0.0003kWh of energy per search, or 1kJ", "confidence": "low", "note": "17 years old; searches now include AI overviews. Useful only as the classic 'a search ~ a chatbot prompt' comparison." }, "iea_streaming_kwh_per_hour": { "id": "iea_streaming_kwh_per_hour", "group": "output", "value": 0.077, "unit": "kWh per hour of streaming video (whole chain)", "meaning": "Netflix-style streaming, 2019: devices 72%, networks 23%, data centres 5% (~4 Wh/h in the data centre).", "source": "IEA commentary (George Kamiya), 'The carbon footprint of streaming video: fact-checking the headlines'", "url": "https://www.iea.org/commentaries/the-carbon-footprint-of-streaming-video-fact-checking-the-headlines", "date": "2020-12-10", "quote": "streaming a Netflix video in 2019 typically consumed around 0.077 kWh of electricity per hour", "confidence": "medium", "range": [ 0.0039, 0.077 ], "note": "For a data-centre MW comparison use only the 5% data-centre share (~0.004 kWh/h); the rest is TVs and networks outside the DC. 2019 data, efficiency has improved since." }, "aslan_network_kwh_per_gb_2015": { "id": "aslan_network_kwh_per_gb_2015", "group": "output", "value": 0.06, "unit": "kWh/GB (fixed-line network transmission, 2015)", "meaning": "Electricity per GB moved over core + fixed access networks in 2015, halving ~every 2 years.", "source": "Aslan, Mayers, Koomey & France, Journal of Industrial Ecology 22(4)", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jiec.12630", "date": "2018", "quote": "provides a new estimate of 0.06 kWh/GB for 2015", "confidence": "medium", "note": "Network, not data centre. Extrapolating halving gives ~0.002-0.004 kWh/GB by 2025 but that's our extrapolation; IEA advises per-hour not per-GB for video. No credible primary per-email energy figure found - leave email out." }, "h100_sxm_tdp_w": { "id": "h100_sxm_tdp_w", "group": "output", "value": 700, "unit": "W (max TDP per GPU)", "meaning": "NVIDIA H100 SXM GPU maximum thermal design power (PCIe/NVL: 350-400 W).", "source": "NVIDIA H100 product page / datasheet", "url": "https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/h100/", "date": "2023-2025", "quote": "Up to 700W (configurable)", "confidence": "high", "note": "Chip only - excludes CPU, memory, networking, cooling." }, "dgx_h100_kw": { "id": "dgx_h100_kw", "group": "output", "value": 10.2, "unit": "kW (max per 8-GPU server)", "meaning": "NVIDIA DGX H100 server (8 x H100) maximum power; ~1.3 kW per GPU at server level.", "source": "NVIDIA DGX H100 User Guide", "url": "https://docs.nvidia.com/dgx/dgxh100-user-guide/introduction-to-dgxh100.html", "date": "2023-2025", "quote": "10.2 kW max", "confidence": "high", "note": "NVIDIA SuperPOD guide: 4 DGX H100 per rack recommended. Epoch AI assumes ~1,500 W per H100 all-in incl. facility overhead." }, "gb200_nvl72_rack_kw": { "id": "gb200_nvl72_rack_kw", "group": "output", "value": 132, "unit": "kW per rack (72 Blackwell GPUs)", "meaning": "HPE's GB200 NVL72 rack: 132 kW (115 kW liquid-cooled, 17 kW air); NVIDIA's nominal ~120 kW. ~1.7-1.8 kW per GPU at rack level.", "source": "HPE product page 'NVIDIA GB200 NVL72 by HPE'", "url": "https://buy.hpe.com/us/en/compute/rack-scale-system/nvidia-nvl-system/nvidia-gb200-nvl72-by-hpe/p/1014890104", "date": "2025", "quote": null, "confidence": "medium", "range": [ 120, 132 ], "note": "HPE page returned 403 to our fetcher; value read from search snippet of the HPE page. Verify by hand." }, "uptime_avg_pue_2025": { "id": "uptime_avg_pue_2025", "group": "output", "value": 1.54, "unit": "PUE (weighted global average)", "meaning": "Industry-average facility overhead: 1.54 kWh drawn per 1 kWh reaching IT; flat for six years. New sites ~1.48, >20 MW ~1.44.", "source": "Uptime Institute Global Data Center Survey 2025", "url": "https://datacenter.uptimeinstitute.com/rs/711-RIA-145/images/2025.Annual.Survey.Report.pdf?version=0", "date": "2025-07", "quote": null, "confidence": "medium", "range": [ 1.08, 1.54 ], "note": "Survey-based, self-reported. Hyperscalers are much lower." }, "google_pue_fleet_2025": { "id": "google_pue_fleet_2025", "group": "output", "value": 1.09, "unit": "PUE", "meaning": "Google global fleet trailing-twelve-month PUE, 2025; Google Dublin 1.08.", "source": "Google Data Centers - Efficiency", "url": "https://datacenters.google/efficiency/", "date": "2026", "quote": "In 2025, the average annual power usage effectiveness for our global fleet of data centers was 1.09.", "confidence": "high", "note": "Google conflict-of-interest flag applies (public data only)." }, "meta_pue_2024": { "id": "meta_pue_2024", "group": "output", "value": 1.08, "unit": "PUE", "meaning": "Meta data-centre fleet PUE, 2024.", "source": "Meta 2025 Environmental Data Index", "url": "https://sustainability.atmeta.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Meta_2025-Environmental-Data-Index.pdf", "date": "2025-10", "quote": null, "confidence": "high", "cached": "data/raw/intuition/meta-2025-environmental-data-index-2026-10-03.pdf" }, "iea_global_dc_twh_2024": { "id": "iea_global_dc_twh_2024", "group": "output", "value": 415, "unit": "TWh/yr", "meaning": "Global data-centre electricity 2024 (~1.5% of world electricity); ~945 TWh by 2030. Ireland's 7.7 TWh ~ 1.8% of global DC use.", "source": "IEA, Energy and AI (2025), executive summary", "url": "https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/executive-summary", "date": "2025-04", "quote": "Data centres accounted for around 1.5% of the world's electricity consumption in 2024, or 415 terawatt-hours (TWh).", "confidence": "medium", "note": "IEA also says a typical AI data centre uses as much as 100,000 households." }, "microsoft_wue_2025": { "id": "microsoft_wue_2025", "group": "water", "value": 0.27, "unit": "L/kWh", "meaning": "Microsoft owned-fleet water use effectiveness, 2025 (from 2.3 L/kWh in early 2000s).", "source": "Microsoft On the Issues blog, 24 Jun 2026", "url": "https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2026/06/24/inside-microsofts-two-decade-push-to-cut-water-intensity-while-scaling-for-growth/", "date": "2026-06-24", "quote": "Our average WUE has decreased from 2.3 L/kWh to 0.27 L/kWh in 2025", "confidence": "medium", "note": "Withdrawal vs consumption basis not stated in the post." }, "microsoft_dublin_water_lt5pct": { "id": "microsoft_dublin_water_lt5pct", "group": "water", "value": 5, "unit": "% of time water used for cooling (Dublin, upper bound)", "meaning": "Microsoft says its Dublin and Amsterdam sites use water for cooling less than 5% of the time - outside air does the rest.", "source": "Microsoft On the Issues blog, 24 Jun 2026", "url": "https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2026/06/24/inside-microsofts-two-decade-push-to-cut-water-intensity-while-scaling-for-growth/", "date": "2026-06-24", "quote": "in other cooler regions like Dublin and Amsterdam, water is used less than 5% of the time", "confidence": "medium", "note": "Best available source for 'Ireland's climate allows free-air cooling most of the year'. Company claim." }, "google_dublin_air_cooled": { "id": "google_dublin_air_cooled", "group": "water", "value": 3.4, "unit": "ML/yr withdrawal (0.9 million US gal), 2024", "meaning": "Google Dublin: an air-cooled facility; withdrew 0.9 M gal, consumed 0.1 M gal (~0.4 ML) in 2024.", "source": "Google 2025 Environmental Report, water use by data center location + footnote 166", "url": "https://www.gstatic.com/gumdrop/sustainability/google-2025-environmental-report.pdf", "date": "2025-06", "quote": "Air-cooled facility.", "confidence": "high", "note": "Compare Google Council Bluffs, IA: 1,410 M gal.", "cached": "data/raw/intuition/google-2025-environmental-report-2026-10-03.pdf" }, "meta_wue_2024": { "id": "meta_wue_2024", "group": "water", "value": 0.19, "unit": "L/kWh (withdrawal / IT kWh)", "meaning": "Meta fleet water usage effectiveness, 2024 (0.30 in 2020).", "source": "Meta 2025 Environmental Data Index", "url": "https://sustainability.atmeta.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Meta_2025-Environmental-Data-Index.pdf", "date": "2025-10", "quote": "Annual WUE is calculated by dividing our water withdrawal, in liters, by IT electricity load, in kWh.", "confidence": "high", "note": "Clonee site-level (AER water / grid kWh) is ~0.47-0.53 L/kWh - above the fleet average.", "cached": "data/raw/intuition/meta-2025-environmental-data-index-2026-10-03.pdf" }, "li_ren_onsite_wue_range": { "id": "li_ren_onsite_wue_range", "group": "water", "value": [ 1, 9 ], "unit": "L/kWh evaporated (evaporative cooling)", "meaning": "Range of on-site water evaporated per kWh of server energy at evaporative-cooled data centres.", "source": "Li, Yang, Islam, Ren, arXiv:2304.03271v5", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.03271", "date": "2025-03-26", "quote": "data centers can evaporate approximately 1 - 9 liters per kWh of server energy", "confidence": "medium", "note": "Contrast Ireland row in the same paper: on-site WUE 0.02 L/kWh. Also: 'Some data centers may opt for dry coolers, which consume no on-site water year-round'.", "cached": "data/raw/intuition/li-ren-making-ai-less-thirsty-arxiv-2026-10-03.pdf" }, "cru_pr6_network_change": { "id": "cru_pr6_network_change", "group": "myth", "value": { "domestic_2024_25_to_2029_30_pct": 15, "xleu_2024_25_to_2029_30_pct": -20, "domestic_2020_21_to_2029_30_pct": 51, "xleu_2020_21_to_2029_30_pct": 119 }, "unit": "% change in annual network charges (baseline)", "meaning": "CRU archetypes: domestic vs Extra Large Energy User (190 GWh/yr, 44 MW - data-centre sized). The base year flips the story.", "source": "CRU2025198, PR6 Final Determination - Impact Analysis Note, Tables 1 and 16", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2025198_-_Price_Review_Six_-_Final_Determination_-_Impact_Analysis_Note.pdf", "date": "2025-12-16", "quote": "larger customers are also experiencing rising costs\u2014they are, in fact, seeing the most pronounced increases over the period shown", "confidence": "high", "note": "Reconciles the press contradiction (-14% vs +175%): large users' charges rose fastest since 2020-21 but fall from 2024-25 as an under-recovery is corrected. Domestic +EUR 59/yr by 2029-30.", "cached": "data/raw/intuition/cru-CRU2025198-PR6-impact-note-2026-10-03.pdf" }, "eirgrid_alerts": { "id": "eirgrid_alerts", "group": "myth", "value": { "2017": 1, "2018": 0, "2019": 0, "2020": 3, "2021": 6, "2022_to_28_Aug": 8, "winter_2023_24": 1, "winter_2024_25": 2 }, "unit": "system alerts (amber)", "meaning": "EirGrid system alerts by year. An alert is a warning, not a power cut; no system emergency in 2023/24.", "source": "Irish Examiner 28 Aug 2022 (2017-22); EirGrid Winter Outlook releases (2023/24, 2024/25)", "url": "https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-40949471.html", "date": "2022-08-28 / 2024-10-07 / 2025-10", "quote": "Grid Alerts do not necessarily mean that electricity consumers will be without supply for any period.", "confidence": "medium", "note": "2024/25 alerts were storm-related, not adequacy (per EirGrid via search). EirGrid Feb 2026: 2026-28 outside the reliability standard under several scenarios. Need a primary EirGrid alert log for full series." }, "ember_gas_share_2025": { "id": "ember_gas_share_2025", "group": "myth", "value": 47.9, "unit": "% of Irish electricity generation", "meaning": "Gas share of Irish generation, 2025 (wind 37.7%; net imports 16.4% of demand).", "source": "Ember yearly electricity data (our pipeline)", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "date": "2026-10-03 (pull)", "quote": null, "confidence": "high", "note": "Physical supply to a data centre is the grid mix, whatever PPAs it signs.", "cached": "data/raw/ember/release_generation_yearly_global_2026-10-03.csv" }, "cppa_mw_announced": { "id": "cppa_mw_announced", "group": "myth", "value": 1909, "unit": "MW", "meaning": "Corporate PPAs announced by data-centre firms in Ireland (Microsoft 967, Meta 455, Amazon 334, unnamed tech buyer 81, Google 58, Keppel DC REIT 14; NI deals excluded).", "source": "Our ppa_supply pipeline (company press releases, curated)", "url": "app/public/ireland.json extra.ppa_supply", "date": "2026-10-03", "quote": null, "confidence": "medium", "note": "Only colocation buyer found: Keppel DC REIT (3 small deals, ~14 MW). None for Equinix, Digital Realty, CyrusOne, EdgeConneX, Vantage, Echelon.", "cached": "data/raw/ppa_supply/cppas.json" }, "rates_est_eur": { "id": "rates_est_eur", "group": "myth", "value": 72600000.0, "unit": "EUR/yr", "meaning": "Estimated commercial rates on 66 properties coded 'data centre' (NAV x 2026 council rate).", "source": "Our valuation pipeline (Tailte \u00c9ireann valuation list x 2026 ARV)", "url": "https://tailte.ie/home/api/", "date": "2026-10-03", "quote": null, "confidence": "medium", "note": "Estimate, not bills. Findings round to ~EUR 73m." }, "kpmg_jobs": { "id": "kpmg_jobs", "group": "myth", "value": { "enabled_jobs": 876000, "construction_and_operation_jobs_2024": 19500, "direct_operational_jobs_2024": 3300, "employment_tax_eur_2024": 280000000.0 }, "unit": "jobs / EUR", "meaning": "KPMG for DETE: 876k jobs in 'dependent sectors' vs ~19.5k from DC construction+operation (incl. indirect) and ~3,300 directly employed.", "source": "KPMG, 'The value of data centres to Ireland', DETE, 2 Jun 2026", "url": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/publication-files/the-value-of-data-centres-to-ireland.pdf", "date": "2026-06-02", "quote": "Data centres are critical enabling infrastructure for a wide range of sectors across the economy", "confidence": "medium", "note": "3,300 direct figure via Irish Times editorial / Maynooth WP31 reading of KPMG. Verify page refs in KPMG PDF.", "cached": "data/raw/press/reports.json" }, "oireachtas_no_ct_figure": { "id": "oireachtas_no_ct_figure", "group": "myth", "value": null, "unit": "n/a", "meaning": "No published corporation-tax figure exists for data-centre operators.", "source": "Oireachtas Library & Research Service, 'The future of data centres in Ireland', 20 Mar 2025", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/libraryResearch/2025/2025-03-20_the-future-of-data-centres-in-ireland_en.pdf", "date": "2025-03-20", "quote": null, "confidence": "medium", "note": "Paper notes ~a fifth of 2023 CT (~EUR 4bn of 24bn) linked to ICT companies incl. DCs - not DC operations.", "cached": "data/raw/press/reports.json" }, "diesel_full_load_hours": { "id": "diesel_full_load_hours", "group": "myth", "value": [ 0.6, 6.4 ], "unit": "full-load hours/yr (diesel backup fleets)", "meaning": "How long licensed backup diesel fleets actually ran, from fuel use in 2023-25 AERs, vs 72-200 h/yr permitted.", "source": "Our epa_generation pipeline (EPA LEAP AERs)", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/", "date": "2026-10-03", "quote": null, "confidence": "medium", "note": "On-site fuel = 0.3% of reporting sites' energy in 2025 (2.6% in 2024, when Equinix ran gas turbines as primary power Feb-Nov). Meta Clonee ran ~4 h on generators after a 2025 grid failure.", "cached": "data/raw/epa_generation/extracted.json" } }, "myths": [ { "id": "fifth_of_energy", "rumour": "Data centres use a fifth (or a quarter) of Ireland's energy.", "verdict": "misleading", "explanation": "They use 23% of metered electricity (CSO, 2025), but electricity is only ~23% of all the energy Ireland uses; oil for transport and heat is over half. As a share of total final energy they were ~4.9% in 2024 (6.97 of 143.7 TWh).", "settledBy": [ "cso_dc_share_2025", "seai_tfc_twh_2024", "seai_electricity_share_tfc_2024" ], "searches": [ "how much electricity do data centres use in ireland", "data centres ireland energy consumption" ] }, { "id": "blackouts", "rumour": "Data centres will cause blackouts.", "verdict": "misleading", "explanation": "There have been no supply-shortage blackouts; EirGrid issued amber 'system alerts' (1 in 2017, 0, 0, 3, 6, then 8 in 2022), which are warnings, not power cuts. The risk is real enough that new Dublin connections were effectively frozen from Nov 2021, and EirGrid warned in Feb 2026 that 2026-28 is outside its reliability standard.", "settledBy": [ "eirgrid_alerts", "research/policy-history.md" ], "searches": [ "eirgrid data centre blackout risk", "ai data center power outages" ] }, { "id": "renewables", "rumour": "They run on 100% renewable energy.", "verdict": "misleading", "explanation": "A data centre draws the same grid power as everyone else: 48% of Irish generation was gas in 2025 (about 40% of demand, with imports making up the rest); renewable claims rest on contracts (PPAs, certificates) that match annual totals on paper. Data-centre buyers have announced ~1.9 GW of Irish PPAs (~1.8 GW of it Microsoft, Meta, Amazon and Google), about three-quarters for new wind and solar. Among colocation operators we found only Keppel DC REIT's small deals (~14 MW).", "settledBy": [ "ember_gas_share_2025", "cppa_mw_announced" ], "searches": [ "data centres renewable energy ireland" ] }, { "id": "water_city", "rumour": "Data centres use as much water as a city / caused the hosepipe ban.", "verdict": "false (nationally); partly true locally in summer", "explanation": "Measured public-supply use was ~1 billion litres in 2025, about 0.17% of the 1.7 billion litres Uisce \u00c9ireann treats every day - roughly 400 Olympic pools a year, or the daily use of ~20,000 people. But two sites (Meta Clonee and Equinix Blanchardstown) are ~91% of it, use roughly doubled to 4-6 ML/day during the 2026 drought, and nearly all of it is in the stressed Dublin supply area.", "settledBy": [ "dc_water_aer_sum_2025", "ue_treated_water_l_per_day_2024", "ue_dc_share_lt_03", "ue_dc_summer_ml_day_2026", "olympic_pool_litres", "ue_litres_per_person_day" ], "searches": [ "data centres ireland water usage", "do data centres in ireland use a lot of water", "data centres ireland water consumption" ] }, { "id": "bottle_per_prompt", "rumour": "Every AI prompt uses a bottle of water.", "verdict": "false", "explanation": "The source paper said a 500 mL bottle per 10-50 responses for GPT-3 in 2023, counting water used at power stations too; its own Ireland row is ~70 responses per bottle, with only 0.08 mL per response used on site. Google reports 0.26 mL (five drops) per median Gemini prompt and OpenAI ~0.3 mL; long or reasoning-heavy requests use more.", "settledBy": [ "li_ren_ireland_ml_per_response", "google_gemini_prompt_ml", "openai_avg_query_wh" ], "searches": [ "data centers water usage", "how much energy do data centers use for ai" ] }, { "id": "jobs_876k", "rumour": "Data centres support 876,000 Irish jobs.", "verdict": "misleading", "explanation": "KPMG's 876,000 counts jobs in sectors it calls 'dependent' on digital infrastructure - about a third of all employment - not jobs created by data centres. Its own figures for building and running them are ~19,500 (2024, incl. indirect), and about 3,300 people work in operating data centres.", "settledBy": [ "kpmg_jobs" ], "searches": [ "data centres ireland jobs", "how many people work in data centres in ireland" ] }, { "id": "no_tax", "rumour": "Data centres pay no tax.", "verdict": "false", "explanation": "They pay commercial rates (our estimate ~EUR 73m a year from the valuation list) and KPMG puts employment-related tax at ~EUR 280m in 2024. What doesn't exist is a corporation-tax figure for data-centre operations, so neither 'they pay nothing' nor 'EUR 33bn at risk' can be shown.", "settledBy": [ "rates_est_eur", "kpmg_jobs", "oireachtas_no_ct_figure" ], "searches": [ "data center electricity tax" ] }, { "id": "my_bill", "rumour": "Data centres are making my electricity bill higher.", "verdict": "partly true (size uncertain)", "explanation": "Probably yes through wholesale prices, by an amount that depends on the model. The Fearon/FoE study put it at ~EUR 360 per household over 2015-23; our rerun of its method on independent data gives a similar ~EUR 290 for 2021-23 alone and ~EUR 110-130 a year now, but the method holds imports and power plants fixed, so treat it as an upper-end estimate. The PSO levy is split by share of peak demand, so households pay 34% of it while using 27.5% of electricity, roughly EUR 5 a year each. Network charges cut both ways: extra-large users' rose 175% from 2020-21 to 2024-25 (households 31%), but from 2024-25 to 2029-30 they are set to fall 20% while households' rise 15%.", "settledBy": [ "cru_pr6_network_change", "data/raw/press/sources/fearon-replication-2026-10-03.json", "data/raw/press/sources/cru-CRU2025108-PSO-2025-26-final-2026-10-03.txt", "data/raw/press/reports.json (fact-checks 3 Oct 2026)" ], "searches": [ "are data centers increasing electricity prices", "why are electricity prices so high in ireland", "data centers raise electricity bill" ] }, { "id": "all_dublin", "rumour": "They're all in Dublin.", "verdict": "mostly true", "explanation": "44 of the 55 operating campuses in our directory are in the four Dublin council areas, and Dublin sites account for ~81% of the grid draw reported to the EPA. The big exception is Meta's Clonee campus in Co. Meath (~135 MW); smaller sites exist in Cork, Limerick, Galway, Athlone, Shannon, Dundalk and Kildare.", "settledBy": [ "app/public/ireland.json extra.directory" ], "searches": [ "data centres ireland map", "how many data centres in ireland", "data centres ireland locations" ] }, { "id": "stopped_building", "rumour": "Ireland has stopped building data centres.", "verdict": "misleading", "explanation": "New grid connections have nearly stopped (one new contract in ~3.5 years after Nov 2021), but data-centre electricity still grew 10% in 2025 as existing sites fill ~1.0-1.4 GW of capacity contracted before the rules changed. Six campuses are under construction in our directory.", "settledBy": [ "cso_dc_gwh_2025", "research/findings.md (legacy capacity, directory)" ], "searches": [ "data centre moratorium ireland", "eirgrid data centre moratorium" ] }, { "id": "diesel_always_on", "rumour": "Their diesel generators run all the time.", "verdict": "false (for diesel); the gas story is real", "explanation": "Backup diesel fleets ran the equivalent of ~1-6 full-load hours a year in EPA reports, against 72-200 permitted, and on-site fuel was 0.3% of reporting sites' energy in 2025. The real on-site issue is gas: Equinix ran gas turbines as its main power for most of 2024, and islanded gas-powered sites have been licensed.", "settledBy": [ "diesel_full_load_hours", "data/raw/epa_generation/extracted.json" ], "searches": [ "data centre gas", "data centre gas turbine" ] }, { "id": "ai_is_why", "rumour": "Irish data centres are mostly running AI.", "verdict": "unknown", "explanation": "No Irish body publishes what the computing in Irish data centres is for, and operators report energy to a confidential EU database. Ireland's sites were built mainly for cloud and social media before the AI boom; AI racks (~130 kW each) draw far more per rack, but we can't say what share of 7.7 TWh is AI.", "settledBy": [ "water statements eed_confidential (data/raw/water/extracted.json)", "gb200_nvl72_rack_kw" ], "searches": [ "ai data centres in ireland", "how many ai data centres in ireland" ] } ], "conflictNote": "Google figures (Gemini per-prompt, PUE, Dublin water) are public disclosures only. Flag Google conflict-of-interest rules before publishing." }, "offshore": { "title": "Offshore wind: Ireland's North Sea", "source": "EirGrid ORESS 1 Final Auction Results (14 Jun 2023); ORESS 1 T&Cs (Nov 2022, v1.3 27 Mar 2026); ORESS Tonn Nua T&Cs and results (Nov 2025); CRU2023156; CRU/2025/236; DECC MAC notice (Dec 2022); An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la case pages (live snapshots); EirGrid AIRAA 2026-2035; DECC Future Framework; GNI NDP 2024; Act 32 of 2021; press (Irish Times, RT\u00c9, SSE, TheCork.ie)", "asOf": "2026-10-10", "method": "Projects and numbers read by hand from cached primary documents; every number carries a quote (<25 words) re-checked against the cached text on each build. Planning status is parsed from the latest daily snapshot of each An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la case page. Eligibility applies CRU/2025/236 s.3.5.2: output must be new, in the ROI, and never contracted under REFIT/RESS/ORESS. 'mw' in expectedByYear uses this index's assumed first-full-operation year per project (stated with reasons); EirGrid's AIRAA base/low/high trajectories are shown alongside. Energy for the merchant pair is EirGrid's own Deemed Energy Quantity.", "headline": { "operatingOffshoreMW": 25, "phase1ConsentedMW": 0, "phase1PendingAtACP": 5, "phase1PendingMW": 3799, "ressSupportedMW": 3524, "dcEligibleMW": 1175, "dcEligibleTWhPerYear": 4.63, "dcRenewablesGapTWhPerYear": 4.16, "dcEligibleShareOfGap": 1.11, "impliedOffshoreCapacityFactor": 0.45, "cppasSignedForIrishOffshore": 0 }, "targets": [ { "year": 2030, "gw": 5, "qualifier": "at least; CAP25 now says 'in construction by 2030 and energised as soon as feasible thereafter'", "source": [ { "text": "Offshore Wind - At least 5 GW", "page": 19, "source": "CRU/2025/236, Large Energy Users connection policy decision", "url": "https://www.cru.ie/publications/ (CRU/2025/236)", "date": "2025-12-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2025-12-12_cru-2025236-leu-decision.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "committed to the development of 5 GW of offshore wind capacity with projects in construction by 2030 and energised as soon as feasible thereafter", "page": null, "source": "DCEE press release, result of the State's second offshore wind auction (Tonn Nua)", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment/press-releases/minister-obrien-welcomes-successful-result-of-states-second-offshore-wind-auction/", "date": "2025-11-26", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2025-11-26_gov-tonn-nua-result.html", "verified": true } ] }, { "year": 2040, "gw": 20, "qualifier": "total incl. Atlantic basin", "source": [ { "text": "deliver 20GW of offshore wind by 2040 and at least 37GW in total by 2050", "page": null, "source": "DECC press release, Future Framework for Offshore Renewable Energy", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment/press-releases/minister-ryan-launches-future-framework-for-offshore-renewable-energy/", "date": "2024-05-01", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2024-05-01_gov-future-framework-launch.html", "verified": true }, { "text": "Ireland's total offshore wind target for 2040 (including the Atlantic Basin) remains 20GW", "page": null, "source": "DECC press release, Future Framework for Offshore Renewable Energy", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment/press-releases/minister-ryan-launches-future-framework-for-offshore-renewable-energy/", "date": "2024-05-01", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2024-05-01_gov-future-framework-launch.html", "verified": true } ] }, { "year": 2050, "gw": 37, "qualifier": "at least", "source": [ { "text": "deliver 20GW of offshore wind by 2040 and at least 37GW in total by 2050", "page": null, "source": "DECC press release, Future Framework for Offshore Renewable Energy", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment/press-releases/minister-ryan-launches-future-framework-for-offshore-renewable-energy/", "date": "2024-05-01", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2024-05-01_gov-future-framework-launch.html", "verified": true } ] } ], "projects": [ { "key": "codling", "name": "Codling Wind Park", "developer": "Fred. Olsen Seawind and EDF Renewables (50/50; ownership unchecked)", "mw": 1300, "coast": "east (off Wicklow)", "support": "ORESS1", "strikePrice": { "value": null, "unit": "EUR/MWh", "note": "EirGrid publishes only the GWh-weighted average for ORESS 1 (\u20ac86.05/MWh); project prices not public" }, "consentStatus": "Pending at An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la (OA29N.320768); lodged 2024-09-06, statutory due date 2025-04-01 (passed); no decision at 2026-10-10.", "acpCase": "320768", "expectedCOD": "ORESS 1 Target COD = 60 months after Commencement Date; contract Longstop 31 Dec 2034 (was 31 Dec 2031 before v1.3, 27 Mar 2026). Government: operational 'by the early 2030s'.", "assumedCOD": 2033, "assumedCODReason": "Decision expected H1 2027 (WEI, May 2026); ~5-6 years consent-to-power; inside the 2034 longstop.", "gridConnection": "Developer-led Phase 1 connection to the east-coast transmission grid; holds an EirGrid grid connection assessment as a Phase 1 project (CRU2023156). Onshore node not checked here.", "eligibleForDcPpa": { "eligible": false, "reason": "No. Holds an ORESS 1 contract (~20 years); CRU/2025/236 s.3.5.2 excludes ORESS-contracted output from the data-centre 80% match." }, "planning": { "case": "OA29N.320768", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/320768", "snapshot": "2026-10-10", "lodged": "2024-09-06", "statutoryDue": "2025-04-01", "status": "pending", "overdue": true, "monthsInPlanning": 25.1 }, "source": [ { "quote": "ORESS 1-0313 Codling Wind Park Limited Codling Wind Park 1,300", "page": 11, "title": "EirGrid, ORESS 1 Final Auction Results", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/ORESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(OR1FAR).pdf", "date": "2023-06-14" }, { "quote": "Average Price \u20ac86.05 / MWh", "page": 7, "title": "EirGrid, ORESS 1 Final Auction Results", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/ORESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(OR1FAR).pdf", "date": "2023-06-14" }, { "quote": "Longstop Date\" means 31 December 2034", "page": 15, "title": "DCEE, ORESS 1 Terms and Conditions Version 1.3", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/static/documents/4c3b26b6/ORESS_1_Terms_and_Conditions_V1.3.pdf", "date": "2026-03-27" }, { "quote": "Decisions on three other developments off the Dublin and Wicklow coasts were expected in the first half of next year", "page": null, "title": "Irish Times, Decision on first offshore wind farm since Arklow Bank due within months", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/environment/2026/05/26/decision-on-first-offshore-wind-farm-since-arklow-bank-due-within-months/", "date": "2026-05-26" } ] }, { "key": "dublin_array", "name": "Dublin Array", "developer": "RWE and Saorgus Energy (Kish/Bray Offshore Wind Ltd)", "mw": 824, "coast": "east (Kish and Bray Banks, off Dublin/Wicklow)", "support": "ORESS1", "strikePrice": { "value": null, "unit": "EUR/MWh", "note": "EirGrid publishes only the GWh-weighted average for ORESS 1 (\u20ac86.05/MWh); project prices not public" }, "consentStatus": "Pending at An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la (OA06D.321992); lodged 2025-02-28, statutory due date 2025-09-09 (passed); no decision at 2026-10-10.", "acpCase": "321992", "expectedCOD": "ORESS 1 Target COD = 60 months after Commencement Date; contract Longstop 31 Dec 2034 (was 31 Dec 2031 before v1.3, 27 Mar 2026). Government: operational 'by the early 2030s'.", "assumedCOD": 2033, "assumedCODReason": "Decision expected H1 2027 (WEI, May 2026); developer's earlier 2030 target (unchecked) no longer credible.", "gridConnection": "Developer-led Phase 1 connection to the east-coast transmission grid; holds an EirGrid grid connection assessment as a Phase 1 project (CRU2023156). Onshore node not checked here.", "eligibleForDcPpa": { "eligible": false, "reason": "No. Holds an ORESS 1 contract (~20 years); CRU/2025/236 s.3.5.2 excludes ORESS-contracted output from the data-centre 80% match." }, "planning": { "case": "OA06D.321992", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/321992", "snapshot": "2026-10-10", "lodged": "2025-02-28", "statutoryDue": "2025-09-09", "status": "pending", "overdue": true, "monthsInPlanning": 19.4 }, "source": [ { "quote": "Kish Offshore Wind Limited and Bray Offshore Wind Limited Dublin Array 824", "page": 11, "title": "EirGrid, ORESS 1 Final Auction Results", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/ORESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(OR1FAR).pdf", "date": "2023-06-14" }, { "quote": "Average Price \u20ac86.05 / MWh", "page": 7, "title": "EirGrid, ORESS 1 Final Auction Results", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/ORESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(OR1FAR).pdf", "date": "2023-06-14" }, { "quote": "Longstop Date\" means 31 December 2034", "page": 15, "title": "DCEE, ORESS 1 Terms and Conditions Version 1.3", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/static/documents/4c3b26b6/ORESS_1_Terms_and_Conditions_V1.3.pdf", "date": "2026-03-27" }, { "quote": "Decisions on three other developments off the Dublin and Wicklow coasts were expected in the first half of next year", "page": null, "title": "Irish Times, Decision on first offshore wind farm since Arklow Bank due within months", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/environment/2026/05/26/decision-on-first-offshore-wind-farm-since-arklow-bank-due-within-months/", "date": "2026-05-26" } ] }, { "key": "nisa", "name": "North Irish Sea Array (NISA)", "developer": "Statkraft and Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners (unchecked)", "mw": 500, "coast": "east (off Dublin, Meath, Louth)", "support": "ORESS1", "strikePrice": { "value": null, "unit": "EUR/MWh", "note": "EirGrid publishes only the GWh-weighted average for ORESS 1 (\u20ac86.05/MWh); project prices not public" }, "consentStatus": "Pending at An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la (OA29N.319866); lodged 2024-06-07, statutory due date 2024-12-12 (passed); no decision at 2026-10-10.", "acpCase": "319866", "expectedCOD": "ORESS 1 Target COD = 60 months after Commencement Date; contract Longstop 31 Dec 2034 (was 31 Dec 2031 before v1.3, 27 Mar 2026). Government: operational 'by the early 2030s'.", "assumedCOD": 2033, "assumedCODReason": "Decision expected H1 2027 (WEI, May 2026); inside the 2034 longstop.", "gridConnection": "Developer-led Phase 1 connection to the east-coast transmission grid; holds an EirGrid grid connection assessment as a Phase 1 project (CRU2023156). Onshore node not checked here.", "eligibleForDcPpa": { "eligible": false, "reason": "No. Holds an ORESS 1 contract (~20 years); CRU/2025/236 s.3.5.2 excludes ORESS-contracted output from the data-centre 80% match." }, "planning": { "case": "OA29N.319866", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/319866", "snapshot": "2026-10-10", "lodged": "2024-06-07", "statutoryDue": "2024-12-12", "status": "pending", "overdue": true, "monthsInPlanning": 28.1 }, "source": [ { "quote": "ORESS 1-0312 North Irish Sea Array Windfarm Limited North Irish Sea Array (NISA) 500", "page": 11, "title": "EirGrid, ORESS 1 Final Auction Results", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/ORESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(OR1FAR).pdf", "date": "2023-06-14" }, { "quote": "Average Price \u20ac86.05 / MWh", "page": 7, "title": "EirGrid, ORESS 1 Final Auction Results", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/ORESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(OR1FAR).pdf", "date": "2023-06-14" }, { "quote": "Longstop Date\" means 31 December 2034", "page": 15, "title": "DCEE, ORESS 1 Terms and Conditions Version 1.3", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/static/documents/4c3b26b6/ORESS_1_Terms_and_Conditions_V1.3.pdf", "date": "2026-03-27" }, { "quote": "Decisions on three other developments off the Dublin and Wicklow coasts were expected in the first half of next year", "page": null, "title": "Irish Times, Decision on first offshore wind farm since Arklow Bank due within months", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/environment/2026/05/26/decision-on-first-offshore-wind-farm-since-arklow-bank-due-within-months/", "date": "2026-05-26" } ] }, { "key": "sceirde", "name": "Sceirde Rocks (Skerd Rocks)", "developer": "Fuinneamh Sceirde Teoranta (Corio Generation)", "mw": 450, "coast": "west (off Galway/Clare)", "support": "ORESS1", "strikePrice": { "value": null, "unit": "EUR/MWh", "note": "EirGrid publishes only the GWh-weighted average for ORESS 1 (\u20ac86.05/MWh); project prices not public" }, "consentStatus": "Planning application withdrawn (letter after 4 Dec 2025 meeting; reported 2 Jan 2026). ORESS 1 now has 3 contractors.", "acpCase": null, "expectedCOD": null, "assumedCOD": null, "assumedCODReason": "Withdrawn: not counted.", "gridConnection": null, "eligibleForDcPpa": { "eligible": false, "reason": "No. Withdrawn; and its ORESS 1 award would in any case have excluded it." }, "source": [ { "quote": "ORESS 1-0311 Fuinneamh Sceirde Teoranta Sceirde Rocks Offshore Wind Farm 450", "page": 11, "title": "EirGrid, ORESS 1 Final Auction Results", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/ORESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(OR1FAR).pdf", "date": "2023-06-14" }, { "quote": "With this letter, FST formally withdraws the planning application.", "page": null, "title": "RT\u00c9, Plans withdrawn for \u20ac1.4 billion wind farm on west coast", "url": "https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2026/0102/1551252-plans-withdrawn-for-14-billion-wind-farm-on-west-coast/", "date": "2026-01-02" }, { "quote": "in consultation with the 3 ORESS 1 contractors, the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment approved a revision", "page": null, "title": "DCEE, Offshore Renewable Electricity Support Scheme (ORESS) page", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment/publications/offshore-renewable-electricity-support-scheme-oress/", "date": "2026-04-16" } ] }, { "key": "oriel", "name": "Oriel Wind Farm", "developer": "Oriel Windfarm Ltd (ESB and Parkwind/JERA Nex)", "mw": 375, "coast": "east (off Louth)", "support": "none", "strikePrice": null, "consentStatus": "Pending at An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la (OA15.319799); lodged 2024-05-24, statutory due date 2026-09-21 (passed); no decision at 2026-10-10.", "acpCase": "319799", "expectedCOD": "Government: 'constructed by 2030 and operational by the early 30s' (May 2026).", "assumedCOD": 2031, "assumedCODReason": "Government's own line (first project constructed by 2030, operational early 2030s); decision still pending.", "gridConnection": "Developer-led Phase 1 connection to the east-coast transmission grid; holds an EirGrid grid connection assessment as a Phase 1 project (CRU2023156). Onshore node not checked here.", "eligibleForDcPpa": { "eligible": true, "reason": "Yes in principle: unsuccessful in ORESS 1, so a 'merchant' Phase 1 project whose route to market is a CPPA (CRU2023156). New, unsubsidised, in the ROI. No CPPA announced as of 3 Oct 2026. Condition: MAC route-to-market longstop was 31 Dec 2025; how it was met or extended is not public." }, "planning": { "case": "OA15.319799", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/319799", "snapshot": "2026-10-10", "lodged": "2024-05-24", "statutoryDue": "2026-09-21", "status": "pending", "overdue": true, "monthsInPlanning": 28.5 }, "source": [ { "quote": "a total of 3,074 MW that was successful and a total of 1,175 MW that was not successful", "page": 8, "title": "EirGrid, ORESS 1 Final Auction Results", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/ORESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(OR1FAR).pdf", "date": "2023-06-14" }, { "quote": "the other may be through a Route to Market as a 'Merchant project', e.g., requiring a Corporate Purchase Power Agreement (CPPA)", "page": 8, "title": "CRU2023156, Grid Connection Pathway for Phase 1 Offshore Wind (Merchant projects)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Connection_Pathway_for_Phase_-_ORESS_Offshore_Wind_Projects_Decision.pdf", "date": "2023-12-06" }, { "quote": "2022-MAC-001 Oriel Wind Park Oriel Windfarm Limited", "page": 5, "title": "DECC, Maritime Area Consent Information Notice, Phase One projects", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/243764/f78e7a61-8935-4c50-9387-530760cb72e5.pdf", "date": "2022-12" }, { "quote": "Phase One MAC holders must obtain a route to market for their project on or before 31 December 2025", "page": 4, "title": "DECC, Maritime Area Consent Information Notice, Phase One projects", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/243764/f78e7a61-8935-4c50-9387-530760cb72e5.pdf", "date": "2022-12" }, { "quote": "the furnishing of significant additional information received from Oriel Windfarm Limited in relation to the following proposed development known as Oriel Wind Farm", "page": null, "title": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la notice, significant additional information, Oriel", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/latest-news/notice-of-significant-additional-information-to-an", "date": "2026-03-18" }, { "quote": "This Government is committed to having our first offshore wind project since Arklow Bank, constructed by 2030 and operational by the early 30s.", "page": null, "title": "Irish Times, Decision on first offshore wind farm since Arklow Bank due within months", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/environment/2026/05/26/decision-on-first-offshore-wind-farm-since-arklow-bank-due-within-months/", "date": "2026-05-26" } ] }, { "key": "abwp2", "name": "Arklow Bank Wind Park 2", "developer": "Sure Partners Ltd (SSE Renewables)", "mw": 800, "coast": "east (off Wicklow/Wexford)", "support": "none", "strikePrice": null, "consentStatus": "Pending at An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la (OA27.319864); lodged 2024-06-06, statutory due date 2024-12-10 (passed); no decision at 2026-10-10.", "acpCase": "319864", "expectedCOD": "No date given by SSE; decision 'due by early December' 2026 (WEI, May 2026).", "assumedCOD": 2032, "assumedCODReason": "Decision expected Dec 2026; SSE still needs a route to market and FID (June 2026).", "gridConnection": "Developer-led Phase 1 connection to the east-coast transmission grid; holds an EirGrid grid connection assessment as a Phase 1 project (CRU2023156). Onshore node not checked here.", "eligibleForDcPpa": { "eligible": true, "reason": "Yes in principle: unsuccessful in ORESS 1; SSE says delivery needs 'a commercial route to market' (i.e. a CPPA). New, unsubsidised, in the ROI. No CPPA announced as of 3 Oct 2026. Same MAC route-to-market caveat as Oriel." }, "planning": { "case": "OA27.319864", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/319864", "snapshot": "2026-10-10", "lodged": "2024-06-06", "statutoryDue": "2024-12-10", "status": "pending", "overdue": true, "monthsInPlanning": 28.1 }, "source": [ { "quote": "a total of 3,074 MW that was successful and a total of 1,175 MW that was not successful", "page": 8, "title": "EirGrid, ORESS 1 Final Auction Results", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/ORESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(OR1FAR).pdf", "date": "2023-06-14" }, { "quote": "the other may be through a Route to Market as a 'Merchant project', e.g., requiring a Corporate Purchase Power Agreement (CPPA)", "page": 8, "title": "CRU2023156, Grid Connection Pathway for Phase 1 Offshore Wind (Merchant projects)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Connection_Pathway_for_Phase_-_ORESS_Offshore_Wind_Projects_Decision.pdf", "date": "2023-12-06" }, { "quote": "2022-MAC-002 Arklow Bank II Sure Partners Limited", "page": 5, "title": "DECC, Maritime Area Consent Information Notice, Phase One projects", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/243764/f78e7a61-8935-4c50-9387-530760cb72e5.pdf", "date": "2022-12" }, { "quote": "subject to the project securing its remaining planning consent, finalising details of a commercial route to market, and a final investment decision by SSE", "page": null, "title": "SSE Renewables, additional information for Arklow Bank Wind Park 2", "url": "https://www.sserenewables.com/news-and-views/2026/06/public-invited-to-view-additional-information-for-arklow-bank-wind-park-2/", "date": "2026-06-03" }, { "quote": "a reduction in the number of offshore wind turbines installed at Arklow Bank from 56 to 53", "page": null, "title": "SSE Renewables, additional information for Arklow Bank Wind Park 2", "url": "https://www.sserenewables.com/news-and-views/2026/06/public-invited-to-view-additional-information-for-arklow-bank-wind-park-2/", "date": "2026-06-03" }, { "quote": "a second offshore wind farm, the replacement for Arklow Bank, was due a decision by early December", "page": null, "title": "Irish Times, Decision on first offshore wind farm since Arklow Bank due within months", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/environment/2026/05/26/decision-on-first-offshore-wind-farm-since-arklow-bank-due-within-months/", "date": "2026-05-26" } ] }, { "key": "tonn_nua", "name": "Tonn Nua (SC-DMAP site A)", "developer": "Helvick Head Offshore Wind DAC (ESB and \u00d8rsted)", "mw": 900, "coast": "south (off Waterford)", "support": "Tonn Nua", "strikePrice": { "value": 98.719, "unit": "EUR/MWh", "note": "single winning offer price" }, "consentStatus": "Auction won Nov/Dec 2025; planning application not yet lodged (MAC with MARA).", "acpCase": null, "expectedCOD": "Target COD: later of 31 Dec 2032 and 60 months after planning consent; Longstop 1 Jan 2037.", "assumedCOD": 2035, "assumedCODReason": "Planning not yet lodged; target COD is at least 60 months after consent, longstop 1 Jan 2037.", "gridConnection": "EirGrid-built (state-led) offshore transmission to the onshore grid.", "eligibleForDcPpa": { "eligible": false, "reason": "No. ORESS Tonn Nua contract (20 years) is a state support scheme excluded by CRU/2025/236." }, "source": [ { "quote": "a renewable energy price secured of \u20ac98.719 per megawatt hour (MWh)", "page": null, "title": "DCEE press release, result of the State's second offshore wind auction (Tonn Nua)", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment/press-releases/minister-obrien-welcomes-successful-result-of-states-second-offshore-wind-auction/", "date": "2025-11-26" }, { "quote": "The winning applicant is Helvick Head Offshore Wind DAC, a joint venture partnership between ESB and Denmark-based", "page": null, "title": "DCEE press release, result of the State's second offshore wind auction (Tonn Nua)", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment/press-releases/minister-obrien-welcomes-successful-result-of-states-second-offshore-wind-auction/", "date": "2025-11-26" }, { "quote": "It will procure 900 megawatts (MW) of clean energy", "page": null, "title": "DCEE press release, result of the State's second offshore wind auction (Tonn Nua)", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment/press-releases/minister-obrien-welcomes-successful-result-of-states-second-offshore-wind-auction/", "date": "2025-11-26" }, { "quote": "means the later of: (a) 31 December 2032; and (b) the date which falls sixty (60) months after the Planning Consent Date", "page": 29, "title": "DCEE, Terms and Conditions ORESS Tonn Nua Offshore Wind Auction v1.0", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/310719/9f4b1593-6089-4745-bb1b-f9858fcf6928.pdf", "date": "2025" }, { "quote": "Longstop Date\" means 1 January 2037", "page": 15, "title": "DCEE, Terms and Conditions ORESS Tonn Nua Offshore Wind Auction v1.0", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/310719/9f4b1593-6089-4745-bb1b-f9858fcf6928.pdf", "date": "2025" }, { "quote": "EirGrid has been tasked by Government to deliver the transmission infrastructure needed to connect the power from this wind farm", "page": null, "title": "EirGrid news, developer announced for Tonn Nua", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/news/eirgrid-welcomes-announcement-offshore-wind-farm-developer-tonn-nua-auction-irelands-south", "date": "2025-11-26" } ] }, { "key": "sc_dmap_rest", "name": "South Coast DMAP sites B-D", "developer": "not yet auctioned", "mw": 4100, "coast": "south (Cork/Waterford/Wexford)", "support": "future ORESS (expected)", "strikePrice": null, "consentStatus": "Designated in SC-DMAP (approved 31 Oct 2024); next auction expected 2027.", "acpCase": null, "expectedCOD": null, "assumedCOD": null, "assumedCODReason": "Not counted before 2035. MW = SC-DMAP ~5 GW less Tonn Nua 900 MW (our arithmetic).", "gridConnection": "EirGrid grid connection options under development.", "eligibleForDcPpa": { "eligible": false, "reason": "Not as designed: expected to be state-auctioned (ORESS), which CRU/2025/236 excludes. Would become eligible only if the State offered a CPPA-only route, as it did for Phase 1 merchant projects." }, "source": [ { "quote": "four maritime areas off the south coast in which offshore wind development will take place over the next decade", "page": null, "title": "DCEE press release, result of the State's second offshore wind auction (Tonn Nua)", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment/press-releases/minister-obrien-welcomes-successful-result-of-states-second-offshore-wind-auction/", "date": "2025-11-26" }, { "quote": "with total capacity of approximately 5GW", "page": null, "title": "DCEE press release, result of the State's second offshore wind auction (Tonn Nua)", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment/press-releases/minister-obrien-welcomes-successful-result-of-states-second-offshore-wind-auction/", "date": "2025-11-26" }, { "quote": "The SC-DMAP was approved by the Oireachtas on 31 October 2024", "page": null, "title": "DCEE press release, result of the State's second offshore wind auction (Tonn Nua)", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment/press-releases/minister-obrien-welcomes-successful-result-of-states-second-offshore-wind-auction/", "date": "2025-11-26" }, { "quote": "I expect the auction to take place in 2027", "page": null, "title": "Irish Times, Government considering critical-infrastructure designation for offshore wind", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/oireachtas/2026/04/22/government-considering-designation-of-private-offshore-wind-facilities-as-critical-infrastructure/", "date": "2026-04-22" } ] }, { "key": "arklow1", "name": "Arklow Bank Wind Park (phase 1)", "developer": "operating since 2004", "mw": 25, "coast": "east (off Wicklow)", "support": "none (existing)", "strikePrice": null, "consentStatus": "Operating (2004).", "acpCase": null, "expectedCOD": "Operating.", "assumedCOD": 2004, "assumedCODReason": "Existing. Arklow Bank 2 is described as its replacement.", "gridConnection": "Connected.", "eligibleForDcPpa": { "eligible": false, "reason": "No. Already operational, so not 'new/in addition'; only a full repowering could count under CRU/2025/236." }, "source": [ { "quote": "Total Installed OW capacity6 25 MW", "page": 11, "title": "IEA Wind TCP Task 49, December 2025 update (country status)", "url": "https://iea-wind.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/IEA_Wind_Task49_WP4_Deliverable_4.pdf", "date": "2025-12" }, { "quote": "a second offshore wind farm, the replacement for Arklow Bank, was due a decision by early December", "page": null, "title": "Irish Times, Decision on first offshore wind farm since Arklow Bank due within months", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/environment/2026/05/26/decision-on-first-offshore-wind-farm-since-arklow-bank-due-within-months/", "date": "2026-05-26" }, { "quote": "Renewable generation to meet this requirement must be generated in the Republic of Ireland and be new/in addition", "page": 64, "title": "CRU/2025/236, Large Energy Users connection policy decision", "url": "https://www.cru.ie/publications/ (CRU/2025/236)", "date": "2025-12-12" } ] } ], "totals": { "ressSupportedMW": 3524, "ressSupportedNote": "Codling 1,300 + Dublin Array 824 + NISA 500 (ORESS 1) + Tonn Nua 900. Excludes withdrawn Sceirde (450).", "unsubsidisedMW": 1175, "unsubsidisedNote": "Oriel 375 + Arklow Bank 2 800: the two ORESS 1 losers, now 'merchant' projects needing CPPAs.", "unsubsidisedDeemedTWhPerYear": 4.63, "futureStateAuctionMW": 4100, "expectedByYear": [ { "year": 2026, "mw": 25, "dcEligibleMW": 0, "basis": "this index (assumed CODs per project)", "eirgridBaseMW": 30, "eirgridLowMW": 30, "eirgridHighMW": 30 }, { "year": 2027, "mw": 25, "dcEligibleMW": 0, "basis": "this index (assumed CODs per project)", "eirgridBaseMW": 30, "eirgridLowMW": 30, "eirgridHighMW": 30 }, { "year": 2028, "mw": 25, "dcEligibleMW": 0, "basis": "this index (assumed CODs per project)", "eirgridBaseMW": 30, "eirgridLowMW": 30, "eirgridHighMW": 410 }, { "year": 2029, "mw": 25, "dcEligibleMW": 0, "basis": "this index (assumed CODs per project)", "eirgridBaseMW": 30, "eirgridLowMW": 30, "eirgridHighMW": 1340 }, { "year": 2030, "mw": 25, "dcEligibleMW": 0, "basis": "this index (assumed CODs per project)", "eirgridBaseMW": 1350, "eirgridLowMW": 30, "eirgridHighMW": 3650 }, { "year": 2031, "mw": 400, "dcEligibleMW": 375, "basis": "this index (assumed CODs per project)", "eirgridBaseMW": 1950, "eirgridLowMW": 30, "eirgridHighMW": 4430 }, { "year": 2032, "mw": 1200, "dcEligibleMW": 1175, "basis": "this index (assumed CODs per project)", "eirgridBaseMW": 2520, "eirgridLowMW": 400, "eirgridHighMW": 5200 }, { "year": 2033, "mw": 3824, "dcEligibleMW": 1175, "basis": "this index (assumed CODs per project)", "eirgridBaseMW": 3120, "eirgridLowMW": 830, "eirgridHighMW": 6020 }, { "year": 2034, "mw": 3824, "dcEligibleMW": 1175, "basis": "this index (assumed CODs per project)", "eirgridBaseMW": 3730, "eirgridLowMW": 980, "eirgridHighMW": 6870 }, { "year": 2035, "mw": 4724, "dcEligibleMW": 1175, "basis": "this index (assumed CODs per project)", "eirgridBaseMW": 4480, "eirgridLowMW": 1010, "eirgridHighMW": 7730 }, { "year": 2036, "mw": 4724, "dcEligibleMW": 1175, "basis": "this index (assumed CODs per project)" }, { "year": 2037, "mw": 4724, "dcEligibleMW": 1175, "basis": "this index (assumed CODs per project)" } ] }, "contractDates": { "oress1": { "longstopOriginal": "2031-12-31", "longstopNow": "2034-12-31", "planningLongstopOriginal": "2028-06-30", "planningLongstopNow": "2029-06-30", "revised": "2026-03-27", "source": [ { "text": "Longstop Date\" means 31 December 2031", "page": 14, "source": "DECC, Terms and Conditions for ORESS 1 (original, Nov 2022)", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/239377/556f7efc-b401-40d8-b1d8-bc8785527286.pdf", "date": "2022-11", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2022_gov-oress1-terms-original.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "Longstop Date\" means 31 December 2034", "page": 15, "source": "DCEE, ORESS 1 Terms and Conditions Version 1.3", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/static/documents/4c3b26b6/ORESS_1_Terms_and_Conditions_V1.3.pdf", "date": "2026-03-27", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2026-03-27_gov-oress1-terms-v1.3.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "Planning Consent Longstop\" means 30 June 2028", "page": 19, "source": "DECC, Terms and Conditions for ORESS 1 (original, Nov 2022)", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/239377/556f7efc-b401-40d8-b1d8-bc8785527286.pdf", "date": "2022-11", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2022_gov-oress1-terms-original.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "Planning Consent Longstop\" means 30 June 2029", "page": 20, "source": "DCEE, ORESS 1 Terms and Conditions Version 1.3", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/static/documents/4c3b26b6/ORESS_1_Terms_and_Conditions_V1.3.pdf", "date": "2026-03-27", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2026-03-27_gov-oress1-terms-v1.3.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "Target Commercial Operation Date\" means the date which falls 60 months after the Commencement Date", "page": 24, "source": "DCEE, ORESS 1 Terms and Conditions Version 1.3", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/static/documents/4c3b26b6/ORESS_1_Terms_and_Conditions_V1.3.pdf", "date": "2026-03-27", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2026-03-27_gov-oress1-terms-v1.3.pdf", "verified": true } ] }, "tonnNua": { "targetCODEarliest": "2032-12-31", "longstop": "2037-01-01", "source": [ { "text": "means the later of: (a) 31 December 2032; and (b) the date which falls sixty (60) months after the Planning Consent Date", "page": 29, "source": "DCEE, Terms and Conditions ORESS Tonn Nua Offshore Wind Auction v1.0", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/310719/9f4b1593-6089-4745-bb1b-f9858fcf6928.pdf", "date": "2025", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2025_gov-oress-tonn-nua-terms-v1.0.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "Longstop Date\" means 1 January 2037", "page": 15, "source": "DCEE, Terms and Conditions ORESS Tonn Nua Offshore Wind Auction v1.0", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/310719/9f4b1593-6089-4745-bb1b-f9858fcf6928.pdf", "date": "2025", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2025_gov-oress-tonn-nua-terms-v1.0.pdf", "verified": true } ] }, "merchantRouteToMarketLongstop": { "date": "2025-12-31", "source": [ { "text": "Phase One MAC holders must obtain a route to market for their project on or before 31 December 2025", "page": 4, "source": "DECC, Maritime Area Consent Information Notice, Phase One projects", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/243764/f78e7a61-8935-4c50-9387-530760cb72e5.pdf", "date": "2022-12", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2022-12_gov-mac-information-notice-phase1.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "in each case for a term of not less than 10 years and for the Minimum Installed Capacity", "page": 22, "source": "CRU2023156, Grid Connection Pathway for Phase 1 Offshore Wind (Merchant projects)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Connection_Pathway_for_Phase_-_ORESS_Offshore_Wind_Projects_Decision.pdf", "date": "2023-12-06", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2023-12_cru-phase1-merchant-grid-pathway-decision.pdf", "verified": true } ], "status": "Not public how Oriel/Arklow Bank 2 met or were extended past this date; both applications are still live at ACP in 2026." } }, "dataCentreRule": { "source": [ { "text": "physically feeding into the Irish electricity network which meet at least 80% of the data centres demand on an annual basis", "page": 64, "source": "CRU/2025/236, Large Energy Users connection policy decision", "url": "https://www.cru.ie/publications/ (CRU/2025/236)", "date": "2025-12-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2025-12-12_cru-2025236-leu-decision.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "Renewable generation to meet this requirement must be generated in the Republic of Ireland and be new/in addition", "page": 64, "source": "CRU/2025/236, Large Energy Users connection policy decision", "url": "https://www.cru.ie/publications/ (CRU/2025/236)", "date": "2025-12-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2025-12-12_cru-2025236-leu-decision.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "Renewable generation which has previously been or is currently contracted through existing support mechanisms (e.g. REFIT, RESS, ORESS) cannot be used", "page": 64, "source": "CRU/2025/236, Large Energy Users connection policy decision", "url": "https://www.cru.ie/publications/ (CRU/2025/236)", "date": "2025-12-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2025-12-12_cru-2025236-leu-decision.pdf", "verified": true } ] }, "gasContext": { "explorationBan": { "law": "Climate Action and Low Carbon Development (Amendment) Act 2021 (No. 32 of 2021), s.21", "effect": "Repeals ss.7, 8, 9, 10 and 13 of the Petroleum and Other Minerals Development Act 1960, so no new exploration licences, prospecting licences or petroleum leases can be granted to newcomers; s.21(2)-(6) preserve existing authorisations and let holders progress them (e.g. licence to lease).", "source": [ { "text": "21. (1) Subject to subsections (2) to (6) , the following provisions of the Act of 1960 are repealed", "page": null, "source": "Climate Action and Low Carbon Development (Amendment) Act 2021 (No. 32 of 2021)", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2021/act/32/enacted/en/print.html", "date": "2021-07-23", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2021-07-23_act-32-2021-climate-amendment.html", "verified": true }, { "text": "The repeal of the sections referred to in subsection (1) shall not affect", "page": null, "source": "Climate Action and Low Carbon Development (Amendment) Act 2021 (No. 32 of 2021)", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2021/act/32/enacted/en/print.html", "date": "2021-07-23", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2021-07-23_act-32-2021-climate-amendment.html", "verified": true } ] }, "kinsale": { "production": "1978 to July 2020", "ceased": 2020, "source": [ { "text": "PSE Kinsale Energy Limited (KEL) ceased production after 42 years of service", "page": null, "source": "TheCork.ie, Kinsale gas field closes after 42 years", "url": "https://www.thecork.ie/2020/07/10/kinsale-gas-field-closes-after-42-years/", "date": "2020-07-10", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2020-07-10_thecork-kinsale-closes.html", "verified": true } ] }, "corrib": { "shareOfRoiDemand2023_24": 0.22, "shareOfRoiDemand2032_33": 0.08, "maxDailySupplyMscmd": [ { "gasYear": "2023/24", "mscmd": 3.2 }, { "gasYear": "2024/25", "mscmd": 3.2 }, { "gasYear": "2025/26", "mscmd": 2.7 }, { "gasYear": "2026/27", "mscmd": 2.4 }, { "gasYear": "2027/28", "mscmd": 2.1 }, { "gasYear": "2028/29", "mscmd": 1.8 }, { "gasYear": "2029/30", "mscmd": 1.7 }, { "gasYear": "2030/31", "mscmd": 1.5 }, { "gasYear": "2031/32", "mscmd": 1.3 }, { "gasYear": "2032/33", "mscmd": 1.1 } ], "note": "GNI NDP 2024 Table 7-1 (forecast received June 2024); plateau from early 2018, steady decline since.", "source": [ { "text": "For 2023/24, the Corrib gas field met 22% of ROI demand", "page": 38, "source": "Gas Networks Ireland, Network Development Plan 2024", "url": "https://www.gasnetworks.ie/sites/default/files/2025-10/Network-Development-Plan-2024.pdf", "date": "2025-10", "cache": "data/raw/gas/2025-10_gni-ndp-2024.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "by 2032/33, Corrib is expected to account for just 8% of ROI annual demand", "page": 38, "source": "Gas Networks Ireland, Network Development Plan 2024", "url": "https://www.gasnetworks.ie/sites/default/files/2025-10/Network-Development-Plan-2024.pdf", "date": "2025-10", "cache": "data/raw/gas/2025-10_gni-ndp-2024.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "reached a production plateau at the beginning of 2018. A steady decline in production has been observed", "page": 39, "source": "Gas Networks Ireland, Network Development Plan 2024", "url": "https://www.gasnetworks.ie/sites/default/files/2025-10/Network-Development-Plan-2024.pdf", "date": "2025-10", "cache": "data/raw/gas/2025-10_gni-ndp-2024.pdf", "verified": true } ] }, "storageAndHydrogen": { "note": "Ireland has no operating gas storage (Kinsale's Southwest field storage closed with the field; unchecked). DECC's Energy Security 2030 action 14 commits to studies on long-term storage for renewable gas, in particular hydrogen. The SEAI/GSI HYSS project (2022-24) mapped salt-cavern potential in the Kish Basin off Dublin; its published abstract cites ~1 TWh of hydrogen storage under the Dublin Array site (unchecked: abstract not cached).", "source": [ { "text": "To finalise studies to inform the development of long-term gas storage solutions which can store renewable gas, in particular hydrogen", "page": 2, "source": "DECC, Energy Security in Ireland to 2030, Annex of Actions", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/281720/8b705216-ce2b-485a-bbee-f7496cad361d.pdf", "date": "2023-11", "cache": "data/raw/gas/2023-11_decc-energy-security-2030-annex-actions.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "The HYSS project investigated the potential for hydrogen storage in salt caverns offshore Ireland", "page": null, "source": "HYSS, Hydrogen Salt Storage Assessment project (SEAI/GSI)", "url": "https://hyss.ie/", "date": "2024", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2026-10-03_hyss-home.html", "verified": true } ] }, "newGasPlantTarget": { "gw": 2, "year": 2030, "source": [ { "text": "New Flexible Gas Plant - At least 2 GW", "page": 19, "source": "CRU/2025/236, Large Energy Users connection policy decision", "url": "https://www.cru.ie/publications/ (CRU/2025/236)", "date": "2025-12-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2025-12-12_cru-2025236-leu-decision.pdf", "verified": true } ] } }, "findings": [ "Zero offshore wind has planning consent. All five Phase 1 east-coast applications (3,799 MW) are still pending at An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la; every statutory due date has passed, Oriel's (21 Sep 2026) most recently.", "The State quietly moved the goalposts: on 27 Mar 2026 the ORESS 1 contract longstop went from 31 Dec 2031 to 31 Dec 2034, and the planning longstop from June 2028 to June 2029. The 5 GW 2030 target is now framed as 'in construction by 2030'.", "Of ~4.7 GW of named projects, only 1,175 MW (Oriel and Arklow Bank 2) can count toward a data centre's 80% match. They exist because they lost the 2023 auction. EirGrid deems their output 4.63 TWh/yr, about the whole ~4.16 TWh/yr new-renewables need of data-centre growth to 2034, but not before ~2031-32 and with no CPPA signed.", "Tonn Nua (900 MW, \u20ac98.719/MWh) and the 3 remaining south-coast sites (auction expected 2027) are state-supported by design, so data centres cannot use them as things stand." ], "caveats": [ "Assumed operation years are this index's judgement, not developer commitments; EirGrid's AIRAA base case (1,350 MW by end-2030) is more optimistic than any consent timeline supports.", "ORESS 1 project-level strike prices are not published; only the \u20ac86.05/MWh GWh-weighted average.", "Whether Oriel and Arklow Bank 2 satisfied the 31 Dec 2025 MAC route-to-market longstop (or got an extension) is not public. If either MAC lapsed, the data-centre-eligible offshore pool shrinks.", "A future State scheme could change eligibility (e.g. a CPPA-backed or partial-ORESS route); CRU/2025/236 may also be revisited (it is under judicial review).", "Developer ownership, onshore grid nodes and the Kish Basin storage figure are from secondary sources and marked unchecked.", "dcEligibleTWhPerYear uses EirGrid's Deemed Energy Quantity for the two unsuccessful ORESS 1 bids (implied capacity factor ~45%); actual output after constraints/curtailment would be lower.", "Data centres also need power from energisation (6-year glide path to 80%); offshore cannot help any data centre energised before ~2031." ], "quoteProblems": {}, "quotes": { "or1_avg": { "text": "Average Price \u20ac86.05 / MWh", "page": 7, "source": "EirGrid, ORESS 1 Final Auction Results", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/ORESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(OR1FAR).pdf", "date": "2023-06-14", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2023-06-14_eirgrid-oress1-final-results.pdf", "verified": true }, "or1_mw": { "text": "a total of 3,074 MW that was successful and a total of 1,175 MW that was not successful", "page": 8, "source": "EirGrid, ORESS 1 Final Auction Results", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/ORESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(OR1FAR).pdf", "date": "2023-06-14", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2023-06-14_eirgrid-oress1-final-results.pdf", "verified": true }, "or1_deq": { "text": "A total Deemed Energy Quantity of 12,117 GWh was successful and a total Deemed Energy Quantity of 4,631 GWh was not successful", "page": 9, "source": "EirGrid, ORESS 1 Final Auction Results", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/ORESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(OR1FAR).pdf", "date": "2023-06-14", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2023-06-14_eirgrid-oress1-final-results.pdf", "verified": true }, "or1_20y": { "text": "this support applies for approximately 20 years", "page": 4, "source": "EirGrid, ORESS 1 Final Auction Results", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/ORESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(OR1FAR).pdf", "date": "2023-06-14", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2023-06-14_eirgrid-oress1-final-results.pdf", "verified": true }, "or1_codling": { "text": "ORESS 1-0313 Codling Wind Park Limited Codling Wind Park 1,300", "page": 11, "source": "EirGrid, ORESS 1 Final Auction Results", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/ORESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(OR1FAR).pdf", "date": "2023-06-14", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2023-06-14_eirgrid-oress1-final-results.pdf", "verified": true }, "or1_nisa": { "text": "ORESS 1-0312 North Irish Sea Array Windfarm Limited North Irish Sea Array (NISA) 500", "page": 11, "source": "EirGrid, ORESS 1 Final Auction Results", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/ORESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(OR1FAR).pdf", "date": "2023-06-14", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2023-06-14_eirgrid-oress1-final-results.pdf", "verified": true }, "or1_da": { "text": "Kish Offshore Wind Limited and Bray Offshore Wind Limited Dublin Array 824", "page": 11, "source": "EirGrid, ORESS 1 Final Auction Results", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/ORESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(OR1FAR).pdf", "date": "2023-06-14", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2023-06-14_eirgrid-oress1-final-results.pdf", "verified": true }, "or1_sceirde": { "text": "ORESS 1-0311 Fuinneamh Sceirde Teoranta Sceirde Rocks Offshore Wind Farm 450", "page": 11, "source": "EirGrid, ORESS 1 Final Auction Results", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/ORESS-1-Final-Auction-Results-(OR1FAR).pdf", "date": "2023-06-14", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2023-06-14_eirgrid-oress1-final-results.pdf", "verified": true }, "tc10_longstop": { "text": "Longstop Date\" means 31 December 2031", "page": 14, "source": "DECC, Terms and Conditions for ORESS 1 (original, Nov 2022)", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/239377/556f7efc-b401-40d8-b1d8-bc8785527286.pdf", "date": "2022-11", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2022_gov-oress1-terms-original.pdf", "verified": true }, "tc10_planning": { "text": "Planning Consent Longstop\" means 30 June 2028", "page": 19, "source": "DECC, Terms and Conditions for ORESS 1 (original, Nov 2022)", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/239377/556f7efc-b401-40d8-b1d8-bc8785527286.pdf", "date": "2022-11", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2022_gov-oress1-terms-original.pdf", "verified": true }, "tc13_longstop": { "text": "Longstop Date\" means 31 December 2034", "page": 15, "source": "DCEE, ORESS 1 Terms and Conditions Version 1.3", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/static/documents/4c3b26b6/ORESS_1_Terms_and_Conditions_V1.3.pdf", "date": "2026-03-27", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2026-03-27_gov-oress1-terms-v1.3.pdf", "verified": true }, "tc13_planning": { "text": "Planning Consent Longstop\" means 30 June 2029", "page": 20, "source": "DCEE, ORESS 1 Terms and Conditions Version 1.3", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/static/documents/4c3b26b6/ORESS_1_Terms_and_Conditions_V1.3.pdf", "date": "2026-03-27", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2026-03-27_gov-oress1-terms-v1.3.pdf", "verified": true }, "tc13_tcod": { "text": "Target Commercial Operation Date\" means the date which falls 60 months after the Commencement Date", "page": 24, "source": "DCEE, ORESS 1 Terms and Conditions Version 1.3", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/static/documents/4c3b26b6/ORESS_1_Terms_and_Conditions_V1.3.pdf", "date": "2026-03-27", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2026-03-27_gov-oress1-terms-v1.3.pdf", "verified": true }, "v13_three": { "text": "in consultation with the 3 ORESS 1 contractors, the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment approved a revision", "page": null, "source": "DCEE, Offshore Renewable Electricity Support Scheme (ORESS) page", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment/publications/offshore-renewable-electricity-support-scheme-oress/", "date": "2026-04-16", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2026-10-03_gov-oress-page.html", "verified": true }, "sceirde_withdrawn": { "text": "With this letter, FST formally withdraws the planning application.", "page": null, "source": "RT\u00c9, Plans withdrawn for \u20ac1.4 billion wind farm on west coast", "url": "https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2026/0102/1551252-plans-withdrawn-for-14-billion-wind-farm-on-west-coast/", "date": "2026-01-02", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2026-01-02_rte-sceirde-withdrawn.html", "verified": true }, "tn_price": { "text": "a renewable energy price secured of \u20ac98.719 per megawatt hour (MWh)", "page": null, "source": "DCEE press release, result of the State's second offshore wind auction (Tonn Nua)", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment/press-releases/minister-obrien-welcomes-successful-result-of-states-second-offshore-wind-auction/", "date": "2025-11-26", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2025-11-26_gov-tonn-nua-result.html", "verified": true }, "tn_winner": { "text": "The winning applicant is Helvick Head Offshore Wind DAC, a joint venture partnership between ESB and Denmark-based", "page": null, "source": "DCEE press release, result of the State's second offshore wind auction (Tonn Nua)", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment/press-releases/minister-obrien-welcomes-successful-result-of-states-second-offshore-wind-auction/", "date": "2025-11-26", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2025-11-26_gov-tonn-nua-result.html", "verified": true }, "tn_mw": { "text": "It will procure 900 megawatts (MW) of clean energy", "page": null, "source": "DCEE press release, result of the State's second offshore wind auction (Tonn Nua)", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment/press-releases/minister-obrien-welcomes-successful-result-of-states-second-offshore-wind-auction/", "date": "2025-11-26", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2025-11-26_gov-tonn-nua-result.html", "verified": true }, "tn_20y": { "text": "in order to win a contract to provide renewable electricity for a 20-year period", "page": null, "source": "DCEE press release, result of the State's second offshore wind auction (Tonn Nua)", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment/press-releases/minister-obrien-welcomes-successful-result-of-states-second-offshore-wind-auction/", "date": "2025-11-26", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2025-11-26_gov-tonn-nua-result.html", "verified": true }, "tn_wholesale": { "text": "the average wholesale electricity price in Ireland to date in 2025 is \u20ac114/MWh", "page": null, "source": "DCEE press release, result of the State's second offshore wind auction (Tonn Nua)", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment/press-releases/minister-obrien-welcomes-successful-result-of-states-second-offshore-wind-auction/", "date": "2025-11-26", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2025-11-26_gov-tonn-nua-result.html", "verified": true }, "scdmap_5gw": { "text": "four maritime areas off the south coast in which offshore wind development will take place over the next decade", "page": null, "source": "DCEE press release, result of the State's second offshore wind auction (Tonn Nua)", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment/press-releases/minister-obrien-welcomes-successful-result-of-states-second-offshore-wind-auction/", "date": "2025-11-26", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2025-11-26_gov-tonn-nua-result.html", "verified": true }, "scdmap_approved": { "text": "The SC-DMAP was approved by the Oireachtas on 31 October 2024", "page": null, "source": "DCEE press release, result of the State's second offshore wind auction (Tonn Nua)", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment/press-releases/minister-obrien-welcomes-successful-result-of-states-second-offshore-wind-auction/", "date": "2025-11-26", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2025-11-26_gov-tonn-nua-result.html", "verified": true }, "scdmap_total": { "text": "with total capacity of approximately 5GW", "page": null, "source": "DCEE press release, result of the State's second offshore wind auction (Tonn Nua)", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment/press-releases/minister-obrien-welcomes-successful-result-of-states-second-offshore-wind-auction/", "date": "2025-11-26", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2025-11-26_gov-tonn-nua-result.html", "verified": true }, "phase1_38": { "text": "Their collective capacity of 3.8GW represents more than 60% of Ireland's present peak electricity demand", "page": null, "source": "DCEE press release, result of the State's second offshore wind auction (Tonn Nua)", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment/press-releases/minister-obrien-welcomes-successful-result-of-states-second-offshore-wind-auction/", "date": "2025-11-26", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2025-11-26_gov-tonn-nua-result.html", "verified": true }, "cap25_construction": { "text": "committed to the development of 5 GW of offshore wind capacity with projects in construction by 2030 and energised as soon as feasible thereafter", "page": null, "source": "DCEE press release, result of the State's second offshore wind auction (Tonn Nua)", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment/press-releases/minister-obrien-welcomes-successful-result-of-states-second-offshore-wind-auction/", "date": "2025-11-26", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2025-11-26_gov-tonn-nua-result.html", "verified": true }, "tn_tcod": { "text": "means the later of: (a) 31 December 2032; and (b) the date which falls sixty (60) months after the Planning Consent Date", "page": 29, "source": "DCEE, Terms and Conditions ORESS Tonn Nua Offshore Wind Auction v1.0", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/310719/9f4b1593-6089-4745-bb1b-f9858fcf6928.pdf", "date": "2025", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2025_gov-oress-tonn-nua-terms-v1.0.pdf", "verified": true }, "tn_longstop": { "text": "Longstop Date\" means 1 January 2037", "page": 15, "source": "DCEE, Terms and Conditions ORESS Tonn Nua Offshore Wind Auction v1.0", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/310719/9f4b1593-6089-4745-bb1b-f9858fcf6928.pdf", "date": "2025", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2025_gov-oress-tonn-nua-terms-v1.0.pdf", "verified": true }, "tn_grid": { "text": "EirGrid has been tasked by Government to deliver the transmission infrastructure needed to connect the power from this wind farm", "page": null, "source": "EirGrid news, developer announced for Tonn Nua", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/news/eirgrid-welcomes-announcement-offshore-wind-farm-developer-tonn-nua-auction-irelands-south", "date": "2025-11-26", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2025-11-26_eirgrid-tonn-nua-developer.html", "verified": true }, "sc_auction_2027": { "text": "I expect the auction to take place in 2027", "page": null, "source": "Irish Times, Government considering critical-infrastructure designation for offshore wind", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/oireachtas/2026/04/22/government-considering-designation-of-private-offshore-wind-facilities-as-critical-infrastructure/", "date": "2026-04-22", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2026-04-22_irishtimes-offshore-critical-infra.html", "verified": true }, "cap25_5gw": { "text": "Offshore Wind - At least 5 GW", "page": 19, "source": "CRU/2025/236, Large Energy Users connection policy decision", "url": "https://www.cru.ie/publications/ (CRU/2025/236)", "date": "2025-12-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2025-12-12_cru-2025236-leu-decision.pdf", "verified": true }, "ff_20_37": { "text": "deliver 20GW of offshore wind by 2040 and at least 37GW in total by 2050", "page": null, "source": "DECC press release, Future Framework for Offshore Renewable Energy", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment/press-releases/minister-ryan-launches-future-framework-for-offshore-renewable-energy/", "date": "2024-05-01", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2024-05-01_gov-future-framework-launch.html", "verified": true }, "ff_2040_remains": { "text": "Ireland's total offshore wind target for 2040 (including the Atlantic Basin) remains 20GW", "page": null, "source": "DECC press release, Future Framework for Offshore Renewable Energy", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment/press-releases/minister-ryan-launches-future-framework-for-offshore-renewable-energy/", "date": "2024-05-01", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2024-05-01_gov-future-framework-launch.html", "verified": true }, "cru_excl": { "text": "Renewable generation which has previously been or is currently contracted through existing support mechanisms (e.g. REFIT, RESS, ORESS) cannot be used", "page": 64, "source": "CRU/2025/236, Large Energy Users connection policy decision", "url": "https://www.cru.ie/publications/ (CRU/2025/236)", "date": "2025-12-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2025-12-12_cru-2025236-leu-decision.pdf", "verified": true }, "cru_roi": { "text": "Renewable generation to meet this requirement must be generated in the Republic of Ireland and be new/in addition", "page": 64, "source": "CRU/2025/236, Large Energy Users connection policy decision", "url": "https://www.cru.ie/publications/ (CRU/2025/236)", "date": "2025-12-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2025-12-12_cru-2025236-leu-decision.pdf", "verified": true }, "cru_80": { "text": "physically feeding into the Irish electricity network which meet at least 80% of the data centres demand on an annual basis", "page": 64, "source": "CRU/2025/236, Large Energy Users connection policy decision", "url": "https://www.cru.ie/publications/ (CRU/2025/236)", "date": "2025-12-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2025-12-12_cru-2025236-leu-decision.pdf", "verified": true }, "cpp_route": { "text": "the other may be through a Route to Market as a 'Merchant project', e.g., requiring a Corporate Purchase Power Agreement (CPPA)", "page": 8, "source": "CRU2023156, Grid Connection Pathway for Phase 1 Offshore Wind (Merchant projects)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Connection_Pathway_for_Phase_-_ORESS_Offshore_Wind_Projects_Decision.pdf", "date": "2023-12-06", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2023-12_cru-phase1-merchant-grid-pathway-decision.pdf", "verified": true }, "cpp_1100": { "text": "the capacity of the Merchant Phase 1 projects is over 1,100 MW, which represents over 20% of the 2030 offshore target", "page": 23, "source": "CRU2023156, Grid Connection Pathway for Phase 1 Offshore Wind (Merchant projects)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Connection_Pathway_for_Phase_-_ORESS_Offshore_Wind_Projects_Decision.pdf", "date": "2023-12-06", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2023-12_cru-phase1-merchant-grid-pathway-decision.pdf", "verified": true }, "mac_rtm": { "text": "Phase One MAC holders must obtain a route to market for their project on or before 31 December 2025", "page": 4, "source": "DECC, Maritime Area Consent Information Notice, Phase One projects", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/243764/f78e7a61-8935-4c50-9387-530760cb72e5.pdf", "date": "2022-12", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2022-12_gov-mac-information-notice-phase1.pdf", "verified": true }, "mac_10y": { "text": "in each case for a term of not less than 10 years and for the Minimum Installed Capacity", "page": 22, "source": "CRU2023156, Grid Connection Pathway for Phase 1 Offshore Wind (Merchant projects)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Connection_Pathway_for_Phase_-_ORESS_Offshore_Wind_Projects_Decision.pdf", "date": "2023-12-06", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2023-12_cru-phase1-merchant-grid-pathway-decision.pdf", "verified": true }, "mac_oriel": { "text": "2022-MAC-001 Oriel Wind Park Oriel Windfarm Limited", "page": 5, "source": "DECC, Maritime Area Consent Information Notice, Phase One projects", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/243764/f78e7a61-8935-4c50-9387-530760cb72e5.pdf", "date": "2022-12", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2022-12_gov-mac-information-notice-phase1.pdf", "verified": true }, "mac_abwp2": { "text": "2022-MAC-002 Arklow Bank II Sure Partners Limited", "page": 5, "source": "DECC, Maritime Area Consent Information Notice, Phase One projects", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/243764/f78e7a61-8935-4c50-9387-530760cb72e5.pdf", "date": "2022-12", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2022-12_gov-mac-information-notice-phase1.pdf", "verified": true }, "sse_rtm": { "text": "subject to the project securing its remaining planning consent, finalising details of a commercial route to market, and a final investment decision by SSE", "page": null, "source": "SSE Renewables, additional information for Arklow Bank Wind Park 2", "url": "https://www.sserenewables.com/news-and-views/2026/06/public-invited-to-view-additional-information-for-arklow-bank-wind-park-2/", "date": "2026-06-03", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2026-06-03_sse-abwp2-further-info.html", "verified": true }, "sse_53": { "text": "a reduction in the number of offshore wind turbines installed at Arklow Bank from 56 to 53", "page": null, "source": "SSE Renewables, additional information for Arklow Bank Wind Park 2", "url": "https://www.sserenewables.com/news-and-views/2026/06/public-invited-to-view-additional-information-for-arklow-bank-wind-park-2/", "date": "2026-06-03", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2026-06-03_sse-abwp2-further-info.html", "verified": true }, "oriel_fi": { "text": "the furnishing of significant additional information received from Oriel Windfarm Limited in relation to the following proposed development known as Oriel Wind Farm", "page": null, "source": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la notice, significant additional information, Oriel", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/latest-news/notice-of-significant-additional-information-to-an", "date": "2026-03-18", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2026-03-18_acp-notice-oriel-further-info.html", "verified": true }, "it_early30s": { "text": "This Government is committed to having our first offshore wind project since Arklow Bank, constructed by 2030 and operational by the early 30s.", "page": null, "source": "Irish Times, Decision on first offshore wind farm since Arklow Bank due within months", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/environment/2026/05/26/decision-on-first-offshore-wind-farm-since-arklow-bank-due-within-months/", "date": "2026-05-26", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2026-05-26_irishtimes-oriel-decision-due.html", "verified": true }, "it_abwp2_dec": { "text": "a second offshore wind farm, the replacement for Arklow Bank, was due a decision by early December", "page": null, "source": "Irish Times, Decision on first offshore wind farm since Arklow Bank due within months", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/environment/2026/05/26/decision-on-first-offshore-wind-farm-since-arklow-bank-due-within-months/", "date": "2026-05-26", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2026-05-26_irishtimes-oriel-decision-due.html", "verified": true }, "it_three_h1": { "text": "Decisions on three other developments off the Dublin and Wicklow coasts were expected in the first half of next year", "page": null, "source": "Irish Times, Decision on first offshore wind farm since Arklow Bank due within months", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/environment/2026/05/26/decision-on-first-offshore-wind-farm-since-arklow-bank-due-within-months/", "date": "2026-05-26", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2026-05-26_irishtimes-oriel-decision-due.html", "verified": true }, "it_first_det": { "text": "The first planning determination is anticipated by the end of 2026, with projects anticipated to be operational by the early 2030s", "page": null, "source": "Irish Times, Government considering critical-infrastructure designation for offshore wind", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/oireachtas/2026/04/22/government-considering-designation-of-private-offshore-wind-facilities-as-critical-infrastructure/", "date": "2026-04-22", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2026-04-22_irishtimes-offshore-critical-infra.html", "verified": true }, "iea_25mw": { "text": "Total Installed OW capacity6 25 MW", "page": 11, "source": "IEA Wind TCP Task 49, December 2025 update (country status)", "url": "https://iea-wind.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/IEA_Wind_Task49_WP4_Deliverable_4.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2025-12_iea-wind-task49-update.pdf", "verified": true }, "airaa_base": { "text": "Wind Offshore 30 30 30 30 1,350 1,950 2,520 3,120 3,730 4,480", "page": 159, "source": "EirGrid/SONI, All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/ (All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035)", "date": "2026", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.pdf", "verified": true }, "airaa_low": { "text": "Offshore Wind 30 30 30 30 30 30 400 830 980 1,010", "page": 128, "source": "EirGrid/SONI, All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/ (All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035)", "date": "2026", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.pdf", "verified": true }, "airaa_high": { "text": "Offshore Wind 30 30 410 1,340 3,650 4,430 5,200 6,020 6,870 7,730", "page": 128, "source": "EirGrid/SONI, All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/ (All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035)", "date": "2026", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.pdf", "verified": true }, "act_s21": { "text": "21. (1) Subject to subsections (2) to (6) , the following provisions of the Act of 1960 are repealed", "page": null, "source": "Climate Action and Low Carbon Development (Amendment) Act 2021 (No. 32 of 2021)", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2021/act/32/enacted/en/print.html", "date": "2021-07-23", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2021-07-23_act-32-2021-climate-amendment.html", "verified": true }, "act_s21_6": { "text": "The repeal of the sections referred to in subsection (1) shall not affect", "page": null, "source": "Climate Action and Low Carbon Development (Amendment) Act 2021 (No. 32 of 2021)", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2021/act/32/enacted/en/print.html", "date": "2021-07-23", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2021-07-23_act-32-2021-climate-amendment.html", "verified": true }, "kinsale": { "text": "PSE Kinsale Energy Limited (KEL) ceased production after 42 years of service", "page": null, "source": "TheCork.ie, Kinsale gas field closes after 42 years", "url": "https://www.thecork.ie/2020/07/10/kinsale-gas-field-closes-after-42-years/", "date": "2020-07-10", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2020-07-10_thecork-kinsale-closes.html", "verified": true }, "corrib_22": { "text": "For 2023/24, the Corrib gas field met 22% of ROI demand", "page": 38, "source": "Gas Networks Ireland, Network Development Plan 2024", "url": "https://www.gasnetworks.ie/sites/default/files/2025-10/Network-Development-Plan-2024.pdf", "date": "2025-10", "cache": "data/raw/gas/2025-10_gni-ndp-2024.pdf", "verified": true }, "corrib_8": { "text": "by 2032/33, Corrib is expected to account for just 8% of ROI annual demand", "page": 38, "source": "Gas Networks Ireland, Network Development Plan 2024", "url": "https://www.gasnetworks.ie/sites/default/files/2025-10/Network-Development-Plan-2024.pdf", "date": "2025-10", "cache": "data/raw/gas/2025-10_gni-ndp-2024.pdf", "verified": true }, "corrib_decline": { "text": "reached a production plateau at the beginning of 2018. A steady decline in production has been observed", "page": 39, "source": "Gas Networks Ireland, Network Development Plan 2024", "url": "https://www.gasnetworks.ie/sites/default/files/2025-10/Network-Development-Plan-2024.pdf", "date": "2025-10", "cache": "data/raw/gas/2025-10_gni-ndp-2024.pdf", "verified": true }, "es_storage": { "text": "To finalise studies to inform the development of long-term gas storage solutions which can store renewable gas, in particular hydrogen", "page": 2, "source": "DECC, Energy Security in Ireland to 2030, Annex of Actions", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/281720/8b705216-ce2b-485a-bbee-f7496cad361d.pdf", "date": "2023-11", "cache": "data/raw/gas/2023-11_decc-energy-security-2030-annex-actions.pdf", "verified": true }, "hyss": { "text": "The HYSS project investigated the potential for hydrogen storage in salt caverns offshore Ireland", "page": null, "source": "HYSS, Hydrogen Salt Storage Assessment project (SEAI/GSI)", "url": "https://hyss.ie/", "date": "2024", "cache": "data/raw/offshore/2026-10-03_hyss-home.html", "verified": true }, "cap25_gas": { "text": "New Flexible Gas Plant - At least 2 GW", "page": 19, "source": "CRU/2025/236, Large Energy Users connection policy decision", "url": "https://www.cru.ie/publications/ (CRU/2025/236)", "date": "2025-12-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2025-12-12_cru-2025236-leu-decision.pdf", "verified": true } } }, "councils": { "title": "Your council and data centres", "source": "Joins extra.directory, extra.valuation, extra.water and applications from ireland.json; Oireachtas API members + questions (api.oireachtas.ie); PlanSight council_item (council meeting agendas, planningregister.ie); OpenStreetMap Overpass (places)", "sourceUrl": "https://planningregister.ie", "asOf": "2026-10-10", "inputsAsOf": { "directory": "2026-10-06", "valuation": "2026-10-03", "water": "2026-10-03", "applicationsBuilt": "2026-10-06", "councilItems": "council_items_2026-10-10.json", "gazetteer": "overpass_places_2026-10-03.json" }, "method": [ "Campuses: directory campuses counted by status per council. The council is the statutory boundary polygon containing the campus point (see campusPlacement); where no polygon is cached or none contains it, the directory council name (or a place-name assignment for four unplaced campuses) is used and the campus is listed in campusesPlacedApprox.", "gridMW2025 = sum of directory gridMWAvg2025 (EPA AER grid electricity / 8,760 h); a floor, since only sites with an EPA combustion licence report it. gridShareOfNational is against the sum over councils.", "estRatesEur and rateableProperties from extra.valuation.byCouncil (Tailte \u00c9ireann valuation list NAV x 2026 ARV); ratesShareOfNational is against the valuation total.", "waterLitres2025 = public supply plus other sources from 2025 AER Table 5 (extra.water.sites), joined to a council through the directory campus holding that EPA licence.", "planning counts every data-centre application in the PlanSight extract (registers since c.2007). appealed = an An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la case is linked. openNow = no decision recorded and received within 365 days; older undecided records are counted in pendingNoDecisionRecorded (usually a register gap, not a live file).", "observationDeadline = received + 35 days (5 weeks, Planning and Development Regulations 2001 art. 29). It does not account for further-information notices, which reopen submissions, or Christmas-period exclusions.", "tds: every D\u00e1il member who asked a parliamentary question matching 'data centre' (oireachtas pipeline cache), grouped by the constituency they represented on the day they asked; constituencies are mapped to councils by name (APPROXIMATE, see constituencyMap). coverage 'part' = only a slice overlaps.", "councillorItems: PlanSight council_item rows (meeting agenda items) whose title or text matches data centre/data storage facility/data hall. Only councils whose meeting systems PlanSight scrapes are covered (see councilItemCoverage).", "gazetteer: OSM place=city|town|suburb|village|neighbourhood within each of the 26 counties, plus place=hamlet to fill the cap (cities are needed so 'Cork' or 'Galway' resolves; hamlets help rural lookups), as [name, lat, lng, county]; same name in the same county within ~3 km dropped; capped at 6000 keeping cities, towns, suburbs, villages, neighbourhoods, then hamlets." ], "national": { "councilsWithActivity": 16, "gridMW2025": 776.2, "estRatesEur": 72620830, "waterLitres2025": 1049202520, "openApplications": 0, "observationWindowsOpen": 0 }, "councils": [ { "la": "SDCC", "name": "South Dublin", "slug": "south-dublin", "campuses": { "operating": 18, "construction": 3, "permitted": 0, "proposed": 0, "lapsed": 1 }, "campusIds": [ "microsoft-grange-castle", "amazon-aws-grange-castle-south", "amazon-aws-belgard-tallaght", "amazon-aws-greenhills-road-tallaght", "google-grange-castle-south", "amazon-aws-citywest", "bt-citywest", "cyrusone-grange-castle-south", "data-power-hub-peamount-newcastle", "digital-realty-grange-castle", "digital-realty-profile-park", "echelon-crag-avenue-clondalkin", "edgeconnex-newcastle-road-lucan", "eir-citywest", "equinix-citywest", "equinix-profile-park", "grange-castle-operator-not-identified-1", "grange-castle-operator-not-identified-2", "k2-strategic-citywest", "keppel-citywest", "kilcarbery-operator-not-identified", "vantage-profile-park" ], "campusesPlacedApprox": [], "gridMW2025": 321.7, "onsitePlantMWth": 4480.3, "estRatesEur": 42950127, "ratesShareOfNational": 0.5914, "rateableProperties": 29, "waterLitres2025": 29751910, "waterSites2025": 8, "planning": { "applications": 78, "granted": 67, "refused": 7, "appealed": 18, "openNow": 0, "pendingNoDecisionRecorded": 0, "newDataCentre": 30 }, "openApplications": [], "tds": [ { "name": "Eoin \u00d3 Broin", "party": "Sinn F\u00e9in", "constituency": "Dublin Mid-West", "questions": 60, "first": "2021-01-27", "last": "2026-06-09", "lastTitle": "Deputy Eoin \u00d3 Broin asked the Minister for Enterprise, Tourism and Employment his views on the finding of a report (details supplied) on data centres which said transparent reporting on energy and water is a potential solution to the problems the industry faces; his views on the fact that only one i", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-06-09/pq_725", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Paul Murphy", "party": "People Before Profit-Solidarity", "constituency": "Dublin South-West", "questions": 28, "first": "2022-06-28", "last": "2026-09-29", "lastTitle": "Deputy Paul Murphy asked the T\u00e1naiste and Minister for Finance if he will increase taxation on data centres in Budget 2027; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [68600/26]", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-29/pq_175", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Br\u00edd Smith", "party": "People Before Profit-Solidarity", "constituency": "Dublin South-Central", "questions": 17, "first": "2021-03-10", "last": "2024-10-15", "lastTitle": "Deputy Br\u00edd Smith asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications if he supports designating LNGs or data centres as strategic infrastructure (details supplied); and if he will make a statement on the matter. [41395/24]", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2024-10-15/pq_136", "coverage": "part" }, { "name": "Ciar\u00e1n Ahern", "party": "Labour Party", "constituency": "Dublin South-West", "questions": 14, "first": "2025-03-04", "last": "2026-09-17", "lastTitle": "Deputy Ciar\u00e1n Ahern asked the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment in light of recent reporting on data centre energy consumption, water use, carbon emissions and their impact on household energy bills, if he is confident in the Government\u2019s current strategy and if he is proposing any ch", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-17/pq_4", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Mark Ward", "party": "Sinn F\u00e9in", "constituency": "Dublin Mid-West", "questions": 3, "first": "2025-04-10", "last": "2026-07-28", "lastTitle": "Deputy Mark Ward asked the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment the number of data centres in Dublin and the rest of the State; the average energy usage per data centre; the average water usage per centre; the average number of people directly employed per data centre; and if he will mak", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-07-28/pq_225", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Gino Kenny", "party": "People Before Profit-Solidarity", "constituency": "Dublin Mid-West", "questions": 1, "first": "2022-12-15", "last": "2022-12-15", "lastTitle": "Deputy Gino Kenny asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications if his Department has had any meetings or discussions with the EPA in relation to the impact on the State's emissions targets from data centres using gas fired generators as back-up generators; the estimated additio", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2022-12-15/pq_112", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "John Curran", "party": "Fianna F\u00e1il", "constituency": "Dublin Mid-West", "questions": 1, "first": "2018-02-13", "last": "2018-02-13", "lastTitle": "Deputy John Curran asked the Minister for Communications, Climate Action and Environment the estimated additional renewable energy generation capacity in energy terms that will be required over the next five years to provide 100% renewable energy for the expanding data centre industry; the number of", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2018-02-13/pq_550", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "John Lahart", "party": "Fianna F\u00e1il", "constituency": "Dublin South-West", "questions": 1, "first": "2025-04-10", "last": "2025-04-10", "lastTitle": "Deputy John Lahart asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications if he will provide an update on any district heating projects connected with data centres having either being rolled out or being rolled out nationwide; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [17838/25]", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2025-04-10/pq_64", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Patrick Costello", "party": "Green Party", "constituency": "Dublin South-Central", "questions": 1, "first": "2024-09-24", "last": "2024-09-24", "lastTitle": "Deputy Patrick Costello asked the Minister for Housing, Local Government and Heritage given that The National Parks and Wildlife Service, Invasives Ireland, the National Biodiversity Data Centre and the report of the Citizens Assembly on Biodiversity Loss all classify cherry laurel as a high-impact ", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2024-09-24/pq_216", "coverage": "part" } ], "councillorItems": [ { "date": "2026-09-14", "committee": "County Council", "title": "To ask the Chief Executive if a financial figure is available for the amount paid in commercial rates by data centres to SDCC in recent years?", "url": "https://meetings.southdublin.ie/Home/Agenda/2776", "mentionIn": "title" }, { "date": "2026-09-14", "committee": "County Council", "title": "To ask the Chief Executive for a report listing all existing and proposed data centres within the Council area, including the Planning Register Reference and current status of each, with a breakdown of those that are operational, under construction, subject to a live planning application, or currently before An Bord Plean\u00e1la.", "url": "https://meetings.southdublin.ie/Home/Agenda/2776", "mentionIn": "title" }, { "date": "2026-01-26", "committee": "Tallaght Area Committee", "title": "\"To ask the Chief Executive are there any plans to increase data centres in the Tallaght area due to reports in the business post saying Dublin is open for data centres due to government reversing its stance on data centres in Dublin?\"", "url": "https://meetings.southdublin.ie/Home/Agenda/2681?p=4", "mentionIn": "title" }, { "date": "2025-05-12", "committee": "County Council", "title": "To ask the Chief Executive for a report on data centres within the council area with a Planning Register Reference for each centre. This report should include; centres that are operational, that are under construction; and those within the planning process including those being appealed to An Bord Plean\u00e1la", "url": "https://meetings.southdublin.ie/Home/Agenda/2575", "mentionIn": "title" } ], "campusTotal": 22, "tdQuestions": 108, "gridShareOfNational": 0.4145, "waterShareOfMetered": 0.0284, "metrics": { "gridMW2025": 321.7, "estRatesEur": 42950127, "campusesOperating": 18, "dcApplications": 78, "dailQuestions": 108 } }, { "la": "FINGAL", "name": "Fingal", "slug": "fingal", "campuses": { "operating": 13, "construction": 1, "permitted": 2, "proposed": 0, "lapsed": 3 }, "campusIds": [ "amazon-aws-cruiserath", "amazon-aws-blanchardstown", "equinix-blanchardstown", "k2-strategic-ballycoolin", "ballycoolin-operator-not-identified", "blanchardstown-operator-not-identified-1", "blanchardstown-operator-not-identified-2", "blanchardstown-operator-not-identified-3", "blanchardstown-operator-not-identified-4", "dcf-technology-blanchardstown", "digital-realty-blanchardstown", "edgeconnex-ballycoolin", "equinix-northwest-business-park", "gemini-dc-fund-ballycoolin", "keppel-ballycoolin", "microsoft-huntstown", "near-ballycoolin-operator-not-identified", "pure-dc-orion-business-campus", "turvey-donabate-operator-not-identified" ], "campusesPlacedApprox": [], "gridMW2025": 162.4, "onsitePlantMWth": 1490.8, "estRatesEur": 11573791, "ratesShareOfNational": 0.1594, "rateableProperties": 18, "waterLitres2025": 456125780, "waterSites2025": 4, "planning": { "applications": 24, "granted": 21, "refused": 3, "appealed": 8, "openNow": 0, "pendingNoDecisionRecorded": 0, "newDataCentre": 9 }, "openApplications": [], "tds": [ { "name": "Roderic O'Gorman", "party": "Green Party", "constituency": "Dublin West", "questions": 13, "first": "2025-02-13", "last": "2026-09-22", "lastTitle": "Deputy Roderic O'Gorman asked the Minister for Enterprise, Tourism and Employment if his Department will conduct a cost benefit analysis of the value to the economy of operational roles related to data centres (estimated by his Department as 7,636 additional operational jobs from 2010 to 2024) again", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-22/pq_233", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Louise O'Reilly", "party": "Sinn F\u00e9in", "constituency": "Dublin Fingal", "questions": 7, "first": "2021-03-24", "last": "2022-10-25", "lastTitle": "Deputy Louise O'Reilly asked the T\u00e1naiste and Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment the number of companies in which IDA Ireland has invested over the past ten years that have data centres in the State; and the volume of funding for same in tabular form. [53192/22]", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2022-10-25/pq_160", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Clare Daly", "party": "Independents 4 Change", "constituency": "Dublin Fingal", "questions": 6, "first": "2017-11-07", "last": "2019-01-31", "lastTitle": "Deputy Clare Daly asked the Minister for Business, Enterprise and Innovation the steps IDA Ireland is taking as part of its efforts to attract data centre investment to ensure that the climate effects of locating data centres here will be fully mitigated by the companies it is courting to build here", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2019-01-31/pq_30", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Richard Bruton", "party": "Fine Gael", "constituency": "Dublin Bay North", "questions": 6, "first": "2023-09-11", "last": "2024-10-15", "lastTitle": "Deputy Richard Bruton asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications the criteria under which new data centres can be approved for connection and permitting; whether a long-term pathway for the development of the sector can be set out; and if he will make a statement on the matte", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2024-10-15/pq_65", "coverage": "part" }, { "name": "Barry Heneghan", "party": "Independent", "constituency": "Dublin Bay North", "questions": 4, "first": "2025-06-10", "last": "2026-05-12", "lastTitle": "Deputy Barry Heneghan asked the Minister for Enterprise, Tourism and Employment the estimated number of construction, engineering, electrical, maintenance and long-term operational jobs supported by large-scale renewable energy, grid infrastructure and data centre-related investment projects in the ", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-05-12/pq_511", "coverage": "part" }, { "name": "Emer Currie", "party": "Fine Gael", "constituency": "Dublin West", "questions": 4, "first": "2025-05-28", "last": "2025-11-04", "lastTitle": "Deputy Emer Currie asked the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment whether any portion of the \u20ac3.5 billion grid investment will be directed towards reinforcement or capacity upgrades that would enable new large-scale energy users, including data centres, to connect to the national grid; a", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2025-11-04/pq_187", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Brendan Ryan", "party": "Labour Party", "constituency": "Dublin Fingal", "questions": 2, "first": "2019-01-15", "last": "2019-02-26", "lastTitle": "Deputy Brendan Ryan asked the Minister for Public Expenditure and Reform further to Parliamentary Question No. 148 of 18 September 2018, when planning permission will be sought for the State data centre; when tenders will be sought for construction; when construction will commence; the estimated con", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2019-02-26/pq_154", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Duncan Smith", "party": "Labour Party", "constituency": "Dublin Fingal", "questions": 2, "first": "2020-11-10", "last": "2021-07-27", "lastTitle": "Deputy Duncan Smith asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications the status of efficiency standards for data centres as outlined in the programme for government; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [40777/21]", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2021-07-27/pq_103", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Grace Boland", "party": "Fine Gael", "constituency": "Dublin Fingal West", "questions": 2, "first": "2025-04-10", "last": "2026-01-20", "lastTitle": "Deputy Grace Boland asked the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment the relative share of projected electricity demand growth in the greater Dublin area attributable to data centres, housing growth and transport electrification, respectively; and how prioritisation decisions are made wher", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-01-20/pq_241", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Joan Burton", "party": "Labour Party", "constituency": "Dublin West", "questions": 2, "first": "2018-09-18", "last": "2019-04-10", "lastTitle": "Deputy Joan Burton asked the Minister for Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht her plans to support nature and biodiversity on a cross-Government basis despite recently cutting funding for the National Biodiversity Data Centre; and if she will make a statement on the matter. [16712/19]", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2019-04-10/pq_25", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Robert O'Donoghue", "party": "Labour Party", "constituency": "Dublin Fingal West", "questions": 2, "first": "2025-03-05", "last": "2025-03-05", "lastTitle": "Deputy Robert O'Donoghue asked the Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment his views on whether the current approach to data centre development is delivering sufficient benefits to justify the costs given the significant environmental impact of data centres, their relatively low contribution t", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2025-03-05/pq_61", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Thomas P. Broughan", "party": "Independents 4 Change", "constituency": "Dublin Bay North", "questions": 2, "first": "2019-07-04", "last": "2019-11-28", "lastTitle": "Deputy Thomas P. Broughan asked the Minister for Communications, Climate Action and Environment if his Department has estimated the significant levels of electricity required by data centres by the end of 2019; his plans to power the expected further increase in power required by these facilities by", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2019-11-28/pq_207", "coverage": "part" }, { "name": "Cian O'Callaghan", "party": "Social Democrats", "constituency": "Dublin Bay North", "questions": 1, "first": "2023-09-11", "last": "2023-09-11", "lastTitle": "Deputy Cian O'Callaghan asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications if he will put in place a plan to use the excess heat generated from data centres in Clonshaugh to heat homes in the area through district heating; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [38007/23]", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2023-09-11/pq_105", "coverage": "part" }, { "name": "Naoise \u00d3 Muir\u00ed", "party": "Fine Gael", "constituency": "Dublin Bay North", "questions": 1, "first": "2025-05-29", "last": "2025-05-29", "lastTitle": "Deputy Naoise \u00d3 Muir\u00ed asked the Minister for Public Expenditure, National Development Plan Delivery and Reform for an update on the progress of a State data centre; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [27731/25]", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2025-05-29/pq_85", "coverage": "part" }, { "name": "Paul Donnelly", "party": "Sinn F\u00e9in", "constituency": "Dublin West", "questions": 1, "first": "2021-10-06", "last": "2021-10-06", "lastTitle": "Deputy Paul Donnelly asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications if he has the power to order data centres to turn to auxiliary power if the demand on the grid could cause potential blackouts. [48724/21]", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2021-10-06/pq_6", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Ruth Coppinger", "party": "People Before Profit-Solidarity", "constituency": "Dublin West", "questions": 1, "first": "2025-04-10", "last": "2025-04-10", "lastTitle": "Deputy Ruth Coppinger asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications if he will report on the impact of the expansion of data centres on the State\u2019s climate change targets; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [17991/25]", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2025-04-10/pq_5", "coverage": "main" } ], "councillorItems": [ { "date": "2026-09-14", "committee": "County Council", "title": "Councillor J. Burtchaell - Data Centres Water Consumption", "url": "https://meetings.fingal.ie/ieListDocuments.aspx?CId=129&MId=6295#AI109386", "mentionIn": "title" }, { "date": "2026-03-05", "committee": "Blanchardstown-Mulhuddart/Castleknock/Ongar Area Committee (Services B - Strategic & General Matters)", "title": "Councillor J. Burtchaell - Report on Data Centres in this LEA - AI106739", "url": "https://meetings.fingal.ie/ieListDocuments.aspx?CId=139&MId=6273#AI106739", "mentionIn": "title" }, { "date": "2024-04-08", "committee": "County Council", "title": "Chief Executive's Report", "url": "https://meetings.fingal.ie/ieListDocuments.aspx?CId=129&MId=5968#AI93026", "mentionIn": "text" }, { "date": "2022-09-01", "committee": "Blanchardstown-Mulhuddart/Castleknock/Ongar Area Committee (Services B - Strategic & General Matters)", "title": "Councillor B. 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[62759/22]", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2022-12-15/pq_142", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Paul McAuliffe", "party": "Fianna F\u00e1il", "constituency": "Dublin North-West", "questions": 2, "first": "2021-07-27", "last": "2021-07-27", "lastTitle": "Deputy Paul McAuliffe asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications his plans to ensure that any new data centres will be carbon neutral data centres; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [40658/21]", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2021-07-27/pq_88", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Thomas P. Broughan", "party": "Independents 4 Change", "constituency": "Dublin Bay North", "questions": 2, "first": "2019-07-04", "last": "2019-11-28", "lastTitle": "Deputy Thomas P. Broughan asked the Minister for Communications, Climate Action and Environment if his Department has estimated the significant levels of electricity required by data centres by the end of 2019; his plans to power the expected further increase in power required by these facilities by", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2019-11-28/pq_207", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Cian O'Callaghan", "party": "Social Democrats", "constituency": "Dublin Bay North", "questions": 1, "first": "2023-09-11", "last": "2023-09-11", "lastTitle": "Deputy Cian O'Callaghan asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications if he will put in place a plan to use the excess heat generated from data centres in Clonshaugh to heat homes in the area through district heating; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [38007/23]", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2023-09-11/pq_105", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Eamon Ryan", "party": "Green Party", "constituency": "Dublin Bay South", "questions": 1, "first": "2017-11-23", "last": "2017-11-23", "lastTitle": "Deputy Eamon Ryan asked the T\u00e1naiste and Minister for Business, Enterprise and Innovation the discussions her Department has had with a company (details supplied) regarding the future development of the proposed data centre in Athenry. [49764/17]", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2017-11-23/pq_5", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Naoise \u00d3 Muir\u00ed", "party": "Fine Gael", "constituency": "Dublin Bay North", "questions": 1, "first": "2025-05-29", "last": "2025-05-29", "lastTitle": "Deputy Naoise \u00d3 Muir\u00ed asked the Minister for Public Expenditure, National Development Plan Delivery and Reform for an update on the progress of a State data centre; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [27731/25]", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2025-05-29/pq_85", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Patrick Costello", "party": "Green Party", "constituency": "Dublin South-Central", "questions": 1, "first": "2024-09-24", "last": "2024-09-24", "lastTitle": "Deputy Patrick Costello asked the Minister for Housing, Local Government and Heritage given that The National Parks and Wildlife Service, Invasives Ireland, the National Biodiversity Data Centre and the report of the Citizens Assembly on Biodiversity Loss all classify cherry laurel as a high-impact ", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2024-09-24/pq_216", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "R\u00f3is\u00edn Shortall", "party": "Social Democrats", "constituency": "Dublin North-West", "questions": 1, "first": "2024-05-08", "last": "2024-05-08", "lastTitle": "Deputy R\u00f3is\u00edn Shortall asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications the location and number of data centres, broken down by local authority area; and if he will make a statement on the matter. 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[4421/22]", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2022-02-01/pq_194", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Holly Cairns", "party": "Social Democrats", "constituency": "Cork South-West", "questions": 2, "first": "2021-09-21", "last": "2026-04-14", "lastTitle": "Deputy Holly Cairns asked the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment the amount of drinking water used by data centres in Ireland annually; whether his Department has conducted research to project the water usage of data centres into the future; and if his Department has conducted, or is c", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-04-14/pq_449", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Aindrias Moynihan", "party": "Fianna F\u00e1il", "constituency": "Cork North-West", "questions": 1, "first": "2023-02-28", "last": "2023-02-28", "lastTitle": "Deputy Aindrias Moynihan asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications if he is satisfied that a new data centre (details supplied) in Ireland will not have any adverse issues in electric supply for domestic households; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [9219/23]", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2023-02-28/pq_139", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Christopher O'Sullivan", "party": "Fianna F\u00e1il", "constituency": "Cork South-West", "questions": 1, "first": "2023-06-15", "last": "2023-06-15", "lastTitle": "Deputy Christopher O'Sullivan asked the Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment if he has considered a partnership between Iceland and Ireland to develop data centres by utilising the data cable between Iceland and Ireland, while also availing of the cheaper, cleaner and renewable energy avail", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2023-06-15/pq_192", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "James O'Connor", "party": "Fianna F\u00e1il", "constituency": "Cork East", "questions": 1, "first": "2022-01-25", "last": "2022-01-25", "lastTitle": "Deputy James O'Connor asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications his views on extending the ban on data centres to counties outside Dublin on a temporary basis following recent announcements on data centre restrictions; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [3429/22]", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2022-01-25/pq_181", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Mick Barry", "party": "People Before Profit-Solidarity", "constituency": "Cork North-Central", "questions": 1, "first": "2021-09-16", "last": "2021-09-16", "lastTitle": "Deputy Mick Barry asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications if he will investigate the role played by data centres in relation to recent shortfalls in electricity availability; the extent to which data centres add to greenhouse gas emissions; and if he will make a statement ", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2021-09-16/pq_27", "coverage": "part" }, { "name": "Pat Buckley", "party": "Sinn F\u00e9in", "constituency": "Cork East", "questions": 1, "first": "2026-10-06", "last": "2026-10-06", "lastTitle": "Deputy Pat Buckley asked the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment for an immediate national moratorium on grid connections for data centres; and if he will make a statement on the matter. 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[22379/24]", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2024-05-21/pq_241", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Aidan Farrelly", "party": "Social Democrats", "constituency": "Kildare North", "questions": 5, "first": "2026-01-14", "last": "2026-10-01", "lastTitle": "Deputy Aidan Farrelly asked the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment if he will clarify whether the European Commission has issued any communication or reasoned opinion to Ireland regarding incomplete transposition of Directive (EU) 2023/1791, with particular reference to Article 12 on d", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-10-01/pq_218", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "R\u00e9ada Cronin", "party": "Sinn F\u00e9in", "constituency": "Kildare North", "questions": 4, "first": "2025-05-21", "last": "2026-09-30", "lastTitle": "Deputy R\u00e9ada Cronin asked the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment the progress that has been made in developing district heating networks that utilise waste heat from data centres; whether further projects similar to the Tallaght district heating scheme are under development; and if he ", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-30/pq_9", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "James Lawless", "party": "Fianna F\u00e1il", "constituency": "Kildare North", "questions": 3, "first": "2021-06-17", "last": "2021-09-16", "lastTitle": "Deputy James Lawless asked the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications if he has considered regulations on the usage of energy by data centres in Ireland; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [44232/21]", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2021-09-16/pq_55", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Joe Neville", "party": "Fine Gael", "constituency": "Kildare North", "questions": 1, "first": "2026-02-19", "last": "2026-02-19", "lastTitle": "Deputy Joe Neville asked the Minister for Public Expenditure, Infrastructure, Public Service Reform and Digitalisation if he will provide an update on the Government data centre in Backweston; the timeline for when it will open; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [13526/26]", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-02-19/pq_276", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Naoise \u00d3 Cear\u00fail", "party": "Fianna F\u00e1il", "constituency": "Kildare North", "questions": 1, "first": "2026-09-17", "last": "2026-09-17", "lastTitle": "Deputy Naoise \u00d3 Cear\u00fail asked the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment the progress made in implementing the requirement that new data centre developments match at least 80% of their electricity demand with new renewable generation. [65914/26]", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-17/pq_51", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Patricia Ryan", "party": "Sinn F\u00e9in", "constituency": "Kildare South", "questions": 1, "first": "2021-03-24", "last": "2021-03-24", "lastTitle": "Deputy Patricia Ryan asked the Minister for Housing, Local Government and Heritage the annual amount of commercial rates income from each data centre in the past five years; and if he will make a statement on the matter. [14719/21]", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2021-03-24/pq_671", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Se\u00e1n \u00d3 Feargha\u00edl", "party": "Fianna F\u00e1il", "constituency": "Kildare South", "questions": 1, "first": "2026-03-24", "last": "2026-03-24", "lastTitle": "Deputy Se\u00e1n \u00d3 Feargha\u00edl asked the Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment is he will address the concerns regarding data centres raised in correspondence (details supplied); and if he will make a statement on the matter. 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[65430/26]", "lastUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-17/pq_28", "coverage": "main" }, { "name": "Malcolm Byrne", "party": "Fianna F\u00e1il", "constituency": "Wicklow-Wexford", "questions": 15, "first": "2025-12-11", "last": "2026-09-22", "lastTitle": "Deputy Malcolm Byrne asked the Minister for Enterprise, Tourism and Employment to outline the importance of digital infrastructure, including data centres, to the Irish economy. 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240.0, "officeFloors": 765, "valuationDate": "07/04/2011", "file": "Dublin_City_Council-2026-10-03.json.gz" }, "FINGAL COUNTY COUNCIL": { "warehouseNavPerM2": 66.0, "warehouseFloors": 249, "officeNavPerM2": 150.0, "officeFloors": 135, "valuationDate": "15/09/2017", "file": "Fingal_County_Council-2026-10-03.json.gz" }, "SOUTH DUBLIN COUNTY COUNCIL": { "warehouseNavPerM2": 40.0, "warehouseFloors": 261, "officeNavPerM2": 90.0, "officeFloors": 144, "valuationDate": "30/10/2015", "file": "South_Dublin_County_Council-2026-10-03.json.gz" }, "LIMERICK CITY AND COUNTY COUNCIL": { "warehouseNavPerM2": 23.0, "warehouseFloors": 114, "officeNavPerM2": 105.0, "officeFloors": 53, "valuationDate": "01/03/2012", "file": "Limerick_City_And_County_Council-2026-10-03.json.gz" }, "LOUTH COUNTY COUNCIL": { "warehouseNavPerM2": 42.0, "warehouseFloors": 79, "officeNavPerM2": 47.5, "officeFloors": 26, "valuationDate": "15/09/2017", "file": "Louth_County_Council-2026-10-03.json.gz" }, "MEATH COUNTY COUNCIL": { "warehouseNavPerM2": 21.0, "warehouseFloors": 88, "officeNavPerM2": 80.0, "officeFloors": 32, "valuationDate": "15/09/2017", "file": "Meath_County_Council-2026-10-03.json.gz" } }, "method": [ "Campuses in extra.directory with both an estimated rates bill (Tailte \u00c9ireann valuation list NAV x 2026 council ARV, valuation pipeline) and a 2025 average grid draw (EPA AER grid electricity / 8,760 h, epa_generation pipeline). eurPerMW = estimated rates / average MW drawn; mwhPerEur = MWh drawn in 2025 / estimated rates.", "Comparison (assumption): what the same floor area would be rated at as a large warehouse/industrial building (median NAV per m\u00b2 of non-data-centre WAREHOUSE, FACTORY or INDUSTRIAL floors \u2265 2,000 m\u00b2 in the same council's list) or as offices (median OFFICE(S) floors \u2265 1,000 m\u00b2), times the same ARV. Only valuation properties with a floor-by-floor report (\u2265 100 m\u00b2) are used for the comparison; timesWarehouse = their estimated rates / that equivalent.", "Rates per MW for other industry cannot be computed: the valuation list has no electrical capacity or consumption for non-data-centre properties." ], "caveats": [ "Estimates, not bills: councils do not publish rates paid per ratepayer.", "MW is average grid draw from EPA AERs, not connection capacity or IT load; on-site generation is excluded.", "The valuation properties and EPA licences joined to a campus may not cover the same buildings (a campus can have rated halls outside its EPA licence, or a licence covering halls not yet on the list). Google's grid draw is the licence-level AER figure only.", "Comparators are within the same council list and valuation date, so tone-of-list differences between councils cancel within a council but not across councils (South Dublin 2015, Fingal and Meath 2017, Dublin City 2011).", "A data-centre NAV includes rateable plant (Schedule 4, Valuation Act 2001) such as electrical and cooling services, which a warehouse lacks; the ratio shows what the building pays per m\u00b2, not whether it is fair." ] }, "constituencyMap": { "Dublin Mid-West": [ { "la": "SDCC", "coverage": "main" } ], "Dublin South-West": [ { "la": "SDCC", "coverage": "main" } ], "Dublin South-Central": [ { "la": "DCC", "coverage": "main" }, { "la": "SDCC", "coverage": "part" } ], "Dublin West": [ { "la": "FINGAL", "coverage": "main" } ], "Dublin Fingal": [ { "la": "FINGAL", "coverage": "main" } ], "Dublin Fingal East": [ { "la": "FINGAL", "coverage": "main" } ], "Dublin Fingal West": [ { "la": "FINGAL", "coverage": "main" 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53.5565, -10.1107, "Galway" ], [ "Cleggill", 53.7438, -7.8381, "Longford" ], [ "Clerihan", 52.4119, -7.7547, "Tipperary" ], [ "Cleristown", 52.2764, -6.5951, "Wexford" ], [ "Clermont Terrace", 51.879, -8.4443, "Cork" ], [ "Clifden", 53.4885, -10.0211, "Galway" ], [ "Cliffoney", 54.4303, -8.4538, "Sligo" ], [ "Cloch Bhu\u00ed", 53.2387, -9.7391, "Galway" ], [ "Clogagh", 51.6754, -8.7982, "Cork" ], [ "Clogh", 52.8603, -7.163, "Kilkenny" ], [ "Clogh", 52.8862, -7.5093, "Laois" ], [ "Clogh", 53.7981, -7.5171, "Longford" ], [ "Clogh", 53.6055, -7.7919, "Longford" ], [ "Cloghan", 53.2249, -7.8826, "Offaly" ], [ "Cloghan", 54.8399, -7.936, "Donegal" ], [ "Cloghan", 53.6479, -7.7661, "Longford" ], [ "Cloghan", 53.5741, -7.6852, "Longford" ], [ "Cloghane", 52.2349, -10.1823, "Kerry" ], [ "Clogharinka", 53.3982, -7.0159, "Kildare" ], [ "Cloghbolie", 54.8928, -8.3042, "Donegal" ], [ "Clogheen", 52.2769, -7.9959, "Tipperary" ], [ "Clogher", 53.76, -9.2258, "Mayo" ], [ "Clogher", 54.1315, -10.0802, 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Cross", 53.0111, -7.4176, "Laois" ], [ "Clones", 54.1792, -7.2321, "Monaghan" ], [ "Cloneyegan", 53.412, -7.7816, "Westmeath" ], [ "Clongeen", 52.2984, -6.768, "Wexford" ], [ "Clongill", 53.7286, -6.7508, "Meath" ], [ "Clongriffin", 53.4026, -6.151, "Dublin" ], [ "Clonigulane", 52.7413, -9.2898, "Clare" ], [ "Clonkeen", 51.9883, -9.2968, "Kerry" ], [ "Clonmacnoise", 53.325, -7.9805, "Offaly" ], [ "Clonmany", 55.263, -7.4122, "Donegal" ], [ "Clonmel", 52.355, -7.7039, "Tipperary" ], [ "Clonmellon", 53.6638, -7.0162, "Westmeath" ], [ "Clonmore", 52.8272, -6.569, "Carlow" ], [ "Clonmore", 52.8294, -7.7643, "Tipperary" ], [ "Clonmult", 51.9936, -8.1072, "Cork" ], [ "Clonoulty", 52.6019, -7.9596, "Tipperary" ], [ "Clonroche", 52.4496, -6.718, "Wexford" ], [ "Clonsilla", 53.3833, -6.4167, "Dublin" ], [ "Clonskeagh", 53.3056, -6.2369, "Dublin" ], [ "Clontarf", 53.3608, -6.1969, "Dublin" ], [ "Clontibret", 54.2163, -6.8516, "Monaghan" ], [ "Clontubrid", 52.7573, -7.4035, "Kilkenny" ], [ "Clontumpher", 53.7868, -7.7185, "Longford" ], [ "Clontymullan", 53.6347, -7.5825, "Longford" ], [ "Clonwhelan", 53.6816, -7.541, "Longford" ], [ "Clonygowan", 53.1874, -7.2807, "Offaly" ], [ "Clonyhurk", 53.1567, -7.2738, "Offaly" ], [ "Cloonacool", 54.1006, -8.7777, "Sligo" ], [ "Cloonageeher", 53.8182, -7.8543, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonagh", 53.6009, -9.9034, "Galway" ], [ "Cloonagh", 53.8342, -7.5168, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonagh", 53.808, -7.7861, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonagh", 53.6435, -7.7234, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonaghlin", 51.6276, -9.8399, "Cork" ], [ "Cloonaghmore", 53.7594, -7.4437, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonahard", 53.7048, -7.7091, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonahussey", 53.7147, -7.7061, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonanny Glebe", 53.7515, -7.7752, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonard", 53.5773, -7.7261, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonback", 53.8666, -7.6472, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonbalt", 53.7464, -7.7955, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonbearla", 53.7013, -7.9602, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonbeggaun", 53.3403, -8.0425, "Roscommon" ], [ "Cloonbony", 53.6831, -7.9734, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonboo", 53.3747, -9.0164, "Galway" ], [ "Cloonbreany", 53.6087, -7.8359, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonbrin", 53.5863, -7.6403, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonbrock", 53.6905, -7.9271, "Longford" ], [ "Clooncallow", 53.5543, -7.7291, "Longford" ], [ "Clooncaulfield", 53.6948, -7.7448, "Longford" ], [ "Clooncoose", 53.7717, -7.6367, "Longford" ], [ "Clooncoose", 53.7427, -7.7718, "Longford" ], [ "Clooncullen", 53.5392, -7.7253, "Longford" ], [ "Cloondara", 53.7313, -7.9059, "Longford" ], [ "Cloone", 53.9459, -7.7853, "Leitrim" ], [ "Cloonee", 53.7612, -7.7345, "Longford" ], [ "Clooneen", 53.5534, -7.673, "Longford" ], [ "Clooneen (Cox)", 53.7925, -7.8961, "Longford" ], [ "Clooneen (Kennedy)", 53.7965, -7.9015, "Longford" ], [ "Clooneeny", 53.7058, -7.8415, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonellan", 53.8063, -7.8014, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonelly", 53.8915, -7.6856, "Longford" ], [ "Clooney", 52.8635, -8.8677, "Clare" ], [ "Cloonfad", 53.687, -8.7523, "Roscommon" ], [ "Cloonfada", 52.791, -8.4633, "Clare" ], [ "Cloonfide", 53.6133, -7.7409, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonfin", 53.7715, -7.5859, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonfiugh", 53.6712, -7.9037, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonfore", 53.6645, -7.9286, "Longford" ], [ "Clooniff", 53.3308, -8.0494, "Roscommon" ], [ "Clooniher", 53.7934, -7.8666, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonkeel", 53.7047, -7.9416, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonkeen", 53.6859, -7.795, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonkeen", 53.6378, -7.7388, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonkeen", 53.5704, -7.7307, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonlara", 52.7222, -8.5539, "Clare" ], [ "Cloonmacart", 53.8047, -7.7645, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonmee", 53.6133, -7.9472, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonmucker", 53.6444, -7.7896, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonnagro", 52.9567, -8.6897, "Clare" ], [ "Cloonrallagh", 53.7546, -7.7939, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonscott", 53.6371, -7.7521, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonsellan", 53.6841, -7.902, "Longford" ], [ "Cloonsheerin", 53.6794, -7.8576, "Longford" ], [ "Cloontabeg", 53.6371, -7.9038, "Longford" ], [ "Cloontagh", 53.8056, -7.8292, "Longford" ], [ "Cloontamore", 53.6406, -7.8884, "Longford" ], [ "Cloontirm", 53.7152, -7.8321, "Longford" ], [ "Cloontreem", 51.6714, -9.9072, "Cork" ], [ "Cloonturk", 53.6967, -7.8346, "Longford" ], [ "Cloontuskert", 53.6992, -8.0116, "Roscommon" ], [ "Clough", 52.6424, -6.3434, "Wexford" ], [ "Cloughjordan", 52.9429, -8.0392, "Tipperary" ], [ "Cloughjordan", 52.9429, -8.0352, "Offaly" ], [ "Cloughjordan Ecovillage", 52.9474, -8.0388, "Tipperary" ], [ "Cloyne", 51.8633, -8.1209, "Cork" ], [ "Clusker Wood", 53.5619, -6.5915, "Meath" ], [ "Clydagh", 51.6796, -9.7384, "Cork" ], [ "Clygeen", 53.6295, -7.6347, "Longford" ], [ "Clynan", 53.5697, -7.6695, "Longford" ], [ "Cnoc Aduaidh", 53.3032, -9.4755, "Galway" ], [ "Cnoc Carrach", 53.2376, -9.4595, "Galway" ], [ "Coachford", 51.9093, -8.7881, "Cork" ], [ "Coalbrook", 52.6111, -7.5791, "Tipperary" ], [ "Cobh", 51.8502, -8.2951, "Cork" ], [ "Cock Bridge", 53.2684, -6.7571, "Kildare" ], [ "Coill S\u00e1ile", 53.3511, -9.7102, "Galway" ], [ "Cois Gall\u00e1n", 51.931, -8.4545, "Cork" ], [ "Colehill", 53.5979, -7.6791, "Longford" ], [ "Colgan's Bridge", 53.3299, -7.0694, "Offaly" ], [ "Collinstown", 53.6471, -7.212, "Westmeath" ], [ "Collon", 53.7777, -6.4863, "Louth" ], [ "Collooney", 54.1837, -8.4925, "Sligo" ], [ "Collum", 53.5617, -7.9691, "Longford" ], [ "Commock", 53.6475, -7.7834, "Longford" ], [ "Commons", 53.6163, -7.9765, "Longford" ], [ "Commons North", 53.6672, -7.9904, "Longford" ], [ "Commons South", 53.6191, -7.9776, "Longford" ], [ "Conahy", 52.7604, -7.2872, "Kilkenny" ], [ "Cong", 53.5408, -9.2859, "Mayo" ], [ "Conna", 52.0925, -8.11, "Cork" ], [ "Connonagh", 51.5961, -9.0925, "Cork" ], [ "Convoy", 54.8603, -7.6641, "Donegal" ], [ "Conwal", 54.9406, -7.781, "Donegal" ], [ "Coogue", 53.8065, -8.8531, "Mayo" ], [ "Coolagh Cross", 53.1515, -7.6014, "Laois" ], [ "Coolagherty", 53.7549, -7.5667, "Longford" ], [ "Coolagowan", 52.1172, -8.1874, "Cork" ], [ "Coolalingo Bridge", 52.9599, -6.3519, "Wicklow" ], [ "Coolamber", 53.7135, -7.4792, "Longford" ], [ "Coolamber Manor", 53.7193, -7.5227, "Longford" ], [ "Coolaney", 54.1731, -8.6024, "Sligo" ], [ "Coolbaun", 52.9832, -8.2521, "Tipperary" ], [ "Coolboy", 52.7624, -6.462, "Wicklow" ], [ "Coolcap", 51.9646, -8.0394, "Cork" ], [ "Coolcoosaun", 52.9256, -8.5346, "Clare" ], [ "Coolcor", 53.788, -7.5643, "Longford" ], [ "Coolcotts", 52.3364, -6.485, "Wexford" ], [ "Coolcraff", 53.7435, -7.4027, "Longford" ], [ "Coolcreen", 51.7272, -9.766, "Kerry" ], [ "Coolderry", 53.0126, -7.8396, "Offaly" ], [ "Cooldoney", 53.7457, -7.427, "Longford" ], [ "Coole", 53.7, -7.3833, "Westmeath" ], [ "Coole", 53.4524, -6.7288, "Meath" ], [ "Coole", 52.9049, -8.3746, "Tipperary" ], [ "Coolea", 51.9282, -9.2182, "Cork" ], [ "Cooleeny", 53.7155, -7.7428, "Longford" ], [ "Coolfadda", 53.2438, -8.4863, "Galway" ], [ "Coolgreany", 52.7641, -6.2371, "Wexford" ], [ "Coolick", 52.1251, -9.5039, "Kerry" ], [ "Coolieragh", 51.7106, -9.5887, "Cork" ], [ "Coolkenna Street", 52.783, -6.6003, "Wicklow" ], [ "Coolmeen", 52.6594, -9.2142, "Clare" ], [ "Coolmore Cross", 51.8217, -8.3472, "Cork" ], [ "Coolnafinnoge", 53.6377, -7.652, "Longford" ], [ "Coolnagun", 53.6931, -7.436, "Westmeath" ], [ "Coolnahau", 52.4345, -7.1209, "Kilkenny" ], [ "Coolnahay", 53.5376, -7.4747, "Westmeath" ], [ "Coolnahinch", 53.7277, -7.7623, "Longford" ], [ "Coolnahinch", 53.6314, -7.844, "Longford" ], [ "Coolnasmear", 52.1401, -7.6463, "Waterford" ], [ "Coolock", 53.3893, -6.2004, "Dublin" ], [ "Coolock Village", 53.388, -6.201, "Dublin" ], [ "Coolrain Cross", 52.9819, -7.5667, "Laois" ], [ "Coolronan Bridge", 53.5577, -6.9797, "Meath" ], [ "Coolyslin Lower", 54.7934, -7.5867, "Donegal" ], [ "Coolyslin Upper", 54.7706, -7.5979, "Donegal" ], [ "Coon", 52.787, -7.1186, "Kilkenny" ], [ "Cooraclare", 52.7008, -9.4208, "Clare" ], [ "Coosan", 53.4468, -7.9367, "Westmeath" ], [ "Coosane", 52.7613, -8.4574, "Tipperary" ], [ "Cootehall", 53.9849, -8.1589, "Roscommon" ], [ "Cootehill", 54.0725, -7.0823, "Cavan" ], [ "Coppeen", 51.7948, -8.9918, "Cork" ], [ "Coppenger Fields", 51.9324, -8.4569, "Cork" ], [ "Copperalley", 51.9627, -7.869, "Cork" ], [ "Cora Bhu\u00ed", 53.2326, -9.7234, "Galway" ], [ "Cora Ghiolca", 53.2974, -9.6356, "Galway" ], [ "Cora na Cl\u00e9ithe", 53.2756, -9.6542, "Galway" ], [ "Corballis", 53.5524, -6.6113, "Meath" ], [ "Corbally Cross", 52.9496, -7.3464, "Laois" ], [ "Corbeagh", 53.7455, -7.6406, "Longford" ], [ "Corbeg", 53.3125, -7.8206, "Offaly" ], [ "Corboy", 53.7166, -7.688, "Longford" ], [ "Corcaghan", 54.1899, -6.9902, "Monaghan" ], [ "Corclaragh", 53.699, -7.5359, "Longford" ], [ "Corclogh", 54.2539, -10.0395, "Mayo" ], [ "Cordal", 52.2182, -9.3865, "Kerry" ], [ "Cordivin", 53.6803, -7.7834, "Longford" ], [ "Corduff", 54.0116, -6.8206, "Monaghan" ], [ "Corglass", 53.9068, -7.6806, "Longford" ], [ "Cork", 51.8985, -8.4726, "Cork" ], [ "Corlismore", 53.9264, -7.4702, "Cavan" ], [ "Cormaglava", 53.593, -7.9031, "Longford" ], [ "Cornacarta", 53.5859, -7.8205, "Longford" ], [ "Cornadowagh", 53.5903, -7.9318, "Longford" ], [ "Cornadrung", 53.8737, -7.5844, "Longford" ], [ "Cornafean", 53.9471, -7.486, "Cavan" ], [ "Cornafulla", 53.3758, -8.0041, "Roscommon" ], [ "Cornafunshin", 53.8144, -7.6991, "Longford" ], [ "Cornagill", 54.9669, -7.6718, "Donegal" ], [ "Cornagnoe Valley", 52.8639, -8.5325, "Clare" ], [ "Cornaguillagh", 53.5881, -7.9086, "Longford" ], [ "Cornahoo", 53.634, -7.806, "Longford" ], [ "Cornamona", 53.5149, -9.4482, "Galway" ], [ "Cornamucklagh", 53.5463, -7.666, "Longford" ], [ "Cornapark", 53.6562, -7.5803, "Longford" ], [ "Corneddan", 53.8012, -7.7179, "Longford" ], [ "Cornelscourt", 53.2689, -6.1665, "Dublin" ], [ "Cornosassonagh", 54.0353, -6.8323, "Monaghan" ], [ "Corofin", 52.9447, -9.0632, "Clare" ], [ "Corr na R\u00f3n", 53.2405, -9.426, "Galway" ], [ "Corrabaun", 53.8232, -7.7812, "Longford" ], [ "Corrabaun", 53.7346, -7.7597, "Longford" ], [ "Corrabola", 53.6317, -7.6257, "Longford" ], [ "Corrabola", 53.5964, -7.7235, "Longford" ], [ "Corradooey", 53.7476, -7.7588, "Longford" ], [ "Corragarrow", 53.7579, -7.7825, "Longford" ], [ "Corragarrow", 53.7006, -7.8879, "Longford" ], [ "Corralough", 53.6463, -7.9187, "Longford" ], [ "Corranagh", 54.9219, -7.7146, "Donegal" ], [ "Corrandulla", 53.3984, -8.9938, "Galway" ], [ "Corraun", 53.8725, -9.9275, "Mayo" ], [ "Correllstown", 53.4824, -7.173, "Westmeath" ], [ "Corrinagh", 53.8632, -7.6622, "Longford" ], [ "Corrofin", 53.4376, -8.8614, "Galway" ], [ "Corrool (Fox)", 53.5646, -7.9132, "Longford" ], [ "Corrool (Kenny)", 53.5601, -7.9201, "Longford" ], [ "Corry", 53.6345, -7.6782, "Longford" ], [ "Corryard Wood", 54.042, -8.0427, "Leitrim" ], [ "Corrycorka", 53.6332, -7.6603, "Longford" ], [ "Corryena", 53.5968, -7.7958, "Longford" ], [ "Costelloe", 53.2885, -9.553, "Galway" ], [ "Courtbrack", 51.9683, -8.6447, "Cork" ], [ "Courtmacsherry", 51.6333, -8.7001, "Cork" ], [ "Courtnacuddy", 52.482, -6.6941, "Wexford" ], [ "Courtown", 52.6448, -6.2278, "Wexford" ], [ "Courtstown", 51.9005, -8.3332, "Cork" ], [ "Courtwood Cross", 53.0865, -7.0812, "Laois" ], [ "Cowragh", 53.1305, -9.7131, "Galway" ], [ "Coyne Woods", 53.3933, -6.2395, "Dublin" ], [ "Craane", 53.6899, -7.8172, "Longford" ], [ "Craanford", 52.6819, -6.3891, "Wexford" ], [ "Craignasaggart", 54.9074, -7.7169, "Donegal" ], [ "Cranalagh Beg", 53.7257, -7.5663, "Longford" ], [ "Cranalagh More", 53.714, -7.5778, "Longford" ], [ "Cranally", 53.8041, -7.5669, "Longford" ], [ "Crancam", 53.7303, -7.4827, "Longford" ], [ "Cranmore", 54.2652, -8.4634, "Sligo" ], [ "Crannagh Cross", 52.9887, -7.5157, "Laois" ], [ "Cranny", 52.6923, -9.2258, "Clare" ], [ "Cratloe", 52.6987, -8.7628, "Clare" ], [ "Craughwell", 53.2307, -8.7349, "Galway" ], [ "Creagh", 53.3285, -8.2029, "Galway" ], [ "Creagh", 53.6131, -7.8017, "Longford" ], [ "Crecora", 52.5749, -8.6679, "Limerick" ], [ "Creelaghta", 53.8573, -7.7281, "Longford" ], [ "Creenagh", 53.774, -7.7968, "Longford" ], [ "Creeslough", 55.1224, -7.9078, "Donegal" ], [ "Creevaghbeg", 53.5544, -7.7631, "Longford" ], [ "Creevaghmore", 53.5514, -7.7439, "Longford" ], [ "Creeve", 54.939, -7.7517, "Donegal" ], [ "Creeve", 53.736, -7.7183, "Longford" ], [ "Creevy", 54.5311, -8.2472, "Donegal" ], [ "Creggacareen", 53.1454, -9.7935, "Galway" ], [ "Creggs", 53.5942, -8.3624, "Galway" ], [ "Cremartin", 54.1591, -6.8174, "Monaghan" ], [ "Crettyard", 52.8425, -7.1306, "Laois" ], [ "Creve Glebe", 54.9357, -7.7592, "Donegal" ], [ "Crinkill", 53.0779, -7.8987, "Offaly" ], [ "Croagh", 52.5346, -8.8711, "Limerick" ], [ "Croboy", 53.4901, -7.045, "Meath" ], [ "Crockaun", 53.6987, -7.8038, "Longford" ], [ "Croghan", 53.9109, -8.2201, "Roscommon" ], [ "Croghan", 53.3408, -7.2793, "Offaly" ], [ "Crolly", 55.025, -8.2608, "Donegal" ], [ "Cromp\u00e1n L\u00e1ibe", 53.3563, -9.5836, "Galway" ], [ "Cronagort", 53.0057, -9.3651, "Clare" ], [ "Crooke", 52.2289, -6.9741, "Waterford" ], [ "Crookedwood", 53.6029, -7.2928, "Westmeath" ], [ "Crookedwood Cross", 52.8985, -7.408, "Laois" ], [ "Crookhaven", 51.4684, -9.7257, "Cork" ], [ "Crookstown", 51.8414, -8.831, "Cork" ], [ "Crookstown Bridge", 53.0204, -6.8068, "Kildare" ], [ "Croom", 52.5192, -8.7172, "Limerick" ], [ "Crosreagh", 51.6745, -8.7789, "Cork" ], [ "Cross", 53.5413, -9.2157, "Mayo" ], [ "Cross", 53.8551, -7.0137, "Cavan" ], [ "Cross Bridge", 52.8168, -6.5025, "Wicklow" ], [ "Crossabeg", 52.3841, -6.5006, "Wexford" ], [ "Crossakeel", 53.7142, -7.0218, "Meath" ], [ "Crossbarry", 51.802, -8.6458, "Cork" ], [ "Crosschapel", 53.1911, -6.5125, "Wicklow" ], [ "Crossdoney", 53.9542, -7.4353, "Cavan" ], [ "Crosserlough", 53.8772, -7.2885, "Cavan" ], [ "Crosshaven", 51.8024, -8.2953, "Cork" ], [ "Crosskeys", 53.919, -7.2652, "Cavan" ], [ "Crossmolina", 54.1, -9.3167, "Mayo" ], [ "Crossnacole Bridge", 52.9037, -6.5908, "Wicklow" ], [ "Crosspatrick", 52.7721, -7.6026, "Kilkenny" ], [ "Crosspatrick", 52.7635, -6.4312, "Wicklow" ], [ "Crott", 53.8886, -7.6178, "Longford" ], [ "Crowdrumman", 53.8422, -7.7234, "Longford" ], [ "Crumlin", 53.3202, -6.3162, "Dublin" ], [ "Crusheen", 52.9385, -8.8984, "Clare" ], [ "Cuan na Loinge", 53.3087, -9.6069, "Galway" ], [ "Cuckel's Crossroads", 53.0368, -6.8512, "Kildare" ], [ "Cuddagh Cross/Kirwans cross", 52.9547, -7.5253, "Laois" ], [ "Cuigeal", 53.2427, -9.7217, "Galway" ], [ "Cuile\u00e1n", 53.2655, -9.6103, "Galway" ], [ "Cuingareen", 53.8637, -7.6325, "Longford" ], [ "Culdaff", 55.287, -7.1665, "Donegal" ], [ "Cullahill", 52.8186, -7.475, "Laois" ], [ "Cullen", 52.5114, -8.2748, "Tipperary" ], [ "Cullenstown", 52.2191, -6.7136, "Wexford" ], [ "Cullentragh", 53.6087, -7.9896, "Longford" ], [ "Cullion Carrygally", 54.9352, -7.7164, "Donegal" ], [ "Culloge", 53.6983, -7.5723, "Longford" ], [ "Cullyfad", 53.7436, -7.7166, "Longford" ], [ "Culmullin", 53.4899, -6.6064, "Meath" ], [ "Culnagore", 53.5752, -7.9577, "Longford" ], [ "Cummeenduasig", 51.9391, -9.4925, "Kerry" ], [ "Curracloe", 52.393, -6.3882, "Wexford" ], [ "Curragh", 54.9236, -7.7218, "Donegal" ], [ "Curragha", 53.5405, -6.4419, "Meath" ], [ "Curraghavoe", 52.2477, -8.1813, "Cork" ], [ "Curraghboy", 53.4839, -8.1105, "Roscommon" ], [ "Curraghlea", 54.9792, -7.6899, "Donegal" ], [ "Curraghmore", 52.2694, -8.177, "Cork" ], [ "Curraghmore", 53.6402, -7.7749, "Longford" ], [ "Curraghnalaght", 51.9447, -8.5432, "Cork" ], [ "Curraunboy", 54.3003, -9.7864, "Mayo" ], [ "Curreen", 53.6598, -8.0006, "Longford" ], [ "Curry", 54.0016, -8.7736, "Sligo" ], [ "Curry", 53.7159, -7.4928, "Longford" ], [ "Curry", 53.6949, -7.5879, "Longford" ], [ "Curry", 53.6822, -7.8192, "Longford" ], [ "Curry", 53.6454, -7.8131, "Longford" ], [ "Currycahill", 53.7722, -7.6632, "Longford" ], [ "Currycreaghan", 53.6191, -7.7587, "Longford" ], [ "Currygrane", 53.7553, -7.6508, "Longford" ], [ "Currygranny", 53.803, -7.8456, "Longford" ], [ "Cut Bush", 53.1232, -6.8309, "Kildare" ], [ "Daingean", 53.2975, -7.291, "Offaly" ], [ "Dalkey", 53.2783, -6.1074, "Dublin" ], [ "Daly's Cross", 52.7096, -8.4907, "Limerick" ], [ "Dalystown", 53.807, -7.5074, "Longford" ], [ "Danesfort", 51.9323, -8.4542, "Cork" ], [ "Dangan", 53.2897, -9.0793, "Galway" ], [ "Darndale", 53.4008, -6.1946, "Dublin" ], [ "Daroge", 53.5646, -7.8095, "Longford" ], [ "Darragh", 52.3092, -8.409, "Limerick" ], [ "Dartry", 53.31, -6.2631, "Dublin" ], [ "Darver", 53.927, -6.4587, "Louth" ], [ "Davidstown", 52.4781, -6.635, "Wexford" ], [ "Dawros", 51.8521, -9.6277, "Kerry" ], [ "Dean Hill Cross", 53.6572, -6.5856, "Meath" ], [ "Deanscurragh", 53.728, -7.7909, "Longford" ], [ "Deansgrange", 53.2782, -6.1637, "Dublin" ], [ "Deerpark", 53.2703, -6.3741, "Dublin" ], [ "Deerpark", 53.7822, -7.8408, "Longford" ], [ "Deerpark", 53.6148, -7.6661, "Longford" ], [ "Delaney Mews", 51.9196, -8.4674, "Cork" ], [ "Delaney Park", 51.917, -8.4681, "Cork" ], [ "Delgany", 53.1326, -6.0922, "Wicklow" ], [ "Delvin", 53.612, -7.0923, "Westmeath" ], [ "Demesne", 53.7338, -7.8082, "Longford" ], [ "Deputy's Pass", 52.9473, -6.1583, "Wicklow" ], [ "Derawley", 53.8276, -7.7468, "Longford" ], [ "Dernacartha", 53.9531, -8.6387, "Roscommon" ], [ "Dernagree", 52.1208, -9.0322, "Cork" ], [ "Derragh", 53.7605, -7.3937, "Longford" ], [ "Derraghan Beg", 53.6121, -7.8884, "Longford" ], [ "Derraghan More", 53.6249, -7.9024, "Longford" ], [ "Derraugh Cross", 53.0076, -7.4425, "Laois" ], [ "Derreen", 53.8992, -9.9419, "Mayo" ], [ "Derreenavoggy", 53.817, -7.6383, "Longford" ], [ "Derreens", 53.2297, -6.7618, "Kildare" ], [ "Derrindiff", 53.5919, -7.8807, "Longford" ], [ "Derrinturn", 53.3395, -6.94, "Kildare" ], [ "Derryad", 53.6563, -7.887, "Longford" ], [ "Derryaroge", 53.689, -7.9459, "Longford" ], [ "Derrybeg", 55.0782, -8.2891, "Donegal" ], [ "Derrybrien", 53.066, -8.613, "Galway" ], [ "Derrycassan", 53.8301, -7.5406, "Longford" ], [ "Derrycolumb", 53.5818, -7.8586, "Longford" ], [ "Derryconnery", 51.7353, -9.5618, "Cork" ], [ "Derrycreveen 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[ "Derrynagran", 53.6005, -7.8992, "Longford" ], [ "Derrynameel", 54.2075, -9.8958, "Mayo" ], [ "Derrynaskea", 53.6302, -7.866, "Longford" ], [ "Derryneel", 53.7802, -7.6362, "Longford" ], [ "Derryoghil", 53.6456, -7.8668, "Longford" ], [ "Derryrush", 53.3903, -9.6664, "Galway" ], [ "Derryshanoge", 53.6317, -7.9279, "Longford" ], [ "Derryveagh", 53.6006, -7.8462, "Longford" ], [ "Digby Bridge", 53.2606, -6.7061, "Kildare" ], [ "Dingle", 52.1408, -10.2687, "Kerry" ], [ "Docklands", 51.8981, -8.4504, "Cork" ], [ "Doire an Fh\u00e9ich", 53.2857, -9.5425, "Galway" ], [ "Doire Choill", 53.2916, -9.5094, "Galway" ], [ "Doire Fhatharta Beag", 53.2832, -9.5935, "Galway" ], [ "Doire Fhatharta M\u00f3r", 53.2719, -9.6013, "Galway" ], [ "Doir\u00edn Darach", 53.2505, -9.6504, "Galway" ], [ "Doir\u00edn Glas", 53.3015, -9.6683, "Galway" ], [ "Dolla", 52.7976, -8.1911, "Tipperary" ], [ "Dolphin's Barn", 53.3334, -6.2914, "Dublin" ], [ "Donabate", 53.4864, -6.1486, "Dublin" ], [ "Donacarney", 53.7103, -6.2788, "Meath" ], [ "Donaghmede", 53.3949, -6.1636, "Dublin" ], [ "Donaghpatrick", 53.6965, -6.7594, "Meath" ], [ "Donard", 53.0223, -6.6131, "Wicklow" ], [ "Donaskeigh", 52.5218, -8.0824, "Tipperary" ], [ "Doneen Cottages", 53.4831, -10.0107, "Galway" ], [ "Donegal", 54.6538, -8.1103, "Donegal" ], [ "Doneraile", 52.2171, -8.5848, "Cork" ], [ "Donnybrook", 51.8673, -8.439, "Cork" ], [ "Donnybrook", 53.322, -6.2364, "Dublin" ], [ "Donnycarney", 53.3747, -6.2197, "Dublin" ], [ "Donohill", 52.5388, -8.1442, "Tipperary" ], [ "Donore", 53.6923, -6.4168, "Meath" ], [ "Donore", 53.2565, -6.7381, "Kildare" ], [ "Donoughmore", 51.9891, -8.7453, "Cork" ], [ "Dooagh", 53.975, -10.128, "Mayo" ], [ "Dooary Cross", 52.9381, -7.2858, "Laois" ], [ "Dooballagh", 54.9049, -7.7212, "Donegal" ], [ "Doocharry", 54.9061, -8.208, "Donegal" ], [ "Dooega", 53.9221, -10.027, "Mayo" ], [ "Doogary Cross Roads", 53.2598, -6.786, "Kildare" ], [ "Dooghbeg", 53.8842, -9.813, "Mayo" ], [ "Doogort", 54.0052, -10.027, "Mayo" ], [ "Doohamlet", 54.1288, -6.824, "Monaghan" ], [ "Doohoma Head", 54.0647, -9.967, "Mayo" ], [ "Doohooma", 54.0719, -9.9406, "Mayo" ], [ "Doolin", 53.0163, -9.3776, "Clare" ], [ "Doolough Cross", 53.1335, -7.1956, "Laois" ], [ "Doon", 52.6044, -8.2485, "Limerick" ], [ "Doon", 53.3324, -7.8218, "Offaly" ], [ "Doon Glebe", 54.9417, -7.8293, "Donegal" ], [ "Doonacurry", 53.5816, -7.8244, "Longford" ], [ "Doonbeg", 52.7309, -9.5297, "Clare" ], [ "Dooniver", 54.0021, -9.9463, "Mayo" ], [ "Dooradoyle", 52.636, -8.6494, "Limerick" ], [ "Dooroc", 53.8119, -7.7221, "Longford" ], [ "Doory", 53.6034, -7.7439, "Longford" ], [ "Dooyeher", 53.3358, -9.8924, "Galway" ], [ "Dooyork", 54.1056, -9.9436, "Mayo" ], [ "Doran's Point", 54.0055, -9.8694, "Mayo" ], [ "Doughiska", 53.2843, -8.9818, "Galway" ], [ "Douglas", 51.8776, -8.4359, "Cork" ], [ "Downings", 55.1949, -7.8351, "Donegal" ], [ "Dowra", 54.1903, -8.0146, "Cavan" ], [ "Doyle's Cross", 52.8984, -7.1179, "Laois" ], [ "Drangan", 52.5163, -7.5834, "Tipperary" ], [ "Drimnagh", 53.3299, -6.3237, "Dublin" ], [ "Drimoleague", 51.6609, -9.26, "Cork" ], [ "Drinagh", 51.6473, -9.1541, "Cork" ], [ "Drinan", 53.5703, -7.7732, "Longford" ], [ "Dring", 53.8178, -7.5339, "Longford" ], [ "Dripsey", 51.9149, -8.742, "Cork" ], [ "Drogheda", 53.715, -6.3524, "Louth" ], [ "Drom", 52.7675, -7.8966, "Tipperary" ], [ "Dromagh", 52.1245, -8.9793, "Cork" ], [ "Dromahair", 54.2299, -8.3015, "Leitrim" ], [ "Drombane", 51.8247, -9.6057, "Kerry" ], [ "Dromcollogher", 52.3393, -8.9088, "Limerick" ], [ "Dromgarvan", 51.6913, -9.7187, "Cork" ], [ "Dromin", 53.8439, -6.4363, "Louth" ], [ "Dromina", 52.3137, -8.8022, "Cork" ], [ "Dromineer", 52.9244, -8.2765, "Tipperary" ], [ "Dromiskin", 53.9218, -6.4001, "Louth" ], [ "Dromkeen", 52.582, -8.387, "Limerick" ], [ "Drommahane", 52.1052, -8.6908, "Cork" ], [ "Drommartin", 52.4289, -9.6952, "Kerry" ], [ "Dromod", 53.8574, -7.9206, "Leitrim" ], [ "Dromore West", 54.2491, -8.8753, "Sligo" ], [ "Drum", 54.1041, -7.1439, "Monaghan" ], [ "Drumanaught", 54.9197, -7.8273, "Donegal" ], [ "Drumanure", 53.5868, -7.6604, "Longford" ], [ "Drumard", 53.9098, -7.6612, "Longford" ], [ "Drumbad", 53.852, -7.7431, "Longford" ], [ "Drumbane", 52.6551, -7.9654, "Tipperary" ], [ "Drumbroagh", 54.0006, -6.7399, "Monaghan" ], [ "Drumcliff", 54.3286, -8.5002, "Sligo" ], [ "Drumcondra", 53.3681, -6.2555, "Dublin" ], [ "Drumcong", 54.029, -7.9733, "Leitrim" ], [ "Drumconrath", 53.8501, -6.6533, "Meath" ], [ "Drumcoura", 54.0283, -7.7547, "Leitrim" ], [ "Drumcree", 53.636, -7.1646, "Westmeath" ], [ "Drumfries", 55.1963, -7.3956, "Donegal" ], [ "Drumgarra", 54.0895, -6.7886, "Monaghan" ], [ "Drumgoosat", 53.9521, -6.7789, "Monaghan" ], [ "Drumgurra", 53.9935, -6.7902, "Monaghan" ], [ "Drumhaughly", 53.7542, -7.7172, "Longford" ], [ "Drumkeen", 54.8681, -7.7499, "Donegal" ], [ "Drumkeeran", 54.1685, -8.1436, "Leitrim" ], [ "Drumkilly", 53.8904, -7.3432, "Cavan" ], [ "Drumlaghdrid", 54.8975, -8.328, "Donegal" ], [ "Drumlea", 54.0174, -7.7275, "Leitrim" ], [ "Drumlish", 53.8201, -7.7693, "Longford" ], [ "Drumman", 53.7362, -7.5162, "Longford" ], [ "Drummeel", 53.7533, -7.6275, "Longford" ], [ "Drummond Cross", 53.1652, -7.418, "Laois" ], [ "Drumnacooha", 53.7987, -7.6966, "Longford" ], [ "Drumnacor", 53.5508, -7.8151, "Longford" ], [ "Drumnacross", 53.7384, -7.6629, "Longford" ], [ "Drumnahara", 53.787, -7.6294, "Longford" ], [ "Drumnaskea", 54.9934, -7.6707, "Donegal" ], [ "Drumod", 53.8568, -7.9183, "Leitrim" ], [ "Drumraney", 53.481, -7.7499, "Westmeath" ], [ "Drumree", 53.5075, -6.5816, "Meath" ], [ "Drumshallon", 53.7856, -6.3405, "Louth" ], [ "Drumshanbo", 54.0467, -8.0402, "Leitrim" ], [ "Drumsna", 53.927, -8.0055, "Roscommon" ], [ "Drumsna", 53.927, -8.0078, "Leitrim" ], [ "Drumure", 53.7724, -7.7614, "Longford" ], [ "Drumury", 53.9338, -7.6398, "Longford" ], [ "Drung", 54.0413, -7.2227, "Cavan" ], [ "Duagh", 52.4142, -9.3899, "Kerry" ], [ "Dualla", 52.5412, -7.8161, "Tipperary" ], [ "Dublin", 53.3494, -6.2606, "Dublin" ], [ "Dublin Hill", 51.9195, -8.4661, "Cork" ], [ "Dublin Pike", 51.9349, -8.4597, "Cork" ], [ "Duggan's Hill", 53.1175, -8.3623, "Galway" ], [ "Duleek", 53.6563, -6.4147, "Meath" ], [ "Dumha Locha", 54.1438, -9.9374, "Mayo" ], [ "Dunabrattin", 52.1368, -7.3052, "Waterford" ], [ "Dunaree", 54.0444, -6.7611, "Monaghan" ], [ "Dunbeggan", 53.6902, -7.8098, "Longford" ], [ "Dunbeggan", 53.8522, -7.5921, "Longford" ], [ "Dunbell", 52.6234, -7.1511, "Kilkenny" ], [ "Dunboyne", 53.4194, -6.476, "Meath" ], [ "Duncannon", 52.2211, -6.9335, "Wexford" ], [ "Duncormick", 52.2295, -6.6532, "Wexford" ], [ "Dundalk", 54.0046, -6.4009, "Louth" ], [ "Dunderry", 53.6076, -6.7735, "Meath" ], [ "Dundrum", 53.2891, -6.2434, "Dublin" ], [ "Dundrum", 52.5602, -8.0453, "Tipperary" ], [ "Dunfanaghy", 55.1834, -7.9718, "Donegal" ], [ "Dungarvan", 52.0897, -7.621, "Waterford" ], [ "Dungloe", 54.9507, -8.3597, "Donegal" ], [ "Dungourney", 51.9684, -8.0969, 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53.0294, -9.2895, "Clare" ], [ "Lisdreenagh", 53.6422, -7.6579, "Longford" ], [ "Lisduff", 53.7438, -7.5929, "Longford" ], [ "Lisduff", 53.7044, -7.7872, "Longford" ], [ "Lisduff", 53.6926, -7.6548, "Longford" ], [ "Lisduff", 53.6589, -7.9781, "Longford" ], [ "Lisfarrell", 53.7049, -7.6955, "Longford" ], [ "Lisglassock", 53.6033, -7.7717, "Longford" ], [ "Lisgoold", 51.9736, -8.2176, "Cork" ], [ "Lisgurry", 53.6724, -7.7915, "Longford" ], [ "Lislea", 53.7956, -7.6354, "Longford" ], [ "Lislea", 53.6115, -7.7687, "Longford" ], [ "Lislevane", 51.6082, -8.7553, "Cork" ], [ "Lislom", 53.5919, -7.7783, "Longford" ], [ "Lismacmanus", 53.6232, -7.9778, "Longford" ], [ "Lismacmurrogh", 53.5954, -7.7863, "Longford" ], [ "Lismagawley", 53.5627, -7.9468, "Longford" ], [ "Lismagawley Bog", 53.5599, -7.9586, "Longford" ], [ "Lismagawley Meadow", 53.5527, -7.9617, "Longford" ], [ "Lismagoneen", 53.738, -7.6034, "Longford" ], [ "Lismcaffrey", 53.7136, -7.4619, "Westmeath" ], [ "Lismire", 52.2274, 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52.4181, -7.7039, "Tipperary" ], [ "Lisryan", 53.7278, -7.5034, "Longford" ], [ "Lissagernal", 53.7859, -7.8538, "Longford" ], [ "Lissaghanedan", 53.6978, -7.6736, "Longford" ], [ "Lissakit", 53.6162, -7.7197, "Longford" ], [ "Lissameen", 53.7438, -7.6537, "Longford" ], [ "Lissanisky", 53.5784, -7.7954, "Longford" ], [ "Lissanore", 53.7068, -7.5672, "Longford" ], [ "Lissanure", 53.6692, -7.5813, "Longford" ], [ "Lissard", 53.7263, -7.6041, "Longford" ], [ "Lissardowlan", 53.7145, -7.7203, "Longford" ], [ "Lissavaddy", 53.7314, -7.7289, "Longford" ], [ "Lissawarriff", 53.6024, -7.6116, "Longford" ], [ "Lissawly or St. Albans", 53.6295, -7.9515, "Longford" ], [ "Lisselton", 52.4882, -9.5766, "Kerry" ], [ "Lissycasey", 52.7474, -9.1501, "Clare" ], [ "Listack", 54.9056, -7.7701, "Donegal" ], [ "Listerlin", 52.409, -7.0754, "Kilkenny" ], [ "Listobit", 53.5909, -7.737, "Longford" ], [ "Listowel", 52.4472, -9.4847, "Kerry" ], [ "Listraghee", 53.7659, -7.6256, "Longford" ], [ "Lisvarrinane", 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53.383, -6.5923, "Kildare" ], [ "Maynooth", 53.38, -6.5921, "Meath" ], [ "Mayo Abbey", 53.762, -9.1208, "Mayo" ], [ "Maypark", 52.6404, -8.6533, "Limerick" ], [ "McCormack's Cross", 52.9273, -7.1963, "Laois" ], [ "Meadow Park", 51.9176, -8.4522, "Cork" ], [ "Meanus", 52.5116, -8.6085, "Limerick" ], [ "Meelick", 52.6962, -8.6738, "Clare" ], [ "Meelick", 51.9182, -8.4551, "Cork" ], [ "Meelin", 52.2646, -9.0313, "Cork" ], [ "Meenacarn", 54.8819, -8.3143, "Donegal" ], [ "Meenaclady", 55.1416, -8.2253, "Donegal" ], [ "Meenderryherk", 54.9368, -8.26, "Donegal" ], [ "Meentubbrid", 54.9519, -7.9209, "Donegal" ], [ "Melkernagh", 53.7338, -7.4444, "Longford" ], [ "Melview", 53.7626, -7.7834, "Longford" ], [ "Menlo", 53.3024, -9.0736, "Galway" ], [ "Menlough", 53.4213, -8.5732, "Galway" ], [ "Merrion", 53.3177, -6.2092, "Dublin" ], [ "Mervue", 53.2861, -9.0175, "Galway" ], [ "Mervue", 51.921, -8.4576, "Cork" ], [ "Middleton", 53.7056, -7.9158, "Longford" ], [ "Midleton", 51.9143, -8.1701, "Cork" 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53.011, -7.2752, "Laois" ], [ "Shepperton", 51.5693, -9.1778, "Cork" ], [ "Shercock", 53.9951, -6.8982, "Cavan" ], [ "Sheshoon Crossroads", 53.1267, -6.8594, "Kildare" ], [ "Shillelagh", 52.7539, -6.5371, "Wicklow" ], [ "Shinrone", 52.9842, -7.9247, "Offaly" ], [ "Shrawn", 53.1429, -9.7692, "Galway" ], [ "Shroid", 53.7172, -7.7386, "Longford" ], [ "Shrule", 53.52, -9.0878, "Mayo" ], [ "Shrule", 53.5536, -7.7998, "Longford" ], [ "Silvermines", 52.7929, -8.2387, "Tipperary" ], [ "Simonstown", 53.685, -7.3691, "Westmeath" ], [ "Sixmilebridge", 52.7414, -8.7742, "Clare" ], [ "Skehana", 53.4152, -8.6358, "Galway" ], [ "Skerries", 53.5806, -6.1067, "Dublin" ], [ "Skibbereen", 51.5478, -9.2662, "Cork" ], [ "Skreen", 53.5855, -6.5609, "Meath" ], [ "Slade", 52.134, -6.9109, "Wexford" ], [ "Slane", 53.7086, -6.5432, "Meath" ], [ "Slatta", 53.8, -7.978, "Roscommon" ], [ "Sleehaun", 53.6438, -7.6342, "Longford" ], [ "Sleehaun (Sankey)", 53.6348, -7.6292, "Longford" ], [ "Slieverue", 52.2852, 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53.8833, -9.2167, "Mayo" ], [ "Turlough", 53.3658, -9.6265, "Galway" ], [ "Turloughmore", 53.3766, -8.8704, "Galway" ], [ "Turner's Cross", 51.8871, -8.466, "Cork" ], [ "Turreen", 53.6376, -7.9564, "Longford" ], [ "Turris Hill", 54.6493, -8.2153, "Donegal" ], [ "Tweedmount", 51.9351, -8.529, "Cork" ], [ "Twentyacres", 53.6955, -7.6854, "Longford" ], [ "Two Mile House", 53.1706, -6.7009, "Kildare" ], [ "Twomileborris", 52.6717, -7.72, "Tipperary" ], [ "Tydavnet", 54.2969, -7.0151, "Monaghan" ], [ "Tynagh", 53.1502, -8.3744, "Galway" ], [ "Tyrrellspass", 53.3885, -7.3776, "Westmeath" ], [ "Tyrrelstown", 53.4202, -6.3905, "Dublin" ], [ "T\u00edr an Fhia", 53.2705, -9.6627, "Galway" ], [ "Uachtar Bhaile", 51.4883, -9.2307, "Cork" ], [ "Ummerafree", 54.0199, -6.8348, "Monaghan" ], [ "Unionhall", 51.5588, -9.1399, "Cork" ], [ "Upper Village", 53.014, -8.3689, "Galway" ], [ "Upperchurch", 52.7019, -8.0192, "Tipperary" ], [ "Upton", 51.7885, -8.6739, "Cork" ], [ "Urlaur", 53.8566, -8.7345, "Mayo" ], [ "Urlingford", 52.7206, -7.5825, "Kilkenny" ], [ "Valebrook", 51.9167, -8.4499, "Cork" ], [ "Valleymount", 53.1068, -6.525, "Wicklow" ], [ "Ventry", 52.1325, -10.3594, "Kerry" ], [ "Vicarsfield Glebe", 53.7687, -7.6663, "Longford" ], [ "Vicarstown", 53.0515, -7.0854, "Laois" ], [ "Vicarstown", 53.6108, -7.6414, "Longford" ], [ "Victoria Cross", 51.8929, -8.5054, "Cork" ], [ "Victorian Quarter", 51.9017, -8.4667, "Cork" ], [ "Villierstown", 52.0889, -7.8516, "Waterford" ], [ "Virginia", 53.8351, -7.0832, "Cavan" ], [ "Wadelai", 53.3868, -6.2708, "Dublin" ], [ "Walderstown", 53.4661, -7.7986, "Westmeath" ], [ "Walkinstown", 53.3216, -6.3301, "Dublin" ], [ "Walshisland", 53.2356, -7.2222, "Offaly" ], [ "Walterstown", 53.6113, -6.5541, "Meath" ], [ "Walterstown", 52.9305, -8.8826, "Clare" ], [ "Ward Cross", 53.4451, -6.3415, "Dublin" ], [ "Watch House Village", 52.692, -6.6415, "Wexford" ], [ "Waterdyke", 52.2297, -8.4842, "Cork" ], [ "Waterford", 52.261, -7.1119, "Waterford" ], [ "Watergrasshill", 52.0116, -8.3436, "Cork" ], [ "Waterville", 51.8271, -10.1718, "Kerry" ], [ "Waterville", 52.5342, -9.0267, "Limerick" ], [ "Weir Village", 53.211, -8.8936, "Galway" ], [ "Wellingtonbridge", 52.2667, -6.7501, "Wexford" ], [ "Wellpark", 53.2839, -9.0266, "Galway" ], [ "West Town", 55.265, -8.2273, "Donegal" ], [ "West Village", 51.8865, -8.6084, "Cork" ], [ "Westport", 53.8001, -9.5202, "Mayo" ], [ "Westport Harbour", 53.8001, -9.547, "Mayo" ], [ "Wexford", 52.3368, -6.4601, "Wexford" ], [ "White House", 53.9209, -6.3775, "Louth" ], [ "White Park", 53.2701, -7.8636, "Offaly" ], [ "Whitechurch", 53.2779, -6.2894, "Dublin" ], [ "Whitechurch", 51.9814, -8.5139, "Cork" ], [ "Whitechurch", 52.3207, -6.9614, "Wexford" ], [ "Whitechurch", 52.1097, -7.7475, "Waterford" ], [ "Whitegate", 51.8255, -8.232, "Cork" ], [ "Whitegate", 52.951, -8.3727, "Clare" ], [ "Whitehall", 53.3827, -6.2432, "Dublin" ], [ "Whitehall", 53.7621, -7.9214, "Roscommon" ], [ "Whitehall Bridge", 53.2759, -8.2075, "Galway" ], [ "Whitehill", 53.7328, -7.6249, "Longford" ], [ "Whitemill", 52.3284, -6.4862, "Wexford" ], [ "Whiterock", 52.3215, -6.4758, "Wexford" ], [ "Whiterock", 53.7285, -7.752, "Longford" ], [ "Whitethorns", 52.6381, -8.6685, "Limerick" ], [ "Wicklow", 52.9802, -6.0414, "Wicklow" ], [ "Wilkinstown", 53.7346, -6.7115, "Meath" ], [ "Willbrook", 53.294, -6.2871, "Dublin" ], [ "Williamstown", 53.6779, -8.5787, "Galway" ], [ "Williamstown", 53.6798, -7.3502, "Westmeath" ], [ "Willow Lawns", 53.2501, -6.8415, "Kildare" ], [ "Willsbrook", 53.7645, -7.5672, "Longford" ], [ "Willville", 53.9971, -6.1574, "Louth" ], [ "Wilton", 51.8827, -8.5072, "Cork" ], [ "Windgap", 52.4618, -7.3972, "Kilkenny" ], [ "Windgate", 53.172, -6.093, "Wicklow" ], [ "Windhall", 54.9676, -7.7373, "Donegal" ], [ "Windy Arbour", 53.3029, -6.247, "Dublin" ], [ "Wood View", 53.2065, -8.136, "Galway" ], [ "Wood View Terrace", 51.888, -8.4815, "Cork" ], [ "Woodenbridge", 52.8317, -6.2346, "Wicklow" ], [ "Woodford", 53.0522, -8.3995, "Galway" ], [ "Woodland", 54.9826, -7.695, "Donegal" ], [ "Woodpark", 53.2748, -6.2481, "Dublin" ], [ "Woodstown", 53.2749, -6.3255, "Dublin" ], [ "Woodview", 51.9189, -8.4521, "Cork" ], [ "Wright's Cross", 52.9645, -6.9648, "Kildare" ], [ "Yellow Furze", 53.6736, -6.5723, "Meath" ], [ "Youghal", 51.9495, -7.8432, "Cork" ], [ "\u00cdochtar Bhaile", 51.4901, -9.2301, "Cork" ] ], "gazetteerMeta": { "file": "overpass_places_2026-10-03.json", "rawPlaces": 3680, "afterDedupe": 3536, "kept": 3536, "byType": { "city": 6, "town": 249, "suburb": 180, "village": 1188, "neighbourhood": 158, "hamlet": 1755 } }, "unplacedCampuses": [], "campusPlacement": { "boundary agrees": 79 }, "waterUnjoined": [], "unmappedConstituencies": { "(member not in members file)": 1 }, "caveats": [ "Reads the previous ireland.json build for directory, valuation, water and applications, so it lags those pipelines by one build.", "Constituency-to-council mapping is approximate (by name, not by boundary overlay); a TD listed for a council may represent only part of it. Boundaries changed in 2016 and 2024; each question is attributed to the constituency held on the day.", "Council-meeting items cover only Dublin City, Fingal, South Dublin and D\u00fan Laoghaire-Rathdown, and only from the dates in councilItemCoverage; absence elsewhere means 'not scraped', not 'not discussed'.", "Undecided files older than a year are almost certainly register gaps (listed with likelyStale). The application extract is only as fresh as the last PlanSight sync (inputsAsOf.applicationsBuilt).", "gridMW2025 and water cover only EPA-licensed sites that filed a 2025 AER; Google's figures are confidential and smaller sites are absent, so council totals are floors.", "Gazetteer names come from OSM and may use Irish or English forms; county is the traditional county (Dublin is one county), not the council." ] }, "generation": { "title": "How Ireland makes its electricity", "source": "Ember monthly electricity data (https://ember-energy.org/data/monthly-electricity-data/, CC-BY-4.0); EirGrid Smart Grid Dashboard (https://www.smartgriddashboard.com); EirGrid AIRAA 2026-2035; EirGrid annual constraint & curtailment reports; SEAI Energy in Ireland 2025; CSO MEC02", "asOf": "2026-10-03", "method": [ "monthly/annual: Ember monthly generation (TWh) for Ireland (Republic of Ireland), summed to years; shares are of demand (generation + net imports), so imports appear as a supply source.", "otherFossil = Ember 'Other fossil' (oil, peat, non-renewable waste). Bioenergy is zero in Ember for 2019-2023 (source gap), so the hydro/bio split is unreliable for those years.", "allIslandMonthly: EirGrid Smart Grid Dashboard region=ALL, 15-minute data, last 12 complete months.", "overnightVsPeak: EirGrid 15-minute ROI data. thermal = generation - wind - solar (gas plus oil, hydro, pumped storage, biomass, waste, batteries). gasEst = thermal x Ember's gas / (generation - wind - solar) for the same months. netImportsHVDC = EWIC + Greenlink; northSouthAndResidual = demand - generation - netImportsHVDC (mostly the North-South tie-line).", "withinDaySlopes: least-squares slope of each source on demand after removing each day's mean, i.e. how a MW of extra demand within a day is met.", "decomposition: change in each Ember source between two complete years vs the change in demand, set against CSO data-centre electricity growth." ], "licence": "Ember data CC-BY-4.0, attribution Ember (ember-energy.org)", "emberFile": "data/raw/generation/ember_monthly_ireland_2026-10-03.csv", "csoFile": "cso-mec02-2026-10-03.json", "monthly": [ { "period": "2015-01", "gasTWh": 0.856, "coalTWh": 0.424, "otherFossilTWh": 0.217, "windTWh": 0.785, "solarTWh": 0.0, "hydroTWh": 0.116, "bioenergyTWh": 0.027, "netImportsTWh": 0.097, "generationTWh": 2.424, "demandTWh": 2.521, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 34.0, "coal": 16.8, "otherFossil": 8.6, "wind": 31.1, "solar": 0.0, "hydro": 4.6, "bioenergy": 1.1, "netImports": 3.8 }, "co2gPerKWh": 418 }, { "period": "2015-02", "gasTWh": 0.914, "coalTWh": 0.45, "otherFossilTWh": 0.213, "windTWh": 0.483, "solarTWh": 0.0, "hydroTWh": 0.077, "bioenergyTWh": 0.024, "netImportsTWh": 0.134, "generationTWh": 2.162, "demandTWh": 2.296, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 39.8, "coal": 19.6, "otherFossil": 9.3, "wind": 21.0, "solar": 0.0, "hydro": 3.4, "bioenergy": 1.0, "netImports": 5.8 }, "co2gPerKWh": 491 }, { "period": "2015-03", "gasTWh": 0.931, "coalTWh": 0.429, "otherFossilTWh": 0.245, "windTWh": 0.594, "solarTWh": 0.0, "hydroTWh": 0.094, "bioenergyTWh": 0.028, "netImportsTWh": 0.097, "generationTWh": 2.321, "demandTWh": 2.418, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 38.5, "coal": 17.7, "otherFossil": 10.1, "wind": 24.6, "solar": 0.0, "hydro": 3.9, "bioenergy": 1.2, "netImports": 4.0 }, "co2gPerKWh": 462 }, { "period": "2015-04", "gasTWh": 0.928, "coalTWh": 0.525, "otherFossilTWh": 0.161, "windTWh": 0.377, "solarTWh": 0.0, "hydroTWh": 0.058, "bioenergyTWh": 0.026, "netImportsTWh": 0.1, "generationTWh": 2.076, "demandTWh": 2.176, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 42.6, "coal": 24.1, "otherFossil": 7.4, "wind": 17.3, "solar": 0.0, "hydro": 2.7, "bioenergy": 1.2, "netImports": 4.6 }, "co2gPerKWh": 533 }, { "period": "2015-05", "gasTWh": 0.873, "coalTWh": 0.411, "otherFossilTWh": 0.177, "windTWh": 0.589, "solarTWh": 0.0, "hydroTWh": 0.072, "bioenergyTWh": 0.021, "netImportsTWh": 0.072, "generationTWh": 2.143, "demandTWh": 2.214, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 39.4, "coal": 18.6, "otherFossil": 8.0, "wind": 26.6, "solar": 0.0, "hydro": 3.3, "bioenergy": 0.9, "netImports": 3.3 }, "co2gPerKWh": 455 }, { "period": "2015-06", "gasTWh": 0.835, "coalTWh": 0.474, "otherFossilTWh": 0.21, "windTWh": 0.401, "solarTWh": 0.0, "hydroTWh": 0.022, "bioenergyTWh": 0.026, "netImportsTWh": 0.106, "generationTWh": 1.967, "demandTWh": 2.073, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 40.3, "coal": 22.9, "otherFossil": 10.1, "wind": 19.3, "solar": 0.0, "hydro": 1.1, "bioenergy": 1.3, "netImports": 5.1 }, "co2gPerKWh": 530 }, { "period": "2015-07", "gasTWh": 0.996, "coalTWh": 0.413, "otherFossilTWh": 0.168, "windTWh": 0.49, "solarTWh": 0.0, "hydroTWh": 0.023, "bioenergyTWh": 0.027, "netImportsTWh": 0.001, "generationTWh": 2.117, "demandTWh": 2.119, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 47.0, "coal": 19.5, "otherFossil": 7.9, "wind": 23.1, "solar": 0.0, "hydro": 1.1, "bioenergy": 1.3, "netImports": 0.0 }, "co2gPerKWh": 487 }, { "period": "2015-08", "gasTWh": 1.163, "coalTWh": 0.267, "otherFossilTWh": 0.215, "windTWh": 0.368, "solarTWh": 0.0, "hydroTWh": 0.039, "bioenergyTWh": 0.028, "netImportsTWh": 0.029, "generationTWh": 2.08, "demandTWh": 2.109, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 55.1, "coal": 12.7, "otherFossil": 10.2, "wind": 17.4, "solar": 0.0, "hydro": 1.8, "bioenergy": 1.3, "netImports": 1.4 }, "co2gPerKWh": 477 }, { "period": "2015-09", "gasTWh": 1.104, "coalTWh": 0.356, "otherFossilTWh": 0.241, "windTWh": 0.382, "solarTWh": 0.0, "hydroTWh": 0.038, "bioenergyTWh": 0.027, "netImportsTWh": -0.011, "generationTWh": 2.148, "demandTWh": 2.136, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 51.7, "coal": 16.7, "otherFossil": 11.3, "wind": 17.9, "solar": 0.0, "hydro": 1.8, "bioenergy": 1.3, "netImports": -0.5 }, "co2gPerKWh": 500 }, { "period": "2015-10", "gasTWh": 1.218, "coalTWh": 0.36, "otherFossilTWh": 0.247, "windTWh": 0.388, "solarTWh": 0.0, "hydroTWh": 0.026, "bioenergyTWh": 0.027, "netImportsTWh": 0.032, "generationTWh": 2.268, "demandTWh": 2.3, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 53.0, "coal": 15.7, "otherFossil": 10.7, "wind": 16.9, "solar": 0.0, "hydro": 1.1, "bioenergy": 1.2, "netImports": 1.4 }, "co2gPerKWh": 501 }, { "period": "2015-11", "gasTWh": 0.9, "coalTWh": 0.354, "otherFossilTWh": 0.232, "windTWh": 0.752, "solarTWh": 0.0, "hydroTWh": 0.098, "bioenergyTWh": 0.024, "netImportsTWh": 0.014, "generationTWh": 2.36, "demandTWh": 2.374, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 37.9, "coal": 14.9, "otherFossil": 9.8, "wind": 31.7, "solar": 0.0, "hydro": 4.1, "bioenergy": 1.0, "netImports": 0.6 }, "co2gPerKWh": 412 }, { "period": "2015-12", "gasTWh": 0.765, "coalTWh": 0.38, "otherFossilTWh": 0.232, "windTWh": 0.927, "solarTWh": 0.0, "hydroTWh": 0.134, "bioenergyTWh": 0.027, "netImportsTWh": 0.002, "generationTWh": 2.466, "demandTWh": 2.467, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 31.0, "coal": 15.4, "otherFossil": 9.4, "wind": 37.6, "solar": 0.0, "hydro": 5.4, "bioenergy": 1.1, "netImports": 0.1 }, "co2gPerKWh": 380 }, { "period": "2016-01", "gasTWh": 0.922, "coalTWh": 0.431, "otherFossilTWh": 0.24, "windTWh": 0.778, "solarTWh": 0.0, "hydroTWh": 0.132, "bioenergyTWh": 0.025, "netImportsTWh": -0.002, "generationTWh": 2.528, "demandTWh": 2.526, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 36.5, "coal": 17.1, "otherFossil": 9.5, "wind": 30.8, "solar": 0.0, "hydro": 5.2, "bioenergy": 1.0, "netImports": -0.1 }, "co2gPerKWh": 422 }, { "period": "2016-02", "gasTWh": 1.014, "coalTWh": 0.397, "otherFossilTWh": 0.237, "windTWh": 0.639, "solarTWh": 0.0, "hydroTWh": 0.118, "bioenergyTWh": 0.026, "netImportsTWh": -0.021, "generationTWh": 2.431, "demandTWh": 2.41, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 42.1, "coal": 16.5, "otherFossil": 9.8, "wind": 26.5, "solar": 0.0, "hydro": 4.9, "bioenergy": 1.1, "netImports": -0.9 }, "co2gPerKWh": 441 }, { "period": "2016-03", "gasTWh": 1.118, "coalTWh": 0.491, "otherFossilTWh": 0.23, "windTWh": 0.522, "solarTWh": 0.0, "hydroTWh": 0.09, "bioenergyTWh": 0.028, "netImportsTWh": -0.02, "generationTWh": 2.479, "demandTWh": 2.459, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 45.5, "coal": 20.0, "otherFossil": 9.4, "wind": 21.2, "solar": 0.0, "hydro": 3.7, "bioenergy": 1.1, "netImports": -0.8 }, "co2gPerKWh": 489 }, { "period": "2016-04", "gasTWh": 1.123, "coalTWh": 0.45, "otherFossilTWh": 0.17, "windTWh": 0.472, "solarTWh": 0.0, "hydroTWh": 0.065, "bioenergyTWh": 0.027, "netImportsTWh": 0.001, "generationTWh": 2.306, "demandTWh": 2.308, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 48.7, "coal": 19.5, "otherFossil": 7.4, "wind": 20.5, "solar": 0.0, "hydro": 2.8, "bioenergy": 1.2, "netImports": 0.0 }, "co2gPerKWh": 490 }, { "period": "2016-05", "gasTWh": 1.293, "coalTWh": 0.306, "otherFossilTWh": 0.209, "windTWh": 0.352, "solarTWh": 0.0, "hydroTWh": 0.023, "bioenergyTWh": 0.018, "netImportsTWh": 0.015, "generationTWh": 2.201, "demandTWh": 2.215, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 58.4, "coal": 13.8, "otherFossil": 9.4, "wind": 15.9, "solar": 0.0, "hydro": 1.0, "bioenergy": 0.8, "netImports": 0.7 }, "co2gPerKWh": 494 }, { "period": "2016-06", "gasTWh": 1.199, "coalTWh": 0.458, "otherFossilTWh": 0.148, "windTWh": 0.312, "solarTWh": 0.0, "hydroTWh": 0.013, "bioenergyTWh": 0.024, "netImportsTWh": -0.063, "generationTWh": 2.155, "demandTWh": 2.092, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 57.3, "coal": 21.9, "otherFossil": 7.1, "wind": 14.9, "solar": 0.0, "hydro": 0.6, "bioenergy": 1.1, "netImports": -3.0 }, "co2gPerKWh": 536 }, { "period": "2016-07", "gasTWh": 1.286, "coalTWh": 0.425, "otherFossilTWh": 0.196, "windTWh": 0.349, "solarTWh": 0.0, "hydroTWh": 0.027, "bioenergyTWh": 0.028, "netImportsTWh": -0.157, "generationTWh": 2.311, "demandTWh": 2.154, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 59.7, "coal": 19.7, "otherFossil": 9.1, "wind": 16.2, "solar": 0.0, "hydro": 1.3, "bioenergy": 1.3, "netImports": -7.3 }, "co2gPerKWh": 519 }, { "period": "2016-08", "gasTWh": 1.317, "coalTWh": 0.221, "otherFossilTWh": 0.24, "windTWh": 0.503, "solarTWh": 0.0, "hydroTWh": 0.025, "bioenergyTWh": 0.029, "netImportsTWh": -0.133, "generationTWh": 2.335, "demandTWh": 2.202, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 59.8, "coal": 10.0, "otherFossil": 10.9, "wind": 22.8, "solar": 0.0, "hydro": 1.1, "bioenergy": 1.3, "netImports": -6.0 }, "co2gPerKWh": 445 }, { "period": "2016-09", "gasTWh": 1.292, "coalTWh": 0.178, "otherFossilTWh": 0.231, "windTWh": 0.536, "solarTWh": 0.0, "hydroTWh": 0.043, "bioenergyTWh": 0.025, "netImportsTWh": -0.129, "generationTWh": 2.304, "demandTWh": 2.175, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 59.4, "coal": 8.2, "otherFossil": 10.6, "wind": 24.6, "solar": 0.0, "hydro": 2.0, "bioenergy": 1.1, "netImports": -5.9 }, "co2gPerKWh": 424 }, { "period": "2016-10", "gasTWh": 1.197, "coalTWh": 0.453, "otherFossilTWh": 0.239, "windTWh": 0.446, "solarTWh": 0.0, "hydroTWh": 0.04, "bioenergyTWh": 0.028, "netImportsTWh": -0.086, "generationTWh": 2.403, "demandTWh": 2.318, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 51.6, "coal": 19.5, "otherFossil": 10.3, "wind": 19.2, "solar": 0.0, "hydro": 1.7, "bioenergy": 1.2, "netImports": -3.7 }, "co2gPerKWh": 506 }, { "period": "2016-11", "gasTWh": 1.263, 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"bioenergyTWh": 0.048, "netImportsTWh": 0.706, "generationTWh": 2.071, "demandTWh": 2.777, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 45.2, "coal": 0.0, "otherFossil": 1.9, "wind": 17.9, "solar": 7.7, "hydro": 0.1, "bioenergy": 1.7, "netImports": 25.4 }, "co2gPerKWh": 321 } ], "annual": [ { "period": "2015", "gasTWh": 11.483, "coalTWh": 4.843, "otherFossilTWh": 2.558, "windTWh": 6.536, "solarTWh": 0.0, "hydroTWh": 0.797, "bioenergyTWh": 0.312, "netImportsTWh": 0.673, "generationTWh": 26.532, "demandTWh": 27.203, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 42.2, "coal": 17.8, "otherFossil": 9.4, "wind": 24.0, "solar": 0.0, "hydro": 2.9, "bioenergy": 1.1, "netImports": 2.5 }, "year": 2015, "months": 12, "complete": true, "dataCentresTWh": 1.24, "dataCentreShareOfDemandPct": 4.6 }, { "period": "2016", "gasTWh": 14.232, "coalTWh": 4.626, "otherFossilTWh": 2.582, "windTWh": 6.117, "solarTWh": 0.0, "hydroTWh": 0.673, "bioenergyTWh": 0.311, "netImportsTWh": -0.712, "generationTWh": 28.541, "demandTWh": 27.829, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 51.1, "coal": 16.6, "otherFossil": 9.3, "wind": 22.0, "solar": 0.0, "hydro": 2.4, "bioenergy": 1.1, "netImports": -2.6 }, "year": 2016, "months": 12, "complete": true, "dataCentresTWh": 1.483, "dataCentreShareOfDemandPct": 5.3 }, { "period": "2017", "gasTWh": 14.558, "coalTWh": 3.55, "otherFossilTWh": 2.377, "windTWh": 7.408, "solarTWh": 0.0, "hydroTWh": 0.686, "bioenergyTWh": 0.449, "netImportsTWh": -0.678, "generationTWh": 29.034, "demandTWh": 28.353, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 51.3, "coal": 12.5, "otherFossil": 8.4, "wind": 26.1, "solar": 0.0, "hydro": 2.4, "bioenergy": 1.6, "netImports": -2.4 }, "year": 2017, "months": 12, "complete": true, "dataCentresTWh": 1.762, "dataCentreShareOfDemandPct": 6.2 }, { "period": "2018", "gasTWh": 14.87, "coalTWh": 2.108, "otherFossilTWh": 2.302, "windTWh": 8.6, "solarTWh": 0.0, "hydroTWh": 0.688, "bioenergyTWh": 0.746, "netImportsTWh": -0.028, "generationTWh": 29.311, "demandTWh": 29.284, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 50.8, "coal": 7.2, "otherFossil": 7.9, "wind": 29.4, "solar": 0.0, "hydro": 2.3, "bioenergy": 2.5, "netImports": -0.1 }, "year": 2018, "months": 12, "complete": true, "dataCentresTWh": 2.183, "dataCentreShareOfDemandPct": 7.5 }, { "period": "2019", "gasTWh": 14.834, "coalTWh": 0.588, "otherFossilTWh": 2.843, "windTWh": 9.496, "solarTWh": 0.0, "hydroTWh": 0.853, "bioenergyTWh": 0.0, "netImportsTWh": 0.358, "generationTWh": 28.611, "demandTWh": 28.971, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 51.2, "coal": 2.0, "otherFossil": 9.8, "wind": 32.8, "solar": 0.0, "hydro": 2.9, "bioenergy": 0.0, "netImports": 1.2 }, "year": 2019, "months": 12, "complete": true, "dataCentresTWh": 2.489, "dataCentreShareOfDemandPct": 8.6 }, { "period": "2020", "gasTWh": 14.96, "coalTWh": 0.765, "otherFossilTWh": 1.999, "windTWh": 11.071, "solarTWh": 0.0, "hydroTWh": 0.889, "bioenergyTWh": 0.0, "netImportsTWh": -0.507, "generationTWh": 29.683, "demandTWh": 29.176, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 51.3, "coal": 2.6, "otherFossil": 6.9, "wind": 37.9, "solar": 0.0, "hydro": 3.0, "bioenergy": 0.0, "netImports": -1.7 }, "year": 2020, "months": 12, "complete": true, "dataCentresTWh": 3.031, "dataCentreShareOfDemandPct": 10.4 }, { "period": "2021", "gasTWh": 13.911, "coalTWh": 3.298, "otherFossilTWh": 1.93, "windTWh": 9.507, "solarTWh": 0.0, "hydroTWh": 0.703, "bioenergyTWh": 0.0, "netImportsTWh": 1.374, "generationTWh": 29.349, "demandTWh": 30.724, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 45.3, "coal": 10.7, "otherFossil": 6.3, "wind": 30.9, "solar": 0.0, "hydro": 2.3, "bioenergy": 0.0, "netImports": 4.5 }, "year": 2021, "months": 12, "complete": true, "dataCentresTWh": 4.013, "dataCentreShareOfDemandPct": 13.1 }, { "period": "2022", "gasTWh": 15.32, "coalTWh": 2.8, "otherFossilTWh": 1.683, "windTWh": 10.879, "solarTWh": 0.0, "hydroTWh": 0.66, "bioenergyTWh": 0.0, "netImportsTWh": 0.134, "generationTWh": 31.342, "demandTWh": 31.476, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 48.7, "coal": 8.9, "otherFossil": 5.3, "wind": 34.6, "solar": 0.0, "hydro": 2.1, "bioenergy": 0.0, "netImports": 0.4 }, "year": 2022, "months": 12, "complete": true, "dataCentresTWh": 5.274, "dataCentreShareOfDemandPct": 16.8 }, { "period": "2023", "gasTWh": 14.213, "coalTWh": 1.218, "otherFossilTWh": 1.131, "windTWh": 11.399, "solarTWh": 0.372, "hydroTWh": 0.889, "bioenergyTWh": 0.0, "netImportsTWh": 3.09, "generationTWh": 29.219, "demandTWh": 32.311, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 44.0, "coal": 3.8, "otherFossil": 3.5, "wind": 35.3, "solar": 1.2, "hydro": 2.8, "bioenergy": 0.0, "netImports": 9.6 }, "year": 2023, "months": 12, "complete": true, "dataCentresTWh": 6.339, "dataCentreShareOfDemandPct": 19.6 }, { "period": "2024", "gasTWh": 14.008, "coalTWh": 0.945, "otherFossilTWh": 0.783, "windTWh": 11.126, "solarTWh": 0.698, "hydroTWh": 0.719, "bioenergyTWh": 0.444, "netImportsTWh": 4.848, "generationTWh": 28.724, "demandTWh": 33.572, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 41.7, "coal": 2.8, "otherFossil": 2.3, "wind": 33.1, "solar": 2.1, "hydro": 2.1, "bioenergy": 1.3, "netImports": 14.4 }, "year": 2024, "months": 12, "complete": true, "dataCentresTWh": 6.974, "dataCentreShareOfDemandPct": 20.8 }, { "period": "2025", "gasTWh": 13.893, "coalTWh": 0.779, "otherFossilTWh": 0.793, "windTWh": 11.311, "solarTWh": 1.065, "hydroTWh": 0.601, "bioenergyTWh": 0.476, "netImportsTWh": 5.685, "generationTWh": 28.918, "demandTWh": 34.602, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 40.2, "coal": 2.3, "otherFossil": 2.3, "wind": 32.7, "solar": 3.1, "hydro": 1.7, "bioenergy": 1.4, "netImports": 16.4 }, "year": 2025, "months": 12, "complete": true, "dataCentresTWh": 7.662, "dataCentreShareOfDemandPct": 22.1 }, { "period": "2026", "gasTWh": 9.273, "coalTWh": 0.369, "otherFossilTWh": 0.297, "windTWh": 7.424, "solarTWh": 1.24, "hydroTWh": 0.417, "bioenergyTWh": 0.324, "netImportsTWh": 4.252, "generationTWh": 19.348, "demandTWh": 23.6, "sharesOfDemandPct": { "gas": 39.3, "coal": 1.6, "otherFossil": 1.3, "wind": 31.5, "solar": 5.3, "hydro": 1.8, "bioenergy": 1.4, "netImports": 18.0 }, "year": 2026, "months": 8, "complete": false } ], "allIslandMonthly": [ { "month": "2025-10", "avgDemandMW": 4832, "demandTWh": 3.595, "windSharePct": 36.1, "solarSharePct": 1.4, "nonWindSolarGenSharePct": 46.7 }, { "month": "2025-11", "avgDemandMW": 5176, "demandTWh": 3.726, "windSharePct": 35.2, "solarSharePct": 0.9, "nonWindSolarGenSharePct": 48.5 }, { "month": "2025-12", "avgDemandMW": 5221, "demandTWh": 3.884, "windSharePct": 39.2, "solarSharePct": 0.4, "nonWindSolarGenSharePct": 45.8 }, { "month": "2026-01", "avgDemandMW": 5495, "demandTWh": 4.088, "windSharePct": 34.3, "solarSharePct": 0.7, "nonWindSolarGenSharePct": 51.9 }, { "month": "2026-02", "avgDemandMW": 5399, "demandTWh": 3.628, "windSharePct": 42.2, "solarSharePct": 1.1, "nonWindSolarGenSharePct": 45.3 }, { "month": "2026-03", "avgDemandMW": 5080, "demandTWh": 3.775, "windSharePct": 40.7, "solarSharePct": 3.1, "nonWindSolarGenSharePct": 42.1 }, { "month": "2026-04", "avgDemandMW": 4760, "demandTWh": 3.427, "windSharePct": 37.9, "solarSharePct": 5.1, "nonWindSolarGenSharePct": 42.8 }, { "month": "2026-05", "avgDemandMW": 4514, "demandTWh": 3.358, "windSharePct": 28.6, "solarSharePct": 7.0, "nonWindSolarGenSharePct": 47.2 }, { "month": "2026-06", "avgDemandMW": 4464, "demandTWh": 3.214, "windSharePct": 30.7, "solarSharePct": 7.3, "nonWindSolarGenSharePct": 49.1 }, { "month": "2026-07", "avgDemandMW": 4413, "demandTWh": 3.284, "windSharePct": 23.2, "solarSharePct": 8.4, "nonWindSolarGenSharePct": 48.6 }, { "month": "2026-08", "avgDemandMW": 4544, "demandTWh": 3.38, "windSharePct": 18.2, "solarSharePct": 6.8, "nonWindSolarGenSharePct": 52.5 }, { "month": "2026-09", "avgDemandMW": 4740, "demandTWh": 3.412, "windSharePct": 36.8, "solarSharePct": 4.8, "nonWindSolarGenSharePct": 41.9 } ], "capacity": { "dispatchable2026": { "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035, Table A3.1 (PDF pp157-158), registered MW, 2026", "MW": { "gas (incl. dual-fuel)": 4120, "distillate oil only": 208, "coal": 0, "peat/biomass (Edenderry ED1)": 118, "waste": 78, "large hydro": 216, "pumped storage (Turlough Hill)": 292, "battery": 850, "demand-side units": 760, "interconnectors (EWIC + Greenlink)": 1000 }, "totalMW": 7642, "gasPlants": { "Aghada": 719, "Dublin Bay": 415, "Edenderry ED3/ED5": 116, "FlexGen (Ringsend, Poolbeg, Corduff)": 192, "Great Island": 464, "Huntstown": 745, "Poolbeg CC": 468, "Sealrock": 162, "Tynagh": 389, "Whitegate": 450 }, "note": "Category sums made by the index from the table's unit list; they reconcile to the 7,642 MW table total.", "quotes": [ { "text": "Battery Battery Other Storage 850", "page": 157, "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "Total: 7,642", "page": 158, "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.pdf", "verified": true } ] }, "variableYearEnd": { "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035, Table A3.2 (PDF p159), MW at year end (assumption trajectory)", "rows": [ { "year": 2026, "windOnshore": 5740, "windOffshore": 30, "solar": 3260 }, { "year": 2030, "windOnshore": 7130, "windOffshore": 1350, "solar": 6280 }, { "year": 2035, "windOnshore": 9180, "windOffshore": 4480, "solar": 9220 } ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Solar PV 3,260 4,010 4,770 5,520 6,280", "page": 159, "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.pdf", "verified": true } ] }, "history": { "source": "SEAI, Energy in Ireland 2025 (wind p78, solar p76, battery p72); EirGrid curtailment report 2025 Table 1 (ROI wind)", "rows": [ { "year": 2015, "windMW": 2451, "windMWEirGrid": 2422.3, "solarMW": 2.98, "batteryMW": null }, { "year": 2016, "windMW": 2802, "windMWEirGrid": 2769.9, "solarMW": 6.89, "batteryMW": null }, { "year": 2017, "windMW": 3319, "windMWEirGrid": 3277.6, "solarMW": 14.48, "batteryMW": null }, { "year": 2018, "windMW": 3674, "windMWEirGrid": 3642.3, "solarMW": 26.41, "batteryMW": null }, { "year": 2019, "windMW": 4126, "windMWEirGrid": 4088.1, "solarMW": 49.19, "batteryMW": null }, { "year": 2020, "windMW": 4307, "windMWEirGrid": 4298.9, "solarMW": 80.18, "batteryMW": 19.5 }, { "year": 2021, "windMW": 4339, "windMWEirGrid": 4308.3, "solarMW": 123.15, "batteryMW": 265.9 }, { "year": 2022, "windMW": 4536, "windMWEirGrid": 4503.4, "solarMW": 226.82, "batteryMW": 413.9 }, { "year": 2023, "windMW": 4739, "windMWEirGrid": 4706.9, "solarMW": 783.79, "batteryMW": 548.9 }, { "year": 2024, "windMW": 4943, "windMWEirGrid": 4909.6, "solarMW": 1323.4, "batteryMW": 753.9 }, { "year": 2025, "windMW": null, "windMWEirGrid": 5094.9, "solarMW": null, "batteryMW": null } ], "fixed": { "pumpedStorageMW": 292, "hydroExclPumpedMW": 237 }, "quotes": [ { "text": "at the end of the year was 4,912 MW", "page": 78, "source": "SEAI, Energy in Ireland 2025", "url": "https://www.seai.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Energy-in-Ireland-2025.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2025-12_seai-energy-in-ireland-2025.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "49.19 80.18 123.15 226.82 783.79 1,323.40", "page": 76, "source": "SEAI, Energy in Ireland 2025", "url": "https://www.seai.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Energy-in-Ireland-2025.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2025-12_seai-energy-in-ireland-2025.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "Table 4.9: Battery generation capacity at year end", "page": 72, "source": "SEAI, Energy in Ireland 2025", "url": "https://www.seai.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Energy-in-Ireland-2025.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2025-12_seai-energy-in-ireland-2025.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "for over 10 years at approximately 237 MW (excluding pumped storage)", "page": 80, "source": "SEAI, Energy in Ireland 2025", "url": "https://www.seai.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Energy-in-Ireland-2025.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2025-12_seai-energy-in-ireland-2025.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "At present Turlough Hill in Co. Wicklow, which comprises four turbines with a rated power of 292 MW", "page": 101, "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "In 2025, 191 MW was added to the wind installed capacity on the island.", "page": 11, "source": "EirGrid/SONI Annual Renewable Energy Constraint and Curtailment Report 2025", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Annual-Renewable-Constraint-and-Curtailment-Report-2025-V1.0.pdf", "date": "2026-05", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2026-05_eirgrid-curtailment-2025.pdf", "verified": true } ], "note": "SEAI wind = all wind incl. 31 MW autoproducers (2024); EirGrid column = ROI installed wind at year end per the curtailment report." }, "newConventional": { "awardedNotOperationalMW": { "2026": 900, "2027": 2060, "2028": 2110, "2029": 2450, "2030": 2450, "2031": 2450, "2032": 2450, "2033": 2450, "2034": 2450, "2035": 2450 }, "airaaExpectedMW": { "2026": 610, "2027": 910, "2028": 1500, "2029": 1900, "2030": 1900, "2031": 1900, "2032": 1900, "2033": 1900, "2034": 1900, "2035": 1900 }, "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035, Table 5.2 (PDF p88)", "quotes": [ { "text": "Ireland assumptions for new conventional plant capacities in adequacy studies (rated MW).", "page": 88, "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "Just over 2,058MWd of new capacity, net of any terminations", "page": 5, "source": "CRU, Electricity Security of Supply Programme of Work Update (May 2025)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Electricity_Security_of_Supply_Programme_of_Work_Update_Information_Note.pdf", "date": "2025-05", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2025-05_cru-sos-programme-update.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "The most recent T-4 28/29 auction saw new capacity of 560MWd contracted in Ireland", "page": 5, "source": "CRU, Electricity Security of Supply Programme of Work Update (May 2025)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Electricity_Security_of_Supply_Programme_of_Work_Update_Information_Note.pdf", "date": "2025-05", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2025-05_cru-sos-programme-update.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "171MWd of FlexGen capacity at Poolbeg, Irishtown and Corduff have been delivered", "page": 5, "source": "CRU, Electricity Security of Supply Programme of Work Update (May 2025)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Electricity_Security_of_Supply_Programme_of_Work_Update_Information_Note.pdf", "date": "2025-05", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2025-05_cru-sos-programme-update.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "A total of 230.764 MW of De-rated New Capacity was successful in the auction.", "page": 14, "source": "SEMO, T-4 2027/28 Final Capacity Auction Results", "url": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/documents/general-publications/FCAR2728T-4-report-v1.0.pdf", "date": "2023-12-05", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2023-12_semo-fcar2728t4.pdf", "verified": true } ], "note": "EirGrid expects ~1,900 MW of the ~2,450 MW of new capacity won at auction to be delivered, and later than contracted." } }, "plants": [ { "name": "Moneypoint", "fuel": "coal -> heavy fuel oil (back-up)", "MW": 915, "status": "out of market", "dates": { "coalEnded": "2025-06", "lastResortUntil": "2029-03" }, "note": "Three 250 MW units left the market end-June 2025; retained as an out-of-market generator of last resort on HFO.", "quotes": [ { "text": "Having used coal for the last time in June 2025", "page": 1, "source": "ESB, Moneypoint power station", "url": "https://esb.ie/news---insights/inside-esb/moneypoint-power-station", "date": "2025", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2025_esb-moneypoint-power-station.html", "verified": true }, { "text": "the country's largest generation station with an installed capacity of 915MW", "page": 1, "source": "ESB, Moneypoint power station", "url": "https://esb.ie/news---insights/inside-esb/moneypoint-power-station", "date": "2025", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2025_esb-moneypoint-power-station.html", "verified": true }, { "text": "Following submission of a closure notice, these units exited the market at the end of June 2025.", "page": 87, "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "operate as a generator of last resort from June 2025 to end March 2029", "page": 4, "source": "CRU, Electricity Security of Supply Programme of Work Update (May 2025)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Electricity_Security_of_Supply_Programme_of_Work_Update_Information_Note.pdf", "date": "2025-05", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2025-05_cru-sos-programme-update.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "based on the use of Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) rather than coal from 2025", "page": 3, "source": "CRU, Retention of Moneypoint Units information paper", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Security_of_Electricity_Supply_Retention_of_Moneypoint_Units_Information_Paper.pdf", "date": "2023-10-17", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2023-10_cru-moneypoint-retention-info-paper.pdf", "verified": true } ] }, { "name": "Tarbert (oil units)", "fuel": "heavy fuel oil", "MW": 592, "status": "closed (closure notice; TB3 long-term outage)", "note": "592 MW in GCS 2023-32; absent from AIRAA 2026 Table A3.1. Closure date not separately confirmed (unchecked: end-2023).", "quotes": [ { "text": "unit (TB3) has been placed on a long-term", "page": 39, "source": "EirGrid/SONI Generation Capacity Statement 2023-2032", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/19035-EirGrid-Generation-Capacity-Statement-Combined-2023-V5-Jan-2024.pdf", "date": "2024-01", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2024-01_eirgrid-gcs-2023-2032.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "SSE has previously provided a closure notice for this", "page": 82, "source": "EirGrid/SONI Generation Capacity Statement 2023-2032", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/19035-EirGrid-Generation-Capacity-Statement-Combined-2023-V5-Jan-2024.pdf", "date": "2024-01", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2024-01_eirgrid-gcs-2023-2032.pdf", "verified": true } ] }, { "name": "Peat stations (West Offaly 137 MW, Lough Ree 91 MW)", "fuel": "peat", "MW": 228, "status": "closed end-2020", "quotes": [ { "text": "ESB Shannonbridge and Lanesbourgh are to close at the end of 2020.", "page": 48, "source": "EirGrid/SONI Generation Capacity Statement 2021-2030", "url": "https://www.eirgridgroup.com/site-files/library/EirGrid/208281-All-Island-Generation-Capacity-Statement-LR13A.pdf", "date": "2021", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2021_eirgrid-gcs-2021-2030.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "West Offaly WO4 Peat Steam Turbine 137", "page": 65, "source": "EirGrid/SONI Generation Capacity Statement 2019-2028", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/EirGrid-Group-All-Island-Generation-Capacity-Statement-2019-2028.pdf", "date": "2019", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2019_eirgrid-gcs-2019-2028.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "Lough Ree LR4 Peat Steam Turbine 91", "page": 64, "source": "EirGrid/SONI Generation Capacity Statement 2019-2028", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/EirGrid-Group-All-Island-Generation-Capacity-Statement-2019-2028.pdf", "date": "2019", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2019_eirgrid-gcs-2019-2028.pdf", "verified": true } ] }, { "name": "Huntstown (HNC 337 + HN2 408)", "fuel": "gas CCGT", "MW": 745, "status": "operating", "quotes": [] }, { "name": "Aghada (AD2 CCGT 449 + 3x90 OCGT)", "fuel": "gas", "MW": 719, "status": "operating", "quotes": [] }, { "name": "Whitegate", "fuel": "gas/distillate CCGT", "MW": 450, "status": "operating", "quotes": [ { "text": "Whitegate WG1 Gas/DO Gas Turbine 450", "page": 158, "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.pdf", "verified": true } ] }, { "name": "FlexGen Ringsend, Poolbeg, Corduff", "fuel": "gas", "MW": 192, "status": "operating since Q4 2024 (new capacity)", "quotes": [ { "text": "Newly operational as of Q4 2024.", "page": 87, "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.pdf", "verified": true } ] }, { "name": "Platin (SSE OCGT)", "fuel": "gas", "MW": 180, "status": "under construction since June 2026; due 2028", "quotes": [ { "text": "The 180MW Open Cycle Gas Turbine", "page": 1, "source": "SSE, Construction begins at Platin power station", "url": "https://www.sse.com/news-and-views/2026/06/construction-begins-at-platin-power-station/", "date": "2026-06", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2026-06_sse-platin-construction.html", "verified": true } ] }, { "name": "Temporary Emergency Generation (TEG)", "fuel": "gas (North Wall, Huntstown) / distillate (Shannonbridge, Tarbert)", "MW": 653, "status": "out of market; emergency only", "units": [ { "site": "North Wall (ESB)", "MW": 191, "fuel": "gas", "ran": "yes - first use 24 Jun 2026 (Irish Times)" }, { "site": "Huntstown (Energia)", "MW": 50, "fuel": "gas", "ran": "unchecked" }, { "site": "Shannonbridge (ESB)", "MW": 262, "fuel": "distillate", "ran": "not dispatched for adequacy (Aug 2026)" }, { "site": "Tarbert (SSE)", "MW": 150, "fuel": "distillate", "ran": "reported run during 12 Aug 2026 eclipse (Irish Times; unchecked detail)", "limit": "to cease no later than March 2028" } ], "note": "CRU lists 653 MW (191+50+262+150); the Irish Times reports 505 MW for the four sites and ESB states 193 MW (North Wall) and 224 MW (Shannonbridge). Not run before May 2025.", "quotes": [ { "text": "Under TEG 1, the North Wall (191 MW) and Huntstown (50 MW) are fully available", "page": 4, "source": "CRU, Electricity Security of Supply Programme of Work Update (May 2025)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Electricity_Security_of_Supply_Programme_of_Work_Update_Information_Note.pdf", "date": "2025-05", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2025-05_cru-sos-programme-update.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "Under TEG 2, Shannonbridge (262 MW) and Tarbert (150 MW) are now fully available", "page": 4, "source": "CRU, Electricity Security of Supply Programme of Work Update (May 2025)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Electricity_Security_of_Supply_Programme_of_Work_Update_Information_Note.pdf", "date": "2025-05", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2025-05_cru-sos-programme-update.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "The TEG units have not been run to date.", "page": 1, "source": "CRU, Electricity Security of Supply Programme of Work Update (May 2025)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Electricity_Security_of_Supply_Programme_of_Work_Update_Information_Note.pdf", "date": "2025-05", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2025-05_cru-sos-programme-update.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "In December 2023, 193 MW of gas-fired TEG was connected to the system at North Wall", "page": 1, "source": "ESB, Temporary Emergency Generation", "url": "https://esb.ie/news---insights/inside-esb/temporary-emergency-generation", "date": "2024", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2024_esb-temporary-emergency-generation.html", "verified": true }, { "text": "no later than March 2028", "page": 1, "source": "SSE Thermal, Temporary emergency generation at Tarbert", "url": "https://www.ssethermal.com/news-and-views/2023/02/temporary-emergency-generation-at-tarbert/", "date": "2023-02-17", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2023-02_sse-tarbert-teg.html", "verified": true }, { "text": "EirGrid said it used the North Wall unit for a period on June 24th", "page": 1, "source": "Irish Times, 17 Aug 2026", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/business/2026/08/17/eirgrid-had-to-switch-on-emergency-power-plant-during-solar-eclipse/", "date": "2026-08-17", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2026-08-17_irishtimes-eirgrid-emergency-plant.html", "verified": true }, { "text": "The four can generate a total of 505 megawatts (MW) between them", "page": 1, "source": "Irish Times, 17 Aug 2026", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/business/2026/08/17/eirgrid-had-to-switch-on-emergency-power-plant-during-solar-eclipse/", "date": "2026-08-17", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2026-08-17_irishtimes-eirgrid-emergency-plant.html", "verified": true }, { "text": "EirGrid can confirm that TEG at Shannonbridge has not been dispatched for adequacy purposes.", "page": 1, "source": "Offaly Independent, 21 Aug 2026", "url": "https://www.offalyindependent.ie/2026/08/21/shannonbridge-emergency-power-facility-yet-to-supply-national-grid/", "date": "2026-08-21", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2026-08-21_offalyindependent-shannonbridge-teg.html", "verified": true }, { "text": "The TEG and REU can only be used in emergency situations", "page": 12, "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.pdf", "verified": true } ] } ], "interconnectors": [ { "name": "Moyle", "route": "Northern Ireland - Scotland", "MW": 500, "importMWNow": 450, "exportMWNow": 400, "inService": 2002, "note": "Full +/-500 MW assumed from 2028.", "quotes": [ { "text": "with the Moyle interconnector being operational since 2002", "page": 10, "source": "CRU, Post Construction Review of the Greenlink Electricity Connector", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/ga/system/files/materials/652/The%20Post%20Construction%20Review%20of%20the%20Greenlink%20Electricity%20Connector.pdf", "date": "2025-11-07", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2025-11_cru-greenlink-post-construction-review.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "The import capacity of the Moyle Interconnector is currently 450 MW and the export capacity restricted to 400 MW", "page": 94, "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "Increases to +/-500 MW from 2028", "page": 94, "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.pdf", "verified": true } ] }, { "name": "EWIC (East-West)", "route": "Ireland - Wales", "MW": 500, "inService": 2012, "quotes": [ { "text": "the EastWest Interconnector since 2012", "page": 10, "source": "CRU, Post Construction Review of the Greenlink Electricity Connector", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/ga/system/files/materials/652/The%20Post%20Construction%20Review%20of%20the%20Greenlink%20Electricity%20Connector.pdf", "date": "2025-11-07", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2025-11_cru-greenlink-post-construction-review.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "The East-West Interconnector (EWIC) connects the transmission systems of Ireland and Wales with a capacity of 500 MW in both directions.", "page": 94, "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.pdf", "verified": true } ] }, { "name": "Greenlink", "route": "Ireland (Wexford) - Wales (Pembroke)", "MW": 504, "ntcMW": 500, "inService": "2025-01-29", "note": "CRU: operational 29 Jan 2025; AIRAA says 'energised in April 2025'. The CRU date is used.", "quotes": [ { "text": "504MW electricity interconnector between County Wexford", "page": 10, "source": "CRU, Post Construction Review of the Greenlink Electricity Connector", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/ga/system/files/materials/652/The%20Post%20Construction%20Review%20of%20the%20Greenlink%20Electricity%20Connector.pdf", "date": "2025-11-07", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2025-11_cru-greenlink-post-construction-review.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "As of the 29th January 2025, the Greenlink electricity interconnector", "page": 5, "source": "CRU, Electricity Security of Supply Programme of Work Update (May 2025)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Electricity_Security_of_Supply_Programme_of_Work_Update_Information_Note.pdf", "date": "2025-05", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2025-05_cru-sos-programme-update.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "The Greenlink interconnector was energised in April 2025.", "page": 94, "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.pdf", "verified": true } ] }, { "name": "Celtic", "route": "Ireland (Cork) - France (Brittany)", "MW": 700, "inService": "2028-04 (assumed)", "note": "Originally 2027; cable manufacturing delays moved EirGrid's assumption to Q2 2028.", "quotes": [ { "text": "Assumed available from the start of Q2 2028", "page": 94, "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "it is now assumed available from April 2028", "page": 94, "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "with construction due to be completed in 2026", "page": 5, "source": "CRU, Electricity Security of Supply Programme of Work Update (May 2025)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Electricity_Security_of_Supply_Programme_of_Work_Update_Information_Note.pdf", "date": "2025-05", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2025-05_cru-sos-programme-update.pdf", "verified": true } ] }, { "name": "North-South (second 400 kV)", "route": "Ireland - Northern Ireland", "MW": 900, "inService": "2031-2032", "note": "Adds 900 MW N>S / 950 MW S>N NTC to the existing 300 MW tie-line; CRU: energisation 2031, AIRAA models from 2032.", "quotes": [ { "text": "New North South Interconnector. Included from 2032 for the", "page": 93, "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "completion (energisation) in 2031", "page": 6, "source": "CRU, Electricity Security of Supply Programme of Work Update (May 2025)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Electricity_Security_of_Supply_Programme_of_Work_Update_Information_Note.pdf", "date": "2025-05", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2025-05_cru-sos-programme-update.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "Existing North South tie line. Included in all years of the study horizon", "page": 93, "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.pdf", "verified": true } ] }, { "name": "MaresConnect", "route": "Ireland - Wales", "MW": 750, "inService": "2029 (promoter target; not in EirGrid studies)", "quotes": [ { "text": "there is potential for a new 750 MW interconnector project (MARES", "page": 95, "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.pdf", "verified": true } ] } ], "adequacy": { "alerts": { "rows": [ { "period": "2017", "count": 1, "kind": "system (amber) alert", "basis": "calendar year", "quote": { "text": "That comes after one in 2017, none in 2018 or 2019, three in 2020, and six last year.", "page": 1, "source": "Irish Examiner, 28 Aug 2022 (EirGrid figures to Darren O'Rourke TD)", "url": "https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-40949471.html", "date": "2022-08-28", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2022-08_irishexaminer-eirgrid-alerts-2022.html", "verified": true }, "grade": "secondary (press citing EirGrid figures)" }, { "period": "2018", "count": 0, "kind": "system (amber) alert", "basis": "calendar year", "quote": { "text": "That comes after one in 2017, none in 2018 or 2019, three in 2020, and six last year.", "page": 1, "source": "Irish Examiner, 28 Aug 2022 (EirGrid figures to Darren O'Rourke TD)", "url": "https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-40949471.html", "date": "2022-08-28", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2022-08_irishexaminer-eirgrid-alerts-2022.html", "verified": true }, "grade": "secondary" }, { "period": "2019", "count": 0, "kind": "system (amber) alert", "basis": "calendar year", "quote": { "text": "That comes after one in 2017, none in 2018 or 2019, three in 2020, and six last year.", "page": 1, "source": "Irish Examiner, 28 Aug 2022 (EirGrid figures to Darren O'Rourke TD)", "url": "https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-40949471.html", "date": "2022-08-28", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2022-08_irishexaminer-eirgrid-alerts-2022.html", "verified": true }, "grade": "secondary" }, { "period": "2020", "count": 3, "kind": "system (amber) alert", "basis": "calendar year", "quote": { "text": "That comes after one in 2017, none in 2018 or 2019, three in 2020, and six last year.", "page": 1, "source": "Irish Examiner, 28 Aug 2022 (EirGrid figures to Darren O'Rourke TD)", "url": "https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-40949471.html", "date": "2022-08-28", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2022-08_irishexaminer-eirgrid-alerts-2022.html", "verified": true }, "grade": "secondary" }, { "period": "2021", "count": 6, "kind": "system (amber) alert", "basis": "calendar year", "quote": { "text": "That comes after one in 2017, none in 2018 or 2019, three in 2020, and six last year.", "page": 1, "source": "Irish Examiner, 28 Aug 2022 (EirGrid figures to Darren O'Rourke TD)", "url": "https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-40949471.html", "date": "2022-08-28", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2022-08_irishexaminer-eirgrid-alerts-2022.html", "verified": true }, "grade": "secondary; consistent with the Nov 2021 PQ (7 in 12 months to 3 Nov 2021, one an IT failure)" }, { "period": "Nov 2020 - Nov 2021", "count": 7, "kind": "system alert", "basis": "12 months to 3 Nov 2021", "quote": { "text": "There have been seven system alerts (previously know as amber alerts) on the electricity system in Ireland in the past 12 months.", "page": 1, "source": "D\u00e1il written answer 72, 3 Nov 2021 (EirGrid system alerts)", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2021-11-03/72/", "date": "2021-11-03", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2021-11_oireachtas-pq-eirgrid-alerts.html", "verified": true }, "grade": "primary (D\u00e1il answer)" }, { "period": "2022 (to 28 Aug)", "count": 8, "kind": "system or amber alert", "basis": "year to date", "quote": { "text": "system or amber alerts were issued eight times this year.", "page": 1, "source": "Irish Examiner, 28 Aug 2022 (EirGrid figures to Darren O'Rourke TD)", "url": "https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-40949471.html", "date": "2022-08-28", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2022-08_irishexaminer-eirgrid-alerts-2022.html", "verified": true }, "grade": "secondary" }, { "period": "Apr - Oct 2022", "count": 7, "kind": "Alert state", "basis": "since April 2022", "quote": { "text": "resulting in the system entering the Alert state on seven occasions since April", "page": 26, "source": "EirGrid Winter Outlook 2022/23", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/210963-EirGrid-Winter-Outlook-2022-2023.pdf", "date": "2022-10", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2022-10_eirgrid-winter-outlook-2022-23.pdf", "verified": true }, "grade": "primary (EirGrid)" }, { "period": "Summer 2023", "count": 1, "kind": "Alert state", "basis": "summer period", "quote": { "text": "resulting in the system entering the Alert state on one occasion during the summer period", "page": 12, "source": "EirGrid Winter Outlook 2023/24", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/EirGrid%20Winter%20Outlook%202023-24.pdf", "date": "2023-10", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2023-10_eirgrid-winter-outlook-2023-24.pdf", "verified": true }, "grade": "primary (EirGrid)" }, { "period": "Winter 2023/24", "count": 1, "kind": "System Alert (capacity margin)", "basis": "winter", "quote": { "text": "there was only one System Alert due to reduced generation capacity margins", "page": 7, "source": "EirGrid Winter Outlook 2024/25", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/EirGrid-Winter-Outlook-2024-25.pdf", "date": "2024-10", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2024-10_eirgrid-winter-outlook-2024-25.pdf", "verified": true }, "grade": "primary (EirGrid)" }, { "period": "Winter 2024/25", "count": 2, "kind": "System Alert (weather: Storms Darragh, \u00c9owyn; not adequacy)", "basis": "winter", "quote": { "text": "There were two System Alerts issued over the winter period. These were issued due to weather warnings and were not adequacy related", "page": 7, "source": "EirGrid Winter Outlook 2025/26", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/EirGrid-Winter-Outlook-2025-26.pdf", "date": "2025-10", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2025-10_eirgrid-winter-outlook-2025-26.pdf", "verified": true }, "grade": "primary (EirGrid)" }, { "period": "Winter 2024/25", "count": 3, "kind": "System Alerts averted with TEG on standby (not run)", "basis": "winter", "quote": { "text": "Temporary Emergency Generation (TEG), though not run, supported the system averting three System Alerts that would otherwise have occurred.", "page": 7, "source": "EirGrid Winter Outlook 2025/26", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/EirGrid-Winter-Outlook-2025-26.pdf", "date": "2025-10", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2025-10_eirgrid-winter-outlook-2025-26.pdf", "verified": true }, "grade": "primary (EirGrid)" } ], "redAlerts": { "count": 0, "note": "No system emergency (red alert) in Ireland in recent years to Nov 2021.", "quote": { "text": "There have been no system emergencies (previously known as red alerts) on the system in Ireland", "page": 1, "source": "D\u00e1il written answer 72, 3 Nov 2021 (EirGrid system alerts)", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2021-11-03/72/", "date": "2021-11-03", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2021-11_oireachtas-pq-eirgrid-alerts.html", "verified": true } }, "datedAlerts": { "dates": [ "2020-12-09", "2021-01-06", "2021-04-13 (control-centre IT failure)", "2021-05-17", "2021-09-06", "2021-09-09", "2021-10-28", "2024-12-06/07 (Storm Darragh)", "2025-01-24 (Storm \u00c9owyn)" ], "quotes": [ { "text": "These occurred on 9 December 2020, 6 January 2021, 13 April 2021, 17 May 2021, 6 September 2021, 9 September 2021", "page": 1, "source": "D\u00e1il written answer 72, 3 Nov 2021 (EirGrid system alerts)", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2021-11-03/72/", "date": "2021-11-03", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2021-11_oireachtas-pq-eirgrid-alerts.html", "verified": true }, { "text": "there have been two system alerts issued in the last 12 months. These alerts took place during Storm Darragh in December 2024 and Storm \u00c9owyn in January 2025.", "page": 1, "source": "D\u00e1il written answer 54, 10 Apr 2025 (EirGrid system alerts)", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2025-04-10/54/", "date": "2025-04-10", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2025-04_oireachtas-pq-eirgrid-alerts.html", "verified": true } ] }, "notes": [ "EirGrid does not publish an annual count; rows mix calendar years, winters and rolling windows, so do not sum them.", "Alerts clustered in 2020-2022 (0 in 2018-19, 3 in 2020, 6 in 2021, 8 by end-Aug 2022). Since 2023 most alerts were weather events, and Temporary Emergency Generation averted three in winter 2024/25 without running.", "No confirmed full-year counts for 2015-2016 or 2023-2026." ] }, "margins": { "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "dataFreeze": "2025-06-30", "rows": [ { "year": 2026, "baseMW": -1010, "secureMW": -1420, "loleBaseHours": 71.6, "loleSecureHours": 88.5, "reliabilityStandardHours": 3, "newConventionalAwardedMW": 900, "newConventionalExpectedMW": 610, "storageMW": 1140 }, { "year": 2027, "baseMW": -770, "secureMW": -1220, "loleBaseHours": 43.6, "loleSecureHours": 57.0, "reliabilityStandardHours": 3, "newConventionalAwardedMW": 2060, "newConventionalExpectedMW": 910, "storageMW": 1280 }, { "year": 2028, "baseMW": -220, "secureMW": -730, "loleBaseHours": 7.9, "loleSecureHours": 14.6, "reliabilityStandardHours": 3, "newConventionalAwardedMW": 2110, "newConventionalExpectedMW": 1500, "storageMW": 1370 }, { "year": 2029, "baseMW": 200, "secureMW": -260, "loleBaseHours": 1.5, "loleSecureHours": 4.1, "reliabilityStandardHours": 3, "newConventionalAwardedMW": 2450, "newConventionalExpectedMW": 1900, "storageMW": 1800 }, { "year": 2030, "baseMW": 640, "secureMW": -150, "loleBaseHours": 0.4, "loleSecureHours": 3.1, "reliabilityStandardHours": 3, "newConventionalAwardedMW": 2450, "newConventionalExpectedMW": 1900, "storageMW": 1800 }, { "year": 2031, "baseMW": 550, "secureMW": 0, "loleBaseHours": 0.3, "loleSecureHours": 2.8, "reliabilityStandardHours": 3, "newConventionalAwardedMW": 2450, "newConventionalExpectedMW": 1900, "storageMW": 1800 }, { "year": 2032, "baseMW": 530, "secureMW": -170, "loleBaseHours": 0.4, "loleSecureHours": 3.0, "reliabilityStandardHours": 3, "newConventionalAwardedMW": 2450, "newConventionalExpectedMW": 1900, "storageMW": 1800 }, { "year": 2033, "baseMW": 410, "secureMW": -250, "loleBaseHours": 0.7, "loleSecureHours": 4.1, "reliabilityStandardHours": 3, "newConventionalAwardedMW": 2450, "newConventionalExpectedMW": 1900, "storageMW": 1800 }, { "year": 2034, "baseMW": 420, "secureMW": -440, "loleBaseHours": 0.9, "loleSecureHours": 7.1, "reliabilityStandardHours": 3, "newConventionalAwardedMW": 2450, "newConventionalExpectedMW": 1900, "storageMW": 1800 }, { "year": 2035, "baseMW": 160, "secureMW": -420, "loleBaseHours": 1.6, "loleSecureHours": 5.4, "reliabilityStandardHours": 3, "newConventionalAwardedMW": 2450, "newConventionalExpectedMW": 1900, "storageMW": 1800 } ], "notes": [ "MW = perfect-plant capacity needed (-) or spare (+) against Ireland's 3-hour LOLE standard, median demand.", "Base = average weather; Secure adds a one-week Dunkelflaute, 1,500 h run-hour limits on some new units and a 350 MW transmission-outage (TOPs) requirement.", "Excludes Temporary Emergency Generation and retained Moneypoint units (Figure 6.6 shows these cover the 2026-28 shortfall to demand and reserves; possibly not TOPs).", "MW values read from chart data labels (Figures 6.3, 6.4); LOLE values from Tables 6.2 and 6.5.", "Capacity auctions after the 30 June 2025 data freeze are not included." ], "quotes": [ { "text": "both the base and secure assessments show Ireland is outside of the Reliability Standard from 2026 to 2028", "page": 12, "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "The secure assessment indicates the system remains outside of the Reliability Standard with a deficit of around 200 MW", "page": 12, "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "From 2029, the system indicates a position of capacity surplus for the Base assessment.", "page": 123, "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "Figure 6.4 Secure Surplus/Deficit results for Ireland in terms of surplus (+) and deficit (-) of perfect plant", "page": 126, "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "Figure 6.6 Ireland adequacy position with mitigating measures", "page": 131, "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2026_eirgrid-airaa-2026-2035.pdf", "verified": true } ] }, "curtailment": { "source": "EirGrid/SONI Annual Renewable Energy Constraint and Curtailment Reports 2015-2025", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/grid/system-and-renewable-data-reports", "rows": [ { "year": 2015, "windDispatchDownPctROI": 5.1, "windDispatchDownGWhROI": 348, "windDispatchDownPctAllIsland": 5.1, "windDispatchDownGWhAllIsland": 442, "installedWindMWROI": 2422.3, "quote": { "text": "the dispatch-down energy from wind resources was 348 GWh. This is equivalent to 5.1% of the total available wind energy", "page": 4, "source": "EirGrid/SONI Annual Renewable Energy Constraint and Curtailment Report 2015", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Annual-Renewable-Constraint-and-Curtailment-Report-2015-v1.0.pdf", "date": "2016-06", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2016-06_eirgrid-curtailment-2015.pdf", "verified": true } }, { "year": 2016, "windDispatchDownPctROI": 2.8, "windDispatchDownGWhROI": 177, "windDispatchDownPctAllIsland": 2.9, "windDispatchDownGWhAllIsland": 227, "installedWindMWROI": 2769.9, "quote": { "text": "the dispatch-down energy from wind resources was 177 GWh. This is equivalent to 2.8% of the total available wind energy", "page": 3, "source": "EirGrid/SONI Annual Renewable Energy Constraint and Curtailment Report 2016", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Annual-Renewable-Constraint-and-Curtailment-Report-2016-v1.0.pdf", "date": "2017-04", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2017-04_eirgrid-curtailment-2016.pdf", "verified": true } }, { "year": 2017, "windDispatchDownPctROI": 3.7, "windDispatchDownGWhROI": 277, "windDispatchDownPctAllIsland": 4.0, "windDispatchDownGWhAllIsland": 386, "installedWindMWROI": 3277.6, "quote": { "text": "the dispatch-down energy from wind resources was 277 GWh. This is equivalent to 3.7% of the total available wind energy", "page": 4, "source": "EirGrid/SONI Annual Renewable Energy Constraint and Curtailment Report 2017", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Annual-Renewable-Constraint-and-Curtailment-Report-2017-V1.pdf", "date": "2018-06", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2018-06_eirgrid-curtailment-2017.pdf", "verified": true } }, { "year": 2018, "windDispatchDownPctROI": 5.0, "windDispatchDownGWhROI": 457, "windDispatchDownPctAllIsland": 6.0, "windDispatchDownGWhAllIsland": 707, "installedWindMWROI": 3642.3, "quote": { "text": "the dispatch-down energy from wind resources was 457 GWh. This is equivalent to 5% of the total available wind energy", "page": 4, "source": "EirGrid/SONI Annual Renewable Energy Constraint and Curtailment Report 2018", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Annual-Renewable-Constraint-and-Curtailment-Report-2018-V1.0.pdf", "date": "2019-05", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2019-05_eirgrid-curtailment-2018.pdf", "verified": true } }, { "year": 2019, "windDispatchDownPctROI": 6.9, "windDispatchDownGWhROI": 711, "windDispatchDownPctAllIsland": 7.7, "windDispatchDownGWhAllIsland": 1008, "installedWindMWROI": 4088.1, "quote": { "text": "the dispatch-down energy from wind resources was 711 GWh. This is equivalent to 6.9% of the total available wind energy", "page": 4, "source": "EirGrid/SONI Annual Renewable Energy Constraint and Curtailment Report 2019", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Annual-Renewable-Constraint-and-Curtailment-Report-2019-V1.2.pdf", "date": "2020-09", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2020-09_eirgrid-curtailment-2019.pdf", "verified": true } }, { "year": 2020, "windDispatchDownPctROI": 11.4, "windDispatchDownGWhROI": 1448, "windDispatchDownPctAllIsland": 12.1, "windDispatchDownGWhAllIsland": 1909, "installedWindMWROI": 4298.9, "quote": { "text": "the dispatch-down energy from wind resources was 1,448 GWh. This is equivalent to 11.4% of the total available wind energy", "page": 4, "source": "EirGrid/SONI Annual Renewable Energy Constraint and Curtailment Report 2020", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Annual-Renewable-Constraint-and-Curtailment-Report-2020.pdf", "date": "2021-05", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2021-05_eirgrid-curtailment-2020.pdf", "verified": true } }, { "year": 2021, "windDispatchDownPctROI": 7.3, "windDispatchDownGWhROI": 752, "windDispatchDownPctAllIsland": 7.4, "windDispatchDownGWhAllIsland": 938, "installedWindMWROI": 4308.3, "quote": { "text": "the dispatch-down energy from wind resources was 752 GWh. This is equivalent to 7.3% of the total available wind energy", "page": 4, "source": "EirGrid/SONI Annual Renewable Energy Constraint and Curtailment Report 2021", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Annual-Renewable-Constraint-and-Curtailment-Report-2021-V1.0.pdf", "date": "2022-08", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2022-08_eirgrid-curtailment-2021.pdf", "verified": true } }, { "year": 2022, "windDispatchDownPctROI": 8.3, "windDispatchDownGWhROI": 988, "windDispatchDownPctAllIsland": 8.5, "windDispatchDownGWhAllIsland": 1280, "installedWindMWROI": 4503.4, "quote": { "text": "the dispatch-down energy from wind resources was 988 GWh. This is equivalent to 8.3% of the total available wind energy", "page": 4, "source": "EirGrid/SONI Annual Renewable Energy Constraint and Curtailment Report 2022", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Annual-Renewable-Constraint-and-Curtailment-Report-2022-V1.0.pdf", "date": "2023-05", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2023-05_eirgrid-curtailment-2022.pdf", "verified": true } }, { "year": 2023, "windDispatchDownPctROI": 8.9, "windDispatchDownGWhROI": 1124, "windDispatchDownPctAllIsland": 10.7, "windDispatchDownGWhAllIsland": 1663, "installedWindMWROI": 4706.9, "quote": { "text": "the dispatch-down energy from wind resources was 1,124 GWh. This is equivalent to 8.9% of the total available wind energy", "page": 4, "source": "EirGrid/SONI Annual Renewable Energy Constraint and Curtailment Report 2023", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Annual-Renewable-Constraint-and-Curtailment-Report-2023-V1.0.pdf", "date": "2024-04", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2024-04_eirgrid-curtailment-2023.pdf", "verified": true }, "solarDispatchDownPctROI": 9.5, "solarDispatchDownGWhROI": 39, "solarQuote": { "text": "the total dispatch-down energy from solar generation in Ireland was 39 GWh. This is equivalent to 9.5% of total available solar energy", "page": 9, "source": "EirGrid/SONI Annual Renewable Energy Constraint and Curtailment Report 2023", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Annual-Renewable-Constraint-and-Curtailment-Report-2023-V1.0.pdf", "date": "2024-04", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2024-04_eirgrid-curtailment-2023.pdf", "verified": true } }, { "year": 2024, "windDispatchDownPctROI": 10.1, "windDispatchDownGWhROI": 1266, "windDispatchDownPctAllIsland": 14.0, "windDispatchDownGWhAllIsland": 2181, "installedWindMWROI": 4909.6, "quote": { "text": "the dispatch-down energy from wind resources was 1,266 GWh. This is equivalent to 10.1% of the total available wind energy", "page": 4, "source": "EirGrid/SONI Annual Renewable Energy Constraint and Curtailment Report 2024", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Annual-Renewable-Constraint-and-Curtailment-Report-2024-V1.0.pdf", "date": "2025-04", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2025-04_eirgrid-curtailment-2024.pdf", "verified": true }, "solarDispatchDownPctROI": 5.3, "solarDispatchDownGWhROI": 39, "solarQuote": { "text": "the total dispatch-down energy from solar generation in Ireland was 39 GWh. This is equivalent to 5.3% of total available solar energy", "page": 9, "source": "EirGrid/SONI Annual Renewable Energy Constraint and Curtailment Report 2024", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Annual-Renewable-Constraint-and-Curtailment-Report-2024-V1.0.pdf", "date": "2025-04", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2025-04_eirgrid-curtailment-2024.pdf", "verified": true } }, { "year": 2025, "windDispatchDownPctROI": 11.4, "windDispatchDownGWhROI": 1476, "windDispatchDownPctAllIsland": 13.4, "windDispatchDownGWhAllIsland": 2139, "installedWindMWROI": 5094.9, "quote": { "text": "the dispatch-down energy from wind resources was 1,476 GWh. This is equivalent to 11.4% of the total available wind energy", "page": 4, "source": "EirGrid/SONI Annual Renewable Energy Constraint and Curtailment Report 2025", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Annual-Renewable-Constraint-and-Curtailment-Report-2025-V1.0.pdf", "date": "2026-05", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2026-05_eirgrid-curtailment-2025.pdf", "verified": true }, "solarDispatchDownPctROI": 12.8, "solarDispatchDownGWhROI": 160, "solarQuote": { "text": "the total dispatch-down energy from solar generation in Ireland was 160 GWh. This is equivalent to 12.8% of total available solar energy", "page": 10, "source": "EirGrid/SONI Annual Renewable Energy Constraint and Curtailment Report 2025", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Annual-Renewable-Constraint-and-Curtailment-Report-2025-V1.0.pdf", "date": "2026-05", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2026-05_eirgrid-curtailment-2025.pdf", "verified": true } } ], "notes": [ "Dispatch-down = constraints (local network limits) + curtailment (system-wide limits such as SNSP, minimum conventional units, night-time oversupply), as % of available wind energy.", "Installed wind MW at year end: 2025 report Table 1 (PDF p11).", "All-renewables dispatch-down 2025: 10.4% Ireland, 12.0% all-island (2025 report p5)." ], "quotes": [ { "text": "the dispatch down level of all renewables on the island in 2025 was 12.0% (10.4% in Ireland and 19.0% in Northern Ireland)", "page": 5, "source": "EirGrid/SONI Annual Renewable Energy Constraint and Curtailment Report 2025", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Annual-Renewable-Constraint-and-Curtailment-Report-2025-V1.0.pdf", "date": "2026-05", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2026-05_eirgrid-curtailment-2025.pdf", "verified": true }, { "text": "In 2025, 191 MW was added to the wind installed capacity on the island.", "page": 11, "source": "EirGrid/SONI Annual Renewable Energy Constraint and Curtailment Report 2025", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Annual-Renewable-Constraint-and-Curtailment-Report-2025-V1.0.pdf", "date": "2026-05", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2026-05_eirgrid-curtailment-2025.pdf", "verified": true } ] } }, "dataCentreLens": { "overnightFloorShift": { "what": "Lowest-demand 10% of quarter-hours, 2019 vs last 12 months (ROI)", "bySource": { "demand": { "then": 2319, "now": 3250, "changeMW": 931 }, "wind": { "then": 780, "now": 1094, "changeMW": 314 }, "solar": { "then": 0, "now": 85, "changeMW": 85 }, "gasEst": { "then": 1331, "now": 1264, "changeMW": -67 }, "thermal": { "then": 1715, "now": 1478, "changeMW": -237 }, "allNetImports": { "then": -176, "now": 592, "changeMW": 768 } }, "dataCentreAvgMW": { "then": 284, "now": 875, "nowYear": 2025, "changeMW": 591 }, "note": "Data-centre MW = CSO annual GWh / 8,760 h (flat-load assumption). thermal = generation - wind - solar." }, "decomposition": [ { "from": 2015, "to": 2025, "demandChangeTWh": 7.4, "dataCentreChangeTWh": 6.42, "dataCentreShareOfDemandChangePct": 86.8, "bySource": [ { "source": "gas", "changeTWh": 2.41, "pctOfDemandChange": 32.6 }, { "source": "coal", "changeTWh": -4.06, "pctOfDemandChange": -54.9 }, { "source": "otherFossil", "changeTWh": -1.77, "pctOfDemandChange": -23.9 }, { "source": "wind", "changeTWh": 4.78, "pctOfDemandChange": 64.5 }, { "source": "solar", "changeTWh": 1.06, "pctOfDemandChange": 14.4 }, { "source": "hydro", "changeTWh": -0.2, "pctOfDemandChange": -2.6 }, { "source": "bioenergy", "changeTWh": 0.16, "pctOfDemandChange": 2.2 }, { "source": "netImports", "changeTWh": 5.01, "pctOfDemandChange": 67.7 } ], "note": "Ember: demand = domestic generation + net imports, so the changes add up to the demand change (rounding aside). Data-centre change is CSO MEC02 metered data-centre electricity." }, { "from": 2020, "to": 2025, "demandChangeTWh": 5.43, "dataCentreChangeTWh": 4.63, "dataCentreShareOfDemandChangePct": 85.3, "bySource": [ { "source": "gas", "changeTWh": -1.07, "pctOfDemandChange": -19.7 }, { "source": "coal", "changeTWh": 0.01, "pctOfDemandChange": 0.3 }, { "source": "otherFossil", "changeTWh": -1.21, "pctOfDemandChange": -22.2 }, { "source": "wind", "changeTWh": 0.24, "pctOfDemandChange": 4.4 }, { "source": "solar", "changeTWh": 1.06, "pctOfDemandChange": 19.6 }, { "source": "hydro", "changeTWh": -0.29, "pctOfDemandChange": -5.3 }, { "source": "bioenergy", "changeTWh": 0.48, "pctOfDemandChange": 8.8 }, { "source": "netImports", "changeTWh": 6.19, "pctOfDemandChange": 114.1 } ], "note": "Ember: demand = domestic generation + net imports, so the changes add up to the demand change (rounding aside). Data-centre change is CSO MEC02 metered data-centre electricity." }, { "from": 2022, "to": 2025, "demandChangeTWh": 3.13, "dataCentreChangeTWh": 2.39, "dataCentreShareOfDemandChangePct": 76.4, "bySource": [ { "source": "gas", "changeTWh": -1.43, "pctOfDemandChange": -45.6 }, { "source": "coal", "changeTWh": -2.02, "pctOfDemandChange": -64.7 }, { "source": "otherFossil", "changeTWh": -0.89, "pctOfDemandChange": -28.5 }, { "source": "wind", "changeTWh": 0.43, "pctOfDemandChange": 13.8 }, { "source": "solar", "changeTWh": 1.06, "pctOfDemandChange": 34.1 }, { "source": "hydro", "changeTWh": -0.06, "pctOfDemandChange": -1.9 }, { "source": "bioenergy", "changeTWh": 0.48, "pctOfDemandChange": 15.2 }, { "source": "netImports", "changeTWh": 5.55, "pctOfDemandChange": 177.6 } ], "note": "Ember: demand = domestic generation + net imports, so the changes add up to the demand change (rounding aside). Data-centre change is CSO MEC02 metered data-centre electricity." } ], "overnightVsPeak": [ { "label": "ROI, 2019", "from": "2019-01-01", "to": "2019-12-31", "hasSolar": false, "hasInterconnectorSplit": false, "residualMeans": "demand - generation: all net imports (EWIC + North-South tie-line), as the API has no interconnector values for this year", "gasFactor": 0.776, "all": { "demandMW": 3319, "windMW": 1084, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 2194, "gasEstMW": 1703, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 41, "shareOfDemandPct": { "wind": 32.7, "solar": 0.0, "thermal": 66.1, "gasEst": 51.3, "northSouthAndResidual": 1.2 }, "intervals": 35035 }, "demandFloorDecile": { "demandMW": 2319, "windMW": 780, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 1715, "gasEstMW": 1331, "northSouthAndResidualMW": -176, "shareOfDemandPct": { "wind": 33.7, "solar": 0.0, "thermal": 74.0, "gasEst": 57.4, "northSouthAndResidual": -7.6 }, "intervals": 3503 }, "demandPeakDecile": { "demandMW": 4297, "windMW": 1381, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 2746, "gasEstMW": 2131, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 170, "shareOfDemandPct": { "wind": 32.1, "solar": 0.0, "thermal": 63.9, "gasEst": 49.6, "northSouthAndResidual": 4.0 }, "intervals": 3503 }, "night01to06": { "demandMW": 2531, "windMW": 1013, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 1727, "gasEstMW": 1340, "northSouthAndResidualMW": -209, "shareOfDemandPct": { "wind": 40.0, "solar": 0.0, "thermal": 68.2, "gasEst": 53.0, "northSouthAndResidual": -8.3 }, "intervals": 7296 }, "day08to20": { "demandMW": 3729, "windMW": 1125, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 2433, "gasEstMW": 1888, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 171, "shareOfDemandPct": { "wind": 30.2, "solar": 0.0, "thermal": 65.2, "gasEst": 50.6, "northSouthAndResidual": 4.6 }, "intervals": 17519 }, "evening17to20": { "demandMW": 3902, "windMW": 1137, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 2611, "gasEstMW": 2026, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 155, "shareOfDemandPct": { "wind": 29.1, "solar": 0.0, "thermal": 66.9, "gasEst": 51.9, "northSouthAndResidual": 4.0 }, "intervals": 4380 }, "typicalDay": [ { "hour": 0, "demandMW": 2827, "windMW": 1049, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 1834, "gasEstMW": 1423, "northSouthAndResidualMW": -56 }, { "hour": 1, "demandMW": 2658, "windMW": 1043, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 1788, "gasEstMW": 1388, "northSouthAndResidualMW": -173 }, { "hour": 2, "demandMW": 2541, "windMW": 1019, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 1730, "gasEstMW": 1343, "northSouthAndResidualMW": -208 }, { "hour": 3, "demandMW": 2477, "windMW": 1000, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 1683, "gasEstMW": 1306, "northSouthAndResidualMW": -206 }, { "hour": 4, "demandMW": 2468, "windMW": 996, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 1677, "gasEstMW": 1301, "northSouthAndResidualMW": -205 }, { "hour": 5, "demandMW": 2511, "windMW": 1006, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 1758, "gasEstMW": 1364, "northSouthAndResidualMW": -253 }, { "hour": 6, "demandMW": 2730, "windMW": 1023, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 1967, "gasEstMW": 1527, "northSouthAndResidualMW": -260 }, { "hour": 7, "demandMW": 3151, "windMW": 1045, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 2172, "gasEstMW": 1686, "northSouthAndResidualMW": -67 }, { "hour": 8, "demandMW": 3460, "windMW": 1054, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 2317, "gasEstMW": 1798, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 90 }, { "hour": 9, "demandMW": 3627, "windMW": 1060, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 2415, "gasEstMW": 1874, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 152 }, { "hour": 10, "demandMW": 3694, "windMW": 1078, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 2417, "gasEstMW": 1876, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 199 }, { "hour": 11, "demandMW": 3726, "windMW": 1108, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 2409, "gasEstMW": 1870, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 209 }, { "hour": 12, "demandMW": 3750, "windMW": 1141, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 2398, "gasEstMW": 1861, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 211 }, { "hour": 13, "demandMW": 3713, "windMW": 1164, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 2345, "gasEstMW": 1819, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 204 }, { "hour": 14, "demandMW": 3663, "windMW": 1167, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 2304, "gasEstMW": 1788, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 192 }, { "hour": 15, "demandMW": 3662, "windMW": 1161, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 2318, "gasEstMW": 1799, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 183 }, { "hour": 16, "demandMW": 3751, "windMW": 1161, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 2442, "gasEstMW": 1895, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 147 }, { "hour": 17, "demandMW": 3924, "windMW": 1157, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 2610, "gasEstMW": 2026, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 157 }, { "hour": 18, "demandMW": 3943, "windMW": 1137, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 2635, "gasEstMW": 2045, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 171 }, { "hour": 19, "demandMW": 3840, "windMW": 1117, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 2588, "gasEstMW": 2008, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 136 }, { "hour": 20, "demandMW": 3703, "windMW": 1104, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 2487, "gasEstMW": 1930, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 113 }, { "hour": 21, "demandMW": 3535, "windMW": 1091, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 2350, "gasEstMW": 1824, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 94 }, { "hour": 22, "demandMW": 3274, "windMW": 1075, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 2117, "gasEstMW": 1643, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 82 }, { "hour": 23, "demandMW": 3035, "windMW": 1062, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 1906, "gasEstMW": 1480, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 67 } ], "troughToPeak": { "troughHour": 4, "peakHour": 18, "swingMW": 1475, "suppliedBy": { "wind": { "changeMW": 141, "pctOfSwing": 9.6 }, "solar": { "changeMW": 0, "pctOfSwing": 0.0 }, "thermal": { "changeMW": 958, "pctOfSwing": 64.9 }, "gasEst": { "changeMW": 744, "pctOfSwing": 50.4 }, "northSouthAndResidual": { "changeMW": 376, "pctOfSwing": 25.5 } } }, "withinDaySlopes": { "wind": 0.09, "solar": 0.0, "thermal": 0.61, "gasEst": 0.47, "northSouthAndResidual": 0.3 } }, { "label": "ROI, last 12 months", "from": "2025-10-01", "to": "2026-10-09", "hasSolar": true, "hasInterconnectorSplit": true, "residualMeans": "demand - generation - (EWIC + Greenlink): mostly the North-South tie-line", "gasFactor": 0.855, "all": { "demandMW": 4060, "windMW": 1353, "solarMW": 170, "thermalMW": 1823, "gasEstMW": 1559, "netImportsHVDCMW": 553, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 161, "shareOfDemandPct": { "wind": 33.3, "solar": 4.2, "thermal": 44.9, "gasEst": 38.4, "netImportsHVDC": 13.6, "northSouthAndResidual": 4.0 }, "intervals": 35900 }, "demandFloorDecile": { "demandMW": 3250, "windMW": 1094, "solarMW": 85, "thermalMW": 1478, "gasEstMW": 1264, "netImportsHVDCMW": 463, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 129, "shareOfDemandPct": { "wind": 33.7, "solar": 2.6, "thermal": 45.5, "gasEst": 38.9, "netImportsHVDC": 14.3, "northSouthAndResidual": 4.0 }, "intervals": 3590 }, "demandPeakDecile": { "demandMW": 5127, "windMW": 1752, "solarMW": 36, "thermalMW": 2535, "gasEstMW": 2168, "netImportsHVDCMW": 641, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 162, "shareOfDemandPct": { "wind": 34.2, "solar": 0.7, "thermal": 49.4, "gasEst": 42.3, "netImportsHVDC": 12.5, "northSouthAndResidual": 3.2 }, "intervals": 3590 }, "night01to06": { "demandMW": 3473, "windMW": 1304, "solarMW": 1, "thermalMW": 1599, "gasEstMW": 1368, "netImportsHVDCMW": 469, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 100, "shareOfDemandPct": { "wind": 37.5, "solar": 0.0, "thermal": 46.0, "gasEst": 39.4, "netImportsHVDC": 13.5, "northSouthAndResidual": 2.9 }, "intervals": 7476 }, "day08to20": { "demandMW": 4339, "windMW": 1371, "solarMW": 331, "thermalMW": 1894, "gasEstMW": 1620, "netImportsHVDCMW": 588, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 155, "shareOfDemandPct": { "wind": 31.6, "solar": 7.6, "thermal": 43.7, "gasEst": 37.3, "netImportsHVDC": 13.5, "northSouthAndResidual": 3.6 }, "intervals": 17952 }, "evening17to20": { "demandMW": 4595, "windMW": 1458, "solarMW": 172, "thermalMW": 2196, "gasEstMW": 1878, "netImportsHVDCMW": 589, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 180, "shareOfDemandPct": { "wind": 31.7, "solar": 3.8, "thermal": 47.8, "gasEst": 40.9, "netImportsHVDC": 12.8, "northSouthAndResidual": 3.9 }, "intervals": 4488 }, "typicalDay": [ { "hour": 0, "demandMW": 3685, "windMW": 1348, "solarMW": 1, "thermalMW": 1668, "gasEstMW": 1426, "netImportsHVDCMW": 513, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 155 }, { "hour": 1, "demandMW": 3539, "windMW": 1324, "solarMW": 1, "thermalMW": 1626, "gasEstMW": 1391, "netImportsHVDCMW": 484, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 104 }, { "hour": 2, "demandMW": 3542, "windMW": 1318, "solarMW": 1, "thermalMW": 1614, "gasEstMW": 1381, "netImportsHVDCMW": 510, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 99 }, { "hour": 3, "demandMW": 3480, "windMW": 1304, "solarMW": 1, "thermalMW": 1588, "gasEstMW": 1358, "netImportsHVDCMW": 498, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 89 }, { "hour": 4, "demandMW": 3400, "windMW": 1286, "solarMW": 0, "thermalMW": 1567, "gasEstMW": 1340, "netImportsHVDCMW": 454, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 93 }, { "hour": 5, "demandMW": 3405, "windMW": 1288, "solarMW": 1, "thermalMW": 1601, "gasEstMW": 1369, "netImportsHVDCMW": 401, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 113 }, { "hour": 6, "demandMW": 3612, "windMW": 1304, "solarMW": 16, "thermalMW": 1688, "gasEstMW": 1444, "netImportsHVDCMW": 428, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 176 }, { "hour": 7, "demandMW": 4006, "windMW": 1311, "solarMW": 63, "thermalMW": 1864, "gasEstMW": 1594, "netImportsHVDCMW": 553, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 215 }, { "hour": 8, "demandMW": 4247, "windMW": 1298, "solarMW": 160, "thermalMW": 1946, "gasEstMW": 1664, "netImportsHVDCMW": 640, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 203 }, { "hour": 9, "demandMW": 4338, "windMW": 1291, "solarMW": 289, "thermalMW": 1907, "gasEstMW": 1631, "netImportsHVDCMW": 667, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 184 }, { "hour": 10, "demandMW": 4306, "windMW": 1287, "solarMW": 392, "thermalMW": 1812, "gasEstMW": 1550, "netImportsHVDCMW": 641, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 175 }, { "hour": 11, "demandMW": 4257, "windMW": 1301, "solarMW": 452, "thermalMW": 1745, "gasEstMW": 1492, "netImportsHVDCMW": 609, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 150 }, { "hour": 12, "demandMW": 4228, "windMW": 1330, "solarMW": 476, "thermalMW": 1709, "gasEstMW": 1462, "netImportsHVDCMW": 588, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 124 }, { "hour": 13, "demandMW": 4190, "windMW": 1359, "solarMW": 474, "thermalMW": 1693, "gasEstMW": 1448, "netImportsHVDCMW": 568, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 96 }, { "hour": 14, "demandMW": 4158, "windMW": 1372, "solarMW": 452, "thermalMW": 1691, "gasEstMW": 1446, "netImportsHVDCMW": 544, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 99 }, { "hour": 15, "demandMW": 4204, "windMW": 1401, "solarMW": 408, "thermalMW": 1750, "gasEstMW": 1497, "netImportsHVDCMW": 516, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 129 }, { "hour": 16, "demandMW": 4349, "windMW": 1445, "solarMW": 349, "thermalMW": 1888, "gasEstMW": 1615, "netImportsHVDCMW": 514, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 153 }, { "hour": 17, "demandMW": 4559, "windMW": 1471, "solarMW": 269, "thermalMW": 2113, "gasEstMW": 1807, "netImportsHVDCMW": 554, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 153 }, { "hour": 18, "demandMW": 4629, "windMW": 1466, "solarMW": 169, "thermalMW": 2223, "gasEstMW": 1901, "netImportsHVDCMW": 592, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 179 }, { "hour": 19, "demandMW": 4597, "windMW": 1437, "solarMW": 79, "thermalMW": 2251, "gasEstMW": 1925, "netImportsHVDCMW": 620, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 209 }, { "hour": 20, "demandMW": 4496, "windMW": 1404, "solarMW": 25, "thermalMW": 2196, "gasEstMW": 1878, "netImportsHVDCMW": 640, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 231 }, { "hour": 21, "demandMW": 4320, "windMW": 1393, "solarMW": 5, "thermalMW": 2049, "gasEstMW": 1752, "netImportsHVDCMW": 627, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 246 }, { "hour": 22, "demandMW": 4048, "windMW": 1381, "solarMW": 1, "thermalMW": 1836, "gasEstMW": 1571, "netImportsHVDCMW": 575, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 255 }, { "hour": 23, "demandMW": 3847, "windMW": 1361, "solarMW": 1, "thermalMW": 1716, "gasEstMW": 1468, "netImportsHVDCMW": 539, "northSouthAndResidualMW": 231 } ], "troughToPeak": { "troughHour": 4, "peakHour": 18, "swingMW": 1229, "suppliedBy": { "wind": { "changeMW": 180, "pctOfSwing": 14.6 }, "solar": { "changeMW": 169, "pctOfSwing": 13.8 }, "thermal": { "changeMW": 656, "pctOfSwing": 53.4 }, "gasEst": { "changeMW": 561, "pctOfSwing": 45.6 }, "netImportsHVDC": { "changeMW": 138, "pctOfSwing": 11.2 }, "northSouthAndResidual": { "changeMW": 86, "pctOfSwing": 7.0 } } }, "withinDaySlopes": { "wind": 0.07, "solar": 0.11, "thermal": 0.56, "gasEst": 0.48, "netImportsHVDC": 0.19, "northSouthAndResidual": 0.07 } } ], "gasAttributableAverageBasis": { "rows": [ { "year": 2015, "dataCentreShareOfDemandPct": 4.6, "gasGenerationTWh": 11.48, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 42.2, "dcGasElectricityTWh": 0.52, "gasInputToPowerTWh": 22.12, "dcGasInputTWh": 1.01, "impliedGasPlantEfficiencyPct": 51.9 }, { "year": 2016, "dataCentreShareOfDemandPct": 5.3, "gasGenerationTWh": 14.23, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 51.1, "dcGasElectricityTWh": 0.76, "gasInputToPowerTWh": 27.3, "dcGasInputTWh": 1.45, "impliedGasPlantEfficiencyPct": 52.1 }, { "year": 2017, "dataCentreShareOfDemandPct": 6.2, "gasGenerationTWh": 14.56, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 51.3, "dcGasElectricityTWh": 0.9, "gasInputToPowerTWh": 28.25, "dcGasInputTWh": 1.76, "impliedGasPlantEfficiencyPct": 51.5 }, { "year": 2018, "dataCentreShareOfDemandPct": 7.5, "gasGenerationTWh": 14.87, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 50.8, "dcGasElectricityTWh": 1.11, "gasInputToPowerTWh": 28.68, "dcGasInputTWh": 2.14, "impliedGasPlantEfficiencyPct": 51.8 }, { "year": 2019, "dataCentreShareOfDemandPct": 8.6, "gasGenerationTWh": 14.83, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 51.2, "dcGasElectricityTWh": 1.27, "gasInputToPowerTWh": 29.38, "dcGasInputTWh": 2.52, "impliedGasPlantEfficiencyPct": 50.5 }, { "year": 2020, "dataCentreShareOfDemandPct": 10.4, "gasGenerationTWh": 14.96, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 51.3, "dcGasElectricityTWh": 1.55, "gasInputToPowerTWh": 29.91, "dcGasInputTWh": 3.11, "impliedGasPlantEfficiencyPct": 50.0 }, { "year": 2021, "dataCentreShareOfDemandPct": 13.1, "gasGenerationTWh": 13.91, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 45.3, "dcGasElectricityTWh": 1.82, "gasInputToPowerTWh": 27.29, "dcGasInputTWh": 3.56, "impliedGasPlantEfficiencyPct": 51.0 }, { "year": 2022, "dataCentreShareOfDemandPct": 16.8, "gasGenerationTWh": 15.32, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 48.7, "dcGasElectricityTWh": 2.57, "gasInputToPowerTWh": 30.21, "dcGasInputTWh": 5.06, "impliedGasPlantEfficiencyPct": 50.7 }, { "year": 2023, "dataCentreShareOfDemandPct": 19.6, "gasGenerationTWh": 14.21, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 44.0, "dcGasElectricityTWh": 2.79, "gasInputToPowerTWh": 28.16, "dcGasInputTWh": 5.52, "impliedGasPlantEfficiencyPct": 50.5 }, { "year": 2024, "dataCentreShareOfDemandPct": 20.8, "gasGenerationTWh": 14.01, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 41.7, "dcGasElectricityTWh": 2.91, "gasInputToPowerTWh": 28.16, "dcGasInputTWh": 5.85, "impliedGasPlantEfficiencyPct": 49.7 }, { "year": 2025, "dataCentreShareOfDemandPct": 22.1, "gasGenerationTWh": 13.89, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 40.2, "dcGasElectricityTWh": 3.08 } ], "assumption": "Average-basis attribution: data centres are assigned the national average supply mix, so their share of gas-fired output (and of gas burned for power) equals their share of electricity demand (CSO MEC02 data-centre GWh / Ember demand). This is an accounting convention, not a dispatch model: on a marginal basis the answer differs (see decomposition and overnightVsPeak).", "sources": { "gasInput": "SEAI, Energy in Ireland 2025, Table 4.1 (PDF p59)", "dataCentres": "https://data.cso.ie/table/MEC02", "generation": "https://ember-energy.org/data/monthly-electricity-data/" }, "quote": { "text": "Table 4.1: Energy input to electricity generation by energy type (share in brackets)", "page": 59, "source": "SEAI, Energy in Ireland 2025", "url": "https://www.seai.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Energy-in-Ireland-2025.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2025-12_seai-energy-in-ireland-2025.pdf", "verified": true } } }, "headlines": [ "2025: gas met 40.2% of Irish electricity demand, wind 32.7%, net imports 16.4%, solar 3.1%, coal 2.3% (Ember, share of demand).", "2015-2025: demand +7.4 TWh (data centres +6.42). Supplied by net imports +5.01, wind +4.78, gas +2.41, solar +1.06, while coal -4.06 and oil/peat -1.77 left.", "2020-2025: demand +5.43 TWh, data centres +4.63 TWh (85.3% of the growth). Net imports +6.19 TWh, wind +0.24, solar +1.06, gas -1.07: the extra power came from imports (EWIC, Greenlink, North-South tie), not Irish wind or gas.", "ROI, 2019: at the overnight demand floor (~2319 MW) gas supplied an estimated 57.4% vs 49.6% at the peak; within a day each extra MW of demand is met ~0.47 MW by gas.", "ROI, last 12 months: at the overnight demand floor (~3250 MW) gas supplied an estimated 38.9% vs 42.3% at the peak; within a day each extra MW of demand is met ~0.48 MW by gas.", "Overnight floor 2019 -> now: +931 MW (data centres +591 MW). Met by net imports +768 MW (from -176 to 592), wind +314, gas -67 (est.).", "2024, average basis: data centres (20.8% of demand) account for ~2.91 TWh of gas-fired electricity and ~5.85 TWh of the 28.16 TWh of gas burned for power (assumption: national average mix).", "2025: 11.4% of available Irish wind (1,476 GWh) was dispatched down, joint-highest with 2020 since 2015.", "EirGrid AIRAA 2026-35: Ireland short 1,010 MW in 2026 (base) / 1,420 MW (secure) before emergency measures; base turns to surplus from 2029, secure stays in deficit to 2035 except 2031." ], "caveats": [ "Full-year import shares: the canonical annual figure is Ember's yearly data (ember.irelandTrend; 2020 -0.5%, 2024 14.0%, 2025 16.4% of demand). The annual rows here sum Ember's monthly data, whose demand total differs, so some years differ (2020 -1.7%, 2024 14.4%). Use these rows for the fuel mix and the 2020-25 decomposition, and quote ember.irelandTrend for a year's import share.", "Ember's 'Ireland' is the Republic of Ireland. Ember monthly figures for the latest months are estimates and are revised; the current year is partial (see 'months').", "Ember 'Coal' in 2026 is small but non-zero: Moneypoint left the market in June 2025 and was retained as emergency back-up; any 2026 coal output is reported as Ember publishes it, unchecked against EirGrid.", "Ember shows zero bioenergy for Ireland in 2019-2023, a source gap; do not read a 2019-23 bioenergy trend.", "Shares here are of demand (domestic generation + net imports), not of generation, so they differ from Ember's own 'share of generation'.", "Data-centre electricity is CSO MEC02 (metered, ROI). Demand is Ember's (generation + net imports), which includes network losses; the two are not on an identical basis, so data-centre shares are approximate.", "The 15-minute 'gasEst' assumes gas is a constant share of non-wind, non-solar generation within the period (Ember: ~78% in 2019, ~86% in the last 12 months). At night oil/peat/hydro/pumped storage shares differ, so treat floor/peak gas shares as estimates.", "2019 15-minute data has no interconnector split (the API returns null), so 2019 imports sit inside the residual; 2019 had only EWIC (500 MW) plus the North-South tie-line.", "Year-to-year comparisons use single-year endpoints, so wind output (and therefore imports and gas) carries weather noise; the 2022->latest decomposition is included as a cross-check.", "Average-basis attribution gives data centres the national average mix. It is not a marginal or contractual (PPA) attribution and says nothing about whether data centres caused any specific gas plant to run.", "AIRAA surplus/deficit MW were read from chart data labels (no text layer); LOLE values are from text tables. AIRAA data freeze 30 June 2025: later auctions and TEG are outside the central case.", "System-alert counts are assembled from PQ answers, EirGrid Winter Outlooks and one news report; windows differ (calendar year, winter, rolling 12 months) and should not be summed. Counts marked secondary come from press reporting of EirGrid figures." ] }, "ml_hidden_dc": { "title": "Data centres hiding in the planning register", "source": "PlanSight mirror of the Irish planning register (planningregister.ie), all councils; OpenStreetMap 220/400 kV substations; the site's data-centre directory for labels", "asOf": "2026-10-03", "method": "Positive-unlabelled text classifier. Labels: applications whose description says data centre / data hall / data storage facility (the site's filter). Those words are masked out, so the model learns the other language of data-centre applications (ICT facility, generators, substations, plant, applicant names). TF-IDF word 1-2 grams of description and applicant + floor area + distance to 220/400 kV substations and to known data-centre applications; L2 logistic regression with 5-fold out-of-fold scores. The top 60 were read by hand; the phrases they revealed became a small lexicon whose hits were read too. A text-only ranking away from known clusters looks for new places.", "metrics": { "applicationsScored": 507741, "knownPositives": 131, "crossValidation": { "textOnly": { "rocAuc": 0.9941, "averagePrecision": 0.6714, "knownRecallTop500": 0.817, "knownRecallTop2000": 0.916, "medianRankOfKnown": 76 }, "textPlusLocation": { "rocAuc": 0.9983, "averagePrecision": 0.6999, "knownRecallTop500": 0.84, "knownRecallTop2000": 0.939, "medianRankOfKnown": 73 } }, "unlabelledAboveThreshold": { "0.5": 119, "0.9": 38 }, "precisionAt": [ { "k": 10, "list": "rank", "confirmed": 9, "likely": 1, "precisionStrict": 0.9, "precisionInclLikely": 1.0 }, { "k": 25, "list": "rank", "confirmed": 21, "likely": 2, "precisionStrict": 0.84, "precisionInclLikely": 0.92 }, { "k": 50, "list": "rank", "confirmed": 37, "likely": 6, "precisionStrict": 0.74, "precisionInclLikely": 0.86 }, { "k": 60, "list": "rank", "confirmed": 44, "likely": 6, "precisionStrict": 0.73, "precisionInclLikely": 0.83 }, { "k": 20, "list": "rankNewPlace", "confirmed": 2, "likely": 1, "precisionStrict": 0.1, "precisionInclLikely": 0.15 } ], "lexicon": { "hits": 27, "inModelTop400": 21, "confirmed": 26, "likely": 1, "unreviewed": 0 }, "newApplicationsFound": { "confirmed": 61, "likely": 8 }, "campusesGivenFirstPlanningRecord": [ "amazon-aws-blanchardstown", "grange-castle-operator-not-identified-2" ] }, "topWeights": [ [ "desc:generators", 9.89 ], [ "desc:plant", 9.69 ], [ "desc:office space", 6.76 ], [ "desc:compound", 6.54 ], [ "desc:buildings", 6.46 ], [ "desc:containing office", 6.11 ], [ "desc:plant area", 5.68 ], [ "desc:construction buildings", 5.64 ], [ "desc:construction building", 5.47 ], [ "desc:building", 5.26 ], [ "desc:construction associated", 5.18 ], [ "desc:exit doors", 4.89 ], [ "applicant:mchale partnership", 4.81 ], [ "desc:industrial warehouse", 4.7 ], [ "desc:energy", 4.65 ], [ "desc:r121", 4.64 ], [ "desc:application", 4.64 ], [ "desc:fence", 4.49 ], [ "desc:use warehouse", 4.42 ], [ "desc:building sq", 4.41 ], [ "desc:eiar", 4.38 ], [ "desc:campus", 4.36 ], [ "desc:eiar submitted", 4.34 ], [ "desc:logistics unit", 4.33 ], [ "applicant:mchale", 4.27 ] ], "candidates": [ { "rank": 1, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD14A/0194", "score": 0.9998, "scoreTextOnly": 0.9999, "lexicon": "data capacity", "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Microsoft; text gives 'data capacity' 32 MW -> 17.6 MW", "applicant": "Microsoft Operations Ireland Ltd.", "received": "2014-09-17", "decision": "Grant Permission", "floorArea": 31828.0, "lat": 53.32207, "lng": -6.44352, "address": "Grangecastle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22.", "description": "Development consists of alterations and additions to previously approved development under Reg. Ref. SD13A/0265 to provide for: a reduction in the gross floor area of the permitted building from 35,000sq.m (with a data capacity of 32 MW) to 21,350sq.m (data capacity 17.6 MW). The altered building will include an administration area with office space of 2,225sq.m. As a result, permitted elevations will be altered and the number of flues reduced from 9 to 5. The finished floor level (of 71m OD and the height of flues (of 25m at 95.85m OD) to the permitted (altered) building will be developed as ", "kmTo220kV": 0.7, "kmToKnownDC": 0.0, "nearestCampus": "microsoft-grange-castle", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "applicant:microsoft", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "applicant:operations", "applicant:microsoft operations" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD14A/0194" }, { "rank": 2, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD22A/0105", "score": 0.9992, "scoreTextOnly": 0.9993, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "EdgeConneX campus GIS substation", "applicant": "EdgeConnex Ireland Limited", "received": "2022-04-14", "decision": "Grant Permission", "floorArea": 1687.0, "lat": 53.32803, "lng": -6.45983, "address": "Site within the townland of Ballymakaily, West of Newcastle Road (R120), Lucan, Co. Dublin", "description": "Amendments to the electrical substation compound and structures permitted under Reg. Ref. SD19A/0042 and ABP Ref. 305948-19 comprising of amendment to the layout and extent of the permitted substation compound, to include an extension of the compound area to c. 0.77 hectares; reorientation of the Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) substation building to a north\u00adsouth orientation, and associated amendments to the building footprint, layout, and elevations, providing for a two storey building with a gross floor area (GFA) of c. 1,456 sq.m; alterations to the permitted single storey Client Control Bu", "kmTo220kV": 1.2, "kmToKnownDC": 0.05, "nearestCampus": "edgeconnex-newcastle-road-lucan", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "applicant:edgeconnex ireland", "applicant:edgeconnex", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:compound" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD22A/0105" }, { "rank": 3, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD19A/0342", "score": 0.9988, "scoreTextOnly": 0.9974, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "EdgeConneX temporary gas generation plant (12 units)", "applicant": "EdgeConneX Ireland Ltd.", "received": "2019-11-01", "decision": "Grant Permission for Retention", "floorArea": null, "lat": 53.32825, "lng": -6.45301, "address": "Grange Castle, Lucan, Co. Dublin", "description": "Retention and continuance of the use for a further two years of the temporary gas powered generation plant which is located to the rear of the Takeda Ireland complex, is sited within a walled yard of 2,836sq.m containing 12 generator units with associated flues (each 15m high) which was permitted for a period of three years on the 10th January 2017 under Condition no.3 of permission granted under Reg. Ref. SD16A/0345; vehicular access to the generation plant will remain from the permitted service road into the EdgeConneX site and Grange Castle Business Park as originally permitted.", "kmTo220kV": 1.3, "kmToKnownDC": 0.05, "nearestCampus": "edgeconnex-newcastle-road-lucan", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "applicant:edgeconnex ireland", "applicant:edgeconnex", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:plant" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD19A/0342" }, { "rank": 4, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD08A/0496", "score": 0.9986, "scoreTextOnly": 0.9982, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Microsoft; modifies SD07A/0632 (a directory data-centre ref)", "applicant": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "received": "2008-07-16", "decision": "Grant Permission", "floorArea": 2186.0, "lat": 53.32457, "lng": -6.45377, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22.", "description": "Modifications to previously approved reg ref SD07A/0632 ; (a) lowering of office parapet from 81.125 OD to 80.125 OD; (b) change in configuration to the lift motor room to the office area; (c) raising the flues from 93.125 OD to 97.50 OD (Maximum agreed with Air Corp under previous application); (d) omission of two strip window to the south elevation of the office area; (e) reduction in the areas of stairs towers number 3,4,5,6 and 7; (f) addition of louvers to return walls of stair towers 3,4,5,6 and 7; (g) increase in area of the electrical rooms to level 2 by 1,916 sq.m; (h) reduction in th", "kmTo220kV": 0.9, "kmToKnownDC": 0.0, "nearestCampus": "grange-castle-operator-not-identified-2", "campusHadPlanningRef": false, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "applicant:microsoft", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "applicant:operations", "applicant:operations limited" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD08A/0496" }, { "rank": 5, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD20A/0309/EP", "score": 0.9986, "scoreTextOnly": 0.9981, "lexicon": "information and communications technology (ICT) Facilit", "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Crag Digital (Echelon) 4 ICT facility buildings, extension of duration", "applicant": "Crag Digital Limited", "received": "2026-04-27", "decision": "Grant Extension of Duration of Permission", "floorArea": null, "lat": 53.33071, "lng": -6.38317, "address": "3-4, Crag Avenue, Clondalkin Industrial Estate, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "Provision of 4 new information and communications technology (ICT) Facility buildings and associated development at the subject site, superseding elements of the extant planning permissions on site (Reg. Ref.: SD18A/0068 and Reg, Ref.: SD19A/0185). The application site is subject to an EPA Industrial Emissions Licence (Ref. No,: P1113-01) relating to the Energy Centre permitted on site, The single storey Energy Centre, gas pressure reduction station, and 110kV Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) substation permitted under Reg, Ref.: SD18AI0068 and Reg. Ref.: SD19AI0185 will be constructed as previo", "kmTo220kV": 2.9, "kmToKnownDC": 0.01, "nearestCampus": "echelon-crag-avenue-clondalkin", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "log known DC applications within 1 km", "applicant:digital", "applicant:digital limited", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:plant" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD20A/0309/EP" }, { "rank": 6, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD09A/0376", "score": 0.9982, "scoreTextOnly": 0.997, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Microsoft; generator rooms, modifies SD07A/0632", "applicant": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "received": "2009-09-22", "decision": "Grant Permission & Grant Retention", "floorArea": 496.0, "lat": 53.32457, "lng": -6.45377, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "Modifications to previously approved planning references numbered SD07A/0632 and SD08A/0496 to include the following:- In phase one to retain and complete:- (a) extension of the eastern generator room (ground floor) by 1m and movement of the of room by a distance of 1.45m to the northeast - this extension increases the area of the generator room by 103sq.m. (relocation of the external wall to the northeast by 2.45m); (b) additional louvers adjacent to stair core 6 (central stair core on the southwest facing elevation of the building); (c) the approved flues screening to the airway over the nor", "kmTo220kV": 0.9, "kmToKnownDC": 0.0, "nearestCampus": "grange-castle-operator-not-identified-2", "campusHadPlanningRef": false, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "applicant:microsoft", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "applicant:operations", "applicant:operations limited" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD09A/0376" }, { "rank": 7, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD23A/0035", "score": 0.9969, "scoreTextOnly": 0.988, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Vantage DUB11 battery storage building", "applicant": "Vantage Data Centers DUB11 Ltd", "received": "2023-05-19", "decision": "Grant Permission", "floorArea": 435.6, "lat": 53.31675, "lng": -6.44424, "address": "On lands to the south of the New Nagor Road, Dublin 22", "description": "Amendment and modification of SD21A/0241 including the replacement of the permitted 2 sprinkler tanks and pump room with a two storey battery energy storage system (435.56sq.m) over a single level basement that will contain a sprinkler system, water tanks and pump room that will serve the overall permitted development as granted under Ref. SD21A/0241; A single additional car parking space will be provided adjacent to the new building that will be accessed via permitted access road from Falcon Avenue within Profile Park that was granted under Ref. SD21A/0241; 2 new transformers to be located to", "kmTo220kV": 0.4, "kmToKnownDC": 0.0, "nearestCampus": "vantage-profile-park", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "applicant:vantage", "desc:compound", "desc:pump" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD23A/0035" }, { "rank": 8, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD20A/0309", "score": 0.9958, "scoreTextOnly": 0.9986, "lexicon": "information and communications technology (ICT) Facilit", "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Crag Digital (Echelon) 4 ICT facility buildings", "applicant": "Crag Digital Ltd.", "received": "2021-02-24", "decision": "Grant Permission", "floorArea": 47714.5, "lat": 53.33071, "lng": -6.38317, "address": "3-4, Crag Avenue, Clondalkin Industrial Estate, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "Provision of 4 new information and communications technology (ICT) Facility buildings and associated development at the subject site, superseding elements of the extant planning permissions on site (Reg. Ref.: SD18A/0068 and Reg, Ref.: SD19A/0185). The application site is subject to an EPA Industrial Emissions Licence (Ref. No,: P1113-01) relating to the Energy Centre permitted on site, The single storey Energy Centre, gas pressure reduction station, and 110kV Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) substation permitted under Reg, Ref.: SD18AI0068 and Reg. Ref.: SD19AI0185 will be constructed as previo", "kmTo220kV": 2.9, "kmToKnownDC": 0.01, "nearestCampus": "echelon-crag-avenue-clondalkin", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "log known DC applications within 1 km", "applicant:digital", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:plant", "desc:generators" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD20A/0309" }, { "rank": 9, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD23A/0291", "score": 0.9938, "scoreTextOnly": 0.9828, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Vantage DUB11 amendment", "applicant": "Vantage Data Centres DUB11 Ltd", "received": "2024-02-02", "decision": "Grant Permission", "floorArea": 58.8, "lat": 53.31652, "lng": -6.44292, "address": "Site at Profile Park, south of new Nangor Road (R134), within the townlands of Kilbride & Ballybane, Dublin 22", "description": "The application site comprises an area of c. 0.15 hectares. The proposed development comprises an alteration to planning permission Reg. Ref. SD21A/0241, as amended by Reg Ref SD23A/0035. There is a separate application under consideration under Reg Ref SD23A/0203 for the provision of a temporary medium voltage substation on lands to the southeast of the application site. The proposed development (for which a temporary 3-year permission is sought) will comprise the following: Construction of a temporary power generation compound, comprising 24 no. generators (to be powered by hydrogenated vege", "kmTo220kV": 0.5, "kmToKnownDC": 0.09, "nearestCampus": "vantage-profile-park", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "desc:generators", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "applicant:vantage", "desc:compound" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD23A/0291" }, { "rank": 11, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD16A/0176", "score": 0.9895, "scoreTextOnly": 0.9324, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "EdgeConneX enabling works", "applicant": "EdgeConnex Ireland Ltd", "received": "2016-05-25", "decision": "Grant Permission", "floorArea": 0.0, "lat": 53.32736, "lng": -6.45413, "address": "The Grange, Ballymakaily, Newcastle Road, Lucan, Co. Dublin.", "description": "Enabling works to facilitate the future development of the site. Enabling works will include the demolition of the existing storage and outbuildings (3,118sqm) and other temporary buildings on the site; and it\u2019s clearing as well as the diversion of existing services, including existing culvert, that traverse the site; and to level the site for future development.", "kmTo220kV": 1.2, "kmToKnownDC": 0.06, "nearestCampus": "edgeconnex-newcastle-road-lucan", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "applicant:edgeconnex ireland", "applicant:edgeconnex", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:buildings" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD16A/0176" }, { "rank": 12, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD14A/0232", "score": 0.988, "scoreTextOnly": 0.9711, "lexicon": "electrical rooms for electronic operations", "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "'electrical rooms for electronic operations', 11,700 m2, fuel tank farm, next to Amazon (ADSIL) Greenhills complex", "applicant": null, "received": "2014-11-04", "decision": "Grant Permission", "floorArea": 11920.0, "lat": 53.2961, "lng": -6.35032, "address": "Former Shinko Building, Greenhills Road, Tallaght, Dublin 24", "description": "Construction of a new two storey c.11,700sq.m building for use as electrical rooms for electronic operations, mechanical plant rooms and support areas including a loading bay, offices and welfare facilities; mechanical plant at roof level is screened from view on all sides; a new 50sq.m electrical substation; a new plant array along the east site boundary including an electrical substation transformer compound; a 90sq.m electrical substation control room; a diesel fuel tank farm and loading bay; a 10sq.m fuel pump house; a sprinkler water tank; a 70sq.m water pump house; a humidifier water tan", "kmTo220kV": 4.2, "kmToKnownDC": 0.08, "nearestCampus": "amazon-aws-greenhills-road-tallaght", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "desc:plant", "log known DC applications within 1 km", "desc:buildings", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:substation" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD14A/0232" }, { "rank": 13, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "WICKLOW", "ref": "23843", "score": 0.9859, "scoreTextOnly": 0.6817, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Echelon Arklow (Avoca River Park) energy centre: 8 gas turbines; amends 21/1080", "applicant": null, "received": "2023-11-17", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "floorArea": 0.0, "lat": 52.81142, "lng": -6.17386, "address": "Site at Avoca River Park , Arklow , Co. Wicklow", "description": "proposed development. The proposed development includes an amendment to the development permitted under Reg. Ref. 21/1080, The proposed development will consist of the following to facilitate the above. Demolition of the existing structures on the western part of the site that comprises 4 no. industrial commercial buildings, an associated hut / outbuilding, a gas enclosure, and a tank with bund wall. The removal of the remains of a previously demolished building, areas of hard standing, and existing surface treatments. The relocation of the Energy Centre 1 to the western part of the site, whic", "kmTo220kV": 1.8, "kmToKnownDC": 0.08, "nearestCampus": "echelon-arklow", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:generators", "desc:compound", "desc:energy centre" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/wicklow/23843" }, { "rank": 14, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD22A/0289", "score": 0.9829, "scoreTextOnly": 0.9356, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "EdgeConneX gas plant condition", "applicant": "EdgeConneX Ireland Limited", "received": "2022-06-27", "decision": "Grant Permission", "floorArea": 0.0, "lat": 53.32754, "lng": -6.46007, "address": "Site within the townland of Ballymakaily, West of Newcastle Road (R120), Lucan, Co. Dublin", "description": "The development will consist of the amendment of Condition no. 3 (ii) and 3 (iii) of the permission granted under Reg. Ref. SO21A/0042 that related to the Gas Plant of the overall permitted development only. An EPA \u00adIndustrial Emissions (IE) licence will be applied for to facilitate the operation of the Gas Plant that is subject of this amendment application.", "kmTo220kV": 1.2, "kmToKnownDC": 0.0, "nearestCampus": "edgeconnex-newcastle-road-lucan", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "applicant:edgeconnex ireland", "applicant:edgeconnex", "desc:plant", "log km to 220/400 kV substation" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD22A/0289" }, { "rank": 15, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW21A/0009", "score": 0.9822, "scoreTextOnly": 0.9142, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "K2 Strategic substation switchgear at its Ballycoolin data centre", "applicant": "K2 Strategic Infrastructure Ireland Ltd", "received": "2021-01-26", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "floorArea": 0.0, "lat": 53.40622, "lng": -6.35675, "address": "Ballycoolin Business Park, Ballycoolin Road, Dublin 15", "description": "Permission for provision of an additional single storey modular switchgear building within the substation compound with a gross floor area of c. 46 sq.m.; Provision of 2 no. additional electrical tr", "kmTo220kV": 1.6, "kmToKnownDC": 0.04, "nearestCampus": "gemini-dc-fund-ballycoolin", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "desc:compound", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "applicant:strategic infrastructure", "applicant:k2 strategic" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW21A/0009" }, { "rank": 17, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD16A/0093", "score": 0.9724, "scoreTextOnly": 0.9892, "lexicon": "electrical rooms for electronic operations", "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "former Jacob's factory, Belgard Rd: 'electrical rooms for electronic operations', back-up generators; same site as Amazon's SD18A/0219 'data storage centre'", "applicant": null, "received": "2016-05-16", "decision": "Grant Permission", "floorArea": 22147.0, "lat": 53.29563, "lng": -6.36795, "address": "former Jacobs/Allied Biscuits Site, Belgard Road, Tallaght, Dublin 24", "description": "(1) The redevelopment of the former single storey c. 20,892sq.m Jacob's factory building for use as electrical rooms for electronic operations, mechanical plant rooms and support areas including loading bays, stores, offices and welfare facilities. The development will also contain new external plant areas including; (2) back up generators; (3) two electrical substations; (4) an electrical transformer compound with associated control rooms; (5) a sprinkler water tank and pump house; (6) a humidifier water tank compound and pump house; (7) a fuel tank compound and pump house; (8) a security ent", "kmTo220kV": 4.6, "kmToKnownDC": 1.11, "nearestCampus": "amazon-aws-belgard-tallaght", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "desc:generators", "desc:plant", "desc:compound", "desc:buildings", "log km to 220/400 kV substation" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD16A/0093" }, { "rank": 19, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD14A/0284", "score": 0.966, "scoreTextOnly": 0.909, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Google; alters SD14A/0023 (a directory data-centre ref)", "applicant": "Google Ireland Ltd.", "received": "2014-12-19", "decision": "Grant Permission", "floorArea": 253.0, "lat": 53.31407, "lng": -6.45102, "address": "Townlands of Aungierstown & Ballybane, lying to the west of the existing facility in Newcastle, Clondalkin, Dublin 22.", "description": "Alterations to previously granted Reg. Ref. SD14A/0023 consisting of alterations to the position of the security gatehouse and security gates, internal roads layout, attenuation ponds, access road to the two storey substation; alterations to the double height warehouse elevations plus an additional internal mezzanine level (floor area 165sq.m); alterations to the single storey substation building (increase in additional floor area of 88sq.m and compound area; alterations to the height of the Load Bank Garage Building; additional 27 car parking spaces; removal of previously granted MV substatio", "kmTo220kV": 0.3, "kmToKnownDC": 0.0, "nearestCampus": "google-grange-castle-south", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "applicant:google", "applicant:google ireland", "desc:substation" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD14A/0284" }, { "rank": 21, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD25A/0071W", "score": 0.965, "scoreTextOnly": 0.974, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Microsoft campus, adjoining its substation", "applicant": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Ltd.", "received": "2025-03-25", "decision": "Grant Permission", "floorArea": 401.0, "lat": 53.32391, "lng": -6.44601, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, New Nangor Road (R134), Clondalkin, Dublin 22, D22F1W8", "description": "PERMISSION for development at this site at Grange Castle Business Park. The site is located within the Microsoft Grange Castle Campus and adjoining the existing substation. The development will consist of revisions to parent permission SDCC Reg. Ref. SD24A/0188W to include the following: Removal of internal mezzanine floor level (175sqm). Removal of internal staircase. Introduction of external staircase to be located adjacent the south fa\u00e7ade and enclosed in screening panels. All other developments as permitted under the SDCC Reg. Ref. SD24A/0188W: A permitted storage facility (approx. c.401sq", "kmTo220kV": 0.8, "kmToKnownDC": 0.24, "nearestCampus": "microsoft-grange-castle", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "applicant:microsoft", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "applicant:operations", "applicant:microsoft ireland" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD25A/0071W" }, { "rank": 22, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "WICKLOW", "ref": "2560594", "score": 0.9649, "scoreTextOnly": 0.4544, "lexicon": "ICT facilit", "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "ICT facility buildings (36,655 m2 + 2 x 4,428 m2), Avoca River Park, Arklow", "applicant": null, "received": "2025-08-01", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "floorArea": 0.0, "lat": 52.80899, "lng": -6.174, "address": "Site located at and to the east of Avoca River Park , Arklow , Co. Wicklow", "description": "\u2022 1 no. ICT facility building with a gross floor area (GFA) of c. 36,655 sq.m and a total parapet height of c.19.5m. \u2022 2 no. ICT facilities each with a GFA of c. 4,428 sq.m and a total parapet height of c. 10.5m. \u2022 Each of the ICT facilities will accommodate ICT equipment rooms, external mechanical equipment areas, electrical equipment rooms, network rooms, ancillary office space, storage and loading bays; \u2022 The construction of a solar farm development consisting of photovoltaic (PV) panel arrays covering an area of approximately c. 2.7 ha in the east of the site, on ground mounted steel frame", "kmTo220kV": 1.9, "kmToKnownDC": 0.21, "nearestCampus": "echelon-arklow", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:office space", "desc:rooms", "desc:compound" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/wicklow/2560594" }, { "rank": 23, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW20A/0181", "score": 0.9642, "scoreTextOnly": 0.9377, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "K2 Strategic; amends FW19A/0089 (directory data-centre ref)", "applicant": "K2 Strategic Infrastructure Ireland Ltd.", "received": "2020-10-21", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "floorArea": 0.0, "lat": 53.40757, "lng": -6.36349, "address": "Site at Ballycoolin Business Park, Ballycoolin Road, Dublin 15", "description": "Permission for development comprising amendments to the development permitted under Reg Ref.: FW19A/0089, a ten-year permission. The application site is bound to the south west by Ballycoolin Road, to", "kmTo220kV": 1.3, "kmToKnownDC": 0.01, "nearestCampus": "k2-strategic-ballycoolin", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "applicant:k2", "applicant:k2 strategic", "applicant:strategic infrastructure" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW20A/0181" }, { "rank": 24, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD24A/0188W", "score": 0.9599, "scoreTextOnly": 0.9669, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Microsoft campus storage building beside substation", "applicant": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Ltd.", "received": "2024-07-31", "decision": "Grant Permission", "floorArea": 401.0, "lat": 53.32391, "lng": -6.44601, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, New Nangor Road (R134), Clondalkin, Dublin 22, D22F1W8", "description": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Ltd. intend to apply for PERMISSION for development at this site at Grange Castle Business Park, New Nangor Road (R134), Clondalkin, Dublin 22. The site is located within the Microsoft Grange Castle Campus and adjoining the existing substation. The development will consist of a storage facility (approx. c.401sqm and c.14m in height) and set down area to house machinery for the ongoing maintenance of the existing Microsoft Grange Castle Campus. All associated landscaping, site development works, site lighting, boundary treatments and all other ancillary works.", "kmTo220kV": 0.8, "kmToKnownDC": 0.24, "nearestCampus": "microsoft-grange-castle", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "applicant:microsoft", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "applicant:operations", "applicant:microsoft ireland" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD24A/0188W" }, { "rank": 25, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD20A/0324/EP", "score": 0.9578, "scoreTextOnly": 0.7048, "lexicon": "ICT) facilit", "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Data & Power Hub: 2 ICT facility buildings, Milltown/Peamount", "applicant": "Data & Power Hub Services Limited", "received": "2026-04-15", "decision": "Grant Extension of Duration of Permission", "floorArea": null, "lat": 53.32029, "lng": -6.46622, "address": "Within the townland of Milltown, located to the north of Peamount Road (R120), Newcastle, Co. Dublin", "description": "Demolition of existing two storey dwelling of 'Bulmer' and associated outbuildings and demolition of the existing single storey house of 'Little Acre' and its associated garage and other buildings; demolition of single storey stable building on the overall site; construction of 2 two storey Information Communication Technology (ICT) facilities each with three storey plant levels and associated ancillary development which will have a gross floor area of 30,518sq.m on an overall site of 8.2 hectares; 1 two storey ICT facility (building A) will be located to the south-east of the site and will ha", "kmTo220kV": 1.2, "kmToKnownDC": 0.77, "nearestCampus": "data-power-hub-peamount-newcastle", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "desc:generators", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:plant", "desc:compound" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD20A/0324/EP" }, { "rank": 26, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "ED24/0062", "score": 0.9572, "scoreTextOnly": 0.8212, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Equinix generator compounds, Kilcarbery", "applicant": "Equinix Ireland Ltd", "received": "2024-10-31", "decision": "Declared Exempt", "floorArea": 148.0, "lat": 53.31855, "lng": -6.44078, "address": "Unit 7, Kilcarbery Business Park, New Nangor Road, Ballybane, Dublin 22", "description": "The development will consist of two basic canopy shelters which are to be erected directly above two existing generator compounds for weather protection and maintenance. The canopy design and materials are chosen to have minimal impact on the external appearance.", "kmTo220kV": 0.6, "kmToKnownDC": 0.19, "nearestCampus": "equinix-profile-park", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "applicant:equinix ireland", "applicant:equinix", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:compounds" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/ED24/0062" }, { "rank": 27, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD22A/0025", "score": 0.9561, "scoreTextOnly": 0.1737, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "EdgeConneX temporary gas plant retention (same plant as SD19A/0342; applicant blank)", "applicant": null, "received": "2022-01-31", "decision": "Grant Permission", "floorArea": null, "lat": 53.32872, "lng": -6.45289, "address": "Takeda Ireland Limited, Grange Castle Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "Retention and continuance of the use for a further two years of the temporary gas powered generation plant, that is located to the rear of the Takeda Ireland complex, that is sited within a walled year of 2,836sq.m containing 12 generator units with associated flues (each 15m high), which was permitted initially for a period of three years under Reg Ref. SD16A/0345 and was subsequently extended for an additional period of 2 years from the 4th February 2020 under Condition no. 2 of permission granted under SD19A/0342 Vehicular access to the generation plan will remain from the permitted service", "kmTo220kV": 1.4, "kmToKnownDC": 0.05, "nearestCampus": "edgeconnex-newcastle-road-lucan", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:plant", "desc:generator", "desc:permitted" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD22A/0025" }, { "rank": 28, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "MEATH", "ref": "RA191560", "score": 0.9541, "scoreTextOnly": 0.9413, "lexicon": "data storage building", "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "4 'data storage buildings' 92,172 m2 + energy centre, Bracetown (the directory's SDC-EN Bracetown campus, which had no planning ref)", "applicant": null, "received": "2019-11-22", "decision": "N/A", "floorArea": 0.0, "lat": 53.42845, "lng": -6.45413, "address": "Bracetown & Gunnocks , To the North Of Clonee , Co. Meath", "description": "the development being applied for consists of the following to be constructed in a minimum of four phases: The construction of 4 number 2 storey data storage buildings with a combined gross floor area of c. 92, 172 sq.m, associated single storey energy centre with a grass floor area of c. 8,906 sq.m with an ancillary 1 storey MV operations building with part basement with a gross floor area of c. 1,016 sq.m, EngineNode 2 storey offices with a gross floor area of 736 sq.m. The data Storage Campus shall comprise of the following uses: offices, canteen, computer and associated support areas, elec", "kmTo220kV": 0.9, "kmToKnownDC": 1.41, "nearestCampus": "sdc-en-bracetown", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:energy centre", "desc:plant", "desc:energy", "desc:generator" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/meath/RA191560" }, { "rank": 29, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD25A/0251W", "score": 0.9532, "scoreTextOnly": 0.9332, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Microsoft access road for its Regional Network Gateway, described in SD25A/0035W as 'supporting infrastructure for the MS data centres'", "applicant": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Ltd.", "received": "2025-10-14", "decision": "Grant Permission", "floorArea": 23.0, "lat": 53.3133, "lng": -6.4596, "address": "Lands located at Castlebaggot, in the townland of Kilmactalway, Newcastle, Co. Dublin", "description": "The proposed development seeks to provide a temporary construction access road including entrance from Baldonnel Road to provide for the construction of a Regional Network Gateway (RNG) facility permitted under South Dublin County Council Reg. Ref. SD25A/0035W. The works will also involve the temporary provision of a security hut, security gate, vehicle set down area, associated fencing, lighting, civils, drainage, and landscaping works. The temporary works will be removed and lands reinstated to their former use when the construction of the RNG facility is complete.", "kmTo220kV": 0.8, "kmToKnownDC": 0.07, "nearestCampus": "cyrusone-grange-castle-south", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "applicant:microsoft", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "applicant:operations", "applicant:microsoft ireland" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD25A/0251W" }, { "rank": 31, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD19A/0004", "score": 0.9368, "scoreTextOnly": 0.7361, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "EdgeConneX enabling works", "applicant": "EdgeConneX Ireland Ltd.", "received": "2019-03-20", "decision": "Grant Permission", "floorArea": null, "lat": 53.32611, "lng": -6.46056, "address": "Ballymakaily, Lucan, Co. Dublin", "description": "Enabling works to facilitate the future development of the site; topsoil strip and a cut and fill operation across the site; temporary construction access will be created off the R120 to facilitate the works within the townland of Ballymakaily to the west of the Newcastle Road (R120).", "kmTo220kV": 1.3, "kmToKnownDC": 0.02, "nearestCampus": "edgeconnex-newcastle-road-lucan", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "applicant:edgeconnex ireland", "applicant:edgeconnex", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:created" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD19A/0004" }, { "rank": 34, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD25A/0102W", "score": 0.9144, "scoreTextOnly": 0.6312, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Vantage DUB11 amendments", "applicant": "Vantage Data Centers Dub11 Ltd", "received": "2025-04-30", "decision": "Grant Permission", "floorArea": 73.0, "lat": 53.31752, "lng": -6.44569, "address": "Profile Park (in the townland of Kilbride), Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "The proposed development comprises amendments to planning permission Reg. Ref.: SD21A/0241, as previously amended by Reg. Ref.: SD23A/0035, SD23A/0203, SD23A/0291 and SD24A/0162W. The proposed amendments consist of the following: The provision of a sprinkler tank to a height of c. 11m (c. 12.8m to top of maintenance ladder) with a diameter of c. 10.1m located to the north west of the overall site; The provision of a pumphouse to the east of the sprinkler tank comprising c. 73sq.m; Security fencing and associated above ground pipework; and All associated and ancillary works.", "kmTo220kV": 0.3, "kmToKnownDC": 0.13, "nearestCampus": "vantage-profile-park", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "applicant:vantage", "desc:sprinkler tank", "desc:sprinkler" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD25A/0102W" }, { "rank": 35, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "ED23/0037", "score": 0.9131, "scoreTextOnly": 0.5613, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Microsoft data-centre campus shredding room (exemption)", "applicant": "Microsoft Operations Ireland Ltd", "received": "2023-08-14", "decision": "Declared Exempt", "floorArea": null, "lat": 53.32229, "lng": -6.44528, "address": "DUB06, Data Centre Facility, Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "Use of an existing internal room as a shredding room for operational waste management. No works are required to facilitate the operation as the shredding equipment would be sited wholly within the permitted and completed structure.", "kmTo220kV": 0.7, "kmToKnownDC": 0.11, "nearestCampus": "microsoft-grange-castle", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "applicant:microsoft", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "applicant:operations", "applicant:microsoft operations" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/ED23/0037" }, { "rank": 37, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD22A/0009", "score": 0.9074, "scoreTextOnly": 0.7311, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "EdgeConneX campus layout retention", "applicant": "EdgeConneX Ireland Limited", "received": "2022-07-25", "decision": "Grant Permission for Retention", "floorArea": null, "lat": 53.32892, "lng": -6.45409, "address": "Ballymakaily to the east of the Newcastle Road, Lucan, Dublin.", "description": "Retention and completion of amendments to the permitted internal road layout, internal fencing and other ancillary internal layout amendments that were permitted under SDCC Planning Ref. SD18A/0298.", "kmTo220kV": 1.4, "kmToKnownDC": 0.04, "nearestCampus": "edgeconnex-newcastle-road-lucan", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "applicant:edgeconnex ireland", "applicant:edgeconnex", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:permitted" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD22A/0009" }, { "rank": 38, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD16A/0087", "score": 0.9006, "scoreTextOnly": 0.8368, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Microsoft enabling works north of Nangor Rd (later data-centre land)", "applicant": "Microsoft Operations Ireland Ltd.", "received": "2016-03-16", "decision": "Grant Permission", "floorArea": 241.0, "lat": 53.32015, "lng": -6.44779, "address": "Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "Site enabling works including demolition of existing vacant house and outbuildings (total floor area c.241sq.m), diversion of Baldonnell stream, provision of below ground attenuation and associated landscape works on a site of c.9.4ha located north of the Nangor Road and west of kilcarberry Business Park.", "kmTo220kV": 0.4, "kmToKnownDC": 0.08, "nearestCampus": "microsoft-grange-castle", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "applicant:microsoft", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "applicant:operations", "applicant:microsoft operations" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD16A/0087" }, { "rank": 41, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "DCC", "ref": "WEB3053/26", "score": 0.8803, "scoreTextOnly": 0.6093, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Digital Realty International Exchange Centre: 3 new generators", "applicant": null, "received": "2026-08-19", "decision": null, "floorArea": null, "lat": 53.39759, "lng": -6.21957, "address": "A site of c.1.33 ha at Digital Realty,, International Exchange Centre,, Clonshaugh Business & Technology Park, Dublin 17,, D17 AW86", "description": "Digital Realty intend to apply for permission for development at a site of c.1.33 ha at Digital Realty, International Exchange Centre, Clonshaugh Business & Technology Park, Dublin 17, D17 AW86. The proposed development will consist of the removal of an existing canopy and curtain walling along the existing building northern fa\u00e7ade, to be replaced by a 200mm composite cladding panel and a single steel door. The provision of 3 no. new generators and associated bellytanks c. 8 metres in height each on a concrete plinth and associated generator access gantry platform in a new generator compound l", "kmTo220kV": 1.8, "kmToKnownDC": 0.13, "nearestCampus": "clonshaugh-operator-not-identified-1", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "log known DC applications within 1 km", "desc:generators", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:compound", "desc:generator" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/dcc/WEB3053/26" }, { "rank": 43, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD19A/0185", "score": 0.8758, "scoreTextOnly": 0.8971, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Crag Digital 110 kV substation 'in support of the development'", "applicant": "Crag Digital Limited", "received": "2019-06-07", "decision": "Grant Permission", "floorArea": 1702.0, "lat": 53.33001, "lng": -6.3848, "address": "3-4, Crag Avenue, Clondalkin Industrial Estate, Clondalkin, Dublin 22.", "description": "Alterations to approved plans (Grant of Permission ref PL06S.243151 and PA Reg Ref SD13A/0271 and SD18A/0068) to the previously granted planning permission for the construction of an ESB 110kV Gas Insulated Substation for the use by Crag Digital Limited in support of the development and to incorporate an ESB Network Substation to improve and upgrade power supply to Clondalkin and adjoining areas; the proposed ESB 110kV Gas Insulated Substation is a two storey building of gross floor area of 1,586sq.m and Client Control Room building of an area of 116sq.m; single storey 2MV ESB Substation of 38", "kmTo220kV": 3.0, "kmToKnownDC": 0.14, "nearestCampus": "echelon-crag-avenue-clondalkin", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "log known DC applications within 1 km", "applicant:digital", "applicant:digital limited", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:substation" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD19A/0185" }, { "rank": 44, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD25A/0004W", "score": 0.8713, "scoreTextOnly": 0.7821, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Microsoft 9 temporary HVO generators", "applicant": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "received": null, "decision": "Invalidate Application", "floorArea": null, "lat": 53.32186, "lng": -6.45163, "address": "Microsoft Campus, Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22, D22 F1W8", "description": "The development will consist of the temporary provision of 9 No. generators (fuelled with Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO)) and associated site development works for a period to run concurrently with the lifespan of the permitted development under South Dublin County Council (SDCC) Reg. Ref. SD20A/0283 and SD21A/0203. The maximum height of the flue stacks associated with the generators is c. 30.95m. The temporary works will be removed when the permission expires. The application relates to a development which comprises or is for the purposes of an activity requiring an Industrial Emissions Lic", "kmTo220kV": 0.6, "kmToKnownDC": 0.0, "nearestCampus": "microsoft-grange-castle", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "desc:generators", "applicant:microsoft", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "applicant:operations" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD25A/0004W" }, { "rank": 45, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD25A/0017W", "score": 0.8649, "scoreTextOnly": 0.8446, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Microsoft 9 temporary HVO generators", "applicant": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Limited", "received": "2025-01-31", "decision": "Grant Permission", "floorArea": 0.0, "lat": 53.32183, "lng": -6.45158, "address": "Microsoft Campus, Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22, D22 F1W8", "description": "Microsoft Ireland Operations Ltd. intend to apply for permission for development at the Microsoft Campus, Grange Castle Business Park, Nangor Road, Clondalkin, Dublin 22. The development will consist of the temporary provision of 9 No. generators (fuelled with Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO)) and associated site development works for a period to run concurrently with the lifespan of the permitted development under South Dublin County Council (SDCC) Reg. Ref. SD20A/0283 and SD21A/0203. The maximum height of the flue stacks associated with the generators is c. 30.95m. The temporary works will b", "kmTo220kV": 0.6, "kmToKnownDC": 0.0, "nearestCampus": "microsoft-grange-castle", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "applicant:microsoft", "desc:generators", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "applicant:operations" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD25A/0017W" }, { "rank": 46, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW17A/0205", "score": 0.8607, "scoreTextOnly": 0.7831, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Equinix, Clyde House (its Blanchardstown data-centre site)", "applicant": "Equinix (Ireland) Limited", "received": "2017-11-13", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "floorArea": 0.0, "lat": 53.40488, "lng": -6.37089, "address": "Clyde House, Blanchardstown Business & Technology Park, Blanchardstown", "description": "The demolition of the southern section of Clyde House (c. 8,384m2) once separated from Clyde House 2 as proposed under current planning application Reg. Ref. FW17A/0168 2) provision of a 2.4m high sec", "kmTo220kV": 1.3, "kmToKnownDC": 0.01, "nearestCampus": "equinix-blanchardstown", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "log known DC applications within 1 km", "applicant:equinix ireland", "applicant:equinix", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:ref fw17a" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW17A/0205" }, { "rank": 47, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD20A/0324", "score": 0.8593, "scoreTextOnly": 0.8354, "lexicon": "ICT) facilit", "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Data & Power Hub: 2 ICT facility buildings", "applicant": "Data & Power Hub Services Ltd.", "received": "2021-05-19", "decision": "Grant Permission", "floorArea": 30518.0, "lat": 53.32029, "lng": -6.46622, "address": "Within the townland of Milltown, located to the north of Peamount Road (R120), Newcastle, Co. Dublin", "description": "Demolition of existing two storey dwelling of 'Bulmer' and associated outbuildings and demolition of the existing single storey house of 'Little Acre' and its associated garage and other buildings; demolition of single storey stable building on the overall site; construction of 2 two storey Information Communication Technology (ICT) facilities each with three storey plant levels and associated ancillary development which will have a gross floor area of 30,518sq.m on an overall site of 8.2 hectares; 1 two storey ICT facility (building A) will be located to the south-east of the site and will ha", "kmTo220kV": 1.2, "kmToKnownDC": 0.77, "nearestCampus": "data-power-hub-peamount-newcastle", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "desc:generators", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:plant", "desc:compound" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD20A/0324" }, { "rank": 48, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "F16A/0189", "score": 0.8519, "scoreTextOnly": 0.3553, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "McHale Partnership 110 kV substation at Staffordstown, where it holds data-centre permission F15A/0266", "applicant": "McHale Partnership", "received": "2016-04-29", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "floorArea": 0.0, "lat": 53.49378, "lng": -6.20107, "address": "Staffordstown Business Park, Turvey, Swords, Co. Dublin.", "description": "A two storey (c.11.67m high) 110 KV ESB substation of c.480 sq.m. and", "kmTo220kV": 9.3, "kmToKnownDC": 0.08, "nearestCampus": "turvey-donabate-operator-not-identified", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "applicant:mchale partnership", "applicant:mchale", "log km to nearest known DC application", "log known DC applications within 1 km", "desc:substation", "desc:sq" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/F16A/0189" }, { "rank": 51, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW21A/0176", "score": 0.8406, "scoreTextOnly": 0.5697, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Equinix Hyperscale 1 (DB5) revisions", "applicant": "Equinix Hyperscale 1(DB5) Ltd.", "received": "2022-01-25", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "floorArea": 0.0, "lat": 53.4048, "lng": -6.37095, "address": "Former Clyde House, IDA Blanchardstown Business & Technology Park, Sn", "description": "The development will consist of revisions to parent permission FCC Reg. Ref. FW20A/0087 and modifications permitted under FCC Reg. Ref. FW21A/0073 to include the following: \u2022 Ground floor extension", "kmTo220kV": 1.3, "kmToKnownDC": 0.0, "nearestCampus": "equinix-blanchardstown", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "log known DC applications within 1 km", "applicant:equinix", "desc:fcc", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:fcc reg" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW21A/0176" }, { "rank": 53, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW24A/0012", "score": 0.8317, "scoreTextOnly": 0.6751, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "South Dublin Routing (Pure DC) 500 kVA substation + back-up generator", "applicant": "South Dublin Routing 4 No. 2 Limited", "received": "2024-01-12", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION FOR RETENTION", "floorArea": 0.0, "lat": 53.40687, "lng": -6.34978, "address": "A site at Orion Business Park, North-West Business Park, Ballycoolin,", "description": "The application for retention consists of construction of a new 500KVA substation (gfa of 30.1 sqm & max height of 3.2 m) and back-up generator. The development will also include amendement to permiss", "kmTo220kV": 1.7, "kmToKnownDC": 0.03, "nearestCampus": "pure-dc-orion-business-campus", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:generator", "desc:substation", "desc:application" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW24A/0012" }, { "rank": 54, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "WICKLOW", "ref": "2560806", "score": 0.8238, "scoreTextOnly": 0.2235, "lexicon": "ICT facilit", "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "3 permitted ICT facility buildings reconfigured, Avoca River Park", "applicant": null, "received": "2025-10-09", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "floorArea": 0.0, "lat": 52.81127, "lng": -6.17932, "address": "Avoca River Park , Arklow , Co. Wicklow", "description": "The proposed development seeks permission to amend the development permitted under WCC Reg. Ref.: 23/72 and will consist of the following: \u2022 Reconfiguration of the internal layout of the 3-no. permitted ICT facility buildings to include ICT equipment rooms, mechanical rooms, switch rooms, electrical equipment rooms, office accommodation, storage and staff facilities at ground and first floor levels; \u2022 Amendments to the southern fa\u00e7ade on all ICT facility buildings to include alterations to fenestration, extension of permitted louvered fa\u00e7ade treatment, and associated alterations; \u2022 An increase", "kmTo220kV": 2.2, "kmToKnownDC": 0.05, "nearestCampus": "echelon-arklow", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:plant", "desc:compound", "desc:buildings" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/wicklow/2560806" }, { "rank": 55, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW22A/0257", "score": 0.8236, "scoreTextOnly": 0.6791, "lexicon": "data storage building", "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "CGTD: warehouse -> energy centre with 12 generators 'to power 2 data storage buildings'", "applicant": "CGTD Limited", "received": "2022-11-02", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "floorArea": 0.0, "lat": 53.42085, "lng": -6.36037, "address": "In the Townland of Bay, Corduff Road, Ballycoolin, Dublin 15", "description": "Modification of approved plans (reg. refs. FW21A/0077 and FW21A/0222) for the change of use of the revised warehouse/logistics building, including 2 storey ancillary office accommodation (in reg. ref. FW21A/0222) to an energy centre containing 12 generators with flues to power 2 data storage buildings. High acoustic louvre screen surround comprising a radiator farm with 12 radiators, 2 black start emergency generators and associated site works.", "kmTo220kV": 0.3, "kmToKnownDC": 0.64, "nearestCampus": "edgeconnex-ballycoolin", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "desc:generators", "log km to nearest known DC application", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "log known DC applications within 1 km", "desc:energy centre", "desc:buildings" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW22A/0257" }, { "rank": 57, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW26A/0212E", "score": 0.821, "scoreTextOnly": 0.8958, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Equinix revisions to FW25A/0323E", "applicant": "Equinix Ireland Ltd.", "received": "2026-05-27", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "floorArea": 0.0, "lat": 53.4111, "lng": -6.34555, "address": "Unit 02 Northwest Business Park, Ballycoolin, Dublin, D15 XW94", "description": "The proposed development will consist of revisions to parent permission Fingal County Council Reg Ref. FW25A/0323E to include the following: Removal of all proposed PV panels from the roof of the exi", "kmTo220kV": 1.4, "kmToKnownDC": 0.39, "nearestCampus": "equinix-northwest-business-park", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "log known DC applications within 1 km", "applicant:equinix ireland", "applicant:equinix", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:parent" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW26A/0212E" }, { "rank": 58, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW26A/0204E", "score": 0.808, "scoreTextOnly": 0.8842, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Equinix revisions to FW25A/0323E", "applicant": "Equinix Ireland Ltd", "received": "2026-05-21", "decision": "Invalid Application", "floorArea": 0.0, "lat": 53.41105, "lng": -6.34557, "address": "Unit 02 Northwest Business Park, Ballycoolin, Dublin, D15 XW94", "description": "The proposed development will consist of revisions to parent permission Fingal County Council Reg Ref. FW25A/0323E to include the following: Removal of all proposed PV panels from the roof of the ex", "kmTo220kV": 1.4, "kmToKnownDC": 0.39, "nearestCampus": "equinix-northwest-business-park", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "log known DC applications within 1 km", "applicant:equinix ireland", "applicant:equinix", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:parent" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW26A/0204E" }, { "rank": 59, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW17A/0103", "score": 0.8049, "scoreTextOnly": 0.4827, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Gemini DC Fund 110 kV GIS substation", "applicant": "Gemini DC Fund", "received": "2017-06-20", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION FOR RETENTION", "floorArea": 0.0, "lat": 53.40656, "lng": -6.35649, "address": "Unit 1, Block 4B, IDA Business Park, Ballycoolin, Dublin 15", "description": "The development consists of modifications to the 110kv GIS (Gas Insulated Sub-Station0 permitted under Reg. Ref.:FW16A/0159 as follows: The sub-station is reduced in size to c.968sq.m and reduced in", "kmTo220kV": 1.5, "kmToKnownDC": 0.0, "nearestCampus": "gemini-dc-fund-ballycoolin", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "applicant:dc fund", "applicant:gemini", "applicant:gemini dc" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW17A/0103" }, { "rank": 63, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD20A/0242", "score": 0.7832, "scoreTextOnly": 0.5781, "lexicon": "data storage centre", "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Crag Digital access to 'permitted data storage centre'", "applicant": "Crag Digital Limited", "received": "2020-12-01", "decision": "Grant Permission", "floorArea": 0.0, "lat": 53.32928, "lng": -6.38537, "address": "3-4, Crag Avenue, Clondalkin Industrial Estate, Clondalkin, Dublin 12", "description": "The provision of alternate entrance and access arrangements from Crag Avenue to serve the permitted data storage centre, energy centre and substation development permitted under Reg. Ref. SD18A/0068, as amended by Reg. Ref. SD19A/0185 including the provision of ducted services connections between the permitted substation on site (permitted under Reg. Ref. SD18A/0068 as amended by Reg. Ref. SD19A/0185) and existing services to the south of the Grand Canal. The proposed ducted services connections will exit the permitted substation compound and run southward, crossing beneath the Grand Canal by ", "kmTo220kV": 3.0, "kmToKnownDC": 0.22, "nearestCampus": "echelon-crag-avenue-clondalkin", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "log known DC applications within 1 km", "applicant:digital", "applicant:digital limited", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:substation" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD20A/0242" }, { "rank": 68, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW13A/0067", "score": 0.7616, "scoreTextOnly": 0.0675, "lexicon": "electrical rooms for electronic operations", "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Hexagon Building, IDA Blanchardstown: 'electrical rooms for electronic operations' (the phrase Amazon used at Belgard and Greenhills)", "applicant": null, "received": "2013-06-21", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "floorArea": 0.0, "lat": 53.40359, "lng": -6.36229, "address": "Hexagon Building, IDA Blanchardstown Business, and Technology Park, Sn", "description": "Permission for a development that will consist of a new 2-storey building for use as electrical rooms for electronic operations, mechanical plant rooms, a double vehicle loading bay, ancillary worksho", "kmTo220kV": 1.8, "kmToKnownDC": 0.17, "nearestCampus": "dcf-technology-blanchardstown", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "desc:plant", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:rooms", "desc:operations" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW13A/0067" }, { "rank": 69, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW15A/0135", "score": 0.7571, "scoreTextOnly": 0.0812, "lexicon": "electrical rooms for electronic operations", "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Hexagon Building: 'electrical rooms for electronic operations'", "applicant": null, "received": "2015-10-06", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "floorArea": 0.0, "lat": 53.40464, "lng": -6.36504, "address": "Hexagon Building, IDA Blanchardstown Busines & Technology Park, Snugbo", "description": "Permission for a new 2-storey building for use as electrical rooms for electronic operations, together with mechanical plant rooms, a double vehicle loading bay and ancillary workshops. Included withi", "kmTo220kV": 1.6, "kmToKnownDC": 0.19, "nearestCampus": "amazon-aws-blanchardstown", "campusHadPlanningRef": false, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:plant", "desc:rooms", "desc:operations" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW15A/0135" }, { "rank": 83, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD25A/0257W", "score": 0.6783, "scoreTextOnly": 0.5595, "lexicon": "ICT Facilit", "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Echelon generator structure between ICT Facility 2 and 3", "applicant": "Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited", "received": "2026-01-27", "decision": "Grant Permission & Grant Retention", "floorArea": 86.0, "lat": 53.33216, "lng": -6.38342, "address": "3-4, Crag Avenue, Clondalkin Industrial Estate, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "Permission and retention permission is sought for the following development: Permission for an ancillary generator structure with a total height of c. 22m located between ICT Facility 2 and ICT Facility 3 including 13 no. double-stacked back-up generators with flues of c. 25m, fuel storage, transformers, and associated electrical equipment and plant. Permission for 13 no. ancillary generators within a fenced compound, with a total height of c. 8.1m located to the north of ICT Facility 3, including 13 no. back-up generators with flues of c. 25m, fuel storage tanks and fuel pump room building, t", "kmTo220kV": 2.9, "kmToKnownDC": 0.14, "nearestCampus": "echelon-crag-avenue-clondalkin", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "desc:generators", "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:plant", "desc:associated electrical" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD25A/0257W" }, { "rank": 86, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW12A/0116", "score": 0.6718, "scoreTextOnly": 0.0441, "lexicon": "electronic data storage", "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "IDA Ballycoolin B10: factory -> 'electronic data storage centre' with generators", "applicant": null, "received": "2012-11-08", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "floorArea": 0.0, "lat": 53.4061, "lng": -6.36129, "address": "Building B10, IDA Business Park, Ballycoolin Industrial Estate, Blanch", "description": "Change of use from factory unit to electronic data storage centre, with external generator compound, office extension and boundary fencing", "kmTo220kV": 1.5, "kmToKnownDC": 0.08, "nearestCampus": "keppel-ballycoolin", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "desc:compound", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:generator", "desc:data" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW12A/0116" }, { "rank": 93, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD22A/0093", "score": 0.6407, "scoreTextOnly": 0.8363, "lexicon": "ICT Facilit", "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Echelon ICT facility amendments", "applicant": "Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited", "received": "2022-06-23", "decision": "Grant Permission", "floorArea": 53004.5, "lat": 53.33076, "lng": -6.3832, "address": "3-4, Crag Avenue, Clondalkin Industrial Estate, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "Amendments to the development permitted under Reg. Ref. SD20A/0309 comprising: alterations to permitted ICT Facility buildings 2 and 3, to include internal reconfiguration of the ICT equipment halls, associated electrical and mechanical plant rooms, loading bays, maintenance and storage space, office administration areas, and reconfiguration of screened plant; alterations to the external facades of permitted ICT Facility buildings 2 and 3 to include modification and reconfiguration of fenestration, louvers, loading bays, and access doors, along with an increase in height of 1.2 metres to main ", "kmTo220kV": 2.9, "kmToKnownDC": 0.0, "nearestCampus": "echelon-crag-avenue-clondalkin", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "log known DC applications within 1 km", "desc:buildings", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:generators", "desc:plant" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD22A/0093" }, { "rank": 148, "rankNewPlace": 4, "la": "WICKLOW", "ref": "201088", "score": 0.426, "scoreTextOnly": 0.8089, "lexicon": "information and communication technology (ICT) facilit", "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "3 ICT facility buildings, 66,630 m2, 20 generators each, Kish Business Park Arklow", "applicant": null, "received": "2020-10-28", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "floorArea": 0.0, "lat": 52.77499, "lng": -6.168, "address": "North & Northeast of Kish Business Park , Arklow , Co. Wicklow", "description": "proposed development, for which a ten-year permission is sought, consists of the following: Demolition of existing outbuildings on the subject site, along with all site clearance and enabling works; Construction of 3 no. part one storey, part two storey, information and communication technology (ICT) facility buildings, each with a gross floor area (GFA) of C. 22,210 sq. m (66,630 sq. m GAF in total), and with a height (to parapet level) of c. 10.4 metres; Each of the 3 no. ICT facility buildings will accommodate ICT equipment rooms, associated electrical and mechanical equipment rooms, loadin", "kmTo220kV": 4.7, "kmToKnownDC": 4.0, "nearestCampus": "echelon-kish-business-park-arklow", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "desc:generators", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:buildings", "desc:plant", "desc:areas" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/wicklow/201088" }, { "rank": 189, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD14A/0091", "score": 0.3228, "scoreTextOnly": 0.1822, "lexicon": "electrical rooms for electronic operations", "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "extension to 'existing DUB09 building', Adsil (Amazon) complex, Greenhills Rd", "applicant": null, "received": "2014-05-13", "decision": "Grant Permission", "floorArea": 4491.0, "lat": 53.29399, "lng": -6.35007, "address": "Existing Adsil Complex, Greenhills Road, Tallaght, Dublin 24.", "description": "Demolition of an existing single storey office building; construction of a new two storey extension (4,491sq.m.) to the existing DUB09 building for use as electrical rooms for electronic operations and mechanical plant rooms; works will include external roof top engineering plant with associated visual screening, revised levels of the existing site to facilitate the new extension and sundry associated works.", "kmTo220kV": 4.4, "kmToKnownDC": 0.21, "nearestCampus": "amazon-aws-greenhills-road-tallaght", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "desc:plant", "log known DC applications within 1 km", "desc:building", "desc:rooms", "log km to 220/400 kV substation" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD14A/0091" }, { "rank": 282, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "DCC", "ref": "3640/21", "score": 0.1993, "scoreTextOnly": 0.0443, "lexicon": "data storage use", "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Clonshaugh Willsborough Unit B: warehouse -> 'data storage use', generators (withdrawn)", "applicant": null, "received": "2021-10-06", "decision": "WITHDRAWN ARTICLE 33 (NO", "floorArea": null, "lat": 53.4076, "lng": -6.22237, "address": "Unit B, Willsborough Industrial Estate, Clonshaugh Business and Technology Park, Dublin 17, D17 TH94", "description": "Planning permission for the development will consist of : 1) the change of use of the warehouse/storage space within the existing building to data storage use; 2) the construction of a 980 sq.m. two storey extension on the western elevation of the existing building for data storage use; 3) the installation of 16 no. condenser units and 2 no. air handling units on the roof of the extension; 4) the installation of 2 no. generator units in the north west corner of the site; 48 no. dry air cooler units on a steel frame with 4 no. transformer units beneath on the northern side of the building; 5) t", "kmTo220kV": 1.3, "kmToKnownDC": 0.36, "nearestCampus": "vodafone-clonshaugh", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:building", "desc:use warehouse", "desc:generator" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/dcc/3640/21" }, { "rank": 390, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD25A/0301W", "score": 0.1326, "scoreTextOnly": 0.0797, "lexicon": "ICT Facilit", "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Echelon ICT facility retention", "applicant": "Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited", "received": "2026-03-12", "decision": "Grant Permission for Retention", "floorArea": 149.0, "lat": 53.32961, "lng": -6.38134, "address": "3-4, Crag Avenue, Clondalkin Industrial Estate, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "The development comprises the retention of the following amendments to the development permitted under Reg. Ref.: SD20A/0309, as amended by Reg. Ref.: SD22A/0093 and Reg. Ref.: SD23A/0158, which arose during the detailed design / construction stage of the project: Amendments at plant and roof level including the reconfiguration of plant and associated extracts, provision of a roof level package plantroom, provision of 2 no. backup landlord generators, reconfigured gantry associated with the 2 no. back-up landlord generators, and reconfiguration of solar PV panels; The provision of 2 no. pumpro", "kmTo220kV": 2.8, "kmToKnownDC": 0.18, "nearestCampus": "echelon-crag-avenue-clondalkin", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "desc:generators", "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:plant", "desc:roof level" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD25A/0301W" }, { "rank": null, "rankNewPlace": 20, "la": "WICKLOW", "ref": "2362", "score": 0.1173, "scoreTextOnly": 0.3853, "lexicon": "information and communication technology (ICT) facilit", "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Kish Business Park ICT facility: 13,787 m2 battery building", "applicant": null, "received": "2023-01-25", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "floorArea": 0.0, "lat": 52.77501, "lng": -6.16795, "address": "Site located to the north and northeast of th existing , Kish Business Park , Arklow", "description": "amendments to the information and communication technology (ICT) facility development permitted under Reg. Ref. 20/1088. The proposed amendments comprise the following: Provision of a three-storey Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) building with a gross floor area (GFA) of c.13,787 sq.m, located to the southeast of the permitted ICT Building 3. The proposed building will accommodate battery storage rooms and circulation areas, with photovoltaic panels at roof level, and with an overall height of c.16.8 metres. Associated buildings including a single storey power trunk building (to accommodat", "kmTo220kV": 4.7, "kmToKnownDC": 3.99, "nearestCampus": "echelon-kish-business-park-arklow", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:building", "desc:overall height", "desc:height metres", "desc:compound" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/wicklow/2362" }, { "rank": null, "rankNewPlace": 44, "la": "WICKLOW", "ref": "2488", "score": 0.0568, "scoreTextOnly": 0.2182, "lexicon": "information and communications technology (ICT) facilit", "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Kish Business Park: replaces 3 ICT buildings with 5 + energy centre", "applicant": null, "received": "2024-02-27", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "floorArea": 0.0, "lat": 52.77498, "lng": -6.16791, "address": "Site located to the north and northeast of the existing Kish Business Park , Arklow , Co. Wicklow", "description": "alterations to the development permitted under Reg. Ref. 20/1088, as amended by Reg. Ref. 23/62, and will supersede the permitted information and communications technology (ICT) facility buildings permitted on site. In summary, the development comprises the replacement of the 3 no. part one and part two storey ICT facility buildings permitted on site, with 5 no. part two and part three storey ICT facility buildings with a reduced building footprint, along with an energy centre compound. The Battery Energy Storage System permitted under Reg. Ref. 23/62 and the substation and transmission line c", "kmTo220kV": 4.7, "kmToKnownDC": 4.0, "nearestCampus": "echelon-kish-business-park-arklow", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "desc:buildings", "desc:energy", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:compound", "desc:energy centre" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/wicklow/2488" }, { "rank": null, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "DCC", "ref": "3600/21", "score": 0.1141, "scoreTextOnly": 0.0173, "lexicon": "data storage use", "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "same scheme as 3640/21 (declared invalid)", "applicant": null, "received": "2021-09-29", "decision": "APPLICATION DECLARED INVA", "floorArea": null, "lat": 53.4076, "lng": -6.22237, "address": "Unit B, Willsborough Industrial Estate, Clonshaugh Business and Technology Park, Dublin 17", "description": "The development will consist of: 1) the change of use of the warehouse/storage space within the existing building to data storage use; 2)the construction of a 980 sq. m. extension on the western elevation of the existing building for data storage use; 3) the installation of 16 no. condenser units and 2 no. air handling units on the roof of the extension; 4) the installation of 2 no. generator units in the north west corner of the site; 48 no. dry air cooler units on a steel frame with 4 no. transformer units beneath on the northern side of the building and: 5)the installation of a sliding gate", "kmTo220kV": 1.3, "kmToKnownDC": 0.36, "nearestCampus": "vodafone-clonshaugh", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:building", "desc:use warehouse", "desc:generator" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/dcc/3600/21" }, { "rank": null, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD18A/0219", "score": 0.0038, "scoreTextOnly": 0.1021, "lexicon": "data storage centre", "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Amazon Data Services: 23,283 m2 'data storage centre', former Jacob's site Belgard Rd", "applicant": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Ltd.", "received": "2018-06-13", "decision": "Grant Permission", "floorArea": 23283.0, "lat": 53.29563, "lng": -6.36795, "address": "Former Jacob's/Allied Biscuits Site, Belgard Road, Tallaght, Dublin 24, D24 DA27", "description": "Two-storey c23,283 sq. m data storage centre, 27 carparking spaces and demolition of single storey building", "kmTo220kV": 4.6, "kmToKnownDC": 1.11, "nearestCampus": "amazon-aws-belgard-tallaght", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "desc:storey building", "desc:building", "desc:data", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:sq" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD18A/0219" }, { "rank": null, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD24A/0201W", "score": 0.0015, "scoreTextOnly": 0.0019, "lexicon": "ICT facilit", "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "Echelon new ICT facility building (IE licence needed)", "applicant": "Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited", "received": "2024-08-21", "decision": "Refuse Permission", "floorArea": 15855.0, "lat": 53.32933, "lng": -6.3847, "address": "3-4, Crag Avenue, Clondalkin Industrial Estate, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "Construction of an ICT facility building, revised internal road network and all associated site works. An EPA-Industrial Emissions Directive (IE) licence will be required to facilitate the operation of the proposed development.", "kmTo220kV": 3.0, "kmToKnownDC": 0.19, "nearestCampus": "echelon-crag-avenue-clondalkin", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:building", "desc:facility building", "applicant:dc" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD24A/0201W" }, { "rank": null, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW21A/0077", "score": null, "scoreTextOnly": null, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "11,090 m2 'warehouse/logistics building', Ballycoolin; modified by EdgeConneX Ballycoolin I Ltd (FW21A/0222) and converted to an energy centre 'to power 2 data storage buildings' (FW22A/0257)", "applicant": "CGTD Limited", "received": null, "decision": null, "floorArea": null, "lat": null, "lng": null, "address": null, "description": null, "kmTo220kV": null, "kmToKnownDC": null, "nearestCampus": null, "campusHadPlanningRef": null, "reasons": null, "registerUrl": null }, { "rank": null, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW21A/0222", "score": null, "scoreTextOnly": null, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "confirmed", "reviewNote": "modification of FW21A/0077 by an EdgeConneX SPV", "applicant": "EdgeConneX Ballycoolin I Limited", "received": null, "decision": null, "floorArea": null, "lat": null, "lng": null, "address": null, "description": null, "kmTo220kV": null, "kmToKnownDC": null, "nearestCampus": null, "campusHadPlanningRef": null, "reasons": null, "registerUrl": null }, { "rank": 10, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD20A/0124", "score": 0.9918, "scoreTextOnly": 0.9591, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "likely", "reviewNote": "Moffash 17,006 m2 'distribution warehouse' in Profile Park; same applicant got a warehouse->data centre exemption (ED17/0028); warehouse-shell pattern seen at CGTD/EdgeConneX Ballycoolin", "applicant": "Moffash Ltd.", "received": "2020-10-14", "decision": "Grant Permission", "floorArea": 17006.0, "lat": 53.31682, "lng": -6.44433, "address": "Profile Park, Ballybane, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "description": "(1) Demolition of existing single storey dwelling (c.108.5sq.m); (2) construction of a Distribution Warehouse Building comprising warehousing and ancillary areas at ground floor and support offices, staff areas and plant across two floors; (3) the development will be accessed from the existing Profile Park estate road; (4) provision of car parking, cycle parking, security gatehouse, landscaping and boundary treatments (including security fencing and gates); (5) all associated site development and services works (including diversion/culverting/reprofiling of existing stream on site); (6) total ", "kmTo220kV": 0.4, "kmToKnownDC": 0.01, "nearestCampus": "vantage-profile-park", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "applicant:moffash ltd", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "applicant:moffash", "desc:plant" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD20A/0124" }, { "rank": 20, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "SD11A/0121", "score": 0.9654, "scoreTextOnly": 0.6982, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "likely", "reviewNote": "Elume: warehouse -> 'electronic technology facility' with two storeys of external plant, Profile Park", "applicant": "Elume Limited", "received": "2011-05-18", "decision": "Grant Permission", "floorArea": 7011.0, "lat": 53.31368, "lng": -6.44732, "address": "Units 502 & 503, Southgate, Profile Park, Grange Castle, Dublin 22", "description": "Change of use of an existing logistics/distribution warehouse facility (approved under planning ref. no. SD08A/0052) to an electronic technology facility, associated works including modifications to existing structure. The development will consist of the following works and modifications to the existing building: installation of external plant over two storeys along the east and west elevations of the building on a new steel support system clad with acoustic louvered screens to match existing cladding colours; installation of a new first floor to provide additional plant areas; extension to th", "kmTo220kV": 0.4, "kmToKnownDC": 0.23, "nearestCampus": "google-grange-castle-south", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to nearest known DC application", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:generators", "desc:plant", "desc:building" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/SD11A/0121" }, { "rank": 30, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW11A/0036", "score": 0.941, "scoreTextOnly": 0.5607, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "likely", "reviewNote": "2 generators + transformers, Unit 2 Northwest Business Park (an Equinix/data-centre park); Fingal text truncated, no applicant", "applicant": null, "received": "2011-04-08", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "floorArea": 0.0, "lat": 53.41111, "lng": -6.3466, "address": "Unit 2 Northwest Business Park, Ballycoolin, Dublin 15", "description": "Installation of 2 No. Generators to a new cladded compound to the North East corner of the site. The Generators are located within their own sound insulated enclosures with adjacent electrical transf", "kmTo220kV": 1.4, "kmToKnownDC": 0.36, "nearestCampus": "equinix-northwest-business-park", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "desc:generators", "log km to nearest known DC application", "log known DC applications within 1 km", "desc:compound", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:electrical" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW11A/0036" }, { "rank": 33, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW20A/0164", "score": 0.9211, "scoreTextOnly": 0.6548, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "likely", "reviewNote": "MIK Developments MV substation on the Cruiserath data-centre cluster; MIK-to-operator link unchecked", "applicant": "MIK Developments", "received": "2020-10-06", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "floorArea": 0.0, "lat": 53.41252, "lng": -6.38027, "address": "Site at Cruiserath Road, Dublin 15.", "description": "The construction of a medium voltage (MV) substation. The MV substation building will have a total gross floor area of c. 30 sq.m, and an overall height of c. 4 metres. The proposed development incl", "kmTo220kV": 0.3, "kmToKnownDC": 0.3, "nearestCampus": "amazon-aws-cruiserath", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "applicant:mik", "applicant:mik developments", "desc:substation" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW20A/0164" }, { "rank": 39, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "FINGAL", "ref": "FW21A/0039", "score": 0.8988, "scoreTextOnly": 0.6692, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "likely", "reviewNote": "MIK Developments, Cruiserath data-centre cluster; Fingal text truncated", "applicant": "MIK Developments LLC", "received": "2021-03-02", "decision": "GRANT PERMISSION", "floorArea": 0.0, "lat": 53.41461, "lng": -6.38182, "address": "Site within the townland of Cruiserath, Dublin 15, with an area of c.1", "description": "The application site is located within an overall landholding bound to the south by the R121/Cruiserath Road, to the west by the R121/ Church Road and to the north by Cruiserath Drive. The proposed", "kmTo220kV": 0.0, "kmToKnownDC": 0.07, "nearestCampus": "amazon-aws-cruiserath", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "desc:r121", "log known DC applications within 1 km", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:cruiserath", "applicant:developments llc" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/fingal/FW21A/0039" }, { "rank": 42, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "WICKLOW", "ref": "SI202102", "score": 0.8762, "scoreTextOnly": 0.2685, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "likely", "reviewNote": "110 kV GIS substation + client control building on the Echelon Arklow (Avoca River Park) site", "applicant": null, "received": "2021-01-22", "decision": "N/A", "floorArea": 0.0, "lat": 52.8114, "lng": -6.18168, "address": "Avoca River Park , Arklow , Co. Wicklow", "description": "development primarily comprises the demolition of existing structures on site and the provision of a substation compound along with associated and ancillary works and is described as follows: The existing structures on site to be demolished comprise 4 no. industrial commercial buildings, an associated hut/outbuilding, a gas enclosure, and a tank with bund wall. The remains of a previously demolished building, areas of hard standing, and existing surface treatments will also be removed as part of the site clearance works. The proposed substation compound is subdivided into two parts. The northe", "kmTo220kV": 2.3, "kmToKnownDC": 0.2, "nearestCampus": "echelon-arklow", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "log known DC applications within 1 km", "desc:compound", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:substation", "desc:building" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/wicklow/SI202102" }, { "rank": 166, "rankNewPlace": 10, "la": "CLARE", "ref": "2560472", "score": 0.3644, "scoreTextOnly": 0.4594, "lexicon": null, "verdict": "likely", "reviewNote": "Shannon Free Zone: chillers, thermal storage, generators, transformers on an existing building", "applicant": null, "received": "2025-08-01", "decision": "CONDITIONAL", "floorArea": 0.0, "lat": 52.72258, "lng": -8.86346, "address": "Drumline East Park , Shannon Free Zone , Shannon Co. Clare", "description": "for an external plant compound enclosed with a security fence to include Air Conditioning Units with condensers and dedicated outdoor air system on existing roof plant area, Chillers, Thermal Storage Tanks, Pump house, Generators, Transformers, and all ancillary site works", "kmTo220kV": 23.3, "kmToKnownDC": 2.62, "nearestCampus": "siemens-shannon", "campusHadPlanningRef": true, "reasons": [ "desc:generators", "log km to nearest known DC application", "desc:plant", "desc:plant area", "desc:compound", "desc:fence" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/clare/2560472" }, { "rank": null, "rankNewPlace": null, "la": "SDCC", "ref": "S99A/0144", "score": 0.0003, "scoreTextOnly": 0.0137, "lexicon": "data processing centre", "verdict": "likely", "reviewNote": "1999 warehouse -> 'data processing centre and storage facility' (could be a bureau)", "applicant": "Elsair Ltd.", "received": "1999-12-03", "decision": "Grant Permission", "floorArea": 543.0, "lat": 53.3153, "lng": -6.35088, "address": "Unit 25, Western Parkway Business Centre, Ballymount Road, Dublin 12.", "description": "Conversion of existing light industrial/warehouse to data processing centre and storage facility with alterations to elevations.", "kmTo220kV": 2.2, "kmToKnownDC": 1.47, "nearestCampus": null, "campusHadPlanningRef": null, "reasons": [ "log km to nearest known DC application", "desc:industrial warehouse", "log km to 220/400 kV substation", "desc:light industrial", "desc:data", "desc:warehouse" ], "registerUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/application/sdcc/S99A/0144" } ], "caveats": [ "Positive-unlabelled: the 'negatives' contain the hidden data centres we are looking for, so cross-validated scores understate precision and recall of truly hidden ones is unknown.", "Precision comes from one reviewer reading descriptions, not from site visits or operator confirmation. 'Likely' means strong signals without the words data centre, ICT or server.", "Location features favour existing clusters (Grange Castle, Profile Park, Ballycoolin, Clonshaugh). The text-only search for new places was weak (2 of its top 20 were real, both at Arklow).", "Most finds are amendments, plant and power works at known campuses rather than new campuses; they still fill gaps in campus timelines and in the on-site power picture.", "Fingal descriptions in the mirror are often cut at ~200 characters, so Fingal is under-scored; the CGTD/EdgeConneX Ballycoolin permissions were found by following a candidate's history, not by the model.", "Short descriptions with uncommon wording (e.g. Amazon's 'data storage centre', SD18A/0219) scored near zero; the lexicon caught them. Retraining with the confirmed finds as positives is the next step.", "nearestCampus is the closest directory campus within 600 m of the application's geocode; in dense parks it can name a neighbour (e.g. the Hexagon Building records split between two Blanchardstown campuses), so campusesGivenFirstPlanningRecord needs a human check before the directory is updated." ] }, "hardware_imports": { "title": "Hardware arriving in Ireland", "source": "Eurostat Comext DS-045409 (EU trade since 1988 by HS2-4-6 and CN8), monthly, reporter IE: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/comext/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/DS-045409", "asOf": "2026-10-11", "comextUpdated": "2026-09-15T11:00:00+0200", "latestMonth": "2026-07", "window": { "last12": [ "2025-08", "2026-07" ], "prev12": [ "2024-08", "2025-07" ] }, "definitions": { "importsEur": "intra-EU arrivals + extra-EU imports (partners INT_EU27_2020 + EXT_EU27_2020), euro, Comext statistical value", "netImportsEur": "imports minus exports/dispatches: a 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"months": 7, "servers": { "importsEur": 5796226401, "exportsEur": 8315300648, "netImportsEur": -2519074247, "importsTonnes": 5953.6 }, "parts": { "importsEur": 5169692896, "exportsEur": 2478828868, "netImportsEur": 2690864028, "importsTonnes": 5722.0 }, "network": { "importsEur": 1779841286, "exportsEur": 571328155, "netImportsEur": 1208513131, "importsTonnes": 4286.8 }, "chips": { "importsEur": 2897632406, "exportsEur": 5919765097, "netImportsEur": -3022132691, "importsTonnes": 1790.8 }, "power": { "importsEur": 513013148, "exportsEur": 188832954, "netImportsEur": 324180194, "importsTonnes": 20098.2 }, "cooling": { "importsEur": 38234322, "exportsEur": 101289842, "netImportsEur": -63055520, "importsTonnes": 1648.6 }, "control": { "importsEur": 366265528, "exportsEur": 82051627, "netImportsEur": 284213901, "importsTonnes": 13576.6 } } ], "euComparison": { "847150": { "label": "Processing units (servers)", "eu27ExtraImportsEur": 29600227683, "ieEur": 4332712156, "ieSharePct": 14.6, "ieRank": 2, "top": [ { "reporter": "NL", "eur": 16714299249, "sharePct": 56.5 }, { "reporter": "IE", "eur": 4332712156, "sharePct": 14.6 }, { "reporter": "DE", "eur": 2640694550, "sharePct": 8.9 }, { "reporter": "FR", "eur": 1597831463, "sharePct": 5.4 }, { "reporter": "CZ", "eur": 971429384, "sharePct": 3.3 }, { "reporter": "FI", "eur": 892691291, "sharePct": 3.0 } ] }, "847330": { "label": "Parts and accessories of ADP machines (GPU boards, motherboards)", "eu27ExtraImportsEur": 28884617666, "ieEur": 7103538361, "ieSharePct": 24.6, "ieRank": 2, "top": [ { "reporter": "NL", "eur": 9367533670, "sharePct": 32.4 }, { "reporter": "IE", "eur": 7103538361, "sharePct": 24.6 }, { "reporter": "HU", "eur": 3195267742, "sharePct": 11.1 }, { "reporter": "CZ", "eur": 2411361988, "sharePct": 8.3 }, { "reporter": "DE", "eur": 2313905130, "sharePct": 8.0 }, { "reporter": "PL", "eur": 2165880156, "sharePct": 7.5 } ] } }, "caveats": [ "Customs trade measures goods crossing the border, not goods installed in data centres.", "Ireland has large IT manufacturing and logistics flows (Intel Leixlip, contract manufacturers, Apple Cork); chips and parts are not all data-centre kit. Use net imports.", "Much extra-EU kit enters via the Netherlands and arrives in Ireland as intra-EU trade; partner shares show the last border crossed, not the factory.", "Confidential cells and sub-threshold intra-EU trade are missing; the latest months are revised.", "GPUs have no HS code of their own (usually 847330 or 847180; complete GPU servers 847150). Any GPU reading is inference.", "Laptops (847130) are a control series for general IT demand.", "Origin and destination shares cover a fixed list of partner countries, so they do not sum to 100%." ] }, "changes": { "title": "What changed", "source": "Dated snapshots of EPA LEAP, An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la case pages, CRU publications API and EirGrid JSON:API, kept by this project (data/raw/changes/)", "asOf": "2026-10-10", "sources": [ { "source": "epa_licences", "title": "EPA LEAP licence register (organisations)", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/", "snapshots": 4, "firstSnapshot": "2026-10-03", "lastSnapshot": "2026-10-10", "records": 4409, "meta": { "droppedNonOrganisation": 483, "keptTypes": [ "Industrial Emissions Licence", "Integrated Pollution Control Licence", "Integrated Pollution Prevention Control Licence", "Waste Licence", "Waste Water Discharge Authorisation", "Water Abstraction Registration" ], "registerTotal": 22505 }, "changesLogged": 2 }, { "source": "epa_dc_profiles", "title": "EPA LEAP data-centre licence profiles", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/", "snapshots": 4, "firstSnapshot": "2026-10-03", "lastSnapshot": "2026-10-10", "records": 29, "meta": { "refs": 29 }, "changesLogged": 5 }, { "source": "epa_dc_documents", "title": "Documents on data-centre EPA licences", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/", "snapshots": 4, "firstSnapshot": "2026-10-03", "lastSnapshot": "2026-10-10", "records": 5434, "meta": { "refs": 29 }, "changesLogged": 7 }, { "source": "acp_dc_cases", "title": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la data-centre cases", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/", "snapshots": 4, "firstSnapshot": "2026-10-03", "lastSnapshot": "2026-10-10", "records": 37, "meta": { "cases": 37, "failed": [] }, "changesLogged": 9 }, { "source": "cru_publications", "title": "CRU publications", "url": "https://www.cru.ie/publications/", "snapshots": 4, "firstSnapshot": "2026-10-03", "lastSnapshot": "2026-10-10", "records": 11153, "meta": { "apiTotal": 11153 }, "changesLogged": 127 }, { "source": "eirgrid_news", "title": "EirGrid news", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/news", "snapshots": 4, "firstSnapshot": "2026-10-03", "lastSnapshot": "2026-10-10", "records": 0, "meta": {}, "changesLogged": 0 }, { "source": "eirgrid_pubs", "title": "EirGrid publications", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/publications", "snapshots": 4, "firstSnapshot": "2026-10-03", "lastSnapshot": "2026-10-10", "records": 200, "meta": {}, "changesLogged": 12 } ], "counts": [ { "source": "acp_dc_cases", "change": "changed", "n": 9 }, { "source": "cru_publications", "change": "added", "n": 27 }, { "source": "cru_publications", "change": "changed", "n": 100 }, { "source": "eirgrid_pubs", "change": "added", "n": 12 }, { "source": "epa_dc_documents", "change": "added", "n": 7 }, { "source": "epa_dc_profiles", "change": "changed", "n": 5 }, { "source": "epa_licences", "change": "added", "n": 2 } ], "recent": [ { "date": "2026-10-10", "since": "2026-10-06", "source": "epa_licences", "id": "43b1f663-9303-4224-9f36-b729bd14c808", "change": "added", "label": "Pl Dairies Limited", "url": null, "dataCentreRelevant": false }, { "date": "2026-10-10", "since": "2026-10-06", "source": "acp_dc_cases", "id": "501550", "change": "changed", "label": "Demolition of the derelict dwelling and sheds for construction of a Data Centre Facility and Decentralised Energy Resource with all associated site works. 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An Environmental I", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/320852" }, { "ref": "322575", "mirrorStatus": "pending", "liveDecision": "Refuse Permission", "dateSigned": "15/09/2026", "council": "Mayo County Council", "description": "Construction of a data centre and all associated site works. An Environmental Impact Assessment Report (EIAR) and a Natura Impact Statement (NIS) have been submitted with the planning application.", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/322575" }, { "ref": "501550", "mirrorStatus": "open", "liveDecision": null, "dateSigned": "17/06/2026", "council": "Westmeath County Council", "description": "Demolition of the derelict dwelling and sheds for construction of a Data Centre Facility and Decentralised Energy Resource with all associated site works. The project includes development that include", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/501550" } ], "acpDueDates": [ { "ref": "321230", "dueBy": "2025-03-25", "overdueDays": 564, "applicant": "Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited", "council": "South Dublin County Council", "planningRef": "SD24A/0201W", "lodged": "11/11/2024", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/321230", "source": "ACP case page cached by the Watch pipeline (2026-10-06)" }, { "ref": "323677", "dueBy": "2026-01-28", "overdueDays": 255, "applicant": "Herbata Limited", "council": "Kildare County Council", "lodged": "16/09/2025", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/323677" }, { "ref": "501596", "dueBy": "2026-10-27", "overdueDays": -17, "applicant": "Red Admiral DC Limited", "council": "Westmeath County Council", "lodged": "23/06/2026", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/501596" } ], "caveats": [ "History starts at the first snapshot; nothing before it is reconstructed.", "EirGrid lists are 'newest N' windows, so items falling out of the window are not reported as removals.", "A 'changed' entry means a field on the public page/API changed between two snapshots, not necessarily a decision.", "Personal data: LEAP holders that do not look like organisations are dropped; ACP third-party names are never stored." ] }, "watch": { "title": "What to watch", "source": "Official timetables (EirGrid RESS 6, SEMO capacity auction), ACP case pages (change feed, offshore snapshots), EuroHPC call page, EPA and CSO pages, CRU publications API, and this project's lifecycle, policy, gas, offshore and generation pipelines; cached in data/raw/watch/", "asOf": "2026-10-10", "items": [ { "date": "2024-12-10", "dateText": "2024-12-10", "dateType": "overdue", "what": "ACP decision on Arklow Bank Wind Park 2 offshore wind (800 MW), case OA27.319864: 669 days past the statutory date, 28.1 months in planning", "why": "Offshore wind is the main new source of Irish renewable power; consent timing sets the earliest first power.", "source": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la case page (offshore snapshot 2026-10-10): 'due to be decided by 2024-12-10'", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/319864", "confidence": "high", "basis": "statutory objective date shown on the case page", "topic": "offshore" }, { "date": "2024-12-12", "dateText": "2024-12-12", "dateType": "overdue", "what": "ACP decision on North Irish Sea Array (NISA) offshore wind (500 MW), case OA29N.319866: 667 days past the statutory date, 28.1 months in planning", "why": "Offshore wind is the main new source of Irish renewable power; consent timing sets the earliest first power.", "source": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la case page (offshore snapshot 2026-10-10): 'due to be decided by 2024-12-12'", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/319866", "confidence": "high", "basis": "statutory objective date shown on the case page", "topic": "offshore" }, { "date": "2025-03-25", "dateText": "2025-03-25", "dateType": "overdue", "what": "ACP decision on data-centre appeal 321230 (Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited, South Dublin County Council): 564 days past the statutory date", "why": "A live data-centre proposal; the outcome moves it into the permitted pipeline or kills it.", "source": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la case page (change-feed snapshot): 'due to be decided by 2025-03-25'", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/321230", "confidence": "high", "basis": "statutory objective date shown on the case page", "topic": "planning" }, { "date": "2025-04-01", "dateText": "2025-04-01", "dateType": "overdue", "what": "ACP decision on Codling Wind Park offshore wind (1300 MW), case OA29N.320768: 557 days past the statutory date, 25.1 months in planning", "why": "Offshore wind is the main new source of Irish renewable power; consent timing sets the earliest first power.", "source": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la case page (offshore snapshot 2026-10-10): 'due to be decided by 2025-04-01'", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/320768", "confidence": "high", "basis": "statutory objective date shown on the case page", "topic": "offshore" }, { "date": "2025-09-09", "dateText": "2025-09-09", "dateType": "overdue", "what": "ACP decision on Dublin Array offshore wind (824 MW), case OA06D.321992: 396 days past the statutory date, 19.4 months in planning", "why": "Offshore wind is the main new source of Irish renewable power; consent timing sets the earliest first power.", "source": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la case page (offshore snapshot 2026-10-10): 'due to be decided by 2025-09-09'", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/321992", "confidence": "high", "basis": "statutory objective date shown on the case page", "topic": "offshore" }, { "date": "2026-01-28", "dateText": "2026-01-28", "dateType": "overdue", "what": "ACP decision on data-centre appeal 323677 (Herbata Limited, Kildare County Council): 255 days past the statutory date", "why": "A live data-centre proposal; the outcome moves it into the permitted pipeline or kills it.", "source": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la case page (change-feed snapshot): 'due to be decided by 2026-01-28'", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/323677", "confidence": "high", "basis": "statutory objective date shown on the case page", "topic": "planning" }, { "date": "2026-09-21", "dateText": "2026-09-21", "dateType": "overdue", "what": "ACP decision on Oriel Wind Farm offshore wind (375 MW), case OA15.319799: 19 days past the statutory date, 28.5 months in planning", "why": "Offshore wind is the main new source of Irish renewable power; consent timing sets the earliest first power.", "source": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la case page (offshore snapshot 2026-10-10): 'due to be decided by 2026-09-21'", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/319799", "confidence": "high", "basis": "statutory objective date shown on the case page", "topic": "offshore" }, { "date": "2026-10-27", "dateText": "2026-10-27", "dateType": "due", "what": "ACP decision on data-centre appeal 501596 (Red Admiral DC Limited, Westmeath County Council)", "why": "A live data-centre proposal; the outcome moves it into the permitted pipeline or kills it.", "source": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la case page (change-feed snapshot): 'due to be decided by 2026-10-27'", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/501596", "confidence": "high", "basis": "statutory objective date shown on the case page", "topic": "planning" }, { "date": "2026-10-28", "dateText": "2026-10-28", "dateType": "deadline", "what": "RESS 6 final qualification decisions", "why": "State-supported wind and solar: its output cannot count toward a data centre's 80% renewables test (CRU2025236), so it competes with data-centre PPAs for the same projects.", "source": "EirGrid, RESS 6 Auction Timetable (R6AT) v1.2, 25 Sep 2026", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-6-Final-Auction-Timetable-R6AT-V1.2.pdf", "confidence": "high", "basis": "official timetable line 'Final Qualification Decisions Date'", "topic": "renewables" }, { "date": "2026-11-04", "dateText": "2026-11-04", "dateType": "expected", "what": "2030/31 T-4 capacity auction: provisional qualification results", "why": "New gas plant (including data-centre-linked dispatchable generation under CRU2025236) wins contracts here; Ireland is short of the reliability standard to 2028.", "source": "SEMO / EirGrid, 2030/2031 T-4 Capacity Auction Timetable (CAT3031T-4) v1.0, 2 Jun 2026", "url": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-06/CAT3031T-4%20-%202030%202031%20T-4%20Capacity%20Auction%20Timetable.pdf", "confidence": "high", "basis": "official timetable line 'Provisional Qualification Results Date'", "topic": "capacity" }, { "date": "2026-11-12", "dateText": "2026-11-12", "dateType": "deadline", "what": "RESS 6 onshore renewables auction: bids close (12:00)", "why": "State-supported wind and solar: its output cannot count toward a data centre's 80% renewables test (CRU2025236), so it competes with data-centre PPAs for the same projects.", "source": "EirGrid, RESS 6 Auction Timetable (R6AT) v1.2, 25 Sep 2026", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-6-Final-Auction-Timetable-R6AT-V1.2.pdf", "confidence": "high", "basis": "official timetable line 'Auction Submission Closing Date'", "topic": "renewables" }, { "date": "2026-11-25", "dateText": "2026-11-25", "dateType": "expected", "what": "RESS 6 provisional auction results", "why": "State-supported wind and solar: its output cannot count toward a data centre's 80% renewables test (CRU2025236), so it competes with data-centre PPAs for the same projects.", "source": "EirGrid, RESS 6 Auction Timetable (R6AT) v1.2, 25 Sep 2026", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-6-Final-Auction-Timetable-R6AT-V1.2.pdf", "confidence": "high", "basis": "official timetable line 'Provisional Auction Results Date'", "topic": "renewables" }, { "date": "2026-12-03", "dateText": "2026-12-03", "dateType": "deadline", "what": "EU AI Gigafactories call (EuroHPC JU) closes, 17:00 CET", "why": "Up to EUR 10 bn public money for 100k-GPU sites; shows whether any bid names an Irish site and its power ask.", "source": "EuroHPC JU, Call for tenders: AI Gigafactory consortia (call page): 'Deadline date: 3 December 2026, 17:00 (CET)'", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/call-tenders-selection-artificial-intelligence-gigafactory-consortia-and-establishment-ai_en", "confidence": "medium", "basis": "The call page gives 3 Dec 2026; the launch news (30 Jul 2026) said 12 Nov 2026, as did research/seo-plan.md. The call page is the controlling document, so 3 Dec is used; re-check before publishing.", "topic": "eu", "quoteVerified": true, "conflictingDate": { "date": "2026-11-12", "source": "EuroHPC JU news, 'The EuroHPC Joint Undertaking launches the AI Gigafactories Call', 30 Jul 2026", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-joint-undertaking-launches-ai-gigafactories-call-2026-07-30_en", "quoteVerified": true } }, { "date": "2026-12-07", "dateText": "early December 2026", "dateType": "expected", "what": "Expected ACP decision on Arklow Bank Wind Park 2 (SSE)", "why": "One of only two offshore projects that could sell power to data centres (no state contract).", "source": "Irish Times, Decision on first offshore wind farm since Arklow Bank due within months (2026-05-26): 'a second offshore wind farm, the replacement for Arklow Bank, was due a decision by early December'", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/environment/2026/05/26/decision-on-first-offshore-wind-farm-since-arklow-bank-due-within-months/", "confidence": "medium", "basis": "press-reported expectation; no statutory date", "topic": "offshore", "quoteVerified": true }, { "date": "2026-12-09", "dateText": "2026-12-09", "dateType": "expected", "what": "RESS 6 final auction results", "why": "State-supported wind and solar: its output cannot count toward a data centre's 80% renewables test (CRU2025236), so it competes with data-centre PPAs for the same projects.", "source": "EirGrid, RESS 6 Auction Timetable (R6AT) v1.2, 25 Sep 2026", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-6-Final-Auction-Timetable-R6AT-V1.2.pdf", "confidence": "high", "basis": "official timetable line 'Final Auction Results Date'", "topic": "renewables" }, { "date": "2026-12-31", "dateText": "by end 2026", "dateType": "expected", "what": "First offshore wind planning determination expected (Government)", "why": "Sets when, and how much, new offshore wind can reach the grid in the 2030s.", "source": "Irish Times, Government considering critical-infrastructure designation for offshore wind (2026-04-22): 'The first planning determination is anticipated by the end of 2026, with projects anticipated to be operational by the early 2030s'", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/oireachtas/2026/04/22/government-considering-designation-of-private-offshore-wind-facilities-as-critical-infrastructure/", "confidence": "medium", "basis": "press-reported expectation; no statutory date", "topic": "offshore", "quoteVerified": true }, { "date": "2027-03-03", "dateText": "2027-03-03", "dateType": "expected", "what": "2030/31 T-4 capacity auction: final qualification results", "why": "New gas plant (including data-centre-linked dispatchable generation under CRU2025236) wins contracts here; Ireland is short of the reliability standard to 2028.", "source": "SEMO / EirGrid, 2030/2031 T-4 Capacity Auction Timetable (CAT3031T-4) v1.0, 2 Jun 2026", "url": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-06/CAT3031T-4%20-%202030%202031%20T-4%20Capacity%20Auction%20Timetable.pdf", "confidence": "high", "basis": "official timetable line 'Final Qualification Results Date'", "topic": "capacity" }, { "date": "2027-03-25", "dateText": "2027-03-25", "dateType": "deadline", "what": "2030/31 T-4 capacity auction runs (bids close 10:00)", "why": "New gas plant (including data-centre-linked dispatchable generation under CRU2025236) wins contracts here; Ireland is short of the reliability standard to 2028.", "source": "SEMO / EirGrid, 2030/2031 T-4 Capacity Auction Timetable (CAT3031T-4) v1.0, 2 Jun 2026", "url": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-06/CAT3031T-4%20-%202030%202031%20T-4%20Capacity%20Auction%20Timetable.pdf", "confidence": "high", "basis": "official timetable line 'Capacity Auction Run Start'", "topic": "capacity" }, { "date": "2027-03-31", "dateText": "2027-03-31", "dateType": "deadline", "what": "EPA Annual Environmental Reports for 2026 due from every licensee", "why": "Only public per-site record of data-centre grid draw, fuel and generator hours (the directory's grid MW comes from AERs).", "source": "EPA, Compliance and performance reporting by licensees: 'All Licensees are required to submit your AER and EPR returns by 31 March of the year following the year being reported on'", "url": "https://www.epa.ie/our-services/compliance--enforcement/industry-and-waste-management/compliance-and-performance-reporting-by-licensees/", "confidence": "high", "basis": "EPA rule for all IE licensees; documents then appear on LEAP (change feed: epa_dc_documents)", "topic": "data", "quoteVerified": true }, { "date": "2027-04-01", "dateText": "2027-04-01", "dateType": "expected", "what": "2030/31 T-4 capacity auction: provisional results", "why": "New gas plant (including data-centre-linked dispatchable generation under CRU2025236) wins contracts here; Ireland is short of the reliability standard to 2028.", "source": "SEMO / EirGrid, 2030/2031 T-4 Capacity Auction Timetable (CAT3031T-4) v1.0, 2 Jun 2026", "url": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-06/CAT3031T-4%20-%202030%202031%20T-4%20Capacity%20Auction%20Timetable.pdf", "confidence": "high", "basis": "official timetable line 'Capacity Auction Provisional Results Date'", "topic": "capacity" }, { "date": "2027-05-05", "dateText": "2027-05-05", "dateType": "deadline", "what": "Data-centre permission SD21A/0186 (SDCC, Equinix Profile Park (DB8), Equinix) expires with no commencement notice", "why": "Use it or lose it: an extension application or a commencement notice signals the project is alive.", "source": "Planning register via lifecycle pipeline; expiry basis: grant date + 5 years (computed)", "url": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/61048", "confidence": "medium", "basis": "no BCMS commencement notice linked; expiry computed or from the council register", "topic": "planning", "planningRef": "SD21A/0186", "floorAreaM2": 9601 }, { "date": "2027-06-30", "dateText": "H1 2027", "dateType": "expected", "what": "Expected ACP decisions on Codling, Dublin Array and NISA (ORESS 1 projects)", "why": "Sets when, and how much, new offshore wind can reach the grid in the 2030s.", "source": "Irish Times, Decision on first offshore wind farm since Arklow Bank due within months (2026-05-26): 'Decisions on three other developments off the Dublin and Wicklow coasts were expected in the first half of next year'", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/environment/2026/05/26/decision-on-first-offshore-wind-farm-since-arklow-bank-due-within-months/", "confidence": "medium", "basis": "press-reported expectation; no statutory date", "topic": "offshore", "quoteVerified": true }, { "date": "2027-07-07", "dateText": "early July 2027", "dateType": "expected", "what": "CSO Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2026 (annual release)", "why": "The official national figure (2025: 7,663 GWh, 23% of metered electricity) that every story quotes.", "source": "CSO, Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2025 (released 7 Jul 2026)", "url": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dcmec/datacentresmeteredelectricityconsumption2025/", "confidence": "medium", "basis": "Annual release; the 2025 edition was published 7 Jul 2026, so early July 2027 is expected. The CSO release calendar does not yet list it.", "topic": "data" }, { "date": "2027-07-08", "dateText": "2027-07-08", "dateType": "deadline", "what": "Data-centre permission 21/5574 (CORKCO, Hoffmann Park, Little Island) expires with no commencement notice", "why": "Use it or lose it: an extension application or a commencement notice signals the project is alive.", "source": "Planning register via lifecycle pipeline; expiry basis: grant date + 5 years (computed)", "url": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/corkcoco/application-details/?ref=21/5574", "confidence": "medium", "basis": "no BCMS commencement notice linked; expiry computed or from the council register", "topic": "planning", "planningRef": "21/5574", "floorAreaM2": null }, { "date": "2027-12-31", "dateText": "2027 (no date set)", "dateType": "expected", "what": "Next ORESS offshore wind auction (South Coast DMAP sites)", "why": "Sets when, and how much, new offshore wind can reach the grid in the 2030s.", "source": "Irish Times, Government considering critical-infrastructure designation for offshore wind (2026-04-22): 'I expect the auction to take place in 2027'", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/oireachtas/2026/04/22/government-considering-designation-of-private-offshore-wind-facilities-as-critical-infrastructure/", "confidence": "medium", "basis": "press-reported expectation; no statutory date", "topic": "offshore", "quoteVerified": true }, { "date": "2028-04-01", "dateText": "Q2 2028 (assumed)", "dateType": "expected", "what": "Celtic Interconnector (700 MW, Cork to Brittany) expected in service", "why": "Ireland's first link to continental Europe; adds import capacity on cold, still evenings when data-centre load is flat.", "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035: 'it is now assumed available from April 2028'", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "confidence": "medium", "basis": "EirGrid adequacy assumption (originally 2027; CRU May 2025 said construction due to complete in 2026)", "topic": "grid" }, { "date": null, "dateText": "pending (consultation closed 5 Aug 2026; no date set)", "dateType": "expected", "what": "CRU decision on interruptible gas connections above 50 MWth (CRU202657)", "why": "Decides whether behind-the-meter data-centre gas plant can be cut off in a gas emergency.", "source": "CRU202657 consultation (responses by 17:00 on 5 August 2026; decision 'in due course'); RT\u00c9, 'No decision yet on proposed discounted data centre gas tariff', 7 Sep 2026", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "confidence": "medium", "basis": "Consultation closed 2026-08-05; no CRU publication matching 'interruptible' after that date in the change-feed snapshot of 2026-10-10. No date set by CRU.", "topic": "gas", "since": "2026-08-05", "gasPipelineAsOf": "2026-10-10" }, { "date": null, "dateText": "pending (no hearing date published)", "dateType": "expected", "what": "High Court judicial review of CRU2025236 (LEU connection policy): FIE, Friends of the Earth Ireland, ClientEarth v CRU", "why": "Could quash the only grid-connection route for new data centres; EirGrid tells applicants they proceed at their own risk.", "source": "Policy timeline (2026-03-10 lodged); Irish Times, 'Environmental groups granted leave to challenge data centre policy', 28 Apr 2026", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/2026/04/28/environmental-groups-granted-leave-to-challenge-data-centre-policy/", "confidence": "medium", "basis": "Leave granted late April 2026 (Irish Times); no hearing date found in public reporting as of 2026-10-10. Check the High Court Judicial Review / Commercial list.", "topic": "policy", "since": "2026-04-28" } ], "overdue": [ { "date": "2024-12-10", "dateText": "2024-12-10", "dateType": "overdue", "what": "ACP decision on Arklow Bank Wind Park 2 offshore wind (800 MW), case OA27.319864: 669 days past the statutory date, 28.1 months in planning", "why": "Offshore wind is the main new source of Irish renewable power; consent timing sets the earliest first power.", "source": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la case page (offshore snapshot 2026-10-10): 'due to be decided by 2024-12-10'", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/319864", "confidence": "high", "basis": "statutory objective date shown on the case page", "topic": "offshore" }, { "date": "2024-12-12", "dateText": "2024-12-12", "dateType": "overdue", "what": "ACP decision on North Irish Sea Array (NISA) offshore wind (500 MW), case OA29N.319866: 667 days past the statutory date, 28.1 months in planning", "why": "Offshore wind is the main new source of Irish renewable power; consent timing sets the earliest first power.", "source": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la case page (offshore snapshot 2026-10-10): 'due to be decided by 2024-12-12'", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/319866", "confidence": "high", "basis": "statutory objective date shown on the case page", "topic": "offshore" }, { "date": "2025-03-25", "dateText": "2025-03-25", "dateType": "overdue", "what": "ACP decision on data-centre appeal 321230 (Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited, South Dublin County Council): 564 days past the statutory date", "why": "A live data-centre proposal; the outcome moves it into the permitted pipeline or kills it.", "source": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la case page (change-feed snapshot): 'due to be decided by 2025-03-25'", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/321230", "confidence": "high", "basis": "statutory objective date shown on the case page", "topic": "planning" }, { "date": "2025-04-01", "dateText": "2025-04-01", "dateType": "overdue", "what": "ACP decision on Codling Wind Park offshore wind (1300 MW), case OA29N.320768: 557 days past the statutory date, 25.1 months in planning", "why": "Offshore wind is the main new source of Irish renewable power; consent timing sets the earliest first power.", "source": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la case page (offshore snapshot 2026-10-10): 'due to be decided by 2025-04-01'", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/320768", "confidence": "high", "basis": "statutory objective date shown on the case page", "topic": "offshore" }, { "date": "2025-09-09", "dateText": "2025-09-09", "dateType": "overdue", "what": "ACP decision on Dublin Array offshore wind (824 MW), case OA06D.321992: 396 days past the statutory date, 19.4 months in planning", "why": "Offshore wind is the main new source of Irish renewable power; consent timing sets the earliest first power.", "source": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la case page (offshore snapshot 2026-10-10): 'due to be decided by 2025-09-09'", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/321992", "confidence": "high", "basis": "statutory objective date shown on the case page", "topic": "offshore" }, { "date": "2026-01-28", "dateText": "2026-01-28", "dateType": "overdue", "what": "ACP decision on data-centre appeal 323677 (Herbata Limited, Kildare County Council): 255 days past the statutory date", "why": "A live data-centre proposal; the outcome moves it into the permitted pipeline or kills it.", "source": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la case page (change-feed snapshot): 'due to be decided by 2026-01-28'", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/323677", "confidence": "high", "basis": "statutory objective date shown on the case page", "topic": "planning" }, { "date": "2026-09-21", "dateText": "2026-09-21", "dateType": "overdue", "what": "ACP decision on Oriel Wind Farm offshore wind (375 MW), case OA15.319799: 19 days past the statutory date, 28.5 months in planning", "why": "Offshore wind is the main new source of Irish renewable power; consent timing sets the earliest first power.", "source": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la case page (offshore snapshot 2026-10-10): 'due to be decided by 2026-09-21'", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/319799", "confidence": "high", "basis": "statutory objective date shown on the case page", "topic": "offshore" } ], "next90Days": [ { "date": "2026-10-27", "dateText": "2026-10-27", "dateType": "due", "what": "ACP decision on data-centre appeal 501596 (Red Admiral DC Limited, Westmeath County Council)", "why": "A live data-centre proposal; the outcome moves it into the permitted pipeline or kills it.", "source": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la case page (change-feed snapshot): 'due to be decided by 2026-10-27'", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/501596", "confidence": "high", "basis": "statutory objective date shown on the case page", "topic": "planning" }, { "date": "2026-10-28", "dateText": "2026-10-28", "dateType": "deadline", "what": "RESS 6 final qualification decisions", "why": "State-supported wind and solar: its output cannot count toward a data centre's 80% renewables test (CRU2025236), so it competes with data-centre PPAs for the same projects.", "source": "EirGrid, RESS 6 Auction Timetable (R6AT) v1.2, 25 Sep 2026", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-6-Final-Auction-Timetable-R6AT-V1.2.pdf", "confidence": "high", "basis": "official timetable line 'Final Qualification Decisions Date'", "topic": "renewables" }, { "date": "2026-11-04", "dateText": "2026-11-04", "dateType": "expected", "what": "2030/31 T-4 capacity auction: provisional qualification results", "why": "New gas plant (including data-centre-linked dispatchable generation under CRU2025236) wins contracts here; Ireland is short of the reliability standard to 2028.", "source": "SEMO / EirGrid, 2030/2031 T-4 Capacity Auction Timetable (CAT3031T-4) v1.0, 2 Jun 2026", "url": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-06/CAT3031T-4%20-%202030%202031%20T-4%20Capacity%20Auction%20Timetable.pdf", "confidence": "high", "basis": "official timetable line 'Provisional Qualification Results Date'", "topic": "capacity" }, { "date": "2026-11-12", "dateText": "2026-11-12", "dateType": "deadline", "what": "RESS 6 onshore renewables auction: bids close (12:00)", "why": "State-supported wind and solar: its output cannot count toward a data centre's 80% renewables test (CRU2025236), so it competes with data-centre PPAs for the same projects.", "source": "EirGrid, RESS 6 Auction Timetable (R6AT) v1.2, 25 Sep 2026", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-6-Final-Auction-Timetable-R6AT-V1.2.pdf", "confidence": "high", "basis": "official timetable line 'Auction Submission Closing Date'", "topic": "renewables" }, { "date": "2026-11-25", "dateText": "2026-11-25", "dateType": "expected", "what": "RESS 6 provisional auction results", "why": "State-supported wind and solar: its output cannot count toward a data centre's 80% renewables test (CRU2025236), so it competes with data-centre PPAs for the same projects.", "source": "EirGrid, RESS 6 Auction Timetable (R6AT) v1.2, 25 Sep 2026", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-6-Final-Auction-Timetable-R6AT-V1.2.pdf", "confidence": "high", "basis": "official timetable line 'Provisional Auction Results Date'", "topic": "renewables" }, { "date": "2026-12-03", "dateText": "2026-12-03", "dateType": "deadline", "what": "EU AI Gigafactories call (EuroHPC JU) closes, 17:00 CET", "why": "Up to EUR 10 bn public money for 100k-GPU sites; shows whether any bid names an Irish site and its power ask.", "source": "EuroHPC JU, Call for tenders: AI Gigafactory consortia (call page): 'Deadline date: 3 December 2026, 17:00 (CET)'", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/call-tenders-selection-artificial-intelligence-gigafactory-consortia-and-establishment-ai_en", "confidence": "medium", "basis": "The call page gives 3 Dec 2026; the launch news (30 Jul 2026) said 12 Nov 2026, as did research/seo-plan.md. The call page is the controlling document, so 3 Dec is used; re-check before publishing.", "topic": "eu", "quoteVerified": true, "conflictingDate": { "date": "2026-11-12", "source": "EuroHPC JU news, 'The EuroHPC Joint Undertaking launches the AI Gigafactories Call', 30 Jul 2026", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-joint-undertaking-launches-ai-gigafactories-call-2026-07-30_en", "quoteVerified": true } }, { "date": "2026-12-07", "dateText": "early December 2026", "dateType": "expected", "what": "Expected ACP decision on Arklow Bank Wind Park 2 (SSE)", "why": "One of only two offshore projects that could sell power to data centres (no state contract).", "source": "Irish Times, Decision on first offshore wind farm since Arklow Bank due within months (2026-05-26): 'a second offshore wind farm, the replacement for Arklow Bank, was due a decision by early December'", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/environment/2026/05/26/decision-on-first-offshore-wind-farm-since-arklow-bank-due-within-months/", "confidence": "medium", "basis": "press-reported expectation; no statutory date", "topic": "offshore", "quoteVerified": true }, { "date": "2026-12-09", "dateText": "2026-12-09", "dateType": "expected", "what": "RESS 6 final auction results", "why": "State-supported wind and solar: its output cannot count toward a data centre's 80% renewables test (CRU2025236), so it competes with data-centre PPAs for the same projects.", "source": "EirGrid, RESS 6 Auction Timetable (R6AT) v1.2, 25 Sep 2026", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-6-Final-Auction-Timetable-R6AT-V1.2.pdf", "confidence": "high", "basis": "official timetable line 'Final Auction Results Date'", "topic": "renewables" }, { "date": "2026-12-31", "dateText": "by end 2026", "dateType": "expected", "what": "First offshore wind planning determination expected (Government)", "why": "Sets when, and how much, new offshore wind can reach the grid in the 2030s.", "source": "Irish Times, Government considering critical-infrastructure designation for offshore wind (2026-04-22): 'The first planning determination is anticipated by the end of 2026, with projects anticipated to be operational by the early 2030s'", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/oireachtas/2026/04/22/government-considering-designation-of-private-offshore-wind-facilities-as-critical-infrastructure/", "confidence": "medium", "basis": "press-reported expectation; no statutory date", "topic": "offshore", "quoteVerified": true } ], "upcoming": [ { "date": "2026-10-27", "dateText": "2026-10-27", "dateType": "due", "what": "ACP decision on data-centre appeal 501596 (Red Admiral DC Limited, Westmeath County Council)", "why": "A live data-centre proposal; the outcome moves it into the permitted pipeline or kills it.", "source": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la case page (change-feed snapshot): 'due to be decided by 2026-10-27'", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/501596", "confidence": "high", "basis": "statutory objective date shown on the case page", "topic": "planning" }, { "date": "2026-10-28", "dateText": "2026-10-28", "dateType": "deadline", "what": "RESS 6 final qualification decisions", "why": "State-supported wind and solar: its output cannot count toward a data centre's 80% renewables test (CRU2025236), so it competes with data-centre PPAs for the same projects.", "source": "EirGrid, RESS 6 Auction Timetable (R6AT) v1.2, 25 Sep 2026", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-6-Final-Auction-Timetable-R6AT-V1.2.pdf", "confidence": "high", "basis": "official timetable line 'Final Qualification Decisions Date'", "topic": "renewables" }, { "date": "2026-11-04", "dateText": "2026-11-04", "dateType": "expected", "what": "2030/31 T-4 capacity auction: provisional qualification results", "why": "New gas plant (including data-centre-linked dispatchable generation under CRU2025236) wins contracts here; Ireland is short of the reliability standard to 2028.", "source": "SEMO / EirGrid, 2030/2031 T-4 Capacity Auction Timetable (CAT3031T-4) v1.0, 2 Jun 2026", "url": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-06/CAT3031T-4%20-%202030%202031%20T-4%20Capacity%20Auction%20Timetable.pdf", "confidence": "high", "basis": "official timetable line 'Provisional Qualification Results Date'", "topic": "capacity" }, { "date": "2026-11-12", "dateText": "2026-11-12", "dateType": "deadline", "what": "RESS 6 onshore renewables auction: bids close (12:00)", "why": "State-supported wind and solar: its output cannot count toward a data centre's 80% renewables test (CRU2025236), so it competes with data-centre PPAs for the same projects.", "source": "EirGrid, RESS 6 Auction Timetable (R6AT) v1.2, 25 Sep 2026", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-6-Final-Auction-Timetable-R6AT-V1.2.pdf", "confidence": "high", "basis": "official timetable line 'Auction Submission Closing Date'", "topic": "renewables" }, { "date": "2026-11-25", "dateText": "2026-11-25", "dateType": "expected", "what": "RESS 6 provisional auction results", "why": "State-supported wind and solar: its output cannot count toward a data centre's 80% renewables test (CRU2025236), so it competes with data-centre PPAs for the same projects.", "source": "EirGrid, RESS 6 Auction Timetable (R6AT) v1.2, 25 Sep 2026", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-6-Final-Auction-Timetable-R6AT-V1.2.pdf", "confidence": "high", "basis": "official timetable line 'Provisional Auction Results Date'", "topic": "renewables" }, { "date": "2026-12-03", "dateText": "2026-12-03", "dateType": "deadline", "what": "EU AI Gigafactories call (EuroHPC JU) closes, 17:00 CET", "why": "Up to EUR 10 bn public money for 100k-GPU sites; shows whether any bid names an Irish site and its power ask.", "source": "EuroHPC JU, Call for tenders: AI Gigafactory consortia (call page): 'Deadline date: 3 December 2026, 17:00 (CET)'", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/call-tenders-selection-artificial-intelligence-gigafactory-consortia-and-establishment-ai_en", "confidence": "medium", "basis": "The call page gives 3 Dec 2026; the launch news (30 Jul 2026) said 12 Nov 2026, as did research/seo-plan.md. The call page is the controlling document, so 3 Dec is used; re-check before publishing.", "topic": "eu", "quoteVerified": true, "conflictingDate": { "date": "2026-11-12", "source": "EuroHPC JU news, 'The EuroHPC Joint Undertaking launches the AI Gigafactories Call', 30 Jul 2026", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-joint-undertaking-launches-ai-gigafactories-call-2026-07-30_en", "quoteVerified": true } }, { "date": "2026-12-07", "dateText": "early December 2026", "dateType": "expected", "what": "Expected ACP decision on Arklow Bank Wind Park 2 (SSE)", "why": "One of only two offshore projects that could sell power to data centres (no state contract).", "source": "Irish Times, Decision on first offshore wind farm since Arklow Bank due within months (2026-05-26): 'a second offshore wind farm, the replacement for Arklow Bank, was due a decision by early December'", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/environment/2026/05/26/decision-on-first-offshore-wind-farm-since-arklow-bank-due-within-months/", "confidence": "medium", "basis": "press-reported expectation; no statutory date", "topic": "offshore", "quoteVerified": true }, { "date": "2026-12-09", "dateText": "2026-12-09", "dateType": "expected", "what": "RESS 6 final auction results", "why": "State-supported wind and solar: its output cannot count toward a data centre's 80% renewables test (CRU2025236), so it competes with data-centre PPAs for the same projects.", "source": "EirGrid, RESS 6 Auction Timetable (R6AT) v1.2, 25 Sep 2026", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-6-Final-Auction-Timetable-R6AT-V1.2.pdf", "confidence": "high", "basis": "official timetable line 'Final Auction Results Date'", "topic": "renewables" }, { "date": "2026-12-31", "dateText": "by end 2026", "dateType": "expected", "what": "First offshore wind planning determination expected (Government)", "why": "Sets when, and how much, new offshore wind can reach the grid in the 2030s.", "source": "Irish Times, Government considering critical-infrastructure designation for offshore wind (2026-04-22): 'The first planning determination is anticipated by the end of 2026, with projects anticipated to be operational by the early 2030s'", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/oireachtas/2026/04/22/government-considering-designation-of-private-offshore-wind-facilities-as-critical-infrastructure/", "confidence": "medium", "basis": "press-reported expectation; no statutory date", "topic": "offshore", "quoteVerified": true }, { "date": "2027-03-03", "dateText": "2027-03-03", "dateType": "expected", "what": "2030/31 T-4 capacity auction: final qualification results", "why": "New gas plant (including data-centre-linked dispatchable generation under CRU2025236) wins contracts here; Ireland is short of the reliability standard to 2028.", "source": "SEMO / EirGrid, 2030/2031 T-4 Capacity Auction Timetable (CAT3031T-4) v1.0, 2 Jun 2026", "url": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-06/CAT3031T-4%20-%202030%202031%20T-4%20Capacity%20Auction%20Timetable.pdf", "confidence": "high", "basis": "official timetable line 'Final Qualification Results Date'", "topic": "capacity" }, { "date": "2027-03-25", "dateText": "2027-03-25", "dateType": "deadline", "what": "2030/31 T-4 capacity auction runs (bids close 10:00)", "why": "New gas plant (including data-centre-linked dispatchable generation under CRU2025236) wins contracts here; Ireland is short of the reliability standard to 2028.", "source": "SEMO / EirGrid, 2030/2031 T-4 Capacity Auction Timetable (CAT3031T-4) v1.0, 2 Jun 2026", "url": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-06/CAT3031T-4%20-%202030%202031%20T-4%20Capacity%20Auction%20Timetable.pdf", "confidence": "high", "basis": "official timetable line 'Capacity Auction Run Start'", "topic": "capacity" }, { "date": "2027-03-31", "dateText": "2027-03-31", "dateType": "deadline", "what": "EPA Annual Environmental Reports for 2026 due from every licensee", "why": "Only public per-site record of data-centre grid draw, fuel and generator hours (the directory's grid MW comes from AERs).", "source": "EPA, Compliance and performance reporting by licensees: 'All Licensees are required to submit your AER and EPR returns by 31 March of the year following the year being reported on'", "url": "https://www.epa.ie/our-services/compliance--enforcement/industry-and-waste-management/compliance-and-performance-reporting-by-licensees/", "confidence": "high", "basis": "EPA rule for all IE licensees; documents then appear on LEAP (change feed: epa_dc_documents)", "topic": "data", "quoteVerified": true }, { "date": "2027-04-01", "dateText": "2027-04-01", "dateType": "expected", "what": "2030/31 T-4 capacity auction: provisional results", "why": "New gas plant (including data-centre-linked dispatchable generation under CRU2025236) wins contracts here; Ireland is short of the reliability standard to 2028.", "source": "SEMO / EirGrid, 2030/2031 T-4 Capacity Auction Timetable (CAT3031T-4) v1.0, 2 Jun 2026", "url": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-06/CAT3031T-4%20-%202030%202031%20T-4%20Capacity%20Auction%20Timetable.pdf", "confidence": "high", "basis": "official timetable line 'Capacity Auction Provisional Results Date'", "topic": "capacity" }, { "date": "2027-05-05", "dateText": "2027-05-05", "dateType": "deadline", "what": "Data-centre permission SD21A/0186 (SDCC, Equinix Profile Park (DB8), Equinix) expires with no commencement notice", "why": "Use it or lose it: an extension application or a commencement notice signals the project is alive.", "source": "Planning register via lifecycle pipeline; expiry basis: grant date + 5 years (computed)", "url": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/southdublin/application-details/61048", "confidence": "medium", "basis": "no BCMS commencement notice linked; expiry computed or from the council register", "topic": "planning", "planningRef": "SD21A/0186", "floorAreaM2": 9601 }, { "date": "2027-06-30", "dateText": "H1 2027", "dateType": "expected", "what": "Expected ACP decisions on Codling, Dublin Array and NISA (ORESS 1 projects)", "why": "Sets when, and how much, new offshore wind can reach the grid in the 2030s.", "source": "Irish Times, Decision on first offshore wind farm since Arklow Bank due within months (2026-05-26): 'Decisions on three other developments off the Dublin and Wicklow coasts were expected in the first half of next year'", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/environment/2026/05/26/decision-on-first-offshore-wind-farm-since-arklow-bank-due-within-months/", "confidence": "medium", "basis": "press-reported expectation; no statutory date", "topic": "offshore", "quoteVerified": true }, { "date": "2027-07-07", "dateText": "early July 2027", "dateType": "expected", "what": "CSO Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2026 (annual release)", "why": "The official national figure (2025: 7,663 GWh, 23% of metered electricity) that every story quotes.", "source": "CSO, Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2025 (released 7 Jul 2026)", "url": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dcmec/datacentresmeteredelectricityconsumption2025/", "confidence": "medium", "basis": "Annual release; the 2025 edition was published 7 Jul 2026, so early July 2027 is expected. The CSO release calendar does not yet list it.", "topic": "data" }, { "date": "2027-07-08", "dateText": "2027-07-08", "dateType": "deadline", "what": "Data-centre permission 21/5574 (CORKCO, Hoffmann Park, Little Island) expires with no commencement notice", "why": "Use it or lose it: an extension application or a commencement notice signals the project is alive.", "source": "Planning register via lifecycle pipeline; expiry basis: grant date + 5 years (computed)", "url": "https://planning.agileapplications.ie/corkcoco/application-details/?ref=21/5574", "confidence": "medium", "basis": "no BCMS commencement notice linked; expiry computed or from the council register", "topic": "planning", "planningRef": "21/5574", "floorAreaM2": null }, { "date": "2027-12-31", "dateText": "2027 (no date set)", "dateType": "expected", "what": "Next ORESS offshore wind auction (South Coast DMAP sites)", "why": "Sets when, and how much, new offshore wind can reach the grid in the 2030s.", "source": "Irish Times, Government considering critical-infrastructure designation for offshore wind (2026-04-22): 'I expect the auction to take place in 2027'", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/oireachtas/2026/04/22/government-considering-designation-of-private-offshore-wind-facilities-as-critical-infrastructure/", "confidence": "medium", "basis": "press-reported expectation; no statutory date", "topic": "offshore", "quoteVerified": true }, { "date": "2028-04-01", "dateText": "Q2 2028 (assumed)", "dateType": "expected", "what": "Celtic Interconnector (700 MW, Cork to Brittany) expected in service", "why": "Ireland's first link to continental Europe; adds import capacity on cold, still evenings when data-centre load is flat.", "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035: 'it is now assumed available from April 2028'", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "confidence": "medium", "basis": "EirGrid adequacy assumption (originally 2027; CRU May 2025 said construction due to complete in 2026)", "topic": "grid" } ], "pendingUndated": [ { "date": null, "dateText": "pending (consultation closed 5 Aug 2026; no date set)", "dateType": "expected", "what": "CRU decision on interruptible gas connections above 50 MWth (CRU202657)", "why": "Decides whether behind-the-meter data-centre gas plant can be cut off in a gas emergency.", "source": "CRU202657 consultation (responses by 17:00 on 5 August 2026; decision 'in due course'); RT\u00c9, 'No decision yet on proposed discounted data centre gas tariff', 7 Sep 2026", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "confidence": "medium", "basis": "Consultation closed 2026-08-05; no CRU publication matching 'interruptible' after that date in the change-feed snapshot of 2026-10-10. No date set by CRU.", "topic": "gas", "since": "2026-08-05", "gasPipelineAsOf": "2026-10-10" }, { "date": null, "dateText": "pending (no hearing date published)", "dateType": "expected", "what": "High Court judicial review of CRU2025236 (LEU connection policy): FIE, Friends of the Earth Ireland, ClientEarth v CRU", "why": "Could quash the only grid-connection route for new data centres; EirGrid tells applicants they proceed at their own risk.", "source": "Policy timeline (2026-03-10 lodged); Irish Times, 'Environmental groups granted leave to challenge data centre policy', 28 Apr 2026", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/2026/04/28/environmental-groups-granted-leave-to-challenge-data-centre-policy/", "confidence": "medium", "basis": "Leave granted late April 2026 (Irish Times); no hearing date found in public reporting as of 2026-10-10. Check the High Court Judicial Review / Commercial list.", "topic": "policy", "since": "2026-04-28" } ], "recentlyDecided": [ { "ref": "320852", "decision": "Grant Permissions with Conditions", "dateSigned": "2026-09-23", "council": "South Dublin County Council", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/320852" }, { "ref": "322575", "decision": "Refuse Permission", "dateSigned": "2026-09-15", "council": "Mayo County Council", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/322575" } ], "counts": { "items": 28, "overdue": 7, "upcoming": 19, "undated": 2 }, "notes": [ "No 2027/2028 T-1 capacity auction timetable was listed on SEMO's timetable page on 2026-10-03." ], "errors": [], "caveats": [ "dateType: overdue = a statutory date has passed with no decision; due = statutory date ahead; deadline = a fixed date set by the body (bids close, filings due, permission expires); expected = a date given by the body or reported in the press, not binding.", "ACP 'due to be decided by' dates are statutory objectives; the Commission routinely misses them and resets them by notice, so overdue is common, not exceptional.", "Expected dates from press reports carry medium confidence; undated items are listed because they matter, not because a date is known.", "Permission expiry is computed (grant + duration sought) where the council register has no reliable date; an extension of duration can be lodged up to expiry." ] }, "satellite": { "title": "From orbit", "source": "Copernicus Sentinel-2 L2A via Element84 Earth Search STAC (https://earth-search.aws.element84.com/v1), COGs on s3://sentinel-cogs read by HTTP range requests; campus points from the directory", "asOf": "2026-10-10", "method": "Per campus and year: clearest May-Sep scene (fallback any month) with >= 90% clear pixels inside a 300 m radius; NDVI, NDBI, % non-vegetated (NDVI<0.3), % bright (red>0.15).", "sites": [ { "id": "microsoft-huntstown", "name": "Microsoft Huntstown", "operator": "Microsoft", "status": "under construction", "lat": 53.41157, "lng": -6.31949, "council": "Fingal", "gridMWAvg2025": null, "footprintM2": 35728, "years": [ { "year": 2017, "sentinel2Scenes": 11, "landsatScenes": 20, "seasonScenes": 4, "date": "2017-05-08", "scene": "S2A_29UPV_20170508_0_L2A", "cloud": 1.55, "clearFrac": 0.934, "ndvi": 0.583, "ndbi": -0.179, "nonVegetatedPct": 10.4, "brightPct": 3.8, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2018, "sentinel2Scenes": 34, "landsatScenes": 28, "seasonScenes": 23, "date": "2018-07-02", "scene": "S2A_29UPV_20180702_1_L2A", "cloud": 0.07, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.571, "ndbi": -0.197, "nonVegetatedPct": 12.4, "brightPct": 7.1, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2019, "sentinel2Scenes": 44, "landsatScenes": 14, "seasonScenes": 15, "date": "2019-09-20", "scene": "S2B_29UPV_20190920_0_L2A", "cloud": 0.19, "clearFrac": 0.961, "ndvi": 0.476, "ndbi": -0.058, "nonVegetatedPct": 35.7, "brightPct": 4.2, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2020, "sentinel2Scenes": 49, "landsatScenes": 19, "seasonScenes": 12, "date": "2020-06-01", "scene": "S2A_29UPV_20200601_1_L2A", "cloud": 17.31, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.462, "ndbi": -0.105, "nonVegetatedPct": 24.8, "brightPct": 23.1, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2021, "sentinel2Scenes": 58, "landsatScenes": 16, "seasonScenes": 26, "date": "2021-08-28", "scene": "S2A_29UPV_20210828_1_L2A", "cloud": 0.76, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.586, "ndbi": -0.142, "nonVegetatedPct": 17.5, "brightPct": 6.9, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2022, "sentinel2Scenes": 31, "landsatScenes": 32, "seasonScenes": 6, "date": "2022-08-13", "scene": "S2A_29UPV_20220813_0_L2A", "cloud": 0.09, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.389, "ndbi": 0.009, "nonVegetatedPct": 35.8, "brightPct": 9.2, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2023, "sentinel2Scenes": 23, "landsatScenes": 24, "seasonScenes": 11, "date": "2023-09-04", "scene": "S2A_29UPV_20230904_0_L2A", "cloud": 0.26, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.5, "ndbi": -0.106, "nonVegetatedPct": 28.4, "brightPct": 12.4, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2024, "sentinel2Scenes": 20, "landsatScenes": 11, "seasonScenes": 6, "date": "2024-09-06", "scene": "S2B_29UPV_20240906_0_L2A", "cloud": 3.89, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.405, "ndbi": -0.112, "nonVegetatedPct": 27.5, "brightPct": 8.3, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2025, "sentinel2Scenes": 50, "landsatScenes": 26, "seasonScenes": 17, "date": "2025-05-21", "scene": "S2A_29UPV_20250521_1_L2A", "cloud": 0.13, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.552, "ndbi": -0.187, "nonVegetatedPct": 23.3, "brightPct": 13.8, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2026, "sentinel2Scenes": 35, "landsatScenes": 13, "seasonScenes": 23, "date": "2026-07-08", "scene": "S2B_29UPV_20260708_0_L2A", "cloud": 0.55, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.26, "ndbi": -0.017, "nonVegetatedPct": 65.0, "brightPct": 41.9, "inSeason": true } ], "change": { "from": 2017, "to": 2026, "nonVegetatedPctDelta": 54.6, "ndviDelta": -0.323, "brightPctDelta": 38.1, "biggestJumpYear": 2026, "biggestJumpPctPts": 41.7 } }, { "id": "amazon-aws-grange-castle-south", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Grange Castle South", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "status": "operating", "lat": 53.31881, "lng": -6.45276, "council": "South Dublin", "gridMWAvg2025": 61.0, "footprintM2": 21088, "years": [ { "year": 2017, "sentinel2Scenes": 11, "landsatScenes": 16, "seasonScenes": 4, "date": "2017-05-08", "scene": "S2A_29UPV_20170508_0_L2A", "cloud": 1.55, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.75, "ndbi": -0.333, "nonVegetatedPct": 6.6, "brightPct": 5.9, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2018, "sentinel2Scenes": 34, "landsatScenes": 22, "seasonScenes": 23, "date": "2018-07-02", "scene": "S2A_29UPV_20180702_1_L2A", "cloud": 0.07, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.329, "ndbi": 0.044, "nonVegetatedPct": 54.4, "brightPct": 52.1, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2019, "sentinel2Scenes": 44, "landsatScenes": 7, "seasonScenes": 15, "date": "2019-09-20", "scene": "S2B_29UPV_20190920_0_L2A", "cloud": 0.19, "clearFrac": 0.992, "ndvi": 0.501, "ndbi": -0.077, "nonVegetatedPct": 22.7, "brightPct": 10.2, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2020, "sentinel2Scenes": 49, "landsatScenes": 15, "seasonScenes": 12, "date": "2020-06-01", "scene": "S2A_29UPV_20200601_1_L2A", "cloud": 17.31, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.479, "ndbi": -0.1, "nonVegetatedPct": 22.4, "brightPct": 18.8, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2021, "sentinel2Scenes": 58, "landsatScenes": 12, "seasonScenes": 26, "date": "2021-08-28", "scene": "S2A_29UPV_20210828_1_L2A", "cloud": 0.76, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.223, "ndbi": 0.023, "nonVegetatedPct": 71.1, "brightPct": 32.2, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2022, "sentinel2Scenes": 31, "landsatScenes": 16, "seasonScenes": 6, "date": "2022-08-13", "scene": "S2A_29UPV_20220813_0_L2A", "cloud": 0.09, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.197, "ndbi": 0.04, "nonVegetatedPct": 71.9, "brightPct": 30.7, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2023, "sentinel2Scenes": 23, "landsatScenes": 17, "seasonScenes": 11, "date": "2023-09-04", "scene": "S2A_29UPV_20230904_0_L2A", "cloud": 0.26, 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"S2A_29UPU_20220810_0_L2A", "cloud": 0.0, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.464, "ndbi": -0.013, "nonVegetatedPct": 36.3, "brightPct": 4.3, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2023, "sentinel2Scenes": 27, "landsatScenes": 23, "seasonScenes": 14, "date": "2023-05-25", "scene": "S2B_29UPU_20230525_0_L2A", "cloud": 0.18, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.526, "ndbi": -0.102, "nonVegetatedPct": 28.4, "brightPct": 3.0, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2024, "sentinel2Scenes": 22, "landsatScenes": 11, "seasonScenes": 6, "date": "2024-09-16", "scene": "S2B_29UPU_20240916_0_L2A", "cloud": 5.03, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.56, "ndbi": -0.077, "nonVegetatedPct": 20.7, "brightPct": 0.9, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2025, "sentinel2Scenes": 55, "landsatScenes": 26, "seasonScenes": 22, "date": "2025-05-14", "scene": "S2B_29UPU_20250514_0_L2A", "cloud": 1.09, "clearFrac": 0.993, "ndvi": 0.493, "ndbi": -0.062, "nonVegetatedPct": 29.5, "brightPct": 2.4, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2026, "sentinel2Scenes": 27, "landsatScenes": 13, "seasonScenes": 17, "date": "2026-05-24", "scene": "S2C_29UPU_20260524_0_L2A", "cloud": 0.02, "clearFrac": 0.998, "ndvi": 0.488, "ndbi": -0.111, "nonVegetatedPct": 36.7, "brightPct": 15.5, "inSeason": true } ], "change": { "from": 2018, "to": 2026, "nonVegetatedPctDelta": -5.5, "ndviDelta": 0.039, "brightPctDelta": 9.1, "biggestJumpYear": null, "biggestJumpPctPts": 8.8 } }, { "id": "meta-clonee", "name": "Meta Clonee", "operator": "Meta", "status": "operating", "lat": 53.41761, "lng": -6.43248, "council": "Meath", "gridMWAvg2025": 135.0, "footprintM2": 148750, "pointBasis": "re-centred on the footprint-weighted centroid of OSM buildings Meta Clonee 1 Data Center, Meta Clonee 2 Data Center (directory point 53.41856, -6.43682 is the whole-campus centroid, between building groups)", "years": [ { "year": 2017, "sentinel2Scenes": 11, "landsatScenes": 15, "seasonScenes": 4 }, { "year": 2018, "sentinel2Scenes": 34, "landsatScenes": 22, "seasonScenes": 23, "date": "2018-07-02", "scene": "S2A_29UPV_20180702_1_L2A", "cloud": 0.07, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.203, "ndbi": 0.04, "nonVegetatedPct": 66.5, "brightPct": 47.9, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2019, "sentinel2Scenes": 44, "landsatScenes": 7, "seasonScenes": 15, "date": "2019-08-26", "scene": "S2A_29UPV_20190826_1_L2A", "cloud": 12.76, "clearFrac": 0.929, "ndvi": 0.375, "ndbi": -0.07, "nonVegetatedPct": 43.3, "brightPct": 36.5, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2020, "sentinel2Scenes": 49, "landsatScenes": 13, "seasonScenes": 12, "date": "2020-06-01", "scene": "S2A_29UPV_20200601_1_L2A", "cloud": 17.31, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.285, "ndbi": -0.021, "nonVegetatedPct": 56.6, "brightPct": 46.4, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2021, "sentinel2Scenes": 58, "landsatScenes": 11, "seasonScenes": 26, "date": "2021-08-28", "scene": "S2A_29UPV_20210828_1_L2A", "cloud": 0.76, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.409, "ndbi": -0.077, "nonVegetatedPct": 39.4, "brightPct": 30.5, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2022, "sentinel2Scenes": 31, "landsatScenes": 13, "seasonScenes": 6, "date": "2022-08-13", "scene": "S2A_29UPV_20220813_0_L2A", "cloud": 0.09, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.311, "ndbi": 0.015, "nonVegetatedPct": 41.9, "brightPct": 32.0, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2023, "sentinel2Scenes": 23, "landsatScenes": 15, "seasonScenes": 11, "date": "2023-09-04", "scene": "S2A_29UPV_20230904_0_L2A", "cloud": 0.26, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.396, "ndbi": -0.036, "nonVegetatedPct": 34.7, "brightPct": 29.7, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2024, "sentinel2Scenes": 20, "landsatScenes": 5, "seasonScenes": 6, "date": "2024-09-06", "scene": "S2B_29UPV_20240906_0_L2A", "cloud": 3.89, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.366, "ndbi": -0.026, "nonVegetatedPct": 36.8, "brightPct": 27.3, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2025, "sentinel2Scenes": 50, "landsatScenes": 14, "seasonScenes": 17, "date": "2025-05-21", "scene": "S2A_29UPV_20250521_1_L2A", "cloud": 0.13, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.456, "ndbi": -0.135, "nonVegetatedPct": 34.2, "brightPct": 30.0, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2026, "sentinel2Scenes": 35, "landsatScenes": 7, "seasonScenes": 23, "date": "2026-07-08", "scene": "S2B_29UPV_20260708_0_L2A", "cloud": 0.55, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.442, "ndbi": -0.084, "nonVegetatedPct": 35.3, "brightPct": 30.9, "inSeason": true } ], "change": { "from": 2018, "to": 2026, "nonVegetatedPctDelta": -31.2, "ndviDelta": 0.239, "brightPctDelta": -17.0, "biggestJumpYear": 2020, "biggestJumpPctPts": 13.3 } }, { "id": "apple-athenry", "name": "Apple Athenry", "operator": "Apple", "status": "permitted", "lat": 53.28946, "lng": -8.82649, "council": "Galway County", "gridMWAvg2025": null, "footprintM2": null, "years": [ { "year": 2017, "sentinel2Scenes": 12, "landsatScenes": 12, "seasonScenes": 3, "date": "2017-11-07", "scene": "S2A_29UNV_20171107_0_L2A", "cloud": 1.77, "clearFrac": 0.961, "ndvi": 0.765, "ndbi": -0.346, "nonVegetatedPct": 0.0, "brightPct": 0.0, "inSeason": false }, { "year": 2018, "sentinel2Scenes": 28, "landsatScenes": 18, "seasonScenes": 15, "date": "2018-06-28", "scene": "S2A_29UNV_20180628_1_L2A", "cloud": 1.24, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.905, "ndbi": -0.436, "nonVegetatedPct": 0.0, "brightPct": 0.0, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2019, "sentinel2Scenes": 28, "landsatScenes": 18, "seasonScenes": 9, "date": "2019-09-18", "scene": "S2A_29UNV_20190918_1_L2A", "cloud": 13.81, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.839, "ndbi": -0.368, "nonVegetatedPct": 0.0, "brightPct": 0.0, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2020, "sentinel2Scenes": 49, "landsatScenes": 14, "seasonScenes": 14, "date": "2020-05-28", "scene": "S2A_29UNV_20200528_0_L2A", "cloud": 15.93, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.861, "ndbi": -0.379, "nonVegetatedPct": 0.0, "brightPct": 0.0, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2021, "sentinel2Scenes": 72, "landsatScenes": 23, "seasonScenes": 21, "date": "2021-08-26", "scene": "S2B_29UNV_20210826_0_L2A", "cloud": 0.12, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.853, "ndbi": -0.442, "nonVegetatedPct": 0.0, "brightPct": 0.0, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2022, "sentinel2Scenes": 32, "landsatScenes": 19, "seasonScenes": 4, "date": "2022-08-13", "scene": "S2A_29UNV_20220813_0_L2A", "cloud": 0.0, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.894, "ndbi": -0.43, "nonVegetatedPct": 0.0, "brightPct": 0.0, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2023, "sentinel2Scenes": 10, "landsatScenes": 15, "seasonScenes": 6, "date": "2023-06-02", "scene": "S2A_29UNV_20230602_0_L2A", "cloud": 0.28, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.894, "ndbi": -0.471, "nonVegetatedPct": 0.0, "brightPct": 0.0, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2024, "sentinel2Scenes": 22, "landsatScenes": 13, "seasonScenes": 10, "date": "2024-05-19", "scene": "S2B_29UNV_20240519_0_L2A", "cloud": 17.97, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.854, "ndbi": -0.414, "nonVegetatedPct": 0.0, "brightPct": 0.0, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2025, "sentinel2Scenes": 35, "landsatScenes": 23, "seasonScenes": 13, "date": "2025-05-17", "scene": "S2B_29UNV_20250517_0_L2A", "cloud": 0.0, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.876, "ndbi": -0.44, "nonVegetatedPct": 0.0, "brightPct": 0.0, "inSeason": true }, { "year": 2026, "sentinel2Scenes": 26, "landsatScenes": 13, "seasonScenes": 16, "date": "2026-05-27", "scene": "S2C_29UNV_20260527_0_L2A", "cloud": 0.17, "clearFrac": 1.0, "ndvi": 0.888, "ndbi": -0.42, "nonVegetatedPct": 0.0, "brightPct": 0.0, "inSeason": true } ], "change": { "from": 2017, "to": 2026, "nonVegetatedPctDelta": 0.0, "ndviDelta": 0.123, "brightPctDelta": 0.0, "biggestJumpYear": null, "biggestJumpPctPts": 0.0 } } ], "caveats": [ "A 300 m circle around one point is not the whole campus and can include neighbours.", "Meta Clonee's point is re-centred on its eastern halls (Clonee 1-2, OSM footprints): the directory point is the whole-campus centroid and falls between building groups (see pointBasis). Its western halls (Clonee 5-6) are outside the circle.", "Bare earth during construction counts as non-vegetated, as does a finished roof.", "Season, sun angle and residual haze still vary; treat single-year moves under ~10 points as noise.", "Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2017-2026).", "Landsat thermal (heat signatures) not used: the assets are requester-pays (needs an AWS account)." ] }, "entities": { "title": "Who's behind the companies", "source": "Curated from public registers: PlanSight planning mirror (planningregister.ie), council ePlanning pages, EPA LEAP licences, NBCO BCMS commencement notices (via pipelines/lifecycle), CRO open data (opendata.cro.ie), and press (cited per entity)", "asOf": "2026-10-10", "method": "Hand-built from public sources only: applicant and licensee names (PlanSight planning mirror; council ePlanning pages; EPA LEAP licences), the CRO open-data company register (opendata.cro.ie via the PlanSight `company` mirror: number, name, status, registered office; no paid documents, no officer data), BCMS commencement-notice project names (pipelines/lifecycle), planning descriptions that cross-reference other refs, and press. Each name maps to the brand that operates or will operate the site (parentOperator), or to null with a role when the company is a landlord, contractor or developer that is not the operator. Confidence: high = an official register links the name to the brand (EPA licence, BCMS notice naming the brand's project codes, a planning description naming the brand) or two independent public sources agree; medium = one source or a circumstantial signal (shared registered office at an address used by many companies, same site, naming pattern); low = a lead only. A shared registered office is never enough on its own: corporate-services addresses (TMF, The Sidings, Earlsfort Centre) host hundreds of companies.", "count": 48, "byConfidence": { "high": 33, "medium": 11, "low": 4 }, "byParent": { "Amazon (AWS)": [ "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "CAP Developments LLC", "MIK Developments LLC", "Tunis Properties LLC", "UBC Properties LLC", "Universal Developers LLC" ], "Apple": [ "Apple Distribution International" ], "Art Data Centres": [ "Art Data Centres Ltd" ], "Avaio Digital": [ "Mayo Data Hub Limited" ], "CyrusOne": [ "CyrusOne Irish Datacentres Holdings Limited" ], "Data & Power Hub": [ "Data And Power Hub Services Limited" ], "Digital Realty": [ "Interxion Ireland DAC" ], "Echelon": [ "Crag Arklow Limited", "Crag Digital Avoca Limited", "Crag Digital Limited", "Crag Grangecastle DC Limited", "Crag Kish Limited", "Crag Newcastle DC Limited", "Crag Rathnew DC Limited", "Crag Wicklow Limited", "Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited" ], "EdgeConneX": [ "EdgeConneX Ballycoolin I Limited" ], "EngineNode": [ "EngineNode Ltd", "Sdc-En Meath I Limited" ], "Equinix": [ "Equinix Hyperscale 1 (DB5) Limited" ], "Gemini DC Fund": [ "Gemini DC Fund" ], "Government (OGCIO)": [ "Office of the Government Chief Information Officer" ], "Herbata": [ "Herbata Limited" ], "Keppel": [ "KDCR (Ireland) 2 Limited", "KDCR (Ireland) Limited" ], "Meta": [ "Runways Information Services Limited" ], "Pure DC": [ "South Dublin Routing 4 Limited", "South Dublin Routing 4 No. 2 Limited" ], "Red Admiral DC": [ "Red Admiral DC Limited" ], "Siemens": [ "Siemens Industry Software Limited" ], "Vantage": [ "Vantage Data Centers DUB11 Limited" ], "eir": [ "Eircom Ltd" ] }, "pipelineSpvs": [ "Crag Kish Limited", "Crag Grangecastle DC Limited", "Crag Newcastle DC Limited", "Crag Rathnew DC Limited" ], "entities": [ { "name": "Runways Information Services Limited", "aliases": [ "Runaways Information Services Limited", "Runways Information Services Limited (RISL)", "RISL" ], "cro": 553841, "role": "operator SPV", "parentOperator": "Meta", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "EPA", "detail": "Licensee of P1192, the Clonee campus combustion licence", "source": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1192" }, { "type": "CRO", "detail": "Registered office 'Merrion Road, Dublin 4', the same as Meta Platforms Ireland Limited (CRO 462932)", "source": "opendata.cro.ie company register" }, { "type": "BCMS", "detail": "Commencement notices on Clonee permissions name 'Sliotar CLN5_6' (Meta's Clonee building codes)", "source": "pipelines/lifecycle (NBCO BCMS)" }, { "type": "planning", "detail": "Applicant on Meath RA180030, RA180048, RA180671, RA200214, 2360219, 23836, 2460041 and Fingal FW18A/0008 (as 'Runaways')", "source": "eplanning.ie MeathCC; PlanSight" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 553841, "registeredName": "RUNWAYS INFORMATION SERVICES LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "2014-12-05", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "Merrion Road, ,Dublin 4", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/553841" } }, { "name": "South Dublin Routing 4 No. 2 Limited", "aliases": [ "South Dublin Routing 4 No.2 Limited", "South Dublin Routing 4 No. 2 Ltd" ], "cro": 708358, "role": "operator SPV", "parentOperator": "Pure DC", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "EPA", "detail": "Licensee of P1210 (address Orion Business Campus, Ballycoolin)", "source": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1210" }, { "type": "BCMS", "detail": "Commencement notices on FW18A/0114 at the same Orion site name 'Pure DUB01'", "source": "pipelines/lifecycle (NBCO BCMS)" }, { "type": "planning", "detail": "Applicant on FW24A/0012, FW24A/0239E, FW24A/0246E, FW26A/0021E (Orion Business Park)", "source": "PlanSight / Fingal" }, { "type": "press", "detail": "Pure Data Centres' Orion Business Park DC2/DC3 are listed under 'south-dublin-routing-4'", "source": "https://www.datacenterhawk.com/colo/south-dublin-routing-4/orion-business-park/dc2" }, { "type": "CRO", "detail": "Registered at TMF Group, Two Dockland Central, like Pure DC (Ireland H2) Limited (CRO 796518); TMF is a corporate-services address (800+ companies), so supporting only", "source": "opendata.cro.ie company register" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 708358, "registeredName": "SOUTH DUBLIN ROUTING 4 NO. 2 LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "2021-11-19", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "c/o TMF Group, Ground Floor, Two Dockland Central, Guild Street, North Dock,Dublin 1", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/708358" } }, { "name": "South Dublin Routing 4 Limited", "aliases": [], "cro": 607568, "role": "operator SPV", "parentOperator": "Pure DC", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "press", "detail": "Developer of the Orion Business Park (former Brian Daly Transport) site that Pure DC operates", "source": "https://www.datacenterhawk.com/colo/south-dublin-routing-4/orion-business-park/dc3" }, { "type": "planning", "detail": "Made a submission to the draft Fingal Development Plan as landowner at Orion", "source": "https://consult.fingal.ie/en/system/files/materials/22444/27078/Submission%20to%20Draft%20Fingal%20County%20Development%20Plan%20-%20South%20Dublin%20Routing%204%20Limited.pdf" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 607568, "registeredName": "SOUTH DUBLIN ROUTING 4 LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "2017-07-07", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "c/o TMF Group, Ground Floor, Two Dockland Central, Guild Street, North Dock,Dublin 1", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/607568" } }, { "name": "Crag Digital Limited", "aliases": [ "Crag Digital Ltd.", "Crag Digital Ltd" ], "cro": null, "role": "operator SPV", "parentOperator": "Echelon", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "EPA", "detail": "Licensee of withdrawn P1066 at 3 Crag Avenue; the replacement licence P1113 at the same coordinates is held by Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited", "source": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1066" }, { "type": "planning", "detail": "Applicant on SD18A/0068, SD19A/0185, SD20A/0242, SD20A/0309; Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Ltd then amends SD20A/0309 (SD22A/0093, SD25A/0301W)", "source": "PlanSight / South Dublin" }, { "type": "CRO", "detail": "No live company of exactly this name in the open register (likely renamed); Crag Digital Developments Limited (CRO 613671) sits at the Echelon group's registered office", "source": "opendata.cro.ie company register" } ], "croRecord": null }, { "name": "Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited", "aliases": [], "cro": 706392, "role": "operator SPV", "parentOperator": "Echelon", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "EPA", "detail": "Licensee of P1113, Crag Avenue (activity commenced)", "source": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1113" }, { "type": "CRO", "detail": "Registered office 1st Floor, Silverstone House, Sandyford, with Echelon DC Holdings Limited (CRO 668632) and Echelon DC Europe Limited (CRO 661101)", "source": "opendata.cro.ie company register" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 706392, "registeredName": "ECHELON CLONDALKIN DC SERVICES LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "2021-10-19", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "1st Floor, Silverstone House, Ballymoss Road, Sandyford Business Park, Dublin 18, ,DUBLIN", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/706392" } }, { "name": "Crag Digital Avoca Limited", "aliases": [ "Crag Digital Avoca Ltd" ], "cro": 622311, "role": "operator SPV", "parentOperator": "Echelon", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "EPA", "detail": "Applicant for P1240 at Avoca River Park, Arklow", "source": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1240" }, { "type": "planning", "detail": "Applicant on Wicklow 18914, 18940, 201247, 201285, 211080, 2372, 23843, SI202102, 2560806 (Avoca River Park)", "source": "eplanning.ie WicklowCC" }, { "type": "press", "detail": "Echelon's Arklow campus (DUB20) is at Avoca River Park", "source": "https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/echelon-data-centres-granted-planning-approval-for-100mw-data-center-in-county-wicklow-ireland/" }, { "type": "CRO", "detail": "Registered at Silverstone House, Sandyford, with the Echelon DC companies", "source": "opendata.cro.ie company register" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 622311, "registeredName": "CRAG DIGITAL AVOCA LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "2018-03-08", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "1st Floor, Silverstone House, Ballymoss Road, Sandyford Business Park, Dublin 18, , Ireland", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/622311" } }, { "name": "Crag Arklow Limited", "aliases": [], "cro": 622312, "role": "operator SPV", "parentOperator": "Echelon", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "EPA", "detail": "Licensee of withdrawn P1202 'Crag Arklow Energy Centre', Avoca River Park", "source": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1202" }, { "type": "planning", "detail": "Applicant on Wicklow 2560594 (ICT facility buildings east of Avoca River Park)", "source": "eplanning.ie WicklowCC" }, { "type": "CRO", "detail": "Incorporated the same day as Crag Digital Avoca Limited (8 Mar 2018), same registered office", "source": "opendata.cro.ie company register" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 622312, "registeredName": "CRAG ARKLOW LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "2018-03-08", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "1st Floor, Silverstone House, Ballymoss Road, Sandyford Business Park, Dublin 18, , Ireland", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/622312" } }, { "name": "Crag Wicklow Limited", "aliases": [], "cro": 657158, "role": "operator SPV", "parentOperator": "Echelon", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "planning", "detail": "Applicant on Wicklow 201088 and 2488 (ICT facility buildings, Kish Business Park, Arklow); 2362 amends 201088", "source": "http://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/201088/0" }, { "type": "press", "detail": "DCD describes Crag Wicklow Ltd as an Echelon affiliate and the Kish Business Park site as Echelon's DUB30", "source": "https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/irelands-echelon-breaks-ground-at-200mw-county-wicklow-data-center-campus-outside-dublin/" }, { "type": "CRO", "detail": "Registered at Silverstone House, Sandyford, with the Echelon DC companies; Crag Kish Limited (CRO 779359) registered there in Jan 2025", "source": "opendata.cro.ie company register" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 657158, "registeredName": "CRAG WICKLOW LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "2019-09-17", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "1st Floor, Silverstone House, Ballymoss Road, Sandyford Business Park, Dublin 18, ,DUBLIN", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/657158" } }, { "name": "Crag Kish Limited", "aliases": [], "cro": 779359, "role": "pipeline SPV (no planning record yet)", "parentOperator": "Echelon", "confidence": "medium", "evidence": [ { "type": "CRO", "detail": "Incorporated 10 Jan 2025 at the Echelon group's registered office; name matches the Kish Business Park campus", "source": "opendata.cro.ie company register" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 779359, "registeredName": "CRAG KISH LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "2025-01-10", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "1st Floor, Silverstone House, Ballymoss Road, Sandyford Business Park, Dublin 18, ,DUBLIN", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/779359" } }, { "name": "Crag Grangecastle DC Limited", "aliases": [], "cro": 696211, "role": "pipeline SPV (no planning record yet)", "parentOperator": "Echelon", "confidence": "medium", "evidence": [ { "type": "CRO", "detail": "Incorporated May 2021 at the Echelon group's registered office; 'DC' name for a Grange Castle site. No planning application under this name in the mirror", "source": "opendata.cro.ie company register" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 696211, "registeredName": "CRAG GRANGECASTLE DC LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "2021-05-24", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "1st Floor, Silverstone House, Ballymoss Road, Sandyford Business Park, Dublin 18, , Ireland", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/696211" } }, { "name": "Crag Newcastle DC Limited", "aliases": [], "cro": 720841, "role": "pipeline SPV (no planning record yet)", "parentOperator": "Echelon", "confidence": "medium", "evidence": [ { "type": "CRO", "detail": "Incorporated Jun 2022 at the Echelon group's registered office; 'DC' name for a Newcastle (Co. Dublin) site. No planning application under this name in the mirror", "source": "opendata.cro.ie company register" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 720841, "registeredName": "CRAG NEWCASTLE DC LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "2022-06-10", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "1st Floor, Silverstone House, Ballymoss Road, Sandyford Business Park, Dublin 18, ,DUBLIN", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/720841" } }, { "name": "Crag Rathnew DC Limited", "aliases": [], "cro": 745885, "role": "pipeline SPV (no planning record yet)", "parentOperator": "Echelon", "confidence": "medium", "evidence": [ { "type": "CRO", "detail": "Incorporated Jul 2023 at the Echelon group's registered office; 'DC' name for Rathnew, Co. Wicklow. No planning application under this name in the mirror", "source": "opendata.cro.ie company register" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 745885, "registeredName": "CRAG RATHNEW DC LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "2023-07-28", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "1st Floor, Silverstone House, Ballymoss Road, Sandyford Business Park, Dublin 18, ,DUBLIN", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/745885" } }, { "name": "Data And Power Hub Services Limited", "aliases": [ "Data & Power Hub Services Limited", "Data & Power Hub Services Ltd." ], "cro": 656704, "role": "operator SPV", "parentOperator": "Data & Power Hub", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "EPA", "detail": "Licensee of P1165, Milltown/Peamount", "source": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1165" }, { "type": "CRO", "detail": "Registered at Silverstone House, Sandyford, the Echelon group's office (77 companies share it, including an estate agency and residents' companies). A link to Echelon is possible but NOT established; kept as its own brand", "source": "opendata.cro.ie company register" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 656704, "registeredName": "DATA AND POWER HUB SERVICES LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "2019-09-10", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "1st Floor, Silverstone House, Ballymoss Road, Sandyford Business Park, Dublin 18, ,DUBLIN", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/656704" } }, { "name": "Tunis Properties LLC", "aliases": [ "Tunis Properties LLC," ], "cro": null, "role": "development SPV", "parentOperator": "Amazon (AWS)", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "planning", "detail": "Applicant on Meath 21663 (Drogheda IDA Business & Technology Park)", "source": "eplanning.ie MeathCC" }, { "type": "BCMS", "detail": "Commencement notice on 21663 names 'Amazon DUB072'", "source": "pipelines/lifecycle (NBCO BCMS)" }, { "type": "press", "detail": "DCD: Meath approval to 'Tunis Properties LLC on behalf of Amazon' for the second Drogheda data centre", "source": "https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/amazon-gains-approval-for-second-data-center-in-drogheda-ireland/" } ], "croRecord": null }, { "name": "CAP Developments LLC", "aliases": [], "cro": null, "role": "development SPV", "parentOperator": "Amazon (AWS)", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "planning", "detail": "Applicant on Meath LB191735 (first Drogheda data centre)", "source": "eplanning.ie MeathCC" }, { "type": "BCMS", "detail": "Commencement notices on LB191735 name 'DUB 062' (Amazon site code); EPA P1181 'ADSIL Drogheda' at the same site", "source": "pipelines/lifecycle; https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1181" }, { "type": "press", "detail": "DCD: plans 'submitted by CAP Developments LLC on behalf of Amazon'", "source": "https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/amazons-irish-data-center-plans-approved/" } ], "croRecord": null }, { "name": "MIK Developments LLC", "aliases": [ "MIK Developments" ], "cro": null, "role": "development SPV", "parentOperator": "Amazon (AWS)", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "planning", "detail": "Applicant on FW19A/0087 (two data storage facilities, Cruiserath), FW20A/0164 and FW21A/0039 on the same landholding", "source": "PlanSight / Fingal" }, { "type": "BCMS", "detail": "Commencement notices on FW19A/0087 name 'DUB068/DUB078' (Amazon site codes)", "source": "pipelines/lifecycle (NBCO BCMS)" }, { "type": "EPA", "detail": "Same campus as P1182 'ADSIL Cruiserath'", "source": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1182" } ], "croRecord": null }, { "name": "UBC Properties LLC", "aliases": [], "cro": null, "role": "development SPV", "parentOperator": "Amazon (AWS)", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "planning", "detail": "Applicant on SD20A/0121 (three data centres, Grange Castle South)", "source": "PlanSight / South Dublin" }, { "type": "BCMS", "detail": "Commencement notices on SD20A/0121 name 'DUB069/079/089' (Amazon); NBCO notice title 'DUB 069 Amazon Datacentre'", "source": "https://www.nbco.localgov.ie/en/bcms/notice/dub-069-amazon-datacentre" }, { "type": "EPA", "detail": "Site of P1184 'ADSIL Grange Castle South'", "source": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1184" } ], "croRecord": null }, { "name": "Universal Developers LLC", "aliases": [], "cro": null, "role": "development SPV", "parentOperator": "Amazon (AWS)", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "press", "detail": "Silicon Republic and the Irish Times: Universal Developers LLC applied for Amazon's Data Centres E, F and G on the AWS Cruiserath Road site; permission upheld on appeal Dec 2025", "source": "https://www.siliconrepublic.com/enterprise/amazon-data-centres-dublin-15-new-cruiserath-road-aws" }, { "type": "planning", "detail": "Fingal publishes no applicant for the matching application; probably FW22A/0308 (Cruiserath, received Aug 2023) - unchecked", "source": "PlanSight" } ], "croRecord": null }, { "name": "The Davy Platform ICAV (Liffey Sub-Fund)", "aliases": [ "The Davy Platform IC for and on behalf of the Liffey Sub-Fund" ], "cro": null, "role": "landlord", "parentOperator": null, "tenant": "Amazon (AWS)", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "planning", "detail": "Applicant on Kildare 2360047 (Kildare Innovation Campus, Leixlip)", "source": "eplanning.ie KildareCC" }, { "type": "EPA", "detail": "EPA licence documents for Amazon's Leixlip application state Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited leases the site from the Liffey Sub-Fund", "source": "https://epawebapp.epa.ie/licences/lic_eDMS/090151b280921b8a.pdf" } ], "croRecord": null }, { "name": "Amazon Data Services Ireland Limited", "aliases": [ "ADSIL", "Amazon Data Services Ireland Ltd." ], "cro": 390566, "role": "operator", "parentOperator": "Amazon (AWS)", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "EPA", "detail": "Licensee of P1170-P1186, P1222, P1238", "source": "https://leap.epa.ie" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 390566, "registeredName": "AMAZON DATA SERVICES IRELAND LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "2004-09-02", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "ONE BURLINGTON PLAZA, BURLINGTON ROAD, DUBLIN 4", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/390566" } }, { "name": "Equinix Hyperscale 1 (DB5) Limited", "aliases": [ "Equinix Hyperscale 1(DB5) Ltd." ], "cro": 680086, "role": "operator SPV", "parentOperator": "Equinix", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "EPA", "detail": "Licensee of P1168, Clyde House, Blanchardstown", "source": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1168" }, { "type": "CRO", "detail": "Registered office Floor 1, 1GQ Georges Quay, shared only with Equinix companies (7 at that address)", "source": "opendata.cro.ie company register" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 680086, "registeredName": "EQUINIX HYPERSCALE 1 (DB5) LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "2020-10-21", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "Floor 1, 1GQ Georges Quay, , Ireland", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/680086" } }, { "name": "EdgeConneX Ballycoolin I Limited", "aliases": [ "EDGECONNEX BALLYCOOLIN I LIMITED" ], "cro": null, "role": "operator SPV", "parentOperator": "EdgeConneX", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "planning", "detail": "Applicant on FW21A/0222, modifying CGTD Limited's FW21A/0077 at Bay, Corduff Road, Ballycoolin", "source": "PlanSight / Fingal" }, { "type": "CRO", "detail": "Not in the open register under this name (may be foreign-registered); EdgeConneX's Irish companies are registered at South Bank House, Barrow Street", "source": "opendata.cro.ie company register" } ], "croRecord": null }, { "name": "CGTD Limited", "aliases": [], "cro": 674144, "role": "developer", "parentOperator": null, "developerGroup": "Collen group (construction/property)", "endUser": "EdgeConneX", "confidence": "medium", "evidence": [ { "type": "CRO", "detail": "Registered office River House, East Wall Road, Dublin 3: 24 companies, mostly Collen group (Collen Construction Limited CRO 100646, Collen Developments Limited, CGSP Holdings Limited)", "source": "opendata.cro.ie company register" }, { "type": "planning", "detail": "FW21A/0077 'warehouse/logistics building' was modified by EdgeConneX Ballycoolin I Limited (FW21A/0222) and converted by CGTD to an energy centre 'to power 2 data storage buildings' (FW22A/0257, ACP 315599)", "source": "PlanSight / Fingal; https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/315599" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 674144, "registeredName": "CGTD LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "2020-07-17", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "RIVER HOUSE, EAST WALL ROAD, DUBLIN 3", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/674144" } }, { "name": "DCF Technology Limited", "aliases": [], "cro": 527323, "role": "developer", "parentOperator": null, "developerGroup": "Collen group (construction/property)", "endUser": "Amazon (AWS) - unconfirmed", "confidence": "medium", "evidence": [ { "type": "CRO", "detail": "Dissolved; registered at 2nd Floor River House, East Wall Road (Collen group office); DCF Developments Limited (CRO 527751) incorporated alongside it", "source": "opendata.cro.ie company register" }, { "type": "planning", "detail": "FW17A/0237 extends the 'existing Hexagon data storage facility'; earlier Hexagon applications (FW13A/0067, FW15A/0135) use Amazon's phrase 'electrical rooms for electronic operations'", "source": "PlanSight / Fingal" }, { "type": "EPA", "detail": "The Hexagon site is ~60 m from P1172 'ADSIL Blanchardstown': co-location only, not proof of occupier", "source": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1172" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 527323, "registeredName": "DCF TECHNOLOGY LIMITED", "status": "Dissolved", "incorporated": "2013-05-09", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "2ND FLOOR RIVER HOUSE, EAST WALL ROAD, DUBLIN 3", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/527323" } }, { "name": "KDCR (Ireland) 2 Limited", "aliases": [ "KDCR (Ireland) 2 Ltd.", ".KDCR (Ireland) 2 Ltd" ], "cro": 463736, "role": "operator SPV", "parentOperator": "Keppel", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "planning", "detail": "Applicant on FW19A/0147, FW20A/0109, FW20A/0119, FW20A/0154 at 'Keppel, Unit B10 IDA Business Park, Ballycoolin'", "source": "PlanSight / Fingal" }, { "type": "press", "detail": "GridBeyond: Keppel DC Dublin 1 and 2 are at Citywest and Ballycoolin, owned by Keppel DC REIT", "source": "https://gridbeyond.com/gridbeyond-will-be-delivering-bess-solutions-to-keppel-dc-dublin-1-and-2-which-are-located-at-city-west-and-ballycoolin-ireland-respectively-the-two-data-centres-are-owned-by-keppel-dc-reit-a-sing/" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 463736, "registeredName": "KDCR (IRELAND) 2 LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "2008-10-29", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "BALLYCOOLIN BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY PARK, BLANCHARDSTOWN, DUBLIN 15", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/463736" } }, { "name": "KDCR (Ireland) Limited", "aliases": [ "KDCR (Ireland) Ltd." ], "cro": 319344, "role": "operator SPV", "parentOperator": "Keppel", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "CRO", "detail": "Registered office 4033-4035 Citywest Avenue, the Keppel DC Dublin 1 address", "source": "opendata.cro.ie company register" }, { "type": "planning", "detail": "Applicant on SD17A/0441 and SD18A/0253 at 4033 Citywest Avenue", "source": "PlanSight / South Dublin" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 319344, "registeredName": "KDCR (IRELAND) LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "2000-01-26", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "4033-4035 CITYWEST AVENUE, CITYWEST BUSINESS PARK, DUBLIN 24 IRELAND, DUBLIN 24", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/319344" } }, { "name": "Dataplex B10 Holding Limited", "aliases": [ "Dataplex Datacentres Ltd", "Dataplex Group Limited" ], "cro": 585808, "role": "former operator", "parentOperator": null, "laterOperator": "Keppel", "confidence": "medium", "evidence": [ { "type": "planning", "detail": "Dataplex Datacentres Ltd applied (FW17A/0094) at Unit B10, IDA Business Park, Ballycoolin, the building KDCR (Ireland) 2 later calls 'Keppel Unit B10'", "source": "PlanSight / Fingal" }, { "type": "CRO", "detail": "Dataplex B10 Holding Limited, dissolved", "source": "opendata.cro.ie company register" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 585808, "registeredName": "DATAPLEX B10 HOLDING LIMITED", "status": "Dissolved", "incorporated": "2016-07-08", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "92 SAINT STEPHEN'S GREEN, DUBLIN 2", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/585808" } }, { "name": "Dataplex Willsborough Limited", "aliases": [], "cro": 702819, "role": "developer", "parentOperator": null, "confidence": "medium", "evidence": [ { "type": "CRO", "detail": "Incorporated 31 Aug 2021, dissolved", "source": "opendata.cro.ie company register" }, { "type": "planning", "detail": "Dublin City 3600/21 and 3640/21 (Sept/Oct 2021, no applicant published) propose 'data storage use' at Unit B, Willsborough Industrial Estate: name, place and timing match, but the applicant is not confirmed", "source": "PlanSight / Dublin City" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 702819, "registeredName": "DATAPLEX WILLSBOROUGH LIMITED", "status": "Dissolved", "incorporated": "2021-08-31", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "15 Pembroke Street Lower, Dublin 2", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/702819" } }, { "name": "EngineNode Ltd", "aliases": [ "EngineNode Limited" ], "cro": 622594, "role": "developer/operator", "parentOperator": "EngineNode", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "planning", "detail": "Applicant on Meath RA191560 (4 data storage buildings, Bracetown & Gunnocks)", "source": "http://www.eplanning.ie/MeathCC/AppFileRefDetails/RA191560/0" }, { "type": "press", "detail": "DCD and RTE report EngineNode's permission for the Bracetown campus", "source": "https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/enginenode-granted-planning-permission-for-data-center-in-county-meath-ireland/" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 622594, "registeredName": "ENGINENODE LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "2018-03-13", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "6/9 TRINITY STREET, DUBLIN 2", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/622594" } }, { "name": "Sdc-En Meath I Limited", "aliases": [ "SDC-EN Meath I Limited", "SDC-EN Bracetown" ], "cro": 650645, "role": "operator SPV", "parentOperator": "EngineNode", "confidence": "medium", "evidence": [ { "type": "EPA", "detail": "Licensee of P1229 (withdrawn) and applicant for P1239 at Bracetown, the site of EngineNode's RA191560", "source": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1239" }, { "type": "name", "detail": "'EN' suffix consistent with EngineNode; the 'SDC' partner is not identified", "source": "inference" }, { "type": "CRO", "detail": "Registered at The Sidings, Grand Canal Quay (a corporate-services address with ~890 companies); three sister SDC-EN Meath companies dissolved", "source": "opendata.cro.ie company register" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 650645, "registeredName": "SDC-EN MEATH I LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "2019-05-23", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "The Sidings, 4th Floor, Grand Canal Quay, ,Dublin 2", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/650645" } }, { "name": "Herbata Limited", "aliases": [], "cro": 669555, "role": "developer/operator", "parentOperator": "Herbata", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "planning", "detail": "Applicant on Kildare 2460740 and 2460787 (Naas)", "source": "eplanning.ie KildareCC" }, { "type": "press", "detail": "DCD: Kildare County Council grants Herbata permission for a EUR 3bn campus near Naas; CRU large-energy-user review", "source": "https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/kildare-county-council-grants-permission-for-3bn-data-center-near-naas-ireland/" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 669555, "registeredName": "HERBATA LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "2020-04-09", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "4C SYCAMORE HOUSE, MILLENNIUM PARK, NAAS CO. KILDARE, NAAS,KILDARE", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/669555" } }, { "name": "Red Admiral DC Limited", "aliases": [], "cro": 738788, "role": "developer/operator", "parentOperator": "Red Admiral DC", "group": "Lumcloon Energy", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "planning", "detail": "Applicant on Westmeath 2560344 (Rochfortbridge)", "source": "eplanning.ie WestmeathCC" }, { "type": "press", "detail": "Red Admiral DC is part of the Lumcloon Energy group", "source": "https://lumcloonenergy.com/red-admiral/" }, { "type": "CRO", "detail": "Registered office Parsons House, Axis Business Park, Tullamore, also used by Castlelost Flex Gen Limited (EPA P1193)", "source": "opendata.cro.ie company register" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 738788, "registeredName": "RED ADMIRAL DC LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "2023-04-18", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "Parsons House, Axis Business Park, Tullamore,OFFALY", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/738788" } }, { "name": "Mayo Data Hub Limited", "aliases": [], "cro": 692275, "role": "operator SPV", "parentOperator": "Avaio Digital", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "planning", "detail": "Applicant on Mayo 2460708 (Killala); permission overturned by An Coimisiun Pleanala", "source": "eplanning.ie MayoCC" }, { "type": "press", "detail": "DCD and datacentermap: Mayo Data Hub is a subsidiary of Avaio Digital (Stamford, Connecticut)", "source": "https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/avaio-files-to-build-data-centers-in-mayo-ireland/" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 692275, "registeredName": "MAYO DATA HUB LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "2021-04-09", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "Riverside One, Sir John Rogerson's Quay,Dublin 2", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/692275" } }, { "name": "Siemens Industry Software Limited", "aliases": [], "cro": 286310, "role": "occupier", "parentOperator": "Siemens", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "planning", "detail": "Applicant on Clare 2560472 (chillers, thermal storage, generators, transformers on an existing building, Drumline East Park, Shannon Free Zone)", "source": "http://www.eplanning.ie/ClareCC/AppFileRefDetails/2560472/0" }, { "type": "CRO", "detail": "Registered office East Park, Shannon Free Zone", "source": "opendata.cro.ie company register" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 286310, "registeredName": "SIEMENS INDUSTRY SOFTWARE LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "1998-05-13", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "EAST PARK, SHANNON FREE ZONE, SHANNON,CLARE", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/286310" } }, { "name": "Gemini DC Fund", "aliases": [], "cro": null, "role": "owner", "parentOperator": "Gemini DC Fund", "group": "Solidus Private Equity / Kuok Group joint venture", "confidence": "medium", "evidence": [ { "type": "planning", "detail": "Applicant on FW16A/0159, FW17A/0031, FW17A/0103 (Unit 1, Block 4B, IDA Business Park, Ballycoolin)", "source": "PlanSight / Fingal" }, { "type": "press", "detail": "Contractor/press pages describe Gemini as a JV of Solidus Private Equity and the Kuok Group (single trade source)", "source": "https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/bouygues-to-build-105m-data-center-in-dublin/" }, { "type": "CRO", "detail": "No Irish company of this name (a fund, not a company)", "source": "opendata.cro.ie company register" } ], "croRecord": null }, { "name": "Huntstown Power Company Limited", "aliases": [], "cro": 265062, "role": "developer (energy company)", "parentOperator": null, "group": "Energia Group", "endUser": "Microsoft", "confidence": "medium", "evidence": [ { "type": "planning", "detail": "Applicant on FW21A/0151 (Huntstown data centres)", "source": "PlanSight / Fingal" }, { "type": "BCMS", "detail": "Commencement notices name 'MSFT DUB40/41'", "source": "pipelines/lifecycle (NBCO BCMS)" }, { "type": "press", "detail": "Irish Times: Energia to build the data centre 'in partnership with' Microsoft", "source": "https://www.irishtimes.com/business/2025/03/25/planners-approve-energia-data-centre/" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 265062, "registeredName": "HUNTSTOWN POWER COMPANY LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "1997-04-18", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "The Generali Building, Blanchardstown Retail Park, Blanchardstown,Dublin 15", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/265062" } }, { "name": "Moffash Unlimited Company", "aliases": [ "Moffash Ltd.", "Moffash ULC" ], "cro": 542900, "role": "landowner/developer", "parentOperator": null, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "type": "planning", "detail": "ED17/0028 declared a warehouse-to-data-centre change of use exempt at Kilcarbery; SD20A/0124 'distribution warehouse' at Profile Park on land next to Vantage DUB11 (SD21A/0241); SD24A/0107W at Kilmactalway/Milltown", "source": "PlanSight / South Dublin" }, { "type": "CRO", "detail": "Registered office Lisgrew, Emyvale, Co. Monaghan (28 companies)", "source": "opendata.cro.ie company register" }, { "type": "gap", "detail": "No public source links Moffash to an operator; treat as landowner", "source": "-" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 542900, "registeredName": "MOFFASH UNLIMITED COMPANY", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "2014-04-24", "type": "ULC - Private Unlimited Company", "registeredOffice": "LISGREW, MONAGHAN H18 Y362 IRELAND, EMYVALE,MONAGHAN", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/542900" } }, { "name": "Grid Beyond Limited", "aliases": [ "GridBeyond Limited" ], "cro": 443138, "role": "contractor (battery storage)", "parentOperator": null, "siteOperator": "Keppel", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "planning", "detail": "Applicant on FW24A/0214E 'Keppel Data Centre, 4 Ballycoolin Rd' and SD23A/0339 (Citywest)", "source": "PlanSight" }, { "type": "press", "detail": "GridBeyond delivering BESS at Keppel DC Dublin 1 and 2", "source": "https://gridbeyond.com/gridbeyond-will-be-delivering-bess-solutions-to-keppel-dc-dublin-1-and-2-which-are-located-at-city-west-and-ballycoolin-ireland-respectively-the-two-data-centres-are-owned-by-keppel-dc-reit-a-sing/" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 443138, "registeredName": "GRIDBEYOND LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "2007-07-13", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "3030 Lake Drive, Citywest, Dublin 24", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/443138" } }, { "name": "Interxion Ireland DAC", "aliases": [ "Interxion Ireland Ltd.", "Interxion Ireland Designated Activity Company" ], "cro": 321944, "role": "operator SPV", "parentOperator": "Digital Realty", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "CRO", "detail": "Registered office 1st Floor, The Liberty Building, Blanchardstown Retail Park, shared with Digital Realty (Blanchardstown) Limited (CRO 429893)", "source": "opendata.cro.ie company register" }, { "type": "planning", "detail": "Applicant on SD15A/0034, SD18A/0323, SD22A/0148 (Grange Castle)", "source": "PlanSight / South Dublin" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 321944, "registeredName": "INTERXION IRELAND DESIGNATED ACTIVITY COMPANY", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "2000-02-29", "type": "DAC - Designated Activity Company (limited by shares)", "registeredOffice": "1st Floor, The Liberty Building, Blanchardstown Retail Park, Dublin,Dublin 15", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/321944" } }, { "name": "CyrusOne Irish Datacentres Holdings Limited", "aliases": [ "CyrusOne Irish Datacentres Holdings Ltd.", "CyrusOne Irish Data Centres Ltd." ], "cro": 605064, "role": "operator SPV", "parentOperator": "CyrusOne", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "planning", "detail": "Applicant on SD18A/0134, SD19A/0300, SD20A/0244, SD20A/0295 (Grange Castle South)", "source": "PlanSight / South Dublin" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 605064, "registeredName": "CYRUSONE IRISH DATACENTRES HOLDINGS LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "2017-05-29", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "SUITE 3, ONE EARLSFORT CENTRE, LOWER HATCH STREET DUBLIN 2, DUBLIN 2", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/605064" } }, { "name": "Vantage Data Centers DUB11 Limited", "aliases": [ "Vantage Data Centres DUB11 Ltd", "Vantage Data Centers Dub 11 Ltd." ], "cro": 683471, "role": "operator SPV", "parentOperator": "Vantage", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "EPA", "detail": "Licensee/applicant P1203, P1227, Profile Park", "source": "https://leap.epa.ie/licence-profile/P1227" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 683471, "registeredName": "VANTAGE DATA CENTERS DUB11 LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "2020-11-30", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "The Sidings, 4th floor, Grand Canal Quay, ,Dublin 2", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/683471" } }, { "name": "Apple Distribution International", "aliases": [], "cro": 470672, "role": "operator", "parentOperator": "Apple", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "planning", "detail": "Applicant on Galway County 211047 (Athenry)", "source": "eplanning.ie GalwayCC" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 470672, "registeredName": "APPLE DISTRIBUTION INTERNATIONAL LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "2009-05-11", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "HOLLYHILL INDUSTRIAL ESTATE, HOLLYHILL,CORK", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/470672" } }, { "name": "Art Data Centres Ltd", "aliases": [ "Art Data Centres Limited" ], "cro": 631970, "role": "developer/operator", "parentOperator": "Art Data Centres", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "planning", "detail": "Applicant on Clare 21757 (Ennis)", "source": "eplanning.ie ClareCC" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 631970, "registeredName": "ART DATA CENTRES LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "2018-08-14", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "AVONLEA, DEMESNE, LUCAN CO. DUBLIN, LUCAN,DUBLIN", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/631970" } }, { "name": "Office of the Government Chief Information Officer", "aliases": [ "Office of the Government Chief Information Officer Dept. of Expenditure and Reform" ], "cro": null, "role": "operator (state)", "parentOperator": "Government (OGCIO)", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "planning", "detail": "Applicant on Kildare 19164 (Backweston)", "source": "eplanning.ie KildareCC" } ], "croRecord": null }, { "name": "Eircom Ltd", "aliases": [ "Eircom Ltd." ], "cro": 98789, "role": "operator", "parentOperator": "eir", "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "type": "planning", "detail": "Applicant on Louth 24226 (Drogheda) and SD13A/0271 (Crag Avenue, lapsed; site later built by Echelon)", "source": "eplanning.ie LouthCC; PlanSight" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 98789, "registeredName": "EIRCOM LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "1983-12-15", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "2, Heuston South Quarter, St Johns Road West, Dublin 8", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/98789" } }, { "name": "McHale Partnership", "aliases": [], "cro": null, "role": "landowner/developer", "parentOperator": null, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "type": "planning", "detail": "Applicant on F15A/0266 (data centre) and F16A/0189 (110 kV substation), Staffordstown, Turvey; both lapsed; no operator named", "source": "PlanSight / Fingal" } ], "croRecord": null }, { "name": "Westpark Shannon Ltd", "aliases": [ "FGPO Ireland Limited Partnership 6" ], "cro": 379471, "role": "landlord (mixed-use business campus)", "parentOperator": null, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "type": "planning", "detail": "Applicants on Clare 17583 and 221062 (mixed-use block where a data centre is one of several permitted uses; excluded from the directory)", "source": "eplanning.ie ClareCC" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 379471, "registeredName": "WESTPARK SHANNON LIMITED", "status": "Normal", "incorporated": "2003-12-16", "type": "LTD - Private Company Limited by Shares", "registeredOffice": "1040 ATTYFLIN ESTATE, ATTYFLIN, PATRICKSWELL LIMERICK, PATRICKSWELL,LIMERICK", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/379471" } }, { "name": "Elume Limited", "aliases": [], "cro": 491609, "role": "unknown", "parentOperator": null, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "type": "planning", "detail": "SD11A/0121: warehouse to 'electronic technology facility', Units 502-503 Southgate, Profile Park (between Google and Digital Realty Profile Park)", "source": "PlanSight / South Dublin" }, { "type": "CRO", "detail": "Dissolved; registered at Russell Court, St Stephen's Green", "source": "opendata.cro.ie company register" } ], "croRecord": { "number": 491609, "registeredName": "ELUME LIMITED", "status": "Dissolved", "incorporated": "2010-11-18", "type": "Single member private company limited by shares", "registeredOffice": "RUSSELL COURT, SAINT STEPHEN'S GREEN, DUBLIN 2, DUBLIN", "url": "https://core.cro.ie/e-commerce/company/491609" } } ], "councilApplicants": 34, "caveats": [ "A mapping says which brand is behind a company, not who owns the land or who the tenants are; 'role' says which (operator SPV, development SPV, landlord, contractor, developer).", "Only 'high' mappings feed operator attribution in the directory; 'medium' and 'low' are leads to check.", "A shared registered office is supporting evidence only: corporate-services addresses host hundreds of unrelated companies.", "CRO data is the open company register only (name, number, status, registered office). Directors and shareholders are not used or republished.", "Press-only links are single-source unless two are cited; general-knowledge claims are marked unchecked." ] }, "europe_ai": { "title": "Europe's AI build-out and Ireland's place in it", "source": "EuroHPC JU selection releases (Dec 2024, Mar 2025, Oct 2025) and AI Gigafactories call (Jul 2026); European Commission (IP/25/467, 30 Jun 2025 EOI note, AI Factories policy page); EU Funding & Tenders portal and TED notices 529135-2026 / 674672-2026; DFHERIS and ICHEC; Ember (Jun 2025); WindEurope (Feb 2026); Pexapark (Oct 2025, May 2026); CSO MEC02; CRU/2025/236; NL Times; CNBC; company releases; Eurostat Comext.", "asOf": "2026-10-10", "method": "Every number is hand-read from a cached public document and carries a quote of under 25 words, re-checked against the cached text on each build (PDF quotes on the stated PDF page index). The gigafactory deadline is read from the live EU Funding & Tenders and TED APIs. WindEurope Table 1 is parsed from the PDF text layer. Server-import shares are reused from pipelines/hardware_imports.py. 'Inference' marks analysis rather than reported fact.", "headline": { "aiFactories": 19, "aiFactoryHostMemberStates": 16, "irelandRole": "Antenna only", "gigafactoryDeadline": "2026-12-03", "gigafactoryDeadlineOriginal": "2026-11-12", "irelandGigafactoryCommitmentEur": 10000000.0, "irelandDcSharePctEmber2024": 19, "irelandOffshoreMW": 25.0 }, "aiFactories": [ { "name": "LUMI AI Factory", "country": "FI", "city": "Kajaani", "hostEntity": "CSC - IT Center for Science", "system": "LUMI-AI (new)", "selected": "2024-12-10", "consortiumPartners": [ "CZ", "DK", "EE", "NO", "PL" ], "linkedAntennas": [ "IS", "LV", "CH" ], "source": { "key": "aif1", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "Selection of the First Seven AI Factories", "date": "2024-12-10", "url": "https://eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/selection-first-seven-ai-factories-drive-europes-leadership-ai-2024-12-10_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aif-first7-20241210-2026-10-03.html" }, "quote": "hosted by CSC - IT Center for Science and located in Kajaani, next to the existing EuroHPC LUMI supercomputer", "quoteVerified": true }, { "name": "HammerHAI", "country": "DE", "city": "Stuttgart", "hostEntity": "HLRS", "system": "new AI-optimised system", "selected": "2024-12-10", "consortiumPartners": [], "linkedAntennas": [ "UK" ], "source": { "key": "aif1", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "Selection of the First Seven AI Factories", "date": "2024-12-10", "url": "https://eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/selection-first-seven-ai-factories-drive-europes-leadership-ai-2024-12-10_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aif-first7-20241210-2026-10-03.html" }, "quote": "the new AI Factory will be hosted and located in Stuttgart at the HLRS premises", "quoteVerified": true }, { "name": "Pharos", "country": "GR", "city": "Athens", "hostEntity": "GRNET", "system": "DAEDALUS (EuroHPC, under deployment)", "selected": "2024-12-10", "consortiumPartners": [], "linkedAntennas": [ "CY", "MT", "MK", "RS" ], "source": { "key": "aif1", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "Selection of the First Seven AI Factories", "date": "2024-12-10", "url": "https://eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/selection-first-seven-ai-factories-drive-europes-leadership-ai-2024-12-10_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aif-first7-20241210-2026-10-03.html" }, "quote": "managed and operated by the National Infrastructures for Research and Technology GRNET S.A, in Athens, Greece", "quoteVerified": true }, { "name": "IT4LIA", "country": "IT", "city": "Bologna", "hostEntity": "CINECA", "system": "new AI-optimised system (evolution of LEONARDO)", "selected": "2024-12-10", "consortiumPartners": [ "AT", "SI" ], "linkedAntennas": [ "CH", "RS" ], "source": { "key": "aif1", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "Selection of the First Seven AI Factories", "date": "2024-12-10", "url": "https://eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/selection-first-seven-ai-factories-drive-europes-leadership-ai-2024-12-10_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aif-first7-20241210-2026-10-03.html" }, "quote": "hosted by CINECA Consorzio Interuniversitario and will be located in Bologna, Italy", "quoteVerified": true }, { "name": "L-AI Factory (MeluXina-AI)", "country": "LU", "city": "Bissen", "hostEntity": "LuxProvide", "system": "MeluXina-AI (new)", "selected": "2024-12-10", "consortiumPartners": [], "linkedAntennas": [ "IE" ], "source": { "key": "aif1", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "Selection of the First Seven AI Factories", "date": "2024-12-10", "url": "https://eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/selection-first-seven-ai-factories-drive-europes-leadership-ai-2024-12-10_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aif-first7-20241210-2026-10-03.html" }, "quote": "MeluXina- AI will be hosted and operated by LuxProvide , and will be located in Bissen", "quoteVerified": true }, { "name": "BSC AI Factory", "country": "ES", "city": "Barcelona", "hostEntity": "BSC-CNS", "system": "MareNostrum 5 upgrade", "selected": "2024-12-10", "consortiumPartners": [ "PT", "TR", "RO" ], "linkedAntennas": [], "source": { "key": "aif1", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "Selection of the First Seven AI Factories", "date": "2024-12-10", "url": "https://eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/selection-first-seven-ai-factories-drive-europes-leadership-ai-2024-12-10_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aif-first7-20241210-2026-10-03.html" }, "quote": "will continue being hosted and operated by the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC-CNS) , and located in Barcelona, Spain", "quoteVerified": true }, { "name": "MIMER", "country": "SE", "city": "Linkoping", "hostEntity": "NAISS (Linkoping University) with RISE", "system": "mid-range AI-dedicated system (new)", "selected": "2024-12-10", "consortiumPartners": [], "linkedAntennas": [ "CH" ], "source": { "key": "aif1", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "Selection of the First Seven AI Factories", "date": "2024-12-10", "url": "https://eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/selection-first-seven-ai-factories-drive-europes-leadership-ai-2024-12-10_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aif-first7-20241210-2026-10-03.html" }, "quote": "MIMER will provide a mid-range AI-dedicated supercomputer", "quoteVerified": true }, { "name": "AI:AT", "country": "AT", "city": "Vienna", "hostEntity": "TU Wien (ACA, AIT)", "system": "new AI-optimised system", "selected": "2025-03-12", "consortiumPartners": [], "linkedAntennas": [ "SK" ], "source": { "key": "aif2", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "EuroHPC JU Selects Additional AI Factories", "date": "2025-03-12", "url": "https://eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-additional-ai-factories-strengthen-europes-ai-leadership-2025-03-12_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aif-second-20250312-2026-10-03.html" }, "quote": "The AI Factory will be installed at TU Wien , Vienna.", "quoteVerified": true }, { "name": "BRAIN++", "country": "BG", "city": "Sofia", "hostEntity": "Sofia Tech Park", "system": "Discoverer++ (new)", "selected": "2025-03-12", "consortiumPartners": [], "linkedAntennas": [], "source": { "key": "aif2", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "EuroHPC JU Selects Additional AI Factories", "date": "2025-03-12", "url": "https://eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-additional-ai-factories-strengthen-europes-ai-leadership-2025-03-12_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aif-second-20250312-2026-10-03.html" }, "quote": "will be located at Sofia Tech Park , in Sofia, Bulgaria", "quoteVerified": true }, { "name": "AI2F", "country": "FR", "city": "Bruyeres-le-Chatel (GENCI)", "hostEntity": "GENCI", "system": "alongside Alice Recoque (exascale)", "selected": "2025-03-12", "consortiumPartners": [], "linkedAntennas": [ "IE" ], "source": { "key": "aif2", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "EuroHPC JU Selects Additional AI Factories", "date": "2025-03-12", "url": "https://eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-additional-ai-factories-strengthen-europes-ai-leadership-2025-03-12_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aif-second-20250312-2026-10-03.html" }, "quote": "The consortium of the AI2F is led by the French Hosting Entity GENCI", "quoteVerified": true }, { "name": "JAIF (JUPITER AI Factory)", "country": "DE", "city": "Julich", "hostEntity": "Forschungszentrum Julich", "system": "alongside JUPITER (exascale)", "selected": "2025-03-12", "consortiumPartners": [], "linkedAntennas": [ "BE", "HU" ], "source": { "key": "aif2", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "EuroHPC JU Selects Additional AI Factories", "date": "2025-03-12", "url": "https://eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-additional-ai-factories-strengthen-europes-ai-leadership-2025-03-12_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aif-second-20250312-2026-10-03.html" }, "quote": "JAIF, the JUPITER AI Factory, will contribute to Europe's AI innovation cluster", "quoteVerified": true }, { "name": "PIAST", "country": "PL", "city": "Poznan", "hostEntity": "PSNC", "system": "new AI-optimised system", "selected": "2025-03-12", "consortiumPartners": [], "linkedAntennas": [], "source": { "key": "aif2", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "EuroHPC JU Selects Additional AI Factories", "date": "2025-03-12", "url": "https://eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-additional-ai-factories-strengthen-europes-ai-leadership-2025-03-12_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aif-second-20250312-2026-10-03.html" }, "quote": "Led by the Poznan Supercomputing and Networking Center (PSNC)", "quoteVerified": true }, { "name": "SLAIF", "country": "SI", "city": "Maribor", "hostEntity": "IZUM", "system": "new system at an ARNES data centre", "selected": "2025-03-12", "consortiumPartners": [], "linkedAntennas": [], "source": { "key": "aif2", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "EuroHPC JU Selects Additional AI Factories", "date": "2025-03-12", "url": "https://eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-additional-ai-factories-strengthen-europes-ai-leadership-2025-03-12_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aif-second-20250312-2026-10-03.html" }, "quote": "located at a new advanced data centre built by ARNES near the Mariborski otok hydroelectric power plant", "quoteVerified": true }, { "name": "CZAI", "country": "CZ", "city": "Ostrava", "hostEntity": "IT4Innovations (VSB-TU Ostrava)", "system": "KarolAIna (new)", "selected": "2025-10-10", "consortiumPartners": [], "linkedAntennas": [], "source": { "key": "aif3", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "EuroHPC JU Selects Six Additional AI Factories", "date": "2025-10-10", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-six-additional-ai-factories-expand-europes-ai-capabilities-2025-10-10_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aif-six-20251010-2026-10-03.html" }, "quote": "It will be linked to KarolAIna, a new supercomputer optimised for AI workloads", "quoteVerified": true }, { "name": "LitAI Factory", "country": "LT", "city": "Vilnius", "hostEntity": "Vilnius University (LRTC VDC3 data centre)", "system": "new AI-optimised system", "selected": "2025-10-10", "consortiumPartners": [], "linkedAntennas": [], "source": { "key": "aif3", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "EuroHPC JU Selects Six Additional AI Factories", "date": "2025-10-10", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-six-additional-ai-factories-expand-europes-ai-capabilities-2025-10-10_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aif-six-20251010-2026-10-03.html" }, "quote": "hosted at the upgrade-ready LRTC VDC3 data center facility in Vilnius", "quoteVerified": true }, { "name": "NLAIF", "country": "NL", "city": null, "hostEntity": "AIFNL Foundation (with SURF, TNO)", "system": "new AI-optimised system", "selected": "2025-10-10", "consortiumPartners": [], "linkedAntennas": [], "source": { "key": "aif3", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "EuroHPC JU Selects Six Additional AI Factories", "date": "2025-10-10", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-six-additional-ai-factories-expand-europes-ai-capabilities-2025-10-10_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aif-six-20251010-2026-10-03.html" }, "quote": "The AIFNL Foundation will be the lead partner and hosting entity", "quoteVerified": true }, { "name": "Gaia AI Factory", "country": "PL", "city": "Krakow (Cyfronet AGH)", "hostEntity": "Cyfronet AGH", "system": "PLGrid infrastructure expansion", "selected": "2025-10-10", "consortiumPartners": [], "linkedAntennas": [], "source": { "key": "aif3", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "EuroHPC JU Selects Six Additional AI Factories", "date": "2025-10-10", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-six-additional-ai-factories-expand-europes-ai-capabilities-2025-10-10_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aif-six-20251010-2026-10-03.html" }, "quote": "The Factory will be deployed and operated by Cyfronet AGH within the framework of the PLGrid infrastructure", "quoteVerified": true }, { "name": "RO AI Factory", "country": "RO", "city": "Bucharest", "hostEntity": "ICI Bucharest", "system": "new AI-optimised system", "selected": "2025-10-10", "consortiumPartners": [], "linkedAntennas": [], "source": { "key": "aif3", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "EuroHPC JU Selects Six Additional AI Factories", "date": "2025-10-10", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-six-additional-ai-factories-expand-europes-ai-capabilities-2025-10-10_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aif-six-20251010-2026-10-03.html" }, "quote": "The RO AI Factory will be hosted and co-coordinated in Bucharest", "quoteVerified": true }, { "name": "1HealthAI", "country": "ES", "city": "Santiago de Compostela (CESGA)", "hostEntity": "CESGA", "system": "new system with experimental platform", "selected": "2025-10-10", "consortiumPartners": [], "linkedAntennas": [], "source": { "key": "aif3", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "EuroHPC JU Selects Six Additional AI Factories", "date": "2025-10-10", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-six-additional-ai-factories-expand-europes-ai-capabilities-2025-10-10_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aif-six-20251010-2026-10-03.html" }, "quote": "Hosted at the Galicia Supercomputing Center (CESGA)", "quoteVerified": true } ], "aiFactorySummary": { "aiFactories": 19, "hostMemberStates": 16, "hostCountries": [ "AT", "BG", "CZ", "DE", "ES", "FI", "FR", "GR", "IT", "LT", "LU", "NL", "PL", "RO", "SE", "SI" ], "byWave": [ { "selected": "2024-12-10", "count": 7, "countries": [ "FI", "DE", "GR", "IT", "LU", "ES", "SE" ] }, { "selected": "2025-03-12", "count": 6, "countries": [ "AT", "BG", "FR", "DE", "PL", "SI" ] }, { "selected": "2025-10-10", "count": 6, "countries": [ "CZ", "LT", "NL", "PL", "RO", "ES" ] } ], "waveFunding": [ { "wave": "2025-03-12", "eur": 485000000.0, "basis": "combined national and EU, six factories", "quote": "aif2_funding" }, { "wave": "antennas 2025-10-13", "eur": 55000000.0, "basis": "EU share, matched by participating states", "quote": "antenna_funding" } ], "eurohpcEnvelope2021_27Eur": 10000000000.0, "antennas": { "total": 13, "euMemberStates": [ "BE", "CY", "HU", "IE", "LV", "MT", "SK" ], "partnerCountries": [ "IS", "MD", "MK", "RS", "CH", "UK" ] }, "eu27Roles": { "AT": "AI Factory host", "BE": "Antenna only", "BG": "AI Factory host", "CY": "Antenna only", "CZ": "AI Factory host", "DE": "AI Factory host", "DK": "AI Factory consortium partner", "EE": "AI Factory consortium partner", "ES": "AI Factory host", "FI": "AI Factory host", "FR": "AI Factory host", "GR": "AI Factory host", "HR": "none in EuroHPC AI Factory selections", "HU": "Antenna only", "IE": "Antenna only", "IT": "AI Factory host", "LT": "AI Factory host", "LU": "AI Factory host", "LV": "Antenna only", "MT": "Antenna only", "NL": "AI Factory host", "PL": "AI Factory host", "PT": "AI Factory consortium partner", "RO": "AI Factory host", "SE": "AI Factory host", "SI": "AI Factory host", "SK": "Antenna only" }, "eu27RoleCounts": { "AI Factory consortium partner": 3, "AI Factory host": 16, "Antenna only": 7, "none in EuroHPC AI Factory selections": 1 }, "ireland": { "role": "Antenna only", "antenna": { "name": "AIF IRL-Antenna", "lead": "ICHEC (University of Galway)", "corePartner": "CeADAR", "euFundingEur": 5000000.0, "nationalMatchEur": 5000000.0, "linkedFactories": [ "AI2F (France)", "L-AI Factory (Luxembourg)" ], "announced": "2025-10-13", "quotes": [ "ie_antenna_money", "ie_antenna_links", "antenna_ie_link", "ie_antenna_lead" ] }, "nationalSupercomputer": { "name": "CASPIr", "host": "ICHEC", "class": "EuroHPC mid-range", "petaflops": ">15", "hostingAgreement": "2025-10-13", "status": "under procurement (DFHERIS, 30 Jul 2026)", "quotes": [ "caspir" ] } }, "quotes": [ "aif1_countries", "aif3_count", "aif_network", "eurohpc_budget" ] }, "gigafactories": { "investAI": { "announced": "2025-02-11", "mobiliseEur": 200000000000.0, "gigafactoryFundEur": 20000000000.0, "plannedGigafactories": 4, "chipsPerGigafactory": "around 100,000", "quotes": [ "investai", "investai_four", "investai_chips" ] }, "expressionsOfInterest": { "closed": "2025-06-20", "published": "2025-06-30", "expressions": 76, "memberStates": 16, "sites": 60, "gpus": ">=3 million", "countriesDisclosed": false, "note": "The Commission did not publish which 16 member states; press accounts are not used here.", "quotes": [ "eoi", "eoi_gpus", "eoi_confidential" ] }, "call": { "reference": "EUROHPC-2026-CEI-AIGF-01 (procurement EUROHPC/2026/OP/0008)", "published": "2026-07-30", "type": "call for tenders (procurement)", "deadlineOriginal": "2026-11-12", "deadlineCurrent": "2026-12-03", "deadlineCurrentTime": "17:00 CET (Luxembourg)", "deadlineChangedBy": { "tedNotice": "674672-2026", "published": "2026-10-01" }, "maxGigafactories": 7, "minMemberStates": 7, "publicFundingEur": 10000000000.0, "estimatedProcedureValueEur": 10000000000.0, "privateInvestmentExpectedEur": 20000000000.0, "selection": "early 2027", "operationsWithin": "18 months of selection", "minimumScale": "3-4x the most advanced AI processors in the most powerful European AI factories", "live": { "ftop": { "pulled": "ftop-search-aigf-2026-10-10.json", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/info/funding-tenders/opportunities/portal/screen/opportunities/tender-details/bc712395-692d-41ab-aa25-8e254ae86eb2-CN", "callIdentifier": "EUROHPC/2026/OP/0008", "deadline": "2026-12-03T17:00:59.000+0000", "estimatedValueEur": 10000000000.0, "corrigenda": [ { "cftCorrigendaList": [ { "notice": { "versionID": "01", "publicationID": "00674672-2026", "publicationDate": "2026-10-01T00:00:00", "noticeTypeCode": "CONTRACT_NOTICE", "gazetteID": "190/2026", "noticeID": "4c11b3da-4ed7-4ec0-9929-1ba49c7c54ce", "noticeTypeLongCode": "CHANGE_CONTRACT_NOTICE" } } ] } ] }, "ted": [ { "publicationNumber": "529135-2026", "published": "2026-07-30", "deadline": [ "2026-11-12+01:00" ] }, { "publicationNumber": "674672-2026", "published": "2026-10-01", "deadline": [ "2026-12-03+01:00" ] } ], "tedPulled": "ted-aigf-notices-2026-10-10.json" }, "quotes": [ "call_deadline_pr", "tender_deadline", "call_seven", "call_private", "call_ops", "call_mff", "call_public", "tender_scale", "tender_power" ] }, "ireland": { "role": "compute buyer, not a host", "commitmentEur": 10000000.0, "partner": "France", "conditional": "on the French bid succeeding", "announced": "2026-07-30", "irishHostBidFound": false, "irishHostBidNote": "No Irish-hosted gigafactory bid appears in the Commission, EuroHPC or Government releases cached here; bids are confidential, so this is absence of public evidence, not proof of no bid.", "quotes": [ "ie_aigf", "ie_aigf_cond" ] } }, "comparators": { "dataCentreElectricityShare": { "ember2024": { "year": 2024, "pct": { "FR": 2, "DE": 4, "UK": 4, "NL": 7, "IE": 19 }, "europePct": 3, "europeTWh": 96, "source": { "key": "ember", "publisher": "Ember", "title": "Grids for data centres in Europe", "date": "2025-06", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/06/Report-Grids-for-data-centres-in-Europe-PDF.pdf", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ember-grids-for-data-centres-2025-06-2026-10-03.pdf" }, "quotes": [ "ember_share", "ember_eu" ] }, "cities2023": { "Dublin": "almost 80%", "Amsterdam/London/Frankfurt": "33-42%", "quote": "ember_cities" }, "irelandCSO": { "source": "CSO MEC02 Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption", "url": "https://ws.cso.ie/public/api.restful/PxStat.Data.Cube_API.ReadDataset/MEC02/JSON-stat/2.0/en", "updated": "2026-07-07T11:00:00.000Z", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/cso-mec02-2026-10-10.json", "annual": [ { "year": 2022, "dcGWh": 5274, "allGWh": 29825, "sharePct": 17.7 }, { "year": 2023, "dcGWh": 6339, "allGWh": 30581, "sharePct": 20.7 }, { "year": 2024, "dcGWh": 6974, "allGWh": 31904, "sharePct": 21.9 }, { "year": 2025, "dcGWh": 7662, "allGWh": 32987, "sharePct": 23.2 } ] }, "note": "Ember's 19% (2024) and CSO's metered share differ in denominator: CSO divides by all metered electricity consumption, Ember by national electricity demand." }, "gridAccess": [ { "country": "IE", "indicator": "New data centres >=10 MVA must bring dispatchable on-site or proximate generation/storage matching their MIC and match 80% of demand with new Irish renewables (CRU/2025/236, Dec 2025); Ember describes a de facto Dublin moratorium until 2028.", "quotes": [ "ie_cru_dispatch", "ie_cru_res", "ember_dublin", "pexa_ie_pause" ] }, { "country": "NL", "indicator": "TenneT waiting list near Schiphol; court upheld pausing a 70 MW data-centre connection (29 Apr 2026); constraints possibly to ~2035.", "quotes": [ "nl_court", "nl_goodman", "nl_wait" ] }, { "country": "DK", "indicator": "Energinet paused new grid connection agreements in Mar 2026; ~60 GW queued (14 GW data centres) against ~7 GW peak demand.", "quotes": [ "dk_pause", "dk_queue", "dk_dc", "dk_peak" ] }, { "country": "IT", "indicator": "Terna data-centre connection queue 30 GW at end-2024; waits as short as three years.", "quotes": [ "ember_italy", "ember_italy_wait" ] }, { "country": "FLAP-D", "indicator": "Average 7-10 year waits (up to 13) in primary markets; Netherlands and Frankfurt effectively closed to new data centres until at least 2030.", "quotes": [ "ember_flapd_wait", "ember_ban" ] }, { "country": "Nordics", "indicator": "Lowest congestion; top destination for growth (Ember, Jun 2025), though Denmark has since paused.", "quotes": [ "ember_nordics", "ember_growth" ] } ], "offshoreWind": { "source": { "key": "windeurope", "publisher": "WindEurope", "title": "Wind energy in Europe: 2025 Statistics and the outlook for 2026-2030 (mirror of windeurope.org report)", "date": "2026-02", "url": "https://www.csve.cz/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/windeurope-european-stats-2025.pdf", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/windeurope-stats-2025-2026-10-03.pdf" }, "table": "Table 1 (PDF page 10): cumulative capacity end-2025, MW", "eu27": [ { "country": "DE", "name": "Germany", "newOnshoreMW2025": 5232.0, "newOffshoreMW2025": 503.0, "onshoreMW": 68067.0, "offshoreMW": 9624.0, "totalMW": 77691.0 }, { "country": "NL", "name": "Netherlands", "newOnshoreMW2025": 91.0, "newOffshoreMW2025": null, "onshoreMW": 7054.0, "offshoreMW": 4738.0, "totalMW": 11792.0 }, { "country": "DK", "name": "Denmark", "newOnshoreMW2025": 35.0, "newOffshoreMW2025": null, "onshoreMW": 4856.0, "offshoreMW": 2652.0, "totalMW": 7508.0 }, { "country": "BE", "name": "Belgium", "newOnshoreMW2025": 183.0, "newOffshoreMW2025": null, "onshoreMW": 3599.0, "offshoreMW": 2261.0, "totalMW": 5860.0 }, { "country": "FR", "name": "France", "newOnshoreMW2025": 1006.0, "newOffshoreMW2025": 408.0, "onshoreMW": 24463.0, "offshoreMW": 1908.0, "totalMW": 26372.0 }, { "country": "SE", "name": "Sweden", "newOnshoreMW2025": 1767.0, "newOffshoreMW2025": null, "onshoreMW": 18323.0, "offshoreMW": 192.0, "totalMW": 18515.0 }, { "country": "FI", "name": "Finland", "newOnshoreMW2025": 1023.0, "newOffshoreMW2025": null, "onshoreMW": 9433.0, "offshoreMW": 71.0, "totalMW": 9504.0 }, { "country": "IT", "name": "Italy", "newOnshoreMW2025": 579.0, "newOffshoreMW2025": null, "onshoreMW": 13451.0, "offshoreMW": 30.0, "totalMW": 13481.0 }, { "country": "IE", "name": "Ireland", "newOnshoreMW2025": 151.0, "newOffshoreMW2025": null, "onshoreMW": 5094.0, "offshoreMW": 25.0, "totalMW": 5119.0 }, { "country": "PT", "name": "Portugal", "newOnshoreMW2025": 5.0, "newOffshoreMW2025": null, "onshoreMW": 5965.0, "offshoreMW": 25.0, "totalMW": 5990.0 }, { "country": "ES", "name": "Spain", "newOnshoreMW2025": 1563.0, "newOffshoreMW2025": null, "onshoreMW": 33151.0, "offshoreMW": 7.0, "totalMW": 33158.0 }, { "country": "AT", "name": "Austria", "newOnshoreMW2025": 285.0, "newOffshoreMW2025": null, "onshoreMW": 4221.0, "offshoreMW": null, "totalMW": 4221.0 }, { "country": "BG", "name": "Bulgaria", "newOnshoreMW2025": null, "newOffshoreMW2025": null, "onshoreMW": 711.0, "offshoreMW": null, "totalMW": 711.0 }, { "country": "HR", "name": "Croatia", "newOnshoreMW2025": 27.0, "newOffshoreMW2025": null, "onshoreMW": 1264.0, "offshoreMW": null, "totalMW": 1264.0 }, { "country": "CY", "name": "Cyprus", "newOnshoreMW2025": null, "newOffshoreMW2025": null, "onshoreMW": 177.0, "offshoreMW": null, "totalMW": 177.0 }, { "country": "CZ", "name": "Czechia", "newOnshoreMW2025": 13.0, "newOffshoreMW2025": null, "onshoreMW": 372.0, "offshoreMW": null, "totalMW": 372.0 }, { "country": "EE", "name": "Estonia", "newOnshoreMW2025": null, "newOffshoreMW2025": null, "onshoreMW": 711.0, "offshoreMW": null, "totalMW": 711.0 }, { "country": "GR", "name": "Greece", "newOnshoreMW2025": 340.0, "newOffshoreMW2025": null, "onshoreMW": 5694.0, "offshoreMW": null, "totalMW": 5694.0 }, { "country": "HU", "name": "Hungary", "newOnshoreMW2025": null, "newOffshoreMW2025": null, "onshoreMW": 333.0, "offshoreMW": null, "totalMW": 333.0 }, { "country": "LV", "name": "Latvia", "newOnshoreMW2025": null, "newOffshoreMW2025": null, "onshoreMW": 137.0, "offshoreMW": null, "totalMW": 137.0 }, { "country": "LT", "name": "Lithuania", "newOnshoreMW2025": 759.0, "newOffshoreMW2025": null, "onshoreMW": 2535.0, "offshoreMW": null, "totalMW": 2535.0 }, { "country": "LU", "name": "Luxembourg", "newOnshoreMW2025": 13.0, "newOffshoreMW2025": null, "onshoreMW": 227.0, "offshoreMW": null, "totalMW": 227.0 }, { "country": "MT", "name": "Malta", "newOnshoreMW2025": null, "newOffshoreMW2025": null, "onshoreMW": null, "offshoreMW": null, "totalMW": null }, { "country": "PL", "name": "Poland", "newOnshoreMW2025": 800.0, "newOffshoreMW2025": null, "onshoreMW": 11200.0, "offshoreMW": null, "totalMW": 11200.0 }, { "country": "RO", "name": "Romania", "newOnshoreMW2025": 330.0, "newOffshoreMW2025": null, "onshoreMW": 3480.0, "offshoreMW": null, "totalMW": 3480.0 }, { "country": "SK", "name": "Slovakia", "newOnshoreMW2025": null, "newOffshoreMW2025": null, "onshoreMW": 4.0, "offshoreMW": null, "totalMW": 4.0 }, { "country": "SI", "name": "Slovenia", "newOnshoreMW2025": null, "newOffshoreMW2025": null, "onshoreMW": 3.0, "offshoreMW": null, "totalMW": 3.0 } ], "irelandOffshoreMW": 25.0, "irelandOffshoreRankEU27": 9, "euCountriesWithOffshore": 11, "expectedOffshoreAdditions2026_30GW": { "UK": 15.1, "DE": 6.9, "PL": 4.9, "NL": 3.7, "DK": 1.4, "FR": 1.4, "LT": 0.6, "NO": 0.4, "IE": 0.2, "others": 2.5 }, "expectedNote": "WindEurope Figure 21 (PDF page 43). The figure title reads 'onshore' but the values match the offshore outlook text on the same page (e.g. Germany 6.9 GW offshore).", "irelandTarget": { "gw": 5, "year": 2030, "quote": "ie_offshore_target" }, "quotes": [ "we_offshore_text", "we_offshore_ie", "we_ie_share", "we_tonn_nua", "ie_offshore_target" ] }, "dataCentrePPAs": { "cumulative2018ToMay2026GW": { "Europe": 18.8, "ES": 6.0, "IE": 1.9, "FI": 1.5 }, "signed2025YtdMW": { "IT": 568, "FI": 472, "ES": 314, "IE": "named, no figure" }, "hyperscalerGrowthTo2030GW": { "Southern Europe": 4.8, "Nordic": 3.2 }, "source": [ { "key": "pexageo", "publisher": "Pexapark", "title": "The New Geography of European Data Centers", "date": "2026-05-19", "url": "https://pexapark.com/blog/the-new-geography-of-european-data-centers/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/pexapark-new-geography-dc-2026-10-03.html" }, { "key": "pexahunger", "publisher": "Pexapark", "title": "A Data Center Tale: The Hunger for PPAs", "date": "2025-10-21", "url": "https://pexapark.com/blog/a-data-center-tale-the-hunger-for-ppas/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/pexapark-dc-hunger-ppas-2026-10-03.html" } ], "quotes": [ "pexa_ppa", "pexa_2025", "pexa_south" ], "note": "Pexapark names only these countries; other countries' totals are not published in the free posts." }, "hyperscalerAnnouncements": [ { "country": "ES", "company": "Amazon (AWS)", "amount": "EUR 15.7bn (2024), raised to EUR 33.7bn (Mar 2026)", "date": "2024-05-22 / 2026-03-02", "quotes": [ "inv_es1", "inv_es2" ] }, { "country": "DE", "company": "Amazon (AWS European Sovereign Cloud)", "amount": "EUR 7.8bn through 2040", "date": "2024-05-15", "quotes": [ "inv_de_aws" ] }, { "country": "DE", "company": "Google", "amount": "EUR 5.5bn (2026-2029), incl. data centres in Dietzenbach and Hanau", "date": "2025-11-11", "quotes": [ "inv_de_google" ] }, { "country": "PT", "company": "Microsoft", "amount": "USD 10bn over several years (Sines, with Nscale and Start Campus)", "date": "2025-11-11", "quotes": [ "inv_pt_msft" ] }, { "country": "FI", "company": "Google", "amount": "EUR 13bn in AI infrastructure", "date": "2026", "quotes": [ "inv_fi" ] }, { "country": "DK", "company": "Microsoft", "amount": "USD 3bn 2023-2027 in Danish datacenter capacity", "date": "2026", "quotes": [ "inv_dk" ] }, { "country": "IE", "company": null, "amount": null, "date": null, "quotes": [], "note": "No country-level multi-billion hyperscaler announcement for Ireland in 2024-2026 was found in the sources searched (company newsrooms, Irish and trade press). Absence of an announcement is not absence of spending: see serverImports." } ], "serverImports": { "source": "Eurostat Comext DS-045409 (EU trade since 1988 by HS2-4-6 and CN8), monthly, reporter IE: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/comext/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/DS-045409", "asOf": "2026-10-10", "window": { "last12": [ "2025-08", "2026-07" ], "prev12": [ "2024-08", "2025-07" ] }, "euComparison": { "847150": { "label": "Processing units (servers)", "eu27ExtraImportsEur": 29600227683, "ieEur": 4332712156, "ieSharePct": 14.6, "ieRank": 2, "top": [ { "reporter": "NL", "eur": 16714299249, "sharePct": 56.5 }, { "reporter": "IE", "eur": 4332712156, "sharePct": 14.6 }, { "reporter": "DE", "eur": 2640694550, "sharePct": 8.9 }, { "reporter": "FR", "eur": 1597831463, "sharePct": 5.4 }, { "reporter": "CZ", "eur": 971429384, "sharePct": 3.3 }, { "reporter": "FI", "eur": 892691291, "sharePct": 3.0 } ] }, "847330": { "label": "Parts and accessories of ADP machines (GPU boards, motherboards)", "eu27ExtraImportsEur": 28884617666, "ieEur": 7103538361, "ieSharePct": 24.6, "ieRank": 2, "top": [ { "reporter": "NL", "eur": 9367533670, "sharePct": 32.4 }, { "reporter": "IE", "eur": 7103538361, "sharePct": 24.6 }, { "reporter": "HU", "eur": 3195267742, "sharePct": 11.1 }, { "reporter": "CZ", "eur": 2411361988, "sharePct": 8.3 }, { "reporter": "DE", "eur": 2313905130, "sharePct": 8.0 }, { "reporter": "PL", "eur": 2165880156, "sharePct": 7.5 } ] } } }, "sovereignCloud": { "status": "not compiled", "note": "Only data point cached: AWS European Sovereign Cloud's first region is in Germany (inv_de_aws). Certification lists (e.g. national cloud schemes) are not yet pulled." } }, "irelandPosition": [ { "stance": "leads", "claim": "Ireland has the highest data-centre share of electricity among Europe's major data-centre markets.", "evidence": "Ember 2024: Ireland 19% vs Netherlands 7%, Germany and UK 4%, France 2%, Europe 3%. CSO metered share 2025: 23.2%.", "source": [ "ember_share", "ember_eu", "CSO MEC02" ] }, { "stance": "leads", "claim": "Ireland is the EU's second-largest entry point for imported servers and server parts.", "evidence": "Extra-EU imports, last 12 months: servers 14.6% of the EU total (rank 2), ADP parts incl. accelerator boards 24.6% (rank 2), both behind the Netherlands.", "source": [ "Eurostat Comext DS-045409 via pipelines/hardware_imports" ] }, { "stance": "leads", "claim": "Ireland is the second-largest named market for data-centre PPAs, but far behind Spain.", "evidence": "Pexapark: 18.8 GW of data-centre PPAs in Europe 2018-May 2026, incl. Spain 6 GW, Ireland 1.9 GW, Finland 1.5 GW.", "source": [ "pexa_ppa" ] }, { "stance": "lags", "claim": "Ireland hosts no EU AI Factory; it has only an Antenna linked to France and Luxembourg.", "evidence": "19 AI Factories across 16 member states; Ireland is one of 7 member states with an Antenna only (EUR 5m EU + EUR 5m national).", "source": [ "aif_network", "antenna_ie_link", "ie_antenna_money" ] }, { "stance": "lags", "claim": "In the AI Gigafactory round Ireland is a buyer, not a host.", "evidence": "The Government committed EUR 10m to buy compute time from a gigafactory in France, conditional on the French bid; no Irish-hosted bid is public.", "source": [ "ie_aigf", "ie_aigf_cond", "eoi_confidential" ] }, { "stance": "lags", "claim": "Offshore wind delivery: Ireland has almost none built and little expected by 2030.", "evidence": "End-2025 offshore: Ireland 25 MW vs Germany 9,624, Netherlands 4,738, Denmark 2,652 MW. WindEurope expects Ireland to add 0.2 GW in 2026-30 against a 5 GW 2030 target.", "source": [ "we_offshore_ie", "ie_offshore_target" ] }, { "stance": "lags", "claim": "Grid access for new data centres is among the tightest in Europe, but no longer unusual.", "evidence": "Ireland requires matching on-site dispatchable generation; the Netherlands waitlists near Schiphol to ~2035 and Denmark paused connections in Mar 2026.", "source": [ "ie_cru_dispatch", "nl_wait", "dk_pause" ] }, { "stance": "lags", "claim": "The big new hyperscaler announcements of 2024-2026 went elsewhere.", "evidence": "Spain EUR 33.7bn (AWS), Finland EUR 13bn (Google), Portugal USD 10bn (Microsoft), Germany EUR 7.8bn (AWS) and EUR 5.5bn (Google); none found for Ireland.", "source": [ "inv_es2", "inv_fi", "inv_pt_msft", "inv_de_aws", "inv_de_google" ] }, { "stance": "mixed", "claim": "Inference: Ireland's AI build-out is happening inside existing campuses rather than through new public or announced capacity.", "evidence": "Gross server and accelerator imports are rising fast (net of re-exports, more slowly) while new grid connections, AI Factory hosting and gigafactory hosting go elsewhere.", "source": [ "Eurostat Comext via hardware_imports", "ie_aigf", "ie_cru_dispatch" ] } ], "irelandBids": [ { "name": "AIF IRL-Antenna (EU AI Factory Antenna)", "kind": "EuroHPC AI Factory Antenna", "status": "selected 13 Oct 2025; launched 1 Jul 2026", "sponsor": "ICHEC (University of Galway) with CeADAR; DFHERIS + EuroHPC JU", "date": "2025-10-13", "funding": "EUR 10m (EUR 5m EU + EUR 5m national)", "mw": null, "gpus": null, "note": "A gateway to the French (AI2F) and Luxembourg AI Factories, not a large Irish system; no MW or GPU count is published.", "quotes": [ "antenna_ie_link", "ie_antenna_money", "ie_ant_funding", "ie_ant_launch", "ie_ant_ceadar", "ie_antenna_links" ] }, { "name": "CASPIr (national supercomputer, successor to Kay)", "kind": "EuroHPC mid-range supercomputer", "status": "hosting agreement Oct 2025; tender launched 27 Mar 2026 (competitive dialogue, requests to participate closed 5 May 2026); no award public; service expected Q3 2027", "sponsor": "University of Galway / ICHEC with EuroHPC JU (65% / 35% ownership)", "date": "2026-03-27", "funding": "up to EUR 25m acquisition (EuroHPC 35%); gov.ie says it leverages EUR 20m awarded by EuroHPC (the two figures do not reconcile; unchecked which is current)", "mw": null, "gpus": "GPU nodes included, number not stated", "performance": ">15 petaflops", "note": "ICHEC says CASPIr will not handle large-scale AI workloads and points those users to EU AI Factories. Selected as a host site in June 2022.", "quotes": [ "caspir", "caspir_2022", "caspir_itt", "caspir_budget", "caspir_dialogue", "caspir_gov20m", "caspir_q3", "caspir_not_ai", "caspir_mix" ] }, { "name": "AI Gigafactory call (EUROHPC-2026-CEI-AIGF-01): Irish role", "kind": "EU AI Gigafactory", "status": "buyer, not host: EUR 10m to buy compute time from a French gigafactory, conditional on the French bid; Ireland in the joint procurement agreement (press); no Irish-hosted bid public; call closes 3 Dec 2026", "sponsor": "DFHERIS", "date": "2026-07-30", "funding": "EUR 10m", "mw": null, "gpus": null, "note": "Bids are confidential. The 18-state joint procurement agreement is from a blog post, not an official list (unchecked against EuroHPC).", "quotes": [ "ie_aigf", "ie_aigf_cond", "aigf_jpa", "tender_deadline" ] }, { "name": "AI Gigafactory expressions of interest (Jun 2025)", "kind": "EU AI Gigafactory", "status": "76 EoIs from 16 member states; the Commission withheld identities; no Irish consortium or site has been announced by any party (searched gov.ie, EuroHPC, Irish and trade press)", "sponsor": null, "date": "2025-06-30", "funding": null, "mw": null, "gpus": null, "note": "Absence of public evidence, not proof that no Irish EoI was filed.", "quotes": [ "eoi", "eoi_confidential" ] }, { "name": "Art Data Centres, Ennis (Co Clare)", "kind": "private campus (>=100 MW)", "status": "permitted (An Bord Pleanala, 2024); judicial review dismissed Mar 2026; enabling works starting", "sponsor": "Art Data Centres Ltd", "date": "2026-03-13", "funding": "EUR 1.6bn (developer figure)", "mw": 200, "gpus": null, "note": "Marketed to 'the largest technology partners'; no AI or GPU tenant is named in the sources read.", "quotes": [ "ennis_200", "ennis_jr" ] }, { "name": "Echelon DUB20 Arklow + DUB30 (Co Wicklow)", "kind": "private campus (>=100 MW combined)", "status": "DUB20 under construction, due 2028; DUB30 planned", "sponsor": "Echelon Data Centres", "date": "2026-03-26", "funding": "EUR 4.2bn (was EUR 3.5bn in May 2025)", "mw": "90 MW IT each (180 MW IT)", "gpus": null, "note": "Pitched as a Green Energy Park; no AI or GPU tenant named in the sources read.", "quotes": [ "echelon_it", "echelon_42", "echelon_2028" ] }, { "name": "TensorX (Dublin AI inference cloud)", "kind": "private GPU cloud (small)", "status": "EUR 8m seed (Jun 2026); GPUs in Dublin and Helsinki", "sponsor": "TensorX", "date": "2026-06-23", "funding": "EUR 8m seed; plans up to EUR 100m of Blackwell GPUs across several countries", "mw": null, "gpus": "Nvidia Blackwell, number not stated", "note": "Below the 100 MW threshold; listed as the only Irish-headquartered GPU-cloud raise found.", "quotes": [ "tensorx_seed", "tensorx_100m" ] }, { "name": "Context: CRU to Oireachtas AI committee (29 Sep 2026)", "kind": "regulator statement", "status": "CRU says single AI facilities can exceed 100 MW; no named Irish AI project or grid application disclosed", "sponsor": "CRU", "date": "2026-09-29", "funding": null, "mw": ">100 (generic)", "gpus": null, "note": "Reported by The Irish Times; the CRU's own opening statement is not cached (unchecked).", "quotes": [ "cru_100mw", "cru_35pct" ] }, { "name": "Planning register scan", "kind": "PlanSight search", "status": "0 planning descriptions mention artificial intelligence, GPUs, HPC or supercomputing (to 2026-09-27)", "sponsor": null, "date": "2026-10-03", "funding": null, "mw": null, "gpus": null, "note": "A bare 'AI' token matched 208 descriptions, all checked samples being Fingal/DLR 'AI received' (Additional Information) notes, not artificial intelligence; excluded. Data-centre applications describe buildings and MW, not workloads, so this does not rule out AI use.", "quotes": [] } ], "sources": { "aif1": { "key": "aif1", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "Selection of the First Seven AI Factories", "date": "2024-12-10", "url": "https://eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/selection-first-seven-ai-factories-drive-europes-leadership-ai-2024-12-10_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aif-first7-20241210-2026-10-03.html" }, "aif2": { "key": "aif2", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "EuroHPC JU Selects Additional AI Factories", "date": "2025-03-12", "url": "https://eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-additional-ai-factories-strengthen-europes-ai-leadership-2025-03-12_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aif-second-20250312-2026-10-03.html" }, "aif2ec": { "key": "aif2ec", "publisher": "European Commission", "title": "Second wave of AI Factories", "date": "2025-03-12", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/second-wave-ai-factories-set-drive-eu-wide-innovation", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ec-second-wave-20250312-2026-10-03.html" }, "aif3": { "key": "aif3", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "EuroHPC JU Selects Six Additional AI Factories", "date": "2025-10-10", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-six-additional-ai-factories-expand-europes-ai-capabilities-2025-10-10_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aif-six-20251010-2026-10-03.html" }, "antennas": { "key": "antennas", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "EuroHPC JU Selects AI Factory Antennas", "date": "2025-10-13", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-ai-factory-antennas-broaden-ai-factories-initiative-2025-10-13_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-antennas-20251013-2026-10-03.html" }, "aifpage": { "key": "aifpage", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "AI Factories (overview page)", "date": "2026-10-03", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/ai-factories_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-ai-factories-page-2026-10-03.html" }, "ecpolicy": { "key": "ecpolicy", "publisher": "European Commission", "title": "AI Factories (policy page)", "date": "2026-10-03", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/ai-factories", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ec-ai-factories-policy-2026-10-03.html" }, "investai": { "key": "investai", "publisher": "European Commission", "title": "IP/25/467 InvestAI launch", "date": "2025-02-11", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/api/documents?reference=IP/25/467&language=en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ec-investai-ip-25-467-2026-10-03.json" }, "eoi": { "key": "eoi", "publisher": "European Commission", "title": "76 respondents express interest in AI Gigafactories", "date": "2025-06-30", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/overwhelming-response-76-respondents-express-interest-european-ai-gigafactories-initiative", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ec-aigf-76-eoi-20250630-2026-10-03.html" }, "aigfcall": { "key": "aigfcall", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "The EuroHPC JU launches the AI Gigafactories Call", "date": "2026-07-30", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-joint-undertaking-launches-ai-gigafactories-call-2026-07-30_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aigf-call-20260730-2026-10-03.html" }, "aigftender": { "key": "aigftender", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "Call for tenders: AI Gigafactory consortia (EUROHPC-2026-CEI-AIGF-01)", "date": "2026-10-03", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/call-tenders-selection-artificial-intelligence-gigafactory-consortia-and-establishment-ai_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aigf-tender-2026-10-03.html" }, "ted529135": { "key": "ted529135", "publisher": "TED (OJ S)", "title": "Contract notice 529135-2026, AI Gigafactories", "date": "2026-07-30", "url": "https://ted.europa.eu/en/notice/529135-2026/xml", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ted-529135-2026-2026-10-03.xml" }, "ted674672": { "key": "ted674672", "publisher": "TED (OJ S)", "title": "Change notice 674672-2026, AI Gigafactories", "date": "2026-10-01", "url": "https://ted.europa.eu/en/notice/674672-2026/xml", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ted-674672-2026-2026-10-03.xml" }, "ieaigf": { "key": "ieaigf", "publisher": "DFHERIS (gov.ie)", "title": "Ireland's participation in the AI Gigafactories Initiative", "date": "2026-07-30", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-further-and-higher-education-research-innovation-and-science/press-releases/minister-lawless-announces-irelands-participation-in-europes-high-performance-computing-ai-gigafactories-initiative/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/gov-ie-lawless-aigf-2026-10-03.html" }, "ieantenna": { "key": "ieantenna", "publisher": "DFHERIS (gov.ie)", "title": "Irish AI Factory Antenna bid and supercomputer hosting agreement", "date": "2025-10-13", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-further-and-higher-education-research-innovation-and-science/press-releases/minister-lawless-welcomes-the-successful-outcome-of-the-irish-ai-factory-antenna-bid-and-passing-major-milestone-towards-securing-a-supercomputer/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/gov-ie-lawless-antenna-2026-10-03.html" }, "ichecantenna": { "key": "ichecantenna", "publisher": "ICHEC", "title": "AI Factory Antenna in Ireland (AIF IRL-Antenna)", "date": "2025-10-13", "url": "https://www.ichec.ie/news/aif_irl-antenna", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ichec-aif-irl-antenna-2026-10-03.html" }, "caspir": { "key": "caspir", "publisher": "ICHEC", "title": "The Way is Open to Build a EuroHPC Supercomputer in Ireland (CASPIr)", "date": "2025-10-13", "url": "https://www.ichec.ie/caspir-hosting-agreement", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ichec-caspir-hosting-2026-10-03.html" }, "ember": { "key": "ember", "publisher": "Ember", "title": "Grids for data centres in Europe", "date": "2025-06", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/06/Report-Grids-for-data-centres-in-Europe-PDF.pdf", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ember-grids-for-data-centres-2025-06-2026-10-03.pdf" }, "windeurope": { "key": "windeurope", "publisher": "WindEurope", "title": "Wind energy in Europe: 2025 Statistics and the outlook for 2026-2030 (mirror of windeurope.org report)", "date": "2026-02", "url": "https://www.csve.cz/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/windeurope-european-stats-2025.pdf", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/windeurope-stats-2025-2026-10-03.pdf" }, "pexageo": { "key": "pexageo", "publisher": "Pexapark", "title": "The New Geography of European Data Centers", "date": "2026-05-19", "url": "https://pexapark.com/blog/the-new-geography-of-european-data-centers/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/pexapark-new-geography-dc-2026-10-03.html" }, "pexahunger": { "key": "pexahunger", "publisher": "Pexapark", "title": "A Data Center Tale: The Hunger for PPAs", "date": "2025-10-21", "url": "https://pexapark.com/blog/a-data-center-tale-the-hunger-for-ppas/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/pexapark-dc-hunger-ppas-2026-10-03.html" }, "nltimes": { "key": "nltimes", "publisher": "NL Times (ANP)", "title": "Judge rules electricity grid in Haarlemmermeer is full", "date": "2026-04-29", "url": "https://nltimes.nl/2026/04/29/judge-rules-electricity-grid-haarlemmermeer-full-data-centre-connection-delayed", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/nltimes-haarlemmermeer-20260429-2026-10-03.html" }, "cnbcdk": { "key": "cnbcdk", "publisher": "CNBC", "title": "Denmark faces data center reckoning as power grid overwhelmed", "date": "2026-05-04", "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/05/04/denmark-data-centers-moratorium-grid-pause-power-demand.html", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/cnbc-denmark-dc-20260504-2026-10-03.html" }, "googlede": { "key": "googlede", "publisher": "Google Cloud press corner", "title": "Google Announces EUR5.5 Billion Investment in Germany", "date": "2025-11-11", "url": "https://www.googlecloudpresscorner.com/2025-11-11-Google-Announces-EUR5-5-Billion-Investment-in-Germany,-including-AI-Infrastructure,-through-2029", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/google-germany-5-5bn-20251111-2026-10-03.html" }, "awsesc": { "key": "awsesc", "publisher": "About Amazon", "title": "AWS plans to invest EUR7.8bn into the AWS European Sovereign Cloud", "date": "2024-05-15", "url": "https://www.aboutamazon.eu/news/aws/aws-plans-to-invest-7-8-billion-into-the-aws-european-sovereign-cloud", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/aws-esc-7-8bn-2026-10-03.html" }, "msftpt": { "key": "msftpt", "publisher": "Silicon Republic", "title": "Microsoft, Google reveal $16bn-plus European AI data centre deals", "date": "2025-11-12", "url": "https://www.siliconrepublic.com/business/microsoft-google-european-ai-data-centre-germany-portugal-2025", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/siliconrepublic-msft-google-de-pt-2026-10-03.html" }, "aifie": { "key": "aifie", "publisher": "AI Factory Antenna Ireland (ICHEC)", "title": "Ireland's AI Factory Antenna", "date": "2026-10-03", "url": "https://aifactory.ie/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/aifactory-ie-2026-10-03.html" }, "caspiritt": { "key": "caspiritt", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "Invitation to Tender to Procure CASPIr Supercomputer", "date": "2026-03-27", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/invitation-tender-procure-caspir-supercomputer-2026-03-27_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-caspir-itt-20260327-2026-10-03.html" }, "caspirgov": { "key": "caspirgov", "publisher": "DFHERIS (gov.ie)", "title": "Minister Lawless welcomes launch of procurement process for new world-class supercomputer", "date": "2026-03-27", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-further-and-higher-education-research-innovation-and-science/press-releases/minister-lawless-welcomes-launch-of-procurement-process-for-new-world-class-supercomputer/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/gov-ie-lawless-caspir-procurement-2026-10-03.html" }, "caspirichec": { "key": "caspirichec", "publisher": "ICHEC", "title": "CASPIr Procurement Launched", "date": "2026-03-31", "url": "https://www.ichec.ie/news/caspir-procurement-launched", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ichec-caspir-procurement-2026-10-03.html" }, "ichec2022": { "key": "ichec2022", "publisher": "ICHEC", "title": "Ireland one of five sites selected by the EU to host new world-class supercomputer", "date": "2022-06-27", "url": "https://www.ichec.ie/news/ireland-one-five-sites-selected-eu-host-new-world-class-supercomputer", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ichec-five-sites-2026-10-03.html" }, "rteantenna": { "key": "rteantenna", "publisher": "RTE", "title": "Ireland moves closer to securing new supercomputer", "date": "2025-10-13", "url": "https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2025/1013/1538287-ireland-moves-closer-to-securing-new-supercomputer/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/rte-ie-supercomputer-20251013-2026-10-03.html" }, "frexpert": { "key": "frexpert", "publisher": "French Expert in Ireland (blog)", "title": "While Europe was on holiday, the AI infrastructure race moved up a gear", "date": "2026-08-24", "url": "https://www.frenchexpertinireland.com/blog/while-europe-was-on-holiday-the-ai-infrastructure-race-moved-up-a-gear/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/frenchexpert-ai-race-2026-10-03.html" }, "itcru": { "key": "itcru", "publisher": "The Irish Times", "title": "New data centres designed for AI 'require power in excess of that used by 100,000 homes'", "date": "2026-09-29", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/oireachtas/2026/09/29/new-data-centres-designed-for-ai-require-power-in-excess-of-that-used-by-100000-homes/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/irishtimes-ai-dc-100000-homes-20260929-2026-10-03.html" }, "rteennis": { "key": "rteennis", "publisher": "RTE", "title": "Works on EUR1.6 billion data centre to start in Ennis", "date": "2026-03-13", "url": "https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2026/0313/1563321-works-on-16-billion-data-centre-to-start-in-ennis/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/rte-ennis-art-dc-20260313-2026-10-03.html" }, "rteechelon": { "key": "rteechelon", "publisher": "RTE", "title": "Echelon plans Ireland's first Green Energy Park in Co Wicklow", "date": "2026-03-26", "url": "https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2026/0326/1565296-echelon-plans-first-green-energy-park-in-co-wicklow/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/rte-echelon-green-energy-park-20260326-2026-10-03.html" }, "srechelon": { "key": "srechelon", "publisher": "Silicon Republic", "title": "Echelon's EUR3.5bn Wicklow data centres get official launch", "date": "2025-05-12", "url": "https://www.siliconrepublic.com/enterprise/echelons-e3-5bn-wicklow-data-centres-get-official-launch-arklow", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/siliconrepublic-echelon-launch-2026-10-03.html" }, "tensorx": { "key": "tensorx", "publisher": "Silicon Republic", "title": "Ireland's TensorX bags EUR8m to build sovereign AI infrastructure", "date": "2026-06-23", "url": "https://www.siliconrepublic.com/start-ups/tensor-x-dublin-ireland-ai-infrastructure-eu-europe-us", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/siliconrepublic-tensorx-2026-10-03.html" }, "cru236": { "key": "cru236", "publisher": "CRU", "title": "CRU/2025/236 Large Energy Users connection policy decision", "date": "2025-12-12", "url": "https://www.cru.ie/publications/ (CRU/2025/236)", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2025-12-12_cru-2025236-leu-decision.pdf" }, "awses1": { "key": "awses1", "publisher": "About Amazon", "title": "AWS plans to invest EUR15.7bn in Spain", "date": "2024-05-22", "url": "https://www.aboutamazon.eu/news/aws/aws-plans-to-invest-15-7-billion-in-spain", "cache": "data/raw/investment/amazon-aws-spain-15-7bn-2024-2026-10-03.html" }, "awses2": { "key": "awses2", "publisher": "About Amazon", "title": "Amazon increases investment in Spain to EUR33.7bn", "date": "2026-03-02", "url": "https://www.aboutamazon.eu/", "cache": "data/raw/investment/amazon-spain-33-7bn-2026-2026-10-03.html" }, "googlefi": { "key": "googlefi", "publisher": "Google", "title": "Google deepens its commitment to Finland", "date": "2026", "url": "https://blog.google/", "cache": "data/raw/investment/google-finland-13bn-2026-10-03.html" }, "msftdk": { "key": "msftdk", "publisher": "Microsoft", "title": "Microsoft West Denmark datacenter region", "date": "2026", "url": "https://news.microsoft.com/", "cache": "data/raw/investment/microsoft-west-denmark-region-2026-10-03.html" } }, "quotes": { "aif1_countries": { "text": "set to be deployed next year across Europe: in Finland, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Spain and Sweden", "page": null, "words": 17, "key": "aif1", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "Selection of the First Seven AI Factories", "date": "2024-12-10", "url": "https://eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/selection-first-seven-ai-factories-drive-europes-leadership-ai-2024-12-10_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aif-first7-20241210-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "aif2_funding": { "text": "supported by a combined national and EU investment of around \u20ac485 million", "page": null, "words": 12, "key": "aif2ec", "publisher": "European Commission", "title": "Second wave of AI Factories", "date": "2025-03-12", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/second-wave-ai-factories-set-drive-eu-wide-innovation", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ec-second-wave-20250312-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "aif3_count": { "text": "So far, 19 sites across Europe have been selected to host AI Factories.", "page": null, "words": 13, "key": "aif3", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "EuroHPC JU Selects Six Additional AI Factories", "date": "2025-10-10", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-six-additional-ai-factories-expand-europes-ai-capabilities-2025-10-10_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aif-six-20251010-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "aif_network": { "text": "The European Union has established 19 AI Factories and 13 AI Factory Antennas", "page": null, "words": 13, "key": "aifpage", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "AI Factories (overview page)", "date": "2026-10-03", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/ai-factories_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-ai-factories-page-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "antenna_funding": { "text": "The European Union will fund the AI Factory Antennas with an investment of around \u20ac55 million", "page": null, "words": 16, "key": "antennas", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "EuroHPC JU Selects AI Factory Antennas", "date": "2025-10-13", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-ai-factory-antennas-broaden-ai-factories-initiative-2025-10-13_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-antennas-20251013-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "antenna_ie_link": { "text": "AIF IRL-Antenna will be primarily linked with AI2F", "page": null, "words": 8, "key": "antennas", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "EuroHPC JU Selects AI Factory Antennas", "date": "2025-10-13", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-ai-factory-antennas-broaden-ai-factories-initiative-2025-10-13_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-antennas-20251013-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "ie_antenna_money": { "text": "has been awarded \u20ac5 million in European funding", "page": null, "words": 8, "key": "ieantenna", "publisher": "DFHERIS (gov.ie)", "title": "Irish AI Factory Antenna bid and supercomputer hosting agreement", "date": "2025-10-13", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-further-and-higher-education-research-innovation-and-science/press-releases/minister-lawless-welcomes-the-successful-outcome-of-the-irish-ai-factory-antenna-bid-and-passing-major-milestone-towards-securing-a-supercomputer/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/gov-ie-lawless-antenna-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "ie_antenna_links": { "text": "The AI Factory Antenna will link directly to leading AI hubs in France and Luxembourg", "page": null, "words": 15, "key": "ieantenna", "publisher": "DFHERIS (gov.ie)", "title": "Irish AI Factory Antenna bid and supercomputer hosting agreement", "date": "2025-10-13", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-further-and-higher-education-research-innovation-and-science/press-releases/minister-lawless-welcomes-the-successful-outcome-of-the-irish-ai-factory-antenna-bid-and-passing-major-milestone-towards-securing-a-supercomputer/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/gov-ie-lawless-antenna-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "ie_antenna_lead": { "text": "led by ICHEC (the Irish Centre for High-End Computing, hosted at University of Galway)", "page": null, "words": 14, "key": "ichecantenna", "publisher": "ICHEC", "title": "AI Factory Antenna in Ireland (AIF IRL-Antenna)", "date": "2025-10-13", "url": "https://www.ichec.ie/news/aif_irl-antenna", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ichec-aif-irl-antenna-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "caspir": { "text": "a mid-range supercomputer capable of performing over 15 petaflops", "page": null, "words": 9, "key": "caspir", "publisher": "ICHEC", "title": "The Way is Open to Build a EuroHPC Supercomputer in Ireland (CASPIr)", "date": "2025-10-13", "url": "https://www.ichec.ie/caspir-hosting-agreement", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ichec-caspir-hosting-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "eurohpc_budget": { "text": "overall investments in supercomputing infrastructures and AI Factories in the EU will reach \u20ac10 billion", "page": null, "words": 15, "key": "ecpolicy", "publisher": "European Commission", "title": "AI Factories (policy page)", "date": "2026-10-03", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/ai-factories", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ec-ai-factories-policy-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "investai": { "text": "including a new European fund of \u20ac20 billion for AI gigafactories", "page": null, "words": 11, "key": "investai", "publisher": "European Commission", "title": "IP/25/467 InvestAI launch", "date": "2025-02-11", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/api/documents?reference=IP/25/467&language=en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ec-investai-ip-25-467-2026-10-03.json", "verified": true }, "investai_four": { "text": "The EU's InvestAI fund will finance four future AI gigafactories across the EU.", "page": null, "words": 13, "key": "investai", "publisher": "European Commission", "title": "IP/25/467 InvestAI launch", "date": "2025-02-11", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/api/documents?reference=IP/25/467&language=en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ec-investai-ip-25-467-2026-10-03.json", "verified": true }, "investai_chips": { "text": "around 100 000 latest-generation AI chips, around four times more than the AI factories", "page": null, "words": 14, "key": "investai", "publisher": "European Commission", "title": "IP/25/467 InvestAI launch", "date": "2025-02-11", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/api/documents?reference=IP/25/467&language=en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ec-investai-ip-25-467-2026-10-03.json", "verified": true }, "eoi": { "text": "A total of 76 expressions of interest proposing to set up AI Gigafactories in 16 Member States across 60 different sites", "page": null, "words": 21, "key": "eoi", "publisher": "European Commission", "title": "76 respondents express interest in AI Gigafactories", "date": "2025-06-30", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/overwhelming-response-76-respondents-express-interest-european-ai-gigafactories-initiative", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ec-aigf-76-eoi-20250630-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "eoi_gpus": { "text": "the acquisition of at least three million latest generation specialised processors (GPUs) in total", "page": null, "words": 14, "key": "eoi", "publisher": "European Commission", "title": "76 respondents express interest in AI Gigafactories", "date": "2025-06-30", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/overwhelming-response-76-respondents-express-interest-european-ai-gigafactories-initiative", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ec-aigf-76-eoi-20250630-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "eoi_confidential": { "text": "The European Commission will not disclose further information about the identity of the Respondents", "page": null, "words": 14, "key": "eoi", "publisher": "European Commission", "title": "76 respondents express interest in AI Gigafactories", "date": "2025-06-30", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/overwhelming-response-76-respondents-express-interest-european-ai-gigafactories-initiative", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ec-aigf-76-eoi-20250630-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "call_deadline_pr": { "text": "Following the submission deadline on 12 November 2026", "page": null, "words": 8, "key": "aigfcall", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "The EuroHPC JU launches the AI Gigafactories Call", "date": "2026-07-30", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-joint-undertaking-launches-ai-gigafactories-call-2026-07-30_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aigf-call-20260730-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "call_seven": { "text": "This procurement will support the establishment of up to seven AI Gigafactories", "page": null, "words": 12, "key": "aigfcall", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "The EuroHPC JU launches the AI Gigafactories Call", "date": "2026-07-30", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-joint-undertaking-launches-ai-gigafactories-call-2026-07-30_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aigf-call-20260730-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "call_private": { "text": "expected total private investment of more than \u20ac20 billion across the EU", "page": null, "words": 12, "key": "aigfcall", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "The EuroHPC JU launches the AI Gigafactories Call", "date": "2026-07-30", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-joint-undertaking-launches-ai-gigafactories-call-2026-07-30_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aigf-call-20260730-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "call_ops": { "text": "Following their selection in early 2027, the AIGFs are expected to begin operations within 18 months.", "page": null, "words": 16, "key": "aigfcall", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "The EuroHPC JU launches the AI Gigafactories Call", "date": "2026-07-30", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-joint-undertaking-launches-ai-gigafactories-call-2026-07-30_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aigf-call-20260730-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "call_mff": { "text": "the bulk of the funds will come from the next Multiannual Financial Framework (2028\u20132035)", "page": null, "words": 14, "key": "aigfcall", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "The EuroHPC JU launches the AI Gigafactories Call", "date": "2026-07-30", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-joint-undertaking-launches-ai-gigafactories-call-2026-07-30_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aigf-call-20260730-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "call_public": { "text": "supported by up to \u20ac10 billion in EU and national funding", "page": null, "words": 11, "key": "ecpolicy", "publisher": "European Commission", "title": "AI Factories (policy page)", "date": "2026-10-03", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/ai-factories", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ec-ai-factories-policy-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "tender_deadline": { "text": "Deadline date 3 December 2026, 17:00 (CET)", "page": null, "words": 7, "key": "aigftender", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "Call for tenders: AI Gigafactory consortia (EUROHPC-2026-CEI-AIGF-01)", "date": "2026-10-03", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/call-tenders-selection-artificial-intelligence-gigafactory-consortia-and-establishment-ai_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aigf-tender-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "tender_scale": { "text": "at least three to four times the number of the most advanced AI processors currently available", "page": null, "words": 16, "key": "aigftender", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "Call for tenders: AI Gigafactory consortia (EUROHPC-2026-CEI-AIGF-01)", "date": "2026-10-03", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/call-tenders-selection-artificial-intelligence-gigafactory-consortia-and-establishment-ai_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aigf-tender-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "tender_power": { "text": "AIGFs must demonstrate adequate power capacity infrastructure", "page": null, "words": 7, "key": "aigftender", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "Call for tenders: AI Gigafactory consortia (EUROHPC-2026-CEI-AIGF-01)", "date": "2026-10-03", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/call-tenders-selection-artificial-intelligence-gigafactory-consortia-and-establishment-ai_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-aigf-tender-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "ie_aigf": { "text": "Ireland will partner with France, investing \u20ac10 million to procure compute access time from an AI Gigafactory located in France.", "page": null, "words": 20, "key": "ieaigf", "publisher": "DFHERIS (gov.ie)", "title": "Ireland's participation in the AI Gigafactories Initiative", "date": "2026-07-30", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-further-and-higher-education-research-innovation-and-science/press-releases/minister-lawless-announces-irelands-participation-in-europes-high-performance-computing-ai-gigafactories-initiative/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/gov-ie-lawless-aigf-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "ie_aigf_cond": { "text": "Subject to the successful outcome of the French bid", "page": null, "words": 9, "key": "ieaigf", "publisher": "DFHERIS (gov.ie)", "title": "Ireland's participation in the AI Gigafactories Initiative", "date": "2026-07-30", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-further-and-higher-education-research-innovation-and-science/press-releases/minister-lawless-announces-irelands-participation-in-europes-high-performance-computing-ai-gigafactories-initiative/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/gov-ie-lawless-aigf-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "ember_share": { "text": "from 2% of national electricity demand in France, through 4% in Germany and the UK, to 7% in the Netherlands and 19% in Ireland", "page": 11, "words": 24, "key": "ember", "publisher": "Ember", "title": "Grids for data centres in Europe", "date": "2025-06", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/06/Report-Grids-for-data-centres-in-Europe-PDF.pdf", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ember-grids-for-data-centres-2025-06-2026-10-03.pdf", "verified": true }, "ember_eu": { "text": "European data centres consumed an estimated 96 TWh of electricity in 2024, equal to 3% of the region's total electricity demand", "page": 11, "words": 21, "key": "ember", "publisher": "Ember", "title": "Grids for data centres in Europe", "date": "2025-06", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/06/Report-Grids-for-data-centres-in-Europe-PDF.pdf", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ember-grids-for-data-centres-2025-06-2026-10-03.pdf", "verified": true }, "ember_cities": { "text": "data centres consumed 33% to 42% of all electricity in Amsterdam, London and Frankfurt \u2013 and almost 80% in Dublin", "page": 11, "words": 20, "key": "ember", "publisher": "Ember", "title": "Grids for data centres in Europe", "date": "2025-06", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/06/Report-Grids-for-data-centres-in-Europe-PDF.pdf", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ember-grids-for-data-centres-2025-06-2026-10-03.pdf", "verified": true }, "ember_dublin": { "text": "was forced to impose a de facto moratorium on new data centres in Dublin until 2028", "page": 9, "words": 16, "key": "ember", "publisher": "Ember", "title": "Grids for data centres in Europe", "date": "2025-06", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/06/Report-Grids-for-data-centres-in-Europe-PDF.pdf", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ember-grids-for-data-centres-2025-06-2026-10-03.pdf", "verified": true }, "ember_flapd_wait": { "text": "New facilities wait an average of seven to ten years, or even up to 13, in some primary markets.", "page": 19, "words": 19, "key": "ember", "publisher": "Ember", "title": "Grids for data centres in Europe", "date": "2025-06", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/06/Report-Grids-for-data-centres-in-Europe-PDF.pdf", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ember-grids-for-data-centres-2025-06-2026-10-03.pdf", "verified": true }, "ember_ban": { "text": "effectively banning new data centres until at least 2030", "page": 15, "words": 9, "key": "ember", "publisher": "Ember", "title": "Grids for data centres in Europe", "date": "2025-06", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/06/Report-Grids-for-data-centres-in-Europe-PDF.pdf", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ember-grids-for-data-centres-2025-06-2026-10-03.pdf", "verified": true }, "ember_italy": { "text": "the capacity of data centre projects in the queue stood at a staggering 30 GW", "page": 19, "words": 15, "key": "ember", "publisher": "Ember", "title": "Grids for data centres in Europe", "date": "2025-06", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/06/Report-Grids-for-data-centres-in-Europe-PDF.pdf", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ember-grids-for-data-centres-2025-06-2026-10-03.pdf", "verified": true }, "ember_italy_wait": { "text": "where data centres wait as little as three years in the grid connection queue", "page": 19, "words": 14, "key": "ember", "publisher": "Ember", "title": "Grids for data centres in Europe", "date": "2025-06", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/06/Report-Grids-for-data-centres-in-Europe-PDF.pdf", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ember-grids-for-data-centres-2025-06-2026-10-03.pdf", "verified": true }, "ember_nordics": { "text": "The Nordics top the list for data centre expansion.", "page": 15, "words": 9, "key": "ember", "publisher": "Ember", "title": "Grids for data centres in Europe", "date": "2025-06", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/06/Report-Grids-for-data-centres-in-Europe-PDF.pdf", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ember-grids-for-data-centres-2025-06-2026-10-03.pdf", "verified": true }, "ember_growth": { "text": "double the rate in FLAP-D markets (+55%)", "page": 15, "words": 7, "key": "ember", "publisher": "Ember", "title": "Grids for data centres in Europe", "date": "2025-06", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/06/Report-Grids-for-data-centres-in-Europe-PDF.pdf", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ember-grids-for-data-centres-2025-06-2026-10-03.pdf", "verified": true }, "ember_util_ie": { "text": "the average load currently drawn by data centre customers is approximately 34% of their contracted capacity", "page": 20, "words": 16, "key": "ember", "publisher": "Ember", "title": "Grids for data centres in Europe", "date": "2025-06", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/06/Report-Grids-for-data-centres-in-Europe-PDF.pdf", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ember-grids-for-data-centres-2025-06-2026-10-03.pdf", "verified": true }, "nl_wait": { "text": "capacity constraints in the area potentially persisting until around 2035", "page": null, "words": 10, "key": "nltimes", "publisher": "NL Times (ANP)", "title": "Judge rules electricity grid in Haarlemmermeer is full", "date": "2026-04-29", "url": "https://nltimes.nl/2026/04/29/judge-rules-electricity-grid-haarlemmermeer-full-data-centre-connection-delayed", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/nltimes-haarlemmermeer-20260429-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "nl_court": { "text": "TenneT has received court approval to pause work on a planned electricity grid connection", "page": null, "words": 14, "key": "nltimes", "publisher": "NL Times (ANP)", "title": "Judge rules electricity grid in Haarlemmermeer is full", "date": "2026-04-29", "url": "https://nltimes.nl/2026/04/29/judge-rules-electricity-grid-haarlemmermeer-full-data-centre-connection-delayed", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/nltimes-haarlemmermeer-20260429-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "nl_goodman": { "text": "Goodman requested a 70-megawatt grid connection", "page": null, "words": 6, "key": "nltimes", "publisher": "NL Times (ANP)", "title": "Judge rules electricity grid in Haarlemmermeer is full", "date": "2026-04-29", "url": "https://nltimes.nl/2026/04/29/judge-rules-electricity-grid-haarlemmermeer-full-data-centre-connection-delayed", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/nltimes-haarlemmermeer-20260429-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "dk_pause": { "text": "Energinet introduced a temporary pause on new grid connection agreements", "page": null, "words": 10, "key": "cnbcdk", "publisher": "CNBC", "title": "Denmark faces data center reckoning as power grid overwhelmed", "date": "2026-05-04", "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/05/04/denmark-data-centers-moratorium-grid-pause-power-demand.html", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/cnbc-denmark-dc-20260504-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "dk_queue": { "text": "Around 60 GW of projects are waiting for connections.", "page": null, "words": 9, "key": "cnbcdk", "publisher": "CNBC", "title": "Denmark faces data center reckoning as power grid overwhelmed", "date": "2026-05-04", "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/05/04/denmark-data-centers-moratorium-grid-pause-power-demand.html", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/cnbc-denmark-dc-20260504-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "dk_dc": { "text": "Data centers account for nearly a quarter (14 GW) of the 60 GW", "page": null, "words": 13, "key": "cnbcdk", "publisher": "CNBC", "title": "Denmark faces data center reckoning as power grid overwhelmed", "date": "2026-05-04", "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/05/04/denmark-data-centers-moratorium-grid-pause-power-demand.html", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/cnbc-denmark-dc-20260504-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "dk_peak": { "text": "That far exceeds Denmark's peak electricity demand of around 7 GW.", "page": null, "words": 11, "key": "cnbcdk", "publisher": "CNBC", "title": "Denmark faces data center reckoning as power grid overwhelmed", "date": "2026-05-04", "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/05/04/denmark-data-centers-moratorium-grid-pause-power-demand.html", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/cnbc-denmark-dc-20260504-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "ie_cru_dispatch": { "text": "required to provide dispatchable onsite or proximate generation and/or storage capacity which matches their MIC", "page": 4, "words": 15, "key": "cru236", "publisher": "CRU", "title": "CRU/2025/236 Large Energy Users connection policy decision", "date": "2025-12-12", "url": "https://www.cru.ie/publications/ (CRU/2025/236)", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2025-12-12_cru-2025236-leu-decision.pdf", "verified": true }, "ie_cru_res": { "text": "required to meet at least 80% of their annual demand with additional renewable electricity generated in the Republic of Ireland", "page": 5, "words": 20, "key": "cru236", "publisher": "CRU", "title": "CRU/2025/236 Large Energy Users connection policy decision", "date": "2025-12-12", "url": "https://www.cru.ie/publications/ (CRU/2025/236)", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2025-12-12_cru-2025236-leu-decision.pdf", "verified": true }, "ie_offshore_target": { "text": "at least 5 GW of offshore wind energy by 2030", "page": 19, "words": 10, "key": "cru236", "publisher": "CRU", "title": "CRU/2025/236 Large Energy Users connection policy decision", "date": "2025-12-12", "url": "https://www.cru.ie/publications/ (CRU/2025/236)", "cache": "data/raw/policy/2025-12-12_cru-2025236-leu-decision.pdf", "verified": true }, "we_offshore_ie": { "text": "Ireland 0.2", "page": 43, "words": 2, "key": "windeurope", "publisher": "WindEurope", "title": "Wind energy in Europe: 2025 Statistics and the outlook for 2026-2030 (mirror of windeurope.org report)", "date": "2026-02", "url": "https://www.csve.cz/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/windeurope-european-stats-2025.pdf", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/windeurope-stats-2025-2026-10-03.pdf", "verified": true }, "we_offshore_text": { "text": "Offshore wind installations in Europe totalled 2 GW", "page": 9, "words": 8, "key": "windeurope", "publisher": "WindEurope", "title": "Wind energy in Europe: 2025 Statistics and the outlook for 2026-2030 (mirror of windeurope.org report)", "date": "2026-02", "url": "https://www.csve.cz/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/windeurope-european-stats-2025.pdf", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/windeurope-stats-2025-2026-10-03.pdf", "verified": true }, "we_ie_share": { "text": "Wind generation in Ireland met 33% of the country\u2019s demand", "page": 19, "words": 10, "key": "windeurope", "publisher": "WindEurope", "title": "Wind energy in Europe: 2025 Statistics and the outlook for 2026-2030 (mirror of windeurope.org report)", "date": "2026-02", "url": "https://www.csve.cz/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/windeurope-european-stats-2025.pdf", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/windeurope-stats-2025-2026-10-03.pdf", "verified": true }, "we_tonn_nua": { "text": "Ireland awarded support to the 900 MW Tonn Nua offshore", "page": 60, "words": 10, "key": "windeurope", "publisher": "WindEurope", "title": "Wind energy in Europe: 2025 Statistics and the outlook for 2026-2030 (mirror of windeurope.org report)", "date": "2026-02", "url": "https://www.csve.cz/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/windeurope-european-stats-2025.pdf", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/windeurope-stats-2025-2026-10-03.pdf", "verified": true }, "pexa_ppa": { "text": "18.8 GW of PPAs have been signed in Europe by data center buyers, including 6 GW in Spain, 1.9 GW in Ireland", "page": null, "words": 22, "key": "pexageo", "publisher": "Pexapark", "title": "The New Geography of European Data Centers", "date": "2026-05-19", "url": "https://pexapark.com/blog/the-new-geography-of-european-data-centers/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/pexapark-new-geography-dc-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "pexa_south": { "text": "Hyperscalers will be building their sites increasingly in Southern Europe (+4.8 GW) and Nordic (+3.2 GW).", "page": null, "words": 16, "key": "pexageo", "publisher": "Pexapark", "title": "The New Geography of European Data Centers", "date": "2026-05-19", "url": "https://pexapark.com/blog/the-new-geography-of-european-data-centers/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/pexapark-new-geography-dc-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "pexa_2025": { "text": "In 2025, most data center PPAs were signed in Italy (568 MW), Finland (472 MW) Spain (314 MW) and Ireland.", "page": null, "words": 20, "key": "pexahunger", "publisher": "Pexapark", "title": "A Data Center Tale: The Hunger for PPAs", "date": "2025-10-21", "url": "https://pexapark.com/blog/a-data-center-tale-the-hunger-for-ppas/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/pexapark-dc-hunger-ppas-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "pexa_ie_pause": { "text": "Ireland has effectively paused new connections until 2028", "page": null, "words": 8, "key": "pexahunger", "publisher": "Pexapark", "title": "A Data Center Tale: The Hunger for PPAs", "date": "2025-10-21", "url": "https://pexapark.com/blog/a-data-center-tale-the-hunger-for-ppas/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/pexapark-dc-hunger-ppas-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "inv_es1": { "text": "AWS plans to invest \u20ac15.7 billion in Spain", "page": null, "words": 8, "key": "awses1", "publisher": "About Amazon", "title": "AWS plans to invest EUR15.7bn in Spain", "date": "2024-05-22", "url": "https://www.aboutamazon.eu/news/aws/aws-plans-to-invest-15-7-billion-in-spain", "cache": "data/raw/investment/amazon-aws-spain-15-7bn-2024-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "inv_es2": { "text": "Amazon increases investment in Spain to \u20ac33.7 billion to expand data centre infrastructure", "page": null, "words": 13, "key": "awses2", "publisher": "About Amazon", "title": "Amazon increases investment in Spain to EUR33.7bn", "date": "2026-03-02", "url": "https://www.aboutamazon.eu/", "cache": "data/raw/investment/amazon-spain-33-7bn-2026-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "inv_fi": { "text": "Google deepens its commitment to Finland with a \u20ac13 billion investment in AI infrastructure", "page": null, "words": 14, "key": "googlefi", "publisher": "Google", "title": "Google deepens its commitment to Finland", "date": "2026", "url": "https://blog.google/", "cache": "data/raw/investment/google-finland-13bn-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "inv_dk": { "text": "between 2023 and 2027 alone, Microsoft is investing $3 billion in datacenter capacity on Danish soil", "page": null, "words": 16, "key": "msftdk", "publisher": "Microsoft", "title": "Microsoft West Denmark datacenter region", "date": "2026", "url": "https://news.microsoft.com/", "cache": "data/raw/investment/microsoft-west-denmark-region-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "inv_de_google": { "text": "Google today announced a new \u20ac5.5 billion investment (2026-2029) in infrastructure and offices in Germany", "page": null, "words": 15, "key": "googlede", "publisher": "Google Cloud press corner", "title": "Google Announces EUR5.5 Billion Investment in Germany", "date": "2025-11-11", "url": "https://www.googlecloudpresscorner.com/2025-11-11-Google-Announces-EUR5-5-Billion-Investment-in-Germany,-including-AI-Infrastructure,-through-2029", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/google-germany-5-5bn-20251111-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "inv_de_aws": { "text": "announced its plans to invest \u20ac7.8 billion in the AWS European Sovereign Cloud in Germany through 2040", "page": null, "words": 17, "key": "awsesc", "publisher": "About Amazon", "title": "AWS plans to invest EUR7.8bn into the AWS European Sovereign Cloud", "date": "2024-05-15", "url": "https://www.aboutamazon.eu/news/aws/aws-plans-to-invest-7-8-billion-into-the-aws-european-sovereign-cloud", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/aws-esc-7-8bn-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "inv_pt_msft": { "text": "the company plans to invest $10bn over a number of years for AI infrastructure at a data centre in Portugal\u2019s port city Sines", "page": null, "words": 23, "key": "msftpt", "publisher": "Silicon Republic", "title": "Microsoft, Google reveal $16bn-plus European AI data centre deals", "date": "2025-11-12", "url": "https://www.siliconrepublic.com/business/microsoft-google-european-ai-data-centre-germany-portugal-2025", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/siliconrepublic-msft-google-de-pt-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "ie_ant_funding": { "text": "co-funded by Ireland's Department of Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science (DFHERIS) and the EuroHPC Joint Undertaking, in equal measure", "page": null, "words": 22, "key": "aifie", "publisher": "AI Factory Antenna Ireland (ICHEC)", "title": "Ireland's AI Factory Antenna", "date": "2026-10-03", "url": "https://aifactory.ie/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/aifactory-ie-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "ie_ant_launch": { "text": "The AI Factory Antenna was officially launched at Smock Alley Theatre, Dublin", "page": null, "words": 12, "key": "aifie", "publisher": "AI Factory Antenna Ireland (ICHEC)", "title": "Ireland's AI Factory Antenna", "date": "2026-10-03", "url": "https://aifactory.ie/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/aifactory-ie-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "ie_ant_ceadar": { "text": "Delivered by a national consortium led by ICHEC at University of Galway, with CeADAR as core partner.", "page": null, "words": 17, "key": "aifie", "publisher": "AI Factory Antenna Ireland (ICHEC)", "title": "Ireland's AI Factory Antenna", "date": "2026-10-03", "url": "https://aifactory.ie/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/aifactory-ie-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "ie_ant_consortium": { "text": "including CeADAR (Ireland's centre for AI) as well as a network of enterprise accelerators", "page": null, "words": 14, "key": "rteantenna", "publisher": "RTE", "title": "Ireland moves closer to securing new supercomputer", "date": "2025-10-13", "url": "https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2025/1013/1538287-ireland-moves-closer-to-securing-new-supercomputer/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/rte-ie-supercomputer-20251013-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "caspir_2022": { "text": "it has been successful in a competitive European-wide bid for a mid-range supercomputer", "page": null, "words": 13, "key": "ichec2022", "publisher": "ICHEC", "title": "Ireland one of five sites selected by the EU to host new world-class supercomputer", "date": "2022-06-27", "url": "https://www.ichec.ie/news/ireland-one-five-sites-selected-eu-host-new-world-class-supercomputer", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ichec-five-sites-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "caspir_itt": { "text": "The deadline to submit a request to participate in this procurement process is 05-05-2026, 12:00 IST.", "page": null, "words": 16, "key": "caspiritt", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "Invitation to Tender to Procure CASPIr Supercomputer", "date": "2026-03-27", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/invitation-tender-procure-caspir-supercomputer-2026-03-27_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-caspir-itt-20260327-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "caspir_budget": { "text": "The total acquisition budget of the system is up to EUR 25 million, which will be co-financed by the EuroHPC JU (35%)", "page": null, "words": 22, "key": "caspiritt", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "Invitation to Tender to Procure CASPIr Supercomputer", "date": "2026-03-27", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/invitation-tender-procure-caspir-supercomputer-2026-03-27_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-caspir-itt-20260327-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "caspir_dialogue": { "text": "initiate a competitive dialogue", "page": null, "words": 4, "key": "caspiritt", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "title": "Invitation to Tender to Procure CASPIr Supercomputer", "date": "2026-03-27", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/invitation-tender-procure-caspir-supercomputer-2026-03-27_en", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/eurohpc-caspir-itt-20260327-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "caspir_gov20m": { "text": "leveraging \u20ac20M awarded by the EuroHPC JU as the result of a competitive process", "page": null, "words": 14, "key": "caspirgov", "publisher": "DFHERIS (gov.ie)", "title": "Minister Lawless welcomes launch of procurement process for new world-class supercomputer", "date": "2026-03-27", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-further-and-higher-education-research-innovation-and-science/press-releases/minister-lawless-welcomes-launch-of-procurement-process-for-new-world-class-supercomputer/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/gov-ie-lawless-caspir-procurement-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "caspir_q3": { "text": "Current estimates indicate that the service will open in Q3 2027", "page": null, "words": 11, "key": "caspirichec", "publisher": "ICHEC", "title": "CASPIr Procurement Launched", "date": "2026-03-31", "url": "https://www.ichec.ie/news/caspir-procurement-launched", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ichec-caspir-procurement-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "caspir_not_ai": { "text": "it will not have sufficient capability for large-scale AI workloads", "page": null, "words": 10, "key": "caspirichec", "publisher": "ICHEC", "title": "CASPIr Procurement Launched", "date": "2026-03-31", "url": "https://www.ichec.ie/news/caspir-procurement-launched", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ichec-caspir-procurement-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "caspir_mix": { "text": "standard CPU nodes, accelerated GPU nodes, high-memory nodes, and a private cloud gateway", "page": null, "words": 13, "key": "caspirichec", "publisher": "ICHEC", "title": "CASPIr Procurement Launched", "date": "2026-03-31", "url": "https://www.ichec.ie/news/caspir-procurement-launched", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/ichec-caspir-procurement-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "aigf_jpa": { "text": "Eighteen member states, France and Ireland among them, have signed a joint procurement agreement", "page": null, "words": 14, "key": "frexpert", "publisher": "French Expert in Ireland (blog)", "title": "While Europe was on holiday, the AI infrastructure race moved up a gear", "date": "2026-08-24", "url": "https://www.frenchexpertinireland.com/blog/while-europe-was-on-holiday-the-ai-infrastructure-race-moved-up-a-gear/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/frenchexpert-ai-race-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "cru_100mw": { "text": "large AI-focused facilities can exceed 100 megawatts in demand", "page": null, "words": 9, "key": "itcru", "publisher": "The Irish Times", "title": "New data centres designed for AI 'require power in excess of that used by 100,000 homes'", "date": "2026-09-29", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/oireachtas/2026/09/29/new-data-centres-designed-for-ai-require-power-in-excess-of-that-used-by-100000-homes/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/irishtimes-ai-dc-100000-homes-20260929-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "cru_35pct": { "text": "data centres will account for a median level of about 35 per cent of all the electricity demand", "page": null, "words": 18, "key": "itcru", "publisher": "The Irish Times", "title": "New data centres designed for AI 'require power in excess of that used by 100,000 homes'", "date": "2026-09-29", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/oireachtas/2026/09/29/new-data-centres-designed-for-ai-require-power-in-excess-of-that-used-by-100000-homes/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/irishtimes-ai-dc-100000-homes-20260929-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "ennis_200": { "text": "the project\u2019s scale at 200mw will be attractive to the largest technology partners in the world", "page": null, "words": 16, "key": "rteennis", "publisher": "RTE", "title": "Works on EUR1.6 billion data centre to start in Ennis", "date": "2026-03-13", "url": "https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2026/0313/1563321-works-on-16-billion-data-centre-to-start-in-ennis/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/rte-ennis-art-dc-20260313-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "ennis_jr": { "text": "clearing all legal hurdles faced by the scheme in the High Court this week", "page": null, "words": 14, "key": "rteennis", "publisher": "RTE", "title": "Works on EUR1.6 billion data centre to start in Ennis", "date": "2026-03-13", "url": "https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2026/0313/1563321-works-on-16-billion-data-centre-to-start-in-ennis/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/rte-ennis-art-dc-20260313-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "echelon_it": { "text": "DUB20 and DUB30 will have an IT load capacity of 90MW each", "page": null, "words": 12, "key": "srechelon", "publisher": "Silicon Republic", "title": "Echelon's EUR3.5bn Wicklow data centres get official launch", "date": "2025-05-12", "url": "https://www.siliconrepublic.com/enterprise/echelons-e3-5bn-wicklow-data-centres-get-official-launch-arklow", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/siliconrepublic-echelon-launch-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "echelon_42": { "text": "Echelon's \u20ac4.2 billion investment in the DUB20 and DUB30 facilities", "page": null, "words": 10, "key": "rteechelon", "publisher": "RTE", "title": "Echelon plans Ireland's first Green Energy Park in Co Wicklow", "date": "2026-03-26", "url": "https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2026/0326/1565296-echelon-plans-first-green-energy-park-in-co-wicklow/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/rte-echelon-green-energy-park-20260326-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "echelon_2028": { "text": "Construction is underway and due to be finished by 2028.", "page": null, "words": 10, "key": "rteechelon", "publisher": "RTE", "title": "Echelon plans Ireland's first Green Energy Park in Co Wicklow", "date": "2026-03-26", "url": "https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2026/0326/1565296-echelon-plans-first-green-energy-park-in-co-wicklow/", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/rte-echelon-green-energy-park-20260326-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "tensorx_seed": { "text": "TensorX is committing the funds to procure Nvidia Blackwell GPUs for its EU AI inference platform", "page": null, "words": 16, "key": "tensorx", "publisher": "Silicon Republic", "title": "Ireland's TensorX bags EUR8m to build sovereign AI infrastructure", "date": "2026-06-23", "url": "https://www.siliconrepublic.com/start-ups/tensor-x-dublin-ireland-ai-infrastructure-eu-europe-us", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/siliconrepublic-tensorx-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true }, "tensorx_100m": { "text": "It has plans to deploy up to \u20ac100m in Blackwell GPUs.", "page": null, "words": 11, "key": "tensorx", "publisher": "Silicon Republic", "title": "Ireland's TensorX bags EUR8m to build sovereign AI infrastructure", "date": "2026-06-23", "url": "https://www.siliconrepublic.com/start-ups/tensor-x-dublin-ireland-ai-infrastructure-eu-europe-us", "cache": "data/raw/europe_ai/siliconrepublic-tensorx-2026-10-03.html", "verified": true } }, "quoteProblems": [], "longQuotes": [], "caveats": [ "The AI Gigafactory deadline moved from 12 Nov 2026 to 3 Dec 2026 by TED change notice 674672-2026 (1 Oct 2026); the EuroHPC press release still says 12 Nov. research/seo-plan.md uses the old date.", "The Commission has not disclosed which 16 member states the 76 expressions of interest came from, and formal bids are confidential; 'no Irish-hosted bid' means none is public.", "AI Factory funding is published per wave or for the Antennas, not per factory; individual system budgets are not compiled here.", "Ember (2024, national demand) and CSO (metered consumption) data-centre shares use different denominators.", "Grid-queue indicators are not like-for-like: CRU rules, a Dutch court ruling, a Danish TSO pause reported by CNBC, and Ember's report-level figures. ENTSO-E or TSO queue datasets would be needed for a proper comparison.", "Pexapark publishes only selected country totals for data-centre PPAs.", "Hyperscaler announcements are headline commitments over multi-year windows, not spend; Ireland's absence from the list does not mean no investment (hardware imports suggest heavy fit-out spend).", "WindEurope's mirror copy (csve.cz) is used because windeurope.org gates the PDF behind a form; it is the published report.", "Sovereign-cloud certifications are not yet compiled." ] }, "risks": { "title": "Ireland's risk register", "source": "Computed from this project's pipelines (generation, legacy_capacity, gas, emissions, eurostat_prices, policy, watch, europe_ai, hardware_imports, investment, offshore, ppa_supply, lifecycle, epa_generation, directory, water, intuition, press) plus quotes re-checked against cached primary documents in data/raw/gas and data/raw/policy. Each evidence item names its pipeline/key and URL.", "asOf": "2026-10-10", "method": "Each risk's evidence numbers are read or computed from other pipelines' build() outputs at build time; no number that exists in data is typed in. Likelihood and impact (1-5) are this index's editorial judgement, with a one-line rationale; score = likelihood x impact. Trends use the pipelines' own time series where one exists. Indicators link to the 'What to watch' calendar by text match. Items labelled 'inference', 'estimate' or 'counter-evidence' are not checked facts.", "scale": { "likelihood": { "1": "Rare: not expected within five years.", "2": "Unlikely: could happen within five years but the evidence points the other way.", "3": "Possible: a plausible outcome within five years on the evidence so far.", "4": "Likely: more likely than not within five years.", "5": "Almost certain, or already happening (an official source shows it now)." }, "impact": { "1": "Minimal: local and reversible.", "2": "Minor: felt by one community, one site or a few firms.", "3": "Moderate: a national cost, delay or loss felt by one group of people or firms.", "4": "Major: national and multi-year; a legal breach, or supply interruption or higher bills for many users.", "5": "Severe: sustained national supply interruption or systemic economic loss." }, "score": "likelihood x impact (1-25). Bands: high >= 15, medium 8-14, low <= 7.", "note": "Scores are this index's editorial judgement, not a calculation. The evidence numbers are computed." }, "risks": [ { "id": "capacity-shortfall", "title": "Not enough power plant until 2029", "category": "security of supply", "summary": "EirGrid says Ireland is short of reliable generating capacity in 2026-2028, by about as much as data centres draw on average. The gap has been filled by imports over cables to Britain, so a cold, still evening with weak imports is when the system is most exposed.", "evidence": [ { "fact": "EirGrid base-case capacity shortfall, 2026 (before emergency measures)", "value": -1010, "unit": "MW", "source": "generation/adequacy.margins.rows[2026].baseMW", "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf" }, { "fact": "EirGrid secure-case shortfall, 2026", "value": -1420, "unit": "MW", "source": "generation/adequacy.margins.rows[2026].secureMW", "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf" }, { "fact": "Expected hours of shortfall (LOLE), 2026 base case, against a standard of 3 h", "value": 71.6, "unit": "hours/yr", "source": "generation/adequacy.margins.rows[2026].loleBaseHours", "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf" }, { "fact": "Average data-centre draw, 2025 (comparable in size to the 2026 shortfall)", "value": 874.8, "unit": "MW", "source": "legacy_capacity/national2025.avgMW", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dcmec/datacentresmeteredelectricityconsumption2025/" }, { "fact": "First year EirGrid's base case shows a capacity surplus", "value": 2029, "unit": "year", "source": "generation/adequacy.margins.rows[].baseMW", "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf" }, { "fact": "Years in deficit on EirGrid's secure assessment, 2026-2035", "value": 9, "unit": "of 10 years", "source": "generation/adequacy.margins.rows[].secureMW", "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf" }, { "fact": "Net imports' share of Irish electricity demand, 2020 (Ember yearly data)", "value": -0.5, "unit": "% of demand", "source": "ember/irelandTrend[2020].netImportsPctOfDemand", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/" }, { "fact": "Net imports' share of Irish electricity demand, 2025 (Ember yearly data)", "value": 16.4, "unit": "% of demand", "source": "ember/irelandTrend[2025].netImportsPctOfDemand", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/" }, { "fact": "Net imports' share of Irish electricity demand, 2026 (part year, Ember monthly data)", "value": 18.0, "unit": "% of demand", "source": "generation/annual[2026].sharesOfDemandPct.netImports", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/monthly-electricity-data/" }, { "fact": "Extra net imports 2020-2025, while data-centre use rose 4.63 TWh (85.3% of demand growth)", "value": 6.19, "unit": "TWh", "source": "generation/dataCentreLens.decomposition[2020-2025]", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/monthly-electricity-data/" }, { "fact": "Net imports at the overnight demand floor: -176 MW in 2019 to 592 MW in the last 12 months", "value": 768, "unit": "MW change", "source": "generation/dataCentreLens.overnightFloorShift.bySource.allNetImports", "sourceUrl": "https://www.smartgriddashboard.com" }, { "fact": "Interconnection to Great Britain in service today (EWIC (East-West) + Greenlink)", "value": 1000, "unit": "MW", "source": "generation/interconnectors[].MW (ntcMW where given)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.eirgrid.ie" }, { "fact": "New gas/conventional plant EirGrid expects in 2026, of 900 MW won at auction", "value": 610, "unit": "MW", "source": "generation/capacity.newConventional", "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf" } ], "likelihood": 5, "impact": 4, "score": 20, "band": "high", "trend": { "direction": "rising", "why": "Import share of demand went 14.0% (2024) to 16.4% (2025; Ember yearly data); EirGrid's base margin only turns positive in 2029." }, "scoringBasis": { "type": "judgement", "label": "editorial judgement", "rationale": "Likelihood 5: EirGrid's own assessment shows the shortfall now. Impact 4: a national supply risk, though no system emergency has been declared so far." }, "whoBears": [ "households", "industry", "State", "operators" ], "indicators": [ { "name": "EirGrid base-case margin for 2027", "current": "-770 MW", "threshold": "Worse if the next EirGrid adequacy assessment deepens the 2027-2028 deficit", "linkedWatchItem": { "what": "2030/31 T-4 capacity auction: provisional qualification results", "date": "2026-11-04", "dateText": "2026-11-04", "dateType": "expected", "url": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-06/CAT3031T-4%20-%202030%202031%20T-4%20Capacity%20Auction%20Timetable.pdf" } }, { "name": "Net imports' share of demand (Ember monthly data, year to date)", "current": "18.0%", "threshold": "Worse above 20% of demand, or if Britain tightens exports in a cold snap", "linkedWatchItem": null }, { "name": "Celtic Interconnector in service", "current": "2028-04 (assumed)", "threshold": "Worse if it slips past 2028", "linkedWatchItem": { "what": "Celtic Interconnector (700 MW, Cork to Brittany) expected in service", "date": "2028-04-01", "dateText": "Q2 2028 (assumed)", "dateType": "expected", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf" } }, { "name": "Delivered new conventional plant vs auction awards", "current": "610 of 900 MW expected in 2026", "threshold": "Worse if further awarded projects terminate", "linkedWatchItem": { "what": "2030/31 T-4 capacity auction runs (bids close 10:00)", "date": "2027-03-25", "dateText": "2027-03-25", "dateType": "deadline", "url": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-06/CAT3031T-4%20-%202030%202031%20T-4%20Capacity%20Auction%20Timetable.pdf" } } ], "mitigations": [ { "lever": "Celtic interconnector (700 MW, Ireland (Cork) - France (Brittany))", "status": "expected 2028-04 (assumed)", "source": "generation/interconnectors", "sourceUrl": "https://www.eirgrid.ie" }, { "lever": "North-South (second 400 kV) interconnector (900 MW, Ireland - Northern Ireland)", "status": "expected 2031-2032", "source": "generation/interconnectors", "sourceUrl": "https://www.eirgrid.ie" }, { "lever": "New conventional plant won at capacity auctions (2450 MW by 2029; EirGrid expects 1900 MW, late)", "status": "contracted, delivery slipping", "source": "generation/capacity.newConventional", "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf" }, { "lever": "Moneypoint (915 MW) kept out of market as a back-stop", "status": "out of market, last resort until 2029-03", "source": "generation/plants", "sourceUrl": null }, { "lever": "Temporary Emergency Generation (TEG) (653 MW) kept out of market as a back-stop", "status": "out of market; emergency only", "source": "generation/plants", "sourceUrl": null }, { "lever": "New data centres must bring their own dispatchable generation or storage (CRU2025236)", "status": "in force for new connections since Dec 2025", "source": "policy/events[cru-2025236]", "sourceUrl": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2025236_Large_Energy_User_connection_policy_decision_paper.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "gas-import-dependence", "title": "Gas supply hinges on one import point", "category": "security of supply", "summary": "Most of Ireland's gas comes through one import point at Moffat in Scotland, and the only domestic field, Corrib, is running down. Gas still makes about two-fifths of Irish electricity, and data-centre gas demand is forecast to grow, so a Moffat outage on a cold day would hit power and heat together.", "evidence": [ { "fact": "Share of Irish gas demand imported through the Moffat entry point in Scotland, 2023/24", "value": 78.0, "unit": "%", "source": "cache:data/raw/gas/2025-10_gni-ndp-2024.txt (GNI Network Development Plan 2024)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.gasnetworks.ie/sites/default/files/2025-10/Network-Development-Plan-2024.pdf", "quote": "with the Moffat Entry Point providing the remaining 78%", "quoteVerified": true }, { "fact": "Ireland's gas network has two entry points: Moffat (imports from Britain) and Bellanaboy (Corrib)", "value": null, "unit": "quote", "source": "cache:data/raw/gas/2024_gni-ndp-2023.txt (GNI Network Development Plan 2023)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.gasnetworks.ie/sites/default/files/docs/corporate/gas-regulation/Network-Development-Plan-2023.pdf", "quote": "total gas supplied at the Moffat and Bellanaboy Entry Points", "quoteVerified": true }, { "fact": "Corrib's share of Irish gas demand: 2023/24, falling to 2032/33 (GNI forecast)", "value": [ 22, 8 ], "unit": "% (2023/24, 2032/33)", "source": "offshore/gasContext.corrib", "sourceUrl": "https://www.gasnetworks.ie/sites/default/files/2025-10/Network-Development-Plan-2024.pdf" }, { "fact": "Corrib maximum daily supply, 2023/24 to 2032/33", "value": [ 3.2, 1.1 ], "unit": "million m3/day", "source": "offshore/gasContext.corrib.maxDailySupplyMscmd", "sourceUrl": "https://www.gasnetworks.ie/sites/default/files/2025-10/Network-Development-Plan-2024.pdf" }, { "fact": "On a 1-in-50 peak day, Moffat runs at this share of its technical capacity (GNI)", "value": 96.5, "unit": "%", "source": "gas/shortfall.evidence (GNI Winter Outlook 2025/26)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.gasnetworks.ie/sites/default/files/2025-11/Winter-Outlook-2025_0.pdf", "quote": "for a 1-in-50 peak day, Moffat would be required to operate at just under 96.5% of revised technical flow capacity" }, { "fact": "Total gas entry capacity on a 1-in-50 peak day by 2033 if 17 pending large users connect firm (best estimate, risk-adjusted)", "value": [ -9, -18 ], "unit": "% headroom (negative = deficit)", "source": "gas/shortfall.with17FirmPct", "sourceUrl": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf" }, { "fact": "17 pending large gas connection applicants (not named publicly) at full load, as a share of Ireland's 1-in-50 peak day", "value": 32.2, "unit": "%", "source": "gas/shortfall.pendingShareOfRoi1in50Pct", "sourceUrl": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf", "label": "derived by the gas pipeline" }, { "fact": "Gas demand from contracted data centres, GNI forecast 2023/24 to 2032/33", "value": [ 94, 2218 ], "unit": "GWh/yr", "source": "gas/forecasts (NDP 2024)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.gasnetworks.ie/sites/default/files/2025-10/Network-Development-Plan-2024.pdf" }, { "fact": "Gas share of Irish electricity demand, 2025", "value": 40.2, "unit": "% of demand", "source": "generation/annual[2025].sharesOfDemandPct.gas", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/monthly-electricity-data/" }, { "fact": "Data-centre gas connections contracted with GNI (aggregated max hourly load)", "value": 2100, "unit": "MW thermal", "source": "gas/contracts (as of 2024-11-06)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2024-11-06/33/" }, { "fact": "Year new offshore gas exploration licensing ended (Climate Act amendment s.21)", "value": 2021, "unit": "year", "source": "offshore/gasContext.explorationBan", "sourceUrl": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2021/act/32/enacted/en/print.html" } ], "likelihood": 3, "impact": 5, "score": 15, "band": "high", "trend": { "direction": "rising", "why": "Corrib's share falls 22% to 8% by 2032/33 while contracted data-centre gas demand rises (GNI)." }, "scoringBasis": { "type": "judgement", "label": "editorial judgement", "rationale": "Likelihood 3: Moffat has been reliable, but peak-day headroom is thin and shrinking. Impact 5: a gas supply emergency would also be an electricity emergency." }, "whoBears": [ "households", "industry", "State", "operators" ], "indicators": [ { "name": "CRU decision on interruptible gas (CRU202657)", "current": "Consultation closed 5 Aug 2026. No decision as of 7 Sep 2026 (RT\u00c9); still described as in process on 29 Sep 2026.", "threshold": "Worse if new large gas users are connected firm, not interruptible", "linkedWatchItem": { "what": "CRU decision on interruptible gas connections above 50 MWth (CRU202657)", "date": null, "dateText": "pending (consultation closed 5 Aug 2026; no date set)", "dateType": "expected", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf" } }, { "name": "Moffat use on a 1-in-50 peak day", "current": "96.5% of technical capacity", "threshold": "Worse above 100% in any GNI winter outlook", "linkedWatchItem": null }, { "name": "Corrib maximum daily supply", "current": "3.2 million m3/day (2023/24)", "threshold": "Faster decline than GNI's forecast", "linkedWatchItem": null } ], "mitigations": [ { "lever": "GNI incremental capacity upgrades at Moffat and the Scottish compressor stations", "status": "under way (GNI: technical capacity will increase from 2025/26)", "source": "cache:data/raw/gas/2025-10_gni-ndp-2024.txt (verified: True)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.gasnetworks.ie/sites/default/files/2025-10/Network-Development-Plan-2024.pdf" }, { "lever": "Interruptible gas connections for new users above 50 MWth (CRU202657); fallback fuel is diesel", "status": "Consultation closed 5 Aug 2026. No decision as of 7 Sep 2026 (RT\u00c9); still described as in process on 29 Sep 2026.", "source": "gas/proposal", "sourceUrl": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf" }, { "lever": "New data-centre generation must be dispatchable and bid into the market (CRU2025236)", "status": "in force for new connections", "source": "policy/events[cru-2025236]", "sourceUrl": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2025236_Large_Energy_User_connection_policy_decision_paper.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "legal-policy-uncertainty", "title": "Court and regulator decisions still pending", "category": "policy-legal", "summary": "The only route for new data centres to connect is being challenged in the High Court, and key decisions on gas, appeals and offshore wind are months or years overdue. Investors, operators and the State are planning around rules that could change.", "evidence": [ { "fact": "Days since the judicial review of CRU2025236 was lodged (2026-03-10); no hearing date published", "value": 214, "unit": "days", "source": "policy/events[jr-2026].date", "sourceUrl": "https://www.rte.ie/news/environment/2026/0323/1564681-data-centre-court/" }, { "fact": "EirGrid tells applicants the connection policy is under judicial review (they proceed at their own risk)", "value": null, "unit": "quote", "source": "cache:data/raw/policy/2026-05-20_eirgrid-dccopp-v3.txt (EirGrid, DCCOPP v3 (20 May 2026))", "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Data-Centre-Connection-Offer-Process-and-Policy-v3.pdf", "quote": "judicial review proceedings have been initiated against the CRU", "quoteVerified": true }, { "fact": "Median data-centre appeal length (before vs after 2021-11-23)", "value": [ 10.5, 23.5 ], "unit": "months", "source": "lifecycle/stats.trend.appealDuration", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/" }, { "fact": "Share of new-build data-centre applications appealed (before vs after 2021-11-23)", "value": [ 13, 69 ], "unit": "%", "source": "lifecycle/stats.trend.appealRate", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/" }, { "fact": "Share of new-build data-centre applications refused (before vs after 2021-11-23)", "value": [ 3, 25 ], "unit": "%", "source": "lifecycle/stats.trend.refusalRate", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/" }, { "fact": "Data-centre appeals past their statutory decision date; longest 564 days", "value": 2, "unit": "decisions", "source": "watch/overdue (topic=planning)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/321230" }, { "fact": "Offshore wind planning decisions past their statutory date; longest 669 days", "value": 5, "unit": "decisions", "source": "watch/overdue (topic=offshore)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/319864" }, { "fact": "Offshore wind awaiting consent at An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la (none consented)", "value": 3799, "unit": "MW", "source": "offshore/headline.phase1PendingMW", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/" }, { "fact": "Days since the interruptible-gas consultation (CRU202657) closed with no decision", "value": 66, "unit": "days", "source": "watch/pendingUndated (gas).since", "sourceUrl": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf" } ], "likelihood": 5, "impact": 3, "score": 15, "band": "high", "trend": { "direction": "rising", "why": "Appeals now take a median 23.5 months, up from 10.5; 7 watched decisions are overdue." }, "scoringBasis": { "type": "judgement", "label": "editorial judgement", "rationale": "Likelihood 5: the delays and the challenge exist now. Impact 3: delay and cost rather than harm, unless the court quashes CRU2025236." }, "whoBears": [ "operators", "industry", "State" ], "indicators": [ { "name": "High Court judicial review of CRU2025236", "current": "leave granted; no hearing date", "threshold": "Worse if the decision is quashed or stayed", "linkedWatchItem": { "what": "High Court judicial review of CRU2025236 (LEU connection policy): FIE, Friends of the Earth Ireland, ClientEarth v CRU", "date": null, "dateText": "pending (no hearing date published)", "dateType": "expected", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/2026/04/28/environmental-groups-granted-leave-to-challenge-data-centre-policy/" } }, { "name": "CRU interruptible gas decision", "current": "pending 66 days since consultation closed", "threshold": "Worse if it slips past winter 2026/27", "linkedWatchItem": { "what": "CRU decision on interruptible gas connections above 50 MWth (CRU202657)", "date": null, "dateText": "pending (consultation closed 5 Aug 2026; no date set)", "dateType": "expected", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf" } }, { "name": "Overdue data-centre appeals", "current": "2 past statutory date", "threshold": "Worse if more appeals pass their dates", "linkedWatchItem": { "what": "ACP decision on data-centre appeal 321230 (Echelon Clondalkin DC Services Limited, South Dublin County Council): 564 days past the statutory date", "date": "2025-03-25", "dateText": "2025-03-25", "dateType": "overdue", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/321230" } }, { "name": "First offshore wind consent", "current": "none yet", "threshold": "Worse if no decision by end-2026", "linkedWatchItem": { "what": "First offshore wind planning determination expected (Government)", "date": "2026-12-31", "dateText": "by end 2026", "dateType": "expected", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/oireachtas/2026/04/22/government-considering-designation-of-private-offshore-wind-facilities-as-critical-infrastructure/" } } ], "mitigations": [ { "lever": "Government expects a first offshore wind planning determination", "status": "expected by end-2026 (press-reported)", "source": "watch/items (offshore)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/oireachtas/2026/04/22/government-considering-designation-of-private-offshore-wind-facilities-as-critical-infrastructure/" }, { "lever": "DCCOPP v3 lets applicants proceed at their own risk while the JR runs", "status": "in force (May 2026)", "source": "policy/events[dccopp-v3]", "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Data-Centre-Connection-Offer-Process-and-Policy-V3-May-2026.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "concentration", "title": "A few operators in one grid area", "category": "concentration", "summary": "Up to about four-fifths of Irish data-centre electricity is drawn by three companies (an upper bound, like Amazon's share), and practically all EPA-metered load sits in Dublin and Meath. A fault, an AI load swing or one company's decision to grow or leave would land on one grid area and one tax base.", "evidence": [ { "fact": "Amazon's share of all Irish data-centre electricity, 2025 (upper bound; read as roughly 40-50%)", "value": 48.5, "unit": "%", "source": "legacy_capacity/totals.drawnMW2025ByOperator / national2025.avgMW (EPA AERs / CSO)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dcmec/datacentresmeteredelectricityconsumption2025/" }, { "fact": "Share of national data-centre electricity drawn by three operators (Amazon (AWS), Microsoft, Meta), 2025", "value": 81.6, "unit": "%", "source": "legacy_capacity/totals.drawnMW2025ByOperator", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dcmec/datacentresmeteredelectricityconsumption2025/" }, { "fact": "Share of EPA-metered data-centre grid draw in the four Dublin councils and Meath, 2025", "value": 100.0, "unit": "%", "source": "directory/campuses[].gridMWAvg2025 by council", "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/" }, { "fact": "Share of EPA-metered data-centre grid draw in South Dublin alone, 2025", "value": 41.4, "unit": "%", "source": "directory/campuses[].gridMWAvg2025 by council", "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/" }, { "fact": "Share of data-centre grid capacity connected or contracted in Dublin, Nov 2021 (CRU/21/124)", "value": 96.7, "unit": "%", "source": "legacy_capacity/totals.legacyBookNov2021", "sourceUrl": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU21124-CRU-Direction-to-the-System-Operators-related-to-Data-Centre-grid-connection-.pdf" }, { "fact": "Data centres' average draw as a share of the overnight demand floor (lowest 10% of quarter-hours)", "value": 26.9, "unit": "%", "source": "generation/dataCentreLens.overnightFloorShift", "sourceUrl": "https://www.smartgriddashboard.com" }, { "fact": "Data centres' share of Irish electricity demand, 2025", "value": 22.1, "unit": "% of demand", "source": "generation/annual[2025].dataCentreShareOfDemandPct", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dcmec/datacentresmeteredelectricityconsumption2025/" }, { "fact": "The greater Dublin region is considered fully constrained.", "value": null, "unit": "quote", "source": "policy/events[dccopp-v3].keyQuotes (p11)", "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Data-Centre-Connection-Offer-Process-and-Policy-V3-May-2026.pdf", "quote": "The greater Dublin region is considered fully constrained.", "quoteVerified": true }, { "fact": "The oscillating demand characteristics of Artificial Intelligence data centres could also pose a risk to the stability of the Irish system.", "value": null, "unit": "quote", "source": "policy/events[dccopp-v3].keyQuotes (p10)", "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Data-Centre-Connection-Offer-Process-and-Policy-V3-May-2026.pdf", "quote": "The oscillating demand characteristics of Artificial Intelligence data centres could also pose a risk to the stability of the Irish system.", "quoteVerified": true } ], "likelihood": 3, "impact": 4, "score": 12, "band": "medium", "trend": { "direction": "rising", "why": "Data centres' share of demand went 20.8% (2024) to 22.1% (2025), almost all in the same Dublin grid area." }, "scoringBasis": { "type": "judgement", "label": "editorial judgement", "rationale": "Likelihood 3: the concentration is a fact; the risk is an event (fault, exit, load swing) that has not happened. Impact 4: Dublin's grid is already fully constrained." }, "whoBears": [ "State", "households", "communities", "operators" ], "indicators": [ { "name": "Amazon share of data-centre electricity", "current": "48.5% (upper bound)", "threshold": "Worse if one operator rises above half", "linkedWatchItem": { "what": "EPA Annual Environmental Reports for 2026 due from every licensee", "date": "2027-03-31", "dateText": "2027-03-31", "dateType": "deadline", "url": "https://www.epa.ie/our-services/compliance--enforcement/industry-and-waste-management/compliance-and-performance-reporting-by-licensees/" } }, { "name": "Data centres' share of demand (CSO use / Ember demand)", "current": "22.1% (2025)", "threshold": "Worse above 25%", "linkedWatchItem": { "what": "CSO Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2026 (annual release)", "date": "2027-07-07", "dateText": "early July 2027", "dateType": "expected", "url": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dcmec/datacentresmeteredelectricityconsumption2025/" } }, { "name": "AI load-oscillation rules (Grid Code modification MPID345)", "current": "Will fault-ride-through and AI load-oscillation rules (Grid Code mod MPID345) further limit connections?", "threshold": "Worse if oscillation events are reported", "linkedWatchItem": null } ], "mitigations": [ { "lever": "Connection policy closes constrained areas (greater Dublin) to new data centres", "status": "in force (DCCOPP v3, May 2026)", "source": "policy/events[dccopp-v3]", "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Data-Centre-Connection-Offer-Process-and-Policy-V3-May-2026.pdf" }, { "lever": "Plan-led Green Energy Parks outside Dublin (LEAP)", "status": "announced; sites not yet designated", "source": "policy/events[leap-2026]", "sourceUrl": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/leap.html" } ] }, { "id": "onsite-gas-emissions", "title": "On-site gas could break an emissions ceiling", "category": "climate", "summary": "Data centres licensed to run on their own gas plant would, if they ran as licensed, emit about as much as the whole commercial-buildings sector is allowed each year to 2030. That sector is already over its ceiling, so the cuts would have to come from somewhere else.", "evidence": [ { "fact": "CO2 from the licensed gas-powered data-centre sites if run as licensed (P1113, P1210, P1204, P1187, P1168)", "value": 0.95, "unit": "Mt CO2/yr", "source": "emissions/shares.direct.licensedDcGasLowT", "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/" }, { "fact": "Average yearly ceiling for the commercial & public buildings sector, 2026-2030 (where on-site gas is counted)", "value": 1.0, "unit": "Mt CO2eq/yr", "source": "emissions/shares.direct.commercialCeilingAvg2026_2030Mt", "sourceUrl": "https://assets.gov.ie/234926/2ebb2431-d558-4a54-a15c-605817c37b2f.pdf" }, { "fact": "Licensed data-centre gas as a share of that sector's average yearly ceiling", "value": 94.6, "unit": "%", "source": "emissions/shares.direct.licensedDcGasPctOfCommercialCeilingAvg2026_2030", "sourceUrl": "https://assets.gov.ie/234926/2ebb2431-d558-4a54-a15c-605817c37b2f.pdf" }, { "fact": "Same, without EdgeConneX P1204 (its figure is the Inspector's maximum flexible-operation case)", "value": 63.1, "unit": "%", "source": "emissions/shares.direct.licensedDcGasExclFlexPctOfCommercialCeilingAvg2026_2030", "sourceUrl": "https://assets.gov.ie/234926/2ebb2431-d558-4a54-a15c-605817c37b2f.pdf" }, { "fact": "Same, if every continuously-run gas site in the pipeline runs (low-high)", "value": [ 115.5, 140.2 ], "unit": "%", "source": "emissions/shares.direct.continuous*PctOfCommercialCeilingAvg2026_2030", "sourceUrl": "https://assets.gov.ie/234926/2ebb2431-d558-4a54-a15c-605817c37b2f.pdf" }, { "fact": "Commercial & public sector emissions, 2025 (already above the 2026-30 yearly average ceiling)", "value": 1.392, "unit": "Mt CO2eq", "source": "emissions/shares.direct.commercialSector2025Mt", "sourceUrl": "https://www.epa.ie/publications/monitoring--assessment/climate-change/air-emissions/EPA-Provisional-GHG-Emissions-1990-2025-web.pdf" }, { "fact": "EPA projection vs ceiling for commercial & public buildings, 2026-2030 (with additional measures)", "value": [ 8.1, 5.0 ], "unit": "Mt CO2eq (projection, ceiling)", "source": "emissions/projections.buildingsCommercialPublic", "sourceUrl": "https://www.epa.ie/publications/monitoring--assessment/climate-change/air-emissions/EPA-GHG-Projections-2025-2030-Web.pdf" }, { "fact": "Verified on-site CO2 from data centres under the EU ETS, latest year (low today: most gas plant is not yet running)", "value": 9471, "unit": "t CO2", "source": "emissions/shares.direct.etsVerifiedLatestT", "sourceUrl": "https://union-registry-data.ec.europa.eu/report/welcome" }, { "fact": "Data centres' grid electricity emissions, 2025, as a share of the electricity sector's average yearly ceiling 2026-30", "value": 36.6, "unit": "%", "source": "emissions/shares.indirect.latestAsPctOfAvgAnnualElectricityCeiling2026_2030", "sourceUrl": "https://assets.gov.ie/234926/2ebb2431-d558-4a54-a15c-605817c37b2f.pdf" }, { "fact": "EPA projection vs ceiling for electricity, 2026-2030 (with additional measures)", "value": [ 24.5, 20.0 ], "unit": "Mt CO2eq (projection, ceiling)", "source": "emissions/projections.electricity", "sourceUrl": "https://www.epa.ie/publications/monitoring--assessment/climate-change/air-emissions/EPA-GHG-Projections-2025-2030-Web.pdf" }, { "fact": "Gas plant meant as main or continuous power at data centres (licensed or applied)", "value": 1998.5, "unit": "MW thermal", "source": "epa_generation/totals.ratedThermalMWPrimaryGasOrContinuous", "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/" } ], "likelihood": 3, "impact": 4, "score": 12, "band": "medium", "trend": { "direction": "rising", "why": "Gas-primary sites are licensed and being built (P1113 Echelon Clondalkin: Licensed (Licensable Activity Commenced); P1210 South Dublin: Licensed (Not Commenced); P1168 Equinix Hyperscale: Licensed (Licensable Activity Commenced); P1227 Vantage Data: Applied); verified on-site CO2 is still small (9,471 t)." }, "scoringBasis": { "type": "judgement", "label": "editorial judgement", "rationale": "Likelihood 3: the licences exist, but most gas-primary plant has not commenced. Impact 4: a legally binding ceiling breached, with costs pushed onto other sectors." }, "whoBears": [ "State", "industry", "households" ], "indicators": [ { "name": "Verified data-centre on-site CO2 (EU ETS)", "current": "9,471 t (latest year)", "threshold": "Worse above ~100,000 t/yr (a tenth of the sector ceiling)", "linkedWatchItem": { "what": "EPA Annual Environmental Reports for 2026 due from every licensee", "date": "2027-03-31", "dateText": "2027-03-31", "dateType": "deadline", "url": "https://www.epa.ie/our-services/compliance--enforcement/industry-and-waste-management/compliance-and-performance-reporting-by-licensees/" } }, { "name": "Gas-primary licences commenced", "current": "P1113 Echelon Clondalkin: Licensed (Licensable Activity Commenced); P1210 South Dublin: Licensed (Not Commenced); P1168 Equinix Hyperscale: Licensed (Licensable Activity Commenced); P1227 Vantage Data: Applied", "threshold": "Worse as 'Not Commenced' sites start running", "linkedWatchItem": null }, { "name": "Private wires and fossil generation", "current": "When will Private Wires legislation pass, and will it exclude fossil generation as the CCAC wants?", "threshold": "Worse if fossil private wires are allowed", "linkedWatchItem": null } ], "mitigations": [ { "lever": "80% new-renewables match for new data centres (does not cover on-site gas emissions)", "status": "in force (CRU2025236)", "source": "policy/events[cru-2025236]", "sourceUrl": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2025236_Large_Energy_User_connection_policy_decision_paper.pdf" }, { "lever": "Judicial review argues the policy breaches the Climate Act", "status": "pending in the High Court", "source": "policy/events[jr-2026]", "sourceUrl": "https://www.rte.ie/news/environment/2026/0323/1564681-data-centre-court/" }, { "lever": "Climate Action Plan 2026 could add data-centre measures", "status": "Will a CAP 2026 (unpublished as of Sept 2026) add data-centre measures or DECC's long-floated cap on LEU fossil demand?", "source": "policy/openQuestions", "sourceUrl": null } ] }, { "id": "cost-pass-through", "title": "Grid and power costs land on bills", "category": "cost", "summary": "Ireland's biggest electricity users pay among the highest prices in Europe, and network investment, including grid built for fast-growing data-centre demand, is shared across all users' network charges. The CRU's own figures show both households and large users facing rises, depending on the base year.", "evidence": [ { "fact": "Ireland's rank for big-user electricity prices among 13 countries compared (2026-S1; ratio to EU None)", "value": 2, "unit": "rank (1 = dearest)", "source": "eurostat_prices/latest", "sourceUrl": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/nrg_pc_205?format=JSON&lang=EN&unit=KWH¤cy=EUR&tax=X_VAT&sinceTimePeriod=2015-S1&geo=IE&geo=EU27_2020&geo=DE&geo=FR&geo=NL&geo=BE&geo=DK&geo=SE&geo=NO&geo=FI&geo=ES&geo=PT&geo=IT&geo=PL&geo=UK&nrg_cons=MWH_GE150000&nrg_cons=MWH70000-149999" }, { "fact": "Half-years since 2018-S2 in which Irish big users paid at least 30% more than the EU average", "value": 13, "unit": "of 16", "source": "eurostat_prices/irelandSeries", "sourceUrl": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/nrg_pc_205?format=JSON&lang=EN&unit=KWH¤cy=EUR&tax=X_VAT&sinceTimePeriod=2015-S1&geo=IE&geo=EU27_2020&geo=DE&geo=FR&geo=NL&geo=BE&geo=DK&geo=SE&geo=NO&geo=FI&geo=ES&geo=PT&geo=IT&geo=PL&geo=UK&nrg_cons=MWH_GE150000&nrg_cons=MWH70000-149999" }, { "fact": "Household network charges, 2020-21 to 2029-30 (CRU PR6)", "value": 51, "unit": "% change in annual network charges", "source": "intuition/constants.cru_pr6_network_change", "sourceUrl": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2025198_-_Price_Review_Six_-_Final_Determination_-_Impact_Analysis_Note.pdf", "quote": "larger customers are also experiencing rising costs\u2014they are, in fact, seeing the most pronounced increases over the period shown" }, { "fact": "Household network charges, 2024-25 to 2029-30 (CRU PR6)", "value": 15, "unit": "% change in annual network charges", "source": "intuition/constants.cru_pr6_network_change", "sourceUrl": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2025198_-_Price_Review_Six_-_Final_Determination_-_Impact_Analysis_Note.pdf", "quote": "larger customers are also experiencing rising costs\u2014they are, in fact, seeing the most pronounced increases over the period shown" }, { "fact": "Extra-large user (data-centre sized) network charges, 2020-21 to 2029-30", "value": 119, "unit": "% change in annual network charges", "source": "intuition/constants.cru_pr6_network_change", "sourceUrl": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2025198_-_Price_Review_Six_-_Final_Determination_-_Impact_Analysis_Note.pdf", "quote": "larger customers are also experiencing rising costs\u2014they are, in fact, seeing the most pronounced increases over the period shown" }, { "fact": "Extra-large user network charges, 2024-25 to 2029-30 (falls as an under-recovery is corrected)", "value": -20, "unit": "% change in annual network charges", "source": "intuition/constants.cru_pr6_network_change", "sourceUrl": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2025198_-_Price_Review_Six_-_Final_Determination_-_Impact_Analysis_Note.pdf", "quote": "larger customers are also experiencing rising costs\u2014they are, in fact, seeing the most pronounced increases over the period shown" }, { "fact": "Data centres' share of Irish electricity demand growth, 2020-2025", "value": 85.3, "unit": "%", "source": "generation/dataCentreLens.decomposition[2020-2025]", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/monthly-electricity-data/" }, { "fact": "Modelled wholesale-price cost of data centres per household, 2015-2023 (one NGO-commissioned model, not replicated)", "value": 360, "unit": "EUR per household", "source": "press/items[the cost of data centres].keyClaims", "sourceUrl": "https://www.friendsoftheearth.ie/assets/files/pdf/the_cost_of_data_centres_-_modelling_the_household_electricity_costs_of_irelands_data_centre_sectordocxpdf.pdf", "label": "unreplicated model" } ], "likelihood": 4, "impact": 3, "score": 12, "band": "medium", "trend": { "direction": "unknown", "why": "could not be computed" }, "scoringBasis": { "type": "judgement", "label": "editorial judgement", "rationale": "Likelihood 4: network charges are already set to rise to 2030 (CRU PR6). Impact 3: a national cost, but spread thinly; the household figure rests on one unreplicated model." }, "whoBears": [ "households", "industry" ], "indicators": [ { "name": "Irish big-user price vs EU average (Eurostat, half-yearly)", "current": "Nonex (2026-S1)", "threshold": "Worse above 1.5x", "linkedWatchItem": null }, { "name": "Household network-charge change to 2029-30 (CRU)", "current": "+15%", "threshold": "Worse if annual tariff decisions exceed the PR6 path", "linkedWatchItem": null }, { "name": "Interruptible-gas compensation", "current": "A network-tariff discount reflecting the probability of interruption. Not a discount on the gas price (CRU, Oireachtas committee, 29 Sep 2026). Context: large-e", "threshold": "Worse if the discount is socialised onto other gas users", "linkedWatchItem": { "what": "CRU decision on interruptible gas connections above 50 MWth (CRU202657)", "date": null, "dateText": "pending (consultation closed 5 Aug 2026; no date set)", "dateType": "expected", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/20260616_CRU%20Consultation%20on%20Interruptible%20Gas%20Capacity.pdf" } } ], "mitigations": [ { "lever": "New data centres bring their own capacity, so others do not pay for their adequacy", "status": "in force (CRU2025236)", "source": "policy/implications", "sourceUrl": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2025236_Large_Energy_User_connection_policy_decision_paper.pdf" }, { "lever": "Grid investment to 2030 (PR6) makes no extra provision for data centres beyond existing contracts", "status": "decided (CRU PR6, LEAP)", "source": "policy/implications", "sourceUrl": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/leap.html" } ] }, { "id": "legacy-lock-in", "title": "Old grid contracts lock out newcomers", "category": "competitiveness", "summary": "Companies that signed grid contracts before November 2021 hold far more capacity than they use, while almost no new contracts have been signed since. Incumbents can grow inside their headroom; newcomers face a closed Dublin and a demanding new route elsewhere.", "evidence": [ { "fact": "Grid capacity contracted to data centres and other new loads (EirGrid)", "value": 2400, "unit": "MVA", "source": "legacy_capacity/totals.nationalHeadroom.latestEirGrid", "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf" }, { "fact": "Share of that contracted capacity actually drawn on average, 2025 (2 GW data-centre-only basis in brackets)", "value": [ 38.4, 46.0 ], "unit": "%", "source": "legacy_capacity/totals.nationalHeadroom", "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf" }, { "fact": "Unused legacy headroom held by existing contract holders (range across bases)", "value": [ 1025, 1405 ], "unit": "MW", "source": "legacy_capacity/totals.nationalHeadroom", "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf" }, { "fact": "New data-centre grid contracts signed under the 2021 rules", "value": 1, "unit": "contracts", "source": "legacy_capacity/totals.eirgridStated.airaa2026.newContractsUnderCRU21124", "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf" }, { "fact": "Named unused legacy capacity at four campuses (Amazon Cruiserath, Microsoft Huntstown, Meta Clonee, Amazon Tallaght)", "value": 383.8, "unit": "MW", "source": "legacy_capacity/totals.namedLegacyHeadroomMW", "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf" }, { "fact": "EirGrid's own 2035 median forecast of data-centre demand (below today's contracted capacity)", "value": 1870, "unit": "MVA", "source": "legacy_capacity/totals.nationalHeadroom.eirgridOwn2024", "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf" }, { "fact": "New-build data-centre applications before vs after 2021-11-23", "value": [ 69, 16 ], "unit": "applications", "source": "lifecycle/stats.trend.*.newBuildApplications", "sourceUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/" }, { "fact": "For the avoidance of doubt, a data centre application cannot be progressed if it is in a constrained area.", "value": null, "unit": "quote", "source": "policy/events[dccopp-v3].keyQuotes", "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Data-Centre-Connection-Offer-Process-and-Policy-V3-May-2026.pdf", "quote": "For the avoidance of doubt, a data centre application cannot be progressed if it is in a constrained area.", "quoteVerified": true } ], "likelihood": 4, "impact": 3, "score": 12, "band": "medium", "trend": { "direction": "stable", "why": "Utilisation about 38.4-46.0% and one new contract since 2021; nothing announced to reallocate unused capacity." }, "scoringBasis": { "type": "judgement", "label": "editorial judgement", "rationale": "Likelihood 4: the contracts and the closed Dublin area are facts; the lock-in is the default. Impact 3: weaker competition and wasted grid capacity, not a supply failure." }, "whoBears": [ "industry", "operators", "State" ], "indicators": [ { "name": "Contracted capacity actually used", "current": "38.4% (2025)", "threshold": "Lock-in eases if incumbents fill headroom; worsens if capacity is held unused", "linkedWatchItem": { "what": "CSO Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2026 (annual release)", "date": "2027-07-07", "dateText": "early July 2027", "dateType": "expected", "url": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dcmec/datacentresmeteredelectricityconsumption2025/" } }, { "name": "Applications under DCCOPP v3", "current": "How many applications has EirGrid/ESBN received under DCCOPP v3 since 20 May 2026, and where?", "threshold": "Worse if none reach an offer by 2027", "linkedWatchItem": null } ], "mitigations": [ { "lever": "MIC cut or termination if a new site's generation or renewables test fails", "status": "in force for new contracts only", "source": "policy/events[dccopp-v3]", "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Data-Centre-Connection-Offer-Process-and-Policy-V3-May-2026.pdf" }, { "lever": "No public 'use it or lose it' review of legacy contracts found", "status": "none", "source": "legacy_capacity/caveats", "sourceUrl": null } ] }, { "id": "renewables-80pct", "title": "80% renewables rule hard to meet before 2031", "category": "policy-legal", "summary": "New data centres must match 80% of their demand with new, unsubsidised Irish renewables, but permitted onshore wind without a state contract is scarce and the eligible offshore wind is unlikely before 2031. Either new sites stall, or they run on gas for longer, or the rule is relaxed.", "evidence": [ { "fact": "New unsubsidised renewables needed for 80% of data-centre demand growth to 2034", "value": 4.16, "unit": "TWh/yr", "source": "ppa_supply/gap.requiredForNewDemandTWh", "sourceUrl": "https://www.mccannfitzgerald.com/knowledge/digital-infrastructure/storm-in-a-dccopp-irelands-new-data-centre-connection-framework); second-hand, check against the GCS" }, { "fact": "Same, expressed as onshore wind capacity", "value": 1583, "unit": "MW", "source": "ppa_supply/gap.mwNeededForNewDemand.onshore_wind", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cru.ie/" }, { "fact": "Permitted onshore wind with no state contract (the pool data centres can buy from)", "value": 1397.0, "unit": "MW", "source": "ppa_supply/pool.totals.uncontractedMwByTech.onshore_wind", "sourceUrl": "https://planningregister.ie/", "label": "estimate" }, { "fact": "Offshore wind with planning consent", "value": 0, "unit": "MW", "source": "offshore/headline.phase1ConsentedMW", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/" }, { "fact": "Offshore wind data centres can contract (Oriel + Arklow Bank 2, no state support)", "value": 1175, "unit": "MW", "source": "offshore/headline.dcEligibleMW", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/" }, { "fact": "Corporate PPAs signed for Irish offshore wind", "value": 0, "unit": "contracts", "source": "offshore/headline.cppasSignedForIrishOffshore", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/" }, { "fact": "First year offshore wind eligible for data-centre contracts is expected to produce (this index's estimate)", "value": 2031, "unit": "year", "source": "offshore/totals.expectedByYear[].dcEligibleMW", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pleanala.ie/", "label": "index estimate" }, { "fact": "Irish wind generation, 2020 (a very windy year) vs 2025", "value": [ 11.071, 11.311 ], "unit": "TWh", "source": "generation/annual[].windTWh", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/monthly-electricity-data/" }, { "fact": "Wind dispatched down (wasted by grid limits), 2025", "value": 11.4, "unit": "% of available wind", "source": "generation/adequacy.curtailment.rows", "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Annual-Renewable-Constraint-and-Curtailment-Report-2025-V1.0.pdf" }, { "fact": "Offshore wind expected by 2030: this index vs EirGrid's base case", "value": [ 25, 1350 ], "unit": "MW", "source": "offshore/totals.expectedByYear[2030]", "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf" } ], "likelihood": 4, "impact": 3, "score": 12, "band": "medium", "trend": { "direction": "stable", "why": "Wind output flat since the windy year 2020 (11.071 to 11.311 TWh) and no offshore consent yet; RESS 6 adds subsidised wind that does not count." }, "scoringBasis": { "type": "judgement", "label": "editorial judgement", "rationale": "Likelihood 4: the eligible supply on the index's count is short of the need until offshore arrives. Impact 3: blocks or delays new connections; existing sites are unaffected." }, "whoBears": [ "operators", "industry", "State" ], "indicators": [ { "name": "ACP decision on Arklow Bank Wind Park 2 (data-centre eligible)", "current": "pending, past statutory date", "threshold": "Worse if refused or delayed past 2027", "linkedWatchItem": { "what": "ACP decision on Arklow Bank Wind Park 2 offshore wind (800 MW), case OA27.319864: 669 days past the statutory date, 28.1 months in planning", "date": "2024-12-10", "dateText": "2024-12-10", "dateType": "overdue", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/319864" } }, { "name": "ACP decision on Oriel (data-centre eligible)", "current": "pending, past statutory date", "threshold": "Worse if refused", "linkedWatchItem": { "what": "ACP decision on Oriel Wind Farm offshore wind (375 MW), case OA15.319799: 19 days past the statutory date, 28.5 months in planning", "date": "2026-09-21", "dateText": "2026-09-21", "dateType": "overdue", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/319799" } }, { "name": "Signed CPPA for Irish offshore wind", "current": 0, "threshold": "Worse if none by 2027", "linkedWatchItem": null }, { "name": "RESS 6 results (subsidised output cannot count)", "current": "auction Nov-Dec 2026", "threshold": "Worse if it absorbs the permitted onshore pool", "linkedWatchItem": { "what": "RESS 6 final auction results", "date": "2026-12-09", "dateText": "2026-12-09", "dateType": "expected", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-6-Final-Auction-Timetable-R6AT-V1.2.pdf" } } ], "mitigations": [ { "lever": "Corporate PPAs announced by data-centre buyers", "status": "1909 MW announced (1402 MW new build)", "source": "ppa_supply/cppaSummary", "sourceUrl": null }, { "lever": "Permitted solar without a state contract", "status": "~2397 MW (estimate)", "source": "ppa_supply/pool.totals", "sourceUrl": null }, { "lever": "Six-year glide path from energisation before the 80% applies", "status": "in force (CRU2025236)", "source": "ppa_supply/rule", "sourceUrl": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2025236_Large_Energy_User_connection_policy_decision_paper.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "ai-buildout-elsewhere", "title": "AI investment goes to other EU countries", "category": "competitiveness", "label": "inference", "summary": "Inference: new AI compute in Europe is being announced and publicly funded mostly outside Ireland, while Irish grid access stays tight. Ireland's gross imports of server and network hardware are at record levels (much is re-exported), so the build-out may be happening inside existing campuses rather than leaving.", "evidence": [ { "fact": "EU AI Factories hosted in Ireland (of 19 in 16 member states); Ireland has an Antenna only", "value": 0, "unit": "AI Factories", "source": "europe_ai/aiFactories", "sourceUrl": "https://eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/selection-first-seven-ai-factories-drive-europes-leadership-ai-2024-12-10_en" }, { "fact": "Irish Government commitment to buy compute in a French AI Gigafactory bid (call closes 2026-12-03)", "value": 10000000, "unit": "EUR", "source": "europe_ai/headline.irelandGigafactoryCommitmentEur", "sourceUrl": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/" }, { "fact": "Big hyperscaler investment announcements in Europe 2024-26 compiled (DE, DK, ES, FI, PT); Ireland: 0", "value": 6, "unit": "announcements", "source": "europe_ai/comparators.hyperscalerAnnouncements", "sourceUrl": "https://www.aboutamazon.eu/news/aws/aws-plans-to-invest-15-7-billion-in-spain" }, { "fact": "Data-centre renewable PPAs signed 2018-May 2026: Spain vs Ireland (Pexapark)", "value": [ 6.0, 1.9 ], "unit": "GW", "source": "europe_ai/comparators.dataCentrePPAs", "sourceUrl": "https://pexapark.com/blog/the-new-geography-of-european-data-centers/" }, { "fact": "Hyperscaler data-hall floor area started in Ireland per year: 2016-21 vs 2022-26 (Building Control)", "value": [ 96670, 40170 ], "unit": "m2/yr", "source": "investment/shareEstimate.physicalShareIndex", "sourceUrl": "https://www.nbco.gov.ie/", "label": "inference (physical proxy)" }, { "fact": "AWS told a Government taskforce the moratorium moved planned investment to Spain (company claim)", "value": null, "unit": "quote", "source": "policy/events[aret-2026].keyQuotes", "sourceUrl": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment/", "quote": "the four-year de facto moratorium on new data centres in Ireland resulted in AWS moving a significant level of planned investment to Spain", "quoteVerified": true }, { "fact": "Data-centre demand interest the CRU cites for the medium term, vs perhaps 150-300 MW connectable outside Dublin (DCCOPP v3)", "value": 5.8, "unit": "GW", "source": "policy/events[cru-2025236].keyQuotes", "sourceUrl": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2025236_Large_Energy_User_connection_policy_decision_paper.pdf", "quote": "potential for in the order of 5.8GW additional demand capacity required for the data centre sector in Ireland in the medium term" }, { "fact": "Counter-evidence: compute-kit imports (servers, accelerator boards, network gear), last 12 months, change on year", "value": 120.5, "unit": "%", "source": "hardware_imports/computeKit.yoyImportsPct", "sourceUrl": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/international-trade-in-goods/database", "label": "counter-evidence" }, { "fact": "Counter-evidence: Ireland's share of EU extra-EU server imports (rank 2 after the Netherlands)", "value": 14.6, "unit": "%", "source": "hardware_imports/euComparison.847150", "sourceUrl": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/international-trade-in-goods/database", "label": "counter-evidence" } ], "likelihood": 3, "impact": 3, "score": 9, "band": "medium", "trend": { "direction": "rising", "why": "Hyperscaler floor area started fell from 96,670 to 40,170 m2/yr while EU AI Factories went to 16 other states; counter-signal: imports +120.5%." }, "scoringBasis": { "type": "judgement", "label": "editorial judgement", "rationale": "Likelihood 3 (inference): announcements point elsewhere but hardware imports keep rising. Impact 3: lost jobs, rates and tax, partly offset by less pressure on power and water." }, "whoBears": [ "State", "industry" ], "indicators": [ { "name": "AI Gigafactory call outcome", "current": "closes 2026-12-03; Ireland a buyer, not a host", "threshold": "Worse if no Irish site is in any selected consortium", "linkedWatchItem": { "what": "EU AI Gigafactories call (EuroHPC JU) closes, 17:00 CET", "date": "2026-12-03", "dateText": "2026-12-03", "dateType": "deadline", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/call-tenders-selection-artificial-intelligence-gigafactory-consortia-and-establishment-ai_en" } }, { "name": "Compute-kit imports, year on year", "current": "+120.5%", "threshold": "Worse if imports turn negative for two quarters", "linkedWatchItem": null }, { "name": "Hyperscaler commencement notices (Building Control)", "current": "40,170 m2/yr (2022-26)", "threshold": "Worse below 2022-26 average", "linkedWatchItem": null }, { "name": "Data-centre electricity (CSO annual)", "current": "7.662 TWh (2025)", "threshold": "Growth stalling would confirm diversion", "linkedWatchItem": { "what": "CSO Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2026 (annual release)", "date": "2027-07-07", "dateText": "early July 2027", "dateType": "expected", "url": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dcmec/datacentresmeteredelectricityconsumption2025/" } } ], "mitigations": [ { "lever": "Defined connection route for new data centres (bring your own power + 80% renewables)", "status": "in force (CRU2025236)", "source": "policy/events[cru-2025236]", "sourceUrl": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2025236_Large_Energy_User_connection_policy_decision_paper.pdf" }, { "lever": "Green Energy Parks for large energy users (LEAP)", "status": "announced; a 2030s story", "source": "policy/events[leap-2026]", "sourceUrl": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/leap.html" }, { "lever": "EUR 10m to buy gigafactory compute abroad", "status": "committed, conditional on the French bid", "source": "europe_ai/headline", "sourceUrl": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/" } ] }, { "id": "water-stress", "title": "Two sites strain water in hot summers", "category": "local", "summary": "Nationally, data centres use a small share of public water, but two sites in Meath and Dublin use about nine-tenths of it. In summer 2026 data-centre use more than doubled, in a summer that ended in a nationwide hosepipe ban.", "evidence": [ { "fact": "Public water used by EPA-licensed data centres, 2025", "value": 1.05, "unit": "billion litres", "source": "water/headline.aerLitres", "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/" }, { "fact": "Same, as a share of Uisce \u00c9ireann public supply", "value": 0.17, "unit": "%", "source": "water/headline.shareOfPublicSupplyPct", "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/" }, { "fact": "Share of 2025 data-centre public water used by two sites (P1192 and P1168: Meta Clonee, Equinix DB5)", "value": 91.1, "unit": "%", "source": "water/concentration.top2SharePct", "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/" }, { "fact": "Water per MWh at the two sites vs the median of the other licensed sites, 2025", "value": [ 470.6, 2453.3, 12.9 ], "unit": "L/MWh", "source": "water/concentration", "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/" }, { "fact": "Data-centre public water use per day, Jan-Apr vs May-Jul 2026 (Uisce \u00c9ireann figures via The Journal)", "value": [ 2.3, 5.59 ], "unit": "ML/day", "source": "water/hosepipeBan.periods", "sourceUrl": "https://www.thejournal.ie/ireland-data-centre-water-use-7137959-Aug2026/" }, { "fact": "Summer 2026 data-centre use as a share of Dublin-region daily water use", "value": 0.87, "unit": "%", "source": "water/hosepipeBan.periods / intuition/constants.gda_water_l_per_day_2026", "sourceUrl": "https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/dublin/2026/05/29/dublin-water-use-reached-a-record-high-on-tuesday-with-685m-litres-used-in-capital/", "label": "derived" }, { "fact": "Equinix DB5 public water, 2025, change on 2024 (AER)", "value": 286, "unit": "%", "source": "intuition/constants.equinix_db5_water_2025", "sourceUrl": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/6adb806d-c61a-429a-b6ea-b66400d8ddbe.pdf", "quote": "Public Supply 398,058 286% Increase" }, { "fact": "Hosepipe ban: nationwide from 2026-07-24; to end-September 2026 for 13 counties incl. Dublin and Meath", "value": null, "unit": "event", "source": "water/hosepipeBan.banDates", "sourceUrl": "https://www.rte.ie/news/environment/2026/0722/1584504-hosepipe-ban/" } ], "likelihood": 3, "impact": 2, "score": 6, "band": "low", "trend": { "direction": "rising", "why": "Summer daily use went 2.3 to 5.59 ML/day in 2026; Equinix DB5's annual use rose sharply in 2025." }, "scoringBasis": { "type": "judgement", "label": "editorial judgement", "rationale": "Likelihood 3: hot, dry summers and bans recur; use peaks then. Impact 2: under 1% of Dublin supply, but local and politically visible." }, "whoBears": [ "communities", "households", "operators" ], "indicators": [ { "name": "Data-centre summer water use", "current": "5.59 ML/day (May-Jul 2026)", "threshold": "Worse above 6 ML/day or during a Water Conservation Order", "linkedWatchItem": null }, { "name": "Meta Clonee + Equinix DB5 share of data-centre water", "current": "91.1%", "threshold": "Worse if either site grows without water-free cooling", "linkedWatchItem": { "what": "EPA Annual Environmental Reports for 2026 due from every licensee", "date": "2027-03-31", "dateText": "2027-03-31", "dateType": "deadline", "url": "https://www.epa.ie/our-services/compliance--enforcement/industry-and-waste-management/compliance-and-performance-reporting-by-licensees/" } } ], "mitigations": [ { "lever": "Closed-loop and air cooling at most large sites (Minister, citing Uisce \u00c9ireann)", "status": "claimed, not verified per site", "source": "water/statements", "sourceUrl": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/question/2026-06-11/pq_150" }, { "lever": "EU Energy Efficiency Directive Art. 12 site-level water reporting", "status": "Will Ireland transpose EED Article 12 and make site-level data-centre energy/water data public?", "source": "policy/openQuestions", "sourceUrl": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment/" } ] } ], "heatmap": { "cells": [ { "likelihood": 3, "impact": 2, "count": 1, "ids": [ "water-stress" ] }, { "likelihood": 3, "impact": 3, "count": 1, "ids": [ "ai-buildout-elsewhere" ] }, { "likelihood": 3, "impact": 4, "count": 2, "ids": [ "concentration", "onsite-gas-emissions" ] }, { "likelihood": 3, "impact": 5, "count": 1, "ids": [ "gas-import-dependence" ] }, { "likelihood": 4, "impact": 3, "count": 3, "ids": [ "cost-pass-through", "legacy-lock-in", "renewables-80pct" ] }, { "likelihood": 5, "impact": 3, "count": 1, "ids": [ "legal-policy-uncertainty" ] }, { "likelihood": 5, "impact": 4, "count": 1, "ids": [ "capacity-shortfall" ] } ], "grid": [ [ 0, 0, 1, 1, 0 ], [ 0, 0, 3, 0, 0 ], [ 0, 1, 1, 2, 1 ], [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] ], "gridNote": "rows = likelihood 5..1, columns = impact 1..5", "bands": { "high": 3, "medium": 6, "low": 1 }, "byCategory": { "climate": 1, "competitiveness": 2, "concentration": 1, "cost": 1, "local": 1, "policy-legal": 2, "security of supply": 2 } }, "counts": { "risks": 10, "evidenceItems": 96 }, "inputs": { "generation": "build()", "legacy_capacity": "build()", "ember": "build()", "watch": "build()", "policy": "build()", "offshore": "build()", "gas": "build()", "directory": "build()", "emissions": "build()", "epa_generation": "build()", "eurostat_prices": "build()", "intuition": "build()", "press": "build()", "lifecycle": "build()", "europe_ai": "build()", "investment": "build()", "hardware_imports": "build()", "water": "build()", "ppa_supply": "build()" }, "errors": [ "cost-pass-through: evidence skipped (StopIteration: )", "cost-pass-through: trend failed (TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'float' and 'NoneType')" ], "caveats": [ "Scores are editorial judgement, published so readers can disagree with them; the evidence is what is checked.", "The competitiveness risk ('AI investment goes elsewhere') is an inference: announcements and public funding point elsewhere, but hardware imports into Ireland are at a record, which is listed as counter-evidence.", "Amazon's share is an upper bound from two sources (EPA AERs / CSO); read it as roughly 40-50%.", "The household cost figure (EUR per household) comes from one NGO-commissioned model that has not been replicated; CRU network-charge figures are the checked numbers.", "Offshore wind years and the eligible-renewables pool are this index's estimates (offshore and ppa_supply pipelines).", "Water: AER figures cover EPA-licensed sites only; summer 2026 daily figures are Uisce \u00c9ireann numbers reported by The Journal, not a published dataset.", "Gas: the 17 pending large gas applicants are not named publicly; their share of peak day is derived at full load.", "Moffat's share is GNI's for 2023/24; the two-entry-point statement is from GNI's 2023 plan." ] }, "scenarios": { "title": "Ireland 2026\u20132032: scenarios", "source": "Model built on this index's checked data (CSO MEC02, Ember, EirGrid AIRAA 2026-35, CRU/2025/236, CRU202657, GNI, EPA, Sectoral Emissions Ceilings 2022, DETE/KPMG 'The Value of Data Centres to Ireland' Jun 2026, Tailte Eireann, Eurostat Comext) plus labelled assumptions. Inputs: ireland.json built 2026-10-06", "asOf": "2026-10-10", "label": "model / scenarios - not evidence or forecasts. Shown on the site as four neutral cases.", "method": [ "Load is modelled as annual-average MW added per segment (legacy fill, energy parks, AI campuses) and converted to IT MW with load-per-IT-MW factors; additions count for the whole year they are listed in.", "Share = DC TWh / (non-DC CSO metered demand grown at the non-DC rate + DC TWh). System demand uses Ember's basis (incl. losses).", "Firm capacity: DC peak = avg x 1.05, compared with a straight line between EirGrid AIRAA's 959 MVA (2024) and 1,870 MVA median (2035). New connections must bring dispatchable MW = MIC (CRU/2025/236); legacy contracts are exempt. 'systemFirmGapMW' = DC peak above the AIRAA path not covered by BYO plant.", "Supply balance: 2025 Ember actuals + baseline onshore/solar additions + DC CPPA renewables + DC-eligible offshore + imports (+Celtic from 2028) + hydro/bio + other fossil; gas is the residual (floor 4 TWh). Electricity-sector CO2 = gas TWh x a factor calibrated so 2025 matches EPA's 6.30 Mt.", "DC grid emissions are attributional (DC share of system demand x sector emissions). On-site: BYO gas MW x run hours / 42% x 56.6 tCO2/TJ, plus legacy licensed gas sites (assumed 500 h/yr from 2028).", "80% rule: each energised cohort's requirement ramps linearly over 6 years (glide) and is also shown at the full 80%. Available = permitted onshore pool contracted at a scenario rate + DC-eligible merchant offshore (Oriel, Arklow Bank 2) at EirGrid's deemed yield.", "Peak day: DC load on a 1-in-50 day met 85% by gas at 50% efficiency, compared with GNI's 325.5 GWh/day. 'pctOfGniHeadroomUsed' counts only DC load above EirGrid's AIRAA median path, assuming GNI's forecast already embeds that path (assumption), against CRU202657's 10% best-estimate headroom.", "Investment: new IT MW x KPMG building cost/MW; IT hardware per MW (unchecked); grid per MW of new MIC; BYO firm plant; CPPA onshore/solar; offshore capex spread over 3 years before COD. Refresh of the 2025 fleet shown separately.", "Rates = index 2025 estimate + new IT MW x KPMG EUR 60k/MW. Jobs = KPMG FTE/MW (operational 1.8 hyperscale / 2.1 mix; construction 55 per MW built in the year). Imports = layer capex x assumed import shares." ], "assumptions": [ { "id": "dc_twh_2025", "value": 7.662, "unit": "TWh", "kind": "checked", "source": "CSO MEC02, Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2025 (7,662 GWh); extra.generation.annual" }, { "id": "metered_twh_2025", "value": 32.987, "unit": "TWh", "kind": "checked", "source": "CSO MEC02 2025, all metered electricity (DC share 23.2%); cso.annual" }, { "id": "system_demand_twh_2025", "value": 34.602, "unit": "TWh", "kind": "checked", "source": "Ember 2025 demand = generation 28.918 + net imports 5.685 TWh; extra.generation.annual" }, { "id": "dc_avg_mw_2025", "value": 874.6575342465753, "unit": "MW", "kind": "derived", "source": "7,663 GWh / 8,760 h (extra.legacy_capacity.national2025)" }, { "id": "installed_it_mw_2025", "value": 1543, "unit": "MW IT", "kind": "checked", "source": "DETE/KPMG, The Value of Data Centres to Ireland (2 Jun 2026): 'approximately 1,543MW of installed data centre IT capacity' (2025)" }, { "id": "non_dc_growth", "value": 0.01, "unit": "per year", "kind": "assumption", "source": "Non-DC metered demand grew ~0.6%/yr 2020-25 (Ember/CSO: +5.43 TWh total, +4.63 DC); 1.0%/yr allows for heat-pump/EV electrification. EirGrid's own forecasts are higher (unchecked)." }, { "id": "legacy_headroom_mw", "value": [ 1025, 1405 ], "unit": "MW", "kind": "checked", "source": "extra.legacy_capacity.nationalHeadroom: 2,000-2,400 MVA contracted x 0.95 minus 2025 draw 875 MW" }, { "id": "airaa_dc_mva_2024", "value": 959, "unit": "MVA", "kind": "checked", "source": "EirGrid/SONI AIRAA 2026-2035: existing DC demand 959 MVA (2024)" }, { "id": "airaa_dc_mva_2035_median", "value": 1870, "unit": "MVA", "kind": "checked", "source": "EirGrid/SONI AIRAA 2026-2035: 2035 DC forecast median 1,870 MVA (low 1,402, high 2,183)" }, { "id": "airaa_shortfall_2026_mw", "value": 1010, "unit": "MW", "kind": "checked", "source": "EirGrid AIRAA 2026-35: Ireland short 1,010 MW in 2026 (base) before emergency measures; base turns to surplus from 2029" }, { "id": "power_factor", "value": 0.95, "unit": "MW/MVA", "kind": "assumption", "source": "as in pipelines/legacy_capacity.py" }, { "id": "peak_to_avg", "value": 1.05, "unit": "ratio", "kind": "assumption", "source": "Data centres are flat loads (overnight floor analysis, extra.generation.dataCentreLens); 5% for weather/cooling peaks" }, { "id": "byo_rule", "value": 1.0, "unit": "MW firm per MW MIC", "kind": "checked", "source": "CRU/2025/236 (12 Dec 2025) s.3.3: new data centres must provide dispatchable onsite or proximate generation and/or storage which matches their MIC (subject to derating)" }, { "id": "mic_per_it_mw", "value": 1.15, "unit": "MW MIC per MW IT", "kind": "assumption", "source": "Design peak PUE ~1.25 less some power capping, because BYO plant makes spare MIC costly; gives MIC ~1.5-1.8x average load (an alternative 1.24x with a 0.85 load factor gives similar results). Legacy contracts excluded (already connected)" }, { "id": "byo_gas_share", "value": 0.8, "unit": "share of BYO MW", "kind": "assumption", "source": "Most CRU-rule BYO in planning files is gas engines/turbines; batteries cover the rest (extra.epa_generation, acp_reports)" }, { "id": "rule_share", "value": 0.8, "unit": "share", "kind": "checked", "source": "CRU/2025/236 s.3.5: >=80% of annual demand matched with additional Irish renewables (CPPA or own build); RESS/ORESS output does not count" }, { "id": "rule_glide_years", "value": 6, "unit": "years", "kind": "checked", "source": "CRU/2025/236 s.3.5: within a 6-year glide path from energisation (modelled as linear ramp)" }, { "id": "pool_twh", "value": 5.98, "unit": "TWh/yr", "kind": "checked", "source": "extra.ppa_supply.gap.poolTWhEst: permitted, unexpired, not RESS-contracted wind 1,397 MW + solar 2,397 MW (PlanSight, 3 Oct 2026; coverage ~54%)" }, { "id": "sid_pipeline_mw", "value": 796, "unit": "MW", "kind": "checked", "source": "extra.ppa_supply.pool.inPlanningSid: 23 wind/solar SID applications undecided at ACP" }, { "id": "offshore_twh_per_mw", "value": 0.003940425531914893, "unit": "TWh/yr per MW", "kind": "derived", "source": "EirGrid ORESS 1 results: Oriel + Arklow Bank 2 (1,175 MW) deemed 4,631 GWh/yr (implied CF 45%)" }, { "id": "wind_twh_per_mw", "value": 0.0022200196270853777, "unit": "TWh/yr per MW", "kind": "derived", "source": "2025 realised: Ember wind 11.311 TWh / EirGrid installed 5,095 MW (after 11.4% dispatch-down)" }, { "id": "solar_twh_per_mw", "value": 0.00085, "unit": "TWh/yr per MWp", "kind": "unchecked", "source": "~9.7% capacity factor after ~10% dispatch-down; Irish utility solar" }, { "id": "base_onshore_add_mw", "value": 250, "unit": "MW/yr", "kind": "assumption", "source": "State-supported (RESS) onshore additions; 2024 +204 MW (SEAI), 2025 +191 MW all-island (EirGrid); AIRAA assumes ~350/yr" }, { "id": "base_solar_add_mw", "value": 700, "unit": "MWp/yr", "kind": "assumption", "source": "AIRAA assumption trajectory 3,260 MW (2026) -> 6,280 MW (2030), ~750/yr" }, { "id": "oress_offshore_path_mw", "value": { "2026": 25, "2027": 25, "2028": 25, "2029": 25, "2030": 25, "2031": 25, "2032": 25 }, "unit": "MW", "kind": "checked", "source": "extra.offshore.totals.expectedByYear minus DC-eligible MW: state-supported Codling/Dublin Array/NISA not before 2033 on the index's timeline" }, { "id": "imports_twh", "value": 5.5, "unit": "TWh/yr", "kind": "assumption", "source": "Net imports 5.685 TWh in 2025 (Ember); held flat" }, { "id": "celtic_twh", "value": 2.0, "unit": "TWh/yr from 2028", "kind": "unchecked", "source": "Celtic Interconnector (700 MW to France) targeted ~2028; ~2 TWh/yr net import assumed" }, { "id": "hydro_bio_twh", "value": 1.077, "unit": "TWh/yr", "kind": "checked", "source": "Ember 2025 hydro 0.601 + bioenergy 0.476" }, { "id": "other_fossil_twh", "value": 0.793, "unit": "TWh/yr", "kind": "checked", "source": "Ember 2025 other fossil (oil, peat, waste); held flat; coal 0 from 2026 (Moneypoint coal end, unchecked)" }, { "id": "gas_floor_twh", "value": 4.0, "unit": "TWh/yr", "kind": "assumption", "source": "System must-run / reserve gas floor" }, { "id": "gas_t_per_mwh_fuel", "value": 0.20376000000000002, "unit": "tCO2/MWh fuel", "kind": "derived", "source": "56.6 tCO2/TJ (extra.emissions assumption A1, Equinix DB5 ETS vs AER) x 3.6 GJ/MWh" }, { "id": "elec_sector_mt_2025", "value": 6.297, "unit": "MtCO2", "kind": "checked", "source": "EPA provisional 2025, electricity sector (extra.emissions.electricitySectorByYear)" }, { "id": "coal_t_per_mwh", "value": 0.9, "unit": "tCO2/MWh_e", "kind": "unchecked", "source": "coal plant ~0.9 t/MWh" }, { "id": "other_fossil_t_per_mwh", "value": 0.75, "unit": "tCO2/MWh_e", "kind": "unchecked", "source": "oil/peat/waste mix" }, { "id": "onsite_eff", "value": 0.42, "unit": "electrical efficiency", "kind": "checked", "source": "CCAC Annual Review 2026 scenario: on-site gas at 42% electrical efficiency (extra.emissions.shares.flex500h)" }, { "id": "peak_day_gas_share", "value": 0.85, "unit": "share of DC load from gas on a still winter day", "kind": "assumption", "source": "1-in-50 peak day: low wind, imports uncertain" }, { "id": "peak_day_eff", "value": 0.5, "unit": "efficiency", "kind": "assumption", "source": "CCGT/OCGT mix on peak day" }, { "id": "roi_peak_day_gwh", "value": 325.5, "unit": "GWh/day", "kind": "checked", "source": "GNI Winter Outlook 2025/26 1-in-50 peak day (extra.gas.shortfall.roiPeakDayGWh2025_26)" }, { "id": "gni_headroom_pct", "value": 10, "unit": "%", "kind": "checked", "source": "CRU202657: minimum 10% capacity headroom to 2032/33 (Best Estimate), 3% risk-adjusted" }, { "id": "legacy_onsite_kt", "value": { "2026": 30, "2027": 80, "2028": 145, "2029": 145, "2030": 145, "2031": 145, "2032": 145 }, "unit": "ktCO2", "kind": "assumption", "source": "ETS 2025 verified 9.5 kt (EUTL); licensed gas pipeline run 500 h/yr = 145 kt (extra.emissions.shares.flex500h). Upside risk: 946 kt if run as licensed." }, { "id": "ceiling_elec_mt", "value": { "2026": 4.0, "2027": 4.0, "2028": 4.0, "2029": 4.0, "2030": 4.0, "2031": 3.0, "2032": 3.0 }, "unit": "MtCO2/yr", "kind": "checked/assumption", "source": "Sectoral Emissions Ceilings 2022: electricity 20 Mt for 2026-30 (4.0/yr). 2031-35 sectoral ceilings not set: 3.0/yr assumed (= 4.0 x carbon budget 151/200)." }, { "id": "ceiling_commercial_mt", "value": { "2026": 1.0, "2027": 1.0, "2028": 1.0, "2029": 1.0, "2030": 1.0, "2031": 0.755, "2032": 0.755 }, "unit": "MtCO2/yr", "kind": "checked/assumption", "source": "Commercial & public buildings 5 Mt for 2026-30 (1.0/yr); 2031-35 scaled by 151/200 (assumption). On-site DC gas counts here unless SEM-registered." }, { "id": "capex_building_m_per_mw", "value": { "legacy": 12.0, "parks": 12.0, "ai": 13.0 }, "unit": "EUR m per MW IT", "kind": "checked", "source": "DETE/KPMG (2 Jun 2026) p.145: EUR 11-13m/MW hyperscale, EUR 10-12.5m/MW non-hyperscale; AI campuses at the top of the range (liquid cooling) is an assumption" }, { "id": "capex_it_m_per_mw", "value": { "legacy": 12.0, "parks": 10.0, "ai": 25.0, "refresh": 8.0 }, "unit": "EUR m per MW IT", "kind": "unchecked", "source": "General-cloud servers/network ~EUR 8m/MW IT; accelerator racks (GB200-class ~US$3m per ~120-130 kW rack + network) ~EUR 25m/MW; legacy fill half AI. Cross-check: compute-kit net imports EUR 4.5bn in 2025, gross EUR 19.7bn in 12 months to Jul 2026 (Comext)." }, { "id": "refresh_years", "value": 5, "unit": "years", "kind": "assumption", "source": "Server refresh cycle for the 2025 fleet" }, { "id": "grid_m_per_mw_mic", "value": 0.5, "unit": "EUR m per MW MIC", "kind": "unchecked", "source": "Connection + share of deep reinforcement (range 0.3-1.0); legacy contracts already connected" }, { "id": "gas_gen_m_per_mw", "value": 0.9, "unit": "EUR m per MWe", "kind": "unchecked", "source": "Reciprocating engines / OCGT" }, { "id": "battery_m_per_mw", "value": 0.35, "unit": "EUR m per MW (2h)", "kind": "unchecked", "source": "Grid-scale BESS 2025-26" }, { "id": "onshore_m_per_mw", "value": 1.7, "unit": "EUR m per MW", "kind": "unchecked", "source": "Irish onshore wind" }, { "id": "solar_m_per_mw", "value": 0.7, "unit": "EUR m per MWp", "kind": "unchecked", "source": "Irish utility solar" }, { "id": "offshore_m_per_mw", "value": 3.111111111111111, "unit": "EUR m per MW", "kind": "derived", "source": "Sceirde Rocks: 'EUR 1.4 billion wind farm' of 450 MW (RTE, 2 Jan 2026) = EUR 3.1m/MW; spread over the 3 years before COD" }, { "id": "cppa_energy_mix_wind", "value": 0.6, "unit": "share of CPPA TWh from onshore wind", "kind": "assumption", "source": "rest solar; the permitted pool is 3.7 TWh wind / 2.3 TWh solar" }, { "id": "import_share", "value": { "it": 1.0, "building": 0.35, "gen": 0.7, "renewables": 0.6 }, "unit": "share imported", "kind": "assumption", "source": "IT kit ~all imported; building M&E (transformers, switchgear, chillers) ~35%; engines/batteries 70%; turbines/panels 60%" }, { "id": "rates_eur_m_2025", "value": 72.6, "unit": "EUR m/yr", "kind": "checked", "source": "Tailte Eireann valuation list x 2026 ARV: 66 DC properties, est. EUR 72.6m/yr (extra.valuation.totals; estimate, not bills)" }, { "id": "rates_k_per_mw_it", "value": 60, "unit": "EUR k per MW IT per yr", "kind": "checked", "source": "DETE/KPMG p.145: EUR 60,000/MW commercial rates (excl. energy parks). Index's own: 72.6m / 1,543 MW IT = EUR 47k/MW IT" }, { "id": "fte_op_per_mw", "value": { "legacy": 1.8, "parks": 2.1, "ai": 1.8 }, "unit": "direct FTE per MW IT", "kind": "checked", "source": "DETE/KPMG p.145: 1.8 FTE/MW hyperscale, 4.3 non-hyperscale; parks = 88/12 mix (KPMG base mix) = 2.1. Check: 1,543 MW x 2.1 = 3,240 vs KPMG 3,300 direct operational jobs (2024)" }, { "id": "fte_con_per_mw", "value": 55, "unit": "direct construction FTE per MW IT built per year", "kind": "checked", "source": "DETE/KPMG p.145: 55 FTE/MW hyperscale, 57 non-hyperscale ('inferred from KPMG input-output model')" }, { "id": "load_per_it", "value": { "base": 0.566947504860661, "legacy": 0.65, "parks": 0.65, "ai": 0.75 }, "unit": "avg MW per MW IT", "kind": "derived/assumption", "source": "2025 fleet 875 MW avg / 1,543 MW IT = 0.57 (derived). New: legacy fill 0.65, parks 0.65, AI 0.75 (utilisation x PUE; assumption)" } ], "scenarios": [ { "name": "Decline", "description": "Legacy holders stop filling headroom after 2026; AI training and inference capacity is built in the Nordics and Iberia instead (price 1.45x EU, no consents for offshore, gas limits); the fleet slowly shrinks from 2028.", "parameters": { "addedAvgMW": { "legacy": { "2026": 40, "2028": -30, "2029": -30, "2030": -30, "2031": -30, "2032": -30 }, "parks": {}, "ai": {} }, "offshoreEligibleMW": {}, "poolBuildTWhPerYear": 0.0, "byoRunHours": 0 }, "years": [ { "year": 2026, "dcAvgMW": 915, "dcTWh": 8.01, "installedITMW": 1605, "newITMW": 62, "segmentsAvgMW": { "legacy": 40, "parks": 0, "ai": 0 }, "dcSharePctOfMetered": 23.9, "dcSharePctOfSystemDemand": 22.7, "firm": { "dcPeakMW": 960, "airaaDcPathMW": 1068, "aboveAiraaMW": 0, "byoRequiredMW": 0, "byoGasMW": 0, "byoBatteryMW": 0, "systemFirmGapMW": 0 }, "gas": { "powerGasFuelTWh": 25.3, "dcAttributedGasTWh": 5.8, "onsiteGasFuelTWh": 0.0, "dcPeakDayGWh": 37.3, "roiPeakDayGWh": 327.1, "dcPeakDaySharePct": 11.4, "incrementalDcPeakDayGWh": 1.6, "aboveAiraaPeakDayGWh": 0.0, "pctOfGniHeadroomUsed": 0.0 }, "renewables": { "requiredGlideTWh": 0, "requiredFull80TWh": 0, "poolBuiltTWh": 0.0, "offshoreEligibleTWh": 0.0, "availableTWh": 0.0, "onshoreCppaTWh": 0.0, "deliveredTWh": 0.0, "gapVsFull80TWh": 0.0, "gapVsGlideTWh": 0.0 }, "system": { "demandTWh": 35.2, "windTWh": 11.9, "solarTWh": 1.7, "dcRenewablesTWh": 0.0, "importsTWh": 5.5, "gasElecTWh": 14.3, "exportsTWh": 0.0, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 40.7, "electricitySectorMt": 5.75, "gridIntensityG": 163 }, "emissions": { "dcGridMt": 1.31, "dcOnsiteMt": 0.03, "electricityCeilingMt": 4.0, "electricitySectorVsCeilingMt": 1.75, "dcGridPctOfElectricityCeiling": 33.0, "commercialCeilingMt": 1.0, "dcOnsitePctOfCommercialCeiling": 3.0 }, "investmentEurBn": { "buildings": 0.74, "itHardwareNew": 0.74, "itHardwareRefresh": 2.47, "grid": 0.0, "firmOnsite": 0.0, "firmSystem": 0.0, "renewablesOnshore": 0.0, "offshore": 0.0, "totalGrowth": 1.48, "totalInclRefresh": 3.95 }, "ratesEurM": 76.3, "jobs": { "operationalDirectFTE": 3351, "constructionDirectFTE": 3385 }, "importsEurBn": 3.47 }, { "year": 2027, "dcAvgMW": 915, "dcTWh": 8.01, "installedITMW": 1605, "newITMW": 0, "segmentsAvgMW": { "legacy": 40, "parks": 0, "ai": 0 }, "dcSharePctOfMetered": 23.7, "dcSharePctOfSystemDemand": 22.6, "firm": { "dcPeakMW": 960, "airaaDcPathMW": 1147, "aboveAiraaMW": 0, "byoRequiredMW": 0, "byoGasMW": 0, "byoBatteryMW": 0, "systemFirmGapMW": 0 }, "gas": { "powerGasFuelTWh": 23.8, "dcAttributedGasTWh": 5.4, "onsiteGasFuelTWh": 0.0, "dcPeakDayGWh": 37.3, "roiPeakDayGWh": 327.1, "dcPeakDaySharePct": 11.4, "incrementalDcPeakDayGWh": 1.6, "aboveAiraaPeakDayGWh": 0.0, "pctOfGniHeadroomUsed": 0.0 }, "renewables": { "requiredGlideTWh": 0, "requiredFull80TWh": 0, "poolBuiltTWh": 0.0, "offshoreEligibleTWh": 0.0, "availableTWh": 0.0, "onshoreCppaTWh": 0.0, "deliveredTWh": 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"windTWh": 14.1, "solarTWh": 4.0, "dcRenewablesTWh": 0.0, "importsTWh": 7.5, "gasElecTWh": 8.0, "exportsTWh": 0.0, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 22.6, "electricitySectorMt": 3.49, "gridIntensityG": 98 }, "emissions": { "dcGridMt": 0.71, "dcOnsiteMt": 0.145, "electricityCeilingMt": 4.0, "electricitySectorVsCeilingMt": -0.51, "dcGridPctOfElectricityCeiling": 18.0, "commercialCeilingMt": 1.0, "dcOnsitePctOfCommercialCeiling": 14.0 }, "investmentEurBn": { "buildings": 0.0, "itHardwareNew": 0.0, "itHardwareRefresh": 2.31, "grid": 0.0, "firmOnsite": 0.0, "firmSystem": 0.0, "renewablesOnshore": 0.0, "offshore": 0.0, "totalGrowth": 0.0, "totalInclRefresh": 2.31 }, "ratesEurM": 66.8, "jobs": { "operationalDirectFTE": 3065, "constructionDirectFTE": 0 }, "importsEurBn": 2.31 }, { "year": 2031, "dcAvgMW": 795, "dcTWh": 6.96, "installedITMW": 1393, "newITMW": -53, "segmentsAvgMW": { "legacy": -80, "parks": 0, "ai": 0 }, "dcSharePctOfMetered": 20.6, "dcSharePctOfSystemDemand": 19.6, "firm": { "dcPeakMW": 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"commercialCeilingMt": 0.755, "dcOnsitePctOfCommercialCeiling": 19.0 }, "investmentEurBn": { "buildings": 0.0, "itHardwareNew": 0.0, "itHardwareRefresh": 2.23, "grid": 0.0, "firmOnsite": 0.0, "firmSystem": 0.0, "renewablesOnshore": 0.0, "offshore": 0.0, "totalGrowth": 0.0, "totalInclRefresh": 2.23 }, "ratesEurM": 63.6, "jobs": { "operationalDirectFTE": 2970, "constructionDirectFTE": 0 }, "importsEurBn": 2.23 }, { "year": 2032, "dcAvgMW": 765, "dcTWh": 6.7, "installedITMW": 1340, "newITMW": -53, "segmentsAvgMW": { "legacy": -110, "parks": 0, "ai": 0 }, "dcSharePctOfMetered": 19.8, "dcSharePctOfSystemDemand": 18.8, "firm": { "dcPeakMW": 803, "airaaDcPathMW": 1540, "aboveAiraaMW": 0, "byoRequiredMW": 0, "byoGasMW": 0, "byoBatteryMW": 0, "systemFirmGapMW": 0 }, "gas": { "powerGasFuelTWh": 10.2, "dcAttributedGasTWh": 1.9, "onsiteGasFuelTWh": 0.0, "dcPeakDayGWh": 31.2, "roiPeakDayGWh": 321.0, "dcPeakDaySharePct": 9.7, "incrementalDcPeakDayGWh": -4.5, "aboveAiraaPeakDayGWh": 0.0, "pctOfGniHeadroomUsed": 0.0 }, "renewables": { "requiredGlideTWh": 0, "requiredFull80TWh": 0, "poolBuiltTWh": 0.0, "offshoreEligibleTWh": 0.0, "availableTWh": 0.0, "onshoreCppaTWh": 0.0, "deliveredTWh": 0.0, "gapVsFull80TWh": 0.0, "gapVsGlideTWh": 0.0 }, "system": { "demandTWh": 35.6, "windTWh": 15.2, "solarTWh": 5.2, "dcRenewablesTWh": 0.0, "importsTWh": 7.5, "gasElecTWh": 5.8, "exportsTWh": 0.0, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 16.3, "electricitySectorMt": 2.68, "gridIntensityG": 75 }, "emissions": { "dcGridMt": 0.5, "dcOnsiteMt": 0.145, "electricityCeilingMt": 3.0, "electricitySectorVsCeilingMt": -0.32, "dcGridPctOfElectricityCeiling": 17.0, "commercialCeilingMt": 0.755, "dcOnsitePctOfCommercialCeiling": 19.0 }, "investmentEurBn": { "buildings": 0.0, "itHardwareNew": 0.0, "itHardwareRefresh": 2.14, "grid": 0.0, "firmOnsite": 0.0, "firmSystem": 0.0, "renewablesOnshore": 0.0, "offshore": 0.0, "totalGrowth": 0.0, "totalInclRefresh": 2.14 }, "ratesEurM": 60.4, "jobs": { "operationalDirectFTE": 2875, "constructionDirectFTE": 0 }, "importsEurBn": 2.14 } ], "totals": { "dcTWh2032": 6.7, "dcAvgMW2032": 765, "installedITMW2032": 1340, "addedITMW2026_32": -203, "dcSharePctOfMetered2032": 19.8, "byoFirmMW2032": 0, "dcPeakAboveAiraaMW2032": 0, "systemFirmGapMW2032": 0, "dcPeakDaySharePct2032": 9.7, "pctOfGniHeadroomUsed2032": 0.0, "renewablesRequiredFull80TWh2032": 0, "renewablesDeliveredTWh2032": 0.0, "renewablesGapTWh2032": 0.0, "renewablesMaxGapTWh": 0.0, "renewablesMaxGapYear": 2026, "poolUsedPct2032": 0.0, "gasShareOfDemandPct2032": 16.3, "electricitySectorMt2032": 2.68, "electricitySectorMt2026_30": 22.9, "electricityBudget2026_30Mt": 20.0, "dcGridMt2026_30": 5.0, "dcOnsiteMt2026_30": 0.54, "commercialBudget2026_30Mt": 5.0, "investmentEurBn2026_32": { "buildings": 0.7, "itHardwareNew": 0.7, "itHardwareRefresh": 16.5, "grid": 0.0, "firmOnsite": 0.0, "firmSystem": 0.0, "renewablesOnshore": 0.0, "offshore": 0.0, "totalGrowth": 1.5, "totalInclRefresh": 18.0 }, "ratesEurM2032": 60.4, "operationalDirectFTE2032": 2875, "constructionDirectFTEPeak": 3385, "importsEurBn2026_32": 17.5 }, "whatMustBeTrue": [ "Legacy holders stop filling their headroom after 2026: a break from recent growth (+9.9% in 2025, CSO).", "Data-centre load falls to ~6.7 TWh by 2032; rates and operational jobs plateau (2,875 direct FTE).", "Hardware refresh still lands in Ireland for the remaining fleet, so imports stay high even as capacity shrinks.", "Ireland keeps the security-of-supply and emissions problems of today's ~0.9 GW without new investment in grid or generation." ] }, { "name": "Frozen", "description": "Legacy (pre-2021) contracts only: ~600 MW of the 1.0-1.4 GW unused headroom fills by 2032, mostly AI densification in existing Dublin campuses. No new connections under CRU/2025/236; offshore merchant projects slip past 2032.", "parameters": { "addedAvgMW": { "legacy": { "2026": 90, "2027": 90, "2028": 90, "2029": 85, "2030": 80, "2031": 80, "2032": 80 }, "parks": {}, "ai": {} }, "offshoreEligibleMW": {}, "poolBuildTWhPerYear": 0.0, "byoRunHours": 0 }, "years": [ { "year": 2026, "dcAvgMW": 965, "dcTWh": 8.45, "installedITMW": 1681, "newITMW": 138, "segmentsAvgMW": { "legacy": 90, "parks": 0, "ai": 0 }, "dcSharePctOfMetered": 24.8, "dcSharePctOfSystemDemand": 23.7, "firm": { "dcPeakMW": 1013, "airaaDcPathMW": 1068, "aboveAiraaMW": 0, "byoRequiredMW": 0, "byoGasMW": 0, "byoBatteryMW": 0, "systemFirmGapMW": 0 }, "gas": { "powerGasFuelTWh": 26.1, "dcAttributedGasTWh": 6.2, "onsiteGasFuelTWh": 0.0, "dcPeakDayGWh": 39.4, "roiPeakDayGWh": 329.2, "dcPeakDaySharePct": 12.0, "incrementalDcPeakDayGWh": 3.7, "aboveAiraaPeakDayGWh": 0.0, "pctOfGniHeadroomUsed": 0.0 }, "renewables": { "requiredGlideTWh": 0, "requiredFull80TWh": 0, 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"dcAttributedGasTWh": 5.9, "onsiteGasFuelTWh": 0.0, "dcPeakDayGWh": 46.7, "roiPeakDayGWh": 336.5, "dcPeakDaySharePct": 13.9, "incrementalDcPeakDayGWh": 11.0, "aboveAiraaPeakDayGWh": 0.0, "pctOfGniHeadroomUsed": 0.0 }, "renewables": { "requiredGlideTWh": 0, "requiredFull80TWh": 0, "poolBuiltTWh": 0.0, "offshoreEligibleTWh": 0.0, "availableTWh": 0.0, "onshoreCppaTWh": 0.0, "deliveredTWh": 0.0, "gapVsFull80TWh": 0.0, "gapVsGlideTWh": 0.0 }, "system": { "demandTWh": 37.8, "windTWh": 13.0, "solarTWh": 2.8, "dcRenewablesTWh": 0.0, "importsTWh": 7.5, "gasElecTWh": 12.6, "exportsTWh": 0.0, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 33.3, "electricitySectorMt": 5.13, "gridIntensityG": 136 }, "emissions": { "dcGridMt": 1.36, "dcOnsiteMt": 0.145, "electricityCeilingMt": 4.0, "electricitySectorVsCeilingMt": 1.13, "dcGridPctOfElectricityCeiling": 34.0, "commercialCeilingMt": 1.0, "dcOnsitePctOfCommercialCeiling": 14.0 }, "investmentEurBn": { "buildings": 1.66, "itHardwareNew": 1.66, "itHardwareRefresh": 2.47, "grid": 0.0, "firmOnsite": 0.0, "firmSystem": 0.0, "renewablesOnshore": 0.0, "offshore": 0.0, "totalGrowth": 3.32, "totalInclRefresh": 5.79 }, "ratesEurM": 97.5, "jobs": { "operationalDirectFTE": 3988, "constructionDirectFTE": 7615 }, "importsEurBn": 4.71 }, { "year": 2029, "dcAvgMW": 1230, "dcTWh": 10.77, "installedITMW": 2089, "newITMW": 131, "segmentsAvgMW": { "legacy": 355, "parks": 0, "ai": 0 }, "dcSharePctOfMetered": 29.0, "dcSharePctOfSystemDemand": 27.8, "firm": { "dcPeakMW": 1291, "airaaDcPathMW": 1304, "aboveAiraaMW": 0, "byoRequiredMW": 0, "byoGasMW": 0, "byoBatteryMW": 0, "systemFirmGapMW": 0 }, "gas": { "powerGasFuelTWh": 22.0, "dcAttributedGasTWh": 6.1, "onsiteGasFuelTWh": 0.0, "dcPeakDayGWh": 50.2, "roiPeakDayGWh": 340.0, "dcPeakDaySharePct": 14.8, "incrementalDcPeakDayGWh": 14.5, "aboveAiraaPeakDayGWh": 0.0, "pctOfGniHeadroomUsed": 0.0 }, "renewables": { "requiredGlideTWh": 0, "requiredFull80TWh": 0, "poolBuiltTWh": 0.0, "offshoreEligibleTWh": 0.0, "availableTWh": 0.0, "onshoreCppaTWh": 0.0, "deliveredTWh": 0.0, "gapVsFull80TWh": 0.0, "gapVsGlideTWh": 0.0 }, "system": { "demandTWh": 38.8, "windTWh": 13.5, "solarTWh": 3.4, "dcRenewablesTWh": 0.0, "importsTWh": 7.5, "gasElecTWh": 12.5, "exportsTWh": 0.0, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 32.1, "electricitySectorMt": 5.08, "gridIntensityG": 131 }, "emissions": { "dcGridMt": 1.41, "dcOnsiteMt": 0.145, "electricityCeilingMt": 4.0, "electricitySectorVsCeilingMt": 1.08, "dcGridPctOfElectricityCeiling": 35.0, "commercialCeilingMt": 1.0, "dcOnsitePctOfCommercialCeiling": 14.0 }, "investmentEurBn": { "buildings": 1.57, "itHardwareNew": 1.57, "itHardwareRefresh": 2.47, "grid": 0.0, "firmOnsite": 0.0, "firmSystem": 0.0, "renewablesOnshore": 0.0, "offshore": 0.0, "totalGrowth": 3.14, "totalInclRefresh": 5.61 }, "ratesEurM": 105.4, "jobs": { "operationalDirectFTE": 4223, "constructionDirectFTE": 7192 }, "importsEurBn": 4.59 }, { "year": 2030, "dcAvgMW": 1310, "dcTWh": 11.47, "installedITMW": 2212, "newITMW": 123, "segmentsAvgMW": { "legacy": 435, "parks": 0, "ai": 0 }, "dcSharePctOfMetered": 30.1, "dcSharePctOfSystemDemand": 28.8, "firm": { "dcPeakMW": 1375, "airaaDcPathMW": 1383, "aboveAiraaMW": 0, "byoRequiredMW": 0, "byoGasMW": 0, "byoBatteryMW": 0, "systemFirmGapMW": 0 }, "gas": { "powerGasFuelTWh": 21.7, "dcAttributedGasTWh": 6.3, "onsiteGasFuelTWh": 0.0, "dcPeakDayGWh": 53.4, "roiPeakDayGWh": 343.2, "dcPeakDaySharePct": 15.6, "incrementalDcPeakDayGWh": 17.7, "aboveAiraaPeakDayGWh": 0.0, "pctOfGniHeadroomUsed": 0.0 }, "renewables": { "requiredGlideTWh": 0, "requiredFull80TWh": 0, "poolBuiltTWh": 0.0, "offshoreEligibleTWh": 0.0, "availableTWh": 0.0, "onshoreCppaTWh": 0.0, "deliveredTWh": 0.0, "gapVsFull80TWh": 0.0, "gapVsGlideTWh": 0.0 }, "system": { "demandTWh": 39.8, "windTWh": 14.1, "solarTWh": 4.0, "dcRenewablesTWh": 0.0, "importsTWh": 7.5, "gasElecTWh": 12.3, "exportsTWh": 0.0, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 30.9, "electricitySectorMt": 5.02, "gridIntensityG": 126 }, "emissions": { "dcGridMt": 1.45, "dcOnsiteMt": 0.145, "electricityCeilingMt": 4.0, "electricitySectorVsCeilingMt": 1.02, "dcGridPctOfElectricityCeiling": 36.0, "commercialCeilingMt": 1.0, "dcOnsitePctOfCommercialCeiling": 14.0 }, "investmentEurBn": { "buildings": 1.48, "itHardwareNew": 1.48, "itHardwareRefresh": 2.47, "grid": 0.0, "firmOnsite": 0.0, "firmSystem": 0.0, "renewablesOnshore": 0.0, "offshore": 0.0, "totalGrowth": 2.95, "totalInclRefresh": 5.42 }, "ratesEurM": 112.8, "jobs": { "operationalDirectFTE": 4445, "constructionDirectFTE": 6769 }, "importsEurBn": 4.46 }, { "year": 2031, "dcAvgMW": 1390, "dcTWh": 12.17, "installedITMW": 2335, "newITMW": 123, "segmentsAvgMW": { "legacy": 515, "parks": 0, "ai": 0 }, "dcSharePctOfMetered": 31.2, "dcSharePctOfSystemDemand": 29.9, "firm": { "dcPeakMW": 1459, "airaaDcPathMW": 1462, "aboveAiraaMW": 0, "byoRequiredMW": 0, "byoGasMW": 0, "byoBatteryMW": 0, "systemFirmGapMW": 0 }, "gas": { "powerGasFuelTWh": 21.4, "dcAttributedGasTWh": 6.4, "onsiteGasFuelTWh": 0.0, "dcPeakDayGWh": 56.7, "roiPeakDayGWh": 346.5, "dcPeakDaySharePct": 16.4, "incrementalDcPeakDayGWh": 21.0, "aboveAiraaPeakDayGWh": 0.0, "pctOfGniHeadroomUsed": 0.0 }, "renewables": { "requiredGlideTWh": 0, "requiredFull80TWh": 0, "poolBuiltTWh": 0.0, "offshoreEligibleTWh": 0.0, "availableTWh": 0.0, "onshoreCppaTWh": 0.0, "deliveredTWh": 0.0, "gapVsFull80TWh": 0.0, "gapVsGlideTWh": 0.0 }, "system": { "demandTWh": 40.8, "windTWh": 14.6, "solarTWh": 4.6, "dcRenewablesTWh": 0.0, "importsTWh": 7.5, "gasElecTWh": 12.1, "exportsTWh": 0.0, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 29.7, "electricitySectorMt": 4.96, "gridIntensityG": 122 }, "emissions": { "dcGridMt": 1.48, "dcOnsiteMt": 0.145, "electricityCeilingMt": 3.0, "electricitySectorVsCeilingMt": 1.96, "dcGridPctOfElectricityCeiling": 49.0, "commercialCeilingMt": 0.755, "dcOnsitePctOfCommercialCeiling": 19.0 }, "investmentEurBn": { "buildings": 1.48, "itHardwareNew": 1.48, "itHardwareRefresh": 2.47, "grid": 0.0, "firmOnsite": 0.0, "firmSystem": 0.0, "renewablesOnshore": 0.0, "offshore": 0.0, "totalGrowth": 2.95, "totalInclRefresh": 5.42 }, "ratesEurM": 120.1, "jobs": { "operationalDirectFTE": 4666, "constructionDirectFTE": 6769 }, "importsEurBn": 4.46 }, { "year": 2032, "dcAvgMW": 1470, "dcTWh": 12.87, "installedITMW": 2458, "newITMW": 123, "segmentsAvgMW": { "legacy": 595, "parks": 0, "ai": 0 }, "dcSharePctOfMetered": 32.2, "dcSharePctOfSystemDemand": 30.8, "firm": { "dcPeakMW": 1543, "airaaDcPathMW": 1540, "aboveAiraaMW": 3, "byoRequiredMW": 0, "byoGasMW": 0, "byoBatteryMW": 0, "systemFirmGapMW": 3 }, "gas": { "powerGasFuelTWh": 21.1, "dcAttributedGasTWh": 6.5, "onsiteGasFuelTWh": 0.0, "dcPeakDayGWh": 60.0, "roiPeakDayGWh": 349.8, "dcPeakDaySharePct": 17.1, "incrementalDcPeakDayGWh": 24.3, "aboveAiraaPeakDayGWh": 0.1, "pctOfGniHeadroomUsed": 0.0 }, "renewables": { "requiredGlideTWh": 0, "requiredFull80TWh": 0, "poolBuiltTWh": 0.0, "offshoreEligibleTWh": 0.0, "availableTWh": 0.0, "onshoreCppaTWh": 0.0, "deliveredTWh": 0.0, "gapVsFull80TWh": 0.0, "gapVsGlideTWh": 0.0 }, "system": { "demandTWh": 41.8, "windTWh": 15.2, "solarTWh": 5.2, "dcRenewablesTWh": 0.0, "importsTWh": 7.5, "gasElecTWh": 12.0, "exportsTWh": 0.0, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 28.6, "electricitySectorMt": 4.9, "gridIntensityG": 117 }, "emissions": { "dcGridMt": 1.51, "dcOnsiteMt": 0.145, "electricityCeilingMt": 3.0, "electricitySectorVsCeilingMt": 1.9, "dcGridPctOfElectricityCeiling": 50.0, "commercialCeilingMt": 0.755, "dcOnsitePctOfCommercialCeiling": 19.0 }, "investmentEurBn": { "buildings": 1.48, "itHardwareNew": 1.48, "itHardwareRefresh": 2.47, "grid": 0.0, "firmOnsite": 0.0, "firmSystem": 0.0, "renewablesOnshore": 0.0, "offshore": 0.0, "totalGrowth": 2.96, "totalInclRefresh": 5.43 }, "ratesEurM": 127.5, "jobs": { "operationalDirectFTE": 4888, "constructionDirectFTE": 6769 }, "importsEurBn": 4.46 } ], "totals": { "dcTWh2032": 12.87, "dcAvgMW2032": 1470, "installedITMW2032": 2458, "addedITMW2026_32": 915, "dcSharePctOfMetered2032": 32.2, "byoFirmMW2032": 0, "dcPeakAboveAiraaMW2032": 3, "systemFirmGapMW2032": 3, "dcPeakDaySharePct2032": 17.1, "pctOfGniHeadroomUsed2032": 0.0, "renewablesRequiredFull80TWh2032": 0, "renewablesDeliveredTWh2032": 0.0, "renewablesGapTWh2032": 0.0, "renewablesMaxGapTWh": 0.0, "renewablesMaxGapYear": 2026, "poolUsedPct2032": 0.0, "gasShareOfDemandPct2032": 28.6, "electricitySectorMt2032": 4.9, "electricitySectorMt2026_30": 27.0, "electricityBudget2026_30Mt": 20.0, "dcGridMt2026_30": 7.1, "dcOnsiteMt2026_30": 0.54, "commercialBudget2026_30Mt": 5.0, "investmentEurBn2026_32": { "buildings": 11.0, "itHardwareNew": 11.0, "itHardwareRefresh": 17.3, "grid": 0.0, "firmOnsite": 0.0, "firmSystem": 0.0, "renewablesOnshore": 0.0, "offshore": 0.0, "totalGrowth": 22.0, "totalInclRefresh": 39.2 }, "ratesEurM2032": 127.5, "operationalDirectFTE2032": 4888, "constructionDirectFTEPeak": 7615, "importsEurBn2026_32": 32.1 }, "whatMustBeTrue": [ "Legacy contract holders (Amazon, Microsoft, Meta and pre-2021 colocation) fill ~600 MW of 1.0-1.4 GW unused headroom, mostly by densifying with AI racks (12.87 TWh by 2032).", "The grid copes with a DC peak ~1,543 MW in 2032 (3 MW above EirGrid's AIRAA median path) without new firm-capacity obligations, because legacy contracts are exempt from bring-your-own-power.", "The electricity sector still overshoots its 2026-30 budget (27.0 Mt vs 20 Mt) because renewables build stays at its recent pace.", "Little new AI capacity is built in Ireland: new hyperscale AI campuses go elsewhere (recent announcements: Spain, Finland, Denmark, Portugal)." ] }, { "name": "Managed growth", "description": "Frozen + new connections under the CRU bring-your-own-power and 80% rules, mostly in plan-led energy parks, from 2029 (~1 GW IT by 2032). Merchant offshore on the index's timeline (Oriel 2031, Arklow Bank 2 2032); the permitted onshore pool contracted via CPPAs.", "parameters": { "addedAvgMW": { "legacy": { "2026": 90, "2027": 90, "2028": 90, "2029": 85, "2030": 80, "2031": 80, "2032": 80 }, "parks": { "2029": 100, "2030": 150, "2031": 175, "2032": 175 }, "ai": {} }, "offshoreEligibleMW": { "2031": 375, "2032": 1175 }, "poolBuildTWhPerYear": 0.6, "byoRunHours": 500 }, "years": [ { "year": 2026, "dcAvgMW": 965, "dcTWh": 8.45, "installedITMW": 1681, "newITMW": 138, "segmentsAvgMW": { "legacy": 90, "parks": 0, "ai": 0 }, "dcSharePctOfMetered": 24.8, "dcSharePctOfSystemDemand": 23.7, "firm": { "dcPeakMW": 1013, "airaaDcPathMW": 1068, "aboveAiraaMW": 0, "byoRequiredMW": 0, "byoGasMW": 0, "byoBatteryMW": 0, "systemFirmGapMW": 0 }, "gas": { "powerGasFuelTWh": 26.1, "dcAttributedGasTWh": 6.2, "onsiteGasFuelTWh": 0.0, "dcPeakDayGWh": 39.4, "roiPeakDayGWh": 329.2, "dcPeakDaySharePct": 12.0, "incrementalDcPeakDayGWh": 3.7, "aboveAiraaPeakDayGWh": 0.0, "pctOfGniHeadroomUsed": 0.0 }, "renewables": { "requiredGlideTWh": 0, "requiredFull80TWh": 0, "poolBuiltTWh": 0.0, "offshoreEligibleTWh": 0.0, "availableTWh": 0.0, "onshoreCppaTWh": 0.0, "deliveredTWh": 0.0, "gapVsFull80TWh": 0.0, "gapVsGlideTWh": 0.0 }, "system": { "demandTWh": 35.7, "windTWh": 11.9, "solarTWh": 1.7, "dcRenewablesTWh": 0.0, "importsTWh": 5.5, "gasElecTWh": 14.8, "exportsTWh": 0.0, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 41.4, "electricitySectorMt": 5.91, "gridIntensityG": 166 }, "emissions": { "dcGridMt": 1.4, "dcOnsiteMt": 0.03, "electricityCeilingMt": 4.0, "electricitySectorVsCeilingMt": 1.91, "dcGridPctOfElectricityCeiling": 35.0, "commercialCeilingMt": 1.0, "dcOnsitePctOfCommercialCeiling": 3.0 }, "investmentEurBn": { "buildings": 1.66, "itHardwareNew": 1.66, "itHardwareRefresh": 2.47, "grid": 0.0, "firmOnsite": 0.0, "firmSystem": 0.0, "renewablesOnshore": 0.0, "offshore": 0.0, "totalGrowth": 3.32, "totalInclRefresh": 5.79 }, "ratesEurM": 80.9, "jobs": { "operationalDirectFTE": 3490, "constructionDirectFTE": 7615 }, "importsEurBn": 4.71 }, { "year": 2027, "dcAvgMW": 1055, "dcTWh": 9.24, "installedITMW": 1820, "newITMW": 138, "segmentsAvgMW": { "legacy": 180, "parks": 0, "ai": 0 }, "dcSharePctOfMetered": 26.3, "dcSharePctOfSystemDemand": 25.2, "firm": { "dcPeakMW": 1107, "airaaDcPathMW": 1147, "aboveAiraaMW": 0, "byoRequiredMW": 0, "byoGasMW": 0, "byoBatteryMW": 0, "systemFirmGapMW": 0 }, "gas": { "powerGasFuelTWh": 25.9, "dcAttributedGasTWh": 6.5, "onsiteGasFuelTWh": 0.0, "dcPeakDayGWh": 43.0, "roiPeakDayGWh": 332.8, "dcPeakDaySharePct": 12.9, "incrementalDcPeakDayGWh": 7.3, "aboveAiraaPeakDayGWh": 0.0, "pctOfGniHeadroomUsed": 0.0 }, "renewables": { "requiredGlideTWh": 0, "requiredFull80TWh": 0, "poolBuiltTWh": 0.0, "offshoreEligibleTWh": 0.0, "availableTWh": 0.0, "onshoreCppaTWh": 0.0, "deliveredTWh": 0.0, "gapVsFull80TWh": 0.0, "gapVsGlideTWh": 0.0 }, "system": { "demandTWh": 36.7, "windTWh": 12.4, "solarTWh": 2.3, "dcRenewablesTWh": 0.0, "importsTWh": 5.5, "gasElecTWh": 14.7, "exportsTWh": 0.0, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 40.0, "electricitySectorMt": 5.88, "gridIntensityG": 160 }, "emissions": { "dcGridMt": 1.48, "dcOnsiteMt": 0.08, "electricityCeilingMt": 4.0, "electricitySectorVsCeilingMt": 1.88, "dcGridPctOfElectricityCeiling": 37.0, "commercialCeilingMt": 1.0, "dcOnsitePctOfCommercialCeiling": 8.0 }, "investmentEurBn": { "buildings": 1.66, "itHardwareNew": 1.66, "itHardwareRefresh": 2.47, "grid": 0.0, "firmOnsite": 0.0, "firmSystem": 0.0, "renewablesOnshore": 0.0, "offshore": 0.0, "totalGrowth": 3.32, "totalInclRefresh": 5.79 }, "ratesEurM": 89.2, "jobs": { "operationalDirectFTE": 3739, "constructionDirectFTE": 7615 }, "importsEurBn": 4.71 }, { "year": 2028, "dcAvgMW": 1145, "dcTWh": 10.03, "installedITMW": 1958, "newITMW": 138, "segmentsAvgMW": { "legacy": 270, "parks": 0, "ai": 0 }, "dcSharePctOfMetered": 27.8, "dcSharePctOfSystemDemand": 26.5, "firm": { "dcPeakMW": 1202, "airaaDcPathMW": 1226, "aboveAiraaMW": 0, "byoRequiredMW": 0, "byoGasMW": 0, "byoBatteryMW": 0, "systemFirmGapMW": 0 }, "gas": { "powerGasFuelTWh": 22.2, "dcAttributedGasTWh": 5.9, "onsiteGasFuelTWh": 0.0, "dcPeakDayGWh": 46.7, "roiPeakDayGWh": 336.5, "dcPeakDaySharePct": 13.9, "incrementalDcPeakDayGWh": 11.0, "aboveAiraaPeakDayGWh": 0.0, "pctOfGniHeadroomUsed": 0.0 }, "renewables": { "requiredGlideTWh": 0, "requiredFull80TWh": 0, "poolBuiltTWh": 0.6, "offshoreEligibleTWh": 0.0, "availableTWh": 0.6, "onshoreCppaTWh": 0.0, "deliveredTWh": 0.0, "gapVsFull80TWh": 0.0, "gapVsGlideTWh": 0.0 }, "system": { "demandTWh": 37.8, "windTWh": 13.0, "solarTWh": 2.8, "dcRenewablesTWh": 0.0, "importsTWh": 7.5, "gasElecTWh": 12.6, "exportsTWh": 0.0, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 33.3, "electricitySectorMt": 5.13, "gridIntensityG": 136 }, "emissions": { "dcGridMt": 1.36, "dcOnsiteMt": 0.145, "electricityCeilingMt": 4.0, "electricitySectorVsCeilingMt": 1.13, "dcGridPctOfElectricityCeiling": 34.0, "commercialCeilingMt": 1.0, 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11.0 }, "renewables": { "requiredGlideTWh": 0.12, "requiredFull80TWh": 0.7, "poolBuiltTWh": 1.2, "offshoreEligibleTWh": 0.0, "availableTWh": 1.2, "onshoreCppaTWh": 0.7, "deliveredTWh": 0.7, "gapVsFull80TWh": 0.0, "gapVsGlideTWh": 0.0 }, "system": { "demandTWh": 39.7, "windTWh": 13.5, "solarTWh": 3.4, "dcRenewablesTWh": 0.7, "importsTWh": 7.5, "gasElecTWh": 12.6, "exportsTWh": 0.0, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 31.8, "electricitySectorMt": 5.14, "gridIntensityG": 130 }, "emissions": { "dcGridMt": 1.51, "dcOnsiteMt": 0.179, "electricityCeilingMt": 4.0, "electricitySectorVsCeilingMt": 1.14, "dcGridPctOfElectricityCeiling": 38.0, "commercialCeilingMt": 1.0, "dcOnsitePctOfCommercialCeiling": 18.0 }, "investmentEurBn": { "buildings": 3.42, "itHardwareNew": 3.11, "itHardwareRefresh": 2.47, "grid": 0.09, "firmOnsite": 0.14, "firmSystem": 0.0, "renewablesOnshore": 0.55, "offshore": 0.39, "totalGrowth": 7.69, "totalInclRefresh": 10.16 }, "ratesEurM": 114.6, "jobs": { "operationalDirectFTE": 4546, "constructionDirectFTE": 15654 }, "importsEurBn": 7.43 }, { "year": 2030, "dcAvgMW": 1560, "dcTWh": 13.66, "installedITMW": 2597, "newITMW": 354, "segmentsAvgMW": { "legacy": 435, "parks": 250, "ai": 0 }, "dcSharePctOfMetered": 33.9, "dcSharePctOfSystemDemand": 32.5, "firm": { "dcPeakMW": 1638, "airaaDcPathMW": 1383, "aboveAiraaMW": 255, "byoRequiredMW": 442, "byoGasMW": 354, "byoBatteryMW": 88, "systemFirmGapMW": 0 }, "gas": { "powerGasFuelTWh": 22.5, "dcAttributedGasTWh": 7.7, "onsiteGasFuelTWh": 0.42, "dcPeakDayGWh": 63.6, "roiPeakDayGWh": 353.4, "dcPeakDaySharePct": 18.0, "incrementalDcPeakDayGWh": 27.9, "aboveAiraaPeakDayGWh": 9.9, "pctOfGniHeadroomUsed": 30.0 }, "renewables": { "requiredGlideTWh": 0.41, "requiredFull80TWh": 1.75, "poolBuiltTWh": 1.8, "offshoreEligibleTWh": 0.0, "availableTWh": 1.8, "onshoreCppaTWh": 1.75, "deliveredTWh": 1.75, "gapVsFull80TWh": 0.0, "gapVsGlideTWh": 0.0 }, "system": { "demandTWh": 42.0, "windTWh": 14.1, "solarTWh": 4.0, "dcRenewablesTWh": 1.8, "importsTWh": 7.5, "gasElecTWh": 12.7, "exportsTWh": 0.0, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 30.3, "electricitySectorMt": 5.18, "gridIntensityG": 123 }, "emissions": { "dcGridMt": 1.68, "dcOnsiteMt": 0.231, "electricityCeilingMt": 4.0, "electricitySectorVsCeilingMt": 1.18, "dcGridPctOfElectricityCeiling": 42.0, "commercialCeilingMt": 1.0, "dcOnsitePctOfCommercialCeiling": 23.0 }, "investmentEurBn": { "buildings": 4.25, "itHardwareNew": 3.78, "itHardwareRefresh": 2.47, "grid": 0.13, "firmOnsite": 0.21, "firmSystem": 0.0, "renewablesOnshore": 0.83, "offshore": 1.22, "totalGrowth": 10.42, "totalInclRefresh": 12.89 }, "ratesEurM": 135.8, "jobs": { "operationalDirectFTE": 5253, "constructionDirectFTE": 19462 }, "importsEurBn": 9.11 }, { "year": 2031, "dcAvgMW": 1815, "dcTWh": 15.9, "installedITMW": 2989, "newITMW": 392, "segmentsAvgMW": { "legacy": 515, "parks": 425, "ai": 0 }, "dcSharePctOfMetered": 37.2, "dcSharePctOfSystemDemand": 35.7, "firm": { "dcPeakMW": 1905, "airaaDcPathMW": 1462, "aboveAiraaMW": 444, "byoRequiredMW": 752, "byoGasMW": 602, "byoBatteryMW": 150, "systemFirmGapMW": 0 }, "gas": { "powerGasFuelTWh": 22.3, "dcAttributedGasTWh": 8.7, "onsiteGasFuelTWh": 0.72, "dcPeakDayGWh": 74.0, "roiPeakDayGWh": 363.9, "dcPeakDaySharePct": 20.3, "incrementalDcPeakDayGWh": 38.4, "aboveAiraaPeakDayGWh": 17.2, "pctOfGniHeadroomUsed": 53.0 }, "renewables": { "requiredGlideTWh": 0.91, "requiredFull80TWh": 2.98, "poolBuiltTWh": 2.4, "offshoreEligibleTWh": 1.48, "availableTWh": 3.88, "onshoreCppaTWh": 1.75, "deliveredTWh": 3.23, "gapVsFull80TWh": 0.0, "gapVsGlideTWh": 0.0 }, "system": { "demandTWh": 44.5, "windTWh": 14.6, "solarTWh": 4.6, "dcRenewablesTWh": 3.2, "importsTWh": 7.5, "gasElecTWh": 12.6, "exportsTWh": 0.0, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 28.4, "electricitySectorMt": 5.14, "gridIntensityG": 115 }, "emissions": { "dcGridMt": 1.84, "dcOnsiteMt": 0.291, "electricityCeilingMt": 3.0, "electricitySectorVsCeilingMt": 2.14, "dcGridPctOfElectricityCeiling": 61.0, "commercialCeilingMt": 0.755, "dcOnsitePctOfCommercialCeiling": 39.0 }, "investmentEurBn": { "buildings": 4.71, "itHardwareNew": 4.17, "itHardwareRefresh": 2.47, "grid": 0.15, "firmOnsite": 0.24, "firmSystem": 0.0, "renewablesOnshore": 0.0, "offshore": 1.22, "totalGrowth": 10.49, "totalInclRefresh": 12.96 }, "ratesEurM": 159.4, "jobs": { "operationalDirectFTE": 6040, "constructionDirectFTE": 21577 }, "importsEurBn": 9.19 }, { "year": 2032, "dcAvgMW": 2070, "dcTWh": 18.13, "installedITMW": 3381, "newITMW": 392, "segmentsAvgMW": { "legacy": 595, "parks": 600, "ai": 0 }, "dcSharePctOfMetered": 40.0, "dcSharePctOfSystemDemand": 38.6, "firm": { "dcPeakMW": 2173, "airaaDcPathMW": 1540, "aboveAiraaMW": 633, "byoRequiredMW": 1062, "byoGasMW": 849, "byoBatteryMW": 212, "systemFirmGapMW": 0 }, "gas": { "powerGasFuelTWh": 19.1, "dcAttributedGasTWh": 8.4, "onsiteGasFuelTWh": 1.01, "dcPeakDayGWh": 84.4, "roiPeakDayGWh": 374.3, "dcPeakDaySharePct": 22.6, "incrementalDcPeakDayGWh": 48.8, "aboveAiraaPeakDayGWh": 24.6, "pctOfGniHeadroomUsed": 76.0 }, "renewables": { "requiredGlideTWh": 1.61, "requiredFull80TWh": 4.2, "poolBuiltTWh": 3.0, "offshoreEligibleTWh": 4.63, "availableTWh": 7.63, "onshoreCppaTWh": 1.75, "deliveredTWh": 6.38, "gapVsFull80TWh": 0.0, "gapVsGlideTWh": 0.0 }, "system": { "demandTWh": 47.0, "windTWh": 15.2, "solarTWh": 5.2, "dcRenewablesTWh": 6.4, "importsTWh": 7.5, "gasElecTWh": 10.8, "exportsTWh": 0.0, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 23.0, "electricitySectorMt": 4.5, "gridIntensityG": 96 }, "emissions": { "dcGridMt": 1.73, "dcOnsiteMt": 0.351, "electricityCeilingMt": 3.0, "electricitySectorVsCeilingMt": 1.5, "dcGridPctOfElectricityCeiling": 58.0, "commercialCeilingMt": 0.755, "dcOnsitePctOfCommercialCeiling": 46.0 }, "investmentEurBn": { "buildings": 4.71, "itHardwareNew": 4.17, "itHardwareRefresh": 2.47, "grid": 0.15, "firmOnsite": 0.24, "firmSystem": 0.0, "renewablesOnshore": 0.0, "offshore": 0.83, "totalGrowth": 10.11, "totalInclRefresh": 12.57 }, "ratesEurM": 182.9, "jobs": { "operationalDirectFTE": 6826, "constructionDirectFTE": 21577 }, "importsEurBn": 8.95 } ], "totals": { "dcTWh2032": 18.13, "dcAvgMW2032": 2070, "installedITMW2032": 3381, "addedITMW2026_32": 1838, "dcSharePctOfMetered2032": 40.0, "byoFirmMW2032": 1062, "dcPeakAboveAiraaMW2032": 633, "systemFirmGapMW2032": 0, "dcPeakDaySharePct2032": 22.6, "pctOfGniHeadroomUsed2032": 76.0, "renewablesRequiredFull80TWh2032": 4.2, "renewablesDeliveredTWh2032": 6.38, "renewablesGapTWh2032": 0.0, "renewablesMaxGapTWh": 0.0, "renewablesMaxGapYear": 2026, "poolUsedPct2032": 29.0, "gasShareOfDemandPct2032": 23.0, "electricitySectorMt2032": 4.5, "electricitySectorMt2026_30": 27.2, "electricityBudget2026_30Mt": 20.0, "dcGridMt2026_30": 7.4, "dcOnsiteMt2026_30": 0.67, "commercialBudget2026_30Mt": 5.0, "investmentEurBn2026_32": { "buildings": 22.1, "itHardwareNew": 20.2, "itHardwareRefresh": 17.3, "grid": 0.5, "firmOnsite": 0.8, "firmSystem": 0.0, "renewablesOnshore": 1.4, "offshore": 3.7, "totalGrowth": 48.7, "totalInclRefresh": 66.0 }, "ratesEurM2032": 182.9, "operationalDirectFTE2032": 6826, "constructionDirectFTEPeak": 21577, "importsEurBn2026_32": 48.8 }, "whatMustBeTrue": [ "CRU/2025/236 survives the judicial review and the first energy-park connections are energised in 2029 (planning to energisation in ~3 years, ACP appeals under a year).", "Operators install ~1,062 MW of bring-your-own dispatchable generation/storage by 2032 and GNI connects it (CRU202657 interruptible-gas regime settled).", "Oriel (2031) and Arklow Bank 2 (2032) get consent at ACP and sign data-centre CPPAs (none signed as of Oct 2026).", "The 80% rule is met in every year, even at the full 80% rather than the 6-year glide path, with data centres contracting 29% of today's permitted onshore pool and all 1,175 MW of DC-eligible offshore.", "Construction workforce of ~21,577 direct FTE at peak (KPMG 55 FTE/MW), vs 14,300 direct construction jobs at the 2020 peak.", "Investment of ~EUR 48.7bn for growth (2026-32), plus ~EUR 17.3bn hardware refresh." ] }, { "name": "AI hub", "description": "Stretch case. Faster legacy fill, energy parks from 2028, and ~1.2 GW (IT) of AI campuses outside Dublin (Cork harbour, Kildare, Meath, Moneypoint-type sites) from 2028: ~+2.4 GW IT above Frozen, +2.3 GW average load on 2025. This index's feasibility check puts +2 GW average as possible only by ~2032 with everything going right. Offshore accelerated (Oriel 2030, Arklow Bank 2 2031), SID wind pipeline half-consented.", "parameters": { "addedAvgMW": { "legacy": { "2026": 110, "2027": 110, "2028": 110, "2029": 110, "2030": 110, "2031": 110, "2032": 110 }, "parks": { "2028": 75, "2029": 125, "2030": 150, "2031": 125, "2032": 125 }, "ai": { "2028": 75, "2029": 187.5, "2030": 225, "2031": 225, "2032": 187.5 } }, "offshoreEligibleMW": { "2030": 375, "2031": 1175, "2032": 1175 }, "poolBuildTWhPerYear": 1.0, "byoRunHours": 1000 }, "years": [ { "year": 2026, "dcAvgMW": 985, "dcTWh": 8.63, "installedITMW": 1712, "newITMW": 169, "segmentsAvgMW": { "legacy": 110, "parks": 0, "ai": 0 }, "dcSharePctOfMetered": 25.2, "dcSharePctOfSystemDemand": 24.1, "firm": { "dcPeakMW": 1034, "airaaDcPathMW": 1068, "aboveAiraaMW": 0, "byoRequiredMW": 0, "byoGasMW": 0, "byoBatteryMW": 0, "systemFirmGapMW": 0 }, "gas": { "powerGasFuelTWh": 26.4, "dcAttributedGasTWh": 6.4, "onsiteGasFuelTWh": 0.0, "dcPeakDayGWh": 40.2, "roiPeakDayGWh": 330.0, "dcPeakDaySharePct": 12.2, "incrementalDcPeakDayGWh": 4.5, "aboveAiraaPeakDayGWh": 0.0, "pctOfGniHeadroomUsed": 0.0 }, "renewables": { "requiredGlideTWh": 0, "requiredFull80TWh": 0, "poolBuiltTWh": 0.0, "offshoreEligibleTWh": 0.0, "availableTWh": 0.0, "onshoreCppaTWh": 0.0, "deliveredTWh": 0.0, "gapVsFull80TWh": 0.0, "gapVsGlideTWh": 0.0 }, "system": { "demandTWh": 35.8, "windTWh": 11.9, "solarTWh": 1.7, "dcRenewablesTWh": 0.0, "importsTWh": 5.5, "gasElecTWh": 14.9, "exportsTWh": 0.0, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 41.7, "electricitySectorMt": 5.97, "gridIntensityG": 167 }, "emissions": { "dcGridMt": 1.44, "dcOnsiteMt": 0.03, "electricityCeilingMt": 4.0, "electricitySectorVsCeilingMt": 1.97, "dcGridPctOfElectricityCeiling": 36.0, "commercialCeilingMt": 1.0, "dcOnsitePctOfCommercialCeiling": 3.0 }, "investmentEurBn": { "buildings": 2.03, "itHardwareNew": 2.03, "itHardwareRefresh": 2.47, "grid": 0.0, "firmOnsite": 0.0, "firmSystem": 0.0, "renewablesOnshore": 0.0, "offshore": 0.0, "totalGrowth": 4.06, "totalInclRefresh": 6.53 }, "ratesEurM": 82.8, "jobs": { "operationalDirectFTE": 3545, "constructionDirectFTE": 9308 }, "importsEurBn": 5.21 }, { "year": 2027, "dcAvgMW": 1095, "dcTWh": 9.59, "installedITMW": 1881, "newITMW": 169, "segmentsAvgMW": { "legacy": 220, "parks": 0, "ai": 0 }, "dcSharePctOfMetered": 27.1, "dcSharePctOfSystemDemand": 25.9, "firm": { "dcPeakMW": 1149, "airaaDcPathMW": 1147, "aboveAiraaMW": 2, "byoRequiredMW": 0, "byoGasMW": 0, "byoBatteryMW": 0, "systemFirmGapMW": 2 }, "gas": { "powerGasFuelTWh": 26.5, "dcAttributedGasTWh": 6.9, "onsiteGasFuelTWh": 0.0, "dcPeakDayGWh": 44.7, "roiPeakDayGWh": 334.5, "dcPeakDaySharePct": 13.4, "incrementalDcPeakDayGWh": 9.0, "aboveAiraaPeakDayGWh": 0.1, "pctOfGniHeadroomUsed": 0.0 }, "renewables": { "requiredGlideTWh": 0, "requiredFull80TWh": 0, "poolBuiltTWh": 1.0, "offshoreEligibleTWh": 0.0, "availableTWh": 1.0, "onshoreCppaTWh": 0.0, "deliveredTWh": 0.0, "gapVsFull80TWh": 0.0, "gapVsGlideTWh": 0.0 }, "system": { "demandTWh": 37.1, "windTWh": 12.4, "solarTWh": 2.3, "dcRenewablesTWh": 0.0, "importsTWh": 5.5, "gasElecTWh": 15.0, "exportsTWh": 0.0, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 40.5, "electricitySectorMt": 6.0, "gridIntensityG": 162 }, "emissions": { "dcGridMt": 1.55, "dcOnsiteMt": 0.08, "electricityCeilingMt": 4.0, "electricitySectorVsCeilingMt": 2.0, "dcGridPctOfElectricityCeiling": 39.0, "commercialCeilingMt": 1.0, "dcOnsitePctOfCommercialCeiling": 8.0 }, "investmentEurBn": { "buildings": 2.03, "itHardwareNew": 2.03, "itHardwareRefresh": 2.47, "grid": 0.0, "firmOnsite": 0.0, "firmSystem": 0.0, "renewablesOnshore": 0.0, "offshore": 0.0, "totalGrowth": 4.06, "totalInclRefresh": 6.53 }, "ratesEurM": 92.9, "jobs": { "operationalDirectFTE": 3850, "constructionDirectFTE": 9308 }, "importsEurBn": 5.21 }, { "year": 2028, "dcAvgMW": 1355, "dcTWh": 11.87, "installedITMW": 2266, "newITMW": 385, "segmentsAvgMW": { "legacy": 330, "parks": 75, "ai": 75 }, "dcSharePctOfMetered": 31.3, "dcSharePctOfSystemDemand": 29.9, "firm": { "dcPeakMW": 1422, "airaaDcPathMW": 1226, "aboveAiraaMW": 197, "byoRequiredMW": 248, "byoGasMW": 198, "byoBatteryMW": 50, "systemFirmGapMW": 0 }, "gas": { "powerGasFuelTWh": 23.6, "dcAttributedGasTWh": 7.5, "onsiteGasFuelTWh": 0.47, "dcPeakDayGWh": 55.3, "roiPeakDayGWh": 345.1, "dcPeakDaySharePct": 16.0, "incrementalDcPeakDayGWh": 19.6, "aboveAiraaPeakDayGWh": 7.6, "pctOfGniHeadroomUsed": 23.0 }, "renewables": { "requiredGlideTWh": 0.18, "requiredFull80TWh": 1.05, "poolBuiltTWh": 2.0, "offshoreEligibleTWh": 0.0, "availableTWh": 2.0, "onshoreCppaTWh": 1.05, "deliveredTWh": 1.05, "gapVsFull80TWh": 0.0, "gapVsGlideTWh": 0.0 }, "system": { "demandTWh": 39.6, "windTWh": 13.0, "solarTWh": 2.8, "dcRenewablesTWh": 1.1, "importsTWh": 7.5, "gasElecTWh": 13.4, "exportsTWh": 0.0, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 33.8, "electricitySectorMt": 5.41, "gridIntensityG": 137 }, "emissions": { "dcGridMt": 1.62, "dcOnsiteMt": 0.241, "electricityCeilingMt": 4.0, "electricitySectorVsCeilingMt": 1.41, "dcGridPctOfElectricityCeiling": 41.0, "commercialCeilingMt": 1.0, "dcOnsitePctOfCommercialCeiling": 24.0 }, "investmentEurBn": { "buildings": 4.72, "itHardwareNew": 5.68, "itHardwareRefresh": 2.47, "grid": 0.12, "firmOnsite": 0.2, "firmSystem": 0.0, "renewablesOnshore": 0.83, "offshore": 0.39, "totalGrowth": 11.94, "totalInclRefresh": 14.41 }, "ratesEurM": 116.0, "jobs": { "operationalDirectFTE": 4576, "constructionDirectFTE": 21154 }, "importsEurBn": 10.67 }, { "year": 2029, "dcAvgMW": 1777, "dcTWh": 15.57, "installedITMW": 2878, "newITMW": 612, "segmentsAvgMW": { "legacy": 440, "parks": 200, "ai": 262 }, "dcSharePctOfMetered": 37.1, "dcSharePctOfSystemDemand": 35.7, "firm": { "dcPeakMW": 1866, "airaaDcPathMW": 1304, "aboveAiraaMW": 562, "byoRequiredMW": 756, "byoGasMW": 605, "byoBatteryMW": 151, "systemFirmGapMW": 0 }, "gas": { "powerGasFuelTWh": 25.2, "dcAttributedGasTWh": 10.4, "onsiteGasFuelTWh": 1.44, "dcPeakDayGWh": 72.5, "roiPeakDayGWh": 362.3, "dcPeakDaySharePct": 20.0, "incrementalDcPeakDayGWh": 36.8, "aboveAiraaPeakDayGWh": 21.8, "pctOfGniHeadroomUsed": 67.0 }, "renewables": { "requiredGlideTWh": 0.72, "requiredFull80TWh": 3.24, "poolBuiltTWh": 3.0, "offshoreEligibleTWh": 0.0, "availableTWh": 3.0, "onshoreCppaTWh": 3.0, "deliveredTWh": 3.0, "gapVsFull80TWh": 0.24, "gapVsGlideTWh": 0.0 }, "system": { "demandTWh": 43.6, "windTWh": 13.5, "solarTWh": 3.4, "dcRenewablesTWh": 3.0, "importsTWh": 7.5, "gasElecTWh": 14.3, "exportsTWh": 0.0, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 32.7, "electricitySectorMt": 5.73, "gridIntensityG": 131 }, "emissions": { "dcGridMt": 2.04, "dcOnsiteMt": 0.439, "electricityCeilingMt": 4.0, "electricitySectorVsCeilingMt": 1.73, "dcGridPctOfElectricityCeiling": 51.0, "commercialCeilingMt": 1.0, "dcOnsitePctOfCommercialCeiling": 44.0 }, "investmentEurBn": { "buildings": 7.59, "itHardwareNew": 10.2, "itHardwareRefresh": 2.47, "grid": 0.25, "firmOnsite": 0.4, "firmSystem": 0.0, "renewablesOnshore": 1.54, "offshore": 1.22, "totalGrowth": 21.2, "totalInclRefresh": 23.67 }, "ratesEurM": 152.7, "jobs": { "operationalDirectFTE": 5735, "constructionDirectFTE": 33635 }, "importsEurBn": 17.26 }, { "year": 2030, "dcAvgMW": 2262, "dcTWh": 19.82, "installedITMW": 3578, "newITMW": 700, "segmentsAvgMW": { "legacy": 550, "parks": 350, "ai": 488 }, "dcSharePctOfMetered": 42.7, "dcSharePctOfSystemDemand": 41.2, "firm": { "dcPeakMW": 2375, "airaaDcPathMW": 1383, "aboveAiraaMW": 992, "byoRequiredMW": 1367, "byoGasMW": 1093, "byoBatteryMW": 273, "systemFirmGapMW": 0 }, "gas": { "powerGasFuelTWh": 26.8, "dcAttributedGasTWh": 13.6, "onsiteGasFuelTWh": 2.6, "dcPeakDayGWh": 92.3, "roiPeakDayGWh": 382.1, "dcPeakDaySharePct": 24.2, "incrementalDcPeakDayGWh": 56.6, "aboveAiraaPeakDayGWh": 38.6, "pctOfGniHeadroomUsed": 118.0 }, "renewables": { "requiredGlideTWh": 1.69, "requiredFull80TWh": 5.87, "poolBuiltTWh": 4.0, "offshoreEligibleTWh": 1.48, "availableTWh": 5.48, "onshoreCppaTWh": 4.0, "deliveredTWh": 5.48, "gapVsFull80TWh": 0.39, "gapVsGlideTWh": 0.0 }, "system": { "demandTWh": 48.1, "windTWh": 14.1, "solarTWh": 4.0, "dcRenewablesTWh": 5.5, "importsTWh": 7.5, "gasElecTWh": 15.2, "exportsTWh": 0.0, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 31.5, "electricitySectorMt": 6.05, "gridIntensityG": 126 }, "emissions": { "dcGridMt": 2.49, "dcOnsiteMt": 0.675, "electricityCeilingMt": 4.0, "electricitySectorVsCeilingMt": 2.05, "dcGridPctOfElectricityCeiling": 62.0, "commercialCeilingMt": 1.0, "dcOnsitePctOfCommercialCeiling": 68.0 }, "investmentEurBn": { "buildings": 8.7, "itHardwareNew": 11.84, "itHardwareRefresh": 2.47, "grid": 0.31, "firmOnsite": 0.48, "firmSystem": 0.0, "renewablesOnshore": 0.79, "offshore": 1.22, "totalGrowth": 23.33, "totalInclRefresh": 25.8 }, "ratesEurM": 194.7, "jobs": { "operationalDirectFTE": 7064, "constructionDirectFTE": 38500 }, "importsEurBn": 18.89 }, { "year": 2031, "dcAvgMW": 2722, "dcTWh": 23.85, "installedITMW": 4239, "newITMW": 662, "segmentsAvgMW": { "legacy": 660, "parks": 475, "ai": 712 }, "dcSharePctOfMetered": 47.0, "dcSharePctOfSystemDemand": 45.5, "firm": { "dcPeakMW": 2858, "airaaDcPathMW": 1462, "aboveAiraaMW": 1396, "byoRequiredMW": 1933, "byoGasMW": 1546, "byoBatteryMW": 387, "systemFirmGapMW": 0 }, "gas": { "powerGasFuelTWh": 26.8, "dcAttributedGasTWh": 15.9, "onsiteGasFuelTWh": 3.68, "dcPeakDayGWh": 111.1, "roiPeakDayGWh": 400.9, "dcPeakDaySharePct": 27.7, "incrementalDcPeakDayGWh": 75.4, "aboveAiraaPeakDayGWh": 54.3, "pctOfGniHeadroomUsed": 167.0 }, "renewables": { "requiredGlideTWh": 3.08, "requiredFull80TWh": 8.32, "poolBuiltTWh": 5.0, "offshoreEligibleTWh": 4.63, "availableTWh": 9.63, "onshoreCppaTWh": 4.0, "deliveredTWh": 8.63, "gapVsFull80TWh": 0.0, "gapVsGlideTWh": 0.0 }, "system": { "demandTWh": 52.4, "windTWh": 14.6, "solarTWh": 4.6, "dcRenewablesTWh": 8.6, "importsTWh": 7.5, "gasElecTWh": 15.2, "exportsTWh": 0.0, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 28.9, "electricitySectorMt": 6.05, "gridIntensityG": 115 }, "emissions": { "dcGridMt": 2.75, "dcOnsiteMt": 0.895, "electricityCeilingMt": 3.0, "electricitySectorVsCeilingMt": 3.05, "dcGridPctOfElectricityCeiling": 92.0, "commercialCeilingMt": 0.755, "dcOnsitePctOfCommercialCeiling": 119.0 }, "investmentEurBn": { "buildings": 8.24, "itHardwareNew": 11.45, "itHardwareRefresh": 2.47, "grid": 0.28, "firmOnsite": 0.45, "firmSystem": 0.0, "renewablesOnshore": 0.0, "offshore": 0.83, "totalGrowth": 21.25, "totalInclRefresh": 23.72 }, "ratesEurM": 234.4, "jobs": { "operationalDirectFTE": 8313, "constructionDirectFTE": 36385 }, "importsEurBn": 17.62 }, { "year": 2032, "dcAvgMW": 3145, "dcTWh": 27.55, "installedITMW": 4851, "newITMW": 612, "segmentsAvgMW": { "legacy": 770, "parks": 600, "ai": 900 }, "dcSharePctOfMetered": 50.4, "dcSharePctOfSystemDemand": 48.8, "firm": { "dcPeakMW": 3302, "airaaDcPathMW": 1540, "aboveAiraaMW": 1761, "byoRequiredMW": 2442, "byoGasMW": 1953, "byoBatteryMW": 488, "systemFirmGapMW": 0 }, "gas": { "powerGasFuelTWh": 28.5, "dcAttributedGasTWh": 18.6, "onsiteGasFuelTWh": 4.65, "dcPeakDayGWh": 128.3, "roiPeakDayGWh": 418.1, "dcPeakDaySharePct": 30.7, "incrementalDcPeakDayGWh": 92.6, "aboveAiraaPeakDayGWh": 68.4, "pctOfGniHeadroomUsed": 210.0 }, "renewables": { "requiredGlideTWh": 4.83, "requiredFull80TWh": 10.51, "poolBuiltTWh": 6.0, "offshoreEligibleTWh": 4.63, "availableTWh": 10.63, "onshoreCppaTWh": 5.88, "deliveredTWh": 10.51, "gapVsFull80TWh": 0.0, "gapVsGlideTWh": 0.0 }, "system": { "demandTWh": 56.4, "windTWh": 15.2, "solarTWh": 5.2, "dcRenewablesTWh": 10.5, "importsTWh": 7.5, "gasElecTWh": 16.1, "exportsTWh": 0.0, "gasShareOfDemandPct": 28.6, "electricitySectorMt": 6.4, "gridIntensityG": 113 }, "emissions": { "dcGridMt": 3.12, "dcOnsiteMt": 1.093, "electricityCeilingMt": 3.0, "electricitySectorVsCeilingMt": 3.4, "dcGridPctOfElectricityCeiling": 104.0, "commercialCeilingMt": 0.755, "dcOnsitePctOfCommercialCeiling": 145.0 }, "investmentEurBn": { "buildings": 7.59, "itHardwareNew": 10.2, "itHardwareRefresh": 2.47, "grid": 0.25, "firmOnsite": 0.4, "firmSystem": 0.0, "renewablesOnshore": 1.48, "offshore": 0.0, "totalGrowth": 19.93, "totalInclRefresh": 22.4 }, "ratesEurM": 271.1, "jobs": { "operationalDirectFTE": 9471, "constructionDirectFTE": 33635 }, "importsEurBn": 16.5 } ], "totals": { "dcTWh2032": 27.55, "dcAvgMW2032": 3145, "installedITMW2032": 4851, "addedITMW2026_32": 3308, "dcSharePctOfMetered2032": 50.4, "byoFirmMW2032": 2442, "dcPeakAboveAiraaMW2032": 1761, "systemFirmGapMW2032": 0, "dcPeakDaySharePct2032": 30.7, "pctOfGniHeadroomUsed2032": 210.0, "renewablesRequiredFull80TWh2032": 10.51, "renewablesDeliveredTWh2032": 10.51, "renewablesGapTWh2032": 0.0, "renewablesMaxGapTWh": 0.39, "renewablesMaxGapYear": 2030, "poolUsedPct2032": 98.0, "gasShareOfDemandPct2032": 28.6, "electricitySectorMt2032": 6.4, "electricitySectorMt2026_30": 29.2, "electricityBudget2026_30Mt": 20.0, "dcGridMt2026_30": 9.1, "dcOnsiteMt2026_30": 1.47, "commercialBudget2026_30Mt": 5.0, "investmentEurBn2026_32": { "buildings": 40.9, "itHardwareNew": 53.4, "itHardwareRefresh": 17.3, "grid": 1.2, "firmOnsite": 1.9, "firmSystem": 0.0, "renewablesOnshore": 4.6, "offshore": 3.7, "totalGrowth": 105.8, "totalInclRefresh": 123.1 }, "ratesEurM2032": 271.1, "operationalDirectFTE2032": 9471, "constructionDirectFTEPeak": 38500, "importsEurBn2026_32": 91.4 }, "whatMustBeTrue": [ "AI campuses outside Dublin are designated strategic infrastructure with a fixed-time planning route; first 75 MW (avg) energised in 2028, so applications must be lodged in 2026.", "~2,442 MW of on-site/proximate firm capacity is built by 2032; with run hours at 1,000/yr on-site gas uses 145% of the 2032 commercial-buildings ceiling unless it is SEM-registered or runs on biomethane/HVO.", "Peak-day gas: data centres reach 30.7% of the 1-in-50 day; the increment uses 210% of GNI's 10% best-estimate headroom (load above EirGrid's median path), so new entry capacity (LNG/FSRU or storage) is required.", "Offshore accelerated: Oriel in 2030 and Arklow Bank 2 in 2031 (ACP decisions in 2026-27), and 98% of today's ~6.0 TWh permitted onshore pool plus half the SID pipeline contracted by data centres. Worst full-80% gap 0.39 TWh (2030); beyond 2032 every further GW needs new consents.", "Construction workforce of ~38,500 direct FTE at peak (KPMG 55 FTE/MW), 2.7x the 2020 peak of 14,300: labour, housing and contractor capacity become binding.", "Data centres become ~50.4% of metered electricity, with local benefits (rates EUR 271.1m/yr, 9,471 direct operating jobs, peak 38,500 construction jobs) set against that share.", "~EUR 105.8bn of growth capital lands 2026-32 (buildings EUR 40.9bn, AI/IT hardware EUR 53.4bn) (for scale: AWS's announced Spain total is EUR 33.7bn over a different period).", "The electricity sector emits 29.2 Mt over 2026-30 vs a 20 Mt ceiling: either the ceiling is revisited or DC renewables/storage go well beyond the 80% rule." ] } ], "comparison": [ { "name": "Decline", "dcTWh2032": 6.7, "dcSharePctOfMetered2032": 19.8, "addedITMW2026_32": -203, "byoFirmMW2032": 0, "dcPeakDaySharePct2032": 9.7, "renewablesGapTWh2032": 0.0, "electricitySectorMt2026_30": 22.9, "ratesEurM2032": 60.4, "operationalDirectFTE2032": 2875, "importsEurBn2026_32": 17.5, "investmentGrowthEurBn2026_32": 1.5 }, { "name": "Frozen", "dcTWh2032": 12.87, "dcSharePctOfMetered2032": 32.2, "addedITMW2026_32": 915, "byoFirmMW2032": 0, "dcPeakDaySharePct2032": 17.1, "renewablesGapTWh2032": 0.0, "electricitySectorMt2026_30": 27.0, "ratesEurM2032": 127.5, "operationalDirectFTE2032": 4888, "importsEurBn2026_32": 32.1, "investmentGrowthEurBn2026_32": 22.0 }, { "name": "Managed growth", "dcTWh2032": 18.13, "dcSharePctOfMetered2032": 40.0, "addedITMW2026_32": 1838, "byoFirmMW2032": 1062, "dcPeakDaySharePct2032": 22.6, "renewablesGapTWh2032": 0.0, "electricitySectorMt2026_30": 27.2, "ratesEurM2032": 182.9, "operationalDirectFTE2032": 6826, "importsEurBn2026_32": 48.8, "investmentGrowthEurBn2026_32": 48.7 }, { "name": "AI hub", "dcTWh2032": 27.55, "dcSharePctOfMetered2032": 50.4, "addedITMW2026_32": 3308, "byoFirmMW2032": 2442, "dcPeakDaySharePct2032": 30.7, "renewablesGapTWh2032": 0.0, "electricitySectorMt2026_30": 29.2, "ratesEurM2032": 271.1, "operationalDirectFTE2032": 9471, "importsEurBn2026_32": 91.4, "investmentGrowthEurBn2026_32": 105.8 } ], "caveats": [ "This is a scenario model, not a forecast. Numbers marked 'unchecked' (hardware, grid, generation and renewables capex per MW; Celtic; solar yield) are general knowledge and can move results by 30%+.", "Average MW is not IT MW or MIC. The 2025 fleet draws 875 MW on average against ~1,543 MW of installed IT and ~2,000-2,400 MVA contracted.", "The onshore pool is shared: the same permitted wind/solar can win RESS instead, and PlanSight covers only ~54% of RESS projects, so the real pool may be larger.", "The supply balance is energy-only (TWh). It ignores hourly matching, dispatch-down, network constraints and interconnector availability in stress events.", "Electricity ceilings for 2031-35 are not set; 3.0 Mt/yr is an assumption scaled from the national carbon budget. Whether SEM-registered BYO plant counts in electricity or commercial buildings depends on registration.", "IT hardware is the largest and most uncertain line. Comext shows EUR 19.7bn of compute kit imported in the 12 months to Jul 2026 (EUR 4.75bn net of exports); much is re-exported, and customs value is not installed value.", "KPMG's capex and jobs per MW come from a survey and its input-output model; construction FTE/MW is 'inferred'. Rates per MW is KPMG's figure; this index's own estimate implies ~EUR 47k/MW IT.", "Cross-checks: Frozen's 2026-30 electricity-sector total (27 Mt) is above EPA's WAM projection (24.5 Mt) because baseline renewables build here follows recent pace, not plans. Modelled hardware-plus-equipment imports in Frozen (~EUR 4.6bn/yr) are close to Comext's 2025 net compute-kit imports (EUR 4.5bn).", "KPMG's 55 construction FTE/MW reflects past builds; AI campuses put more of their capex into imported hardware, so jobs per EUR invested will be lower.", "Comparisons with Spain (AWS EUR 33.7bn), Finland (Google EUR 13bn) and Portugal (Microsoft US$10bn) use announced totals over different periods." ] }, "facility_specs": { "title": "Facility specifications", "source": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la inspector reports and orders (pleanala.ie); EPA LEAP licence documents (leap.epa.ie); Kildare County Council iDocs; LGMA ePlan register pages (eplanning.ie)", "asOf": "2026-10-03", "method": "Values read from the documents by an LLM reader (one pass per campus group, each value with document, page and a verbatim quote of 25 words or fewer), then quote-checked by build() against the cached text and spot-checked by hand. Campus-level: the latest or most complete figure is kept; 'note' gives scope (phase, building, licence) or derivation. A field is null when none of the documents read states it; null does not mean the campus lacks it.", "fields": { "itLoadMW": { "unit": "MW", "meaning": "IT (critical) load" }, "demandMW": { "unit": "MW", "meaning": "total electrical demand / maximum import capacity in MW" }, "demandMVA": { "unit": "MVA", "meaning": "maximum import capacity (MIC) or connection capacity in MVA" }, "gridKV": { "unit": "kV", "meaning": "grid connection voltage" }, "gridSubstation": { "unit": null, "meaning": "substation / connection point" }, "gridFirmness": { "unit": null, "meaning": "firm, flexible/non-firm, temporary or staged connection terms" }, "genType": { "unit": null, "meaning": "on-site generation: role and technology" }, "genCount": { "unit": "units", "meaning": "number of on-site generating units" }, "genMWe": { "unit": "MWe", "meaning": "total on-site electrical output" }, "genMWth": { "unit": "MWth", "meaning": "total rated thermal input of on-site plant" }, "genFuel": { "unit": null, "meaning": "fuel(s) for on-site plant" }, "genHours": { "unit": null, "meaning": "permitted or expected running hours" }, "batteryMW": { "unit": "MW", "meaning": "battery power" }, "batteryMWh": { "unit": "MWh", "meaning": "battery energy" }, "coolingType": { "unit": null, "meaning": "cooling: air / evaporative / hybrid / liquid" }, "waterM3PerDay": { "unit": "m3/day", "meaning": "water demand" }, "gfaM2": { "unit": "m2", "meaning": "gross floor area of data-centre buildings" }, "dataHalls": { "unit": "halls", "meaning": "number of data halls" }, "phasing": { "unit": null, "meaning": "phases / buildings / build-out sequence" }, "expectedDates": { "unit": null, "meaning": "expected construction / operation dates" }, "pueTarget": { "unit": null, "meaning": "power usage effectiveness target or design value" }, "heatReuse": { "unit": null, "meaning": "waste-heat reuse commitment or provision" }, "renewables": { "unit": null, "meaning": "renewable supply / PPA / CPPA commitment" } }, "campuses": [ { "campusId": "microsoft-grange-castle", "name": "Microsoft Grange Castle", "operator": "Microsoft", "status": "operating", "council": "South Dublin", "scope": "Whole Microsoft Grange Castle campus across three EPA IE licences: P1190 (DUB3-5), P1191 (DUB6-13) and P1187 (DUB14-15, with gas engines); campus totals are summed across licences (derived).", "specs": { "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "demandMVA": null, "gridKV": null, "gridSubstation": null, "gridFirmness": { "value": "flexible (DUB15 gas plant runs for grid demand reduction)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:0c36fae7-a803-44cc-b035-5d0465cf3ba4", "title": "EPA P1187-01: P1187-01 (DUB14-15) AER 2024 Final.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/0c36fae7-a803-44cc-b035-5d0465cf3ba4.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 9, "quote": "The gas generation plant will operate for up to 8 hours a day, during peak demand periods, 365 days a year", "note": "DUB14-15 only; to meet the utilities' flexible demand policy. Other buildings: standard grid connection, backup diesel.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genType": { "value": "backup diesel generators (DUB3-15) + gas engines for grid demand reduction (DUB15)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280879455", "title": "EPA P1187-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280879455.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "A standby gas generation plant (consisting of 22 gas engines) will be installed and operated when the grid operator requires a reduction in demand", "note": "22 gas engines serve DUB15; 21 diesel generators serve DUB14; DUB3-5 and DUB6-13 have diesel backup only.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 179, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b2808790a3", "title": "EPA P1191-01: IR-LA010454", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2808790a3.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 3, "quote": "There are 95 diesel generators and associated sub-station infrastructure.", "note": "derived: 95 (P1191 DUB6-13) + 41 diesel (P1190 DUB3-5, IR p2) + 43 (P1187 DUB14-15: 22 gas engines + 21 diesel, IR p4) = 179. Excludes fire pumps and <1 MWth units.", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "genMWe": null, "genMWth": { "value": 1134.66, "unit": "MWth", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b2808790a3", "title": "EPA P1191-01: IR-LA010454", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2808790a3.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 3, "quote": "The total capacity is 579.28 MWth.", "note": "derived: 579.28 (P1191) + 212.58 (P1190, IR p3) + 342.8 (P1187, IR p4: 22x7.6 gas + 20x8.66 + 1x2.4 diesel) = 1,134.66 MWth.", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "genFuel": { "value": "diesel/HVO (backup); natural gas (DUB15 engines)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:61031159-d228-4c09-82ba-64b8ce219a13", "title": "EPA P1191-01: AER P1191 Final 31-3-26.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/61031159-d228-4c09-82ba-64b8ce219a13.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 16, "quote": "The increase in 2025 reflects the full transition of all generators associated with this licence to HVO operation", "note": "HVO across P1190 and P1191 in 2025; P1187 first burned natural gas in 2025 (4,480.61 GJ, AER p15).", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genHours": { "value": "diesel 200 h/yr (admin 100 h/yr); DUB15 gas engines up to 8 h/day", "unit": "h/yr", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280879455", "title": "EPA P1187-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280879455.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 14, "quote": "The RD limits the operation of diesel generators to 200 hours per year", "note": "Same 200 h/yr limit for data-hall generators in P1190 (IR p11) and P1191 (IR p11); gas engines expected up to 8 h/day, 365 days (IR p2).", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": { "value": "evaporative (free-air cooling with evaporative assist <5% of year)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b2808790a3", "title": "EPA P1191-01: IR-LA010454", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2808790a3.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 12, "quote": "The evaporative cooling system for the data halls operates in two modes; free cooling and evaporative cooling.", "note": "Same design at DUB3-5 and DUB14-15 (rainwater-fed at DUB14-15).", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "waterM3PerDay": { "value": 44.25, "unit": "m3/day", "source": { "doc": "epa:61031159-d228-4c09-82ba-64b8ce219a13", "title": "EPA P1191-01: AER P1191 Final 31-3-26.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/61031159-d228-4c09-82ba-64b8ce219a13.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 18, "quote": "Public Supply 4557.10 -18.59%", "note": "derived: 2025 water use 4,557.10 (P1191) + 8,674.58 (P1190, AER p18) + 2,919.50 (P1187, AER p18) = 16,151.18 m3/yr / 365 = 44.25 m3/day average.", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "gfaM2": null, "dataHalls": null, "phasing": { "value": "DUB3-5 2008-13; DUB6-13 2014-22; DUB14-15 from 2023", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b2808790a3", "title": "EPA P1191-01: IR-LA010454", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2808790a3.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "DUB 6 in 2014, DUB 7 and 8 from 2016 and DUB 9, 10, 12 and 13 in the period between 2018 and 2022", "note": "DUB3 c.2008, DUB4 c.2012, DUB5 c.2013 (P1190 IR p2).", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "expectedDates": { "value": "DUB14 live 2023-24; DUB15 phased commissioning 2024-25+", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:0c36fae7-a803-44cc-b035-5d0465cf3ba4", "title": "EPA P1187-01: P1187-01 (DUB14-15) AER 2024 Final.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/0c36fae7-a803-44cc-b035-5d0465cf3ba4.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 9, "quote": "The remainder of DUB14 went live in 2024 with 2 data halls in DUB 15 going live in 2024.", "note": "DUB14 first data hall live 24 July 2023; rest of DUB15 still under construction/commissioning per 2024 AER; continued phased deployment in 2025 (AER 2025 p16).", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": { "value": "provision for heat-recovery coils / district heating at DUB14-15 (not yet built)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280879455", "title": "EPA P1187-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280879455.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 19, "quote": "the cooling system at the installation can be amended to accommodate the installation of heat recovery coils and an underground waste heat primary circuit", "note": "Also a 2023 feasibility study on reusing DB3 data-hall waste heat on site (P1190 AER 2023 p41).", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "renewables": { "value": "small on-site PV (50.6 GJ in 2025 at DUB6-13); HVO in generators", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:61031159-d228-4c09-82ba-64b8ce219a13", "title": "EPA P1191-01: AER P1191 Final 31-3-26.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/61031159-d228-4c09-82ba-64b8ce219a13.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 16, "quote": "Renewable energy produced onsite increased by 32.4% with 50.6 GJ generated from PV panels.", "note": "No PPA/CPPA stated in the listed EPA documents.", "verified": "page", "derived": false } }, "fieldsFilled": 12, "documentsRead": [ "epa:090151b280879455", "epa:090151b28087481a", "epa:090151b2808790a3", "epa:0c36fae7-a803-44cc-b035-5d0465cf3ba4", "epa:756ed289-739f-4a3f-85ce-c0e411c991ab", "epa:9019c07a-0ea9-47b4-8d4e-e7bd5019af9e", "epa:61031159-d228-4c09-82ba-64b8ce219a13", "epa:06c51b0b-6eb8-4102-ab23-4946868c97b1", "epa:28309db3-5738-4d62-8425-885b93b8b3f0", "epa:026458a9-4e24-41cc-9820-c0c5c6d959fb" ] }, { "campusId": "microsoft-huntstown", "name": "Microsoft Huntstown (Energia/Huntstown Power data centres)", "operator": "Microsoft", "status": "under construction", "council": "Fingal", "scope": "Proposed 2-building data centre (A and B) by Huntstown Power Co (Energia) beside Huntstown power station, end user Microsoft; ABP-313583-22, granted by the Board 2025 against inspector's refusal recommendation.", "specs": { "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": { "value": 150, "unit": "MW", "source": { "doc": "acp:313583a", "title": "ACP 313583 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/313/r313583a.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 9, "quote": "The 150MW maximum operational capacity is referenced as is the ramping up and the typical operating by data centres at 81% IT load.", "note": "Worst-case maximum; equivalent to 1,310 GWh/yr (inspector's report p34).", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "demandMVA": null, "gridKV": { "value": 220, "unit": "kV", "source": { "doc": "acp:313583", "title": "ACP 313583 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/313/r313583.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 5, "quote": "There is a concurrent application under ABP-311528-21 for the development of an 220kV substation and associated electrical infrastructure.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridSubstation": { "value": "Mooretown 220kV substation (separate SID application ABP-311528-21)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:313583", "title": "ACP 313583 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/313/r313583.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 5, "quote": "The proposed substation will be known as Mooretown Substation.", "note": "Temporary substation also on site; Transmission Connection Agreement with EirGrid dated 8 March 2021.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridFirmness": null, "genType": { "value": "emergency (backup) diesel generators", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:313583", "title": "ACP 313583 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/313/r313583.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 15, "quote": "diesel generators are used only in the case of emergency and routine testing", "note": "No on-site primary generation; siting next to Huntstown power station cited as avoiding the need for on-site gas plant.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 58, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "acp:313583", "title": "ACP 313583 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/313/r313583.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 7, "quote": "external plant and 58 no. emergency generators in a generator yard east and west of buildings A and B", "note": "29 per data hall building.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWe": null, "genMWth": null, "genFuel": { "value": "diesel", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:313583", "title": "ACP 313583 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/313/r313583.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 15, "quote": "diesel generators are used only in the case of emergency and routine testing", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genHours": { "value": "no hours cap stated; >33 h/yr would breach air quality standards", "unit": "h/yr", "source": { "doc": "acp:313583", "title": "ACP 313583 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/313/r313583.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 78, "quote": "running of the emergency generators for over 33 hours per annum will breach air quality standards", "note": "Inspector's assessment of applicant's EIAR, not a permit limit.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": { "value": "evaporative", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:313583", "title": "ACP 313583 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/313/r313583.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 38, "quote": "The evaporative cooling design selected has due regard to the potential impacts on water consumption.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "waterM3PerDay": { "value": 13.3, "unit": "m3/day", "source": { "doc": "acp:313583", "title": "ACP 313583 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/313/r313583.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 38, "quote": "Process water supply from the proposed development has been estimated as 4,842.4 m3 per annum.", "note": "derived: 4,842.4 m3/yr / 365 = 13.3 m3/day average process water; peak 56 l/s for ~24 h/yr.", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "gfaM2": { "value": 75294, "unit": "m2", "source": { "doc": "acp:313583", "title": "ACP 313583 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/313/r313583.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 7, "quote": "buildings A and B are of gross floor area of 37,647 m\u00b2 each", "note": "derived: 2 x 37,647 m2.", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "dataHalls": null, "phasing": { "value": "2 buildings (A, B); consumption ramps up over ~7 years", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:313583", "title": "ACP 313583 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/313/r313583.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 37, "quote": "The stipulation that all of the offsetting renewables be in operation in advance discounts the ramp of energy consumption, which will take 7 years.", "note": "Applicant's statement as summarised by the inspector.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "expectedDates": { "value": "10-year permission from 2025 Board order", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:order_313583", "title": "ACP 313583 Board order", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/313/d313583.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 11, "quote": "This permission shall be for a period of 10 years from the date of the Order", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": { "value": "space reserved for future district heating connection", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:313583", "title": "ACP 313583 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/313/r313583.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 12, "quote": "Sufficient space has been reserved on site to accommodate pipework and other infrastructure to supply district heating in the future.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "renewables": { "value": "CPPAs with Energia; ~900 MW renewables pipeline committed to Microsoft; rooftop PV", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:313583a", "title": "ACP 313583 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/313/r313583a.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 8, "quote": "Energia Group has approximately 900 MW of renewables in the pipeline which are committed to Microsoft.", "note": "Two initial contracts totalling 74 MW advanced; 634 MW MEC solar within 35 km (addendum p8-9).", "verified": "page", "derived": false } }, "fieldsFilled": 14, "documentsRead": [ "acp:313583", "acp:313583a", "acp:order_313583" ] }, { "campusId": "google-grange-castle-south", "name": "Google Grange Castle South", "operator": "Google", "status": "operating", "council": "South Dublin", "scope": "Google Ireland campus at Grange Castle South: existing DC1 and DC2 (EPA licence P1189-01) plus DC3 expansion (72,400 m2, 8 data halls) granted on appeal ABP-320852-24 in 2026; figures campus-wide unless noted.", "specs": { "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": { "value": 101, "unit": "MW", "source": { "doc": "acp:320852", "title": "ACP 320852 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/320/r320852.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 153, "quote": "Total annual energy consumption based on 100% IT load is approximately 883GWh", "note": "derived: 883 GWh / 8760 h = ~101 MW average for DC1-DC3 at 100% IT load. 2025 actual DC1-2 grid use 819,090 GJ (~26 MW avg, AER 2025 p12).", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "demandMVA": { "value": 130, "unit": "MVA", "source": { "doc": "acp:320852", "title": "ACP 320852 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/320/r320852.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 58, "quote": "This connection agreement entitles GIL to import up to 130MVA which is sufficient to meet the energy demands of the existing and proposed data centres.", "note": "Covers DC1, DC2 and DC3; EirGrid agreement 2021.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridKV": { "value": 110, "unit": "kV", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280877441", "title": "EPA P1189-01: Inspectors Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280877441.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 3, "quote": "Power to the installation is provided by two on-site 110 kV transformers within a substation, owned by the applicant", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridSubstation": { "value": "Barnakyle substation via on-site 110 kV substation", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:320852", "title": "ACP 320852 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/320/r320852.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 151, "quote": "providing power to the existing GIL campus via the Barnakyle substation through an existing Eirgrid connection", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridFirmness": { "value": "firm (existing fixed grid connection)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:320852", "title": "ACP 320852 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/320/r320852.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 58, "quote": "the Applicant benefits from an existing fixed grid connection and connection agreement signed with Eirgrid in 2021", "note": "Document says 'fixed'; interpreted as firm.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genType": { "value": "backup diesel generators", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:320852", "title": "ACP 320852 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/320/r320852.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 88, "quote": "Potential direct effects would relate to emissions from the additional 45 diesel back-up generators to be used on DC3.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 69, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "acp:320852", "title": "ACP 320852 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/320/r320852.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 81, "quote": "There are 24 existing generators that have been tested. The development proposes 45 generators.", "note": "derived: 24 existing (DC1-2, P1189) + 45 additional for DC3 = 69; one passage (p79) says '45 in total', but p88 calls them 'additional'.", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "genMWe": null, "genMWth": null, "genFuel": { "value": "diesel (HVO possible)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:320852", "title": "ACP 320852 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/320/r320852.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 56, "quote": "there is potential for the backup generators to run on HVO", "note": "Existing P1189 generators burn diesel/light fuel oil (AER 2025: 4,015.2 GJ).", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genHours": { "value": 100, "unit": "h/yr", "source": { "doc": "acp:320852", "title": "ACP 320852 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/320/r320852.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 81, "quote": "Emergency operation of the generators would be limited to 100 hours per year", "note": "Commitment for revised licence across full campus; current P1189 licence allows 150 h/yr (EPA IR p21).", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": { "value": "air (direct free air cooling, no water humidification)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280877441", "title": "EPA P1189-01: Inspectors Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280877441.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 3, "quote": "The data halls are cooled using a direct free air cooling system.", "note": "DC1-DC2 per EPA licence report.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "waterM3PerDay": { "value": 9.15, "unit": "m3/day", "source": { "doc": "epa:06296e48-321f-4c8e-b8d2-322574354684", "title": "EPA P1189-01: AER-template-2021_V4-Final PPK.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/06296e48-321f-4c8e-b8d2-322574354684.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 14, "quote": "Public Supply 3340.85 -6%", "note": "derived: 2025 public supply 3,340.85 m3/yr / 365 = 9.15 m3/day (DC1-2).", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "gfaM2": { "value": 38115, "unit": "m2", "source": { "doc": "acp:320852", "title": "ACP 320852 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/320/r320852.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 6, "quote": "Whilst gross floor area equates to 38,115sqm, the total developed area inclusive of ancillary support areas comprises 72,400sqm.", "note": "DC3 only (data halls 25,530 m2); DC1-2 not given.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "dataHalls": { "value": 8, "unit": "halls", "source": { "doc": "acp:320852", "title": "ACP 320852 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/320/r320852.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 6, "quote": "a 72,400m2 data storage facility (DC3) which would incorporate eight data halls", "note": "DC3 only.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "phasing": null, "expectedDates": { "value": "DC3: 10-year permission from 2026 Commission order", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:order_320852", "title": "ACP 320852 Board order", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/320/d320852.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 10, "quote": "The period during which the development hereby permitted may be carried out shall be 10 years from the date of this Order.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": { "value": "district heating connection safeguarded to site boundary, pending off-taker", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:320852", "title": "ACP 320852 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/320/r320852.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 32, "quote": "The development includes measures to facilitate district heating. The system would be completed once a suitable off-taker establishes a district heat network", "note": "EPA report also notes reuse of waste heat on site (IR p16).", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "renewables": { "value": "14-year CPPA for 58 MW Tullabeg solar; DC3 to be offset by new CPPAs (condition 5); rooftop PV", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:320852", "title": "ACP 320852 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/320/r320852.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 54, "quote": "a 14 year agreement (with option to extend) with Power Capital Renewable Energy for 58MW of new to the grid capacity", "note": "Order condition 5 requires CPPAs matching DC3 fossil electricity (order p11); c.70 MW onshore wind exclusivity under negotiation.", "verified": "page", "derived": false } }, "fieldsFilled": 16, "documentsRead": [ "epa:090151b280877441", "epa:090151b28089317b", "epa:06296e48-321f-4c8e-b8d2-322574354684", "epa:8c0e1001-3657-4b4c-a1dd-0b288d1e5edc", "acp:320852", "acp:order_320852" ] }, { "campusId": "cyrusone-grange-castle-south", "name": "CyrusOne Grange Castle South", "operator": "CyrusOne", "status": "operating", "council": "South Dublin", "scope": "CyrusOne two-storey, 4-data-hall data centre plus office at Grange Castle South (ABP-302813-18, granted 2019); no power demand figure stated in the documents.", "specs": { "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "demandMVA": null, "gridKV": { "value": 110, "unit": "kV", "source": { "doc": "acp:302813", "title": "ACP 302813 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/302/r302813.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 48, "quote": "The intended supply arrangement will be from 2 no. 110kV feeders from the EirGrid substation which will be routed to the on-site substation.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridSubstation": { "value": "new on-site 110kV substation fed from adjoining EirGrid West Dublin 220/110kV substation", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:302813", "title": "ACP 302813 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/302/r302813.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 48, "quote": "It is proposed to construct an on-site substation to transform the voltage from the 110kV feed to 20kV.", "note": "EirGrid 220/110kV substation lies to the north-east (p4).", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridFirmness": null, "genType": { "value": "containerised standby diesel generators", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:302813", "title": "ACP 302813 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/302/r302813.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 5, "quote": "32 containerised standby diesel generators with 2 associated flues per generator (64 in total)", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 32, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "acp:302813", "title": "ACP 302813 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/302/r302813.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 5, "quote": "32 containerised standby diesel generators with 2 associated flues per generator (64 in total)", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWe": null, "genMWth": null, "genFuel": { "value": "diesel", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:302813", "title": "ACP 302813 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/302/r302813.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 5, "quote": "32 containerised standby diesel generators with 2 associated flues per generator (64 in total)", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genHours": null, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": { "value": "chillers (32 roof-gantry chillers)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:302813", "title": "ACP 302813 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/302/r302813.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 5, "quote": "There are proposed to be 32 acoustically attenuated chillers located on the upper level plant gantries", "note": "Cooling medium (air/water) not stated.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "waterM3PerDay": null, "gfaM2": { "value": 32419, "unit": "m2", "source": { "doc": "acp:302813", "title": "ACP 302813 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/302/r302813.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 5, "quote": "The two storey data centre facility and delivery bay (32,419sq.m)", "note": "Data centre block only; total incl. 3-storey office 35,426 m2.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "dataHalls": { "value": 4, "unit": "halls", "source": { "doc": "acp:302813", "title": "ACP 302813 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/302/r302813.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 5, "quote": "a single data hall on each floor of each block with service and technical space around each data hall (4 data halls overall)", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "phasing": null, "expectedDates": { "value": "14-18 month construction period (permission 2019)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:302813", "title": "ACP 302813 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/302/r302813.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 33, "quote": "The potential implementation of the new data hall will occur over a 14-18 month construction period.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": { "value": "future-proofing for district energy connection (planning condition)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:order_302813", "title": "ACP 302813 Board order", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/302/d302813.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 14, "quote": "to facilitate future connection to district energy networks in the area", "note": "Heat Recovery Feasibility Report submitted with application.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "renewables": null }, "fieldsFilled": 10, "documentsRead": [ "acp:302813", "acp:order_302813" ] }, { "campusId": "amazon-aws-clonshaugh", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Clonshaugh", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "status": "operating", "council": "Dublin City", "scope": "Two adjoining EPA-licensed installations: P1171 (Buildings A-F, 105 generators) and P1186 (Buildings W, X, Y + U, V after the 2026 review); figures are P1171 unless noted, with P1186 given in notes.", "specs": { "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "demandMVA": null, "gridKV": { "value": 110, "unit": "kV", "source": { "doc": "epa:04cbf449-4b4f-4297-bcf7-c24464a9d174", "title": "EPA P1186-02: LA-IR P1186-02 Amazon.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/04cbf449-4b4f-4297-bcf7-c24464a9d174.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 6, "quote": "The site includes the Newbury 110 kV Substation, which is owned and under the control of the ESB.", "note": "P1186 part of campus; extension (Buildings U, V) fed from a separate ESB substation", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridSubstation": { "value": "Newbury 110 kV GIS substation (ESB), plus separate ESB substation for Buildings U/V", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:7f92ea24-dc91-4529-ae9d-e0e4c284c08d", "title": "EPA P1186-02: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_22.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/7f92ea24-dc91-4529-ae9d-e0e4c284c08d.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 7, "quote": "connection to an 110kV Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) Substation (Newbury Station)", "note": "P1186 installation; P1171 substation not named", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridFirmness": null, "genType": { "value": "backup diesel generators", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280874ea0", "title": "EPA P1171-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280874ea0.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "there will be 103 no. 6.49 MWth diesel generators at the installation", "note": "P1171; plus 2 x 2.19 MWth generators and 4 fire pumps; 11 are 'catcher' (redundant) units", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 105, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280874ea0", "title": "EPA P1171-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280874ea0.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 1, "quote": "The licence is for the operation of 105 no. generators as part of a data storage campus.", "note": "P1171 only; P1186 (post-2026 review) adds 52 back-up generators, campus ~157", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWe": null, "genMWth": { "value": 672.85, "unit": "MWth", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280874ea0", "title": "EPA P1171-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280874ea0.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "Given that the combined thermal input from the generators is 672.85 MWth", "note": "P1171 only; P1186 adds 290.95 MWth (Attachment 4-4-1), campus total ~963.8 MWth (derived)", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "genFuel": { "value": "diesel / HVO", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:04cbf449-4b4f-4297-bcf7-c24464a9d174", "title": "EPA P1186-02: LA-IR P1186-02 Amazon.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/04cbf449-4b4f-4297-bcf7-c24464a9d174.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 10, "quote": "may operate using gas oil (diesel) or HVO (Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil) fuel, with a preference to use only HVO when supply is available", "note": "P1186 review; P1171 AER also reports diesel + HVO", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genHours": { "value": 72, "unit": "h/yr per generator", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280874ea0", "title": "EPA P1171-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280874ea0.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 9, "quote": "The operation of the generators is restricted to no more than 72 hours/year, at no more than 90% load", "note": "P1171; P1186-02 allows 150 h/yr at 100% load, <=248.11 MWth simultaneously", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": { "value": "evaporative (free cooling + evaporative AHUs)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280874ea0", "title": "EPA P1171-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280874ea0.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 11, "quote": "The evaporative cooling system for the data halls operates in two modes; free cooling and evaporative cooling.", "note": "P1186 Building V uses refrigerant-based mechanical cooling instead", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "waterM3PerDay": { "value": 8.0, "unit": "m3/day", "source": { "doc": "epa:bc4198f1-1fa7-4f2e-be31-0b9f5e99993c", "title": "EPA P1171-01: P1171-01-Annual Environmental Report-2025.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/bc4198f1-1fa7-4f2e-be31-0b9f5e99993c.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 16, "quote": "Total Water Used 2,910.65 -86%", "note": "derived: 2,910.65 m3 in 2025 / 365 (P1171 only); P1186 used 2,563.18 m3 in 2025; licence application projected 17,879 m3/yr", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "gfaM2": null, "dataHalls": null, "phasing": { "value": "6 buildings A-F (A-D existing, E-F extension); P1186 adds U and V to W, X, Y", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280874ea0", "title": "EPA P1171-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280874ea0.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "When fully constructed the site will consist of 6 no. data storage installations (Building A to F).", "note": "P1171", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "expectedDates": { "value": "Building E 2023; Building F early 2024", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280874ea0", "title": "EPA P1171-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280874ea0.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "Building E is to be operational by 2023, and Building F is to be operational by the beginning of 2024.", "note": "P1171, as stated in 2023 inspector's report", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": { "value": "heat-recovery ready; no district heating network yet", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280874ea0", "title": "EPA P1171-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280874ea0.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 14, "quote": "designed to facilitate the incorporation of heat recovery coils and an underground waste heat primary circuit, should a district heating system be developed", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "renewables": { "value": "CPPAs in three wind projects; rooftop PV (26 kWe per building on E and F)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280874ea0", "title": "EPA P1171-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280874ea0.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 15, "quote": "its investment through Corporate Power Purchase Agreements (CCPAS) in three major wind projects", "note": "PV: 26 kWe per building, p14", "verified": "page", "derived": false } }, "fieldsFilled": 13, "documentsRead": [ "epa:090151b280874ea0", "epa:090151b28087521c", "epa:04cbf449-4b4f-4297-bcf7-c24464a9d174", "epa:7f92ea24-dc91-4529-ae9d-e0e4c284c08d", "epa:a98c9f00-fb07-4e2b-8234-eb9179153c35", "epa:c263f5a2-f690-46af-bf15-a260884f3ffe", "epa:bc4198f1-1fa7-4f2e-be31-0b9f5e99993c", "epa:7e3d2b6f-cb9a-4528-ad23-01ffc34e9391" ] }, { "campusId": "amazon-aws-grange-castle-south", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Grange Castle South", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "status": "operating", "council": "South Dublin", "scope": "P1170 installation (Buildings A-C, 16.5 ha, full build-out) as primary figures; the adjacent leased single-building P1184 installation is given in notes.", "specs": { "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "demandMVA": null, "gridKV": null, "gridSubstation": null, "gridFirmness": null, "genType": { "value": "backup diesel generators (plus house generators)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280879452", "title": "EPA P1170-01: Inspector's Report -LA007494", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280879452.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "there will be 70 no. 6.49 MWth diesel generators, 3 no. 2.19 MWth house generators", "note": "P1170 full build-out", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 73, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280879452", "title": "EPA P1170-01: Inspector's Report -LA007494", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280879452.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "there will be 70 no. 6.49 MWth diesel generators, 3 no. 2.19 MWth house generators", "note": "derived: 70 + 3 (P1170, excl. 2 fire pumps); P1184 adds 16 x 6.49 MWth", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "genMWe": null, "genMWth": { "value": 460.87, "unit": "MWth", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280879452", "title": "EPA P1170-01: Inspector's Report -LA007494", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280879452.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "the combined thermal input from the generators is 460.87 MWth", "note": "P1170; P1184 adds 103.84 MWth, campus ~564.7 MWth (derived)", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "genFuel": { "value": "diesel / HVO", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:d30f01fa-7b3c-4f1d-b37d-be8909ba4629", "title": "EPA P1170-01: P1170-01-Annual Environmental Report-2025.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/d30f01fa-7b3c-4f1d-b37d-be8909ba4629.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 15, "quote": "The backup generators on the site operate on light fuel oil (Diesel) and Renewable Biomass (Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO)).", "note": "P1170 AER 2025", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genHours": { "value": 72, "unit": "h/yr per generator", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280879452", "title": "EPA P1170-01: Inspector's Report -LA007494", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280879452.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 11, "quote": "limits the operation of each generator to 72 hours per year at no more than 90% load", "note": "P1170, <=421.93 MWth simultaneously; P1184 allows 100 h/yr", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": { "value": "evaporative (free cooling + evaporative AHUs)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280879452", "title": "EPA P1170-01: Inspector's Report -LA007494", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280879452.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 3, "quote": "The AHUs can operate under two modes; Free Cooling and Evaporative Cooling.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "waterM3PerDay": { "value": 3.1, "unit": "m3/day", "source": { "doc": "epa:d30f01fa-7b3c-4f1d-b37d-be8909ba4629", "title": "EPA P1170-01: P1170-01-Annual Environmental Report-2025.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/d30f01fa-7b3c-4f1d-b37d-be8909ba4629.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 16, "quote": "Total Water Used 1,132.66 -87%", "note": "derived: 1,132.66 m3 in 2025 / 365 (P1170 only); P1184 used 2,469.87 m3 in 2025", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "gfaM2": { "value": 80269, "unit": "m2", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280879452", "title": "EPA P1170-01: Inspector's Report -LA007494", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280879452.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "Buildings A, B and C, with a gross floor area of 80,269sqm.", "note": "P1170 full build-out (A 28,573; B 21,725; C 28,573 sqm)", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "dataHalls": null, "phasing": { "value": "3 buildings built in sequence (A, B, C)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280879452", "title": "EPA P1170-01: Inspector's Report -LA007494", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280879452.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "Once fully constructed the site will consist of three two-story data storage buildings", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "expectedDates": { "value": "A done Q1 2024; B first hall Q2 2024, complete Q4 2026; C Q1 2026-Q3 2028", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280879452", "title": "EPA P1170-01: Inspector's Report -LA007494", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280879452.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 3, "quote": "Construction will commence in Q1 2026, and construction work is expected to be completed by Q3 2028.", "note": "Building C dates quoted; A and B on same page", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": { "value": "heat export judged prohibitively costly (P1184 building)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280875e4e", "title": "EPA P1184-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280875e4e.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 16, "quote": "conducted a feasibility study for heat recovery and export at the installation and concluded that the costs of such a project were prohibitively high", "note": "P1184 only", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "renewables": { "value": "on-site PV 219.45 kWe; CPPAs in three wind projects", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280879452", "title": "EPA P1170-01: Inspector's Report -LA007494", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280879452.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 17, "quote": "Renewables energy generated and used on site 219.45 kWe", "note": "CPPA mention on same page", "verified": "page", "derived": false } }, "fieldsFilled": 12, "documentsRead": [ "epa:090151b280879452", "epa:090151b280875e4e", "epa:d30f01fa-7b3c-4f1d-b37d-be8909ba4629", "epa:8d3453b5-f0c5-4d9a-a2fe-aa338f484415", "epa:dacb2948-a6ba-4fc7-a0af-fcc834f5fae6" ] }, { "campusId": "amazon-aws-belgard-tallaght", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Belgard, Tallaght", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "status": "operating", "council": "South Dublin", "scope": "P1173 installation at Airton Road, Tallaght: two operating buildings (A 2017, B 2021) on c. 8.1 ha.", "specs": { "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": { "value": 83, "unit": "MWe", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280874817", "title": "EPA P1173-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280874817.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "thereby giving an overall maximum operational demand of 83 MWe for the installation", "note": "Building A 35 MWe + Building B 48 MWe", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "demandMVA": null, "gridKV": null, "gridSubstation": null, "gridFirmness": null, "genType": { "value": "backup diesel generators", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280874817", "title": "EPA P1173-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280874817.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "There are 27 no. 6.46 MWth diesel fired generators and 26 no. 6.49 MWth diesel fired generators", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 53, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280874817", "title": "EPA P1173-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280874817.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "While there is a total of 53 no. generators, 4 no. of the generators will serve as", "note": "4 are 'catcher' (redundant) units", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWe": null, "genMWth": { "value": 343.16, "unit": "MWth", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280874817", "title": "EPA P1173-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280874817.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "the combined thermal input from the generators is 343.16 MWth", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genFuel": { "value": "diesel / HVO", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:45b512a3-d54e-493a-9d32-dd4136f33e47", "title": "EPA P1173-01: P1173-01-Annual Environmental Report-2025.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/45b512a3-d54e-493a-9d32-dd4136f33e47.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 14, "quote": "The backup generators on the site operate on light fuel oil (Diesel) and Renewable Biomass (Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO)).", "note": "AER 2025", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genHours": { "value": 72, "unit": "h/yr per generator", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280874817", "title": "EPA P1173-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280874817.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 9, "quote": "restricted to 72 hours per year at 90% load, with no more than 317.26 MWth operating simultaneously", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": { "value": "evaporative", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280874817", "title": "EPA P1173-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280874817.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 10, "quote": "The residual cooling water associated with the evaporative cooling process", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "waterM3PerDay": { "value": 5.4, "unit": "m3/day", "source": { "doc": "epa:45b512a3-d54e-493a-9d32-dd4136f33e47", "title": "EPA P1173-01: P1173-01-Annual Environmental Report-2025.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/45b512a3-d54e-493a-9d32-dd4136f33e47.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 15, "quote": "Total Water Used 1,978.35 -43%", "note": "derived: 1,978.35 m3 in 2025 / 365; application projected 14,918 m3/yr", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "gfaM2": null, "dataHalls": null, "phasing": { "value": "2 buildings (A, B), both operating", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280874817", "title": "EPA P1173-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280874817.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "The installation comprises 2 no. two storey data storage buildings (Building A and B).", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "expectedDates": { "value": "Building A 2017; Building B April 2021", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280874817", "title": "EPA P1173-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280874817.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "Building A) commenced operation in 2017, while the second data storage building (Building B) came into operation in April 2021", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": { "value": "up to 4 MW thermal to Tallaght District Heating Network", "unit": "MWth", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280874817", "title": "EPA P1173-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280874817.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 15, "quote": "it will provide up to 4MW of thermal energy to the Tallaght District Heating Network", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "renewables": { "value": "CPPAs in three wind projects", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280874817", "title": "EPA P1173-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280874817.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 15, "quote": "its investment through Corporate Power Purchase Agreements (CCPAS) in three major wind projects", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false } }, "fieldsFilled": 12, "documentsRead": [ "epa:090151b280874817", "epa:45b512a3-d54e-493a-9d32-dd4136f33e47", "epa:bce6c592-9719-4937-9e39-29ca7ea7281a" ] }, { "campusId": "amazon-aws-greenhills-road-tallaght", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Greenhills Road, Tallaght", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "status": "operating", "council": "South Dublin", "scope": "P1177 installation in Hibernian Industrial Estate: three buildings (A-C) on 7.72 ha.", "specs": { "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "demandMVA": null, "gridKV": null, "gridSubstation": null, "gridFirmness": null, "genType": { "value": "backup diesel generators", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b2808746ab", "title": "EPA P1177-01: Inspectors Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2808746ab.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "The generators consist of 37 no. 5.19 MWth diesel generators and 9 no. 6.60 MWth diesel generators.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 46, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b2808746ab", "title": "EPA P1177-01: Inspectors Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2808746ab.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "46 generators associated with the data halls and 4 diesel powered fire pumps", "note": "excl. 4 fire pumps; 4 serve as standby", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWe": null, "genMWth": { "value": 253.11, "unit": "MWth", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b2808746ab", "title": "EPA P1177-01: Inspectors Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2808746ab.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "the combined thermal input from generators (253.11 MWth)", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genFuel": { "value": "diesel / HVO", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:a6bb6933-65be-46c5-871e-ebd91e39bc43", "title": "EPA P1177-01: P1177-01-Annual Environmental Report-2025.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/a6bb6933-65be-46c5-871e-ebd91e39bc43.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 15, "quote": "The backup generators on the site operate on light fuel oil (Diesel) and Renewable Biomass (Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO)).", "note": "AER 2025", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genHours": { "value": 72, "unit": "h/yr", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b2808746ab", "title": "EPA P1177-01: Inspectors Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2808746ab.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 9, "quote": "Schedule A restricts the operation of the generators to up to 72 hours per year", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": { "value": "evaporative", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b2808746ab", "title": "EPA P1177-01: Inspectors Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2808746ab.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 3, "quote": "residual cooling water (recirculated mains water) associated with the evaporative cooling process in the Air Handling Units", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "waterM3PerDay": { "value": 11.5, "unit": "m3/day", "source": { "doc": "epa:a6bb6933-65be-46c5-871e-ebd91e39bc43", "title": "EPA P1177-01: P1177-01-Annual Environmental Report-2025.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/a6bb6933-65be-46c5-871e-ebd91e39bc43.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 17, "quote": "Total Water Used 4,199 111%", "note": "derived: 4,199 m3 in 2025 / 365; application projected 23,913 m3/yr", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "gfaM2": null, "dataHalls": null, "phasing": { "value": "3 buildings (A-C)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b2808746ab", "title": "EPA P1177-01: Inspectors Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2808746ab.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "The facility consists of 3 no. two storey data storage buildings (Building A to C).", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "expectedDates": null, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": { "value": "Buildings B and C heat-recovery ready", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b2808746ab", "title": "EPA P1177-01: Inspectors Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2808746ab.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 14, "quote": "Buildings B and C at the installation can accommodate the future installation of heat recovery coils", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "renewables": null }, "fieldsFilled": 9, "documentsRead": [ "epa:090151b2808746ab", "epa:a6bb6933-65be-46c5-871e-ebd91e39bc43", "epa:c0881a67-aa10-4edb-8577-2b86f7a1ac15" ] }, { "campusId": "amazon-aws-blanchardstown", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Blanchardstown", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "status": "operating", "council": "Fingal", "scope": "P1172 installation at Snugborough Road, Blanchardstown: four buildings on c. 13 ha.", "specs": { "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "demandMVA": null, "gridKV": { "value": 110, "unit": "kV", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b28087bd24", "title": "EPA P1172-01: IR-LA009828", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28087bd24.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 20, "quote": "The Cloghran 110 kV Substation, constructed in 2011-2012, sits directly to the east of site.", "note": "adjacent substation; supply connection not explicitly stated", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridSubstation": { "value": "Cloghran 110 kV (adjacent)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b28087bd24", "title": "EPA P1172-01: IR-LA009828", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28087bd24.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 20, "quote": "The Cloghran 110 kV Substation, constructed in 2011-2012, sits directly to the east of site.", "note": "adjacency only", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridFirmness": null, "genType": { "value": "backup diesel generators", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b28087bd24", "title": "EPA P1172-01: IR-LA009828", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28087bd24.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "The 72 generators consist of 9 no. 6.49 MWth, 22 no. 6.33 MWth, and 39 no. 5.59 MWth diesel-powered generators", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 70, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b28087bd24", "title": "EPA P1172-01: IR-LA009828", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28087bd24.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "9 no. 6.49 MWth, 22 no. 6.33 MWth, and 39 no. 5.59 MWth diesel-powered generators", "note": "derived: 9+22+39; report's '72' includes 2 fire pumps", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "genMWe": null, "genMWth": { "value": 416.52, "unit": "MWth", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b28087bd24", "title": "EPA P1172-01: IR-LA009828", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28087bd24.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "the combined thermal input from the 72 generators is 416.52 MWth", "note": "includes 2 x 0.42 MWth fire pumps", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genFuel": { "value": "diesel / HVO", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:3b5e09fb-a5aa-4442-8d18-c00f3271aeb7", "title": "EPA P1172-01: P1172-01-Annual Environmental Report-2025.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/3b5e09fb-a5aa-4442-8d18-c00f3271aeb7.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 14, "quote": "The backup generators on the site operate on light fuel oil (Diesel) and Renewable Biomass (Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO)).", "note": "AER 2025", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genHours": { "value": 72, "unit": "h/yr per generator", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b28087bd24", "title": "EPA P1172-01: IR-LA009828", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28087bd24.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 11, "quote": "limits the operation of each generator to 72 hours per year at no more than 90% load", "note": "<=374.17 MWth simultaneously", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": { "value": "evaporative (free cooling + evaporative AHUs)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b28087bd24", "title": "EPA P1172-01: IR-LA009828", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28087bd24.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 12, "quote": "The evaporative cooling system for the data halls operates in two modes; free cooling and evaporative cooling.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "waterM3PerDay": { "value": 21.5, "unit": "m3/day", "source": { "doc": "epa:3b5e09fb-a5aa-4442-8d18-c00f3271aeb7", "title": "EPA P1172-01: P1172-01-Annual Environmental Report-2025.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/3b5e09fb-a5aa-4442-8d18-c00f3271aeb7.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 15, "quote": "Total Water Used 7,851.95 -10%", "note": "derived: 7,851.95 m3 in 2025 / 365; application projected 35,100 m3/yr", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "gfaM2": null, "dataHalls": null, "phasing": { "value": "4 buildings (A-D)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b28087bd24", "title": "EPA P1172-01: IR-LA009828", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28087bd24.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "The site is occupied by four no. data storage buildings", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "expectedDates": { "value": "occupied by applicant since 2010", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b28087bd24", "title": "EPA P1172-01: IR-LA009828", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28087bd24.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 20, "quote": "prior to the applicant occupying the building in 2010", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": { "value": "Building D heat-recovery ready", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b28087bd24", "title": "EPA P1172-01: IR-LA009828", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28087bd24.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 16, "quote": "the cooling system at Building D at the installation can accommodate the future installation of heat recovery coils", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "renewables": { "value": "rooftop PV 9.6 kWe on Building D; stated ambition for renewable-only electricity", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b28087bd24", "title": "EPA P1172-01: IR-LA009828", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28087bd24.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 16, "quote": "An array of solar panels has been installed on Building D, with a capability of providing a maximum of 9.6 kWe.", "note": "renewable-electricity ambition p17", "verified": "page", "derived": false } }, "fieldsFilled": 13, "documentsRead": [ "epa:090151b28087bd24", "epa:3b5e09fb-a5aa-4442-8d18-c00f3271aeb7", "epa:88f0c54d-43a5-4512-9a0d-dfbc75809bbd" ] }, { "campusId": "amazon-aws-cruiserath", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Cruiserath", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "status": "operating", "council": "Fingal", "scope": "Full ADSIL Cruiserath installation: existing Buildings A, B, C (operating) plus extension Buildings E, F, G (ACP 318180 granted; EPA licence review P1182-02).", "specs": { "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": { "value": 219.7, "unit": "MW", "source": { "doc": "acp:318180", "title": "ACP 318180 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/318/r318180.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 68, "quote": "The application states that the entire masterplan site would have a total energy demand of 219.7 MW.", "note": "Full masterplan (A,B,C + E,F,G); consistent with 1,924,572 MWh/yr max electricity in EPA NTS (p19).", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "demandMVA": null, "gridKV": { "value": 220, "unit": "kV", "source": { "doc": "epa:68b3801e-114b-4774-b445-cc3650d4e3c0", "title": "EPA P1182-02: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_28.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/68b3801e-114b-4774-b445-cc3650d4e3c0.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 13, "quote": "The power requirements for the Installation are provided via a direct connection the 220 kV Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) Substation Compound (known as Cruiserath)", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridSubstation": { "value": "Cruiserath 220 kV GIS substation (ESB-owned, on site)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:68b3801e-114b-4774-b445-cc3650d4e3c0", "title": "EPA P1182-02: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_28.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/68b3801e-114b-4774-b445-cc3650d4e3c0.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 11, "quote": "An Electrical Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) 220 kV substation (named \u2018Cruiserath\u2019), owned and operated by ESB, is located within the existing Installation Site.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridFirmness": { "value": "staged (connection agreement since 2017, revised into eight annual ramps 2022-2029)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:318180", "title": "ACP 318180 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/318/r318180.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 43, "quote": "The revised connection agreement provides for eight incremental ramps (increases) in power supply to the site commencing in 2022 and completing in 2029.", "note": "Firmness (firm/non-firm) not stated; ramped agreement.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genType": { "value": "emergency back-up diesel/HVO generators", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:68b3801e-114b-4774-b445-cc3650d4e3c0", "title": "EPA P1182-02: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_28.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/68b3801e-114b-4774-b445-cc3650d4e3c0.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 12, "quote": "Emergency back-up generators are stationary diesel engine combustion plant installed at the Installation, which supply the primary electrical load to the Installation during emergency operations.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 107, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "acp:318180", "title": "ACP 318180 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/318/r318180.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 104, "quote": "for the operation of 97 of the 107 generators for 72 hours per year", "note": "Full site A,B,C,E,F,G incl. house/admin generators; excludes 2 fire sprinkler pumps. Licence-review table (EPA P1182-02) gives 66x6.49 + 2x2.19 + 1x3.57 + 36x7.45 + 2x1.84 MWth = 107.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWe": null, "genMWth": { "value": 709.21, "unit": "MWth", "source": { "doc": "epa:2045809d-b1e6-4ddd-833c-59c7833f2239", "title": "EPA P1182-02: Attachment-4-4-1-Capacity Calculations_27.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/2045809d-b1e6-4ddd-833c-59c7833f2239.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 1, "quote": "The combined thermal input (total capacity) from the emergency generators, once operational, is c. 709.21 MWth.", "note": "Full build-out incl. extension Buildings E, F, G (and fire pumps).", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genFuel": { "value": "HVO (diesel where HVO unavailable)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:68b3801e-114b-4774-b445-cc3650d4e3c0", "title": "EPA P1182-02: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_28.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/68b3801e-114b-4774-b445-cc3650d4e3c0.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 19, "quote": "The primary fuel used on site will be Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO).", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genHours": { "value": 72, "unit": "h/yr per generator", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280875e4b", "title": "EPA P1182-01: Inspectors Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280875e4b.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 10, "quote": "The operation of each generator is restricted to 72 hours per year at 90% load", "note": "Existing licence P1182-01 (Buildings A-C); max 393.78 MWth simultaneously.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": { "value": "air-side free cooling with supplementary evaporative (adiabatic) cooling", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:68b3801e-114b-4774-b445-cc3650d4e3c0", "title": "EPA P1182-02: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_28.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/68b3801e-114b-4774-b445-cc3650d4e3c0.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 12, "quote": "Cooling for Building A, B, C, F, and G is provided by evaporative cooling plant that provide conditioned air", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "waterM3PerDay": { "value": 20.6, "unit": "m3/day", "source": { "doc": "epa:68b3801e-114b-4774-b445-cc3650d4e3c0", "title": "EPA P1182-02: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_28.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/68b3801e-114b-4774-b445-cc3650d4e3c0.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 19, "quote": "Water Usage (Mains) 6,420 m3/year Water Usage (Rainwater Harvesting) 1,110 m3/year", "note": "derived: (6,420 + 1,110) m3/yr / 365 = 20.6 m3/day estimated maximum; NTS also cites average demand 1.2 l/s (p14).", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "gfaM2": { "value": 108738, "unit": "m2", "source": { "doc": "acp:318180", "title": "ACP 318180 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/318/r318180.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 14, "quote": "Building B and C) with a gross floor area of c. 21,705sq.m. each (43,410sq. m. in total)", "note": "derived: A 20,739 + B/C 43,410 (p14) + E 1,425 + F/G 2x21,582 (p6) = 108,738 m2. Board order lists F/G at 20,582 each.", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "dataHalls": null, "phasing": { "value": "A, B, C existing; E, F, G extension (E first, then F and G)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:68b3801e-114b-4774-b445-cc3650d4e3c0", "title": "EPA P1182-02: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_28.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/68b3801e-114b-4774-b445-cc3650d4e3c0.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 9, "quote": "Building E Q2 2027* Building F Q2 2027* Building G Q4 2027*", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "expectedDates": { "value": "A Q3 2020; B/C Q4 2022; E/F Q2 2027; G Q4 2027 (est.)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:68b3801e-114b-4774-b445-cc3650d4e3c0", "title": "EPA P1182-02: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_28.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/68b3801e-114b-4774-b445-cc3650d4e3c0.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 9, "quote": "Building A Q3 2020 Building B Q4 2022 Building C Q4 2022 Building E Q2 2027*", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "pueTarget": { "value": 1.12, "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:318180", "title": "ACP 318180 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/318/r318180.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 56, "quote": "the development would have an annualised design Power Usage Effectiveness (PEU) of 1.12.", "note": "Extension Buildings E, F, G (applicant's energy statement).", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "heatReuse": { "value": "designed for future heat recovery; Blanchardstown District Heating System proposed by Fingal CC; ACP condition requires DH connection agreement", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:68b3801e-114b-4774-b445-cc3650d4e3c0", "title": "EPA P1182-02: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_28.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/68b3801e-114b-4774-b445-cc3650d4e3c0.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 13, "quote": "Fingal County Council is currently proposing the Blanchardstown District Heating System (BDHS), which seeks to use low-temperature waste heat from the Installation.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "renewables": { "value": "CPPA with new Irish renewables required by ACP condition; rooftop PV", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:order_318180", "title": "ACP 318180 Board order", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/318/d318180.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 8, "quote": "details of a Corporate Purchase Power Agreement that the developer has entered into", "note": "ACP 318180 condition; rooftop PV on A, B, C, F, G (EPA NTS p14).", "verified": "page", "derived": false } }, "fieldsFilled": 17, "documentsRead": [ "epa:68b3801e-114b-4774-b445-cc3650d4e3c0", "epa:2045809d-b1e6-4ddd-833c-59c7833f2239", "epa:4eb5b6ed-30db-4b1b-bd3d-d070892701b4", "epa:090151b280875e4b", "acp:318180", "acp:318180a", "acp:order_318180" ] }, { "campusId": "amazon-aws-drogheda", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Drogheda", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "status": "operating", "council": "Meath", "scope": "ADSIL Drogheda IDA campus: Building A (operating) plus Building B (ABP 310729-21 granted; EPA licence review P1181-02, Dec 2025 inspector's report).", "specs": { "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": { "value": 96, "unit": "MW", "source": { "doc": "epa:fb7aadd5-d72f-4122-8a11-43bcfc569f32", "title": "EPA P1181-02: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_24.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/fb7aadd5-d72f-4122-8a11-43bcfc569f32.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 14, "quote": "Electricity (purchased) (average consumption) 840,960 MWh", "note": "derived: 840,960 MWh/yr / 8,760 h = 96 MW average, Buildings A+B. ABP 310729 cites 144 MW incl. planned phase 3.", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "demandMVA": null, "gridKV": { "value": 110, "unit": "kV", "source": { "doc": "epa:fb7aadd5-d72f-4122-8a11-43bcfc569f32", "title": "EPA P1181-02: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_24.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/fb7aadd5-d72f-4122-8a11-43bcfc569f32.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 7, "quote": "The power requirements for the Installation are provided via a connection to the 110 kV Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) Substation Compound", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridSubstation": { "value": "Oldbridge 110 kV GIS substation (on site, ABP 308628-20)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:fb7aadd5-d72f-4122-8a11-43bcfc569f32", "title": "EPA P1181-02: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_24.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/fb7aadd5-d72f-4122-8a11-43bcfc569f32.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 7, "quote": "The 110kV Substation (known as Oldbridge) is shown on the site plan", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridFirmness": null, "genType": { "value": "emergency back-up diesel/HVO generators", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:01f53db1-3d5e-4dc5-9949-bfbbe974bee4", "title": "EPA P1181-02: IR - P1181-02_Final.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/01f53db1-3d5e-4dc5-9949-bfbbe974bee4.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 1, "quote": "there will be a total of 54 no. back-up generators at the installation, for use in emergency situations", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 54, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "epa:01f53db1-3d5e-4dc5-9949-bfbbe974bee4", "title": "EPA P1181-02: IR - P1181-02_Final.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/01f53db1-3d5e-4dc5-9949-bfbbe974bee4.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 1, "quote": "Therefore, there will be a total of 54 no. back-up generators at the installation", "note": "Buildings A+B; plus 4 diesel fire sprinkler pumps (minor).", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWe": null, "genMWth": { "value": 360.06, "unit": "MWth", "source": { "doc": "epa:5d05e1f2-1d62-4d67-9a52-55a8f3a4b778", "title": "EPA P1181-02: Attachment-4-4-1-Activity Capacity Calculations.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/5d05e1f2-1d62-4d67-9a52-55a8f3a4b778.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 1, "quote": "The combined thermal input (total capacity) from the emergency generators is 360.06 MWth", "note": "Buildings A+B incl. fire pumps, per application. EPA inspector report (Dec 2025, p1) revises unit ratings (26x6.82+1.55 for A; 26x6.79+2.02 for B = 357.43 MWth) with 330.21 MWth simultaneous cap (p5).", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genFuel": { "value": "diesel and/or HVO (moving to 100% HVO)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:01f53db1-3d5e-4dc5-9949-bfbbe974bee4", "title": "EPA P1181-02: IR - P1181-02_Final.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/01f53db1-3d5e-4dc5-9949-bfbbe974bee4.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 7, "quote": "The licensee proposes that the generators will operate using diesel and/or hydrotreated vegetable oil", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genHours": { "value": 100, "unit": "h/yr per generator", "source": { "doc": "epa:06c5c472-b704-4dec-b92f-49ebb3b65d67", "title": "EPA P1181-02: Addendum Inspectors Report - P1181-02_v6_2.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/06c5c472-b704-4dec-b92f-49ebb3b65d67.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 6, "quote": "each generator must not be operated for more than 100 hours annually", "note": "EPA P1181-02 recommended determination.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": { "value": "free (outside air) cooling with evaporative/adiabatic mode", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:fb7aadd5-d72f-4122-8a11-43bcfc569f32", "title": "EPA P1181-02: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_24.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/fb7aadd5-d72f-4122-8a11-43bcfc569f32.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 7, "quote": "The cooling units operate under 2 modes; Free Cooling and Evaporative Cooling", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "waterM3PerDay": { "value": 40.9, "unit": "m3/day", "source": { "doc": "epa:fb7aadd5-d72f-4122-8a11-43bcfc569f32", "title": "EPA P1181-02: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_24.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/fb7aadd5-d72f-4122-8a11-43bcfc569f32.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 15, "quote": "Water (Public Supply) 14,918 m3", "note": "derived: 14,918 m3/yr / 365 = 40.9 m3/day (estimated annual, Buildings A+B); design average 1.0 l/s, peak 6 l/s.", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "gfaM2": { "value": 28573, "unit": "m2", "source": { "doc": "epa:01f53db1-3d5e-4dc5-9949-bfbbe974bee4", "title": "EPA P1181-02: IR - P1181-02_Final.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/01f53db1-3d5e-4dc5-9949-bfbbe974bee4.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 1, "quote": "proposed addition of a new data centre building (28,573 sq. m)", "note": "Building B only; Building A GFA not stated in the listed documents.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "dataHalls": null, "phasing": { "value": "Building A (operating) + Building B extension; indicative phase 3 on landholding", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:310729", "title": "ACP 310729 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/310/r310729.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 22, "quote": "the proposed, permitted and planned phase 3 data centre developments will consume 144MW per year", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "expectedDates": null, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": null, "renewables": { "value": "Amazon CPPAs with Irish wind farms (115 MW Galway, 91 MW Donegal, 23 MW Cork); rooftop PV", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:310729", "title": "ACP 310729 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/310/r310729.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 20, "quote": "These projects are all financed by the applicant via corporate power purchase agreement", "note": "Corporate portfolio, not site-specific.", "verified": "page", "derived": false } }, "fieldsFilled": 13, "documentsRead": [ "epa:fb7aadd5-d72f-4122-8a11-43bcfc569f32", "epa:01f53db1-3d5e-4dc5-9949-bfbbe974bee4", "epa:06c5c472-b704-4dec-b92f-49ebb3b65d67", "epa:5d05e1f2-1d62-4d67-9a52-55a8f3a4b778", "epa:72a45cb4-2c5b-4b17-b389-672b3b22154e", "epa:99502627-835d-4f88-af93-b6f9bee84194", "epa:090151b2808c8938", "epa:090151b2808e9fcd", "acp:310729", "eplan:MeathCC/21663" ] }, { "campusId": "amazon-aws-leixlip", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Kildare Innovation Campus, Leixlip", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "status": "operating", "council": "Kildare", "scope": "KIC masterplan (KCC 23/60047): 4 data centres B1, C1-C3 (170 MW MIC) plus 9-CTG energy centre; Amazon's licensed piece is Building B1 (EPA P1238-01, June 2026).", "specs": { "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": { "value": 170, "unit": "MW", "source": { "doc": "kcc:2862132", "title": "Kildare CC 2360047: Planners Report - Planner's Report with EIAR", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=2862132&format=djvu", "issuer": "Kildare County Council (iDocs)" }, "page": 38, "quote": "the proposed development will have a Maximum Import Capacity (MIC) of 170MW once fully developed (c.2034/2035).", "note": "Full masterplan: B1 32 MW + C1-C3 138 MW (planning report p15).", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "demandMVA": null, "gridKV": { "value": 110, "unit": "kV", "source": { "doc": "kcc:2838071", "title": "Kildare CC 2360047: Other Assessments - Energy & Sustainability Statement", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=2838071&format=djvu", "issuer": "Kildare County Council (iDocs)" }, "page": 4, "quote": "There is currently an existing 16 MW connection to the 110kV system", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridSubstation": { "value": "replacement 110kV GIS substation (replacing Rinawade 110kV AIS), 6 transformers", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "kcc:2838057", "title": "Kildare CC 2360047: Other Assessments - Planning Report", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=2838057&format=djvu", "issuer": "Kildare County Council (iDocs)" }, "page": 15, "quote": "The proposed 110kV Replacement (Gas Insulated Switchgear) GIS replacement substation is located directly to the east of the existing 110kV Rinawade", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridFirmness": { "value": "staged: 16 MW connection agreement for phase 1; further 154 MW requires new EirGrid agreement + line uprates and on-site dispatchable generation", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "kcc:2838040", "title": "Kildare CC 2360047: EIAR - EIAR - Vol III - Non-Technical Summary", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=2838040&format=djvu", "issuer": "Kildare County Council (iDocs)" }, "page": 57, "quote": "A connection agreement is in place with Eirgrid for the first 16MW of power required.", "note": "Further 154 MW (energy statement p4) needs four OHL uprates and a 150 MVA STATCOM (EIAR NTS p58).", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genType": { "value": "9 gas combustion turbine generators (grid-dispatchable energy centre, not supplying the data centres) + backup fuel-oil generators", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "kcc:2838057", "title": "Kildare CC 2360047: Other Assessments - Planning Report", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=2838057&format=djvu", "issuer": "Kildare County Council (iDocs)" }, "page": 17, "quote": "It is noted that the Energy Centre is not proposed as the primary power supply for the proposed development.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 80, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "kcc:2838040", "title": "Kildare CC 2360047: EIAR - EIAR - Vol III - Non-Technical Summary", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=2838040&format=djvu", "issuer": "Kildare County Council (iDocs)" }, "page": 43, "quote": "the emergency operation of 72 of the 80 generators", "note": "80 backup generators (B1 14, C1-C3 22 each); plus 9 CTGs in energy centre.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWe": { "value": 16, "unit": "MW", "source": { "doc": "kcc:2862132", "title": "Kildare CC 2360047: Planners Report - Planner's Report with EIAR", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=2862132&format=djvu", "issuer": "Kildare County Council (iDocs)" }, "page": 38, "quote": "The CTGs will be available to dispatch 16MW to the national grid for up to 330 days per year.", "note": "Phase 1 (one CTG); full 9-CTG energy centre intended to match data-centre demand.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWth": { "value": 111.4, "unit": "MWth", "source": { "doc": "epa:6ad4f57e-0d01-4f78-910c-161dfaa1616a", "title": "EPA P1238-01: Attachment-1-1-Non-Technical Summary_2.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/6ad4f57e-0d01-4f78-910c-161dfaa1616a.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 6, "quote": "The combined thermal input (total capacity) of the Installation is 111.4 MWth.", "note": "Building B1 only (14x7.73 + 2.50 + 2x0.36 fire pumps); C1-C3 and CTG thermal inputs not stated in listed docs.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genFuel": { "value": "CTGs: natural gas/biogas (HVO backup); backup generators: HVO/diesel", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "kcc:2838057", "title": "Kildare CC 2360047: Other Assessments - Planning Report", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=2838057&format=djvu", "issuer": "Kildare County Council (iDocs)" }, "page": 17, "quote": "The CTGs will be primarily fuelled by natural gas/bio-gas supplied by Gas Networks Ireland", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genHours": { "value": 120, "unit": "h/yr per generator", "source": { "doc": "epa:6ad4f57e-0d01-4f78-910c-161dfaa1616a", "title": "EPA P1238-01: Attachment-1-1-Non-Technical Summary_2.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/6ad4f57e-0d01-4f78-910c-161dfaa1616a.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 29, "quote": "running at 90% load for up to 120 hours per generator per year", "note": "B1 IE licence modelling; masterplan EIAR modelled 250 h/yr for backup generators and CTGs up to 330 days/yr.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": { "value": "hybrid: free air + evaporative (adiabatic) cooling, plus direct liquid cooling racks (B1)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:6ad4f57e-0d01-4f78-910c-161dfaa1616a", "title": "EPA P1238-01: Attachment-1-1-Non-Technical Summary_2.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/6ad4f57e-0d01-4f78-910c-161dfaa1616a.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 12, "quote": "The data storage room will rely on a combination of air and liquid cooling systems", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "waterM3PerDay": { "value": 6.4, "unit": "m3/day", "source": { "doc": "epa:6ad4f57e-0d01-4f78-910c-161dfaa1616a", "title": "EPA P1238-01: Attachment-1-1-Non-Technical Summary_2.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/6ad4f57e-0d01-4f78-910c-161dfaa1616a.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 14, "quote": "average domestic water demand of 912.5 m3/year, a cooling water demand of 1,166 m3/year, and an additional potable water demand of 273.5 m3/year", "note": "derived: (912.5+1,166+273.5)/365 = 6.4 m3/day, Building B1 only; masterplan peak industrial demand 5.05 l/s (EIAR NTS p57).", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "gfaM2": { "value": 76225, "unit": "m2", "source": { "doc": "eplan:KildareCC/2360047", "title": "KildareCC ePlan register entry 2360047 (development description)", "url": "https://www.eplanning.ie/KildareCC/AppFileRefDetails/2360047/0", "issuer": "KildareCC" }, "page": 1, "quote": "The data centres will vary in size from 13,225 sqm \u2013 21,000 sqm with a combined total gfa of c. 76,225sqm.", "note": "4 data centres B1, C1-C3.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "dataHalls": null, "phasing": { "value": "Phase 1: B1 (16 MW) + 1 CTG; Phase 3: C1-C3; energy centre final phase +8 CTGs", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "kcc:2838057", "title": "Kildare CC 2360047: Other Assessments - Planning Report", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=2838057&format=djvu", "issuer": "Kildare County Council (iDocs)" }, "page": 17, "quote": "The initial phase of the energy centre will include one CTG", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "expectedDates": { "value": "full build-out c.2034/2035", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "kcc:2862132", "title": "Kildare CC 2360047: Planners Report - Planner's Report with EIAR", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=2862132&format=djvu", "issuer": "Kildare County Council (iDocs)" }, "page": 38, "quote": "Maximum Import Capacity (MIC) of 170MW once fully developed (c.2034/2035).", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "pueTarget": { "value": "<1.3 (design aim)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "kcc:2838071", "title": "Kildare CC 2360047: Other Assessments - Energy & Sustainability Statement", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=2838071&format=djvu", "issuer": "Kildare County Council (iDocs)" }, "page": 36, "quote": "The industry norm is to reduce the PUE to below 1.3.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "heatReuse": { "value": "district heating in phase 1; c.18 MW recoverable heat; B1 phase 1 3 MW (~580 dwellings)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "kcc:2838040", "title": "Kildare CC 2360047: EIAR - EIAR - Vol III - Non-Technical Summary", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=2838040&format=djvu", "issuer": "Kildare County Council (iDocs)" }, "page": 59, "quote": "it has been estimated that c. 18 MW of energy could be provided to the campus, community, and surrounding area through recaptured heat", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "renewables": { "value": "CPPAs for new Irish renewables to offset grid use; renewable gas CPPAs for energy centre; 8,560 PV modules 2,859 kWp", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "kcc:2838040", "title": "Kildare CC 2360047: EIAR - EIAR - Vol III - Non-Technical Summary", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=2838040&format=djvu", "issuer": "Kildare County Council (iDocs)" }, "page": 58, "quote": "The photo voltaic (PV) array will consist of 8,560 modules yielding a total yielding a total peak power generated of 2859.19kWp", "note": "CPPA commitment in Energy & Sustainability Statement p3-4.", "verified": "page", "derived": false } }, "fieldsFilled": 18, "documentsRead": [ "eplan:KildareCC/2360047", "kcc:2838071", "kcc:2838040", "kcc:2838057", "kcc:2862132", "epa:6ad4f57e-0d01-4f78-910c-161dfaa1616a", "epa:c7c7864a-e5d6-44d3-8077-f1b7895225f5", "epa:858306b8-711f-4156-a38d-0a6d82471848", "epa:a741f1fc-6983-4018-88a1-79ae8220f6a3", "acp:312371", "acp:318151" ] }, { "campusId": "meta-clonee", "name": "Meta Clonee", "operator": "Meta", "status": "operating", "council": "Meath", "scope": "Whole Clonee campus (CLN1-3 and CLN5-6) under EPA licence P1192-01; demand and 220kV grid figures from the 2018 SID substation case (ABP-301923-18); water from the 2025 AER.", "specs": { "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": { "value": 180, "unit": "MW", "source": { "doc": "acp:301923", "title": "ACP 301923 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/301/r301923.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 63, "quote": "the overall data centre campus would have a maximum energy demand of 180 MW", "note": "Campus maximum demand as stated in 2018; the CLN5/6 expansion alone was 72 MW.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "demandMVA": null, "gridKV": { "value": 220, "unit": "kV", "source": { "doc": "acp:301923", "title": "ACP 301923 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/301/r301923.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 5, "quote": "construction of a new 220kV substation compound within the proposed data centre site", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridSubstation": { "value": "Portan 220kV loop-in substation (PL17.VA0018) plus new 220kV substation with 220/20kV transformer station (ABP-301923-18)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:301923", "title": "ACP 301923 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/301/r301923.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 7, "quote": "Power to the data centre is currently provided by a loop in connection and sub-station from the 220kV overhead line", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridFirmness": null, "genType": { "value": "backup diesel generators (now run on HVO)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b28088a8ae", "title": "EPA P1192-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28088a8ae.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 1, "quote": "Data centre with 90 diesel generators to provide power in the event of a loss or reduction in electricity supply from the grid.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 90, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b28088a8ae", "title": "EPA P1192-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28088a8ae.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 3, "quote": "combined thermal input from the 90 no. 8.26 MWth generators is 743.4 MWth", "note": "18 per building across 5 buildings.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWe": null, "genMWth": { "value": 743.4, "unit": "MWth", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b28088a8ae", "title": "EPA P1192-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28088a8ae.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 3, "quote": "combined thermal input from the 90 no. 8.26 MWth generators is 743.4 MWth", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genFuel": { "value": "HVO (diesel fully replaced in 2025)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:83a977fe-88cc-4bee-b532-11a09561984d", "title": "EPA P1192-01: AER 2025 .pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/83a977fe-88cc-4bee-b532-11a09561984d.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 14, "quote": "No Diesel used in 2025, full transition to HVO.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genHours": { "value": 200, "unit": "h/yr", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b28088a8ae", "title": "EPA P1192-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28088a8ae.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 10, "quote": "The RD limits the operation of diesel generators to 200 hours per year, with no more than 660.8 MWth operating simultaneously", "note": "Licence limit (recommended determination, 2023).", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": { "value": "indirect air cooling with adiabatic (evaporative) wet mode in CLN1-3; StatePoint Liquid Cooling in CLN5-6", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b28088a8ae", "title": "EPA P1192-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28088a8ae.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 11, "quote": "operates in two different modes, dry cooling and wet cooling mode (adiabatic mode)", "note": "Indirect Air Cooling units in CLN1-3, StatePoint Liquid Cooling in CLN5-6 (same page). The technical amendment memo (2025) calls it an evaporative cooling system.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "waterM3PerDay": { "value": 1525, "unit": "m3/day", "source": { "doc": "epa:83a977fe-88cc-4bee-b532-11a09561984d", "title": "EPA P1192-01: AER 2025 .pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/83a977fe-88cc-4bee-b532-11a09561984d.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 16, "quote": "Public Supply 556,513 2.6% decrease", "note": "Derived: 556,513 m3 public supply in 2025 / 365.", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "gfaM2": { "value": 57400, "unit": "m2", "source": { "doc": "eplan:MeathCC/RA180671", "title": "MeathCC ePlan register entry RA180671 (development description)", "url": "https://www.eplanning.ie/MeathCC/AppFileRefDetails/RA180671/0", "issuer": "MeathCC" }, "page": 1, "quote": "Construction of two single-storey data centre buildings with a gross floor area (GFA) of circa 57,400m2", "note": "Only the CLN5/CLN6 expansion (RA/180671); excludes CLN1-3.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "dataHalls": { "value": 5, "unit": "halls", "source": { "doc": "epa:1e7033f7-3180-4ce5-898c-e14d6bbb2a65", "title": "EPA P1192-01: Inspector Report - Licence Amendment.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/1e7033f7-3180-4ce5-898c-e14d6bbb2a65.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 1, "quote": "consisting of five data storage installations (Buildings CLN1, CLN2, CLN3, CLN5, and CLN6). Each data storage installation consists of a data hall", "note": "Derived: one data hall per building x 5.", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "phasing": { "value": "5 buildings built: CLN1-3 (RA/150605) and CLN5-6 (RA/180671)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:83a977fe-88cc-4bee-b532-11a09561984d", "title": "EPA P1192-01: AER 2025 .pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/83a977fe-88cc-4bee-b532-11a09561984d.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 9, "quote": "consists of five data centre buildings (CLN 1, 2, 3, 5 & 6), each housing 18 emergency generators", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "expectedDates": null, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": { "value": "designed for possible future district heating connection (no scheme)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b28088a8ae", "title": "EPA P1192-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28088a8ae.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 26, "quote": "heating system (which the EIAR states would facilitate possible future connection to a district heating system)", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "renewables": { "value": "100% renewable electricity via CPPA and other structures", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:83a977fe-88cc-4bee-b532-11a09561984d", "title": "EPA P1192-01: AER 2025 .pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/83a977fe-88cc-4bee-b532-11a09561984d.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 15, "quote": "maintains 100% renewable electricity supply through CPPA and other structures", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false } }, "fieldsFilled": 15, "documentsRead": [ "epa:090151b28088a8ae", "epa:83a977fe-88cc-4bee-b532-11a09561984d", "epa:1e7033f7-3180-4ce5-898c-e14d6bbb2a65", "acp:301923", "eplan:MeathCC/RA180671", "eplan:MeathCC/2460041", "eplan:MeathCC/23836", "eplan:MeathCC/2360219", "eplan:MeathCC/RA200214" ] }, { "campusId": "sdc-en-bracetown", "name": "SDC-EN Meath I, Bracetown (Clonee)", "operator": "SDC-EN", "status": "proposed", "council": "Meath", "scope": "Four-DC campus (DC1-DC4) under the 2026 re-filed EPA application P1239-01; phase 1 runs DC1 and DC3 on temporary continuous HVO generation until a transmission connection; GFA from the 2019 planning description.", "specs": { "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "demandMVA": null, "gridKV": null, "gridSubstation": null, "gridFirmness": { "value": "none at phase 1: off-grid on temporary on-site HVO generation pending transmission connection", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:edf0569a-c94c-431e-a54a-631ce63c0f20", "title": "EPA P1239-01: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_27.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/edf0569a-c94c-431e-a54a-631ce63c0f20.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 5, "quote": "In Phase 1, two data centres (DC), DC1 and DC3, will be operational but not yet connected to the transmission grid.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genType": { "value": "continuous-rated HVO generators for temporary primary power (later grid-dispatchable, then backup) plus emergency backup generators", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:edf0569a-c94c-431e-a54a-631ce63c0f20", "title": "EPA P1239-01: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_27.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/edf0569a-c94c-431e-a54a-631ce63c0f20.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 5, "quote": "18 continuous-rated generators will be installed at the DC2 location, collectively referred to as the Temporary Power Generation", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 72, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "epa:edf0569a-c94c-431e-a54a-631ce63c0f20", "title": "EPA P1239-01: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_27.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/edf0569a-c94c-431e-a54a-631ce63c0f20.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 5, "quote": "72 generators across the site in this phase will function exclusively as backup power sources.", "note": "Phases 1-2: 36 TPG (7.06 MWth) + 36 emergency (8.01 MWth); phase 3: 72 x 8.01 MWth backup.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWe": null, "genMWth": { "value": 577.84, "unit": "MWth", "source": { "doc": "epa:edf0569a-c94c-431e-a54a-631ce63c0f20", "title": "EPA P1239-01: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_27.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/edf0569a-c94c-431e-a54a-631ce63c0f20.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 6, "quote": "The combined thermal input of the Installation is 543.64 megawatt thermal (MWth) in Phases 1 and 2 and 577.84 MWth in Phase 3.", "note": "Full build-out (phase 3); 543.64 MWth in phases 1-2.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genFuel": { "value": "HVO (diesel only in force majeure)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:edf0569a-c94c-431e-a54a-631ce63c0f20", "title": "EPA P1239-01: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_27.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/edf0569a-c94c-431e-a54a-631ce63c0f20.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 6, "quote": "The generators will operate on HVO fuel under normal conditions and switch to conventional diesel only in force majeure circumstances", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genHours": { "value": "TPG continuous 24/7 in phase 1; on grid demand in phase 2", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:edf0569a-c94c-431e-a54a-631ce63c0f20", "title": "EPA P1239-01: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_27.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/edf0569a-c94c-431e-a54a-631ce63c0f20.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 10, "quote": "All 36 generators shall be running at any one time and for a 24/7 period", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": { "value": "air-cooled chillers (closed-loop chilled water with free cooling)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:edf0569a-c94c-431e-a54a-631ce63c0f20", "title": "EPA P1239-01: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_27.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/edf0569a-c94c-431e-a54a-631ce63c0f20.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 11, "quote": "Each DC will be cooled by air-cooled chillers through a centralised chilled water system", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "waterM3PerDay": null, "gfaM2": { "value": 92172, "unit": "m2", "source": { "doc": "eplan:MeathCC/RA191560", "title": "MeathCC ePlan register entry RA191560 (development description)", "url": "https://www.eplanning.ie/MeathCC/AppFileRefDetails/RA191560/0", "issuer": "MeathCC" }, "page": 1, "quote": "The construction of 4 number 2 storey data storage buildings with a combined gross floor area of c. 92, 172 sq.m", "note": "From RA191560 (marked incomplete on ePlan); the permitted scheme is RA/191593 / ABP-307546. Excludes the energy centre.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "dataHalls": null, "phasing": { "value": "Ph1 DC1+DC3 on temporary HVO generation; Ph2 grid connection with TPG dispatchable; Ph3 DC2+DC4 built, all 72 generators backup", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:edf0569a-c94c-431e-a54a-631ce63c0f20", "title": "EPA P1239-01: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_27.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/edf0569a-c94c-431e-a54a-631ce63c0f20.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 5, "quote": "In Phase 3, DC2 and DC4 will be constructed and brought into operation.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "expectedDates": { "value": "Phase 1 ready Q3/Q4 2028; phases 2-3 on grid connection", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:edf0569a-c94c-431e-a54a-631ce63c0f20", "title": "EPA P1239-01: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_27.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/edf0569a-c94c-431e-a54a-631ce63c0f20.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 9, "quote": "Phase 1: DC1 & DC3, and TPG DC2 and TPG DC4. Q3/Q4 2028", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": null, "renewables": null }, "fieldsFilled": 10, "documentsRead": [ "epa:edf0569a-c94c-431e-a54a-631ce63c0f20", "epa:7fb70a75-dc97-48ad-8150-5ebe17adaeb9", "epa:fe512895-d904-45f8-9adc-5ebb4075d5f4", "epa:7f2d81bc-8eeb-4f9c-bbca-260ce1ba0f5a", "epa:6d09bdea-469a-45ae-b21f-f6ce7866bf8a", "epa:f0ebd8c8-6362-471e-8b9c-138e7e70de7b", "eplan:MeathCC/RA191560" ] }, { "campusId": "equinix-blanchardstown", "name": "Equinix DB5 Blanchardstown", "operator": "Equinix", "status": "operating", "council": "Fingal", "scope": "DB5/DB6 campus (three data hall buildings) under EPA licence P1168-01; gas-turbine plant was prime power in 2024 pending full MIC and has been standby/flex only since; water and renewables from the 2025 AER.", "specs": { "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "demandMVA": null, "gridKV": null, "gridSubstation": null, "gridFirmness": { "value": "flexible (EirGrid flex contract: may be told to island)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280842cda", "title": "EPA P1168-01: Inspectors Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280842cda.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 1, "quote": "After year two, the power plant will only operate as required under the Flex Contract with the utility operator", "note": "Ran generators as prime power Feb-Nov 2024 awaiting full MIC; an extra 15 MW MIC arrived Nov 2024 (2024 AER).", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genType": { "value": "dual-fuel gas turbine generators (backup and flex-contract island mode; prime power until full MIC)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280842cda", "title": "EPA P1168-01: Inspectors Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280842cda.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 1, "quote": "nine (each with a capacity of 18.64 MWth) dual fuel (gas & gas oil) turbine generators", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 9, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280842cda", "title": "EPA P1168-01: Inspectors Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280842cda.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 1, "quote": "nine (each with a capacity of 18.64 MWth) dual fuel (gas & gas oil) turbine generators", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWe": null, "genMWth": { "value": 167.76, "unit": "MWth", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280842cda", "title": "EPA P1168-01: Inspectors Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280842cda.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 5, "quote": "9 no. dual fuel turbine generators with a rated thermal input of 18.64 MWth when fired on natural gas", "note": "Derived: 9 x 18.64 MWth (gas firing); 18.54 MWth each on gas oil.", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "genFuel": { "value": "natural gas (high-pressure mains, primary); gas oil secondary", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:6adb806d-c61a-429a-b6ea-b66400d8ddbe", "title": "EPA P1168-01: 2025 AER - Equinix DB5x P1168-01 .pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/6adb806d-c61a-429a-b6ea-b66400d8ddbe.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 9, "quote": "Mains high pressure gas is the primary fuel source for all generators.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genHours": { "value": "up to 500 h/yr island mode under the flex contract, plus grid-outage backup", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280842cda", "title": "EPA P1168-01: Inspectors Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280842cda.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "operate in Island mode under the flex contract (up to 500 hours per year)", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": { "value": "evaporative: closed-loop chilled water with 13 cooling towers plus chillers", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280842cda", "title": "EPA P1168-01: Inspectors Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280842cda.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 4, "quote": "a closed loop chilled water system utilising 13 no. cooling towers and chillers when required to cool the data halls", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "waterM3PerDay": { "value": 1094, "unit": "m3/day", "source": { "doc": "epa:6adb806d-c61a-429a-b6ea-b66400d8ddbe", "title": "EPA P1168-01: 2025 AER - Equinix DB5x P1168-01 .pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/6adb806d-c61a-429a-b6ea-b66400d8ddbe.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 17, "quote": "Total Water Used 399153 286% Increase", "note": "Derived: 399,153 m3 in 2025 / 365 (398,058 public supply + 1,095 recycled).", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "gfaM2": null, "dataHalls": { "value": 3, "unit": "buildings", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280842cda", "title": "EPA P1168-01: Inspectors Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280842cda.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "The data centre campus will comprise three data hall buildings", "note": "Count of data hall buildings; halls per building not stated.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "phasing": null, "expectedDates": null, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": { "value": "heat export to IDA industrial estate approved (target Dec 2026)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:6adb806d-c61a-429a-b6ea-b66400d8ddbe", "title": "EPA P1168-01: 2025 AER - Equinix DB5x P1168-01 .pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/6adb806d-c61a-429a-b6ea-b66400d8ddbe.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 13, "quote": "Participation in the Heat Export Project has been approved by Equinix Global.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "renewables": { "value": "100% REGO-matched renewable supply; rooftop solar in service 2025 (217 GJ)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:6adb806d-c61a-429a-b6ea-b66400d8ddbe", "title": "EPA P1168-01: 2025 AER - Equinix DB5x P1168-01 .pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/6adb806d-c61a-429a-b6ea-b66400d8ddbe.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 16, "quote": "100% of the mains electricity purchased by DB5x is generated by renewable energy assets matched to Renewable Energy Guarantees of Origin", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false } }, "fieldsFilled": 11, "documentsRead": [ "epa:090151b280842cda", "epa:6adb806d-c61a-429a-b6ea-b66400d8ddbe", "epa:632e86ac-f221-47b6-b9c2-a5765cb06d09", "epa:c916aff2-adda-468d-841d-872f8905f094", "epa:fae6e96c-d3ce-4ab2-9692-9ae05b7fb839" ] }, { "campusId": "k2-strategic-ballycoolin", "name": "K2 Strategic Ballycoolin", "operator": "K2 Strategic", "status": "operating", "council": "Fingal", "scope": "K2 Dublin (Dub4/5) installation under EPA licence P1143-01 (32 generators licensed, 16 installed by 2025); grid-supplied, generators backup only; water from the 2025 AER.", "specs": { "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "demandMVA": null, "gridKV": null, "gridSubstation": { "value": "existing off-site substation (FW16A/0159), c.250 m east, shared with adjacent data centre", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280908ede", "title": "EPA P1143-01: IR-LA007230", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280908ede.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 4, "quote": "connection to an offsite substation (plannning reference: FW16A/0159) (approx. 250 m east of the site)", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridFirmness": null, "genType": { "value": "backup diesel generators (run on HVO)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280908ede", "title": "EPA P1143-01: IR-LA007230", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280908ede.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 1, "quote": "with 32 diesel powered back-up generators to provide power", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 32, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280908ede", "title": "EPA P1143-01: IR-LA007230", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280908ede.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "in total 32 no. 8.66 megawatt thermal (MWth) backup generators will be installed", "note": "Full build-out; only 16 installed per the 2025 AER.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWe": null, "genMWth": { "value": 277.12, "unit": "MWth", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280908ede", "title": "EPA P1143-01: IR-LA007230", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280908ede.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "exceed the 50 MWth threshold of Class 2.1 of the First Schedule of the EPA Act, (277.12 MWth)", "note": "32 x 8.66 MWth.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genFuel": { "value": "HVO (reported as diesel for ETS)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:e7d3de11-0b4d-4d54-b7b3-cc5fd92a73eb", "title": "EPA P1143-01: AER 2025 - P1143-01 K2 Dublin v1.0.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/e7d3de11-0b4d-4d54-b7b3-cc5fd92a73eb.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 12, "quote": "The backup generators onsite run on hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO)", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genHours": { "value": 100, "unit": "h/yr per generator", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280908ede", "title": "EPA P1143-01: IR-LA007230", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280908ede.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 13, "quote": "The RD limits the operation of each generator to 100 hours per year with no more than 277.12 MWth operating simultaneously", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": { "value": "indirect evaporative cooling (IEC) air handling units", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280908ede", "title": "EPA P1143-01: IR-LA007230", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280908ede.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "Each data hall will utilise Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) Air Handling Units (AHU)", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "waterM3PerDay": { "value": 133, "unit": "m3/day", "source": { "doc": "epa:e7d3de11-0b4d-4d54-b7b3-cc5fd92a73eb", "title": "EPA P1143-01: AER 2025 - P1143-01 K2 Dublin v1.0.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/e7d3de11-0b4d-4d54-b7b3-cc5fd92a73eb.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 15, "quote": "Public Supply 48,432 109%", "note": "Derived: 48,432 m3 in 2025 / 365; only Dub4 and Dub5 operating.", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "gfaM2": null, "dataHalls": { "value": 4, "unit": "halls", "source": { "doc": "epa:e7d3de11-0b4d-4d54-b7b3-cc5fd92a73eb", "title": "EPA P1143-01: AER 2025 - P1143-01 K2 Dublin v1.0.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/e7d3de11-0b4d-4d54-b7b3-cc5fd92a73eb.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 9, "quote": "The licence is for the operation of 32 diesel back up generators (x8 per data hall)", "note": "Derived: 32 generators / 8 per data hall.", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "phasing": { "value": "4 buildings planned (Dub2-5); Dub4 and Dub5 built and operating", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:e7d3de11-0b4d-4d54-b7b3-cc5fd92a73eb", "title": "EPA P1143-01: AER 2025 - P1143-01 K2 Dublin v1.0.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/e7d3de11-0b4d-4d54-b7b3-cc5fd92a73eb.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 9, "quote": "ultimately consist of four data storage buildings (Dub2, Dub3, Dub4 and Dub5) but currently only two", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "expectedDates": null, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": null, "renewables": null }, "fieldsFilled": 10, "documentsRead": [ "epa:090151b280908ede", "epa:e7d3de11-0b4d-4d54-b7b3-cc5fd92a73eb", "epa:090151b2808f29cd" ] }, { "campusId": "pure-dc-orion-business-campus", "name": "Pure DC Orion Business Campus, Ballycoolin", "operator": "Pure DC", "status": "operating", "council": "Fingal", "scope": "Three DCs (DC1-3) and three gas energy centres (EC1-3) under EPA application P1210-01 (2026 addendum recommends grant); off-grid, powered by on-site gas engines, with a temporary gas/HVO plant running DC1 until Q4 2026.", "specs": { "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "demandMVA": { "value": 0.5, "unit": "MVA", "source": { "doc": "epa:35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8", "title": "EPA P1210-01: Addendum Inspectors Report - P1210-01.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 6, "quote": "The agreed maximum import capacity (MIC) of the utility connection is 500 kVA.", "note": "500 kVA ESB connection for lighting, office and support systems only, not the IT load.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridKV": { "value": 38, "unit": "kV", "source": { "doc": "acp:501133", "title": "ACP 501133 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/501/r501133.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 3, "quote": "Permission is also sought for a 173sqm 10MVA/38kV substation", "note": "Proposed in the DC2/DC3 amalgamation application (2026).", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridSubstation": { "value": "proposed 173 m2 10MVA/38kV substation; existing 500 kVA ESB substation", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:501133", "title": "ACP 501133 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/501/r501133.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 3, "quote": "Permission is also sought for a 173sqm 10MVA/38kV substation", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridFirmness": { "value": "none for IT load (off-grid; no grid connection agreement)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8", "title": "EPA P1210-01: Addendum Inspectors Report - P1210-01.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 6, "quote": "There is no electricity grid connection agreement in place to power the main IT load of the data centres", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genType": { "value": "dual-fuel gas engines for primary continuous power (3 energy centres) + BESS", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8", "title": "EPA P1210-01: Addendum Inspectors Report - P1210-01.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 1, "quote": "The engines will be the main continuous power source to the data centres (>99% of the continuous power supply)", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 9, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "epa:35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8", "title": "EPA P1210-01: Addendum Inspectors Report - P1210-01.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 1, "quote": "Each energy centre will have three 21.6 MWth dual fuel engines, making up a total of nine dual fuel engines on site, totalling 194.76 MWth.", "note": "Permanent plant; excludes temporary 4 gas + 4 liquid-fuel engines (to Q4 2026) and a 1.15 MWth emergency generator.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWe": null, "genMWth": { "value": 194.76, "unit": "MWth", "source": { "doc": "epa:35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8", "title": "EPA P1210-01: Addendum Inspectors Report - P1210-01.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 1, "quote": "Each energy centre will have three 21.6 MWth dual fuel engines, making up a total of nine dual fuel engines on site, totalling 194.76 MWth.", "note": "On natural gas; c.207.2 MWth on liquid fuel.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genFuel": { "value": "natural gas (primary); HVO / gas oil (secondary)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8", "title": "EPA P1210-01: Addendum Inspectors Report - P1210-01.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 1, "quote": "will combust natural gas (primary fuel) or gas oil/hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) (secondary fuel)", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genHours": { "value": "continuous on gas; liquid fuel up to 200 h/yr emergency + 52 h/yr testing", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8", "title": "EPA P1210-01: Addendum Inspectors Report - P1210-01.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 35, "quote": "hours per annum (for \u201cemergency\u201d operations involving a loss of natural gas) and 52 hours per year for testing", "note": "Liquid-fuel limit: nine engines for 200 h/yr on loss of gas plus 52 h/yr testing; engines otherwise run continuously on gas.", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": null, "waterM3PerDay": { "value": 7.2, "unit": "m3/day", "source": { "doc": "epa:35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8", "title": "EPA P1210-01: Addendum Inspectors Report - P1210-01.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 35, "quote": "the total water used per annum figure of 2,632 m3", "note": "Derived: 2,632 m3/yr / 365 (permanent installation).", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "gfaM2": { "value": 40635, "unit": "m2", "source": { "doc": "acp:501133", "title": "ACP 501133 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/501/r501133.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 7, "quote": "Total gross floor area of the resultant development revised to c. 40,635sqm.", "note": "Whole development as permitted under FW18A/0114; DC2+DC3 later amalgamated into a 22,295 m2 building (2026).", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "dataHalls": null, "phasing": { "value": "DC1 built and run on temporary gas/HVO plant; EC1-EC2 then DC2, DC3, EC3", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8", "title": "EPA P1210-01: Addendum Inspectors Report - P1210-01.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 4, "quote": "DC1 has been constructed and is currently powered by the temporary energy generation plant in place.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "expectedDates": { "value": "EC1/EC2 Q3 2026; DC2/DC3 Q1 2028; EC3 Q2 2028; temporary plant removed by Q4 2026", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8", "title": "EPA P1210-01: Addendum Inspectors Report - P1210-01.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 5, "quote": "DC2 Not commenced Q3 2026 Q1 2028", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": { "value": "provision for waste heat export to a future district heating scheme (no agreement)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8", "title": "EPA P1210-01: Addendum Inspectors Report - P1210-01.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 45, "quote": "The installation has made provision for waste heat recovery and export to a potential future district heating scheme (DHS).", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "renewables": { "value": "RD condition: at least 80% renewable/zero-rated within 6 years; biomethane purchase agreements + EACs; 66 MWh/yr PV", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8", "title": "EPA P1210-01: Addendum Inspectors Report - P1210-01.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 46, "quote": "with the objective of meeting at least 80% of annual demand with renewable energy and/or zero-rated fuel within six years", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false } }, "fieldsFilled": 15, "documentsRead": [ "epa:35af6554-4312-4676-9885-74402c1f39a8", "epa:172d3343-dbd8-4e24-bd30-69c2a0547b3c", "epa:546ef1b5-2e37-4d30-80a3-0554309bf45a", "epa:da84b6e4-0ef1-4ef7-9d9a-a5eb4dbca4b0", "epa:b71350e2-d1f8-4b01-905d-5be8d679461c", "epa:31460210-96e2-4673-8d56-93e12f956311", "acp:501133", "acp:order_501133" ] }, { "campusId": "echelon-crag-avenue-clondalkin", "name": "Echelon Crag Avenue, Clondalkin", "operator": "Echelon", "status": "operating", "council": "South Dublin", "scope": "Figures are for the P1113-02 licence review design (2023-25): on-site gas-turbine energy centre plus 4 ICTF buildings; IT load is from the superseded 2020 P1113-01 design.", "specs": { "itLoadMW": { "value": 85, "unit": "MW", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b2807714b4", "title": "EPA P1113-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2807714b4.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "total maximum operational demand of approximately 110MWe and an IT capacity (or critical IT load) of 85MW", "note": "2020 P1113-01 design (single 10-hall data centre), superseded by the 4-ICTF design; no IT load stated in P1113-02 docs", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "demandMW": { "value": 120, "unit": "MWe", "source": { "doc": "epa:36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62", "title": "EPA P1113-02: Inspectors Report - P1113-02.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 33, "quote": "the 1,050 GWh from the Energy Centre, an average demand of 120 Mwe", "note": "P1113-02 GHG assessment basis (average demand); 2020 design stated ~110 MWe maximum demand", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "demandMVA": { "value": 40, "unit": "MVA", "source": { "doc": "epa:36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62", "title": "EPA P1113-02: Inspectors Report - P1113-02.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 3, "quote": "The Energy Centre will supplement the existing ESB Networks 40 MVA grid connection", "note": "existing ESB Networks grid connection; energy centre supplies the balance", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridKV": { "value": 110, "unit": "kV", "source": { "doc": "epa:36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62", "title": "EPA P1113-02: Inspectors Report - P1113-02.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "In 2021, the 110 kV substation was constructed in the west of the landholding.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridSubstation": { "value": "on-site 110 kV GIS substation (built 2021)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:f1672e02-4390-4781-98e5-d7b2da312aec", "title": "EPA P1113-02: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_17.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/f1672e02-4390-4781-98e5-d7b2da312aec.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 6, "quote": "The connection is provided via the 110 kV Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) Substation located in the west of the site.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridFirmness": { "value": "flexible", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:f1672e02-4390-4781-98e5-d7b2da312aec", "title": "EPA P1113-02: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_17.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/f1672e02-4390-4781-98e5-d7b2da312aec.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 3, "quote": "to commission a fully flexible grid import connection and on-site gas turbine generation facility", "note": "2020 design: firm for ~40 MW IT, remainder flexible (P1113-01 IR p2); site holds 30 MW DSU capacity contract", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genType": { "value": "gas turbines (CCGT/OCGT) for primary on-site power + backup diesel/HVO generators", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62", "title": "EPA P1113-02: Inspectors Report - P1113-02.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 3, "quote": "Any 6 no. of the 8 no. CCGT will operate in normal operation, combusting natural gas in 'combined cycle mode' for 8,760 hours annually.", "note": "plus 6 black-start diesels and 21 x 5.4 MWth ICTF back-up generators", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 37, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "epa:36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62", "title": "EPA P1113-02: Inspectors Report - P1113-02.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 3, "quote": "18 no. 5.4 MWth back-up generators associated with ICTF1", "note": "derived from p.3 list: 5+3+2 gas turbines + 6 black-start + 18+3 ICTF back-up generators = 37 (excl. 2 fire pumps)", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "genMWe": { "value": 120, "unit": "MWe", "source": { "doc": "epa:f1672e02-4390-4781-98e5-d7b2da312aec", "title": "EPA P1113-02: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_17.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/f1672e02-4390-4781-98e5-d7b2da312aec.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "a maximum of 7 of the 10 Gas Turbine(s) will operate to supply power (120-megawatt electrical output (MWe) to the Installation", "note": "gas turbines only", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWth": { "value": 598.2, "unit": "MWth", "source": { "doc": "epa:36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62", "title": "EPA P1113-02: Inspectors Report - P1113-02.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 3, "quote": "5 no. 46 Megawatt Thermal Input (MWth) Combined Cycle Gas Turbines", "note": "derived: 5x46+3x42+2x46 (GTs 448) + 6x5.9 black-start + 21x5.4 back-up + 2x0.7 fire pumps = 598.2 MWth (all listed on same page)", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "genFuel": { "value": "natural gas; diesel/HVO alternative and for back-up generators", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62", "title": "EPA P1113-02: Inspectors Report - P1113-02.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "The primary fuel source for the EC is natural gas, with diesel or hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) used as an alternative fuel source.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genHours": { "value": "6 of 8 CCGTs 8,760 h/yr; back-up generators <=100 h/yr excl. testing", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62", "title": "EPA P1113-02: Inspectors Report - P1113-02.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 14, "quote": "The RD limits the operation of the 21 no. back-up generators (A3-1 - A3-18 and A3-21 - A3-23) to 100 hours per year", "note": "CCGTs licensed for continuous (8,760 h) operation in combined cycle; black-start <=24 h/yr", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": { "value": "hybrid dry/adiabatic (ICTF1-3); closed-loop (ICTF4)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62", "title": "EPA P1113-02: Inspectors Report - P1113-02.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 15, "quote": "The cooling system for these buildings operates in two different modes; dry cooling and adiabatic (wet) cooling mode.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "waterM3PerDay": { "value": 46.2, "unit": "m3/day", "source": { "doc": "epa:36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62", "title": "EPA P1113-02: Inspectors Report - P1113-02.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 21, "quote": "Water (Public Supply) 13,856 m3 Other Water (rainwater) 2,998 m3", "note": "derived: (13,856 + 2,998) m3/yr / 365 = 46.2 m3/day annual average", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "gfaM2": null, "dataHalls": { "value": 10, "unit": "halls", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b2807714b4", "title": "EPA P1113-01: Inspector's Report", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2807714b4.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 3, "quote": "The data centre will consist of a two-storey building with ten large data halls", "note": "2020 P1113-01 design, superseded by 4 ICTF buildings", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "phasing": { "value": "energy centre + 4 ICTF buildings, under construction/fit-out", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62", "title": "EPA P1113-02: Inspectors Report - P1113-02.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "Since 2022, construction of the EC and the 4 no. ICTF has commenced", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "expectedDates": { "value": "30 MW DSU capacity contract from 1 Oct 2024 (10 years)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:f1672e02-4390-4781-98e5-d7b2da312aec", "title": "EPA P1113-02: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_17.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/f1672e02-4390-4781-98e5-d7b2da312aec.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 3, "quote": "The Installation is contracted to EirGrid for 30MW of Demand Site Units capacity for 10 years. The first capacity year starts 1st October 2024.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": { "value": "future district-heating heat exchangers below HRSG stacks (provision only)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62", "title": "EPA P1113-02: Inspectors Report - P1113-02.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 27, "quote": "supply heat energy for a future low carbon district heating network scheme", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "renewables": { "value": "RD requires feasibility study on solar, biofuels, storage (Condition 7)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62", "title": "EPA P1113-02: Inspectors Report - P1113-02.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 45, "quote": "The RD also requires the licensee to carry out a feasibility study of opportunities to increase the use of solar power, sustainable biofuels", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false } }, "fieldsFilled": 19, "documentsRead": [ "epa:36ef6433-61eb-43ca-b29f-984127499d62", "epa:f1672e02-4390-4781-98e5-d7b2da312aec", "epa:570946b9-fed6-48c0-bc43-d67d3bd11cef", "epa:281e0c31-f297-4362-81fd-300ee72f6336", "epa:090151b2807714b4", "epa:090151b280657f1a", "epa:090151b280657f1b", "epa:090151b280676c64", "epa:090151b280927b9e" ] }, { "campusId": "echelon-arklow", "name": "Echelon Avoca River Park, Arklow", "operator": "Echelon", "status": "under construction", "council": "Wicklow", "scope": "Multi-plot campus: generation/cooling figures are for DUB20 (P1240 IE application 2026, 3 ICT buildings, 60 backup gens); grid figures from the 2019 ABP 303938 permission; GFA from 25/60594 ICT facilities; separate gas-turbine energy centre (21/1080, 23/843) permitted but its licence (P1202) withdrawn.", "specs": { "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "demandMVA": { "value": 50, "unit": "MVA", "source": { "doc": "acp:303938", "title": "ACP 303938 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/303/r303938.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 37, "quote": "the Maximum Import Capacity for the proposal is 50 MVA", "note": "2019 3-building data storage facility (ABP 303938); EirGrid indicated 270-540 MVA additional capacity", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridKV": { "value": 110, "unit": "kV", "source": { "doc": "acp:303938", "title": "ACP 303938 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/303/r303938.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 4, "quote": "upgrade of the 110 kilovolt (kV) substation to provide a substation compound comprising Gas Insulated Switchgear", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridSubstation": { "value": "upgraded existing 110 kV substation to GIS with 4 x 50 MVA bays", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:303938", "title": "ACP 303938 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/303/r303938.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 4, "quote": "Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS equipment) (600sqm GFA) with 4 no. 50 Mega-Volt Amp bays", "note": "2019 permission; 23/843 later relocated Energy Centre 1 onto the previously permitted GIS compound", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridFirmness": null, "genType": { "value": "backup diesel/HVO generators (DUB20); separate gas-turbine energy centre permitted", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:764b44c7-dd83-4b04-b577-d87afca3153c", "title": "EPA P1240-01: Attachment-1-2-Non-Technical-Summary_7.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/764b44c7-dd83-4b04-b577-d87afca3153c.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 10, "quote": "In order to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to the ICT facility, emergency/back-up diesel generators will be installed.", "note": "energy centre per 23/843: 8 gas turbines + 4 black-start gens; earlier P1202 plan of 30 x 19.355 MWth gas engines withdrawn Jan 2025", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 60, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "epa:764b44c7-dd83-4b04-b577-d87afca3153c", "title": "EPA P1240-01: Attachment-1-2-Non-Technical-Summary_7.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/764b44c7-dd83-4b04-b577-d87afca3153c.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 6, "quote": "The ICT facility will be supported by a total of 60 no. emergency diesel generators (each with a maximum rated thermal input of 7.6MWth)", "note": "DUB20 backup only", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWe": null, "genMWth": { "value": 456, "unit": "MWth", "source": { "doc": "epa:764b44c7-dd83-4b04-b577-d87afca3153c", "title": "EPA P1240-01: Attachment-1-2-Non-Technical-Summary_7.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/764b44c7-dd83-4b04-b577-d87afca3153c.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 6, "quote": "a total of 60 no. emergency diesel generators (each with a maximum rated thermal input of 7.6MWth)", "note": "derived: 60 x 7.6 MWth; DUB20 backup only", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "genFuel": { "value": "diesel or HVO", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:764b44c7-dd83-4b04-b577-d87afca3153c", "title": "EPA P1240-01: Attachment-1-2-Non-Technical-Summary_7.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/764b44c7-dd83-4b04-b577-d87afca3153c.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 11, "quote": "The emergency generators will be operated using either diesel or Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO).", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genHours": { "value": "<500 h/yr; expected 24-48 h/yr", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:764b44c7-dd83-4b04-b577-d87afca3153c", "title": "EPA P1240-01: Attachment-1-2-Non-Technical-Summary_7.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/764b44c7-dd83-4b04-b577-d87afca3153c.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 13, "quote": "in any given year the standby generators may operate for 24-48 hours in total, if at all", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": { "value": "air cooling, evaporative mode in hot summer months", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:764b44c7-dd83-4b04-b577-d87afca3153c", "title": "EPA P1240-01: Attachment-1-2-Non-Technical-Summary_7.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/764b44c7-dd83-4b04-b577-d87afca3153c.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 13, "quote": "required to operate in evaporative mode. Outside of such periods, the ICT facility is served by air cooling.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "waterM3PerDay": null, "gfaM2": { "value": 45511, "unit": "m2", "source": { "doc": "eplan:WicklowCC/2560594", "title": "WicklowCC ePlan register entry 2560594 (development description)", "url": "https://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/2560594/0", "issuer": "WicklowCC" }, "page": 1, "quote": "1 no. ICT facility building with a gross floor area (GFA) of c. 36,655 sq.m", "note": "derived: 36,655 + 2 x 4,428 (same description: '2 no. ICT facilities each with a GFA of c. 4,428 sq.m'); 25/60594 (granted Apr 2026) only; 2019 ABP 303938 scheme was 41,160 m2, DUB20 (23/72) not in listed docs", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "dataHalls": null, "phasing": { "value": "DUB20 3 ICT buildings; Energy Centre 1 relocated, Energy Centre 2 later; further 3 ICT facilities (25/60594)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280911b7c", "title": "EPA P1202-01: Withdrawal Recommendation - P1202-01 1", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280911b7c.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 2, "quote": "A licence application for a separate Energy Centre 2, to be constructed at a later date, will also be required", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "expectedDates": { "value": "DUB20 planning June 2023, amended Nov 2025; IE licence applied mid-2026", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:764b44c7-dd83-4b04-b577-d87afca3153c", "title": "EPA P1240-01: Attachment-1-2-Non-Technical-Summary_7.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/764b44c7-dd83-4b04-b577-d87afca3153c.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 6, "quote": "A grant of planning permission was issued by WCC for the data centre in June of 2023 (WCC Ref 23/72)", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": { "value": "server heat to heat offices only", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:303938", "title": "ACP 303938 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/303/r303938.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 29, "quote": "there is scope to use heat generated by the servers to heat the offices associated with proposed development", "note": "2019 scheme", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "renewables": { "value": "c. 2.7 ha onsite solar PV farm", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "eplan:WicklowCC/2560594", "title": "WicklowCC ePlan register entry 2560594 (development description)", "url": "https://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/2560594/0", "issuer": "WicklowCC" }, "page": 1, "quote": "The construction of a solar farm development consisting of photovoltaic (PV) panel arrays covering an area of approximately c. 2.7 ha", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false } }, "fieldsFilled": 14, "documentsRead": [ "epa:090151b280911b7c", "epa:764b44c7-dd83-4b04-b577-d87afca3153c", "epa:27feb163-8819-4c42-80ec-afd69b7269a2", "acp:303938", "acp:order_303938", "eplan:WicklowCC/18940", "eplan:WicklowCC/211080", "eplan:WicklowCC/23843", "eplan:WicklowCC/2560594" ] }, { "campusId": "echelon-kish-business-park-arklow", "name": "Echelon Kish Business Park, Arklow", "operator": "Echelon", "status": "permitted", "council": "Wicklow", "scope": "Planning-register descriptions only: 20/1088 (3 ICT buildings, 60 emergency gens) superseded by 24/88 (5 ICT buildings + energy centre compound, BESS under 23/62); no power/water figures stated. Note eplan 23/72 (2372) listed for this campus is actually at Avoca River Park.", "specs": { "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "demandMVA": null, "gridKV": null, "gridSubstation": { "value": "substation and transmission line connections permitted under ABP 315200-22", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "eplan:WicklowCC/2488", "title": "WicklowCC ePlan register entry 2488 (development description)", "url": "https://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/2488/0", "issuer": "WicklowCC" }, "page": 1, "quote": "the substation and transmission line connections permitted under ABP Ref. 315200-22 will be unaffected", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridFirmness": null, "genType": { "value": "emergency generators (20/1088); energy centre compound added in 24/88", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "eplan:WicklowCC/2488", "title": "WicklowCC ePlan register entry 2488 (development description)", "url": "https://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/2488/0", "issuer": "WicklowCC" }, "page": 1, "quote": "with 5 no. part two and part three storey ICT facility buildings with a reduced building footprint, along with an energy centre compound", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 60, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "eplan:WicklowCC/201088", "title": "WicklowCC ePlan register entry 201088 (development description)", "url": "https://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/201088/0", "issuer": "WicklowCC" }, "page": 1, "quote": "Emergency generators (20 no. for each ICT facility building)", "note": "derived: 20 x 3 buildings; 20/1088 design, superseded by 24/88", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "genMWe": null, "genMWth": null, "genFuel": null, "genHours": null, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": null, "waterM3PerDay": null, "gfaM2": { "value": 66630, "unit": "m2", "source": { "doc": "eplan:WicklowCC/201088", "title": "WicklowCC ePlan register entry 201088 (development description)", "url": "https://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/201088/0", "issuer": "WicklowCC" }, "page": 1, "quote": "each with a gross floor area (GFA) of C. 22,210 sq. m (66,630 sq. m GAF in total)", "note": "20/1088 design (3 buildings); superseded by 24/88 (5 buildings, reduced footprint, GFA not stated)", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "dataHalls": null, "phasing": { "value": "3 ICT buildings (20/1088) replaced by 5 ICT buildings + energy centre (24/88); BESS (23/62)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "eplan:WicklowCC/2488", "title": "WicklowCC ePlan register entry 2488 (development description)", "url": "https://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/2488/0", "issuer": "WicklowCC" }, "page": 1, "quote": "with 5 no. part two and part three storey ICT facility buildings with a reduced building footprint, along with an energy centre compound", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "expectedDates": { "value": "ten-year permission granted Apr 2021; amendment granted Jul 2024", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "eplan:WicklowCC/2488", "title": "WicklowCC ePlan register entry 2488 (development description)", "url": "https://www.eplanning.ie/WicklowCC/AppFileRefDetails/2488/0", "issuer": "WicklowCC" }, "page": 1, "quote": "Decision Type: Conditional Decision Date: 17/07/2024", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": null, "renewables": null }, "fieldsFilled": 6, "documentsRead": [ "eplan:WicklowCC/201088", "eplan:WicklowCC/2488", "eplan:WicklowCC/2372" ] }, { "campusId": "data-power-hub-peamount-newcastle", "name": "Data & Power Hub, Peamount Road, Newcastle", "operator": "Data & Power Hub", "status": "under construction", "council": "South Dublin", "scope": "P1165-01 installation (DUB40): 116 MWe gas-engine peaking plant with BESS exporting to grid, plus 2 ICT buildings (75 MW IT) with 36 HVO standby gens and a new 110 kV substation; PD Dec 2024.", "specs": { "itLoadMW": { "value": 75, "unit": "MW", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b2808f4d79", "title": "EPA P1165-01: Letter from Applicant - Attachment-1-2-Non-Technical Summary-v3", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2808f4d79.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 11, "quote": "The proposed ICT facility will have an overall IT load of approx. 75MW IT when completed", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "demandMW": { "value": 110, "unit": "MWe", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b28092ce95", "title": "EPA P1165-01: Oral Hearing Recommendation Memo 1", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28092ce95.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 6, "quote": "a gross footprint of ~ 30,000 m2. It will require about ~110 MWe.", "note": "data centre buildings", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "demandMVA": null, "gridKV": { "value": 110, "unit": "kV", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b2808f4d79", "title": "EPA P1165-01: Letter from Applicant - Attachment-1-2-Non-Technical Summary-v3", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2808f4d79.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 11, "quote": "The 110 kV substation is to be connected to the national grid via two new underground single circuit 110 kV transmission lines", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridSubstation": { "value": "new on-site Peamount 110 kV GIS substation, looped into Castlebaggot-Kilmahud 110 kV circuit", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b2808f4d79", "title": "EPA P1165-01: Letter from Applicant - Attachment-1-2-Non-Technical Summary-v3", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2808f4d79.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 11, "quote": "routing to the existing 110kV Castlebaggot / Kilmahud circuit (approx. 940 m to the east of the site)", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridFirmness": null, "genType": { "value": "gas engines as grid peaking plant (not powering DC) + backup HVO generators for ICT", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b28090ce83", "title": "EPA P1165-01: Inspectors Report-LA007312", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28090ce83.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 5, "quote": "are not power connected and nor are they reliant on each other. There are no direct power connections between each.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 43, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b28090ce83", "title": "EPA P1165-01: Inspectors Report-LA007312", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28090ce83.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 4, "quote": "Figures for the entire installation (7 no. engines and 36 no. generators) are:", "note": "7 dual-fuel gas engines + 36 standby HVO generators", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWe": { "value": 116, "unit": "MWe", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b28090ce83", "title": "EPA P1165-01: Inspectors Report-LA007312", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28090ce83.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 3, "quote": "Maximum generation capacity: 116 MWe", "note": "gas engines only (peaking plant)", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWth": { "value": 557, "unit": "MWth", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b28090ce83", "title": "EPA P1165-01: Inspectors Report-LA007312", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28090ce83.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 4, "quote": "Total rated thermal input: 557 MWth", "note": "269 MWth engines + 288 MWth standby generators", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genFuel": { "value": "natural gas (HVO secondary); HVO for standby generators", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b28090ce83", "title": "EPA P1165-01: Inspectors Report-LA007312", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28090ce83.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 3, "quote": "In the event of an interruption to the natural gas supply, the engines will be capable of running on HVO", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genHours": { "value": "engines ~2,500 h/yr peaking; standby <500 h/yr", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b28090ce83", "title": "EPA P1165-01: Inspectors Report-LA007312", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28090ce83.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 8, "quote": "the applicant has stated that this is expected to be around 2,500 hours per annum", "note": "HVO in engines <72 h/yr per RD", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": { "value": "air cooling, evaporative mode in hot summer months", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b2808f4d79", "title": "EPA P1165-01: Letter from Applicant - Attachment-1-2-Non-Technical Summary-v3", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2808f4d79.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 16, "quote": "Outside of such periods, the ICT facility is served by air cooling.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "waterM3PerDay": { "value": 11.4, "unit": "m3/day", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b28090ce83", "title": "EPA P1165-01: Inspectors Report-LA007312", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28090ce83.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 27, "quote": "Water 4,173 m3", "note": "derived: 4,173 m3/yr / 365", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "gfaM2": null, "dataHalls": null, "phasing": { "value": "3 projects: power plant (SD20A/0058), ICT 2 buildings (SD20A/0324), substation (ABP 309773-21)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b28090ce83", "title": "EPA P1165-01: Inspectors Report-LA007312", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28090ce83.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 4, "quote": "The installation is comprised of three projects, each subject to separate planning applications", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "expectedDates": { "value": "PD Dec 2024; objection TC report Jul 2025; GHG projected for 2027", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b280945794", "title": "EPA P1165-01: Technical Committee Report P1165-01 V2 2", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b280945794.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 1, "quote": "PD issued: 12 December 2024", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": { "value": "heat network judged not feasible for peaking plant", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b28090ce83", "title": "EPA P1165-01: Inspectors Report-LA007312", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28090ce83.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 5, "quote": "it would not be feasible to install a heat network", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "renewables": { "value": "RD requires decarbonisation feasibility study (solar, biofuels)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b28090ce83", "title": "EPA P1165-01: Inspectors Report-LA007312", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28090ce83.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 28, "quote": "carry out a feasibility study on how to decarbonise the activity by identifying opportunities to increase the use of solar", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false } }, "fieldsFilled": 16, "documentsRead": [ "epa:090151b280945794", "epa:090151b28092ce95", "epa:090151b28090ce83", "epa:090151b2808f4d79" ] }, { "campusId": "vantage-profile-park", "name": "Vantage DUB11 Profile Park", "operator": "Vantage", "status": "under construction", "council": "South Dublin", "scope": "Vantage DUB11/DUB12 campus (3 data halls in 2 buildings, permitted SD21A/0241) with two Multi-Fuel Generation Plants; DUB13 extension (ABP-317446) was refused in 2025; EPA IE application P1203-01 was refused-to-consider in 2025 and re-lodged as P1227-01 (Aug 2025).", "specs": { "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "demandMVA": null, "gridKV": { "value": 110, "unit": "kV", "source": { "doc": "acp:317446", "title": "ACP 317446 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317446.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 36, "quote": "a 110kV gas insulated switchgear (GIS) substation and 110kV transmission lines along with associated and ancillary works by Vantage Data Centres DUB11 Limited", "note": "Kilcarbery substation permitted ABP-312793-22", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridSubstation": { "value": "Kilcarbery 110kV GIS substation (Vantage, ABP-312793-22)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:317446", "title": "ACP 317446 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317446.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 36, "quote": "The permitted substation is known as the Kilcarbery Substation.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridFirmness": { "value": "partial: grid connection agreement for a portion of demand; capacity limited; firm connection conditional on on-site dispatchable generation", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:2e3da75b-086c-4114-8ca7-1786cfcbbb90", "title": "EPA P1227-01: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_25.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/2e3da75b-086c-4114-8ca7-1786cfcbbb90.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 4, "quote": "VDC has received and executed a grid connection agreement with EirGrid for a portion of the site\u2019s electricity demand.", "note": "Transmission Connection Agreement signed 1 July 2022 (ABP-317446 p37); Board not satisfied it covers DUB13", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genType": { "value": "dual-fuel gas/HVO engines (Multi-Fuel Generation Plant) supplying the data centres when demand exceeds grid capacity / on EirGrid flex signal; plus diesel/HVO emergency backup generators", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:2e3da75b-086c-4114-8ca7-1786cfcbbb90", "title": "EPA P1227-01: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_25.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/2e3da75b-086c-4114-8ca7-1786cfcbbb90.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 4, "quote": "The purpose of the Multi-Fuel Generation Plant (MFGP) is to supply power to the on-site data centres in the following scenarios", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 11, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "epa:2e3da75b-086c-4114-8ca7-1786cfcbbb90", "title": "EPA P1227-01: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_25.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/2e3da75b-086c-4114-8ca7-1786cfcbbb90.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 9, "quote": "MFGP North and MFGP South include 11 no. turbocharged reciprocating internal combustion units", "note": "MFGP engines (6 North + 5 South); in addition 35 emergency generators (20+2 DUB11, 13 DUB12)", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWe": { "value": 96, "unit": "MW", "source": { "doc": "acp:317446", "title": "ACP 317446 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317446.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 40, "quote": "a Gas Regulator compound and a 96MW multifuel Power Generation unit will be provided on site in two buildings", "note": "Energy Statement also says the MFGP will generate 100MW at 11kV", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWth": { "value": 235, "unit": "MWth", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b2808ec30a", "title": "EPA P1203-01: Letter from Applicant - Attachment-1-2-Non-Technical Summary August2024", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2808ec30a.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 3, "quote": "In total the energy centre will have a net thermal input of 235 MWth.", "note": "MFGP only; Aug 2025 P1227 table: 11 x 21.44 MWth (gas mode) / 22.85 (liquid); whole installation incl. backup 492.19-507.7 MWth", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genFuel": { "value": "natural gas (dual-fuel engines, HVO/diesel pilot and backup fuel); HVO/diesel for emergency generators", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:2e3da75b-086c-4114-8ca7-1786cfcbbb90", "title": "EPA P1227-01: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_25.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/2e3da75b-086c-4114-8ca7-1786cfcbbb90.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 9, "quote": "The combustion units are dual-fuel engines and, once the Installation is licenced, will operate primarily on natural gas.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genHours": { "value": "emergency generators < 18 h/yr each (testing/maintenance) plus emergencies; MFGP continuous capability required by EirGrid", "unit": "h/yr", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b2808ec30a", "title": "EPA P1203-01: Letter from Applicant - Attachment-1-2-Non-Technical Summary August2024", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2808ec30a.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 3, "quote": "Each generator will be operational for fewer than 18-hours per annum as part of periodical testing and maintenance, in addition to any emergency operation.", "note": "applies to backup generators", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": null, "waterM3PerDay": null, "gfaM2": { "value": 40589, "unit": "m2", "source": { "doc": "acp:317446", "title": "ACP 317446 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317446.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 16, "quote": "which will have a gross floor area of 40,589sq.m consisting of", "note": "permitted DUB11 (24,667 m2) + DUB12 (12,915 m2) under SD21A/0241; refused DUB13 would add 12,893 m2", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "dataHalls": { "value": 3, "unit": "halls", "source": { "doc": "epa:2e3da75b-086c-4114-8ca7-1786cfcbbb90", "title": "EPA P1227-01: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_25.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/2e3da75b-086c-4114-8ca7-1786cfcbbb90.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 4, "quote": "3 no. data halls, referred to as DUB11.1, DUB11.2 and DUB12", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "phasing": { "value": "Temporary Generator Farm (48 x 1.2 MWe HVO) Oct 2024-Jan 2026 bridging until both MFGPs installed", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b2808ec30a", "title": "EPA P1203-01: Letter from Applicant - Attachment-1-2-Non-Technical Summary August2024", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2808ec30a.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 6, "quote": "The 48 TGF generators will be in place between October 2024 and January 2026.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "expectedDates": { "value": "one MFGP by April 2025, second by January 2026", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:090151b2808ec30a", "title": "EPA P1203-01: Letter from Applicant - Attachment-1-2-Non-Technical Summary August2024", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2808ec30a.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 3, "quote": "one of the MFGPs will be installed by April 2025 whilst the second will be in place by January 2026", "note": "per Aug 2024 NTS; P1227 LCP form gives MFGP North start of operation 2026", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": { "value": "waste heat recovery via water-source heat pump for office heating; provisions for heat export", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:317446", "title": "ACP 317446 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317446.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 48, "quote": "a waste heat recovery system will be provided as part of the heating system for the office areas", "note": "DUB13 Energy Statement", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "renewables": { "value": "PPA engagement via broker (Open Energy Market); rooftop PV; MFGP able to run on HVO", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:317446", "title": "ACP 317446 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317446.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 45, "quote": "I am satisfied that the correspondence demonstrates that VDC DUB11 has engaged with PPA providers in Ireland generally and specifically as regards the proposed development.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false } }, "fieldsFilled": 15, "documentsRead": [ "epa:090151b28092c57a", "epa:090151b2808ec30a", "epa:090151b2808e0f6f", "epa:ccb6274f-62c2-445c-ab61-fc3d8f9d3e38", "epa:f11b095f-b667-433a-b13c-2b14ecde5ad1", "epa:2e3da75b-086c-4114-8ca7-1786cfcbbb90", "epa:0977a9ee-fcd5-4d8b-8c6c-1110da01f90b", "acp:317446", "acp:order_317446" ] }, { "campusId": "equinix-profile-park", "name": "Equinix Profile Park", "operator": "Equinix", "status": "under construction", "council": "South Dublin", "scope": "Equinix DB8 at Plot 100 Profile Park (permitted SD21A/0186) plus a proposed on-site gas power generation compound (OSPG) to run the data centre islanded until grid supply; Board refused (ABP-317936, Feb 2025). Board order has no text layer.", "specs": { "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": { "value": 9, "unit": "MW", "source": { "doc": "acp:317936", "title": "ACP 317936 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317936.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 14, "quote": "The application for permanent power is for a power supply capacity of 9MW.", "note": "ESB Networks application; no offer received", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "demandMVA": null, "gridKV": null, "gridSubstation": null, "gridFirmness": { "value": "none: no ESB offer; supply expected in 6-8 years; islanded on gas until then", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:317936", "title": "ACP 317936 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317936.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 14, "quote": "No technical or commercial offer has been received from ESB Networks. The application for permanent power is for a power supply capacity of 9MW.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genType": { "value": "gas engines (on-site power generation compound) as primary power, islanded until grid; with BESS; plus diesel standby generators", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:317936", "title": "ACP 317936 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317936.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 30, "quote": "This system will allow the data centre to operate in island mode when required, drawing no power from the grid.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 10, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "acp:317936", "title": "ACP 317936 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317936.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 5, "quote": "10 no. gas-fired generators and associated flues c. 14.7 m high", "note": "OSPG; plus 9 external diesel standby generators", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWe": { "value": 27.48, "unit": "MW", "source": { "doc": "acp:317936", "title": "ACP 317936 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317936.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 41, "quote": "The applicant submits that the output of this facility will be 27.48 megawatts.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWth": null, "genFuel": { "value": "natural gas (GNI 45MW @ 400mbar connection; hydrogen-ready claim)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:317936", "title": "ACP 317936 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317936.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 10, "quote": "GNI has confirmed that the permitted development will receive a 45MW connection @ 400mbar which will be served by two streams.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genHours": { "value": "OSPG time-limited to max 8 years (inspector recommendation)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:317936", "title": "ACP 317936 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317936.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 37, "quote": "I consider the operation of the OSPG should be restricted to a maximum of 8 years, following which it should be decommissioned", "note": "proposed condition; Board refused", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": { "value": "chillers (chiller plant yard)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:317936", "title": "ACP 317936 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317936.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 4, "quote": "Reconfiguration of plant within the permitted chiller plant yard to the south of the data centre.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "waterM3PerDay": null, "gfaM2": { "value": 9795, "unit": "m2", "source": { "doc": "acp:317936", "title": "ACP 317936 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317936.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 5, "quote": "The overall gross floor area of the development is reduced by c. 44 m2 to c. 9,795 m2", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "dataHalls": null, "phasing": { "value": "OSPG gas engines installed in phases to match data centre load", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:317936", "title": "ACP 317936 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317936.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 10, "quote": "allow the OSPG equipment to be installed in phases to match the power load increase of the permitted data centre", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "expectedDates": { "value": "grid supply verbally expected in 6-8 years; OSPG equipment phased over 10-year permission", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:317936", "title": "ACP 317936 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317936.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 14, "quote": "the current verbal direction is that a power supply will be available to the development in 6-8 years.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": { "value": "heat recovery building and ducting provided for a future district heating system", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:317936", "title": "ACP 317936 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317936.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 15, "quote": "A heat recovery building and all necessary space for ducting has been incorporated into the layout and design.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "renewables": { "value": "committed to corporate PPA with a new renewable plant (2 wind projects referenced); rooftop PV", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:317936", "title": "ACP 317936 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317936.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 31, "quote": "The applicant has made a commitment to implement a corporate PPA with a renewable energy plant that is in the development stage", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false } }, "fieldsFilled": 13, "documentsRead": [ "acp:317936", "acp:order_317936" ] }, { "campusId": "digital-realty-profile-park", "name": "Digital Realty Profile Park", "operator": "Digital Realty", "status": "operating", "council": "South Dublin", "scope": "Proposed DUB15 and DUB16 (2 two-storey data centres, 4 data halls) beside existing Digital Realty DUB13/DUB14 in Profile Park; refused by the Board (ABP-314461, Feb 2024). Board order has no text layer.", "specs": { "itLoadMW": { "value": 48, "unit": "MW", "source": { "doc": "acp:314461", "title": "ACP 314461 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314461.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 47, "quote": "the site is designed to support up to 40MW of IT equipment, with an option to upgrade to 48MW.", "note": "40MW base, 48MW maximum", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "demandMW": { "value": 63, "unit": "MW", "source": { "doc": "acp:314461", "title": "ACP 314461 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314461.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 47, "quote": "The report states that the maximum demand for the site which would be running at full load in summer is 63MW.", "note": "Arup MEP report (FI); application elsewhere cites ultimate combined electrical demand of 52MW, phase 1 10MW", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "demandMVA": null, "gridKV": { "value": 110, "unit": "kV", "source": { "doc": "acp:314461", "title": "ACP 314461 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314461.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 49, "quote": "Located beside proposed 110kV", "note": "proposed Greener Ideas Baldonnell 110kV substation adjoining; connection details left to a separate application", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridSubstation": { "value": "existing DUB13/DUB14 grid connection route; beside proposed 110kV (Baldonnell) substation", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:314461", "title": "ACP 314461 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314461.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 45, "quote": "DUB 13 and DUB 14 are connected from the gid and that this route will provide for DUB 15 and DUB 16", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridFirmness": { "value": "none demonstrated: no EirGrid confirmation of a future connection", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:314461", "title": "ACP 314461 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314461.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 49, "quote": "Have not demonstrated sufficient available capacity & connections subject to CRU / Supplier agreement.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genType": { "value": "diesel standby generators (backup); gas energy centre (5 engines, 12.5MW) omitted at further information", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:314461", "title": "ACP 314461 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314461.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 46, "quote": "The proposed development incorporates 32 no. diesel generators that will power the facility in the event of a power outage.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 32, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "acp:314461", "title": "ACP 314461 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314461.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 47, "quote": "32 sets of 2.75MVA /2.2MW", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWe": { "value": 70.4, "unit": "MW", "source": { "doc": "acp:314461", "title": "ACP 314461 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314461.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 47, "quote": "It is stated that the total electrical site capacity of the generators equals 70.4MW.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWth": null, "genFuel": { "value": "diesel", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:314461", "title": "ACP 314461 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314461.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 8, "quote": "incorporates 32 no. diesel generators that will power the facility in the event of a power outage", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genHours": null, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": { "value": "chillers (with condensers and AHUs)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:314461", "title": "ACP 314461 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314461.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 62, "quote": "building service noise (i.e., chillers, condensers and air handling units)", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "waterM3PerDay": null, "gfaM2": { "value": 33577, "unit": "m2", "source": { "doc": "acp:314461", "title": "ACP 314461 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314461.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 6, "quote": "DUB15 is located to the southwest of the site, and has a gross floor area of 16,865sq.m.", "note": "derived: DUB15 16,865 + DUB16 16,712 m2 (same page)", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "dataHalls": { "value": 4, "unit": "halls", "source": { "doc": "acp:314461", "title": "ACP 314461 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314461.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 6, "quote": "with a single data hall on each floor of each block (4 data halls overall)", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "phasing": { "value": "phase 1 (10MW) initially on gas energy centre; later phases grid (energy centre later omitted)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:314461", "title": "ACP 314461 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314461.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 7, "quote": "The Energy Centre will have sufficient capacity for the first phase of data centre development for an electrical demand of 10MW.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "expectedDates": null, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": { "value": "waste heat recovery in cooling strategy; district heating operator heat pumps; ground-source heat pumps", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:314461", "title": "ACP 314461 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314461.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 68, "quote": "a waste heat recovery system will be provided as part of the cooling strategy for the data centre buildings", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "renewables": { "value": "willing to source CPPAs; no evidence of negotiations", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:314461", "title": "ACP 314461 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314461.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 40, "quote": "Applicant is willing to source CPPA\u2019s and note that Digital Reality have a track record in negotiating CPPA\u2019s", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false } }, "fieldsFilled": 15, "documentsRead": [ "acp:314461", "acp:order_314461" ] }, { "campusId": "edgeconnex-newcastle-road-lucan", "name": "EdgeConneX Newcastle Road, Lucan", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "status": "operating", "council": "South Dublin", "scope": "EdgeConneX Facility Campus west of the R120 (Ballymakaily): EDCDUB04 and EDCDUB05 (4 data halls) plus energy centre ESSDUB97 under EPA licence P1204-01 (2025), and DUB06 (2 further halls, granted on appeal ABP-317802, Jul 2025) as the third and final phase; earlier ACP 300752 relates to the existing DUB01-03 campus east of the R120.", "specs": { "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "demandMVA": null, "gridKV": { "value": 110, "unit": "kV", "source": { "doc": "acp:317802", "title": "ACP 317802 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317802.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 5, "quote": "will be provided via the permitted two storey 110kV GIS Substation (Kishoge)", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridSubstation": { "value": "Kishoge 110kV GIS substation (on campus), looped into Aungierstown-Castlebaggot 110kV line (ABP-314567-22)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:317802", "title": "ACP 317802 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317802.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 5, "quote": "connected via an 110kV transmission line from the permitted 110kV transmission line at Aungierstown - Castlebaggot", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridFirmness": { "value": "flexible (EirGrid 'Flexible Demand' offer; agreement signed, bond and charges paid)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:d549f597-eb7d-43f1-ad77-ea681b3052fc", "title": "EPA P1204-01: Inspectors Report_22.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/d549f597-eb7d-43f1-ad77-ea681b3052fc.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 3, "quote": "given the applicant has a \u2018Flexible Demand Offer\u2019 with EirGrid, there is a risk the installation may be instructed to reduce their electricity load", "note": "MIC not disclosed", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genType": { "value": "gas engines (energy centre ESSDUB97) as alternative/flexible-demand power; diesel emergency backup generators", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:d549f597-eb7d-43f1-ad77-ea681b3052fc", "title": "EPA P1204-01: Inspectors Report_22.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/d549f597-eb7d-43f1-ad77-ea681b3052fc.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 4, "quote": "the energy centre will act as the alternative source of power for the site when required", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 20, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "epa:d549f597-eb7d-43f1-ad77-ea681b3052fc", "title": "EPA P1204-01: Inspectors Report_22.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/d549f597-eb7d-43f1-ad77-ea681b3052fc.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 4, "quote": "ESSDUB97 will contain 20 no. 10.3 MWth gas engines (18 no. operational and 2 no. back-up)", "note": "licensed energy centre only; permitted ESSDUB95/96 (41 more engines) not currently required; plus 48 diesel backup generators (DUB04/05) and 24 for DUB06", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWe": null, "genMWth": { "value": 537.2, "unit": "MWth", "source": { "doc": "epa:8319c090-65f3-47f0-99f4-9b87c04ed3a5", "title": "EPA P1204-01: Attachment-4-4-1-Capacity Calculations_18.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/8319c090-65f3-47f0-99f4-9b87c04ed3a5.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 1, "quote": "The combined thermal input (total capacity) from the gas plant and emergency diesel generators is 537.20 MWth", "note": "gas engines 20 x 10.3 = 206 MWth + 48 x 6.9 MWth diesel", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genFuel": { "value": "natural gas (engines); gas oil / diesel for backup (DUB06 backup to use HVO by condition)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:d549f597-eb7d-43f1-ad77-ea681b3052fc", "title": "EPA P1204-01: Inspectors Report_22.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/d549f597-eb7d-43f1-ad77-ea681b3052fc.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 1, "quote": "The gas engines will only operate on natural gas and within the timeframe as instructed by EirGrid.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genHours": { "value": "gas engines up to ~500 h/yr in winter peaks (EirGrid flexible demand); backup generators <=100 h/yr each", "unit": "h/yr", "source": { "doc": "acp:317802", "title": "ACP 317802 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317802.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 6, "quote": "This would be in multiple individual intervals during peak daily usage in winter that is estimated up to 500 hours per annum.", "note": "EPA licence: back-up generators no more than 100 hours per generator per annum; gas engines licensed to run continuously as instructed by EirGrid", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": { "value": "closed-loop glycol cooling with chillers (no water consumed for cooling)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "epa:13ca3065-61b5-40b3-98aa-da427fefcc52", "title": "EPA P1204-01: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_16.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/13ca3065-61b5-40b3-98aa-da427fefcc52.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 7, "quote": "This closed-loop design is more sustainable as it doesn't consume water during cooling.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "waterM3PerDay": { "value": 6, "unit": "m3/day", "source": { "doc": "acp:317802", "title": "ACP 317802 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317802.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 99, "quote": "The proposed development will result in an increased demand for water of c. 6 m3/day (average).", "note": "DUB06 only; DUB04/05 have no industrial water demand", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gfaM2": { "value": 26697, "unit": "m2", "source": { "doc": "epa:13ca3065-61b5-40b3-98aa-da427fefcc52", "title": "EPA P1204-01: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_16.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/13ca3065-61b5-40b3-98aa-da427fefcc52.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 3, "quote": "EDCDUB04 consists of 2 no. single storey data centres (c. 13,900sqm)", "note": "derived: DUB04 13,900 + DUB05 12,797 m2 (same page: EDCDUB05 consists of 2 no. single storey data centres (c. 12,797sqm)); DUB04 + DUB05 data centre areas (excl. offices); DUB06 adds 15,274 m2 GFA", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "dataHalls": { "value": 4, "unit": "halls", "source": { "doc": "epa:13ca3065-61b5-40b3-98aa-da427fefcc52", "title": "EPA P1204-01: Attachment-1-2-Non Technical Summary_16.pdf", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/13ca3065-61b5-40b3-98aa-da427fefcc52.pdf", "issuer": "EPA LEAP" }, "page": 3, "quote": "1 no. energy centre building and 4 no. single storey data centres", "note": "DUB04 + DUB05; DUB06 adds 2 adjoined data centres", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "phasing": { "value": "DUB04 + DUB05 + ESSDUB97 licensed; DUB06 is the third and final phase", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:order_317802", "title": "ACP 317802 Board order", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/317/d317802.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 3, "quote": "of which the proposed development will represent the third and final phase", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "expectedDates": { "value": "gas plants limited to 5 years from first operation unless renewed (later amended to GNI green gas review and removal once firm grid offer)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:317802", "title": "ACP 317802 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317802.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 15, "quote": "Five (5) years from the date the first gas plant first commences operation, the gas plants", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": { "value": "DUB06 must show how it will connect to a future district heating network (condition)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:order_317802", "title": "ACP 317802 Board order", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/317/d317802.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 10, "quote": "details to demonstrate how a connection to a future district heating network will be facilitated on site", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "renewables": { "value": "CPPA required before DUB06 operates (condition); KPMG engaged to acquire CPPAs; 50kWe rooftop PV", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:order_317802", "title": "ACP 317802 Board order", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/317/d317802.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 10, "quote": "details of a Corporate Purchase Power Agreement that the developer has entered into", "note": "Commission condition 4 (ABP-317802)", "verified": "page", "derived": false } }, "fieldsFilled": 16, "documentsRead": [ "epa:d549f597-eb7d-43f1-ad77-ea681b3052fc", "epa:8319c090-65f3-47f0-99f4-9b87c04ed3a5", "epa:639ed5b0-72fc-4316-9b08-7aab8a418831", "epa:13ca3065-61b5-40b3-98aa-da427fefcc52", "acp:317802", "acp:order_317802", "acp:305948", "acp:300752" ] }, { "campusId": "keppel-citywest", "name": "Keppel Citywest (energy storage at existing data centre)", "operator": "Keppel", "status": "operating", "council": "South Dublin", "scope": "Existing Keppel data centre at Citywest Business Park; cases concern containerised energy storage only (3 x 40ft containers, ABP-313603, 2023; 2 battery units + HV skids by Grid Beyond, ABP-320651, 2025). No MW/MWh figures stated.", "specs": { "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "demandMVA": null, "gridKV": null, "gridSubstation": null, "gridFirmness": null, "genType": { "value": "existing generators on site (type/size not stated)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:313603", "title": "ACP 313603 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/313/r313603.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 2, "quote": "There are a number of existing buildings and generators located within the rear portion of the site.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": null, "genMWe": null, "genMWth": null, "genFuel": null, "genHours": null, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": null, "waterM3PerDay": null, "gfaM2": null, "dataHalls": null, "phasing": { "value": "energy storage in 3 x 40ft containers (c.108 m2), then 2 further battery storage units with HV skids", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:320651", "title": "ACP 320651 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/320/r320651.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 2, "quote": "two new battery storage units, two new HV power skids (PCS transformer and HV RMU), and two new MV transformers", "note": "batteries charge from grid at night and discharge at peak demand", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "expectedDates": { "value": "first storage unit permitted Aug 2023 (temporary 3-year limit removed); second (SD23A/0339) decided 2025", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:320651", "title": "ACP 320651 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/320/r320651.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 4, "quote": "The Board granted permission in August 2023, omitting Condition 2.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": null, "renewables": null }, "fieldsFilled": 3, "documentsRead": [ "acp:313603", "acp:order_313603", "acp:320651", "acp:order_320651" ] }, { "campusId": "herbata-naas", "name": "Herbata, Naas (Kildare)", "operator": "Herbata", "status": "proposed", "council": "Kildare", "scope": "Full 6-building campus as applied (KCC 24/60787) with FI changes (17 CCGTs, 50% CPPA); substation is a separate SID application.", "specs": { "itLoadMW": { "value": 180, "unit": "MW", "source": { "doc": "kcc:3042705", "title": "Kildare CC 2460787: Other Assessments - Planning Report", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=3042705&format=djvu", "issuer": "Kildare County Council (iDocs)" }, "page": 14, "quote": "Each DCB will have the capacity to support 30MW of IT equipment.", "note": "derived: 6 DCBs x 30MW IT; FI response reduced DC4 data hall size", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "demandMW": { "value": 240, "unit": "MW", "source": { "doc": "kcc:3042705", "title": "Kildare CC 2460787: Other Assessments - Planning Report", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=3042705&format=djvu", "issuer": "Kildare County Council (iDocs)" }, "page": 58, "quote": "require on average 36MW1 base load demand across the 12month period up to a maximum of 40MW at any one time", "note": "derived: 6 DCBs x 40MW max per building (avg 36MW each = 216MW); BOS Energy appendix", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "demandMVA": null, "gridKV": { "value": 110, "unit": "kV", "source": { "doc": "kcc:3042705", "title": "Kildare CC 2460787: Other Assessments - Planning Report", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=3042705&format=djvu", "issuer": "Kildare County Council (iDocs)" }, "page": 22, "quote": "The proposed 8-bay EirGrid standard GIS substation and partial undergrounding of EirGrid\u2019s 110kV overhead lines", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridSubstation": { "value": "new on-site 8-bay 110kV GIS substation (separate SID application to ABP, ref 315659-23 pre-app)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "kcc:3042705", "title": "Kildare CC 2460787: Other Assessments - Planning Report", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=3042705&format=djvu", "issuer": "Kildare County Council (iDocs)" }, "page": 22, "quote": "The proposed 8-bay EirGrid standard GIS substation and partial undergrounding of EirGrid\u2019s 110kV overhead lines", "note": "Autoproducer connection for import and export", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridFirmness": { "value": "autoproducer connection; KCC requires a formal EirGrid connection for the full load (all phases) before commencement, gas turbines limited to backup/emergency/export", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "kcc:3309992", "title": "Kildare CC 2460787: Planners Report - 20/08/2025", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=3309992&format=djvu", "issuer": "Kildare County Council (iDocs)" }, "page": 83, "quote": "evidence of a formal grid connection from Eirgrid to cover the full electrical load of the development for all phases of the development", "note": "KCC planner's report (Aug 2025), recommended condition 4(a); p59 says the connection is intended to be an Autoproducer connection. Read from local OCR of a scanned PDF.", "verified": "ocr-page", "derived": false }, "genType": { "value": "combined cycle gas turbines as primary on-site generation (up to 50% of energy), with gas engine top-up", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "kcc:3246883", "title": "Kildare CC 2460787: F.I. Received Doc. - Planning Report Addendum", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=3246883&format=djvu", "issuer": "Kildare County Council (iDocs)" }, "page": 12, "quote": "Provision of 17 no. combined cycle gas turbines (including those proposed at Data Centre Building no. 4) to replace 26 no. open cycle gas turbines", "note": "FI response June 2025 switched OCGT to CCGT", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 17, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "kcc:3246883", "title": "Kildare CC 2460787: F.I. Received Doc. - Planning Report Addendum", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=3246883&format=djvu", "issuer": "Kildare County Council (iDocs)" }, "page": 12, "quote": "Provision of 17 no. combined cycle gas turbines (including those proposed at Data Centre Building no. 4) to replace 26 no. open cycle gas turbines", "note": "CCGTs only; gas engines additional (count not stated)", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWe": null, "genMWth": null, "genFuel": { "value": "natural gas from GNI network (biomethane / hydrogen-capable)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "kcc:3042705", "title": "Kildare CC 2460787: Other Assessments - Planning Report", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=3042705&format=djvu", "issuer": "Kildare County Council (iDocs)" }, "page": 11, "quote": "Gas will be sourced from the Gas Networks Ireland (GNI) gas network.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genHours": { "value": "no annual cap stated; turbines limited to grid-constraint backup at System Operator request, emergency use and export; expected annual hours to be submitted before construction", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "kcc:3309992", "title": "Kildare CC 2460787: Planners Report - 20/08/2025", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=3309992&format=djvu", "issuer": "Kildare County Council (iDocs)" }, "page": 84, "quote": "expected annual running hours of onsite gas turbines shall be submitted to the planning authority prior to the commencement of construction", "note": "KCC planner's report (Aug 2025), recommended condition 4(a)-(b), pp83-84. Read from local OCR of a scanned PDF.", "verified": "ocr-page", "derived": false }, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": { "value": "direct air cooling with adiabatic trim", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "kcc:3042705", "title": "Kildare CC 2460787: Other Assessments - Planning Report", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=3042705&format=djvu", "issuer": "Kildare County Council (iDocs)" }, "page": 17, "quote": "90% of the year. During the remaining period, water may be needed to trim the cooling temperatures within the data halls by use of adiabatic", "note": "direct air cooling used for over 90% of the year", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "waterM3PerDay": { "value": 112, "unit": "m3/day", "source": { "doc": "kcc:3309992", "title": "Kildare CC 2460787: Planners Report - 20/08/2025", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=3309992&format=djvu", "issuer": "Kildare County Council (iDocs)" }, "page": 102, "quote": "the current Pre-Connection Enquiry shall only validate a water usage for the proposed development of 1.3 litres per second", "note": "derived: 1.3 l/s x 86,400 s = 112 m3/day; Uisce \u00c9ireann pre-connection ceiling in recommended condition 72(i), not a stated daily demand. Read from local OCR of a scanned PDF.", "verified": "ocr-page", "derived": true }, "gfaM2": { "value": 163566, "unit": "m2", "source": { "doc": "kcc:3042705", "title": "Kildare CC 2460787: Other Assessments - Planning Report", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=3042705&format=djvu", "issuer": "Kildare County Council (iDocs)" }, "page": 14, "quote": "6 no. two-storey DCBs are proposed, each with a total cumulative floor area of 27,261m2", "note": "derived: 6 x 27,261m2 as applied; FI reduced DC4 data hall to 13,683m2", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "dataHalls": { "value": 48, "unit": "halls", "source": { "doc": "kcc:3042705", "title": "Kildare CC 2460787: Other Assessments - Planning Report", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=3042705&format=djvu", "issuer": "Kildare County Council (iDocs)" }, "page": 14, "quote": "admin block located at the front, 8 no. data halls in the middle", "note": "derived: 8 halls x 6 DCBs", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "phasing": { "value": "3 phases: DCB1-2 (+substation), DCB3+5, DCB4+6", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "kcc:3042705", "title": "Kildare CC 2460787: Other Assessments - Planning Report", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=3042705&format=djvu", "issuer": "Kildare County Council (iDocs)" }, "page": 20, "quote": "The construction works associated with the development will be undertaken in three phases", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "expectedDates": { "value": "10-year permission; construction 8-9 years", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "kcc:3042705", "title": "Kildare CC 2460787: Other Assessments - Planning Report", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=3042705&format=djvu", "issuer": "Kildare County Council (iDocs)" }, "page": 22, "quote": "It is envisaged that construction will take 8 \u2013 9 years", "note": "10-year permission sought (p22); KCC granted Aug 2025, appealed Sept 2025", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": { "value": "district heating from waste-heat boilers on 2 gas turbines, up to 20MWth", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "kcc:3042705", "title": "Kildare CC 2460787: Other Assessments - Planning Report", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=3042705&format=djvu", "issuer": "Kildare County Council (iDocs)" }, "page": 12, "quote": "available maximum heat output is assumed at 10MWth per turbine, with a total capacity of 20MWth possible when both turbines are available", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "renewables": { "value": "CPPAs for at least 50% of demand: 168MW wind + 336MW solar over 8 years; rooftop PV", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "kcc:3246729", "title": "Kildare CC 2460787: F.I. Received Doc. - Updated Energy Strategy Report", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=3246729&format=djvu", "issuer": "Kildare County Council (iDocs)" }, "page": 14, "quote": "contract 21MW of Wind and 42MW of Solar each year for 8 years. This totals only 168MW Wind and 336MW of Solar", "note": "FI raised target from 30% to 50%", "verified": "page", "derived": false } }, "fieldsFilled": 17, "documentsRead": [ "kcc:3042705", "kcc:3042715", "kcc:3246729", "kcc:3246883", "eplan:KildareCC/2460787", "eplan:KildareCC/2460740", "kcc:3309992" ] }, { "campusId": "avaio-digital-killala", "name": "Avaio Digital / Mayo Data Hub, Killala", "operator": "Avaio Digital", "status": "lapsed", "council": "Mayo", "scope": "Single 29,076m2 data centre building (Mayo 24/60708), granted by Mayo CC and refused on appeal (ABP-322575-25).", "specs": { "itLoadMW": { "value": 40, "unit": "MW", "source": { "doc": "acp:322575", "title": "ACP 322575 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/322/r322575.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 7, "quote": "The facility would require c.50MW average electrical power to operate and an IT load of 40 MW.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "demandMW": { "value": 58, "unit": "MW", "source": { "doc": "acp:322575", "title": "ACP 322575 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/322/r322575.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 40, "quote": "nominal IT capacity of 40MW, which would require 58MW of maximum import capacity from the grid and demand 50MW of power", "note": "maximum import capacity per applicant's appeal response; c.50MW average", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "demandMVA": null, "gridKV": { "value": 110, "unit": "kV", "source": { "doc": "acp:322575", "title": "ACP 322575 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/322/r322575.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 7, "quote": "power supply for the development would be provided from the national grid via the 110kV line from Moy110kV to Tawnaghmore Power Station", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridSubstation": { "value": "110kV line Moy-Tawnaghmore; future on-site 110kV GIS substation reserved (separate application)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:322575", "title": "ACP 322575 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/322/r322575.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 7, "quote": "power supply for the development would be provided from the national grid via the 110kV line from Moy110kV to Tawnaghmore Power Station", "note": "no EirGrid connection agreement; cited in refusal", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridFirmness": null, "genType": { "value": "backup / dispatchable dual-fuel generators", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:322575", "title": "ACP 322575 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/322/r322575.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 8, "quote": "accommodating 25. no. backup / dispatchable generators and associated flues", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 25, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "acp:322575", "title": "ACP 322575 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/322/r322575.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 8, "quote": "accommodating 25. no. backup / dispatchable generators and associated flues", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWe": { "value": 75, "unit": "MW", "source": { "doc": "acp:322575", "title": "ACP 322575 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/322/r322575.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 8, "quote": "They have the potential to operate for up to 400 hours and generate 75 MW.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWth": null, "genFuel": { "value": "HVO and gas (dual fuel)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:322575", "title": "ACP 322575 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/322/r322575.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 8, "quote": "The generators would be dual fuel powered by Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) and gas", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genHours": { "value": 400, "unit": "h/yr", "source": { "doc": "acp:322575", "title": "ACP 322575 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/322/r322575.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 8, "quote": "They have the potential to operate for up to 400 hours and generate 75 MW.", "note": "inspector p51 states 400 hours per year", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": { "value": "closed-loop water system with roof chillers", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:322575", "title": "ACP 322575 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/322/r322575.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 7, "quote": "closed loop water circulatory system with roof chillers forming the primary cooling solution", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "waterM3PerDay": null, "gfaM2": { "value": 29076, "unit": "m2", "source": { "doc": "eplan:MayoCC/2460708", "title": "MayoCC ePlan register entry 2460708 (development description)", "url": "https://www.eplanning.ie/MayoCC/AppFileRefDetails/2460708/0", "issuer": "MayoCC" }, "page": 1, "quote": "with an overall gross floor area of c. 29,076 sq.m across two levels", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "dataHalls": null, "phasing": null, "expectedDates": { "value": "refused on appeal 15/09/2026", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "eplan:MayoCC/2460708", "title": "MayoCC ePlan register entry 2460708 (development description)", "url": "https://www.eplanning.ie/MayoCC/AppFileRefDetails/2460708/0", "issuer": "MayoCC" }, "page": 1, "quote": "Appeal Decision: REFUSED Decision Date: 15/09/2026", "note": "Mayo CC had granted 25/04/2025", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": { "value": "perimeter pipework for possible future district heating (MCC condition 10)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:322575", "title": "ACP 322575 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/322/r322575.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 11, "quote": "install a suitable pipework at the site\u2019s perimeter to facilitate a district heating system, if deemed necessary", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "renewables": { "value": "50kW rooftop PV only; no CPPA evidence", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:322575", "title": "ACP 322575 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/322/r322575.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 8, "quote": "The solar panels are stated as having an input of 50kW.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false } }, "fieldsFilled": 14, "documentsRead": [ "acp:322575", "acp:order_322575", "eplan:MayoCC/2460708" ] }, { "campusId": "red-admiral-dc-rochfortbridge", "name": "Red Admiral DC, Rochfortbridge (Westmeath)", "operator": "Red Admiral DC", "status": "proposed", "council": "Westmeath", "scope": "Westmeath 25/60344 register description only: 6 data buildings, 6 fuel cell towers, 138 battery enclosures, 168ha solar farm; no MW figures stated.", "specs": { "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "demandMVA": null, "gridKV": null, "gridSubstation": null, "gridFirmness": null, "genType": { "value": "fuel cells for on-site power (6 fuel cell towers) plus 2 diesel generators", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "eplan:WestmeathCC/2560344", "title": "WestmeathCC ePlan register entry 2560344 (development description)", "url": "https://www.eplanning.ie/WestmeathCC/AppFileRefDetails/2560344/0", "issuer": "WestmeathCC" }, "page": 1, "quote": "6 No. fuel cell towers (each 89m x 29m x 20m high)", "note": "diesel generators in ancillary compound; also 138 battery enclosures (no MW stated)", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": null, "genMWe": null, "genMWth": null, "genFuel": null, "genHours": null, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": null, "waterM3PerDay": null, "gfaM2": null, "dataHalls": null, "phasing": null, "expectedDates": { "value": "granted by Westmeath CC 02/06/2026; appealed 23/06/2026", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "eplan:WestmeathCC/2560344", "title": "WestmeathCC ePlan register entry 2560344 (development description)", "url": "https://www.eplanning.ie/WestmeathCC/AppFileRefDetails/2560344/0", "issuer": "WestmeathCC" }, "page": 1, "quote": "Decision Type: Conditional Decision Date: 02/06/2026 Leave to Appeal: Appeal Date: 23/06/2026", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": null, "renewables": { "value": "on-site 168ha solar farm", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "eplan:WestmeathCC/2560344", "title": "WestmeathCC ePlan register entry 2560344 (development description)", "url": "https://www.eplanning.ie/WestmeathCC/AppFileRefDetails/2560344/0", "issuer": "WestmeathCC" }, "page": 1, "quote": "Solar farm (168 hectares) to the east of the data campus facility", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false } }, "fieldsFilled": 3, "documentsRead": [ "eplan:WestmeathCC/2560344" ] }, { "campusId": "art-data-centres-ennis", "name": "Art Data Centres, Ennis", "operator": "Art Data Centres", "status": "permitted", "council": "Clare", "scope": "Full 6-building campus with 120MW gas energy centre (ABP-314474-22, granted 2024); substation separate SID.", "specs": { "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": { "value": 200, "unit": "MW", "source": { "doc": "acp:314474", "title": "ACP 314474 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314474.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 57, "quote": "The c.200MW of electricity required to power the data centre would be supplied by the national grid via the nearby Ennis 110kV substation (c.80MW)", "note": "c.80MW grid + c.120MW on-site energy centre", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "demandMVA": null, "gridKV": { "value": 110, "unit": "kV", "source": { "doc": "acp:314474", "title": "ACP 314474 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314474.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 8, "quote": "a 110kV (GIS) substation which would connect the data centre to the national grid via 2 x underground transmission lines (Ennis 110kV substation", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridSubstation": { "value": "Ennis 110kV substation via new 110kV GIS substation (concurrent SID ABP-313895-22)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:314474", "title": "ACP 314474 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314474.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 8, "quote": "a 110kV (GIS) substation which would connect the data centre to the national grid via 2 x underground transmission lines (Ennis 110kV substation", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridFirmness": null, "genType": { "value": "lean-burn gas engines in energy centre for primary co-supply; plus 66 standby diesel generators (11 per building)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:314474", "title": "ACP 314474 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314474.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 6, "quote": "18 x lean-burn natural gas engines exhaust flues (c.25m high)", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 18, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "acp:314474", "title": "ACP 314474 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314474.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 6, "quote": "18 x lean-burn natural gas engines exhaust flues (c.25m high)", "note": "gas engines only; 66 standby diesel generators additional", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWe": { "value": 120, "unit": "MW", "source": { "doc": "acp:314474", "title": "ACP 314474 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314474.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 57, "quote": "the proposed onsite energy centre (c.120MW)", "note": "gas energy centre only", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWth": null, "genFuel": { "value": "natural gas (future hydrogen / biomethane)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:314474", "title": "ACP 314474 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314474.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 57, "quote": "The on-site energy centre would be fuelled by natural gas via the nearby natural gas pipeline", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genHours": null, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": { "value": "adiabatic", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:314474", "title": "ACP 314474 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314474.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 11, "quote": "evidence of no increased fire risk from adiabatic cooling", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "waterM3PerDay": { "value": 907, "unit": "m3/day", "source": { "doc": "acp:314474", "title": "ACP 314474 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314474.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 32, "quote": "Data centre would draw 907m3/day of water from the town mains & supplement with 93m3 of stored rainwater", "note": "third-party appellant's figure", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gfaM2": { "value": 118740, "unit": "m2", "source": { "doc": "eplan:ClareCC/21757", "title": "ClareCC ePlan register entry 21757 (development description)", "url": "https://www.eplanning.ie/ClareCC/AppFileRefDetails/21757/0", "issuer": "ClareCC" }, "page": 1, "quote": "that will have a combined gross floor area of 118,740 sqm", "note": "6 x c.19,790m2", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "dataHalls": null, "phasing": { "value": "grid-connected Phase 1, later phases powered by on-site gas engines; 10-year permission", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:314474", "title": "ACP 314474 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314474.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 30, "quote": "the grid connected Phase 1 and subsequent phases which will be powered by on-site gas engines", "note": "third-party characterisation", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "expectedDates": { "value": "granted 15/04/2024 (ABP modified); expires 14/04/2029", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "eplan:ClareCC/21757", "title": "ClareCC ePlan register entry 21757 (development description)", "url": "https://www.eplanning.ie/ClareCC/AppFileRefDetails/21757/0", "issuer": "ClareCC" }, "page": 1, "quote": "Grant Date: 15/04/2024 Grant Managers Order #: Section 47 Apply?: Part 5 Apply?: Expiry Date: 14/04/2029", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": { "value": "low-grade waste heat to on-site vertical farm; future district heating connection", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:314474", "title": "ACP 314474 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314474.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 32, "quote": "Provision for future connection to a district heating system within 5km. o Reuse of low-grade waste heat In vertical farm.", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "renewables": { "value": "rooftop solar; CPPAs proposed, no contract", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:314474", "title": "ACP 314474 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314474.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 37, "quote": "Potential for CPPAs to offset entire energy usage, willing accept a related Condition", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false } }, "fieldsFilled": 14, "documentsRead": [ "acp:314474", "acp:order_314474", "eplan:ClareCC/21757" ] }, { "campusId": "apple-athenry", "name": "Apple Athenry (abandoned)", "operator": "Apple", "status": "permitted", "council": "Galway County", "scope": "Phase 1 single data hall (PL07.245518, granted 2016) of an 8-hall masterplan; never built.", "specs": { "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": { "value": 30, "unit": "MW", "source": { "doc": "acp:245518", "title": "ACP 245518 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/245/r245518.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 10, "quote": "Confirmation submitted from Eirgrid that the network can accommodate the 30MW demand.", "note": "phase 1 (1 of 8 halls); objectors cite 240MW full build-out", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "demandMVA": null, "gridKV": { "value": 220, "unit": "kV", "source": { "doc": "acp:245518", "title": "ACP 245518 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/245/r245518.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 4, "quote": "There is a concurrent application for the construction of a 220kv substation located to the north west of the proposed data centre building", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridSubstation": { "value": "new on-site 220kV substation connecting to Cashla-Tynagh and Cashla-Prospect 220kV lines (07.VA0020)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:245518", "title": "ACP 245518 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/245/r245518.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 4, "quote": "passes close to the north east corner of the site these being the Cashla to Tynagh and the Cashla to Prospect lines", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridFirmness": null, "genType": { "value": "backup diesel generators", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:245518", "title": "ACP 245518 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/245/r245518.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 5, "quote": "The development proposes the provision of 18 no. standby diesel generators", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 18, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "acp:245518", "title": "ACP 245518 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/245/r245518.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 5, "quote": "The development proposes the provision of 18 no. standby diesel generators", "note": "phase 1; 18 per hall in 8-hall masterplan", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWe": { "value": 36, "unit": "MW", "source": { "doc": "acp:245518", "title": "ACP 245518 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/245/r245518.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 5, "quote": "each generator has a rated output of 2MW", "note": "derived: 18 generators x 2MW", "verified": "page", "derived": true }, "genMWth": null, "genFuel": { "value": "diesel", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:245518", "title": "ACP 245518 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/245/r245518.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 5, "quote": "The development proposes the provision of 18 no. standby diesel generators", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genHours": null, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": { "value": "air (ambient cooling)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:245518", "title": "ACP 245518 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/245/r245518.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 54, "quote": "adequate air circulation for successful ambient cooling is achieved", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "waterM3PerDay": null, "gfaM2": { "value": 24505, "unit": "m2", "source": { "doc": "acp:245518", "title": "ACP 245518 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/245/r245518.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 5, "quote": "comprising a 24,505 sq metre single storey data centre building", "note": "data hall only; plus 5,232m2 logistics/admin", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "dataHalls": { "value": 1, "unit": "halls", "source": { "doc": "acp:245518", "title": "ACP 245518 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/245/r245518.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 6, "quote": "Site Masterplan Drawing (14294.0000) which shows the overall future layout of the site with a total of 8 no. data halls", "note": "1 hall applied for; 8 in masterplan", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "phasing": { "value": "phase 1 of 8-hall masterplan", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:245518", "title": "ACP 245518 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/245/r245518.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 6, "quote": "Site Masterplan Drawing (14294.0000) which shows the overall future layout of the site with a total of 8 no. data halls", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "expectedDates": { "value": "granted 2016; extension of duration to 04/08/2026; project abandoned", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "eplan:GalwayCC/211047", "title": "GalwayCC ePlan register entry 211047 (development description)", "url": "https://www.eplanning.ie/GalwayCC/AppFileRefDetails/211047/0", "issuer": "GalwayCC" }, "page": 1, "quote": "Expiry Date: 04/08/2026", "note": "abandonment from campus record, not this doc", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": null, "renewables": { "value": "100% renewable objective via purchase of renewable energy (no specific PPA)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:245518", "title": "ACP 245518 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/245/r245518.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 10, "quote": "objective of 100 percent renewable sources will be met by the use of efficient technologies, support for renewable energy generation projects and the purchase", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false } }, "fieldsFilled": 13, "documentsRead": [ "acp:245518", "acp:order_245518", "eplan:GalwayCC/211047" ] }, { "campusId": "government-ogcio-backweston-celbridge", "name": "Government OGCIO data centre, Backweston", "operator": "Government (OGCIO)", "status": "operating", "council": "Kildare", "scope": "Single 5,474m2 government data centre building (ABP-305962-19, first-party condition appeal).", "specs": { "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": { "value": 3.5, "unit": "MW", "source": { "doc": "acp:305962", "title": "ACP 305962 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/305/r305962.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 4, "quote": "power input of 3.5 MW and that this will be sourced from the new ESB 110kv sub station located to the east", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "demandMVA": null, "gridKV": { "value": 110, "unit": "kV", "source": { "doc": "acp:305962", "title": "ACP 305962 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/305/r305962.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 4, "quote": "power input of 3.5 MW and that this will be sourced from the new ESB 110kv sub station located to the east", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridSubstation": { "value": "new ESB 110kV substation at Adamstown", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:305962", "title": "ACP 305962 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/305/r305962.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 4, "quote": "sourced from the new ESB 110kv sub station located to the east of the site in Adamstown", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "gridFirmness": null, "genType": { "value": "backup diesel generators", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:305962", "title": "ACP 305962 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/305/r305962.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 4, "quote": "The backup generators are proposed to be diesel powered and to be fuelled via tow tanks", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 5, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "acp:305962", "title": "ACP 305962 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/305/r305962.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 3, "quote": "plant areas including 5 No. backup generators", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWe": null, "genMWth": null, "genFuel": { "value": "diesel", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:305962", "title": "ACP 305962 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/305/r305962.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 4, "quote": "The backup generators are proposed to be diesel powered and to be fuelled via tow tanks", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genHours": null, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": null, "waterM3PerDay": null, "gfaM2": { "value": 5474, "unit": "m2", "source": { "doc": "acp:305962", "title": "ACP 305962 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/305/r305962.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 3, "quote": "The construction of a data centre building of c.5474sq. metres floor area", "note": "plus c.2,826m2 external plant area", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "dataHalls": null, "phasing": null, "expectedDates": { "value": "granted 30/03/2020; permission expiry 29/03/2025", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "eplan:KildareCC/19164", "title": "KildareCC ePlan register entry 19164 (development description)", "url": "https://www.eplanning.ie/KildareCC/AppFileRefDetails/19164/0", "issuer": "KildareCC" }, "page": 1, "quote": "Grant Date: 30/03/2020 Grant Managers Order #: DO25983", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": { "value": "heat to existing campus buildings if feasible", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "acp:305962", "title": "ACP 305962 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/305/r305962.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 4, "quote": "if the recovery of energy from the development is feasible that it will be used to heat existing buildings on the campus", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "renewables": null }, "fieldsFilled": 9, "documentsRead": [ "acp:305962", "acp:order_305962", "eplan:KildareCC/19164" ] }, { "campusId": "blanchardstown-operator-not-identified-3", "name": "Blanchardstown light industrial / data centre (FW21A/0046)", "operator": "Not identified", "status": "permitted", "council": "Fingal", "scope": "1,890m2 unit; data-centre use omitted by condition, so no energy/water specs exist.", "specs": { "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "demandMVA": null, "gridKV": null, "gridSubstation": null, "gridFirmness": null, "genType": null, "genCount": null, "genMWe": null, "genMWth": null, "genFuel": null, "genHours": null, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": null, "waterM3PerDay": null, "gfaM2": { "value": 1890, "unit": "m2", "source": { "doc": "acp:312424", "title": "ACP 312424 inspector report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/312/r312424.pdf", "issuer": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la" }, "page": 2, "quote": "a light industrial warehouse / data centre (1,890sqm, approximately)", "note": "data-centre use omitted by condition 2; permitted as warehouse only", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "dataHalls": null, "phasing": null, "expectedDates": null, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": null, "renewables": null }, "fieldsFilled": 1, "documentsRead": [ "acp:312424", "acp:order_312424" ] }, { "campusId": "eir-drogheda", "name": "eir Drogheda exchange data centre", "operator": "eir", "status": "under construction", "council": "Louth", "scope": "Change of use of 2,413m2 of the Drogheda telephone exchange (Louth 24/226); register description only.", "specs": { "itLoadMW": null, "demandMW": null, "demandMVA": null, "gridKV": null, "gridSubstation": null, "gridFirmness": null, "genType": { "value": "standby generators (HVO)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "eplan:LouthCC/24226", "title": "LouthCC ePlan register entry 24226 (development description)", "url": "https://www.eplanning.ie/LouthCC/AppFileRefDetails/24226/0", "issuer": "LouthCC" }, "page": 1, "quote": "Provision of 5 no. additional enclosed biodiesel (HVO) standby generators", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genCount": { "value": 5, "unit": "units", "source": { "doc": "eplan:LouthCC/24226", "title": "LouthCC ePlan register entry 24226 (development description)", "url": "https://www.eplanning.ie/LouthCC/AppFileRefDetails/24226/0", "issuer": "LouthCC" }, "page": 1, "quote": "Provision of 5 no. additional enclosed biodiesel (HVO) standby generators", "note": "additional units only; existing generators not counted", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genMWe": null, "genMWth": null, "genFuel": { "value": "HVO (biodiesel)", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "eplan:LouthCC/24226", "title": "LouthCC ePlan register entry 24226 (development description)", "url": "https://www.eplanning.ie/LouthCC/AppFileRefDetails/24226/0", "issuer": "LouthCC" }, "page": 1, "quote": "Provision of 5 no. additional enclosed biodiesel (HVO) standby generators", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "genHours": null, "batteryMW": null, "batteryMWh": null, "coolingType": { "value": "condenser chillers", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "eplan:LouthCC/24226", "title": "LouthCC ePlan register entry 24226 (development description)", "url": "https://www.eplanning.ie/LouthCC/AppFileRefDetails/24226/0", "issuer": "LouthCC" }, "page": 1, "quote": "enclosed plant yard compound of 208sqm to accommodate condenser chillers", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "waterM3PerDay": null, "gfaM2": { "value": 2413, "unit": "m2", "source": { "doc": "eplan:LouthCC/24226", "title": "LouthCC ePlan register entry 24226 (development description)", "url": "https://www.eplanning.ie/LouthCC/AppFileRefDetails/24226/0", "issuer": "LouthCC" }, "page": 1, "quote": "change of use of part of the building (2413sqm) from existing Telephone Exchange use", "note": "change of use within existing exchange", "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "dataHalls": null, "phasing": null, "expectedDates": { "value": "granted 30/06/2025; expires 29/06/2030", "unit": "", "source": { "doc": "eplan:LouthCC/24226", "title": "LouthCC ePlan register entry 24226 (development description)", "url": "https://www.eplanning.ie/LouthCC/AppFileRefDetails/24226/0", "issuer": "LouthCC" }, "page": 1, "quote": "Grant Date: 30/06/2025 Grant Managers Order #: 386b/2025 Section 47 Apply?: Part 5 Apply?: Expiry Date: 29/06/2030", "note": null, "verified": "page", "derived": false }, "pueTarget": null, "heatReuse": null, "renewables": null }, "fieldsFilled": 6, "documentsRead": [ "eplan:LouthCC/24226" ] } ], "coverage": { "itLoadMW": 5, "demandMW": 16, "demandMVA": 4, "gridKV": 21, "gridSubstation": 23, "gridFirmness": 13, "genType": 33, "genCount": 31, "genMWe": 9, "genMWth": 19, "genFuel": 30, "genHours": 24, "batteryMW": 0, "batteryMWh": 0, "coolingType": 27, "waterM3PerDay": 20, "gfaM2": 23, "dataHalls": 11, "phasing": 26, "expectedDates": 27, "pueTarget": 2, "heatReuse": 25, "renewables": 25 }, "coverageVerified": { "itLoadMW": 5, "demandMW": 16, "demandMVA": 4, "gridKV": 21, "gridSubstation": 23, "gridFirmness": 13, "genType": 33, "genCount": 31, "genMWe": 9, "genMWth": 19, "genFuel": 30, "genHours": 24, "batteryMW": 0, "batteryMWh": 0, "coolingType": 27, "waterM3PerDay": 20, "gfaM2": 23, "dataHalls": 11, "phasing": 26, "expectedDates": 27, "pueTarget": 2, "heatReuse": 25, "renewables": 25 }, "coverageStated": { "itLoadMW": 4, "demandMW": 13, "demandMVA": 4, "gridKV": 21, "gridSubstation": 23, "gridFirmness": 13, "genType": 33, "genCount": 25, "genMWe": 8, "genMWth": 13, "genFuel": 30, "genHours": 24, "batteryMW": 0, "batteryMWh": 0, "coolingType": 27, "waterM3PerDay": 2, "gfaM2": 17, "dataHalls": 8, "phasing": 26, "expectedDates": 27, "pueTarget": 2, "heatReuse": 25, "renewables": 25 }, "quoteCheck": { "page": 411, "ocr-page": 3 }, "campusCount": 34, "documentsInRegistry": 225, "inaccessible": [ { "source": "South Dublin, Fingal, Dublin City and D\u00fan Laoghaire-Rathdown planning documents (planning.agileapplications.ie and planningapi.agileapplications.ie)", "reason": "robots.txt disallows the application pages and API (Disallow: /*/*); not crawled. One API request was made on 3 Oct 2026 before the robots check and is not used.", "effect": "No EIARs, planning reports or cover letters for any Dublin campus (Microsoft, Google, AWS, Equinix, Digital Realty, CyrusOne, EdgeConneX, Vantage, Echelon Clondalkin, K2, Pure DC). Dublin specs rely on ACP and EPA documents." }, { "source": "Cork County Council planning documents (Agile Applications)", "reason": "same platform and robots.txt as above", "effect": "Little Island campuses not covered." }, { "source": "iDocs document repositories of Meath, Wicklow, Westmeath, Mayo, Clare and Louth county councils", "reason": "each sits behind a copyright agreement page with an 'I agree' checkbox; accepting terms needs the owner's explicit say-so, so not ticked.", "effect": "For Meta Clonee, SDC-EN Bracetown, AWS Drogheda, Echelon Arklow/Kish, Red Admiral Rochfortbridge, Avaio Killala, Art Ennis and eir Drogheda only the ePlan development description (plus ACP/EPA) was read. Owner can approve and re-run fetch() with those docids." }, { "source": "Galway County Council documents for 211047 (Apple Athenry)", "reason": "ePlan page shows no document repository link", "effect": "ACP report only." }, { "source": "ACP inspector reports for 315599 (EdgeConneX Ballycoolin), 302478 (AWS Belgard), 321230 (Echelon SD24A/0201W), 313564 (Huntstown, invalid)", "reason": "no report PDF at the standard pleanala.ie path (withdrawn, invalid or undecided cases)", "effect": "Not read." }, { "source": "Kildare iDocs 2460787 docid 3309992 (Herbata planner's report, Aug 2025)", "reason": "scanned PDF with no text layer (OCR not run)", "effect": "Earlier planning report, FI addendum and energy strategy used instead." }, { "source": "Pending ACP appeals: Herbata Naas (323677), Red Admiral Rochfortbridge (501550/501596)", "reason": "no inspector report yet", "effect": "Council-stage documents only." } ], "caveats": [ "Planning and licensing documents state what was applied for or permitted, not what was built or is drawn. Pair with EPA AER grid electricity (pipelines.epa_generation) for actual load.", "EPA thermal ratings (MWth) are fuel input; electrical output is roughly 35-45% of that for diesel and gas engines. genMWe is given only where a document states it.", "Campus-level values mix applications from different years; 'note' gives the scope of each number. Do not add values across fields or campuses without reading the notes.", "Several ACP cases were refused or are pending; their numbers describe proposals, not permitted development.", "Dublin campuses lack council-file detail (EIAR water, cooling, PUE, heat reuse) because the Dublin councils' document portal disallows crawling; nulls there are gaps in our reading, not evidence of absence.", "Quotes are 25 words or fewer and verified automatically against cached text; 'verified' = 'other-page' means the quote was found on a different page than recorded (page corrected in output).", "Values marked derived=true were computed by the reader from stated components (e.g. unit count x rating, annual GWh / 8760, AER annual m3 / 365); the quote shows the inputs. AER-based water and energy figures are metered averages, not design peaks.", "Some figures come from third-party submissions or appellants quoted in inspector reports (e.g. Art Ennis water 907 m3/day); 'note' says so where it applies.", "Batteries: no campus document read states battery MW/MWh (Red Admiral lists 138 battery enclosures, Keppel Citywest battery units, without ratings)." ] }, "grid_limits": { "title": "The grid's limits on big loads", "source": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-10/Wk42_2026_Weekly_Operational_Constraints_Update.pdf (EirGrid/SONI Weekly Operational Constraints Update) \u00b7 CRU202704/CRU202705 \u00b7 CRU2026145 (MPID 345 decision, 22 Sep 2026) and Framework \u00b7 EirGrid MPID 345 \u00b7 EirGrid Operating Security Standards v3.0 and DASSA volumes paper \u00b7 CRU/2025/236 \u00b7 DCCOPP v3", "asOf": "2026-10-09", "ocu": { "year": 2026, "week": 42, "published": "2026-10-09", "period": [ "2026-10-12", "2026-10-18" ], "url": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-10/Wk42_2026_Weekly_Operational_Constraints_Update.pdf", "parsedOk": true, "fallbackFields": [], "celticListed": false, "greenlinkListed": true, "irelandPeakMW": 5150, "replacementReserveMW": 325, "interconnectorRampMWmin": 15 }, "limits": [ { "key": "loadRejection", "limit": "Maximum total system load rejection", "value": 900, "unit": "MW", "meaning": "The most demand (data centres and other large users) plus interconnector export the system can lose at once after a fault. EirGrid estimates up to 90% of data-centre demand could drop off in certain credible faults, so ~1,000 MW of data-centre demand fills it (the 5 recorded faults dropped 16-52%, all single-phase). Reached at the June 2026 peak; EirGrid now restricts interconnector exports and can instruct data centres to curtail. Every new non-ride-through MW competes for this headroom. MPID 345 (approved 22 Sep 2026) does not raise it: each data centre's Demand Utilisation Threshold is sized to keep non-compliant demand inside it, and EirGrid says the limit will be reviewed.", "since": { "firstSeen": "2026 week 3", "firstSeenPublished": "2026-01-09", "absentIn": "2026 week 2" }, "source": { "title": "EirGrid/SONI Weekly Operational Constraints Update, week 42 2026", "url": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-10/Wk42_2026_Weekly_Operational_Constraints_Update.pdf", "date": "2026-10-09" }, "asOf": "2026-10-09" }, { "key": "lsi", "limit": "Largest single infeed (reserve reference incident)", "value": 504, "unit": "MW", "meaning": "Reserves are sized to the biggest single loss of supply: for example EWIC (the DASSA paper's worked example) tripping while importing 504 MW (export limit 526 MW is the largest outfeed). Primary reserve must cover 75% of it. A data-centre campus is a demand, not an infeed, so it is not sized against this; its risk sits in the load-rejection limit above. EirGrid is replacing LSI/LSO with a 'reference incident' that adds consequential losses, which are mainly data centres lacking fault ride-through.", "source": [ { "title": "EirGrid/SONI Weekly Operational Constraints Update, week 42 2026", "url": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-10/Wk42_2026_Weekly_Operational_Constraints_Update.pdf", "date": "2026-10-09" }, { "title": "EirGrid, FASS DASSA Volume Forecasting Methodology consultation", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/FASS-DASSA-Volumes-Consultation-Paper-September-2024-EirGrid.pdf", "date": "2024-10" } ], "asOf": "2026-10-09" }, { "key": "snsp", "limit": "System non-synchronous penetration (SNSP)", "value": 75, "unit": "%", "meaning": "Cap on wind, solar, batteries and HVDC imports as a share of demand. The planned trial at 80% was paused because of the data-centre fault ride-through risk. The TSOs say these measures can mean more wind curtailment and more thermal generation, so higher emissions.", "source": [ { "title": "EirGrid/SONI Weekly Operational Constraints Update, week 42 2026", "url": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-10/Wk42_2026_Weekly_Operational_Constraints_Update.pdf", "date": "2026-10-09" }, { "title": "CRU202705, EirGrid FRT update and assessment of alternatives", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/materials/971/CRU202705%20Fault%20Ride%20Through,%20Active%20Power%20Recovery%20&%20Rate%20of%20Change%20of%20Frequency%20-%20EirGrid%20Update%20including%20Assessment%20of%20System%20Service%20and%20Grid%20Solution%20Alternatives%20(EirGrid).pdf", "date": "2026-06-26" } ], "asOf": "2026-10-09" }, { "key": "rocof", "limit": "Rate of change of frequency (RoCoF)", "value": 1, "unit": "Hz/s", "meaning": "How fast frequency may move after a big loss. MPID 345 (approved 22 Sep 2026, in the Grid Code from 27 Oct 2026) extends the \u00b11 Hz/s standard to transmission-connected demand facilities, so a new campus's equipment must stay on through it.", "source": [ { "title": "EirGrid/SONI Weekly Operational Constraints Update, week 42 2026", "url": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-10/Wk42_2026_Weekly_Operational_Constraints_Update.pdf", "date": "2026-10-09" }, { "title": "CRU2026145, Grid Code Modification MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: Decision Paper", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Code_Modification_MPID_345Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework_Decision_Paper.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } ], "asOf": "2026-10-09" }, { "key": "inertia", "limit": "All-island inertia floor", "value": 28000, "unit": "MWs", "meaning": "Minimum spinning mass on the system, which slows frequency change after a loss. Raised from 23,000 to 28,000 MWs (interim) using two new synchronous condensers, as a mitigation for data-centre demand drops. Higher floor = more conventional or condenser plant kept running, at consumers' cost.", "since": { "firstSeen": "2026 week 20", "firstSeenPublished": "2026-05-08" }, "source": [ { "title": "EirGrid/SONI Weekly Operational Constraints Update, week 42 2026", "url": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-10/Wk42_2026_Weekly_Operational_Constraints_Update.pdf", "date": "2026-10-09" }, { "title": "CRU202705, EirGrid FRT update and assessment of alternatives", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/materials/971/CRU202705%20Fault%20Ride%20Through,%20Active%20Power%20Recovery%20&%20Rate%20of%20Change%20of%20Frequency%20-%20EirGrid%20Update%20including%20Assessment%20of%20System%20Service%20and%20Grid%20Solution%20Alternatives%20(EirGrid).pdf", "date": "2026-06-26" } ], "asOf": "2026-10-09" }, { "key": "minUnits", "limit": "Minimum large conventional units on load", "value": 7, "unit": "units all-island", "meaning": "At least 7 large conventional units all-island (4 in Ireland, 2 in Northern Ireland) for dynamic stability, plus 1 to 3 large Dublin units for voltage and load-flow control depending on demand. A planned further reduction is on hold because of the fault ride-through issue. Dublin units are what keeps the city's 220 kV network stable around the data-centre cluster.", "source": [ { "title": "EirGrid/SONI Weekly Operational Constraints Update, week 42 2026", "url": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-10/Wk42_2026_Weekly_Operational_Constraints_Update.pdf", "date": "2026-10-09" }, { "title": "CRU202705, EirGrid FRT update and assessment of alternatives", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/materials/971/CRU202705%20Fault%20Ride%20Through,%20Active%20Power%20Recovery%20&%20Rate%20of%20Change%20of%20Frequency%20-%20EirGrid%20Update%20including%20Assessment%20of%20System%20Service%20and%20Grid%20Solution%20Alternatives%20(EirGrid).pdf", "date": "2026-06-26" } ], "asOf": "2026-10-09" }, { "key": "battery", "limit": "System-wide battery charging cap", "value": 200, "unit": "MW", "meaning": "Batteries are kept below 85% state of charge and 200 MW of charging so they can absorb power when data centres suddenly disconnect. Storage capacity is being held back as a shock absorber for data-centre behaviour.", "source": [ { "title": "EirGrid/SONI Weekly Operational Constraints Update, week 42 2026", "url": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-10/Wk42_2026_Weekly_Operational_Constraints_Update.pdf", "date": "2026-10-09" }, { "title": "CRU202705, EirGrid FRT update and assessment of alternatives", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/materials/971/CRU202705%20Fault%20Ride%20Through,%20Active%20Power%20Recovery%20&%20Rate%20of%20Change%20of%20Frequency%20-%20EirGrid%20Update%20including%20Assessment%20of%20System%20Service%20and%20Grid%20Solution%20Alternatives%20(EirGrid).pdf", "date": "2026-06-26" } ], "asOf": "2026-10-09" }, { "key": "ewic", "limit": "EWIC interconnector import / export", "value": "504 / 526", "unit": "MW", "meaning": "Export on the interconnectors counts toward the same load-rejection limit (losing an export is like losing demand), so EirGrid counter-trades to cut exports, including of surplus wind, when data-centre demand is high.", "source": [ { "title": "EirGrid/SONI Weekly Operational Constraints Update, week 42 2026", "url": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-10/Wk42_2026_Weekly_Operational_Constraints_Update.pdf", "date": "2026-10-09" }, { "title": "CRU202705, EirGrid FRT update and assessment of alternatives", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/materials/971/CRU202705%20Fault%20Ride%20Through,%20Active%20Power%20Recovery%20&%20Rate%20of%20Change%20of%20Frequency%20-%20EirGrid%20Update%20including%20Assessment%20of%20System%20Service%20and%20Grid%20Solution%20Alternatives%20(EirGrid).pdf", "date": "2026-06-26" } ], "asOf": "2026-10-09" } ], "headroom": { "dcPeakMW": 1000, "dropShare": 0.9, "loadRejectionMW": 900, "date": "2026-06", "kind": "reported", "text": "EirGrid told the CRU that data-centre demand peaked at ~1,000 MW in late June 2026 and the 900 MW load-rejection limit was reached (with interconnector exports already cut).", "source": { "title": "CRU202704, MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: request for further representations", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/CRU202704%20Grid%20Code%20Modification%20MPID%20345%20and%20Compliance%20and%20Derogation%20Framework%20Request%20for%20Further%20Representations_0.pdf", "date": "2026-07-08" } }, "campusExamples": [ { "campusMW": 100, "potentialDropMW": 90, "shareOfLimitPct": 10, "kind": "inference", "text": "A 100 MW campus without fault ride-through adds ~90 MW of potential load rejection, 10% of the 900 MW limit, which the TSOs say was reached at the June 2026 peak." }, { "campusMW": 200, "potentialDropMW": 180, "shareOfLimitPct": 20, "kind": "inference", "text": "A 200 MW campus without fault ride-through adds ~180 MW of potential load rejection, 20% of the 900 MW limit, which the TSOs say was reached at the June 2026 peak." }, { "campusMW": 300, "potentialDropMW": 270, "shareOfLimitPct": 30, "kind": "inference", "text": "A 300 MW campus without fault ride-through adds ~270 MW of potential load rejection, 30% of the 900 MW limit, which the TSOs say was reached at the June 2026 peak." } ], "frtEvents": [ { "date": "2022-01-07", "fault": "Limerick: Killonan-Kilpaddoge 220 kV Fault", "dcDropMW": 74, "pctOfDcDemand": 16 }, { "date": "2022-12-13", "fault": "Dublin: Kellystown-Woodland 220 kV Fault", "dcDropMW": 204, "pctOfDcDemand": 34 }, { "date": "2025-01-26", "fault": "Dublin: Poolbeg 220 kV Reactor Fault", "dcDropMW": 321, "pctOfDcDemand": 44 }, { "date": "2025-05-08", "fault": "Dublin: North Wall \u2013 Poolbeg 220 kV Fault", "dcDropMW": 387, "pctOfDcDemand": 52 }, { "date": "2026-06-06", "fault": "Dublin: Poolbeg 220 kV Reactor Fault", "dcDropMW": 480, "pctOfDcDemand": 52 } ], "decisions": [ { "ref": "CRU/2025/236", "date": "2025-12-12", "body": "CRU", "what": "Large Energy User connection policy decision. Section 5.1.7 records EirGrid's concern that data centres' collective response to faults (disconnection and automatic reconnection) is exacerbating disturbances, and notes that new Grid Code fault ride-through standards are intended to apply to existing and new connections. It does not set a demand-loss limit itself.", "source": { "title": "CRU/2025/236, Large Energy User connection policy decision", "url": "https://www.cru.ie/publications/ (CRU/2025/236, 12 Dec 2025)", "date": "2025-12-12" } }, { "ref": "DCCOPP v3, s.2.5", "date": "2026-05-20", "body": "EirGrid", "what": "New data centres must stay stable during disturbances and supply dynamic models, demand profiles and mitigation equipment; stability is assessed in the technical assessment. The Constrained Area Overview adds that AI data centres' oscillating demand could pose a stability risk, and that any new western capacity (150-300 MW) assumes the existing FRT issue is resolved.", "source": { "title": "EirGrid, Data Centre Connection Offer Process and Policy v3", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Data-Centre-Connection-Offer-Process-and-Policy-V3-May-2026.pdf", "date": "2026-05-20" } }, { "ref": "MPID 345", "date": "2026-04-01", "body": "EirGrid", "what": "Grid Code modification for all transmission-connected demand: fault ride-through, \u00b11 Hz/s RoCoF robustness, and recovery of at least 90% of pre-fault demand within 500 ms of voltage recovering to 90%. Most existing sites can't comply at first, so a Compliance and Derogation Framework caps their non-compliant demand with a Demand Utilisation Threshold (DUT) per connection, data centres only (the CRU later rejected pooling DUTs across an owner's sites).", "source": { "title": "EirGrid, MPID 345 Grid Code modification recommendation", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/MPID345-Demand-Facilities-FRT-Recommendation-Paper-01042026.pdf", "date": "2026-04-01" } }, { "ref": "CRU202705", "date": "2026-06-26", "body": "EirGrid", "what": "Mitigations in force: interconnector export counter-trading, inertia floor 28,000 MWs, battery limits, SNSP held at 75%, wind/solar frequency response retuned, and an FRT demand-curtailment procedure.", "source": { "title": "CRU202705, EirGrid FRT update and assessment of alternatives", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/materials/971/CRU202705%20Fault%20Ride%20Through,%20Active%20Power%20Recovery%20&%20Rate%20of%20Change%20of%20Frequency%20-%20EirGrid%20Update%20including%20Assessment%20of%20System%20Service%20and%20Grid%20Solution%20Alternatives%20(EirGrid).pdf", "date": "2026-06-26" } }, { "ref": "CRU202704", "date": "2026-07-08", "body": "CRU", "what": "Request for further representations (closed 29 July 2026). Records the 900 MW limit, the June 2026 ~1,000 MW data-centre peak at which it was reached, TNEI's agreement with EirGrid's method, and three options for setting DUTs. Decided 22 Sep 2026 (next row).", "source": { "title": "CRU202704, MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: request for further representations", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/CRU202704%20Grid%20Code%20Modification%20MPID%20345%20and%20Compliance%20and%20Derogation%20Framework%20Request%20for%20Further%20Representations_0.pdf", "date": "2026-07-08" } }, { "ref": "CRU2026145", "date": "2026-09-22", "body": "CRU", "what": "Approves MPID 345 for all current and future transmission-connected demand facilities; Grid Code amended five weeks later (27 Oct 2026). Endorses EirGrid's Compliance and Derogation Framework with changes: data-centre compliance plans due within 6 months, non-data-centre group derogations 5 years, no portfolio pooling of DUTs, DUTs set and monitored on metering data. Existing data centres can take a 24-month derogation capped by a per-site DUT. The 900 MW limit is unchanged.", "source": { "title": "CRU2026145, Grid Code Modification MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: Decision Paper", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Code_Modification_MPID_345Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework_Decision_Paper.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } } ], "mpid345Decision": { "ref": "CRU2026145", "decided": "2026-09-22", "effective": "2026-10-27", "body": "CRU", "status": "approved", "effectiveNote": "Five weeks after 22 Sep 2026 = 27 Oct 2026, matching EirGrid's page 'MPID345 CRU Approval \u2013 effective 27/10/2026'.", "summary": { "decided": "CRU approved Grid Code modification MPID 345 (fault ride-through, RoCoF and post-fault active power recovery for demand facilities) and endorsed EirGrid's Compliance and Derogation Framework with four changes. EirGrid is directed to amend the Grid Code; it takes effect five weeks after 22 Sep 2026.", "appliesTo": "All current and future transmission-connected demand facilities, data centre or not. Not distribution-connected sites: ESB Networks intends a matching Distribution Code modification, and the DUT calculation reserves an allowance for distribution-connected data centres meanwhile. Non-data-centre sites get 5-year group derogations with no DUT.", "requirements": "Stay connected and stable through faults within the voltage-against-time profile; withstand \u00b11 Hz/s RoCoF; recover active power to 90% of pre-fault within 500 ms of fault clearance and voltage back to 0.9 pu. Assessed at the point of connection, so on-site batteries can count. The CRU rejected requests for a longer recovery time for existing sites.", "deadlines": "Report non-compliance and apply for derogation before 27 Oct 2026. Data centres: compliance plan within 6 months of the effective date (so by about 27 Apr 2027, our arithmetic); group derogation runs 24 months from the effective date (to about 27 Oct 2028, our arithmetic); quarterly status reports. Non-data centres: plan within 12 months; 5-year derogation. EirGrid's first quarterly report to the CRU is due end December 2026.", "derogation": "Group A (data centres connected before end-2026): streamlined, conditional 24-month derogation with a DUT. Group B (other demand): 5 years, no DUT. Non-group: standard Grid Code GC.9 route, slower, and EirGrid will still recommend a DUT for data centres. A site without a derogation by 27 Oct is non-compliant and at greater risk of demand control. Extensions need a new application and CRU approval. The proposed portfolio pooling of DUTs across one owner's sites was rejected.", "caps": "Each transmission-connected data centre gets a Demand Utilisation Threshold: a monthly-average MW cap on its non-compliant demand, set at its highest 2025 monthly average plus a pro-rata share of any system headroom, measured on 30-minute metering data. Peaks up to DUT +10% are allowed; higher peaks need EirGrid's written approval. Compliant demand can use the full MIC. Breaches are a material breach of the connection agreement. EirGrid keeps real-time demand control, and its FRT Demand Curtailment Procedure stays (to be reviewed after implementation).", "loadRejection": "The decision does not change the 900 MW limit. It builds the DUTs on it: aggregate data-centre DUT = load-rejection limit \u00f7 demand loss factor (~1,000 MW of non-compliant demand), less allowances for distribution-connected data centres, peaks and 2026 new connections. EirGrid says the limit may be revised; the CRU wants modelling of whether inertia, reserves and reactive support move it. Operational measures stay until enough sites comply, and use of freed capacity is undecided." }, "quotes": { "decided": [ { "doc": "cru2026145", "page": "3 (printed iii)", "quote": "This decision paper sets out the CRU's decision to approve Grid Code Modification MPID 345", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145, Grid Code Modification MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: Decision Paper", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Code_Modification_MPID_345Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework_Decision_Paper.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145", "page": "3 (printed iii)", "quote": "the CRU's decision to endorse EirGrid's proposed Compliance and Derogation Framework, subject to some changes", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145, Grid Code Modification MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: Decision Paper", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Code_Modification_MPID_345Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework_Decision_Paper.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145c", "page": "1", "quote": "The Grid Code will be deemed to be amended five weeks from the date of this decision letter", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145c, CRU letter of direction to the GCRP chair (also on eirgrid.ie as 'MPID345 CRU Approval, effective 27/10/2026')", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2026145c_MPID_345_Letter_of_Direction_from_CRU_to_GCRP_Chair.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } } ], "appliesTo": [ { "doc": "cru2026145", "page": "3 (printed iii)", "quote": "MPID 345 introduces new technical requirements into the Grid Code for all current and future transmission-connected Demand Facilities", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145, Grid Code Modification MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: Decision Paper", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Code_Modification_MPID_345Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework_Decision_Paper.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145b", "page": "15", "quote": "As MPID345 and this Framework applies only to transmission connected Demand Facilities", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145b, EirGrid MPID 345 Compliance and Derogation Framework (Sept 2026, as decided)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2026145b_MPID_345_Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145", "page": "44 (printed 34)", "quote": "ESB Networks, intends to propose a related modification to the Distribution Code", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145, Grid Code Modification MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: Decision Paper", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Code_Modification_MPID_345Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework_Decision_Paper.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145", "page": "31 (printed 21)", "quote": "under the group derogation process for non-data centres, derogations will not be subject to a DUT", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145, Grid Code Modification MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: Decision Paper", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Code_Modification_MPID_345Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework_Decision_Paper.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } } ], "requirements": [ { "doc": "cru2026145", "page": "17 (printed 7)", "quote": "must remain connected and operate stably during and after any fault disturbance", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145, Grid Code Modification MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: Decision Paper", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Code_Modification_MPID_345Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework_Decision_Paper.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145", "page": "17 (printed 7)", "quote": "extending the RoCoF standards of +/- 1 Hz/s to include Demand Facilities", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145, Grid Code Modification MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: Decision Paper", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Code_Modification_MPID_345Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework_Decision_Paper.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145", "page": "17 (printed 7)", "quote": "recover their active power to 90% of the pre-fault value within 500 milliseconds after fault clearance and voltage recovery to 0.9 per unit", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145, Grid Code Modification MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: Decision Paper", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Code_Modification_MPID_345Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework_Decision_Paper.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145", "page": "20 (printed 10)", "quote": "compliance with the applicable FRT and post fault Active Power Recovery requirements is assessed at the Demand Facility point of connection", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145, Grid Code Modification MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: Decision Paper", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Code_Modification_MPID_345Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework_Decision_Paper.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } } ], "deadlines": [ { "doc": "cru2026145", "page": "46 (printed 36)", "quote": "report their non-compliance and submit a request for a derogation to the TSO before the effective date of the modification", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145, Grid Code Modification MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: Decision Paper", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Code_Modification_MPID_345Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework_Decision_Paper.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145", "page": "40 (printed 30)", "quote": "the timeline for the submission of compliance plans will be extended to 6 months for both group and non-group process data centre derogation applications", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145, Grid Code Modification MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: Decision Paper", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Code_Modification_MPID_345Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework_Decision_Paper.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145b", "page": "8", "quote": "Data Centre Demand Facilities will obtain a 24-month derogation from the MPID345 requirements", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145b, EirGrid MPID 345 Compliance and Derogation Framework (Sept 2026, as decided)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2026145b_MPID_345_Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145b", "page": "10", "quote": "Non-Data Centre Demand Facilities will obtain 5 year derogation from the MPID345 requirements", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145b, EirGrid MPID 345 Compliance and Derogation Framework (Sept 2026, as decided)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2026145b_MPID_345_Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145", "page": "43 (printed 33)", "quote": "with the first quarterly report to be delivered by end December 2026", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145, Grid Code Modification MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: Decision Paper", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Code_Modification_MPID_345Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework_Decision_Paper.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } } ], "derogation": [ { "doc": "cru2026145b", "page": "6", "quote": "A group compliance and derogation process for Data Centre Demand Facilities connected before the end of 2026", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145b, EirGrid MPID 345 Compliance and Derogation Framework (Sept 2026, as decided)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2026145b_MPID_345_Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145b", "page": "12", "quote": "will include a recommendation that a DUT is applied to demand that is not MPID345-compliant", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145b, EirGrid MPID 345 Compliance and Derogation Framework (Sept 2026, as decided)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2026145b_MPID_345_Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145b", "page": "11", "quote": "non-MPID345-compliant demand is at increased risk of demand control", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145b, EirGrid MPID 345 Compliance and Derogation Framework (Sept 2026, as decided)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2026145b_MPID_345_Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145", "page": "40 (printed 30)", "quote": "the portfolio approach will not be implemented", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145, Grid Code Modification MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: Decision Paper", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Code_Modification_MPID_345Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework_Decision_Paper.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145b", "page": "18", "quote": "a breach of Grid Code is deemed to be a material breach of the Transmission Connection Agreement", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145b, EirGrid MPID 345 Compliance and Derogation Framework (Sept 2026, as decided)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2026145b_MPID_345_Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } } ], "caps": [ { "doc": "cru2026145b", "page": "7", "quote": "The DUT will set a limit on the monthly average non-compliant demand utilisation (in MW) at each Data Centre Demand Facility", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145b, EirGrid MPID 345 Compliance and Derogation Framework (Sept 2026, as decided)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2026145b_MPID_345_Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145b", "page": "15", "quote": "historic demand utilisation levels (highest monthly-average 2025 demand), plus a pro-rata allocation of any remaining headroom", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145b, EirGrid MPID 345 Compliance and Derogation Framework (Sept 2026, as decided)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2026145b_MPID_345_Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145b", "page": "14", "quote": "The Demand Facility owner may temporarily exceed the DUT by up to 10 percent without prior approval", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145b, EirGrid MPID 345 Compliance and Derogation Framework (Sept 2026, as decided)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2026145b_MPID_345_Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145", "page": "40 (printed 30)", "quote": "the source of data for calculation of and monitoring of DUTs will be updated from SCADA to metering data", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145, Grid Code Modification MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: Decision Paper", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Code_Modification_MPID_345Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework_Decision_Paper.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145b", "page": "19", "quote": "EirGrid may take immediate demand control action where necessary to protect the integrity and security of the power system", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145b, EirGrid MPID 345 Compliance and Derogation Framework (Sept 2026, as decided)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2026145b_MPID_345_Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145", "page": "14 (printed 4)", "quote": "The CRU understands that the FRT Demand Curtailment Procedure will be reviewed shortly following the MPID 345 implementation", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145, Grid Code Modification MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: Decision Paper", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Code_Modification_MPID_345Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework_Decision_Paper.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } } ], "loadRejection": [ { "doc": "cru2026145", "page": "45 (printed 35)", "quote": "EirGrid identified an upper limit of 1,000 MW for non-FRT compliant Demand Facility capacity", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145, Grid Code Modification MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: Decision Paper", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Code_Modification_MPID_345Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework_Decision_Paper.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145b", "page": "17", "quote": "Aggregate Power System DUT = Load Rejection Limit \u00f7 Demand Loss Factor", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145b, EirGrid MPID 345 Compliance and Derogation Framework (Sept 2026, as decided)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2026145b_MPID_345_Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145", "page": "23 (printed 13)", "quote": "may be revised to reduce reliance on system defence measures", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145, Grid Code Modification MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: Decision Paper", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Code_Modification_MPID_345Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework_Decision_Paper.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145", "page": "43 (printed 33)", "quote": "This would include understanding if these measures as rolled out impact the 900 MW load rejection limit", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145, Grid Code Modification MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: Decision Paper", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Code_Modification_MPID_345Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework_Decision_Paper.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145", "page": "42 (printed 32)", "quote": "EirGrid will be unable to roll back the operational measures until a certain level of compliance has been", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145, Grid Code Modification MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: Decision Paper", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Code_Modification_MPID_345Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework_Decision_Paper.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145", "page": "45 (printed 35)", "quote": "Any decision regarding potential reallocation of freed capacity cannot be made in isolation of this information", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145, Grid Code Modification MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: Decision Paper", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Code_Modification_MPID_345Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework_Decision_Paper.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } } ] }, "quotesAllFound": true, "sources": [ { "title": "CRU2026145, Grid Code Modification MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: Decision Paper", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Code_Modification_MPID_345Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework_Decision_Paper.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" }, { "title": "CRU2026145b, EirGrid MPID 345 Compliance and Derogation Framework (Sept 2026, as decided)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2026145b_MPID_345_Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" }, { "title": "CRU2026145c, CRU letter of direction to the GCRP chair (also on eirgrid.ie as 'MPID345 CRU Approval, effective 27/10/2026')", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2026145c_MPID_345_Letter_of_Direction_from_CRU_to_GCRP_Chair.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" }, { "title": "CRU2026145a, TNEI review of further representations on MPID 345", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2026145a_TNEI_MPID_345_Review_of_Further_Representations.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } ] }, "distribution": { "status": "promised, not yet public", "checked": "2026-10-03", "summary": { "status": "No Distribution Code modification on demand fault ride-through or RoCoF is public yet. The CRU says ESB Networks intends to propose one and has begun customer engagement, and wants it done promptly; no date is given. At EirGrid's Grid Code panel the DSO member said a MW threshold may be needed, or the DSO would be swamped with derogation applications. Nothing yet on requirements, threshold, timeline or who is covered.", "currentCode": "esbnetworks.ie still lists Distribution Code v8.0, approved 22 Feb 2023. In our search of it, fault ride-through and the 1 Hz/s RoCoF rule apply to generation, including Demand Side Units with on-site generation. We found no general ride-through requirement for demand facilities. The distribution system runs at up to 110 kV (MV 10/20 kV, HV 38 and 110 kV).", "howMany": "No site list is public, only totals. EirGrid (Nov 2025): peak data-centre demand ~800 MW, of which ~150 MW is on the distribution system, plus ~300 MW contracted at 110 kV distribution level. EirGrid's May 2026 demand figure (~900 MW monthly average, not the 900 MW load-rejection limit) covers data centres at 110 kV and above, on transmission and distribution. Older totals: ESB Networks put distribution-connected data-centre MIC at 500 MVA (Jul 2021); CRU/21/124 gives 496.8 MVA connected in the Greater Dublin Region and 7 MVA outside it (Nov 2021).", "allowance": "The DUT cap is sized for the whole system. Load-rejection limit \u00f7 demand loss factor gives the most non-compliant data-centre demand the system can carry, on transmission and distribution. A distribution allowance, a peak margin and room for 2026 transmission connections come off that, and the rest is shared among transmission sites. EirGrid set the allowance after talking to ESB Networks about current and forecast distribution demand. Its size in MW is not published. Under Option 1 (SCADA) it was fixed; under the metering options it was 'adjusted'. The CRU chose metering data, so the adjusted version presumably applies (our inference).", "connectionPolicy": "CRU/2025/236 applies to every data centre seeking a connection, transmission or distribution. ESB Networks has a small Flexible Demand Connections initiative: a higher MIC in return for cutting demand on instruction. In 2025 ESB Networks asked to keep the power to curtail data centres when their on-site generation is unavailable. It called Mandatory Demand Curtailment a critical tool." }, "notFound": [ "Any Distribution Code modification proposal, draft legal text, MW threshold or timeline for demand fault ride-through or RoCoF on esbnetworks.ie, the DCRP pages or CRU consultations (checked 3 Oct 2026).", "Distribution Code Review Panel minutes after 10 May 2022. ESB Networks' 2026 engagement plan says the panel aims to meet quarterly, but no newer minutes were found online.", "Which data centres are distribution-connected, and their MIC or voltage (38 kV or 110 kV). Only aggregate totals are public.", "The MW size of the distribution allowance in the DUT calculation, and the aggregate power-system and transmission DUTs.", "Whether 38 kV-connected data centres count in EirGrid's data-centre demand figures (~900 MW monthly average, May 2026), which are stated for 110 kV and above.", "Whether EirGrid's FRT Demand Curtailment Procedure can be applied to distribution-connected data centres. The papers we read do not say.", "ESB Networks' own data-centre engagement and connection process under CRU/2025/236 (due 31 Mar 2026). Law-firm summaries say it was published and that sites under 20 MVA apply to ESB Networks. We did not find the primary document, so this is unchecked." ], "seeAlso": "ESB Networks capacity heatmap: substation headroom in extra.esb_heatmap (pipelines/esb_heatmap.py).", "quotes": { "status": [ { "doc": "cru2026145", "page": "44 (printed 34)", "quote": "intends to propose a related modification to the Distribution Code, to address the FRT risk at a distribution level and has commenced customer engagement", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145, Grid Code Modification MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: Decision Paper", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Code_Modification_MPID_345Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework_Decision_Paper.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145", "page": "44 (printed 34)", "quote": "the CRU considers it important that the DSO progress the corresponding distribution code modification promptly", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145, Grid Code Modification MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: Decision Paper", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Code_Modification_MPID_345Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework_Decision_Paper.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "mpid345", "page": "14", "quote": "The DSO will need to consider a MW threshold otherwise the DSO will be swamped with derogation applications", "found": true, "source": { "title": "EirGrid, MPID 345 Grid Code modification recommendation", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/MPID345-Demand-Facilities-FRT-Recommendation-Paper-01042026.pdf", "date": "2026-04-01" } }, { "doc": "mpid345", "page": "11", "quote": "although a MW threshold may need to be developed", "found": true, "source": { "title": "EirGrid, MPID 345 Grid Code modification recommendation", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/MPID345-Demand-Facilities-FRT-Recommendation-Paper-01042026.pdf", "date": "2026-04-01" } } ], "currentCode": [ { "doc": "dcode_v8_letter", "page": "1", "quote": "Re: Distribution Code Version 8.0", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU letter approving Distribution Code v8.0 (D/23/4344)", "url": "https://media.esbnetworks.ie/media/docs/default-source/default-document-library/cru-letter-of-approval.pdf?sfvrsn=9608eca8_2", "date": "2023-02-22" } }, { "doc": "dcode_v8", "page": "96", "quote": "Each Demand Side Unit with on-site generation, shall, as a minimum, have the following capabilities", "found": true, "source": { "title": "ESB Networks, Distribution Code v8.0 (current version on esbnetworks.ie, 3 Oct 2026)", "url": "https://media.esbnetworks.ie/media/docs/default-source/publications/distribution-code-version-8.pdf?sfvrsn=23fc2e8b_0", "date": "2023-02-22" } }, { "doc": "dcode_v8", "page": "96", "quote": "Remain synchronised to the Distribution System during a Rate of Change of Frequency of values up to and including plus or minus 1.0 Hz per second", "found": true, "source": { "title": "ESB Networks, Distribution Code v8.0 (current version on esbnetworks.ie, 3 Oct 2026)", "url": "https://media.esbnetworks.ie/media/docs/default-source/publications/distribution-code-version-8.pdf?sfvrsn=23fc2e8b_0", "date": "2023-02-22" } }, { "doc": "dcode_v8", "page": "21", "quote": "38,000 volts (38kV)", "found": true, "source": { "title": "ESB Networks, Distribution Code v8.0 (current version on esbnetworks.ie, 3 Oct 2026)", "url": "https://media.esbnetworks.ie/media/docs/default-source/publications/distribution-code-version-8.pdf?sfvrsn=23fc2e8b_0", "date": "2023-02-22" } } ], "howMany": [ { "doc": "frt_info", "page": "10", "quote": "approximately 650 MW connected on the transmission system and 150 MW on the distribution system", "found": true, "source": { "title": "EirGrid/SONI, Large Demand Facility Fault Ride-Through Issue and Proposed Solutions", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/MPID345-Large-Demand-Facility-Fault-Ride-Through-Issue-and-Proposed-Solutions-EirGrid-and-SONI-Information-Paper-November-2025.pdf", "date": "2025-11" } }, { "doc": "frt_info", "page": "10", "quote": "approximately a further 300 MW contracted at the 110 kV distribution level", "found": true, "source": { "title": "EirGrid/SONI, Large Demand Facility Fault Ride-Through Issue and Proposed Solutions", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/MPID345-Large-Demand-Facility-Fault-Ride-Through-Issue-and-Proposed-Solutions-EirGrid-and-SONI-Information-Paper-November-2025.pdf", "date": "2025-11" } }, { "doc": "cru202705", "page": "10", "quote": "for all 110 kV and above connected data centres (at transmission and distribution level) was approximately 900 MW", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU202705, EirGrid FRT update and assessment of alternatives", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/materials/971/CRU202705%20Fault%20Ride%20Through,%20Active%20Power%20Recovery%20&%20Rate%20of%20Change%20of%20Frequency%20-%20EirGrid%20Update%20including%20Assessment%20of%20System%20Service%20and%20Grid%20Solution%20Alternatives%20(EirGrid).pdf", "date": "2026-06-26" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145", "page": "36 (printed 26)", "quote": "Data centre demand is currently at approximately 900MW (transmission and distribution)", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145, Grid Code Modification MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: Decision Paper", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Code_Modification_MPID_345Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework_Decision_Paper.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "esbn_cru21060", "page": "3", "quote": "there is currently 500MVA of data centre Maximum Import Capacity (MIC)", "found": true, "source": { "title": "ESB Networks response to CRU/21/060 (proposed data centre direction)", "url": "https://esbnetworksprdsastd01.blob.core.windows.net/media/docs/default-source/publications/consultation-on-proposed-direction-on-data-centres-(cru21060)_esbn-response-submitted-to-cru-07.07.2021.pdf?sfvrsn=2910edae_2", "date": "2021-07-07" } }, { "doc": "cru21124", "page": "18", "quote": "Distribution System Greater Dublin Region Outside Dublin Region Connected 496.8 MVA Connected 7 MVA", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU/21/124, Direction to the System Operators on data centre grid connection", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU21124-CRU-Direction-to-the-System-Operators-related-to-Data-Centre-grid-connection-.pdf", "date": "2021-11-23" } } ], "allowance": [ { "doc": "cru2026145b", "page": "15", "quote": "allowance has been made for the impact of distribution connected Data Centres lying outside these arrangements", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145b, EirGrid MPID 345 Compliance and Derogation Framework (Sept 2026, as decided)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2026145b_MPID_345_Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145b", "page": "16", "quote": "We have engaged with ESB Networks to understand the implications of the current and forecast data centre demand at distribution level", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145b, EirGrid MPID 345 Compliance and Derogation Framework (Sept 2026, as decided)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2026145b_MPID_345_Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145b", "page": "16", "quote": "less the distribution connected data centre demand utilisation allowance, less the peak margin", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145b, EirGrid MPID 345 Compliance and Derogation Framework (Sept 2026, as decided)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2026145b_MPID_345_Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145b", "page": "15", "quote": "representing the proportion of Data Centre demand (transmission and distribution connected) that would not ride through a credible fault event", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145b, EirGrid MPID 345 Compliance and Derogation Framework (Sept 2026, as decided)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2026145b_MPID_345_Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru202705", "page": "9", "quote": "fixed allowance for distribution connected data centres", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU202705, EirGrid FRT update and assessment of alternatives", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/materials/971/CRU202705%20Fault%20Ride%20Through,%20Active%20Power%20Recovery%20&%20Rate%20of%20Change%20of%20Frequency%20-%20EirGrid%20Update%20including%20Assessment%20of%20System%20Service%20and%20Grid%20Solution%20Alternatives%20(EirGrid).pdf", "date": "2026-06-26" } }, { "doc": "cru202705", "page": "9", "quote": "Adjusted allowance for distribution connected data centres", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU202705, EirGrid FRT update and assessment of alternatives", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/materials/971/CRU202705%20Fault%20Ride%20Through,%20Active%20Power%20Recovery%20&%20Rate%20of%20Change%20of%20Frequency%20-%20EirGrid%20Update%20including%20Assessment%20of%20System%20Service%20and%20Grid%20Solution%20Alternatives%20(EirGrid).pdf", "date": "2026-06-26" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145", "page": "39 (printed 29)", "quote": "the CRU has decided that metering data will be used for DUT compliance monitoring in addition to the calculation of the DUTs", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145, Grid Code Modification MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: Decision Paper", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Code_Modification_MPID_345Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework_Decision_Paper.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } } ], "connectionPolicy": [ { "doc": "cru2025236", "page": "83", "quote": "ESB Networks can instruct the customer to reduce consumption up to the agreed amount", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU/2025/236, Large Energy User connection policy decision", "url": "https://www.cru.ie/publications/ (CRU/2025/236, 12 Dec 2025)", "date": "2025-12-12" } }, { "doc": "esbn_cru202504", "page": "12", "quote": "should therefore retain an option to curtail the demand at the data centre in this scenario", "found": true, "source": { "title": "ESB Networks response to CRU202504 (LEU connection policy proposed decision)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/materials/200/271/ESB%20Networks'%20Response%20to%20CRU%20Consultation%20LEU%20Connection%20Policy%20Proposed%20Decision%2004.04.2025.pdf", "date": "2025-04-04" } }, { "doc": "esbn_cru202504", "page": "13", "quote": "MDC is a critical tool for responding to system alerts and emergencies", "found": true, "source": { "title": "ESB Networks response to CRU202504 (LEU connection policy proposed decision)", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/materials/200/271/ESB%20Networks'%20Response%20to%20CRU%20Consultation%20LEU%20Connection%20Policy%20Proposed%20Decision%2004.04.2025.pdf", "date": "2025-04-04" } } ] }, "quotesAllFound": true, "sources": [ { "title": "CRU2026145, Grid Code Modification MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: Decision Paper", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Grid_Code_Modification_MPID_345Compliance_and_Derogation_Framework_Decision_Paper.pdf", "date": 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"notes": [ "Week 39 2026 drops the standalone line limiting exports on EWIC, Greenlink and Moyle; the 900 MW load-rejection entry still says the threshold 'is likely to restrict exports on the interconnectors, with SO-SO trades used to manage this constraint'." ], "method": "Each weekly OCU (highest revision per week) parsed from `pdftotext -raw` text; a change is any tracked value that differs from the previous cached week. 'added'/'removed' mean the constraint appears in or drops out of the document. Values are as published; the OCU gives no reasons.", "listingUrl": "https://www.sem-o.com/publications/general-publications/" }, "unknowns": [ "Which campuses define the limit: EirGrid has not published site-level data-centre demand, DUT values or which connections are curtailed. Only the aggregate (~1,000 MW peak, June 2026) is public.", "Site-level DUTs: EirGrid has set one per transmission-connected data centre (2025 highest monthly average plus a pro-rata share of headroom) but has not published the values, the demand loss factor or the aggregate DUT.", "How many sites have applied for derogations, and compliance rates: EirGrid reports these to the CRU quarterly (first report due end December 2026); publication of those reports is not stated.", "Distribution-connected data centres: MPID 345 covers transmission connections only. ESB Networks intends a Distribution Code modification; none found published as of 3 Oct 2026 (unchecked beyond the CRU decision paper).", "When the operational measures (export limits, 75% SNSP, battery cap, inertia floor) will be eased: the CRU asked EirGrid for a roadmap timeframe within five weeks of 22 Sep 2026.", "Whether the FRT demand-curtailment procedure has been used, and how often: CRU202704 says it was issued to impacted users on 30 June 2026 and expected in use in July 2026; no usage data published.", "Whether the 900 MW figure changes once Celtic (700 MW) connects: the week-41 OCU does not list Celtic, and no public document checked gives a post-Celtic load-rejection or LSI figure (unchecked).", "Why the 900 MW limit appeared when it did: it is absent from every weekly OCU to week 2 2026 (published 2 Jan 2026) and present from week 3 (9 Jan 2026); no separate week-52 2025 or week-1 2026 update is listed. The OCU gives no reason.", "The Operating Security Standards (v3.0, Apr 2025) define the reference incident but give no MW figure; the 504 MW LSI comes from the EWIC operating limit and the DASSA paper's worked example." ], "quotesChecked": [ { "doc": "cru202704", "quote": "The TSOs have determined that the loss of 900 MW", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU202704, MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: request for further representations", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/CRU202704%20Grid%20Code%20Modification%20MPID%20345%20and%20Compliance%20and%20Derogation%20Framework%20Request%20for%20Further%20Representations_0.pdf", "date": "2026-07-08" } }, { "doc": "cru202704", "quote": "90% of data demand could drop off the grid for certain credible faults", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU202704, MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: request for further representations", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/CRU202704%20Grid%20Code%20Modification%20MPID%20345%20and%20Compliance%20and%20Derogation%20Framework%20Request%20for%20Further%20Representations_0.pdf", "date": "2026-07-08" } }, { "doc": "cru202704", "quote": "a peak of approximately 1,000 MW of data centre demand was recorded", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU202704, MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: request for further representations", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/CRU202704%20Grid%20Code%20Modification%20MPID%20345%20and%20Compliance%20and%20Derogation%20Framework%20Request%20for%20Further%20Representations_0.pdf", "date": "2026-07-08" } }, { "doc": "cru202704", "quote": "the 900 MW load rejection limit was reached", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU202704, MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: request for further representations", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/CRU202704%20Grid%20Code%20Modification%20MPID%20345%20and%20Compliance%20and%20Derogation%20Framework%20Request%20for%20Further%20Representations_0.pdf", "date": "2026-07-08" } }, { "doc": "cru202704", "quote": "plans to update the system inertia floor should be paused", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU202704, MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: request for further representations", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/CRU202704%20Grid%20Code%20Modification%20MPID%20345%20and%20Compliance%20and%20Derogation%20Framework%20Request%20for%20Further%20Representations_0.pdf", "date": "2026-07-08" } }, { "doc": "cru202704", "quote": "pausing plans to trial an increase in the SNSP limit from 75% to 80%", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU202704, MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: request for further representations", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/CRU202704%20Grid%20Code%20Modification%20MPID%20345%20and%20Compliance%20and%20Derogation%20Framework%20Request%20for%20Further%20Representations_0.pdf", "date": "2026-07-08" } }, { "doc": "cru202704", "quote": "export restrictions at times on all HVDC interconnectors", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU202704, MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: request for further representations", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/CRU202704%20Grid%20Code%20Modification%20MPID%20345%20and%20Compliance%20and%20Derogation%20Framework%20Request%20for%20Further%20Representations_0.pdf", "date": "2026-07-08" } }, { "doc": "cru202704", "quote": "an individual DUT would apply for each connection agreement", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU202704, MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: request for further representations", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/CRU202704%20Grid%20Code%20Modification%20MPID%20345%20and%20Compliance%20and%20Derogation%20Framework%20Request%20for%20Further%20Representations_0.pdf", "date": "2026-07-08" } }, { "doc": "cru202704", "quote": "The CRU plans to issue a decision on MPID 345", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU202704, MPID 345 and Compliance and Derogation Framework: request for further representations", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/flipbook_pdf/CRU202704%20Grid%20Code%20Modification%20MPID%20345%20and%20Compliance%20and%20Derogation%20Framework%20Request%20for%20Further%20Representations_0.pdf", "date": "2026-07-08" } }, { "doc": "cru2026145c", "quote": "The Grid Code will be deemed to be amended five weeks from the date of this decision letter", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU2026145c, CRU letter of direction to the GCRP chair (also on eirgrid.ie as 'MPID345 CRU Approval, effective 27/10/2026')", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2026145c_MPID_345_Letter_of_Direction_from_CRU_to_GCRP_Chair.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" } }, { "doc": "cru202705", "quote": "28,000 MW.s which has been facilitated by the availability of", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU202705, EirGrid FRT update and assessment of alternatives", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/materials/971/CRU202705%20Fault%20Ride%20Through,%20Active%20Power%20Recovery%20&%20Rate%20of%20Change%20of%20Frequency%20-%20EirGrid%20Update%20including%20Assessment%20of%20System%20Service%20and%20Grid%20Solution%20Alternatives%20(EirGrid).pdf", "date": "2026-06-26" } }, { "doc": "cru202705", "quote": "System wide battery charging is limited to 200 MW", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU202705, EirGrid FRT update and assessment of alternatives", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/materials/971/CRU202705%20Fault%20Ride%20Through,%20Active%20Power%20Recovery%20&%20Rate%20of%20Change%20of%20Frequency%20-%20EirGrid%20Update%20including%20Assessment%20of%20System%20Service%20and%20Grid%20Solution%20Alternatives%20(EirGrid).pdf", "date": "2026-06-26" } }, { "doc": "dassa", "quote": "EWIC fault and trip while importing 504 MW", "found": true, "source": { "title": "EirGrid, FASS DASSA Volume Forecasting Methodology consultation", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/FASS-DASSA-Volumes-Consultation-Paper-September-2024-EirGrid.pdf", "date": "2024-10" } }, { "doc": "mpid345", "quote": "restore at least 90% of their pre-fault demand within 500 milliseconds after fault clearance", "found": true, "source": { "title": "EirGrid, MPID 345 Grid Code modification recommendation", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/MPID345-Demand-Facilities-FRT-Recommendation-Paper-01042026.pdf", "date": "2026-04-01" } }, { "doc": "cru2025236", "quote": "the collective response of data centres to system faults (fault ride through capability) is", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU/2025/236, Large Energy User connection policy decision", "url": "https://www.cru.ie/publications/ (CRU/2025/236, 12 Dec 2025)", "date": "2025-12-12" } }, { "doc": "cru2025236", "quote": "The CRU notes that the new Grid Code standards being progressed in relation to Fault Ride", "found": true, "source": { "title": "CRU/2025/236, Large Energy User connection policy decision", "url": "https://www.cru.ie/publications/ (CRU/2025/236, 12 Dec 2025)", "date": "2025-12-12" } }, { "doc": "dccopp3", "quote": "New data centres must remain stable during disturbances", "found": true, "source": { "title": "EirGrid, Data Centre Connection Offer Process and Policy v3", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Data-Centre-Connection-Offer-Process-and-Policy-V3-May-2026.pdf", "date": "2026-05-20" } }, { "doc": "constrained", "quote": "The oscillating demand characteristics of Artificial Intelligence data centres could also pose a risk", "found": true, "source": { "title": "EirGrid, Data Centre Constrained Area Overview", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Data-Centre-Constrained-Area-Overview-May-2026.pdf", "date": "2026-05-20" } }, { "doc": "eirgrid_resp", "quote": "EirGrid will be severely constrained in its ability to make further offers", "found": true, "source": { "title": "EirGrid response to CRU202504", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/system/files/materials/200/321/CRU202504%20LEU%20Connection%20Policy%20Response.pdf", "date": "2025-04-04" } } ], "quotesAllFound": true }, "critical_infra": { "title": "Critical-infrastructure law and data centres", "source": "irishstatutebook.ie (S.I. 559/2024, S.I. 347/2026, S.I. 387-395/2026) \u00b7 Oireachtas (Critical Infrastructure Act 2026, bills API) \u00b7 gov.ie General Scheme of the National Cyber Security Bill \u00b7 European Commission (8 Jul 2026) \u00b7 ComReg", "asOf": "2026-10-10", "instruments": [ { "key": "cer", "name": "Critical Entities Resilience (CER)", "eu": "Directive (EU) 2022/2557", "irish": "S.I. No. 559/2024, European Union (Resilience of Critical Entities) Regulations 2024", "kind": "Physical and all-hazards resilience of essential services", "status": "Transposed", "inForce": "2024-10-17", "lead": "Minister for Defence (single point of contact; Office of Emergency Planning)", "competentAuthorities": [ { "sector": "Energy", "authority": "CRU" }, { "sector": "Digital infrastructure (incl. data centre services)", "authority": "ComReg" }, { "sector": "Drinking water, waste water", "authority": "EPA" }, { "sector": "Air transport", "authority": "Irish Aviation Authority" }, { "sector": "Rail", "authority": "Commission for Railway Regulation" }, { "sector": "Road, non-rail public transport", "authority": "National Transport Authority" }, { "sector": "Water transport", "authority": "Marine Survey Office" }, { "sector": "Banking, financial market infrastructure", "authority": "Central Bank" }, { "sector": "Health", "authority": "HIQA, HPRA, Minister for Health" }, { "sector": "Space", "authority": "Minister responsible for space" }, { "sector": "Food", "authority": "Minister for Agriculture, Food and the Marine" } ], "dataCentres": "In scope: 'providers of data centre services' (NIS2 Art. 6(31)) are listed under digital infrastructure, competent authority ComReg. But Regulation 3(1) switches off most CER obligations (risk assessments, resilience measures, incident notification, inspections) for digital-infrastructure critical entities identified under NIS2, leaving them to the cyber regime. A data centre's own grid supply is covered indirectly: EirGrid/ESB Networks fall under energy (CRU).", "publicList": "No. Regulation 13 requires each competent authority to keep a list (name, address, liaison officer); nothing in the Regulations requires publishing it, and no list or count was found in public sources. The Minister must report the number per sector to the Commission (Reg. 7(8)), not publicly.", "sources": [ { "title": "S.I. No. 559/2024 European Union (Resilience of Critical Entities) Regulations 2024", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2024/si/559/made/en/print", "date": "2024-10-17", "secondary": false }, { "title": "ComReg, About CER", "url": "https://www.comreg.ie/industry/nis2-cer/cer/about-cer/", "date": "2026-10-03", "secondary": false } ] }, { "key": "nis2", "name": "NIS2 (network and information security)", "eu": "Directive (EU) 2022/2555", "irish": "National Cyber Security Bill (General Scheme, 30 Aug 2024)", "kind": "Cyber security, incident reporting, supply-chain and board accountability", "status": "Not transposed: no cyber-security bill initiated in the Oireachtas", "inForce": null, "euDeadline": "2024-10-17", "lead": "National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC), to be placed on a statutory footing", "competentAuthorities": [ { "sector": "Energy, drinking water, waste water", "authority": "CRU" }, { "sector": "Digital infrastructure (incl. data centre service providers), ICT service management, space, digital providers", "authority": "ComReg" }, { "sector": "Banking, financial market", "authority": "Central Bank" }, { "sector": "Aviation", "authority": "IAA" }, { "sector": "Rail", "authority": "Commission for Railway Regulation" }, { "sector": "Maritime", "authority": "Minister for Transport" }, { "sector": "Road", "authority": "National Transport Authority" }, { "sector": "Health", "authority": "agency under Minister for Health" }, { "sector": "All other sectors", "authority": "NCSC" } ], "competentAuthoritiesBasis": "Proposed in Head 17 of the General Scheme (approved by Government Dec 2023); not law until enacted.", "dataCentres": "In scope: the General Scheme lists 'data centre service provider' (Art. 6(31)) under digital infrastructure, ComReg as competent authority. The General Scheme also proposes powers for the NCSC to deploy network sensors, 'in extremis' and temporarily, in telecommunications and data centre operations.", "publicList": "No. The NIS2 deadline for the list of essential and important entities (17 Apr 2025) has passed with no Irish law to make one. A secondary report puts the expected scope at 4,500-6,000 organisations (unchecked).", "sources": [ { "title": "General Scheme of the National Cyber Security Bill 2024", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/static/documents/general-scheme-of-the-national-cyber-security-bill-2024.pdf", "date": "2024-08-30", "secondary": false }, { "title": "Oireachtas Library, briefing paper on the National Cyber Security Bill 2024", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/libraryResearch/2025/2025-06-12_briefing-paper-national-cyber-security-bill-2024_en.pdf", "date": "2025-06-12", "secondary": false }, { "title": "European Commission, referral of Ireland, Spain, France and the Netherlands to the CJEU (NIS2)", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-refers-ireland-spain-france-and-netherlands-court-justice-failing-transpose-rules", "date": "2026-07-08", "secondary": false } ] }, { "key": "cia", "name": "Critical Infrastructure Act 2026", "eu": null, "irish": "Act No. 16 of 2026; commenced by S.I. 347/2026", "kind": "Speeding delivery of State-funded projects designated by Government order", "status": "In force; 9 designation orders", "inForce": "2026-07-17", "lead": "Minister for Public Expenditure, Infrastructure, Public Service Reform and Digitalisation", "competentAuthorities": [], "dataCentres": "Not eligible. A 'project' must be funded by capital investment of the State or a public body, so a privately financed data centre cannot be designated. Grid reinforcement that data centres depend on can be: 3 of the 9 designations are EirGrid transmission projects.", "publicList": "Yes: designation orders are statutory instruments. 9 so far, all made 2026-07-22.", "sources": [ { "title": "Critical Infrastructure Act 2026 (No. 16 of 2026)", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/act/2026/16/eng/enacted/a1626.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "secondary": false }, { "title": "S.I. No. 347/2026 Critical Infrastructure Act 2026 (Commencement) Order 2026", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2026/si/347/made/en/print", "date": "2026-07-16", "secondary": false }, { "title": "Oireachtas Library, Critical Infrastructure Bill 2026 digest", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/bill/2026/37/eng/digest/prsbilldigestcriticalinfrastructurebilldigest-130426-130128.pdf", "date": "2026-05-11", "secondary": false } ] } ], "designations": [ { "si": "S.I. 387/2026", "name": "MetroLink", "kind": "project", "sector": "Transport", "description": "MetroLink, being a project consisting of a fully segregated and automated metro, mostly underground, at a distance of approximately 19 kilometres in length with 16 stations running from north of Swords at Estuary through Swords, Dublin Airport, Ballymun, Glasnevin and Dublin city to Charlemont in the south of Dublin city.", "made": "2026-07-22", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2026/si/387/made/en/print" }, { "si": "S.I. 388/2026", "name": "The Cork Area Commuter Rail Programme", "kind": "programme", "sector": "Transport", "description": "The Cork Area Commuter Rail Programme, being a series of investments to enhance the heavy rail network across the region, Phase 1 of which consists of a signalling upgrade, construction of a through-platform at Kent Station and double-tracking from Glounthaune to Midleton and Phase 2 of which will deliver an electrified network, a new depot and up to eight new stations.", "made": "2026-07-22", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2026/si/388/made/en/print" }, { "si": "S.I. 389/2026", "name": "The Galway City Ring Road project", "kind": "project", "sector": "Transport", "description": "The Galway City Ring Road project, being an orbital route around Galway City from the N6 to west of Bearna, including a new bridge crossing of the River Corrib, comprising 12.5 kilometres of motorway between the existing N6 at Coolagh (northeast of Galway City) to the existing Ballymoneen Road (northwest of Galway City) and continuing as a single carriageway road for a further 5 kilometres, west of Bearna.", "made": "2026-07-22", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2026/si/389/made/en/print" }, { "si": "S.I. 390/2026", "name": "The Water Supply Project for the Eastern \u2013 Midlands Region", "kind": "project", "sector": "Water", "description": "The Water Supply Project for the Eastern \u2013 Midlands Region, being a project involving the abstraction of water from the lower River Shannon at Parteen Basin in County Tipperary and the piping of the treated water through the counties of Tipperary, Offaly and Kildare to Peamount in County Dublin, and associated works.", "made": "2026-07-22", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2026/si/390/made/en/print" }, { "si": "S.I. 391/2026", "name": "The Greater Dublin Drainage project", "kind": "project", "sector": "Water", "description": "The Greater Dublin Drainage project, being a project involving the construction of a new 500,000 Population Equivalent (PE) Wastewater Treatment Plant in County Dublin, and associated works.", "made": "2026-07-22", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2026/si/391/made/en/print" }, { "si": "S.I. 392/2026", "name": "The Limerick (Bunlicky) Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Upgrade and Bioresource Centre", "kind": "project", "sector": "Water", "description": "The Limerick (Bunlicky) Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Upgrade and Bioresource Centre, being a project to upgrade the capacity of the existing Wastewater Treatment Plant from 130,000 to 285,000 Population Equivalent (PE) and provide a new Bioresource Centre for the southwest, and associated works.", "made": "2026-07-22", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2026/si/392/made/en/print" }, { "si": "S.I. 393/2026", "name": "North South 400 kV Interconnector", "kind": "project", "sector": "Electricity grid", "description": "North South 400 kV Interconnector, being a strategic electricity transmission project involving the construction of a new 400 kV overhead line between the State and Northern Ireland and providing a second high-capacity link (+ 1500 MW) between both transmission systems.", "made": "2026-07-22", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2026/si/393/made/en/print" }, { "si": "S.I. 394/2026", "name": "Moneypoint 400 kV Series Capacitor, County Laois", "kind": "project", "sector": "Electricity grid", "description": "Moneypoint 400 kV Series Capacitor, County Laois, being a project involving the construction of a new Series Capacitor technology, looped-into the existing Dunstown\u2013Moneypoint 400 kV overhead line, at a location in Knockkyle, County Laois.", "made": "2026-07-22", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2026/si/394/made/en/print" }, { "si": "S.I. 395/2026", "name": "Letterkenny 110 kV Redevelopment, County Donegal", "kind": "project", "sector": "Electricity grid", "description": "Letterkenny 110 kV Redevelopment, County Donegal, being a project involving the redevelopment of the existing 110 kV transmission substation in Letterkenny, County Donegal, the scope of which includes the construction of a new 110 kV Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) Hall and associated HV circuit connections.", "made": "2026-07-22", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2026/si/395/made/en/print" } ], "designationsBySector": { "Electricity grid": 3, "Transport": 3, "Water": 3 }, "billsCheck": { "snapshot": "2026-10-10", "cyberBillInOireachtas": false, "matches": [ { "bill": "Forestry (Critical Infrastructure) (Amendment) Bill 2026", "no": "64/2026", "status": "Current", "stage": "Second Stage", "date": "2026-06-16", "act": null, "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/bill/2026/64" }, { "bill": "Critical Infrastructure Bill 2026", "no": "37/2026", "status": "Enacted", "stage": "Enacted", "date": "2026-06-25", "act": "No. 16 of 2026", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/bill/2026/37" } ], "criticalInfrastructureBill": { "bill": "Critical Infrastructure Bill 2026", "no": "37/2026", "status": "Enacted", "stage": "Enacted", "date": "2026-06-25", "act": "No. 16 of 2026", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/bill/2026/37" } }, "scopeNotes": [ { "kind": "fact", "text": "Data centres are named in both EU regimes, under digital infrastructure, with ComReg as the competent authority, not the CRU." }, { "kind": "fact", "text": "Under CER, digital-infrastructure critical entities are exempt from most CER duties where identified under Ireland's NIS2 law, which does not exist yet." }, { "kind": "inference", "text": "So a data centre identified as a CER critical entity by July 2026 may sit in a gap: CER duties disapplied only once NIS2 identification happens, and no NIS2 law to do it. How ComReg handles this is not public (unchecked)." }, { "kind": "fact", "text": "The Critical Infrastructure Act can't designate a private data centre or a privately financed wind farm. Its first 9 designations include 3 grid projects: North South 400 kV Interconnector; Moneypoint 400 kV Series Capacitor, County Laois; Letterkenny 110 kV Redevelopment, County Donegal." }, { "kind": "fact", "text": "No offshore wind project was designated (as of 3 Oct 2026). One could only qualify if it were State or public-body funded." }, { "kind": "fact", "text": "Designated projects are exempt from the duty in s.15 of the Climate Action Act to act consistently with climate plans and targets, for their relevant functions." } ], "timeline": [ { "date": "2022-12-14", "what": "CER and NIS2 directives adopted", "instrument": "cer", "source": { "title": "S.I. No. 559/2024 European Union (Resilience of Critical Entities) Regulations 2024", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2024/si/559/made/en/print", "date": "2024-10-17", "secondary": false } }, { "date": "2024-08-30", "what": "General Scheme of the National Cyber Security Bill published", "instrument": "nis2", "source": { "title": "General Scheme of the National Cyber Security Bill 2024", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/static/documents/general-scheme-of-the-national-cyber-security-bill-2024.pdf", "date": "2024-08-30", "secondary": false } }, { "date": "2024-10-17", "what": "S.I. 559/2024 (CER) comes into operation; NIS2 transposition deadline passes in Ireland", "instrument": "cer", "source": { "title": "S.I. No. 559/2024 European Union (Resilience of Critical Entities) Regulations 2024", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2024/si/559/made/en/print", "date": "2024-10-17", "secondary": false } }, { "date": "2024-11-28", "what": "Commission letter of formal notice to Ireland on NIS2", "instrument": "nis2", "source": { "title": "European Commission, referral of Ireland, Spain, France and the Netherlands to the CJEU (NIS2)", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-refers-ireland-spain-france-and-netherlands-court-justice-failing-transpose-rules", "date": "2026-07-08", "secondary": false } }, { "date": "2025-04-17", "what": "NIS2: date by which the list of essential and important entities was due", "instrument": "nis2", "source": { "title": "General Scheme of the National Cyber Security Bill 2024", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/static/documents/general-scheme-of-the-national-cyber-security-bill-2024.pdf", "date": "2024-08-30", "secondary": false } }, { "date": "2025-05-07", "what": "Commission reasoned opinion to Ireland on NIS2", "instrument": "nis2", "source": { "title": "European Commission, referral of Ireland, Spain, France and the Netherlands to the CJEU (NIS2)", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-refers-ireland-spain-france-and-netherlands-court-justice-failing-transpose-rules", "date": "2026-07-08", "secondary": false } }, { "date": "2026-01-17", "what": "CER: national risk assessment due (15 months after commencement)", "instrument": "cer", "source": { "title": "S.I. No. 559/2024 European Union (Resilience of Critical Entities) Regulations 2024", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2024/si/559/made/en/print", "date": "2024-10-17", "secondary": false }, "derived": true }, { "date": "2026-04-08", "what": "Critical Infrastructure Bill 2026 initiated in the D\u00e1il", "instrument": "cia", "source": { "title": "Oireachtas Library, Critical Infrastructure Bill 2026 digest", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/bill/2026/37/eng/digest/prsbilldigestcriticalinfrastructurebilldigest-130426-130128.pdf", "date": "2026-05-11", "secondary": false } }, { "date": "2026-06-25", "what": "Critical Infrastructure Act 2026 signed", "instrument": "cia", "source": { "title": "Critical Infrastructure Act 2026 (No. 16 of 2026)", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/act/2026/16/eng/enacted/a1626.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "secondary": false } }, { "date": "2026-07-08", "what": "Commission refers Ireland to the CJEU over NIS2, seeking a lump sum and daily penalties", "instrument": "nis2", "source": { "title": "European Commission, referral of Ireland, Spain, France and the Netherlands to the CJEU (NIS2)", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-refers-ireland-spain-france-and-netherlands-court-justice-failing-transpose-rules", "date": "2026-07-08", "secondary": false } }, { "date": "2026-07-17", "what": "CER: deadline to identify critical entities (21 months); Critical Infrastructure Act commences", "instrument": "cer", "source": { "title": "S.I. No. 559/2024 European Union (Resilience of Critical Entities) Regulations 2024", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2024/si/559/made/en/print", "date": "2024-10-17", "secondary": false }, "derived": true }, { "date": "2026-07-22", "what": "Government designates 9 critical infrastructure projects and programmes", "instrument": "cia", "source": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2026/si/387/made/en/print" }, { "date": "2026-08-17", "what": "CER: identified entities to have been notified (one month after identification)", "instrument": "cer", "source": { "title": "S.I. No. 559/2024 European Union (Resilience of Critical Entities) Regulations 2024", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2024/si/559/made/en/print", "date": "2024-10-17", "secondary": false }, "derived": true }, { "date": "2027-06-17", "what": "CER: public administration critical entities must meet obligations", "instrument": "cer", "source": { "title": "S.I. No. 559/2024 European Union (Resilience of Critical Entities) Regulations 2024", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2024/si/559/made/en/print", "date": "2024-10-17", "secondary": false } }, { "date": "2030-07-17", "what": "CER: critical entities lists to be reviewed; next report of numbers to the Commission", "instrument": "cer", "source": { "title": "S.I. No. 559/2024 European Union (Resilience of Critical Entities) Regulations 2024", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2024/si/559/made/en/print", "date": "2024-10-17", "secondary": false } } ], "unknowns": [ "Whether competent authorities met the 17 Jul 2026 CER deadline to identify critical entities, and how many: no public count or statement found.", "Whether any data centre operator has been identified as a CER critical entity by ComReg.", "Whether the National Strategy on the Resilience of Critical Entities 2026-2029 has been published: a secondary source says it is planned for 2026; gov.ie could not be fetched to check.", "The National Cyber Security Bill timetable: a secondary source quotes the Minister for Justice expecting transposition by end-2026 (unchecked)." ], "quotesChecked": [ { "doc": "si559", "quote": "These Regulations shall come into operation on 17 October 2024", "found": true, "source": { "title": "S.I. No. 559/2024 European Union (Resilience of Critical Entities) Regulations 2024", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2024/si/559/made/en/print", "date": "2024-10-17", "secondary": false } }, { "doc": "si559", "quote": "the Commission for Regulation of Utilities is designated as the competent authority in the State on resilience in respect of critical entities in the energy sector", "found": true, "source": { "title": "S.I. No. 559/2024 European Union (Resilience of Critical Entities) Regulations 2024", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2024/si/559/made/en/print", "date": "2024-10-17", "secondary": false } }, { "doc": "si559", "quote": "the Commission for Communications Regulation is designated as the competent authority in the State on resilience in respect of critical entities in the digital infrastructure sector", "found": true, "source": { "title": "S.I. No. 559/2024 European Union (Resilience of Critical Entities) Regulations 2024", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2024/si/559/made/en/print", "date": "2024-10-17", "secondary": false } }, { "doc": "si559", "quote": "Providers of data centre services as defined in Article 6(31) of the NIS 2 Directive", "found": true, "source": { "title": "S.I. No. 559/2024 European Union (Resilience of Critical Entities) Regulations 2024", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2024/si/559/made/en/print", "date": "2024-10-17", "secondary": false } }, { "doc": "si559", "quote": "not later than 21 months after the date of the coming into operation of these Regulations", "found": true, "source": { "title": "S.I. No. 559/2024 European Union (Resilience of Critical Entities) Regulations 2024", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2024/si/559/made/en/print", "date": "2024-10-17", "secondary": false } }, { "doc": "si559", "quote": "A national risk assessment shall be carried out by the Minister not later than 15 months after", "found": true, "source": { "title": "S.I. No. 559/2024 European Union (Resilience of Critical Entities) Regulations 2024", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2024/si/559/made/en/print", "date": "2024-10-17", "secondary": false } }, { "doc": "si559", "quote": "where those entities or authorities have been identified under the measures implementing the NIS 2 Directive in the State", "found": true, "source": { "title": "S.I. No. 559/2024 European Union (Resilience of Critical Entities) Regulations 2024", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2024/si/559/made/en/print", "date": "2024-10-17", "secondary": false } }, { "doc": "si559", "quote": "not later than 17 June 2027", "found": true, "source": { "title": "S.I. No. 559/2024 European Union (Resilience of Critical Entities) Regulations 2024", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2024/si/559/made/en/print", "date": "2024-10-17", "secondary": false } }, { "doc": "si559", "quote": "the Minister is designated as the single point of contact", "found": true, "source": { "title": "S.I. No. 559/2024 European Union (Resilience of Critical Entities) Regulations 2024", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2024/si/559/made/en/print", "date": "2024-10-17", "secondary": false } }, { "doc": "cia", "quote": "funded by capital investment, by or on behalf of the State or by or on behalf of a public body", "found": true, "source": { "title": "Critical Infrastructure Act 2026 (No. 16 of 2026)", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/act/2026/16/eng/enacted/a1626.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "secondary": false } }, { "doc": "cia", "quote": "energy generation, transmission and distribution systems", "found": true, "source": { "title": "Critical Infrastructure Act 2026 (No. 16 of 2026)", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/act/2026/16/eng/enacted/a1626.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "secondary": false } }, { "doc": "cia", "quote": "Section 15 of the Climate Action and Low Carbon Development Act 2015 shall not apply", "found": true, "source": { "title": "Critical Infrastructure Act 2026 (No. 16 of 2026)", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/act/2026/16/eng/enacted/a1626.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "secondary": false } }, { "doc": "si347", "quote": "The 17 th day of July 2026 is appointed", "found": true, "source": { "title": "S.I. No. 347/2026 Critical Infrastructure Act 2026 (Commencement) Order 2026", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2026/si/347/made/en/print", "date": "2026-07-16", "secondary": false } }, { "doc": "ncsb_gs", "quote": "Commission for Communications Regulation (ComReg) for the following sectors", "found": true, "source": { "title": "General Scheme of the National Cyber Security Bill 2024", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/static/documents/general-scheme-of-the-national-cyber-security-bill-2024.pdf", "date": "2024-08-30", "secondary": false } }, { "doc": "ncsb_gs", "quote": "Data centre service provider", "found": true, "source": { "title": "General Scheme of the National Cyber Security Bill 2024", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/static/documents/general-scheme-of-the-national-cyber-security-bill-2024.pdf", "date": "2024-08-30", "secondary": false } }, { "doc": "ncsb_gs", "quote": "temporary and very limited basis to telecommunications and data centre operations in the State", "found": true, "source": { "title": "General Scheme of the National Cyber Security Bill 2024", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/static/documents/general-scheme-of-the-national-cyber-security-bill-2024.pdf", "date": "2024-08-30", "secondary": false } }, { "doc": "ec_nis2", "quote": "Member States had until 17 October 2024 to transpose the Directive", "found": true, "source": { "title": "European Commission, referral of Ireland, Spain, France and the Netherlands to the CJEU (NIS2)", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-refers-ireland-spain-france-and-netherlands-court-justice-failing-transpose-rules", "date": "2026-07-08", "secondary": false } }, { "doc": "ec_nis2", "quote": "letters of formal notice on 28 November 2024 and reasoned opinions on 7 May 2025", "found": true, "source": { "title": "European Commission, referral of Ireland, Spain, France and the Netherlands to the CJEU (NIS2)", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-refers-ireland-spain-france-and-netherlands-court-justice-failing-transpose-rules", "date": "2026-07-08", "secondary": false } }, { "doc": "si559", "quote": "Directive (EU) 2022/2557 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2022", "found": true, "source": { "title": "S.I. No. 559/2024 European Union (Resilience of Critical Entities) Regulations 2024", "url": "https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2024/si/559/made/en/print", "date": "2024-10-17", "secondary": false } }, { "doc": "ec_nis2", "quote": "a lump sum and daily penalties until notification of complete transposition", "found": true, "source": { "title": "European Commission, referral of Ireland, Spain, France and the Netherlands to the CJEU (NIS2)", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-refers-ireland-spain-france-and-netherlands-court-justice-failing-transpose-rules", "date": "2026-07-08", "secondary": false } } ], "quotesAllFound": true }, "wholesale": { "title": "Wholesale electricity prices", "premium": { "asOf": "2026-10-10", "window": { "from": "2025-10-04", "to": "2026-10-09", "halfHours": 17760, "matchedHoursVsGb": 8664 }, "headlines": [ "The Irish day-ahead price sat within gas plants' estimated running-cost range, so gas plant most likely set it, in about 81% of half-hours (75-87% depending on tolerance) from 2025-10-04 to 2026-10-09; prices sat above even a 30%-efficient peaker's cost in 3%.", "Estimated cost stack of the EUR 137/MWh baseload: gas fuel ~EUR 92, carbon ~EUR 27, price above any gas plant's cost ~EUR 3, hours gas did not set ~EUR 12.", "Ireland averaged EUR 24/MWh above GB hour-by-hour over 8,664 matched hours; hours with both GB links full (22.4% of hours) contributed EUR 11 of it and hours priced above any gas plant's cost (2.7%) EUR 3.", "2025 Jan-Sep to 2026 Jan-Sep: Irish baseload +27.8, GB +22.0, Germany +19.9, France +20.6 EUR/MWh; GB gas +11.4 and carbon +6.5 moved an assumed 49% CCGT's cost +26.9. The premium over GB widened +5.8, over Germany +7.9.", "In the stillest third of days Ireland was EUR 58/MWh above Germany and EUR 42 above GB; in the windiest third EUR 6 and EUR 7. Ireland stayed EUR 39 above France even then." ], "summary": { "vsGb": [ { "label": "Hours both GB links were full", "pctHours": 22.4, "eur": 11.44, "kind": "measured" }, { "label": "Hours priced above any gas plant's cost", "pctHours": 2.7, "eur": 3.44, "kind": "measured" }, { "label": "Other importing hours", "pctHours": 59.3, "eur": 10.03, "kind": "measured" }, { "label": "Exporting or idle hours", "pctHours": 15.6, "eur": -0.71, "kind": "measured" } ], "vsGbTotal": 24.2, "gasTransportShare": { "low": 2.51, "high": 7.07, "central": 3.86, "kind": "estimate", "winter": { "central": 8.11, "low": 4.77, "high": 16.04, "commodityOnly": 1.01, "dailyEveryDay": 38.59, "gapEurPerMWh": 19.1, "halfHours": 4320, "pctGasSet": 89.2, "months": [ "2025-12", "2026-01", "2026-02" ] }, "note": "Part of the IE-GB spread that Ireland's checked GNI gas transmission tariffs explain when gas sets the price. Best estimate weights power stations' checked booking mix (~19% daily capacity, CRU/21/14) under the SEM bid rule that only commodity and capacity bought for the day are marginal; range = 10-40% daily. Estimate." }, "change": { "ie": 27.8, "gb": 22.0, "de": 19.9, "fr": 20.6, "gasPart": 23.3, "carbonPart": 2.4, "kind": "estimate (gas and carbon parts at a 49% CCGT; Irish change is measured)" } }, "gasSetShare": { "central": 80.6, "low": 75.0, "high": 87.3, "ccgtBand": 63.7, "peakerBand": 16.9, "aboveGasCost": 2.7, "belowGasCost": 16.7, "kind": "estimate", "method": "Each half-hour's SEMOpx ROI price is compared with that day's gas-plant cost range: cheapest CCGT (53% eff., + gas transport commodity charges only, VOM 2.0) to older CCGT (45%, + that day's daily-capacity transport cost or the annual average if higher, VOM 5.0) = 'ccgt'; up to a 30% open-cycle peaker = 'peaker'; +/-10% tolerance (range uses 5% and 20%). Below = wind, imports or other plant set the price; above = scarcity, start-up costs, bidding above short-run cost or administered pricing. Inference from price levels only, not from SEMO's actual marginal-unit data." }, "costStack": { "baseload": 136.9, "nonGasHours": 11.5, "gasFuel": 92.4, "carbon": 27.4, "vomAndMarkup": 2.8, "scarcityAboveGasCost": 2.8, "kind": "estimate", "note": "Sum over half-hours / all half-hours. In gas-set half-hours fuel = (NBP + checked transport, annual capacity at 100% load factor, ~EUR 4.08/MWh) / 0.49 (CCGT band) or / 0.33 (peaker and above), carbon = 0.183 t/MWh_th x EUA / same efficiency; 'vomAndMarkup' is the remainder (can be negative); 'scarcityAboveGasCost' is price minus a mid peaker's cost when the price is above every gas plant's cost. Components sum to the baseload." }, "vsGb": { "meanSpread": 24.2, "rows": [ { "bucket": "aboveGasCost", "pctHours": 2.7, "ie": 269.1, "gb": 140.5, "spread": 128.6, "contribution": 3.44, "pctHoursIeAboveGb": 97.4 }, { "bucket": "bothLinksFullImport", "pctHours": 22.4, "ie": 160.6, "gb": 109.5, "spread": 51.0, "contribution": 11.44, "pctHoursIeAboveGb": 100.0 }, { "bucket": "importingNotFull", "pctHours": 59.3, "ie": 129.7, "gb": 112.8, "spread": 16.9, "contribution": 10.03, "pctHoursIeAboveGb": 93.9 }, { "bucket": "exportingOrIdle", "pctHours": 15.6, "ie": 98.9, "gb": 103.4, "spread": -4.6, "contribution": -0.71, "pctHoursIeAboveGb": 19.1 } ], "kind": "measured (accounting split, not causal)", "note": "Hour-by-hour IE (SEMOpx ROI, hourly mean of half-hours) minus GB (Ember hourly day-ahead, EUR). Buckets are exclusive, checked in this order: IE price above every gas plant's cost; both EWIC (>=475 of 500 MW) and Greenlink (>=479 of 504 MW) importing at capacity; importing (EWIC + Greenlink > 50 MW); otherwise. Contribution = share of hours x mean spread; contributions sum to the mean spread. Ember's GB hourly lines up with SEMOpx at lag 0 (correlation 0.76 vs 0.59 at +24 h, checked 2026-10-03).", "spreadTimesFlowEURm": { "importing": 187.7, "exporting": 1.5, "kind": "estimate", "note": "Sum over matched hours of |IE - GB| x MW flowing toward the higher-priced side, EWIC + Greenlink. An upper-bound guide to the price gap the links bridge, NOT their revenue: since Brexit SEM-GB capacity is not market-coupled and links earn auction and other revenues (unchecked)." } }, "gasBasisVsGb": { "central": 3.86, "low": 2.51, "high": 7.07, "bounds": { "commodityOnly": 0.88, "dailyEveryDay": 18.38, "annualFullCost": 6.63 }, "winter": { "central": 8.11, "low": 4.77, "high": 16.04, "commodityOnly": 1.01, "dailyEveryDay": 38.59, "gapEurPerMWh": 19.1, "halfHours": 4320, "pctGasSet": 89.2, "months": [ "2025-12", "2026-01", "2026-02" ] }, "kind": "estimate", "allHoursAtMidCcgt": 7.14, "note": "Best estimate (central/low/high) = booking-weighted marginal GNI cost: power's checked ~19% daily share (10-40% range) x that day's daily product + the rest x commodity only, at mid efficiency, in gas-set half-hours (hypothesis 102). Bounds, the previous range: commodityOnly (~EUR 0.52/MWh gas, capacity sunk) at a 53% CCGT and 5% tolerance; annualFullCost = annual capacity at 100% load factor (~EUR 3.5) at 49% (not marginal under SEM bid rules); dailyEveryDay = daily capacity bought that day (window average ~EUR 8.82, EUR 22-26 in Jan-Feb) at 45% and 20% tolerance. GB plants pay the same NTS exit capacity and GNTS charges as gas leaving GB at Moffat, so only the GNI part is extra." }, "gasTransport": { "kind": "checked tariffs, booking split and bid rule; conversion to electricity, weighting and share of the gap are estimates", "heatRate": "0.49 gross-CV efficiency = 7.35 GJ of gas per MWh of electricity (assumption, mid CCGT)", "bookingMix": { "powerExitPctOfAllExit": { "annual": 36.9, "monthly": 0.0, "daily": 8.6, "gasYear": "2020/21" }, "powerDailySharePct": 18.9, "rangePct": [ 10, 40 ], "source": "CRU/21/14 Table 4.3 (GNI booking model, 2020/21 status quo)", "bidRule": "SEM-17-020: commodity and capacity bought within day are marginal; long-term capacity is not." }, "byGasYear": [ { "gasYear": "2024/25", "gasEurPerMWh": { "commodityOnly": 0.59, "annualCapacity100pctLF": 3.73, "dailyCapacityJanuary": 21.54, "dailyCapacityJune": 1.4 }, "gniOnlyGasEurPerMWh": { "commodityOnly": 0.5, "annualCapacity100pctLF": 3.34, "dailyCapacityJanuary": 21.14, "dailyCapacityJune": 1.0, "bookingWeightedJanuary": 4.4, "bookingWeightedJune": 0.59 }, "electricityEurPerMWh": { "commodityOnly": 1.2, "annualCapacity100pctLF": 7.62, "dailyCapacityJanuary": 43.96, "dailyCapacityJune": 2.85 }, "gniOnlyElectricityEurPerMWh": { "bookingWeightedJanuary": 8.98, "bookingWeightedJune": 1.21 } }, { "gasYear": "2025/26", "gasEurPerMWh": { "commodityOnly": 0.76, "annualCapacity100pctLF": 4.09, "dailyCapacityJanuary": 22.76, "dailyCapacityJune": 1.63 }, "gniOnlyGasEurPerMWh": { "commodityOnly": 0.52, "annualCapacity100pctLF": 3.5, "dailyCapacityJanuary": 22.17, "dailyCapacityJune": 1.05, "bookingWeightedJanuary": 4.61, "bookingWeightedJune": 0.62 }, "electricityEurPerMWh": { "commodityOnly": 1.55, "annualCapacity100pctLF": 8.34, "dailyCapacityJanuary": 46.44, "dailyCapacityJune": 3.34 }, "gniOnlyElectricityEurPerMWh": { "bookingWeightedJanuary": 9.41, "bookingWeightedJune": 1.27 } }, { "gasYear": "2026/27", "gasEurPerMWh": { "commodityOnly": 0.78, "annualCapacity100pctLF": 4.21, "dailyCapacityJanuary": 23.13, "dailyCapacityJune": 1.73 }, "gniOnlyGasEurPerMWh": { "commodityOnly": 0.54, "annualCapacity100pctLF": 3.55, "dailyCapacityJanuary": 22.47, "dailyCapacityJune": 1.07, "bookingWeightedJanuary": 4.68, "bookingWeightedJune": 0.64 }, "electricityEurPerMWh": { "commodityOnly": 1.6, "annualCapacity100pctLF": 8.6, "dailyCapacityJanuary": 47.2, "dailyCapacityJune": 3.53 }, "gniOnlyElectricityEurPerMWh": { "bookingWeightedJanuary": 9.55, "bookingWeightedJune": 1.3 } } ], "window": { "from": "2025-10-04", "to": "2026-10-09", "avgGasEurPerMWh": { "low": 0.76, "mid": 4.08, "high": 9.41, "gniLow": 0.52, "gniMid": 3.5, "gniHigh": 8.82 } }, "explainsOfIeMinusGb": { "eurPerMWh": { "low": 2.51, "central": 3.86, "high": 7.07 }, "pctOfGap": { "low": 10.4, "central": 15.9, "high": 29.2 }, "gapEurPerMWh": 24.2, "winter": { "central": 8.11, "low": 4.77, "high": 16.04, "commodityOnly": 1.01, "dailyEveryDay": 38.59, "gapEurPerMWh": 19.1, "halfHours": 4320, "pctGasSet": 89.2, "months": [ "2025-12", "2026-01", "2026-02" ] }, "bounds": { "commodityOnly": 0.88, "dailyEveryDay": 18.38, "annualFullCost": 6.63 }, "ifGasSetEveryHalfHour": 7.14, "previousCheckedRange": { "low": 0.88, "central": 6.63, "high": 18.38, "basis": "checked tariffs, booking mix unknown (hypothesis 100, 3 Oct 2026)" }, "previousUncheckedEstimate": { "low": 1.73, "central": 4.85, "high": 8.74, "basis": "EUR 1-4/MWh_th flat adder (unchecked), built 3 Oct 2026" } }, "headline": "Checked tariffs: getting NBP gas to an Irish power station costs EUR 0.8-4.1/MWh of gas (commodity only to annual capacity at full use), and EUR 22-26/MWh on a January-February day bought day by day. GB plants pay the same GB exit charges, so the Irish extra is GNI's part. Irish power stations booked ~19% of their exit capacity as daily products and the rest annual (2020/21, CRU/21/14); SEM bid rules count only commodity and capacity bought for the day as marginal. Weighted that way, transport explains ~EUR 3.9 of the EUR 24/MWh IE-GB gap (range 2.5-7.1 for a 10-40% daily share; estimate). In December-February it is ~EUR 8.1 (range 4.8-16.0) of a EUR 19 winter gap.", "source": "gas.transport (CRU202543, CRU202683, GNI tariff sheets, National Gas transportation statements Oct 2024-Oct 2026); booking mix gas.transport.bookingMix (CRU/21/14, CRU202543, SEM-17-020, SEM-17-049)" }, "hubBasisNbpMinusTtf": { "eurPerMwh": -0.81, "months": 12, "kind": "measured (monthly)", "note": "GB SAP (daily, averaged by month) minus World Bank TTF (monthly only). Positive = GB/Irish gas dearer than the Dutch hub that sets German and French gas costs." }, "wind": { "rows": [ { "band": "0-10%", "pctHalfHours": 16.8, "price": 186.7, "ccgtCost": 135.2, "priceMinusCcgtCost": 51.5, "pctGasSet": 87.7, "pctAboveGasCost": 11.7, "pctBothLinksFull": 54.8 }, { "band": "10-20%", "pctHalfHours": 18.3, "price": 162.7, "ccgtCost": 136.2, "priceMinusCcgtCost": 26.5, "pctGasSet": 93.4, "pctAboveGasCost": 3.2, "pctBothLinksFull": 44.6 }, { "band": "20-30%", "pctHalfHours": 14.7, "price": 143.3, "ccgtCost": 134.8, "priceMinusCcgtCost": 8.4, "pctGasSet": 92.9, "pctAboveGasCost": 0.8, "pctBothLinksFull": 29.5 }, { "band": "30-40%", "pctHalfHours": 13.1, "price": 130.3, "ccgtCost": 134.3, "priceMinusCcgtCost": -4.0, "pctGasSet": 86.9, "pctAboveGasCost": 0.1, "pctBothLinksFull": 20.3 }, { "band": "40-50%", "pctHalfHours": 12.2, "price": 116.2, "ccgtCost": 134.0, "priceMinusCcgtCost": -17.8, "pctGasSet": 76.9, "pctAboveGasCost": 0.0, "pctBothLinksFull": 5.6 }, { "band": "50-60%", "pctHalfHours": 11.0, "price": 105.1, "ccgtCost": 134.1, "priceMinusCcgtCost": -29.0, "pctGasSet": 65.4, "pctAboveGasCost": 0.0, "pctBothLinksFull": 0.3 }, { "band": "60%+", "pctHalfHours": 14.0, "price": 85.6, "ccgtCost": 121.3, "priceMinusCcgtCost": -35.7, "pctGasSet": 51.9, "pctAboveGasCost": 0.0, "pctBothLinksFull": 0.0 } ], "kind": "measured", "regression": { "perTenPointsWind": -12.5, "perEurCcgtCost": 0.69, "bothLinksFull": 16.8, "intercept": 82.0, "n": 17758, "kind": "estimate", "note": "OLS of half-hourly price on ROI wind share of demand (%), the day's mid CCGT cost and a both-links-full dummy. Associations, not causes; wind and imports are correlated." }, "note": "Wind share = ROI WIND_ACTUAL / ROI SYSTEM_DEMAND per half-hour (EirGrid Smart Grid Dashboard); the SEM price is all-island." }, "byWindTercileDaily": { "rows": [ { "days": "stillest third", "n": 119, "windShare": 12.4, "ie": 169.0, "ieMinusDe": 58.1, "ieMinusFr": 81.5, "ieMinusGb": 41.5 }, { "days": "middle third", "n": 120, "windShare": 31.8, "ie": 137.5, "ieMinusDe": 29.2, "ieMinusFr": 56.3, "ieMinusGb": 24.6 }, { "days": "windiest third", "n": 120, "windShare": 54.4, "ie": 100.2, "ieMinusDe": 6.0, "ieMinusFr": 39.1, "ieMinusGb": 7.0 } ], "kind": "measured", "note": "Days ranked by Irish daily wind share. IE = SEMOpx daily mean; DE, FR, GB = Ember daily mean of hourly (UTC days)." }, "months": [ { "month": "2025-10", "partial": false, "ie": 106.9, "gb": 80.9, "de": 83.1, "fr": 57.7, "ieMinusGbHourly": 23.0, "gasNbp": 31.0, "gasTtf": 31.9, "eua": 78.2, "ccgtCost": 104.4, "pctGasSet": 70.8, "pctAboveGasCost": 6.5, "pctAbove200": 6.2, "windShare": 33.1, "pctBothLinksFull": 38.9 }, { "month": "2025-11", "partial": false, "ie": 122.8, "gb": 88.3, "de": 103.0, "fr": 59.2, "ieMinusGbHourly": 34.5, "gasNbp": 29.1, "gasTtf": 30.8, "eua": 80.6, "ccgtCost": 101.3, "pctGasSet": 75.6, "pctAboveGasCost": 10.7, "pctAbove200": 10.6, "windShare": 35.3, "pctBothLinksFull": 32.0 }, { "month": "2025-12", "partial": false, "ie": 108.5, "gb": 86.2, "de": 93.7, "fr": 68.7, "ieMinusGbHourly": 22.3, "gasNbp": 28.0, "gasTtf": 27.6, "eua": 83.7, "ccgtCost": 100.2, "pctGasSet": 80.9, "pctAboveGasCost": 4.0, "pctAbove200": 5.0, "windShare": 39.2, "pctBothLinksFull": 32.4 }, { "month": "2026-01", "partial": false, "ie": 126.9, "gb": 107.8, "de": 110.2, "fr": 100.7, "ieMinusGbHourly": 19.1, "gasNbp": 35.3, "gasTtf": 34.2, "eua": 86.4, "ccgtCost": 116.1, "pctGasSet": 92.8, "pctAboveGasCost": 0.7, "pctAbove200": 5.2, "windShare": 33.7, "pctBothLinksFull": 33.4 }, { "month": "2026-02", "partial": false, "ie": 108.0, "gb": 92.4, "de": 96.5, "fr": 45.9, "ieMinusGbHourly": 15.5, "gasNbp": 31.4, "gasTtf": 32.4, "eua": 73.9, "ccgtCost": 103.5, "pctGasSet": 89.1, "pctAboveGasCost": 0.0, "pctAbove200": 3.3, "windShare": 41.8, "pctBothLinksFull": 26.7 }, { "month": "2026-03", "partial": false, "ie": 128.8, "gb": 109.9, "de": 99.4, "fr": 64.1, "ieMinusGbHourly": 18.9, "gasNbp": 52.0, "gasTtf": 52.9, "eua": 68.4, "ccgtCost": 143.5, "pctGasSet": 67.9, "pctAboveGasCost": 0.2, "pctAbove200": 9.9, "windShare": 40.3, "pctBothLinksFull": 20.6 }, { "month": "2026-04", "partial": false, "ie": 131.3, "gb": 95.4, "de": 80.6, "fr": 39.6, "ieMinusGbHourly": 35.8, "gasNbp": 44.6, "gasTtf": 45.0, "eua": 72.9, "ccgtCost": 130.1, "pctGasSet": 69.1, "pctAboveGasCost": 3.3, "pctAbove200": 12.2, "windShare": 37.5, "pctBothLinksFull": 11.3 }, { "month": "2026-05", "partial": false, "ie": 144.4, "gb": 120.9, "de": 95.6, "fr": 52.2, "ieMinusGbHourly": 23.5, "gasNbp": 46.6, "gasTtf": 47.2, "eua": 74.5, "ccgtCost": 134.8, "pctGasSet": 86.8, "pctAboveGasCost": 2.0, "pctAbove200": 9.9, "windShare": 28.3, "pctBothLinksFull": 21.5 }, { "month": "2026-06", "partial": false, "ie": 135.5, "gb": 115.2, "de": 110.9, "fr": 66.2, "ieMinusGbHourly": 20.3, "gasNbp": 43.5, "gasTtf": 45.0, "eua": 77.9, "ccgtCost": 129.6, "pctGasSet": 79.2, "pctAboveGasCost": 3.5, "pctAbove200": 9.3, "windShare": 31.0, "pctBothLinksFull": 11.5 }, { "month": "2026-07", "partial": false, "ie": 155.6, "gb": 125.4, "de": 105.6, "fr": 95.2, "ieMinusGbHourly": 30.2, "gasNbp": 51.7, "gasTtf": 53.9, "eua": 80.0, "ccgtCost": 147.3, "pctGasSet": 83.2, "pctAboveGasCost": 1.8, "pctAbove200": 16.9, "windShare": 22.6, "pctBothLinksFull": 14.0 }, { "month": "2026-08", "partial": false, "ie": 170.5, "gb": 149.5, "de": 126.3, "fr": 122.8, "ieMinusGbHourly": 21.1, "gasNbp": 60.3, "gasTtf": 62.1, "eua": 81.8, "ccgtCost": 165.4, "pctGasSet": 93.6, "pctAboveGasCost": 0.3, "pctAbove200": 20.4, "windShare": 17.9, "pctBothLinksFull": 33.8 }, { "month": "2026-09", "partial": false, "ie": 182.1, "gb": 156.2, "de": 145.4, "fr": 143.2, "ieMinusGbHourly": 25.9, "gasNbp": 75.1, "gasTtf": 75.3, "eua": 84.7, "ccgtCost": 196.8, "pctGasSet": 76.3, "pctAboveGasCost": 0.5, "pctAbove200": 37.6, "windShare": 35.8, "pctBothLinksFull": 24.9 }, { "month": "2026-10", "partial": true, "ie": 191.4, "gb": null, "de": 198.5, "fr": 205.3, "ieMinusGbHourly": null, "gasNbp": 72.9, "gasTtf": null, "eua": 85.2, "ccgtCost": 192.8, "pctGasSet": 83.9, "pctAboveGasCost": 0.0, "pctAbove200": 37.6, "windShare": 36.7, "pctBothLinksFull": 28.5 } ], "years": [ { "period": "2025 Jan-Sep", "ie": 115.8, "gb": 97.5, "de": 88.0, "fr": 60.8, "gasNbp": 37.7, "gasTtf": 38.5, "eua": 71.4, "ccgtCost": 114.2, "ieMinusGb": 18.3, "ieMinusDe": 27.8, "ieMinusFr": 55.0 }, { "period": "2025", "ie": 114.4, "gb": 94.4, "de": 89.4, "fr": 61.1, "gasNbp": 35.6, "gasTtf": 36.4, "eua": 73.8, "ccgtCost": 111.0, "ieMinusGb": 20.0, "ieMinusDe": 25.0, "ieMinusFr": 53.3 }, { "period": "2026 Jan-Sep", "ie": 143.6, "gb": 119.5, "de": 107.9, "fr": 81.4, "gasNbp": 49.1, "gasTtf": 49.8, "eua": 77.9, "ccgtCost": 141.1, "ieMinusGb": 24.1, "ieMinusDe": 35.7, "ieMinusFr": 62.2 } ], "change2025to2026": { "ie": 27.8, "gb": 22.0, "de": 19.9, "fr": 20.6, "gasNbp": 11.4, "eua": 6.5, "ccgtCost": 26.9, "ieMinusGb": 5.8, "ieMinusDe": 7.9, "ieMinusFr": 7.2 }, "notModelled": [ "Capacity payments: SEM capacity market costs are recovered through supplier charges, not the day-ahead price. Not modelled here.", "Constraint and balancing costs: imperfections charges and dispatch-balancing costs (paying plant to run out of merit for system stability) sit outside the day-ahead price. Not modelled; no clean public monthly series pulled yet.", "Network tariffs, PSO levy and supplier margin: outside the wholesale price (see Eurostat retail comparison).", "Carbon in GB: GB plants pay the UK ETS plus Carbon Price Support, not the EU ETS (unchecked here); the carbon gap between Irish and GB gas plants is not quantified.", "Germany and France: no peer marginal-fuel shares are estimated, so the premium over them is shown by Irish wind conditions, not split by fuel." ], "assumptions": { "emissionFactor": "0.183 tCO2/MWh of gas (gross CV) - IPCC default 56.1 kg/GJ net, converted at GCV:NCV 1.108 (standard, unchecked here)", "ccgtEfficiency": "0.45-0.53 (mid 0.49), gross-CV basis - assumption", "peakerEfficiency": "0.3-0.36 (mid 0.33) - assumption", "vom": "EUR 2.0-5.0/MWh_e - assumption", "irishGasAdder": "CHECKED tariffs (gas.transport): over the window, NBP-to-Irish-plant transport averaged EUR 0.76 (commodity only) / 4.08 (annual capacity, 100% load factor) / 9.41 (daily capacity) per MWh of gas; GNI part 0.52 / 3.5 / 8.82. Replaces the unchecked EUR 1-4 assumption (3 Oct 2026).", "gasProxy": "GB SAP (within-day system average price) stands in for NBP day-ahead; Irish gas is mostly imported from GB.", "carbon": "EU ETS primary auction clearing price on auction days, carried forward on other days." }, "inputs": { "gasDaily": "National Gas System Average Price via ONS real-time indicators (https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/datasets/systemaveragepricesapofgas); file ons_sap_gas_2026-10-03.xlsx; Date of publication: 1 October 2026; last day 2026-09-27", "ttfMonthly": "World Bank Pink Sheet monthly, 'Natural gas, Europe' = TTF since Apr 2015 (https://www.worldbank.org/en/research/commodity-markets); Updated on October 02, 2026; monthly only", "carbon": "EEX EU ETS primary auction reports (https://public.eex-group.com/eex/eua-auction-report/emission-spot-primary-market-auction-report-YYYY-data.xlsx); last auction 2026-10-02", "fx": "ECB reference rate GBP/EUR (https://data-api.ecb.europa.eu/service/data/EXR/D.GBP.EUR.SP00.A?startPeriod=2024-12-01&format=csvdata); USD/EUR Fed H.10 via FRED DEXUSEU (https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/fredgraph.csv?id=DEXUSEU&cosd=2024-12-01)", "flows": "EirGrid Smart Grid Dashboard INTER_EWIC, INTER_GRNLK (ROI, 15-min; positive = import), data/raw/eirgrid_grid", "prices": "SEMOpx DAM ROI half-hourly (this pipeline); Ember hourly GB/DE/FR (CC-BY-4.0)" } }, "source": "SEMOpx day-ahead market results (https://www.semopx.com/market-data/); Ember European wholesale electricity price data (https://ember-energy.org/data/european-wholesale-electricity-price-data/, CC-BY-4.0); EirGrid Smart Grid Dashboard (demand, wind, interconnector flows); premium inputs: National Gas SAP via ONS, World Bank Pink Sheet (TTF), EEX EU ETS auctions, ECB and Fed H.10 FX, CRU/GNI and National Gas transport tariffs", "asOf": "2026-10-10", "headlines": [ "2025: Irish day-ahead baseload averaged EUR 114/MWh vs Germany EUR 89 (Ember hourly). Hours above EUR 200: Ireland 6.0%, Germany 2.0%; below zero: Ireland 0.7%, Germany 5.8%.", "SEMOpx DAM 2025-10-04 to 2026-10-09: baseload EUR 137.5/MWh; 13.1% of half-hours above EUR 200, 0.0% below zero.", "A flat 24/7 load paid EUR 136.9/MWh vs EUR 138.7 for the national demand profile (-1.3%); wind earned EUR 116.7 (-14.7% vs baseload).", "Ember's Irish monthly averages are within EUR 1.3/MWh of SEMOpx's DAM on average (12 months), but its hourly series lines up only when shifted 24 h; SEMOpx is used for recent and hourly figures." ], "semopx": { "source": "SEMOpx day-ahead market results (report EA-001, ROI-DA half-hourly index price, EUR) - https://www.semopx.com/market-data/", "listUrl": "https://reports.semopx.com/api/v1/documents/static-reports?DPuG_ID=EA-001", "from": "2025-10-04", "to": "2026-10-09", "files": 370, "exampleFile": "https://reports.semopx.com/documents/MarketResult_SEM-DA_PWR-MRC-D+1_20261008100000_20261008105502.csv", "period": { "baseload": 136.9, "sd": 57.4, "p5": 49.7, "p95": 235.4, "max": 465.8, "min": -10.1, "pctAbove200": 12.9, "pctBelow0": 0.1, "intervals": 17760 }, "last365": { "baseload": 137.5, "sd": 57.3, "p5": 51.8, "p95": 235.7, "max": 465.8, "min": -10.1, "pctAbove200": 13.1, "pctBelow0": 0.0, "intervals": 17521 }, "months": [ { "month": "2025-10", "baseload": 106.9, "sd": 57.8, "p5": 5.0, "p95": 220.0, "max": 355.0, "min": -5.7, "pctAbove200": 6.2, "pctBelow0": 1.1, "intervals": 1300, "partial": false }, { "month": "2025-11", "baseload": 122.8, "sd": 70.8, "p5": 46.9, "p95": 299.0, "max": 465.8, "min": 2.0, "pctAbove200": 10.6, "pctBelow0": 0.0, "intervals": 1440, "partial": false }, { "month": "2025-12", "baseload": 108.5, "sd": 45.5, "p5": 49.6, "p95": 200.3, "max": 324.9, "min": 6.8, "pctAbove200": 5.0, "pctBelow0": 0.0, "intervals": 1488, "partial": false }, { "month": "2026-01", "baseload": 126.9, "sd": 38.9, "p5": 82.8, "p95": 202.5, "max": 287.4, "min": 48.0, "pctAbove200": 5.2, "pctBelow0": 0.0, "intervals": 1488, "partial": false }, { "month": "2026-02", "baseload": 108.0, "sd": 36.5, "p5": 65.9, "p95": 189.4, "max": 263.6, "min": 19.5, "pctAbove200": 3.3, "pctBelow0": 0.0, "intervals": 1344, "partial": false }, { "month": "2026-03", "baseload": 128.8, "sd": 59.8, "p5": 16.4, "p95": 237.3, "max": 368.0, "min": 0.0, "pctAbove200": 9.9, "pctBelow0": 0.0, "intervals": 1488, "partial": false }, { "month": "2026-04", "baseload": 131.3, "sd": 61.3, "p5": 10.0, "p95": 233.0, "max": 329.3, "min": -10.1, "pctAbove200": 12.2, "pctBelow0": 0.6, "intervals": 1440, "partial": false }, { "month": "2026-05", "baseload": 144.4, "sd": 35.9, "p5": 96.7, "p95": 217.0, "max": 266.3, "min": 78.0, "pctAbove200": 9.9, "pctBelow0": 0.0, "intervals": 1488, "partial": false }, { "month": "2026-06", "baseload": 135.5, "sd": 50.5, "p5": 45.2, "p95": 215.0, "max": 414.2, "min": 5.3, "pctAbove200": 9.3, "pctBelow0": 0.0, "intervals": 1440, "partial": false }, { "month": "2026-07", "baseload": 155.6, "sd": 45.8, "p5": 84.3, "p95": 227.6, "max": 294.5, "min": 9.5, "pctAbove200": 16.9, "pctBelow0": 0.0, "intervals": 1488, "partial": false }, { "month": "2026-08", "baseload": 170.5, "sd": 38.7, "p5": 124.4, "p95": 237.7, "max": 315.3, "min": 8.1, "pctAbove200": 20.4, "pctBelow0": 0.0, "intervals": 1488, "partial": false }, { "month": "2026-09", "baseload": 182.1, "sd": 65.4, "p5": 38.1, "p95": 281.3, "max": 414.9, "min": 0.4, "pctAbove200": 37.6, "pctBelow0": 0.0, "intervals": 1440, "partial": false }, { "month": "2026-10", "baseload": 191.4, "sd": 59.3, "p5": 76.0, "p95": 308.6, "max": 355.1, "min": 38.3, "pctAbove200": 37.6, "pctBelow0": 0.0, "intervals": 428, "partial": true } ], "hourProfileUTC": [ { "hourUTC": 0, "avg": 117.8 }, { "hourUTC": 1, "avg": 117.1 }, { "hourUTC": 2, "avg": 114.3 }, { "hourUTC": 3, "avg": 112.4 }, { "hourUTC": 4, "avg": 114.2 }, { "hourUTC": 5, "avg": 124.5 }, { "hourUTC": 6, "avg": 144.5 }, { "hourUTC": 7, "avg": 155.7 }, { "hourUTC": 8, "avg": 151.0 }, { "hourUTC": 9, "avg": 138.3 }, { "hourUTC": 10, "avg": 126.4 }, { "hourUTC": 11, "avg": 119.5 }, { "hourUTC": 12, "avg": 115.7 }, { "hourUTC": 13, "avg": 114.0 }, { "hourUTC": 14, "avg": 117.1 }, { "hourUTC": 15, "avg": 131.9 }, { "hourUTC": 16, "avg": 158.7 }, { "hourUTC": 17, "avg": 180.4 }, { "hourUTC": 18, "avg": 183.1 }, { "hourUTC": 19, "avg": 176.2 }, { "hourUTC": 20, "avg": 165.3 }, { "hourUTC": 21, "avg": 149.4 }, { "hourUTC": 22, "avg": 133.6 }, { "hourUTC": 23, "avg": 124.3 } ], "flatLoad": { "baseload": 136.9, "demandWeighted": 138.7, "demandHalfHours": 17758, "windWeighted": 116.7, "windHalfHours": 17758, "flatVsDemandPct": -1.3, "windVsBaseloadPct": -14.7, "weightsSource": "EirGrid Smart Grid Dashboard, ROI SYSTEM_DEMAND and WIND_ACTUAL, 15-min (data/raw/eirgrid_grid)", "note": "A flat 24/7 load (a data centre) buys the same MWh every half-hour, so its wholesale energy cost is the time-weighted (baseload) average. The demand-weighted price is what the average Irish load profile would pay; the wind-weighted price is what wind generators earn (capture price), a guide to an unhedged wind PPA's market value. Energy only: excludes network tariffs, capacity charges, PSO, imbalance and supplier margin." }, "blockCheck": { "days": 370, "note": "SEMOpx's own 'SEMOpx_Baseload' block price matches the mean of the 48 half-hourly ROI prices for each day checked." } }, "ember": { "source": "Ember, European wholesale electricity price data (CC-BY-4.0) - https://ember-energy.org/data/european-wholesale-electricity-price-data/", "monthlyFile": "ember_monthly_2026-10-03.csv", "hourlyFile": "ember_hourly_2026-10-03.zip", "asOf": "2026-10-03", "lastFullYear": 2025, "ytdYear": 2026, "yearly": [ { "key": "IE", "name": "Ireland (SEM)", "year": 2019, "hours": 8760, "baseload": 50.3, "sd": 23.8, "p5": 23.0, "p95": 87.3, "max": 365.0, "min": -11.9, "pctAbove200": 0.2, "pctBelow0": 1.4, "intervals": 8760, "loadWeighted": null }, { "key": "IE", "name": "Ireland (SEM)", "year": 2020, "hours": 8784, "baseload": 37.6, "sd": 23.0, "p5": 0.0, "p95": 72.0, "max": 378.1, "min": -41.1, "pctAbove200": 0.1, "pctBelow0": 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"SE": 69.3, "FI": 76.2 }, { "month": "2024-01", "IE": 99.7, "GB": 84.0, "DE": 76.2, "FR": 76.7, "NL": 78.4, "DK": 76.2, "NO": 69.6, "SE": 68.7, "FI": 106.2 }, { "month": "2024-02", "IE": 84.8, "GB": 69.5, "DE": 61.2, "FR": 58.4, "NL": 63.9, "DK": 57.0, "NO": 52.7, "SE": 44.5, "FI": 51.6 }, { "month": "2024-03", "IE": 86.4, "GB": 72.1, "DE": 63.2, "FR": 53.5, "NL": 63.4, "DK": 61.1, "NO": 56.2, "SE": 52.8, "FI": 59.4 }, { "month": "2024-04", "IE": 88.0, "GB": 62.5, "DE": 62.0, "FR": 28.2, "NL": 58.4, "DK": 59.6, "NO": 50.0, "SE": 48.5, "FI": 48.9 }, { "month": "2024-05", "IE": 107.6, "GB": 84.7, "DE": 67.5, "FR": 27.1, "NL": 65.7, "DK": 58.5, "NO": 29.7, "SE": 23.1, "FI": 35.1 }, { "month": "2024-06", "IE": 108.1, "GB": 84.3, "DE": 72.9, "FR": 37.8, "NL": 68.1, "DK": 64.9, "NO": 32.0, "SE": 28.9, "FI": 36.1 }, { "month": "2024-07", "IE": 108.3, "GB": 82.6, "DE": 68.4, "FR": 46.6, "NL": 65.0, "DK": 62.3, "NO": 27.2, "SE": 21.2, "FI": 16.8 }, { "month": "2024-08", "IE": 102.4, "GB": 70.8, 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"NO": 34.5, "SE": 40.9, "FI": 47.5 }, { "month": "2025-04", "IE": 110.4, "GB": 91.7, "DE": 77.4, "FR": 42.0, "NL": 74.8, "DK": 75.4, "NO": 34.4, "SE": 33.0, "FI": 47.8 }, { "month": "2025-05", "IE": 112.1, "GB": 82.1, "DE": 66.7, "FR": 19.4, "NL": 64.2, "DK": 64.1, "NO": 41.1, "SE": 36.7, "FI": 18.0 }, { "month": "2025-06", "IE": 93.8, "GB": 79.0, "DE": 64.1, "FR": 40.9, "NL": 67.7, "DK": 58.2, "NO": 39.0, "SE": 19.8, "FI": 18.6 }, { "month": "2025-07", "IE": 99.9, "GB": 91.6, "DE": 87.5, "FR": 58.0, "NL": 87.5, "DK": 81.7, "NO": 38.4, "SE": 30.2, "FI": 24.2 }, { "month": "2025-08", "IE": 99.3, "GB": 82.5, "DE": 77.8, "FR": 54.2, "NL": 74.5, "DK": 74.1, "NO": 41.7, "SE": 42.3, "FI": 55.6 }, { "month": "2025-09", "IE": 91.8, "GB": 76.9, "DE": 84.3, "FR": 57.2, "NL": 83.8, "DK": 83.9, "NO": 38.1, "SE": 42.1, "FI": 37.9 }, { "month": "2025-10", "IE": 101.4, "GB": 78.3, "DE": 84.5, "FR": 57.4, "NL": 82.3, "DK": 79.6, "NO": 40.3, "SE": 50.0, "FI": 49.0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "IE": 120.7, "GB": 88.3, "DE": 103.0, "FR": 59.2, "NL": 93.8, "DK": 93.2, "NO": 64.7, "SE": 58.8, "FI": 47.9 }, { "month": "2025-12", "IE": 108.3, "GB": 86.2, "DE": 93.7, "FR": 68.7, "NL": 87.7, "DK": 82.3, "NO": 58.9, "SE": 45.8, "FI": 36.1 }, { "month": "2026-01", "IE": 126.4, "GB": 107.8, "DE": 109.7, "FR": 101.3, "NL": 107.1, "DK": 107.1, "NO": 101.1, "SE": 99.1, "FI": 117.3 }, { "month": "2026-02", "IE": 109.6, "GB": 92.4, "DE": 96.7, "FR": 47.0, "NL": 96.1, "DK": 102.9, "NO": 103.2, "SE": 102.1, "FI": 137.2 }, { "month": "2026-03", "IE": 129.9, "GB": 106.5, "DE": 99.4, "FR": 64.1, "NL": 99.0, "DK": 97.5, "NO": 86.0, "SE": 51.6, "FI": 27.7 }, { "month": "2026-04", "IE": 132.3, "GB": 95.5, "DE": 80.5, "FR": 39.5, "NL": 84.4, "DK": 82.5, "NO": 85.5, "SE": 49.1, "FI": 49.5 }, { "month": "2026-05", "IE": 145.0, "GB": 120.9, "DE": 95.6, "FR": 52.2, "NL": 94.8, "DK": 100.2, "NO": 84.7, "SE": 69.5, "FI": 53.1 }, { "month": "2026-06", "IE": 135.7, "GB": 115.2, "DE": 111.1, "FR": 66.2, "NL": 107.0, "DK": 108.6, "NO": 67.1, "SE": 68.4, "FI": 45.1 }, { "month": "2026-07", "IE": 155.3, "GB": 125.4, "DE": 106.8, "FR": 96.6, "NL": 106.8, "DK": 102.7, "NO": 92.2, "SE": 45.9, "FI": 15.3 }, { "month": "2026-08", "IE": 172.4, "GB": 149.4, "DE": 126.1, "FR": 125.7, "NL": 127.5, "DK": 127.6, "NO": 114.4, "SE": 57.3, "FI": 40.9 }, { "month": "2026-09", "IE": 183.7, "GB": 156.2, "DE": 145.4, "FR": 143.3, "NL": 152.2, "DK": 141.5, "NO": 119.9, "SE": 75.4, "FI": 57.3 }, { "month": "2026-10", "DE": 198.5, "FR": 205.3, "NL": 200.4, "NO": 152.8, "FI": 31.0 } ], "irelandMonthly": [ { "month": "2019-01", "loadWeighted": 79.4, "baseload": 79.4 }, { "month": "2019-02", "loadWeighted": 55.0, "baseload": 55.0 }, { "month": "2019-03", "loadWeighted": 49.7, "baseload": 49.7 }, { "month": "2019-04", "loadWeighted": 49.4, "baseload": 49.3 }, { "month": "2019-05", "loadWeighted": 49.2, "baseload": 49.2 }, { "month": "2019-06", "loadWeighted": 43.4, "baseload": 43.4 }, { "month": "2019-07", "loadWeighted": 49.3, "baseload": 49.3 }, { "month": "2019-08", "loadWeighted": 46.4, "baseload": 46.4 }, { "month": "2019-09", "loadWeighted": 43.9, "baseload": 43.9 }, { "month": "2019-10", "loadWeighted": 40.6, "baseload": 41.1 }, { "month": "2019-11", "loadWeighted": 51.8, "baseload": 51.8 }, { "month": "2019-12", "loadWeighted": 45.5, "baseload": 45.5 }, { "month": "2020-01", "loadWeighted": 42.7, "baseload": 42.7 }, { "month": "2020-02", "loadWeighted": 33.2, "baseload": 33.2 }, { "month": "2020-03", "loadWeighted": 33.5, "baseload": 34.0 }, { "month": "2020-04", "loadWeighted": 28.2, "baseload": 28.2 }, { "month": "2020-05", "loadWeighted": 23.8, "baseload": 23.8 }, { "month": "2020-06", "loadWeighted": 25.6, "baseload": 25.6 }, { "month": "2020-07", "loadWeighted": 30.2, "baseload": 30.2 }, { "month": "2020-08", "loadWeighted": 36.5, "baseload": 36.6 }, { "month": "2020-09", "loadWeighted": 44.1, "baseload": 44.0 }, { "month": "2020-10", "loadWeighted": 47.4, "baseload": 49.2 }, { "month": "2020-11", "loadWeighted": 44.6, "baseload": 44.6 }, { "month": "2020-12", "loadWeighted": 58.5, "baseload": 58.5 }, { "month": "2021-01", "loadWeighted": 78.5, "baseload": 78.5 }, { "month": "2021-02", "loadWeighted": 57.0, "baseload": 57.0 }, { "month": "2021-03", "loadWeighted": 70.3, "baseload": 72.6 }, { "month": "2021-04", "loadWeighted": 83.9, "baseload": 84.0 }, { "month": "2021-05", "loadWeighted": 98.3, "baseload": 98.4 }, { "month": "2021-06", "loadWeighted": 93.6, "baseload": 93.6 }, { "month": "2021-07", "loadWeighted": 143.3, "baseload": 143.4 }, { "month": "2021-08", "loadWeighted": 131.0, "baseload": 131.0 }, { "month": "2021-09", "loadWeighted": 195.2, "baseload": 195.2 }, { "month": "2021-10", "loadWeighted": 213.3, "baseload": 215.6 }, { "month": "2021-11", "loadWeighted": 201.4, "baseload": 201.4 }, { "month": "2021-12", "loadWeighted": 253.7, "baseload": 253.7 }, { "month": "2022-01", "loadWeighted": 198.7, "baseload": 198.7 }, { "month": "2022-02", "loadWeighted": 173.0, "baseload": 173.0 }, { "month": "2022-03", "loadWeighted": 292.7, "baseload": 292.2 }, { "month": "2022-04", "loadWeighted": 222.5, "baseload": 222.4 }, { "month": "2022-05", "loadWeighted": 141.4, "baseload": 141.4 }, { "month": "2022-06", "loadWeighted": 180.4, "baseload": 180.5 }, { "month": "2022-07", "loadWeighted": 267.2, "baseload": 267.3 }, { "month": "2022-08", "loadWeighted": 383.3, "baseload": 383.5 }, { "month": "2022-09", "loadWeighted": 293.0, "baseload": 292.7 }, { "month": "2022-10", "loadWeighted": 133.0, "baseload": 137.0 }, { "month": "2022-11", "loadWeighted": 137.0, "baseload": 137.0 }, { "month": "2022-12", "loadWeighted": 279.8, "baseload": 279.7 }, { "month": "2023-01", "loadWeighted": 163.7, "baseload": 163.7 }, { "month": "2023-02", "loadWeighted": 156.6, "baseload": 156.6 }, { "month": "2023-03", "loadWeighted": 147.2, "baseload": 147.8 }, { "month": "2023-04", "loadWeighted": 126.3, "baseload": 126.3 }, { "month": "2023-05", "loadWeighted": 105.7, "baseload": 105.6 }, { "month": "2023-06", "loadWeighted": 116.9, "baseload": 116.9 }, { "month": "2023-07", "loadWeighted": 142.0, "baseload": 142.0 }, { "month": "2023-08", "loadWeighted": 109.0, "baseload": 108.9 }, { "month": "2023-09", "loadWeighted": 111.9, "baseload": 111.9 }, { "month": "2023-10", "loadWeighted": 125.0, "baseload": 124.4 }, { "month": "2023-11", "loadWeighted": 122.7, "baseload": 122.7 }, { "month": "2023-12", "loadWeighted": 91.2, "baseload": 91.2 }, { "month": "2024-01", "loadWeighted": 99.7, "baseload": 99.7 }, { "month": "2024-02", "loadWeighted": 84.8, "baseload": 84.8 }, { "month": "2024-03", "loadWeighted": 86.4, "baseload": 86.4 }, { "month": "2024-04", "loadWeighted": 88.0, "baseload": 87.8 }, { "month": "2024-05", "loadWeighted": 107.6, "baseload": 107.6 }, { "month": "2024-06", "loadWeighted": 108.1, "baseload": 108.1 }, { "month": "2024-07", "loadWeighted": 108.3, "baseload": 108.3 }, { "month": "2024-08", "loadWeighted": 102.4, "baseload": 102.4 }, { "month": "2024-09", "loadWeighted": 113.1, "baseload": 113.0 }, { "month": "2024-10", "loadWeighted": 124.1, "baseload": 122.5 }, { "month": "2024-11", "loadWeighted": 146.9, "baseload": 146.9 }, { "month": "2024-12", "loadWeighted": 138.3, "baseload": 138.3 }, { "month": "2025-01", "loadWeighted": 163.7, "baseload": 163.7 }, { "month": "2025-02", "loadWeighted": 140.3, "baseload": 140.4 }, { "month": "2025-03", "loadWeighted": 129.1, "baseload": 131.8 }, { "month": "2025-04", "loadWeighted": 110.4, "baseload": 110.4 }, { "month": "2025-05", "loadWeighted": 112.1, "baseload": 112.1 }, { "month": "2025-06", "loadWeighted": 93.8, "baseload": 93.8 }, { "month": "2025-07", "loadWeighted": 99.9, "baseload": 100.0 }, { "month": "2025-08", "loadWeighted": 99.3, "baseload": 99.1 }, { "month": "2025-09", "loadWeighted": 91.8, "baseload": 91.9 }, { "month": "2025-10", "loadWeighted": 101.4, "baseload": 101.6 }, { "month": "2025-11", "loadWeighted": 120.7, "baseload": 120.7 }, { "month": "2025-12", "loadWeighted": 108.3, "baseload": 108.3 }, { "month": "2026-01", "loadWeighted": 126.4, "baseload": 126.4 }, { "month": "2026-02", "loadWeighted": 109.6, "baseload": 109.6 }, { "month": "2026-03", "loadWeighted": 129.9, "baseload": 129.5 }, { "month": "2026-04", "loadWeighted": 132.3, "baseload": 132.3 }, { "month": "2026-05", "loadWeighted": 145.0, "baseload": 145.0 }, { "month": "2026-06", "loadWeighted": 135.7, "baseload": 135.7 }, { "month": "2026-07", "loadWeighted": 155.3, "baseload": 155.4 }, { "month": "2026-08", "loadWeighted": 172.4, "baseload": 172.3 }, { "month": "2026-09", "loadWeighted": 183.7, "baseload": 183.6 } ], "note": "Ember monthly values are load-weighted (Ember methodology); baseload values here are simple means of Ember's hourly prices. Multi-zone countries (Norway, Sweden, Denmark) are Ember's country series, not a single bidding zone. GB prices come from EMR via Ember. Thresholds: 'spike' = hours above EUR 200/MWh, 'negative' = below EUR 0." }, "reconcile": { "rows": [ { "month": "2025-10", "semopxBaseload": 106.9, "emberBaseload": 101.6, "emberLoadWeighted": 101.4, "gap": -5.3 }, { "month": "2025-11", "semopxBaseload": 122.8, "emberBaseload": 120.7, "emberLoadWeighted": 120.7, "gap": -2.1 }, { "month": "2025-12", "semopxBaseload": 108.5, "emberBaseload": 108.3, "emberLoadWeighted": 108.3, "gap": -0.2 }, { "month": "2026-01", "semopxBaseload": 126.9, "emberBaseload": 126.4, "emberLoadWeighted": 126.4, "gap": -0.5 }, { "month": "2026-02", "semopxBaseload": 108.0, "emberBaseload": 109.6, "emberLoadWeighted": 109.6, "gap": 1.6 }, { "month": "2026-03", "semopxBaseload": 128.8, "emberBaseload": 129.5, "emberLoadWeighted": 129.9, "gap": 0.7 }, { "month": "2026-04", "semopxBaseload": 131.3, "emberBaseload": 132.3, "emberLoadWeighted": 132.3, "gap": 1.0 }, { "month": "2026-05", "semopxBaseload": 144.4, "emberBaseload": 145.0, "emberLoadWeighted": 145.0, "gap": 0.6 }, { "month": "2026-06", "semopxBaseload": 135.5, "emberBaseload": 135.7, "emberLoadWeighted": 135.7, "gap": 0.2 }, { "month": "2026-07", "semopxBaseload": 155.6, "emberBaseload": 155.4, "emberLoadWeighted": 155.3, "gap": -0.2 }, { "month": "2026-08", "semopxBaseload": 170.5, "emberBaseload": 172.3, "emberLoadWeighted": 172.4, "gap": 1.8 }, { "month": "2026-09", "semopxBaseload": 182.1, "emberBaseload": 183.6, "emberLoadWeighted": 183.7, "gap": 1.5 } ], "meanAbsGap": 1.3, "hourlyLagTest": [ { "lagHours": -24, "meanAbsGap": 43.8, "medianAbsGap": 30.0, "hours": 8736 }, { "lagHours": -1, "meanAbsGap": 40.4, "medianAbsGap": 27.0, "hours": 8713 }, { "lagHours": 0, "meanAbsGap": 38.0, "medianAbsGap": 24.7, "hours": 8712 }, { "lagHours": 1, "meanAbsGap": 38.4, "medianAbsGap": 25.4, "hours": 8711 }, { "lagHours": 23, "meanAbsGap": 16.2, "medianAbsGap": 9.9, "hours": 8689 }, { "lagHours": 24, "meanAbsGap": 4.5, "medianAbsGap": 1.7, "hours": 8688 }, { "lagHours": 25, "meanAbsGap": 11.3, "medianAbsGap": 6.8, "hours": 8687 } ], "note": "Gap = Ember hourly mean minus SEMOpx DAM half-hourly mean for the same calendar month (UTC)." }, "nordics": [ "DK", "NO", "SE", "FI" ], "caveats": [ "Day-ahead (spot) prices are what generators are paid in the DAM; consumers' bills add network, capacity, PSO, taxes and supplier margin, and most large users hedge.", "SEMOpx half-hourly ROI-DA index prices; the SEM DAM clears all-island (ROI and NI prices are equal unless the market splits).", "Ember's Irish hourly series matches SEMOpx's DAM best when shifted by 24 hours (Ember labels each Irish day one day late, at least for Oct 2025 - Oct 2026; see reconcile.hourlyLagTest). Monthly and annual Ember figures are unaffected to within ~EUR 1-2/MWh; do not use Ember for Irish day/hour analysis.", "Demand weighting uses ROI system demand only (not NI); 15-minute EirGrid local times are converted to UTC by Irish summer-time rules.", "Spike/negative shares from Ember are per hour; from SEMOpx per half-hour." ] }, "interconnectors": { "title": "Interconnectors", "source": "EirGrid, CRU, EIB, AIRAA 2026-2035, promoters and press (quotes checked against cached text); EirGrid Smart Grid Dashboard (https://www.smartgriddashboard.com) for flows", "asOf": "2026-10-10", "headlines": [ "Operating HVDC interconnection today: 1504 MW nameplate (Moyle 500, EWIC 500, Greenlink 504), all to Great Britain. Celtic (700 MW, to France) is due Q4 2028; North-South (900 MW) Oct 2031; MaresConnect (750 MW) 2029-30.", "2025: island net imports 6,677 GWh (imports 7,112, exports 435); net importing 86.2% of the time.", "2026 (to 2026-10-09): island net imports 5,499 GWh (imports 5,699, exports 199); net importing 86.5% of the time." ], "register": [ { "name": "Moyle", "route": "Northern Ireland (Islandmagee) - Scotland (Auchencrosh)", "MW": 500, "importMWNow": 450, "exportMWNow": 400, "owner": "Mutual Energy (NI consumer-owned mutual)", "status": "operating", "commissioned": "2002", "cost": null, "euFunding": null, "note": "Ratings restricted to 450 MW import / 400 MW export; EirGrid assumes full +/-500 MW from 2028. Build cost not found in a checked public source (left blank).", "quotes": [ { "text": "The Moyle Interconnector, owned by Mutual Energy, connects the electricity grids of Northern Ireland and Scotland", "source": "National HVDC Centre, Moyle Interconnector", "url": "https://www.hvdccentre.com/hosting/moyle-interconnector/", "date": "2026-10-03 (accessed)", "verified": true }, { "text": "It is a 500 MW HVDC submarine interconnection.", "source": "EirGrid, Interconnection", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/industry/interconnection", "date": "2026-10-03 (accessed)", "verified": true }, { "text": "with the Moyle interconnector being operational since 2002", "source": "CRU, Post Construction Review of the Greenlink Electricity Connector", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/ga/system/files/materials/652/The%20Post%20Construction%20Review%20of%20the%20Greenlink%20Electricity%20Connector.pdf", "date": "2025-11-07", "verified": true }, { "text": "The import capacity of the Moyle Interconnector is currently 450 MW and the export capacity restricted to 400 MW", "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "verified": true }, { "text": "Increases to +/-500 MW from 2028", "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "verified": true } ] }, { "name": "EWIC (East-West)", "route": "Ireland (Portan, Meath) - Wales", "MW": 500, "owner": "EirGrid Interconnector DAC (state-owned)", "status": "operating", "commissioned": "2012-10-01", "cost": "EUR 570m (projected EUR 600m)", "euFunding": "EUR 110m EU grant; EUR 300m EIB loan", "quotes": [ { "text": "East West Interconnector EirGrid Interconnector DAC owns the", "source": "EirGrid, Interconnection", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/industry/interconnection", "date": "2026-10-03 (accessed)", "verified": true }, { "text": "capable of providing capacity of 500 MW, flowing in both directions (import/export)", "source": "EirGrid, Interconnection", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/industry/interconnection", "date": "2026-10-03 (accessed)", "verified": true }, { "text": "The interconnector actually cost \u20ac570 million, down from a projected \u20ac600 million.", "source": "Irish Times, East-West Interconnector is opened", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/news/east-west-interconnector-is-opened-1.737858", "date": "2012-09-21", "verified": true }, { "text": "this would be made up of a \u20ac110 million grant from the European", "source": "Irish Times, East-West Interconnector is opened", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/news/east-west-interconnector-is-opened-1.737858", "date": "2012-09-21", "verified": true }, { "text": "\u20ac300 million loan from the European Investment Bank, some \u20ac60 million from EirGrid", "source": "Irish Times, East-West Interconnector is opened", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/news/east-west-interconnector-is-opened-1.737858", "date": "2012-09-21", "verified": true }, { "text": "The 500-megawatt power cable will start its commercial operations on October 1st.", "source": "Irish Times, East-West Interconnector is opened", "url": "https://www.irishtimes.com/news/east-west-interconnector-is-opened-1.737858", "date": "2012-09-21", "verified": true } ] }, { "name": "Greenlink", "route": "Ireland (Great Island, Wexford) - Wales (Pembroke)", "MW": 504, "owner": "Greenlink Interconnector Ltd (private; Partners Group sold to Equitix and Baltic Cable, 2025)", "status": "operating", "commissioned": "2025-01-29", "cost": "~EUR 500m construction (press); Irish-share capex claimed at CRU review EUR 264.3m", "euFunding": null, "note": "Regulated under a CRU/Ofgem cap-and-floor regime. CEF support for studies is reported but not checked here.", "quotes": [ { "text": "Greenlink is privately owned by Greenlink Interconnector Limited.", "source": "EirGrid, Interconnection", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/industry/interconnection", "date": "2026-10-03 (accessed)", "verified": true }, { "text": "Greenlink is a HVDC interconnector that went into commercial operation in 2025.", "source": "EirGrid, Interconnection", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/industry/interconnection", "date": "2026-10-03 (accessed)", "verified": true }, { "text": "504MW electricity interconnector between County Wexford", "source": "CRU, Post Construction Review of the Greenlink Electricity Connector", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/ga/system/files/materials/652/The%20Post%20Construction%20Review%20of%20the%20Greenlink%20Electricity%20Connector.pdf", "date": "2025-11-07", "verified": true }, { "text": "As of the 29th January 2025, the Greenlink electricity interconnector", "source": "CRU, Electricity Security of Supply Programme of Work Update (May 2025)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Electricity_Security_of_Supply_Programme_of_Work_Update_Information_Note.pdf", "date": "2025-05", "verified": true }, { "text": "Greenlink electricity interconnector between Wexford and UK sold in \u20ac1bn deal", "source": "Irish Examiner, Greenlink sold in EUR 1bn deal", "url": "https://www.irishexaminer.com/business/companies/arid-41595097.html", "date": "2025-03-17", "verified": true }, { "text": "looking forward to working with our new owners Equitix and Baltic Cable", "source": "Irish Examiner, Greenlink sold in EUR 1bn deal", "url": "https://www.irishexaminer.com/business/companies/arid-41595097.html", "date": "2025-03-17", "verified": true }, { "text": "The \u20ac500m construction began in 2022", "source": "Irish Examiner, Greenlink sold in EUR 1bn deal", "url": "https://www.irishexaminer.com/business/companies/arid-41595097.html", "date": "2025-03-17", "verified": true }, { "text": "taking the PCR capex submission to \u20ac264.3m", "source": "CRU, Post Construction Review of the Greenlink Electricity Connector", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/ga/system/files/materials/652/The%20Post%20Construction%20Review%20of%20the%20Greenlink%20Electricity%20Connector.pdf", "date": "2025-11-07", "verified": true } ] }, { "name": "Celtic", "route": "Ireland (East Cork) - France (Brittany)", "MW": 700, "owner": "EirGrid and RTE (France)", "status": "under construction", "commissioned": "Q4 2028 (target)", "cost": "EUR 1.623bn", "euFunding": "EUR 530.7m CEF grant (2019); EUR 800m loans led by EIB", "note": "Target has slipped: CRU (May 2025) said construction due to complete in 2026; EirGrid AIRAA assumes Q2 2028; EirGrid's project page now says Q4 2028. Ireland's only planned direct link to the EU market.", "quotes": [ { "text": "The Celtic Interconnector cable will enable the exchange of 700 MW of electricity between Ireland and France.", "source": "EirGrid, Celtic Interconnector", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/celticinterconnector", "date": "2026-10-03 (accessed)", "verified": true }, { "text": "The project is co-funded by EirGrid and RTE.", "source": "EirGrid, Celtic Interconnector", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/celticinterconnector", "date": "2026-10-03 (accessed)", "verified": true }, { "text": "The project's commissioning date is expected for Q4 2028.", "source": "EirGrid, Celtic Interconnector", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/celticinterconnector", "date": "2026-10-03 (accessed)", "verified": true }, { "text": "The total project cost is \u20ac1.623 billion.", "source": "EIB press release 2022-507, Celtic Interconnector agreements", "url": "https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2022-507-conclusion-des-accords-sur-l-interconnexion-celtic-entre-la-france-et-l-irlande", "date": "2022-11-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "In 2019, it was awarded \u20ac530.7 million", "source": "EirGrid, Celtic Interconnector", "url": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/celticinterconnector", "date": "2026-10-03 (accessed)", "verified": true }, { "text": "Funding of \u20ac800 million was agreed with the European Investment Bank", "source": "EIB press release 2022-507, Celtic Interconnector agreements", "url": "https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2022-507-conclusion-des-accords-sur-l-interconnexion-celtic-entre-la-france-et-l-irlande", "date": "2022-11-25", "verified": true }, { "text": "Assumed available from the start of Q2 2028", "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "verified": true }, { "text": "with construction due to be completed in 2026", "source": "CRU, Electricity Security of Supply Programme of Work Update (May 2025)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Electricity_Security_of_Supply_Programme_of_Work_Update_Information_Note.pdf", "date": "2025-05", "verified": true } ] }, { "name": "MaresConnect", "route": "Ireland (Maynooth area) - Wales (Bodelwyddan)", "MW": 750, "owner": "MaresConnect Ltd (Foresight Energy Infrastructure Partners + Etchea Energy)", "status": "development (CRU IPA cap-and-floor decision Sep 2026)", "commissioned": "2029 (promoter, Nov 2025); CRU flags risk to original 2030 target", "cost": "~EUR 860m private capital (promoter)", "euFunding": null, "note": "Not in EirGrid's adequacy central case (AIRAA mentions it only as a potential project).", "quotes": [ { "text": "a special purpose vehicle jointly owned by Foresight Energy Infrastructure Partners and Etchea Energy Nominees Limited", "source": "Foresight Group, Bridging Nations: MaresConnect", "url": "https://foresight.group/news-insights/insights/2025/bridging-nations-maresconnect-on-track-to-power-570-000-homes-across-the-uk-ireland/", "date": "2025-11", "verified": true }, { "text": "MaresConnect, a 750 MW electricity interconnector project", "source": "Foresight Group, Bridging Nations: MaresConnect", "url": "https://foresight.group/news-insights/insights/2025/bridging-nations-maresconnect-on-track-to-power-570-000-homes-across-the-uk-ireland/", "date": "2025-11", "verified": true }, { "text": "Construction is planned to begin at the end of 2026, with commercial operations expected by 2029.", "source": "Foresight Group, Bridging Nations: MaresConnect", "url": "https://foresight.group/news-insights/insights/2025/bridging-nations-maresconnect-on-track-to-power-570-000-homes-across-the-uk-ireland/", "date": "2025-11", "verified": true }, { "text": "MaresConnect is expected to attract approximately \u20ac860 million in private capital", "source": "Foresight Group, Bridging Nations: MaresConnect", "url": "https://foresight.group/news-insights/insights/2025/bridging-nations-maresconnect-on-track-to-power-570-000-homes-across-the-uk-ireland/", "date": "2025-11", "verified": true }, { "text": "The CRU awarded the proposed interconnector a cap and floor regime, subject to IPA conditions.", "source": "TGS 4C news, MaresConnect moves forward following CRU decision", "url": "https://www.tgs4c.com/news/maresconnect-project-moves-forward-following-cru-decision-nid33335.html", "date": "2026-09-29", "verified": true }, { "text": "A risk has been identified relating to the project's original target operational date of 2030.", "source": "TGS 4C news, MaresConnect moves forward following CRU decision", "url": "https://www.tgs4c.com/news/maresconnect-project-moves-forward-following-cru-decision-nid33335.html", "date": "2026-09-29", "verified": true }, { "text": "there is potential for a new 750 MW interconnector project (MARES", "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "verified": true } ] }, { "name": "North-South (second 400 kV)", "route": "Meath - Tyrone (400 kV overhead line)", "MW": 900, "owner": "EirGrid (ROI) / SONI (NI); ESB Networks builds the ROI section", "status": "consented; early construction, land access contested", "commissioned": "Oct 2031 (EirGrid, Jul 2026); AIRAA models from 2032", "cost": "EUR 180m (ROI) + GBP 109.3m (NI), 2019 estimates", "euFunding": null, "note": "Adds ~900 MW N>S transfer capacity (950 MW S>N) to the existing single 275 kV tie-line, per EirGrid's adequacy study (AIRAA Table 5.5). The Critical Infrastructure Act designation order (S.I. 393/2026) describes it as +1,500 MW, a line-capacity figure. EirGrid cites ~EUR 100m/yr consumer savings once energised. NI-side builder not checked.", "quotes": [ { "text": "New North South Interconnector. Included from 2032 for the", "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "verified": true }, { "text": "Existing North South tie line. Included in all years of the study horizon", "source": "EirGrid/SONI All-Island Resource Adequacy Assessment 2026-2035", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/AIRAA-2026-2035_Ireland.pdf", "date": "2025-12", "verified": true }, { "text": "completion (energisation) in 2031", "source": "CRU, Electricity Security of Supply Programme of Work Update (May 2025)", "url": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/Electricity_Security_of_Supply_Programme_of_Work_Update_Information_Note.pdf", "date": "2025-05", "verified": true }, { "text": "which is estimated for completion in October 2031", "source": "Meath Chronicle, 17 Jul 2026 (EirGrid statement)", "url": "https://www.meathchronicle.ie/2026/07/17/eirgrids-strategy-plan-with-interconnector-front-and-centre-slammed-as-fantasy/", "date": "2026-07-17", "verified": true }, { "text": "the cost of the construction of the section of the project in Ireland will be \u20ac180m", "source": "Dail written answer 7631/19 (via KildareStreet.com)", "url": "https://www.kildarestreet.com/wrans/?id=2019-02-14a.579", "date": "2019-02-14", "verified": true }, { "text": "the construction of the Northern element of the project will be \u00a3109.3m (\u20ac125m)", "source": "Dail written answer 7631/19 (via KildareStreet.com)", "url": "https://www.kildarestreet.com/wrans/?id=2019-02-14a.579", "date": "2019-02-14", "verified": true }, { "text": "is an operational matter for EirGrid and ESB Networks", "source": "Dail written answer 7631/19 (via KildareStreet.com)", "url": "https://www.kildarestreet.com/wrans/?id=2019-02-14a.579", "date": "2019-02-14", "verified": true }, { "text": "independent estimates put cost savings for electricity consumers to be in the region of \u20ac100 million per year", "source": "RTE News, 29 Mar 2026", "url": "https://www.rte.ie/news/2026/0329/1565610-north-south-interconnector/", "date": "2026-03-29", "verified": true } ] } ], "unverifiedQuotes": [], "flows": { "source": "EirGrid Smart Grid Dashboard (https://www.smartgriddashboard.com), region=ALL, area=interconnection, 15-minute MW", "from": "2025-01-01", "to": "2026-10-09", "files": 22, "years": [ { "period": "2025", "EWIC": { "importGWh": 1756, "exportGWh": 61, "netGWh": 1695, "avgMW": 194, "pctImporting": 61.9, "pctExporting": 4.4, "pctZero": 33.7, "intervals": 35032, "pctAtImportLimit": 27.5 }, "Greenlink": { "importGWh": 3091, "exportGWh": 283, "netGWh": 2808, "avgMW": 321, "pctImporting": 79.0, "pctExporting": 11.9, "pctZero": 9.1, "intervals": 35032, "pctAtImportLimit": 57.6 }, "Moyle": { "importGWh": 2323, "exportGWh": 149, "netGWh": 2174, "avgMW": 248, "pctImporting": 76.3, "pctExporting": 21.7, "pctZero": 2.0, "intervals": 35032, "pctAtImportLimit": 42.0 }, "net": { "importGWh": 7112, "exportGWh": 435, "netGWh": 6677, "avgMW": 762, "pctImporting": 86.2, "pctExporting": 13.8, "pctZero": 0.1, "intervals": 35032 }, "pctAllThreeAtImportLimit": 19.5 }, { "period": "2026", "EWIC": { "importGWh": 1493, "exportGWh": 32, "netGWh": 1461, "avgMW": 216, "pctImporting": 65.3, "pctExporting": 4.9, "pctZero": 29.8, "intervals": 27068, "pctAtImportLimit": 30.1 }, "Greenlink": { "importGWh": 2354, "exportGWh": 107, "netGWh": 2247, "avgMW": 332, "pctImporting": 79.3, "pctExporting": 11.7, "pctZero": 9.0, "intervals": 27068, "pctAtImportLimit": 55.2 }, "Moyle": { "importGWh": 1866, "exportGWh": 74, "netGWh": 1792, "avgMW": 265, "pctImporting": 77.2, "pctExporting": 20.4, "pctZero": 2.5, "intervals": 27068, "pctAtImportLimit": 44.2 }, "net": { "importGWh": 5699, "exportGWh": 199, "netGWh": 5499, "avgMW": 813, "pctImporting": 86.5, "pctExporting": 13.5, "pctZero": 0.0, "intervals": 27068 }, "pctAllThreeAtImportLimit": 20.1 } ], "months": [ { "period": "2025-01", "EWIC": { "importGWh": 203, "exportGWh": 15, "netGWh": 188, "avgMW": 253, "pctImporting": 67.9, "pctExporting": 10.2, "pctZero": 21.9, "intervals": 2975, "pctAtImportLimit": 39.6 }, "Greenlink": { "importGWh": 36, "exportGWh": 20, "netGWh": 16, "avgMW": 22, "pctImporting": 13.0, "pctExporting": 8.1, "pctZero": 78.9, "intervals": 2975, "pctAtImportLimit": 6.8 }, "Moyle": { "importGWh": 191, "exportGWh": 30, "netGWh": 161, "avgMW": 217, "pctImporting": 78.6, "pctExporting": 21.3, "pctZero": 0.2, "intervals": 2975, "pctAtImportLimit": 35.1 }, "net": { "importGWh": 411, "exportGWh": 46, "netGWh": 366, "avgMW": 492, "pctImporting": 81.2, "pctExporting": 18.7, "pctZero": 0.1, "intervals": 2975 } }, { "period": "2025-02", "EWIC": { "importGWh": 93, "exportGWh": 16, "netGWh": 77, "avgMW": 114, "pctImporting": 42.3, "pctExporting": 13.2, "pctZero": 44.5, "intervals": 2687, "pctAtImportLimit": 17.2 }, "Greenlink": { "importGWh": 196, "exportGWh": 62, "netGWh": 134, "avgMW": 199, "pctImporting": 68.2, "pctExporting": 24.3, "pctZero": 7.5, "intervals": 2687, "pctAtImportLimit": 45.2 }, "Moyle": { "importGWh": 134, "exportGWh": 32, "netGWh": 102, "avgMW": 152, "pctImporting": 62.5, "pctExporting": 37.4, "pctZero": 0.1, "intervals": 2687, "pctAtImportLimit": 27.7 }, "net": { "importGWh": 421, "exportGWh": 108, "netGWh": 313, "avgMW": 465, "pctImporting": 70.6, "pctExporting": 29.4, "pctZero": 0.0, "intervals": 2687 } }, { "period": "2025-03", "EWIC": { "importGWh": 159, "exportGWh": 3, "netGWh": 156, "avgMW": 211, "pctImporting": 56.6, "pctExporting": 3.1, "pctZero": 40.3, "intervals": 2971, "pctAtImportLimit": 31.5 }, "Greenlink": { "importGWh": 295, "exportGWh": 16, "netGWh": 278, "avgMW": 375, "pctImporting": 88.9, "pctExporting": 9.5, "pctZero": 1.6, "intervals": 2971, "pctAtImportLimit": 64.8 }, "Moyle": { "importGWh": 196, "exportGWh": 8, "netGWh": 189, "avgMW": 254, "pctImporting": 79.1, "pctExporting": 20.8, "pctZero": 0.1, "intervals": 2971, "pctAtImportLimit": 40.1 }, "net": { "importGWh": 650, "exportGWh": 26, "netGWh": 624, "avgMW": 840, "pctImporting": 89.0, "pctExporting": 10.9, "pctZero": 0.1, "intervals": 2971 } }, { "period": "2025-04", "EWIC": { "importGWh": 69, "exportGWh": 2, "netGWh": 67, "avgMW": 93, "pctImporting": 82.8, "pctExporting": 2.0, "pctZero": 15.2, "intervals": 2880, "pctAtImportLimit": 10.5 }, "Greenlink": { "importGWh": 260, "exportGWh": 19, "netGWh": 241, "avgMW": 335, "pctImporting": 80.3, "pctExporting": 10.4, "pctZero": 9.2, "intervals": 2880, "pctAtImportLimit": 58.4 }, "Moyle": { "importGWh": 193, "exportGWh": 6, "netGWh": 188, "avgMW": 261, "pctImporting": 77.9, "pctExporting": 21.8, "pctZero": 0.2, "intervals": 2880, "pctAtImportLimit": 43.6 }, "net": { "importGWh": 519, "exportGWh": 23, "netGWh": 496, "avgMW": 689, "pctImporting": 88.7, "pctExporting": 11.0, "pctZero": 0.3, "intervals": 2880 } }, { "period": "2025-05", "EWIC": { "importGWh": 84, "exportGWh": 1, "netGWh": 83, "avgMW": 111, "pctImporting": 78.4, "pctExporting": 0.8, "pctZero": 20.9, "intervals": 2976, "pctAtImportLimit": 11.5 }, "Greenlink": { "importGWh": 338, "exportGWh": 12, "netGWh": 327, "avgMW": 439, "pctImporting": 93.8, "pctExporting": 5.6, "pctZero": 0.6, "intervals": 2976, "pctAtImportLimit": 80.0 }, "Moyle": { "importGWh": 266, "exportGWh": 1, "netGWh": 265, "avgMW": 357, "pctImporting": 93.9, "pctExporting": 6.1, "pctZero": 0.0, "intervals": 2976, "pctAtImportLimit": 61.4 }, "net": { "importGWh": 683, "exportGWh": 8, "netGWh": 675, "avgMW": 907, "pctImporting": 95.6, "pctExporting": 4.3, "pctZero": 0.0, "intervals": 2976 } }, { "period": "2025-06", "EWIC": { "importGWh": 185, "exportGWh": 3, "netGWh": 182, "avgMW": 253, "pctImporting": 68.3, "pctExporting": 2.0, "pctZero": 29.7, "intervals": 2880, "pctAtImportLimit": 35.5 }, "Greenlink": { "importGWh": 293, "exportGWh": 17, "netGWh": 276, "avgMW": 383, "pctImporting": 90.8, "pctExporting": 7.4, "pctZero": 1.9, "intervals": 2880, "pctAtImportLimit": 66.1 }, "Moyle": { "importGWh": 195, "exportGWh": 6, "netGWh": 189, "avgMW": 263, "pctImporting": 78.9, "pctExporting": 16.7, "pctZero": 4.4, "intervals": 2880, "pctAtImportLimit": 37.3 }, "net": { "importGWh": 671, "exportGWh": 24, "netGWh": 647, "avgMW": 899, "pctImporting": 92.0, "pctExporting": 7.9, "pctZero": 0.1, "intervals": 2880 } }, { "period": "2025-07", "EWIC": { "importGWh": 105, "exportGWh": 0, "netGWh": 105, "avgMW": 141, "pctImporting": 45.8, "pctExporting": 1.3, "pctZero": 52.9, "intervals": 2975, "pctAtImportLimit": 15.8 }, "Greenlink": { "importGWh": 289, "exportGWh": 10, "netGWh": 279, "avgMW": 376, "pctImporting": 91.2, "pctExporting": 7.8, "pctZero": 0.9, "intervals": 2975, "pctAtImportLimit": 59.3 }, "Moyle": { "importGWh": 130, "exportGWh": 2, "netGWh": 127, "avgMW": 171, "pctImporting": 57.3, "pctExporting": 24.3, "pctZero": 18.4, "intervals": 2975, "pctAtImportLimit": 23.8 }, "net": { "importGWh": 523, "exportGWh": 12, "netGWh": 512, "avgMW": 688, "pctImporting": 91.0, "pctExporting": 8.8, "pctZero": 0.2, "intervals": 2975 } }, { "period": "2025-08", "EWIC": { "importGWh": 164, "exportGWh": 7, "netGWh": 157, "avgMW": 211, "pctImporting": 57.2, "pctExporting": 4.6, "pctZero": 38.2, "intervals": 2976, "pctAtImportLimit": 31.3 }, "Greenlink": { "importGWh": 295, "exportGWh": 20, "netGWh": 275, "avgMW": 370, "pctImporting": 88.7, "pctExporting": 10.1, "pctZero": 1.2, "intervals": 2976, "pctAtImportLimit": 63.7 }, "Moyle": { "importGWh": 211, "exportGWh": 9, "netGWh": 202, "avgMW": 271, "pctImporting": 79.0, "pctExporting": 20.9, "pctZero": 0.1, "intervals": 2976, "pctAtImportLimit": 48.5 }, "net": { "importGWh": 660, "exportGWh": 26, "netGWh": 634, "avgMW": 852, "pctImporting": 89.7, "pctExporting": 10.3, "pctZero": 0.0, "intervals": 2976 } }, { "period": "2025-09", "EWIC": { "importGWh": 157, "exportGWh": 3, "netGWh": 154, "avgMW": 214, "pctImporting": 60.5, "pctExporting": 3.9, "pctZero": 35.6, "intervals": 2880, "pctAtImportLimit": 28.5 }, "Greenlink": { "importGWh": 274, "exportGWh": 24, "netGWh": 250, "avgMW": 348, "pctImporting": 85.7, "pctExporting": 11.2, "pctZero": 3.1, "intervals": 2880, "pctAtImportLimit": 62.4 }, "Moyle": { "importGWh": 203, "exportGWh": 10, "netGWh": 193, "avgMW": 268, "pctImporting": 80.2, "pctExporting": 19.7, "pctZero": 0.0, "intervals": 2880, "pctAtImportLimit": 44.0 }, "net": { "importGWh": 631, "exportGWh": 33, "netGWh": 598, "avgMW": 830, "pctImporting": 86.2, "pctExporting": 13.8, "pctZero": 0.1, "intervals": 2880 } }, { "period": "2025-10", "EWIC": { "importGWh": 190, "exportGWh": 3, "netGWh": 187, "avgMW": 251, "pctImporting": 64.0, "pctExporting": 4.1, "pctZero": 31.9, "intervals": 2976, "pctAtImportLimit": 37.9 }, "Greenlink": { "importGWh": 267, "exportGWh": 44, "netGWh": 223, "avgMW": 300, "pctImporting": 80.2, "pctExporting": 18.9, "pctZero": 0.9, "intervals": 2976, "pctAtImportLimit": 60.1 }, "Moyle": { "importGWh": 202, "exportGWh": 18, "netGWh": 184, "avgMW": 247, "pctImporting": 73.7, "pctExporting": 26.2, "pctZero": 0.1, "intervals": 2976, "pctAtImportLimit": 49.9 }, "net": { "importGWh": 650, "exportGWh": 57, "netGWh": 594, "avgMW": 798, "pctImporting": 81.1, "pctExporting": 18.8, "pctZero": 0.1, "intervals": 2976 } }, { "period": "2025-11", "EWIC": { "importGWh": 177, "exportGWh": 3, "netGWh": 175, "avgMW": 242, "pctImporting": 60.1, "pctExporting": 3.4, "pctZero": 36.5, "intervals": 2880, "pctAtImportLimit": 36.0 }, "Greenlink": { "importGWh": 271, "exportGWh": 19, "netGWh": 252, "avgMW": 349, "pctImporting": 84.2, "pctExporting": 13.9, "pctZero": 1.9, "intervals": 2880, "pctAtImportLimit": 62.6 }, "Moyle": { "importGWh": 198, "exportGWh": 14, "netGWh": 184, "avgMW": 255, "pctImporting": 75.7, "pctExporting": 24.3, "pctZero": 0.0, "intervals": 2880, "pctAtImportLimit": 46.8 }, "net": { "importGWh": 644, "exportGWh": 34, "netGWh": 610, "avgMW": 847, "pctImporting": 83.7, "pctExporting": 16.3, "pctZero": 0.0, "intervals": 2880 } }, { "period": "2025-12", "EWIC": { "importGWh": 169, "exportGWh": 5, "netGWh": 164, "avgMW": 220, "pctImporting": 57.4, "pctExporting": 4.9, "pctZero": 37.8, "intervals": 2976, "pctAtImportLimit": 34.4 }, "Greenlink": { "importGWh": 278, "exportGWh": 21, "netGWh": 257, "avgMW": 345, "pctImporting": 83.2, "pctExporting": 16.1, "pctZero": 0.7, "intervals": 2976, "pctAtImportLimit": 61.3 }, "Moyle": { "importGWh": 203, "exportGWh": 13, "netGWh": 190, "avgMW": 255, "pctImporting": 77.9, "pctExporting": 22.0, "pctZero": 0.1, "intervals": 2976, "pctAtImportLimit": 45.2 }, "net": { "importGWh": 649, "exportGWh": 38, "netGWh": 610, "avgMW": 820, "pctImporting": 83.7, "pctExporting": 16.2, "pctZero": 0.0, "intervals": 2976 } }, { "period": "2026-01", "EWIC": { "importGWh": 188, "exportGWh": 8, "netGWh": 180, "avgMW": 242, "pctImporting": 60.6, "pctExporting": 7.5, "pctZero": 32.0, "intervals": 2976, "pctAtImportLimit": 37.9 }, "Greenlink": { "importGWh": 256, "exportGWh": 25, "netGWh": 231, "avgMW": 311, "pctImporting": 78.3, "pctExporting": 20.4, "pctZero": 1.3, "intervals": 2976, "pctAtImportLimit": 57.3 }, "Moyle": { "importGWh": 194, "exportGWh": 12, "netGWh": 182, "avgMW": 245, "pctImporting": 70.5, "pctExporting": 22.7, "pctZero": 6.8, "intervals": 2976, "pctAtImportLimit": 44.7 }, "net": { "importGWh": 637, "exportGWh": 44, "netGWh": 593, "avgMW": 797, "pctImporting": 79.2, "pctExporting": 20.8, "pctZero": 0.0, "intervals": 2976 } }, { "period": "2026-02", "EWIC": { "importGWh": 134, "exportGWh": 7, "netGWh": 127, "avgMW": 189, "pctImporting": 49.6, "pctExporting": 7.6, "pctZero": 42.9, "intervals": 2688, "pctAtImportLimit": 31.1 }, "Greenlink": { "importGWh": 215, "exportGWh": 24, "netGWh": 191, "avgMW": 284, "pctImporting": 77.2, "pctExporting": 21.5, "pctZero": 1.3, "intervals": 2688, "pctAtImportLimit": 51.3 }, "Moyle": { "importGWh": 159, "exportGWh": 16, "netGWh": 144, "avgMW": 214, "pctImporting": 67.3, "pctExporting": 32.6, "pctZero": 0.1, "intervals": 2688, "pctAtImportLimit": 42.9 }, "net": { "importGWh": 507, "exportGWh": 45, "netGWh": 462, "avgMW": 687, "pctImporting": 77.9, "pctExporting": 22.1, "pctZero": 0.0, "intervals": 2688 } }, { "period": "2026-03", "EWIC": { "importGWh": 140, "exportGWh": 8, "netGWh": 132, "avgMW": 178, "pctImporting": 53.4, "pctExporting": 8.0, "pctZero": 38.5, "intervals": 2972, "pctAtImportLimit": 23.5 }, "Greenlink": { "importGWh": 267, "exportGWh": 22, "netGWh": 244, "avgMW": 329, "pctImporting": 82.2, "pctExporting": 17.7, "pctZero": 0.0, "intervals": 2972, "pctAtImportLimit": 54.5 }, "Moyle": { "importGWh": 193, "exportGWh": 14, "netGWh": 180, "avgMW": 242, "pctImporting": 74.3, "pctExporting": 25.6, "pctZero": 0.1, "intervals": 2972, "pctAtImportLimit": 43.8 }, "net": { "importGWh": 597, "exportGWh": 41, "netGWh": 556, "avgMW": 749, "pctImporting": 82.5, "pctExporting": 17.4, "pctZero": 0.1, "intervals": 2972 } }, { "period": "2026-04", "EWIC": { "importGWh": 66, "exportGWh": 2, "netGWh": 63, "avgMW": 88, "pctImporting": 79.5, "pctExporting": 3.8, "pctZero": 16.7, "intervals": 2880, "pctAtImportLimit": 13.5 }, "Greenlink": { "importGWh": 272, "exportGWh": 10, "netGWh": 262, "avgMW": 363, "pctImporting": 85.1, "pctExporting": 14.5, "pctZero": 0.3, "intervals": 2880, "pctAtImportLimit": 61.9 }, "Moyle": { "importGWh": 198, "exportGWh": 9, "netGWh": 190, "avgMW": 263, "pctImporting": 76.8, "pctExporting": 22.9, "pctZero": 0.2, "intervals": 2880, "pctAtImportLimit": 42.8 }, "net": { "importGWh": 534, "exportGWh": 19, "netGWh": 514, "avgMW": 715, "pctImporting": 85.3, "pctExporting": 14.6, "pctZero": 0.1, "intervals": 2880 } }, { "period": "2026-05", "EWIC": { "importGWh": 129, "exportGWh": 2, "netGWh": 127, "avgMW": 171, "pctImporting": 58.4, "pctExporting": 2.7, "pctZero": 38.9, "intervals": 2976, "pctAtImportLimit": 23.2 }, "Greenlink": { "importGWh": 299, "exportGWh": 8, "netGWh": 290, "avgMW": 390, "pctImporting": 89.1, "pctExporting": 10.1, "pctZero": 0.8, "intervals": 2976, "pctAtImportLimit": 65.9 }, "Moyle": { "importGWh": 215, "exportGWh": 10, "netGWh": 204, "avgMW": 275, "pctImporting": 78.9, "pctExporting": 20.7, "pctZero": 0.4, "intervals": 2976, "pctAtImportLimit": 49.4 }, "net": { "importGWh": 640, "exportGWh": 18, "netGWh": 622, "avgMW": 836, "pctImporting": 88.9, "pctExporting": 11.1, "pctZero": 0.0, "intervals": 2976 } }, { "period": "2026-06", "EWIC": { "importGWh": 153, "exportGWh": 2, "netGWh": 151, "avgMW": 210, "pctImporting": 58.4, "pctExporting": 6.2, "pctZero": 35.3, "intervals": 2880, "pctAtImportLimit": 27.1 }, "Greenlink": { "importGWh": 178, "exportGWh": 2, "netGWh": 176, "avgMW": 244, "pctImporting": 57.5, "pctExporting": 7.6, "pctZero": 34.9, "intervals": 2880, "pctAtImportLimit": 39.0 }, "Moyle": { "importGWh": 149, "exportGWh": 6, "netGWh": 143, "avgMW": 198, "pctImporting": 63.1, "pctExporting": 22.0, "pctZero": 15.0, "intervals": 2880, "pctAtImportLimit": 27.6 }, "net": { "importGWh": 479, "exportGWh": 9, "netGWh": 470, "avgMW": 652, "pctImporting": 83.9, "pctExporting": 16.0, "pctZero": 0.1, "intervals": 2880 } }, { "period": "2026-07", "EWIC": { "importGWh": 252, "exportGWh": 1, "netGWh": 251, "avgMW": 337, "pctImporting": 84.2, "pctExporting": 2.6, "pctZero": 13.2, "intervals": 2976, "pctAtImportLimit": 47.7 }, "Greenlink": { "importGWh": 198, "exportGWh": 0, "netGWh": 197, "avgMW": 265, "pctImporting": 59.5, "pctExporting": 1.1, "pctZero": 39.4, "intervals": 2976, "pctAtImportLimit": 38.9 }, "Moyle": { "importGWh": 256, "exportGWh": 1, "netGWh": 255, "avgMW": 342, "pctImporting": 92.8, "pctExporting": 7.0, "pctZero": 0.2, "intervals": 2976, "pctAtImportLimit": 52.5 }, "net": { "importGWh": 705, "exportGWh": 2, "netGWh": 703, "avgMW": 945, "pctImporting": 95.8, "pctExporting": 4.1, "pctZero": 0.0, "intervals": 2976 } }, { "period": "2026-08", "EWIC": { "importGWh": 227, "exportGWh": 0, "netGWh": 227, "avgMW": 306, "pctImporting": 84.1, "pctExporting": 0.1, "pctZero": 15.9, "intervals": 2976, "pctAtImportLimit": 38.5 }, "Greenlink": { "importGWh": 328, "exportGWh": 1, "netGWh": 327, "avgMW": 439, "pctImporting": 96.8, "pctExporting": 1.7, "pctZero": 1.5, "intervals": 2976, "pctAtImportLimit": 69.1 }, "Moyle": { "importGWh": 256, "exportGWh": 0, "netGWh": 256, "avgMW": 344, "pctImporting": 91.1, "pctExporting": 8.8, "pctZero": 0.1, "intervals": 2976, "pctAtImportLimit": 57.1 }, "net": { "importGWh": 811, "exportGWh": 1, "netGWh": 810, "avgMW": 1089, "pctImporting": 97.3, "pctExporting": 2.7, "pctZero": 0.0, "intervals": 2976 } }, { "period": "2026-09", "EWIC": { "importGWh": 156, "exportGWh": 2, "netGWh": 154, "avgMW": 214, "pctImporting": 60.7, "pctExporting": 5.3, "pctZero": 34.1, "intervals": 2880, "pctAtImportLimit": 27.2 }, "Greenlink": { "importGWh": 270, "exportGWh": 10, "netGWh": 260, "avgMW": 361, "pctImporting": 86.8, "pctExporting": 10.6, "pctZero": 2.6, "intervals": 2880, "pctAtImportLimit": 58.8 }, "Moyle": { "importGWh": 193, "exportGWh": 4, "netGWh": 189, "avgMW": 262, "pctImporting": 80.1, "pctExporting": 19.8, "pctZero": 0.1, "intervals": 2880, "pctAtImportLimit": 38.5 }, "net": { "importGWh": 616, "exportGWh": 13, "netGWh": 603, "avgMW": 837, "pctImporting": 87.8, "pctExporting": 12.1, "pctZero": 0.0, "intervals": 2880 } }, { "period": "2026-10", "EWIC": { "importGWh": 48, "exportGWh": 1, "netGWh": 47, "avgMW": 218, "pctImporting": 56.6, "pctExporting": 5.8, "pctZero": 37.6, "intervals": 864, "pctAtImportLimit": 31.2 }, "Greenlink": { "importGWh": 72, "exportGWh": 4, "netGWh": 68, "avgMW": 316, "pctImporting": 80.6, "pctExporting": 14.9, "pctZero": 4.5, "intervals": 864, "pctAtImportLimit": 52.7 }, "Moyle": { "importGWh": 52, "exportGWh": 2, "netGWh": 50, "avgMW": 233, "pctImporting": 71.2, "pctExporting": 28.8, "pctZero": 0.0, "intervals": 864, "pctAtImportLimit": 37.2 }, "net": { "importGWh": 172, "exportGWh": 6, "netGWh": 166, "avgMW": 767, "pctImporting": 81.7, "pctExporting": 18.2, "pctZero": 0.1, "intervals": 864 } } ], "notes": [ "Positive = import into the island of Ireland. GWh = sum of 15-minute MW x 0.25 h.", "The existing North-South 275 kV tie-line is internal to the all-island market and is not in these series.", "'At import limit' = MW >= 90% of the link's import rating (EWIC 500, Greenlink 500, Moyle 450 MW).", "Greenlink was commissioning in January 2025, so January 2025 Greenlink flows are partial.", "Times are Irish local time as published; 2026 is year to date." ] } }, "imports": { "title": "Import dependence", "source": "EirGrid Smart Grid Dashboard 15-minute ROI data (https://www.smartgriddashboard.com); CSO MEC02 data-centre metered electricity (https://data.cso.ie/table/MEC02)", "asOf": "2026-10-10", "period": { "from": "2019-01-01", "to": "2026-10-09" }, "headlines": [ "2020-2025: system demand rose 5.24 TWh and net imports rose 6.32 TWh, more than all of it, while Irish generation fell 1.08 TWh. Data centres added 4.63 TWh (CSO), 78.1% of metered growth.", "Ireland was a net importer in 40.1% of quarter-hours in 2020 and 89.4% in 2025.", "Last 12 months: both EWIC and Greenlink at or near full import in 24.8% of quarter-hours; 95.0% on still winter evenings.", "2022: GB averaged EUR 240/MWh against Ireland's EUR 226, so Ireland was dearer in only 43% of hours and net imports averaged 14 MW. 2025: Ireland dearer in 83% of hours (EUR 20 above GB), imports 664 MW.", "Of the 650 MW rise, the shift to Ireland-dearer hours accounts for ~179 MW; more scarce hours ~43 MW. The rest is more imports at any given spread: demand minus wind rose 291 MW and Irish non-wind generation fell 360 MW, with Greenlink doubling import capacity from 2025." ], "years": [ { "year": 2019, "days": 365, "partial": false, "intervals": 35035, "demandTWh": 29.07, "netImportTWh": 0.36, "netImportShareOfDemandPct": 1.2, "avgNetImportMW": 41, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 49.5, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 18.7, "pctIntervalsImportOver1000MW": 0.0, "lowWind": { "intervals": 7628, "avgNetImportMW": 443, "avgDemandMW": 3348, "importShareOfDemandPct": 13.2, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 87.8, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 53.9 }, "lowWindPctOfIntervals": 21.8, "eveningPeak": { "intervals": 4380, "avgNetImportMW": 155, "avgDemandMW": 3902, "importShareOfDemandPct": 4.0, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 60.2, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 26.1 }, "winterEveningPeak": { "intervals": 1440, "avgNetImportMW": 219, "avgDemandMW": 4348, "importShareOfDemandPct": 5.0, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 64.3, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 34.6 }, "coldStillEvenings": { "intervals": 275, "avgNetImportMW": 655, "avgDemandMW": 4404, "importShareOfDemandPct": 14.9, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 100.0, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 88.4 }, "csoDataCentreGWh": 2489, "csoMeteredGWh": 26504 }, { "year": 2020, "days": 366, "partial": false, "intervals": 35131, "demandTWh": 29.32, "netImportTWh": -0.51, "netImportShareOfDemandPct": -1.7, "avgNetImportMW": -58, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 40.1, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 11.0, "pctIntervalsImportOver1000MW": 0.0, "lowWind": { "intervals": 6557, "avgNetImportMW": 297, "avgDemandMW": 3343, "importShareOfDemandPct": 8.9, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 78.7, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 33.0 }, "lowWindPctOfIntervals": 18.7, "eveningPeak": { "intervals": 4392, "avgNetImportMW": 3, "avgDemandMW": 3972, "importShareOfDemandPct": 0.1, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 47.2, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 13.6 }, "winterEveningPeak": { "intervals": 1452, "avgNetImportMW": 67, "avgDemandMW": 4506, "importShareOfDemandPct": 1.5, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 53.3, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 21.6 }, "coldStillEvenings": { "intervals": 185, "avgNetImportMW": 574, "avgDemandMW": 4623, "importShareOfDemandPct": 12.4, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 96.2, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 73.0 }, "csoDataCentreGWh": 3031, "csoMeteredGWh": 27056 }, { "year": 2021, "days": 365, "partial": false, "intervals": 35036, "demandTWh": 30.91, "netImportTWh": 1.37, "netImportShareOfDemandPct": 4.4, "avgNetImportMW": 157, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 62.6, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 22.1, "pctIntervalsImportOver1000MW": 0.0, "lowWind": { "intervals": 8475, "avgNetImportMW": 506, "avgDemandMW": 3527, "importShareOfDemandPct": 14.4, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 92.9, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 52.9 }, "lowWindPctOfIntervals": 24.2, "eveningPeak": { "intervals": 4380, "avgNetImportMW": 199, "avgDemandMW": 4145, "importShareOfDemandPct": 4.8, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 65.2, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 26.4 }, "winterEveningPeak": { "intervals": 1440, "avgNetImportMW": 38, "avgDemandMW": 4614, "importShareOfDemandPct": 0.8, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 51.0, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 13.9 }, "coldStillEvenings": { "intervals": 173, "avgNetImportMW": 360, "avgDemandMW": 4551, "importShareOfDemandPct": 7.9, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 88.4, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 36.4 }, "csoDataCentreGWh": 4013, "csoMeteredGWh": 28506 }, { "year": 2022, "days": 365, "partial": false, "intervals": 34988, "demandTWh": 31.54, "netImportTWh": 0.12, "netImportShareOfDemandPct": 0.4, "avgNetImportMW": 14, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 51.0, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 7.7, "pctIntervalsImportOver1000MW": 0.0, "lowWind": { "intervals": 7958, "avgNetImportMW": 220, "avgDemandMW": 3617, "importShareOfDemandPct": 6.1, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 76.6, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 16.9 }, "lowWindPctOfIntervals": 22.7, "eveningPeak": { "intervals": 4378, "avgNetImportMW": 10, "avgDemandMW": 4174, "importShareOfDemandPct": 0.2, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 49.7, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 7.8 }, "winterEveningPeak": { "intervals": 1438, "avgNetImportMW": -27, "avgDemandMW": 4636, "importShareOfDemandPct": -0.6, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 43.7, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 9.4 }, "coldStillEvenings": { "intervals": 250, "avgNetImportMW": 108, "avgDemandMW": 4756, "importShareOfDemandPct": 2.3, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 57.2, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 9.2 }, "csoDataCentreGWh": 5274, "csoMeteredGWh": 29825 }, { "year": 2023, "days": 365, "partial": false, "intervals": 35027, "demandTWh": 32.47, "netImportTWh": 3.09, "netImportShareOfDemandPct": 9.5, "avgNetImportMW": 353, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 81.9, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 40.1, "pctIntervalsImportOver1000MW": 0.3, "lowWind": { "intervals": 6672, "avgNetImportMW": 586, "avgDemandMW": 3740, "importShareOfDemandPct": 15.7, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 98.0, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 70.3 }, "lowWindPctOfIntervals": 19.0, "eveningPeak": { "intervals": 4380, "avgNetImportMW": 300, "avgDemandMW": 4261, "importShareOfDemandPct": 7.0, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 76.8, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 36.6 }, "winterEveningPeak": { "intervals": 1440, "avgNetImportMW": 268, "avgDemandMW": 4689, "importShareOfDemandPct": 5.7, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 76.2, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 32.3 }, "coldStillEvenings": { "intervals": 176, "avgNetImportMW": 615, "avgDemandMW": 4798, "importShareOfDemandPct": 12.8, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 100.0, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 69.9 }, "csoDataCentreGWh": 6339, "csoMeteredGWh": 30581 }, { "year": 2024, "days": 366, "partial": false, "intervals": 35132, "demandTWh": 33.7, "netImportTWh": 4.85, "netImportShareOfDemandPct": 14.4, "avgNetImportMW": 552, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 92.0, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 63.2, "pctIntervalsImportOver1000MW": 0.7, "lowWind": { "intervals": 6399, "avgNetImportMW": 754, "avgDemandMW": 3912, "importShareOfDemandPct": 19.3, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 100.0, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 93.9 }, "lowWindPctOfIntervals": 18.2, "eveningPeak": { "intervals": 4392, "avgNetImportMW": 574, "avgDemandMW": 4383, "importShareOfDemandPct": 13.1, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 92.1, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 65.2 }, "winterEveningPeak": { "intervals": 1452, "avgNetImportMW": 552, "avgDemandMW": 4880, "importShareOfDemandPct": 11.3, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 91.3, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 64.7 }, "coldStillEvenings": { "intervals": 278, "avgNetImportMW": 683, "avgDemandMW": 5046, "importShareOfDemandPct": 13.5, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 100.0, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 87.8 }, "csoDataCentreGWh": 6974, "csoMeteredGWh": 31904 }, { "year": 2025, "days": 365, "partial": false, "intervals": 35032, "demandTWh": 34.56, "netImportTWh": 5.81, "netImportShareOfDemandPct": 16.8, "avgNetImportMW": 664, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 89.4, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 67.6, "pctIntervalsImportOver1000MW": 28.1, "lowWind": { "intervals": 6970, "avgNetImportMW": 903, "avgDemandMW": 3988, "importShareOfDemandPct": 22.6, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 98.4, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 92.3 }, "lowWindPctOfIntervals": 19.9, "eveningPeak": { "intervals": 4380, "avgNetImportMW": 687, "avgDemandMW": 4491, "importShareOfDemandPct": 15.3, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 88.4, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 70.3 }, "winterEveningPeak": { "intervals": 1440, "avgNetImportMW": 706, "avgDemandMW": 5057, "importShareOfDemandPct": 14.0, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 88.9, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 68.5 }, "coldStillEvenings": { "intervals": 221, "avgNetImportMW": 853, "avgDemandMW": 5183, "importShareOfDemandPct": 16.5, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 90.5, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 80.1 }, "csoDataCentreGWh": 7662, "csoMeteredGWh": 32987 }, { "year": 2026, "days": 282, "partial": true, "intervals": 27068, "demandTWh": 27.17, "netImportTWh": 4.91, "netImportShareOfDemandPct": 18.1, "avgNetImportMW": 726, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 91.4, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 70.9, "pctIntervalsImportOver1000MW": 31.9, "lowWind": { "intervals": 4568, "avgNetImportMW": 1033, "avgDemandMW": 3980, "importShareOfDemandPct": 26.0, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 100.0, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 98.3 }, "lowWindPctOfIntervals": 16.9, "eveningPeak": { "intervals": 3384, "avgNetImportMW": 752, "avgDemandMW": 4497, "importShareOfDemandPct": 16.7, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 92.5, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 69.9 }, "winterEveningPeak": { "intervals": 708, "avgNetImportMW": 871, "avgDemandMW": 5271, "importShareOfDemandPct": 16.5, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 92.2, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 74.2 }, "coldStillEvenings": { "intervals": 108, "avgNetImportMW": 1252, "avgDemandMW": 5223, "importShareOfDemandPct": 24.0, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 100.0, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 100.0 } } ], "growth": { "from": 2020, "to": 2025, "demandChangeTWh": 5.24, "netImportChangeTWh": 6.32, "domesticGenerationChangeTWh": -1.08, "importShareOfDemandGrowthPct": 120.6, "csoDataCentreChangeTWh": 4.63, "csoMeteredChangeTWh": 5.93, "dataCentreShareOfMeteredGrowthPct": 78.1, "netImportChangeAsPctOfDataCentreChange": 136.5 }, "last12m": { "intervals": 35036, "demandTWh": 35.6, "netImportTWh": 6.3, "netImportShareOfDemandPct": 17.7, "avgNetImportMW": 719, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 90.4, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 70.2, "pctIntervalsImportOver1000MW": 33.4, "lowWind": { "intervals": 5950, "avgNetImportMW": 1045, "avgDemandMW": 4066, "importShareOfDemandPct": 25.7, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 100.0, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 98.6 }, "lowWindPctOfIntervals": 17.0, "eveningPeak": { "intervals": 4380, "avgNetImportMW": 774, "avgDemandMW": 4598, "importShareOfDemandPct": 16.8, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 92.5, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 72.0 }, "winterEveningPeak": { "intervals": 1440, "avgNetImportMW": 871, "avgDemandMW": 5159, "importShareOfDemandPct": 16.9, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 93.3, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 77.4 }, "coldStillEvenings": { "intervals": 219, "avgNetImportMW": 1219, "avgDemandMW": 5161, "importShareOfDemandPct": 23.6, "pctIntervalsNetImport": 100.0, "pctIntervalsImportOver500MW": 100.0 }, "from": "2025-10-10", "to": "2026-10-09" }, "links": { "from": "2025-10-09", "to": "2026-10-09", "intervals": 35040, "avgHvdcNetImportMW": 558, "avgAllNetImportMW": 720, "avgNorthSouthAndResidualMW": 161, "maxObservedMW": { "ewic": 530, "greenlink": 524 }, "pctIntervalsEwicAtCapacity": 30.1, "pctIntervalsGreenlinkAtCapacity": 55.1, "pctIntervalsBothAtCapacity": 24.8, "coldStillEvenings": { "intervals": 219, "pctBothAtCapacity": 95.0, "avgHvdcNetImportMW": 1028 }, "byHour": [ { "hour": 0, "hvdcMW": 525, "allNetMW": 681, "pctBothFull": 18.4 }, { "hour": 1, "hvdcMW": 496, "allNetMW": 600, "pctBothFull": 18.3 }, { "hour": 2, "hvdcMW": 522, "allNetMW": 621, "pctBothFull": 21.2 }, { "hour": 3, "hvdcMW": 509, "allNetMW": 599, "pctBothFull": 18.6 }, { "hour": 4, "hvdcMW": 465, "allNetMW": 557, "pctBothFull": 14.7 }, { "hour": 5, "hvdcMW": 410, "allNetMW": 524, "pctBothFull": 10.4 }, { "hour": 6, "hvdcMW": 434, "allNetMW": 611, "pctBothFull": 10.3 }, { "hour": 7, "hvdcMW": 558, "allNetMW": 774, "pctBothFull": 23.5 }, { "hour": 8, "hvdcMW": 643, "allNetMW": 847, "pctBothFull": 32.1 }, { "hour": 9, "hvdcMW": 669, "allNetMW": 854, "pctBothFull": 34.5 }, { "hour": 10, "hvdcMW": 643, "allNetMW": 818, "pctBothFull": 30.1 }, { "hour": 11, "hvdcMW": 611, "allNetMW": 760, "pctBothFull": 26.2 }, { "hour": 12, "hvdcMW": 590, "allNetMW": 713, "pctBothFull": 26.8 }, { "hour": 13, "hvdcMW": 569, "allNetMW": 664, "pctBothFull": 25.5 }, { "hour": 14, "hvdcMW": 544, "allNetMW": 642, "pctBothFull": 22.5 }, { "hour": 15, "hvdcMW": 518, "allNetMW": 646, "pctBothFull": 21.6 }, { "hour": 16, "hvdcMW": 516, "allNetMW": 670, "pctBothFull": 22.9 }, { "hour": 17, "hvdcMW": 557, "allNetMW": 711, "pctBothFull": 29.6 }, { "hour": 18, "hvdcMW": 597, "allNetMW": 777, "pctBothFull": 32.9 }, { "hour": 19, "hvdcMW": 625, "allNetMW": 834, "pctBothFull": 33.9 }, { "hour": 20, "hvdcMW": 644, "allNetMW": 874, "pctBothFull": 36.1 }, { "hour": 21, "hvdcMW": 631, "allNetMW": 877, "pctBothFull": 33.8 }, { "hour": 22, "hvdcMW": 581, "allNetMW": 837, "pctBothFull": 29.9 }, { "hour": 23, "hvdcMW": 547, "allNetMW": 779, "pctBothFull": 21.6 } ], "capacityRule": "'At capacity' = flow >= 95% of rated import capacity (EWIC 500 MW, Greenlink 504 MW)." }, "drivers": { "question": "Is Irish import dependence price-driven (follows the IE-GB price spread) or scarcity-driven (low wind, high demand, plant short)?", "verdict": "Both, at different time scales (estimate). Year to year, price decides whether Ireland imports at all: in 2022 GB was the dearer market and imports nearly vanished. Hour to hour, the volume tracks Irish scarcity (residual demand) more than the spread, and the spread itself widens when Ireland is short. The 2022-2025 rise is mostly structural: more imports at every spread level, as demand grew, Irish non-wind generation fell and Greenlink added capacity.", "kind": "measured (hourly statistics); attribution is an estimate", "headlines": [ "2022: GB averaged EUR 240/MWh against Ireland's EUR 226, so Ireland was dearer in only 43% of hours and net imports averaged 14 MW. 2025: Ireland dearer in 83% of hours (EUR 20 above GB), imports 664 MW.", "Of the 650 MW rise, the shift to Ireland-dearer hours accounts for ~179 MW; more scarce hours ~43 MW. The rest is more imports at any given spread: demand minus wind rose 291 MW and Irish non-wind generation fell 360 MW, with Greenlink doubling import capacity from 2025.", "Hour to hour in 2025, scarcity explains more than price: residual demand alone explains 40% of the variation in net imports, the IE-GB spread 22% (both 43%; the two overlap, correlation 0.53).", "Direction follows price: when Ireland was dearer than GB the two HVDC links imported in 95% of hours; when it was not, they exported in 53% and still imported in 30% (2025-01 to 2026-09)." ], "years": [ { "year": 2019, "hours": 8758, "partial": false, "ie": 50.3, "gb": 49.0, "ieMinusGb": 1.3, "pctHoursIeAboveGb": 52.4, "avgNetImportMW": 41, "avgNetImportWhenIeAboveGbMW": 347, "avgNetImportWhenIeBelowGbMW": -296, "pctImportingWhenIeBelowGb": 10.0, "avgDemandMW": 3319, "avgWindMW": 1084, "avgResidualDemandMW": 2235, "avgIrishNonWindGenMW": 2194, "corrImportSpread": 0.57, "corrImportResidualDemand": 0.8, "corrSpreadResidualDemand": 0.6, "r2Spread": 0.32, "r2ResidualDemand": 0.64, "r2Both": 0.65, "betaSpread": 0.14, "betaResidualDemand": 0.71 }, { "year": 2020, "hours": 8782, "partial": false, "ie": 37.6, "gb": 39.6, "ieMinusGb": -2.0, "pctHoursIeAboveGb": 40.4, "avgNetImportMW": -58, "avgNetImportWhenIeAboveGbMW": 289, "avgNetImportWhenIeBelowGbMW": -293, "pctImportingWhenIeBelowGb": 10.6, "avgDemandMW": 3338, "avgWindMW": 1260, "avgResidualDemandMW": 2078, "avgIrishNonWindGenMW": 2136, "corrImportSpread": 0.56, "corrImportResidualDemand": 0.73, "corrSpreadResidualDemand": 0.56, "r2Spread": 0.31, "r2ResidualDemand": 0.53, "r2Both": 0.57, "betaSpread": 0.22, "betaResidualDemand": 0.61 }, { "year": 2021, "hours": 8759, "partial": false, "ie": 136.1, "gb": 137.6, "ieMinusGb": -1.6, "pctHoursIeAboveGb": 59.6, "avgNetImportMW": 157, "avgNetImportWhenIeAboveGbMW": 383, "avgNetImportWhenIeBelowGbMW": -177, "pctImportingWhenIeBelowGb": 24.5, "avgDemandMW": 3529, "avgWindMW": 1085, "avgResidualDemandMW": 2444, "avgIrishNonWindGenMW": 2287, "corrImportSpread": 0.32, "corrImportResidualDemand": 0.7, "corrSpreadResidualDemand": 0.13, "r2Spread": 0.1, "r2ResidualDemand": 0.48, "r2Both": 0.54, "betaSpread": 0.23, "betaResidualDemand": 0.66 }, { "year": 2022, "hours": 8745, "partial": false, "ie": 226.0, "gb": 240.3, "ieMinusGb": -14.2, "pctHoursIeAboveGb": 42.8, "avgNetImportMW": 14, "avgNetImportWhenIeAboveGbMW": 260, "avgNetImportWhenIeBelowGbMW": -171, "pctImportingWhenIeBelowGb": 26.2, "avgDemandMW": 3606, "avgWindMW": 1243, "avgResidualDemandMW": 2363, "avgIrishNonWindGenMW": 2350, "corrImportSpread": 0.46, "corrImportResidualDemand": 0.53, "corrSpreadResidualDemand": 0.15, "r2Spread": 0.21, "r2ResidualDemand": 0.28, "r2Both": 0.43, "betaSpread": 0.39, "betaResidualDemand": 0.47 }, { "year": 2023, "hours": 8755, "partial": false, "ie": 126.0, "gb": 108.0, "ieMinusGb": 18.0, "pctHoursIeAboveGb": 81.0, "avgNetImportMW": 353, "avgNetImportWhenIeAboveGbMW": 465, "avgNetImportWhenIeBelowGbMW": -127, "pctImportingWhenIeBelowGb": 34.9, "avgDemandMW": 3708, "avgWindMW": 1301, "avgResidualDemandMW": 2407, "avgIrishNonWindGenMW": 2054, "corrImportSpread": 0.54, "corrImportResidualDemand": 0.55, "corrSpreadResidualDemand": 0.36, "r2Spread": 0.29, "r2ResidualDemand": 0.3, "r2Both": 0.44, "betaSpread": 0.4, "betaResidualDemand": 0.41 }, { "year": 2024, "hours": 8783, "partial": false, "ie": 108.9, "gb": 85.8, "ieMinusGb": 23.1, "pctHoursIeAboveGb": 84.8, "avgNetImportMW": 552, "avgNetImportWhenIeAboveGbMW": 646, "avgNetImportWhenIeBelowGbMW": 25, "pctImportingWhenIeBelowGb": 55.4, "avgDemandMW": 3837, "avgWindMW": 1267, "avgResidualDemandMW": 2570, "avgIrishNonWindGenMW": 2018, "corrImportSpread": 0.51, "corrImportResidualDemand": 0.63, "corrSpreadResidualDemand": 0.61, "r2Spread": 0.26, "r2ResidualDemand": 0.4, "r2Both": 0.42, "betaSpread": 0.2, "betaResidualDemand": 0.51 }, { "year": 2025, "hours": 8755, "partial": false, "ie": 114.5, "gb": 94.4, "ieMinusGb": 20.1, "pctHoursIeAboveGb": 82.8, "avgNetImportMW": 664, "avgNetImportWhenIeAboveGbMW": 801, "avgNetImportWhenIeBelowGbMW": 4, "pctImportingWhenIeBelowGb": 50.0, "avgDemandMW": 3946, "avgWindMW": 1292, "avgResidualDemandMW": 2654, "avgIrishNonWindGenMW": 1990, "corrImportSpread": 0.47, "corrImportResidualDemand": 0.63, "corrSpreadResidualDemand": 0.53, "r2Spread": 0.22, "r2ResidualDemand": 0.4, "r2Both": 0.43, "betaSpread": 0.19, "betaResidualDemand": 0.53 }, { "year": 2026, "hours": 6551, "partial": true, "ie": 143.6, "gb": 119.5, "ieMinusGb": 24.2, "pctHoursIeAboveGb": 83.7, "avgNetImportMW": 729, "avgNetImportWhenIeAboveGbMW": 854, "avgNetImportWhenIeBelowGbMW": 89, "pctImportingWhenIeBelowGb": 56.2, "avgDemandMW": 4012, "avgWindMW": 1288, "avgResidualDemandMW": 2724, "avgIrishNonWindGenMW": 1995, "corrImportSpread": 0.53, "corrImportResidualDemand": 0.73, "corrSpreadResidualDemand": 0.52, "r2Spread": 0.28, "r2ResidualDemand": 0.54, "r2Both": 0.57, "betaSpread": 0.2, "betaResidualDemand": 0.63 } ], "contrast": { "from": 2022, "to": 2025, "netImportChangeMW": 650, "identity": { "residualDemandChangeMW": 291, "demandChangeMW": 340, "windChangeMW": 49, "irishNonWindGenChangeMW": -360, "note": "Net import = (demand - wind) - Irish non-wind generation, so the change splits exactly into these two parts." }, "bySpread": { "mixEffectMW": 179, "withinEffectMW": 471, "bands": [ { "band": "IE more than EUR 20 below GB", "pctHours2022": 30.5, "pctHours2025": 1.1, "netImportMW2022": -248, "netImportMW2025": 62 }, { "band": "IE 0-20 below GB", "pctHours2022": 26.7, "pctHours2025": 16.1, "netImportMW2022": -82, "netImportMW2025": 0 }, { "band": "IE 0-20 above GB", "pctHours2022": 24.9, "pctHours2025": 53.4, "netImportMW2022": 157, "netImportMW2025": 676 }, { "band": "IE 20-50 above GB", "pctHours2022": 12.9, "pctHours2025": 16.3, "netImportMW2022": 368, "netImportMW2025": 1017 }, { "band": "IE 50+ above GB", "pctHours2022": 5.1, "pctHours2025": 13.2, "netImportMW2022": 491, "netImportMW2025": 1036 } ] }, "byResidualDemand": { "mixEffectMW": 43, "withinEffectMW": 607, "bands": [ { "band": "under 1,500 MW", "pctHours2022": 24.2, "pctHours2025": 14.5, "netImportMW2022": -203, "netImportMW2025": 17 }, { "band": "1,500-2,500 MW", "pctHours2022": 29.0, "pctHours2025": 28.6, "netImportMW2022": -59, "netImportMW2025": 581 }, { "band": "2,500-3,500 MW", "pctHours2022": 31.8, "pctHours2025": 35.2, "netImportMW2022": 119, "netImportMW2025": 802 }, { "band": "3,500 MW+", "pctHours2022": 15.0, "pctHours2025": 21.7, "netImportMW2022": 282, "netImportMW2025": 979 } ] }, "method": "Shift-share on hourly bands: mix effect = change in the share of hours in each band x the earlier year's import in that band; within effect = later share x change in import within the band. Mix + within = total change.", "months": [ { "month": 1, "ieMinusGb2022": -17.9, "ieMinusGb2025": 23.7, "netImportMW2022": -90, "netImportMW2025": 444 }, { "month": 2, "ieMinusGb2022": -19.3, "ieMinusGb2025": 14.2, "netImportMW2022": -122, "netImportMW2025": 494 }, { "month": 3, "ieMinusGb2022": -7.3, "ieMinusGb2025": 25.4, "netImportMW2022": 126, "netImportMW2025": 756 }, { "month": 4, "ieMinusGb2022": 7.0, "ieMinusGb2025": 19.5, "netImportMW2022": 148, "netImportMW2025": 634 }, { "month": 5, "ieMinusGb2022": -4.9, "ieMinusGb2025": 26.3, "netImportMW2022": 102, "netImportMW2025": 790 }, { "month": 6, "ieMinusGb2022": -6.2, "ieMinusGb2025": 16.2, "netImportMW2022": 97, "netImportMW2025": 840 }, { "month": 7, "ieMinusGb2022": -16.9, "ieMinusGb2025": 8.3, "netImportMW2022": 38, "netImportMW2025": 549 }, { "month": 8, "ieMinusGb2022": -50.0, "ieMinusGb2025": 13.9, "netImportMW2022": -36, "netImportMW2025": 693 }, { "month": 9, "ieMinusGb2022": -26.7, "ieMinusGb2025": 17.1, "netImportMW2022": 11, "netImportMW2025": 718 }, { "month": 10, "ieMinusGb2022": -0.7, "ieMinusGb2025": 19.2, "netImportMW2022": -26, "netImportMW2025": 643 }, { "month": 11, "ieMinusGb2022": -16.9, "ieMinusGb2025": 35.7, "netImportMW2022": -117, "netImportMW2025": 699 }, { "month": 12, "ieMinusGb2022": -11.3, "ieMinusGb2025": 21.9, "netImportMW2022": 22, "netImportMW2025": 696 } ] }, "hvdcLinks": { "from": "2025-01-01", "to": "2026-09-30", "hours": 15306, "pctHoursIeAboveGb": 83.2, "whenIeAboveGb": { "avgMW": 647, "pctImporting": 95.0 }, "whenIeAtOrBelowGb": { "avgMW": -57, "pctImporting": 30.0, "pctExporting": 52.8 }, "corrFlowSpread": 0.5, "corrFlowResidualDemand": 0.71, "note": "EWIC + Greenlink only (INTER_EWIC + INTER_GRNLK, positive = import); 'importing'/'exporting' = more than 50 MW." }, "notTested": [ "Plant outages: no public 15-minute outage series is cached; they show up only as lower Irish non-wind generation.", "EirGrid system alerts (amber/red): not compiled here.", "Whether lower Irish non-wind generation is itself price-driven (gas plant undercut by imports) or availability-driven cannot be separated with these data." ], "method": "Hourly UTC. Net import = EirGrid SYSTEM_DEMAND - GEN_EXP (ROI, includes the North-South tie). Spread = Ember hourly Ireland (SEM day-ahead, shifted back 24 h: Ember labels Irish days one day late, re-tested for every half-year 2019-2026 against Irish wind) minus Ember hourly GB day-ahead. Residual demand = SYSTEM_DEMAND - WIND_ACTUAL. R-squared and standardised OLS betas within each calendar year. Since Brexit (2021) SEM-GB trade is not market-coupled, so flows can run against the day-ahead spread.", "source": "EirGrid Smart Grid Dashboard 15-minute ROI data; Ember European wholesale electricity price data (hourly, CC-BY-4.0), file ember_hourly_2026-10-03.zip" }, "typicalDay": { "y2020": [ { "hour": 0, "netImportMW": -138 }, { "hour": 1, "netImportMW": -226 }, { "hour": 2, "netImportMW": -236 }, { "hour": 3, "netImportMW": -206 }, { "hour": 4, "netImportMW": -219 }, { "hour": 5, "netImportMW": -284 }, { "hour": 6, "netImportMW": -304 }, { "hour": 7, "netImportMW": -146 }, { "hour": 8, "netImportMW": -40 }, { "hour": 9, "netImportMW": 36 }, { "hour": 10, "netImportMW": 83 }, { "hour": 11, "netImportMW": 84 }, { "hour": 12, "netImportMW": 66 }, { "hour": 13, "netImportMW": 84 }, { "hour": 14, "netImportMW": 93 }, { "hour": 15, "netImportMW": 78 }, { "hour": 16, "netImportMW": 17 }, { "hour": 17, "netImportMW": 2 }, { "hour": 18, "netImportMW": 10 }, { "hour": 19, "netImportMW": -3 }, { "hour": 20, "netImportMW": -15 }, { "hour": 21, "netImportMW": -31 }, { "hour": 22, "netImportMW": -47 }, { "hour": 23, "netImportMW": -43 } ], "last12m": [ { "hour": 0, "netImportMW": 681 }, { "hour": 1, "netImportMW": 600 }, { "hour": 2, "netImportMW": 621 }, { "hour": 3, "netImportMW": 599 }, { "hour": 4, "netImportMW": 557 }, { "hour": 5, "netImportMW": 524 }, { "hour": 6, "netImportMW": 611 }, { "hour": 7, "netImportMW": 774 }, { "hour": 8, "netImportMW": 847 }, { "hour": 9, "netImportMW": 854 }, { "hour": 10, "netImportMW": 818 }, { "hour": 11, "netImportMW": 760 }, { "hour": 12, "netImportMW": 713 }, { "hour": 13, "netImportMW": 664 }, { "hour": 14, "netImportMW": 642 }, { "hour": 15, "netImportMW": 646 }, { "hour": 16, "netImportMW": 670 }, { "hour": 17, "netImportMW": 711 }, { "hour": 18, "netImportMW": 777 }, { "hour": 19, "netImportMW": 834 }, { "hour": 20, "netImportMW": 874 }, { "hour": 21, "netImportMW": 877 }, { "hour": 22, "netImportMW": 837 }, { "hour": 23, "netImportMW": 778 } ] }, "definitions": { "netImport": "SYSTEM_DEMAND - GEN_EXP per quarter-hour: all net flows into the Republic (EWIC, Greenlink from 2025, and the North-South tie-line), plus metering mismatch. Positive = importing.", "lowWind": "wind output below 10% of system demand in that quarter-hour", "eveningPeak": "17:00-20:00 local time", "winter": "November to February", "coldStillEvenings": "winter evening-peak quarter-hours with low wind (temperature not used: 'cold' = winter months)" }, "caveats": [ "Net import here includes the North-South tie-line with Northern Ireland, which per-link data show averaging ~161 MW into the Republic over the last 12 months; EirGrid publishes per-link flows only from mid-2024.", "Dashboard demand is EirGrid's transmission-system demand; CSO metered consumption (used for data centres) is a different measure, so the two growth figures are compared, not subtracted.", "Imports cannot be attributed to particular customers; data-centre growth is set beside import growth, not mapped to it.", "Rated capacities used for 'at capacity': EWIC 500 MW (EirGrid/SONI AIRAA 2026-2035, p94), Greenlink 504 MW (CRU post-construction review, p10). EirGrid may restrict flows for system reasons.", "Operational dashboard data; may differ from settled data." ], "csoFile": "cso-mec02-2026-10-03.json", "rawFiles": 323, "sourceUrls": [ "https://www.smartgriddashboard.com/api/chart/?region=ROI&chartType=default&dateRange=day&dateFrom=2019-01-01&dateTo=2019-01-15&areas=windactual", "https://www.smartgriddashboard.com/api/chart/?region=ROI&chartType=default&dateRange=day&dateFrom=2019-01-01&dateTo=2019-01-31&areas=demandactual", "https://www.smartgriddashboard.com/api/chart/?region=ROI&chartType=default&dateRange=day&dateFrom=2019-01-01&dateTo=2019-01-31&areas=generationactual", "https://www.smartgriddashboard.com/api/chart/?region=ROI&chartType=default&dateRange=day&dateFrom=2019-01-01&dateTo=2019-01-31&areas=interconnection", "https://www.smartgriddashboard.com/api/chart/?region=ROI&chartType=default&dateRange=day&dateFrom=2019-01-16&dateTo=2019-01-31&areas=windactual", "https://www.smartgriddashboard.com/api/chart/?region=ROI&chartType=default&dateRange=day&dateFrom=2019-02-01&dateTo=2019-02-28&areas=demandactual", "https://www.smartgriddashboard.com/api/chart/?region=ROI&chartType=default&dateRange=day&dateFrom=2019-02-01&dateTo=2019-02-28&areas=generationactual", "https://www.smartgriddashboard.com/api/chart/?region=ROI&chartType=default&dateRange=day&dateFrom=2019-02-01&dateTo=2019-02-28&areas=interconnection", "https://www.smartgriddashboard.com/api/chart/?region=ROI&chartType=default&dateRange=day&dateFrom=2019-02-01&dateTo=2019-02-28&areas=windactual", "https://www.smartgriddashboard.com/api/chart/?region=ROI&chartType=default&dateRange=day&dateFrom=2019-03-01&dateTo=2019-03-15&areas=windactual", "https://www.smartgriddashboard.com/api/chart/?region=ROI&chartType=default&dateRange=day&dateFrom=2019-03-01&dateTo=2019-03-31&areas=demandactual", "https://www.smartgriddashboard.com/api/chart/?region=ROI&chartType=default&dateRange=day&dateFrom=2019-03-01&dateTo=2019-03-31&areas=generationactual", "https://www.smartgriddashboard.com/api/chart/?region=ROI&chartType=default&dateRange=day&dateFrom=2019-03-01&dateTo=2019-03-31&areas=interconnection", "https://www.smartgriddashboard.com/api/chart/?region=ROI&chartType=default&dateRange=day&dateFrom=2019-03-16&dateTo=2019-03-31&areas=windactual", "https://www.smartgriddashboard.com/api/chart/?region=ROI&chartType=default&dateRange=day&dateFrom=2019-04-01&dateTo=2019-04-30&areas=demandactual", "https://www.smartgriddashboard.com/api/chart/?region=ROI&chartType=default&dateRange=day&dateFrom=2019-04-01&dateTo=2019-04-30&areas=generationactual", "https://www.smartgriddashboard.com/api/chart/?region=ROI&chartType=default&dateRange=day&dateFrom=2019-04-01&dateTo=2019-04-30&areas=interconnection", "https://www.smartgriddashboard.com/api/chart/?region=ROI&chartType=default&dateRange=day&dateFrom=2019-04-01&dateTo=2019-04-30&areas=windactual", "https://www.smartgriddashboard.com/api/chart/?region=ROI&chartType=default&dateRange=day&dateFrom=2019-05-01&dateTo=2019-05-15&areas=windactual", "https://www.smartgriddashboard.com/api/chart/?region=ROI&chartType=default&dateRange=day&dateFrom=2019-05-01&dateTo=2019-05-31&areas=demandactual" ] }, "esb_heatmap": { "title": "Where there is grid headroom", "source": "ESB Networks, Network capacity heatmap, Customer heatmap download (2026-07) https://www.esbnetworks.ie/services/get-connected/renewable-connection/network-capacity-heatmap", "sourceUrl": "https://www.esbnetworks.ie/services/get-connected/renewable-connection/network-capacity-heatmap", "asOf": "2026-10-10", "edition": "2026-07", "compiled": "12/12/2025", "dataBasis": [ "Station capacity, as of Oct 2025.", "Base load information comes from Special Load Readings, 2024/2025 which include 2024 Summer Valley load used in the Generation capacity preparation.", "Demand calculation incorporates demand contracts and offers up to end Aug 2025", "Generation calculations incorporates generation contracts and offers up to early Oct 2025." ], "compilationNotes": [ "ESB Networks Capacity Heat Map Publication. HV Load data from revenue metering Jan2025 and Special Load Readings winter 2024/2025. Generation and demand commitments up to 08 Oct 2025.", "ESB Networks Capacity Heat Map Publication. LV asset data from Aug 2025. Load data derived from revenue metering Jan 25, Generation and demand commitments up to 08 Oct 2025." ], "licence": "Included by owner decision (3 Oct 2026) despite ESB Networks' website terms. Uisce \u00c9ireann water registers remain excluded.", "meaning": "Headroom = ESB Networks' indicative spare transformer capacity at a substation for new demand ('Demand Available MVA'), or for generation ('Gen Available Firm MW'), without reinforcement. It is not a connection offer: it leaves out upstream circuits, the transmission system, other applicants ahead in the queue and the final MV connection. At 38 kV and MV the figure is the total over all transformers in the station; one connection can't exceed a single transformer.", "ragRule": "Red: no demand capacity available. Amber: some capacity, but capped by a constrained parent station. Green: capacity available, parent unconstrained. Bands are ESB's legend bins.", "national": { "hv": { "stations": 657, "red": 287, "amber": 24, "green": 346, "demandMVA": 4575.0, "medianMVA": 0.9, "pctNone": 43.7, "genFirmMW": 8193.7, "sites": 548 }, "byClass": { "110 kV": { "stations": 6, "red": 2, "amber": 0, "green": 4, "demandMVA": 605.8, "medianMVA": 72.1, "pctNone": 33.3, "genFirmMW": 2090.5 }, "38 kV": { "stations": 113, "red": 25, "amber": 0, "green": 88, "demandMVA": 2374.5, "medianMVA": 13.2, "pctNone": 22.1, "genFirmMW": 2278.1 }, "MV": { "stations": 538, "red": 260, "amber": 24, "green": 254, "demandMVA": 1594.7, "medianMVA": 0.2, "pctNone": 48.3, "genFirmMW": 3825.1 } }, "lv": { "stations": 45868, "red": 26251, "demandMVA": 3865.1 }, "rows": 46525 }, "regions": { "Dublin": { "110 kV": { "stations": 6, "red": 2, "amber": 0, "green": 4, "demandMVA": 605.8, "medianMVA": 72.1, "pctNone": 33.3, "genFirmMW": 2090.5 }, "38 kV": { "stations": 16, "red": 8, "amber": 0, "green": 8, "demandMVA": 232.5, "medianMVA": 0.6, "pctNone": 50.0, "genFirmMW": 1014.0 }, "MV": { "stations": 104, "red": 60, "amber": 3, "green": 41, "demandMVA": 365.2, "medianMVA": 0.0, "pctNone": 57.7, "genFirmMW": 1832.2 }, "LV": { "stations": 8520, "red": 5687, "demandMVA": 1060.7, "pctNone": 66.7 } }, "Rest of Ireland": { "110 kV": { "stations": 0, "red": 0, "amber": 0, "green": 0, "demandMVA": 0, "medianMVA": null, "pctNone": null, "genFirmMW": 0 }, "38 kV": { "stations": 97, "red": 17, "amber": 0, "green": 80, "demandMVA": 2142.0, "medianMVA": 13.7, "pctNone": 17.5, "genFirmMW": 1264.1 }, "MV": { "stations": 434, "red": 200, "amber": 21, "green": 213, "demandMVA": 1229.5, "medianMVA": 0.4, "pctNone": 46.1, "genFirmMW": 1992.9 }, "LV": { "stations": 37348, "red": 20564, "demandMVA": 2804.4, "pctNone": 55.1 } } }, "byCouncil": [ { "la": "CORKCO", "name": "Cork County", "byClass": { "110 kV": { "stations": 0, "red": 0, "demandMVA": 0 }, "38 kV": { "stations": 14, "red": 2, "demandMVA": 365.0 }, "MV": { "stations": 58, "red": 28, "demandMVA": 190.6 } }, "hv": { "stations": 72, "red": 30, "amber": 2, "green": 40, "demandMVA": 555.6, "medianMVA": 2.15, "pctNone": 41.7, "genFirmMW": 441.1 }, "lv": { "n": 3760, "green": 1374, "amber": 5, "red": 2381, "demandMVA": 229.7 }, "best": { "id": "Glenlara [T141]", "n": "Glenlara T141", "v": "38 kV", "d": 56.1 } }, { "la": "DLR", "name": "D\u00fan Laoghaire-Rathdown", "byClass": { "110 kV": { "stations": 1, "red": 0, "demandMVA": 348.6 }, "38 kV": { "stations": 3, "red": 0, "demandMVA": 107.9 }, "MV": { "stations": 18, "red": 5, "demandMVA": 96.6 } }, "hv": { "stations": 22, "red": 5, "amber": 3, "green": 14, "demandMVA": 553.1, "medianMVA": 1.35, "pctNone": 22.7, "genFirmMW": 1163.1 }, "lv": { "n": 1404, "green": 740, "amber": 97, "red": 567, "demandMVA": 257.1 }, "best": { "id": "Carrickmines [T2101,T2103,T2104]", "n": "Carrickmines", "v": "110 kV", "d": 348.6 } }, { "la": "DCC", "name": "Dublin City", "byClass": { "110 kV": { "stations": 3, "red": 1, "demandMVA": 170.1 }, "38 kV": { "stations": 6, "red": 2, "demandMVA": 102.3 }, "MV": { "stations": 46, "red": 19, "demandMVA": 208.0 } }, "hv": { "stations": 55, "red": 22, "amber": 0, "green": 33, "demandMVA": 480.4, "medianMVA": 2.6, "pctNone": 40.0, "genFirmMW": 2149.9 }, "lv": { "n": 2816, "green": 1640, "amber": 19, "red": 1157, "demandMVA": 694.8 }, "best": { "id": "Inchicore City 220/110 kV [T2102,T2104]", "n": "Inchicore T2102/T2104", "v": "110 kV", "d": 113.0 } }, { "la": "KERRY", "name": "Kerry", "byClass": { "110 kV": { "stations": 0, "red": 0, "demandMVA": 0 }, "38 kV": { "stations": 9, "red": 1, "demandMVA": 322.5 }, "MV": { "stations": 21, "red": 7, "demandMVA": 100.5 } }, "hv": { "stations": 30, "red": 8, "amber": 5, "green": 17, "demandMVA": 423.0, "medianMVA": 1.75, "pctNone": 26.7, "genFirmMW": 184.3 }, "lv": { "n": 1733, "green": 856, "amber": 107, "red": 770, "demandMVA": 158.7 }, "best": { "id": "Reamore [T142]", "n": "Reamore T142", "v": "38 kV", "d": 56.5 } }, { "la": "TIPPERARY", "name": "Tipperary", "byClass": { "110 kV": { "stations": 0, "red": 0, "demandMVA": 0 }, "38 kV": { "stations": 11, "red": 1, "demandMVA": 289.2 }, "MV": { "stations": 26, "red": 9, "demandMVA": 68.1 } }, "hv": { "stations": 37, "red": 10, "amber": 2, "green": 25, "demandMVA": 357.3, "medianMVA": 3.0, "pctNone": 27.0, "genFirmMW": 110.7 }, "lv": { "n": 1939, "green": 960, "amber": 17, "red": 962, "demandMVA": 131.7 }, "best": { "id": "Lisheen [T142]", "n": "Lisheen", "v": "38 kV", "d": 56.4 } }, { "la": "MAYO", "name": "Mayo", "byClass": { "110 kV": { "stations": 0, "red": 0, "demandMVA": 0 }, "38 kV": { "stations": 8, "red": 1, "demandMVA": 237.0 }, "MV": { "stations": 25, "red": 7, "demandMVA": 72.4 } }, "hv": { "stations": 33, "red": 8, "amber": 0, "green": 25, "demandMVA": 309.4, "medianMVA": 1.9, "pctNone": 24.2, "genFirmMW": 190.6 }, "lv": { "n": 1580, "green": 928, "amber": 6, "red": 646, "demandMVA": 153.9 }, "best": { "id": "Dalton [T141]", "n": "Dalton T141", "v": "38 kV", "d": 56.5 } }, { "la": "DONEGAL", "name": "Donegal", "byClass": { "110 kV": { "stations": 0, "red": 0, "demandMVA": 0 }, "38 kV": { "stations": 7, "red": 0, "demandMVA": 182.4 }, "MV": { "stations": 24, "red": 8, "demandMVA": 78.3 } }, "hv": { "stations": 31, "red": 8, "amber": 2, "green": 21, "demandMVA": 260.7, "medianMVA": 1.9, "pctNone": 25.8, "genFirmMW": 64.9 }, "lv": { "n": 1822, "green": 959, "amber": 7, "red": 856, "demandMVA": 142.4 }, "best": { "id": "Binbane [T141,T142]", "n": "Binbane T141/T142", "v": "38 kV", "d": 66.6 } }, { "la": "WEXFORD", "name": "Wexford", "byClass": { "110 kV": { "stations": 0, "red": 0, "demandMVA": 0 }, "38 kV": { "stations": 3, "red": 0, "demandMVA": 58.2 }, "MV": { "stations": 20, "red": 4, "demandMVA": 121.9 } }, "hv": { "stations": 23, "red": 4, "amber": 2, "green": 17, "demandMVA": 180.1, "medianMVA": 1.4, "pctNone": 17.4, "genFirmMW": 99.1 }, "lv": { "n": 1863, "green": 1275, "amber": 64, "red": 524, "demandMVA": 201.2 }, "best": { "id": "Crory [T121]", "n": "Crory", "v": "MV", "d": 55.4 } }, { "la": "CLARE", "name": "Clare", "byClass": { "110 kV": { "stations": 0, "red": 0, "demandMVA": 0 }, "38 kV": { "stations": 6, "red": 2, "demandMVA": 126.1 }, "MV": { "stations": 19, "red": 12, "demandMVA": 43.1 } }, "hv": { "stations": 25, "red": 14, "amber": 2, "green": 9, "demandMVA": 169.2, "medianMVA": 0.0, "pctNone": 56.0, "genFirmMW": 151.3 }, "lv": { "n": 1302, "green": 392, "amber": 37, "red": 873, "demandMVA": 85.9 }, "best": { "id": "Booltiagh [T143]", "n": "Booltiagh T143", "v": "38 kV", "d": 56.4 } }, { "la": "FINGAL", "name": "Fingal", "byClass": { "110 kV": { "stations": 2, "red": 1, "demandMVA": 87.1 }, "38 kV": { "stations": 4, "red": 3, "demandMVA": 22.3 }, "MV": { "stations": 19, "red": 18, "demandMVA": 41.3 } }, "hv": { "stations": 25, "red": 22, "amber": 0, "green": 3, "demandMVA": 150.7, "medianMVA": 0.0, "pctNone": 88.0, "genFirmMW": 1155.3 }, "lv": { "n": 2549, "green": 130, "amber": 0, "red": 2419, 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129.1 }, "lv": { "n": 1512, "green": 867, "amber": 46, "red": 599, "demandMVA": 176.9 }, "best": { "id": "Arklow [T141,T142]", "n": "Arklow", "v": "38 kV", "d": 53.6 } }, { "la": "OFFALY", "name": "Offaly", "byClass": { "110 kV": { "stations": 0, "red": 0, "demandMVA": 0 }, "38 kV": { "stations": 2, "red": 0, "demandMVA": 71.5 }, "MV": { "stations": 8, "red": 1, "demandMVA": 20.1 } }, "hv": { "stations": 10, "red": 1, "amber": 1, "green": 8, "demandMVA": 91.6, "medianMVA": 2.85, "pctNone": 10.0, "genFirmMW": 89.9 }, "lv": { "n": 816, "green": 409, "amber": 4, "red": 403, "demandMVA": 59.7 }, "best": { "id": "Thornsberry [T141,T142]", "n": "Thornsberry", "v": "38 kV", "d": 65.1 } }, { "la": "CAVAN", "name": "Cavan", "byClass": { "110 kV": { "stations": 0, "red": 0, "demandMVA": 0 }, "38 kV": { "stations": 2, "red": 0, "demandMVA": 58.2 }, "MV": { "stations": 13, "red": 4, "demandMVA": 30.8 } }, "hv": { "stations": 15, "red": 4, "amber": 0, "green": 11, "demandMVA": 89.0, "medianMVA": 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"bkm": 4.1, "bd": 113.0 }, { "id": "echelon-crag-avenue-clondalkin", "name": "Echelon Crag Avenue, Clondalkin", "status": "operating", "la": "SDCC", "nn": "Clondalkin (MV)", "nkm": 1.2, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 22, "g5": 5, "d5": 138.1, "bn": "Inchicore T2102/T2104 (110 kV)", "bkm": 3.0, "bd": 113.0 }, { "id": "echelon-arklow", "name": "Echelon Arklow", "status": "under construction", "la": "WICKLOW", "nn": "Tinahask (MV)", "nkm": 2.2, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 3, "g5": 2, "d5": 71.7, "bn": "Arklow (38 kV)", "bkm": 2.7, "bd": 53.6 }, { "id": "dundalk-operator-not-identified", "name": "Dundalk (operator not identified)", "status": "operating", "la": "LOUTH", "nn": "Marshes T423 (MV)", "nkm": 0.1, "nd": 9.0, "nr": "green", "n5": 8, "g5": 8, "d5": 62.6, "bn": "Dundalk (38 kV)", "bkm": 3.9, "bd": 21.0 }, { "id": "galway-operator-not-identified", "name": "Galway (operator not identified)", "status": "operating", "la": "GALWAYCITY", "nn": "Headford Road (MV)", "nkm": 0.6, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 7, "g5": 3, "d5": 59.4, "bn": "Salthill (38 kV)", "bkm": 1.3, "bd": 44.9 }, { "id": "blanchardstown-operator-not-identified-3", "name": "Blanchardstown (operator not identified) (3)", "status": "permitted", "la": "FINGAL", "nn": "Macetown (MV)", "nkm": 0.6, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 6, "g5": 1, "d5": 41.3, "bn": "Corduff (MV)", "bkm": 3.3, "bd": 41.3 }, { "id": "blanchardstown-operator-not-identified-4", "name": "Blanchardstown (operator not identified) (4)", "status": "lapsed", "la": "FINGAL", "nn": "Macetown (MV)", "nkm": 0.6, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 5, "g5": 1, "d5": 41.3, "bn": "Corduff (MV)", "bkm": 3.0, "bd": 41.3 }, { "id": "meta-clonee", "name": "Meta Clonee", "status": "operating", "la": "MEATH", "nn": "Macetown (MV)", "nkm": 2.0, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 4, "g5": 1, "d5": 41.3, "bn": "Corduff (MV)", "bkm": 4.5, "bd": 41.3 }, { "id": "avaio-digital-killala", "name": "Avaio Digital Killala", "status": "lapsed", "la": "MAYO", "nn": "Tawnaghmore (38 kV)", "nkm": 1.0, "nd": 26.8, "nr": "green", "n5": 1, "g5": 1, "d5": 26.8, "bn": "Tawnaghmore (38 kV)", "bkm": 1.0, "bd": 26.8 }, { "id": "amazon-aws-clonshaugh", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Clonshaugh", "status": "operating", "la": "DCC", "nn": "Clonshaugh (MV)", "nkm": 0.3, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 14, "g5": 4, "d5": 23.6, "bn": "Artane (MV)", "bkm": 2.7, "bd": 13.0 }, { "id": "clonshaugh-operator-not-identified-1", "name": "Clonshaugh (operator not identified) (1)", "status": "operating", "la": "DCC", "nn": "Coolock (MV)", "nkm": 0.8, "nd": 5.8, "nr": "green", "n5": 16, "g5": 4, "d5": 23.6, "bn": "Artane (MV)", "bkm": 1.9, "bd": 13.0 }, { "id": "clonshaugh-operator-not-identified-2", "name": "Clonshaugh (operator not identified) (2)", "status": "operating", "la": "DCC", "nn": "Clonshaugh (MV)", "nkm": 0.2, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 13, "g5": 4, "d5": 23.6, "bn": "Artane (MV)", "bkm": 2.9, "bd": 13.0 }, { "id": "digital-realty-clonshaugh", "name": "Digital Realty Clonshaugh", "status": "operating", "la": "DCC", "nn": "Coolock (MV)", "nkm": 0.7, "nd": 5.8, "nr": "green", "n5": 14, "g5": 4, "d5": 23.6, "bn": "Artane (MV)", "bkm": 2.0, "bd": 13.0 }, { "id": "exa-infrastructure-dublin", "name": "EXA Infrastructure Dublin", "status": "operating", "la": "DCC", "nn": "Coolock (MV)", "nkm": 0.8, "nd": 5.8, "nr": "green", "n5": 15, "g5": 4, "d5": 23.6, "bn": "Artane (MV)", "bkm": 2.0, "bd": 13.0 }, { "id": "gtt-hibernia-clonshaugh", "name": "GTT (Hibernia) Clonshaugh", "status": "operating", "la": "DCC", "nn": "Coolock (MV)", "nkm": 0.8, "nd": 5.8, "nr": "green", "n5": 15, "g5": 4, "d5": 23.6, "bn": "Artane (MV)", "bkm": 2.0, "bd": 13.0 }, { "id": "verizon-near-clonshaugh", "name": "Verizon near Clonshaugh", "status": "operating", "la": "DCC", "nn": "Clonshaugh (MV)", "nkm": 0.2, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 14, "g5": 4, "d5": 23.6, "bn": "Artane (MV)", "bkm": 2.8, "bd": 13.0 }, { "id": "vodafone-clonshaugh", "name": "Vodafone Clonshaugh", "status": "operating", "la": "DCC", "nn": "Clonshaugh (MV)", "nkm": 0.3, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 14, "g5": 4, "d5": 23.6, "bn": "Artane (MV)", "bkm": 2.8, "bd": 13.0 }, { "id": "eir-near-clonshaugh", "name": "eir near Clonshaugh", "status": "operating", "la": "DCC", "nn": "Coolock (MV)", "nkm": 0.7, "nd": 5.8, "nr": "green", "n5": 15, "g5": 4, "d5": 23.6, "bn": "Artane (MV)", "bkm": 2.0, "bd": 13.0 }, { "id": "near-clonshaugh-operator-not-identified", "name": "near Clonshaugh (operator not identified)", "status": "operating", "la": "DCC", "nn": "Clonshaugh (MV)", "nkm": 0.6, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 17, "g5": 4, "d5": 23.6, "bn": "Artane (MV)", "bkm": 2.6, "bd": 13.0 }, { "id": "ericsson-athlone", "name": "Ericsson Athlone", "status": "operating", "la": "WESTMEATH", "nn": "Garrycastle (MV)", "nkm": 0.7, "nd": 7.6, "nr": "amber", "n5": 4, "g5": 2, "d5": 21.7, "bn": "Garrycastle (MV)", "bkm": 0.7, "bd": 7.6 }, { "id": "national-technology-park-limerick-operator-not-identified", "name": "National Technology Park, Limerick (operator not identified)", "status": "operating", "la": "LIMERICK", "nn": "Castletroy (MV)", "nkm": 0.9, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 6, "g5": 2, "d5": 20.6, "bn": "Singland (MV)", "bkm": 1.8, "bd": 13.8 }, { "id": "cix-cork-city", "name": "CIX Cork city", "status": "operating", "la": "CORKCITY", "nn": "Dennehys Cross (MV)", "nkm": 1.7, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 10, "g5": 3, "d5": 18.1, "bn": "Liberty Street (MV)", "bkm": 3.0, "bd": 7.9 }, { "id": "ovens-cork-operator-not-identified", "name": "Ovens, Cork (operator not identified)", "status": "lapsed", "la": "CORKCO", "nn": "Coolroe (MV)", "nkm": 1.4, "nd": 17.5, "nr": "green", "n5": 5, "g5": 1, "d5": 17.5, "bn": "Coolroe (MV)", "bkm": 1.4, "bd": 17.5 }, { "id": "amazon-aws-citywest", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Citywest", "status": "operating", "la": "SDCC", "nn": "Citywest (MV)", "nkm": 0.4, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 14, "g5": 1, "d5": 13.9, "bn": "Cookstown (MV)", "bkm": 2.3, "bd": 13.9 }, { "id": "bt-citywest", "name": "BT Citywest", "status": "operating", "la": "SDCC", "nn": "Citywest (MV)", "nkm": 0.4, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 14, "g5": 1, "d5": 13.9, "bn": "Cookstown (MV)", "bkm": 2.2, "bd": 13.9 }, { "id": "digital-realty-profile-park", "name": "Digital Realty Profile Park", "status": "operating", "la": "SDCC", "nn": "Balgaddy (MV)", "nkm": 1.7, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 12, "g5": 1, "d5": 13.9, "bn": "Cookstown (MV)", "bkm": 4.5, "bd": 13.9 }, { "id": "equinix-citywest", "name": "Equinix Citywest", "status": "operating", "la": "SDCC", "nn": "Citywest (MV)", "nkm": 0.4, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 14, "g5": 1, "d5": 13.9, "bn": "Cookstown (MV)", "bkm": 2.2, "bd": 13.9 }, { "id": "equinix-profile-park", "name": "Equinix Profile Park", "status": "under construction", "la": "SDCC", "nn": "Balgaddy (MV)", "nkm": 1.2, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 12, "g5": 1, "d5": 13.9, "bn": "Cookstown (MV)", "bkm": 4.7, "bd": 13.9 }, { "id": "google-grange-castle-south", "name": "Google Grange Castle South", "status": "operating", "la": "SDCC", "nn": "Balgaddy (MV)", "nkm": 1.5, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 12, "g5": 1, "d5": 13.9, "bn": "Cookstown (MV)", "bkm": 4.9, "bd": 13.9 }, { "id": "k2-strategic-citywest", "name": "K2 Strategic Citywest", "status": "operating", "la": "SDCC", "nn": "Citywest (MV)", "nkm": 0.6, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 14, "g5": 1, "d5": 13.9, "bn": "Cookstown (MV)", "bkm": 2.1, "bd": 13.9 }, { "id": "keppel-citywest", "name": "Keppel Citywest", "status": "operating", "la": "SDCC", "nn": "Citywest (MV)", "nkm": 0.3, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 14, "g5": 1, "d5": 13.9, "bn": "Cookstown (MV)", "bkm": 2.3, "bd": 13.9 }, { "id": "kilcarbery-operator-not-identified", "name": "Kilcarbery (operator not identified)", "status": "lapsed", "la": "SDCC", "nn": "Balgaddy (MV)", "nkm": 1.1, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 12, "g5": 1, "d5": 13.9, "bn": "Cookstown (MV)", "bkm": 4.9, "bd": 13.9 }, { "id": "vantage-profile-park", "name": "Vantage Profile Park", "status": "under construction", "la": "SDCC", "nn": "Balgaddy (MV)", "nkm": 1.3, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 12, "g5": 1, "d5": 13.9, "bn": "Cookstown (MV)", "bkm": 4.8, "bd": 13.9 }, { "id": "eir-citywest", "name": "eir Citywest", "status": "operating", "la": "SDCC", "nn": "Citywest (MV)", "nkm": 0.6, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 14, "g5": 1, "d5": 13.9, "bn": "Cookstown (MV)", "bkm": 2.2, "bd": 13.9 }, { "id": "art-data-centres-ennis", "name": "Art Data Centres Ennis", "status": "permitted", "la": "CLARE", "nn": "Ennis (MV)", "nkm": 0.9, "nd": 13.1, "nr": "green", "n5": 3, "g5": 1, "d5": 13.1, "bn": "Ennis (MV)", "bkm": 0.9, "bd": 13.1 }, { "id": "herbata-naas", "name": "Herbata Naas", "status": "proposed", "la": "KILDARE", "nn": "Naas (MV)", "nkm": 3.9, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 3, "g5": 1, "d5": 12.6, "bn": "Monread (MV)", "bkm": 4.7, "bd": 12.6 }, { "id": "little-island-cork-operator-not-identified-2", "name": "Little Island, Cork (operator not identified) (2)", "status": "permitted", "la": "CORKCO", "nn": "Castleview (MV)", "nkm": 1.9, "nd": 6.8, "nr": "green", "n5": 5, "g5": 2, "d5": 11.5, "bn": "Castleview (MV)", "bkm": 1.9, "bd": 6.8 }, { "id": "little-island-cork-operator-not-identified-1", "name": "Little Island, Cork (operator not identified) (1)", "status": "under construction", "la": "CORKCO", "nn": "Castleview (MV)", "nkm": 1.0, "nd": 6.8, "nr": "green", "n5": 3, "g5": 1, "d5": 6.8, "bn": "Castleview (MV)", "bkm": 1.0, "bd": 6.8 }, { "id": "newtownmountkennedy-operator-not-identified", "name": "Newtownmountkennedy (operator not identified)", "status": "lapsed", "la": "WICKLOW", "nn": "Kilcoole (MV)", "nkm": 2.3, "nd": 5.6, "nr": "green", "n5": 2, "g5": 1, "d5": 5.6, "bn": "Kilcoole (MV)", "bkm": 2.3, "bd": 5.6 }, { "id": "siemens-shannon", "name": "Siemens Shannon", "status": "operating", "la": "CLARE", "nn": "Drumline (38 kV)", "nkm": 1.3, "nd": 0.4, "nr": "green", "n5": 4, "g5": 1, "d5": 0.8, "bn": "Drumline (38 kV)", "bkm": 1.3, "bd": 0.4 }, { "id": "amazon-aws-drogheda", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Drogheda", "status": "operating", "la": "MEATH", "nn": "Rathmullan (MV)", "nkm": 1.4, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 5, "g5": 0, "d5": 0.0 }, { "id": "amazon-aws-grange-castle-south", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Grange Castle South", "status": "operating", "la": "SDCC", "nn": "Balgaddy (MV)", "nkm": 1.0, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 8, "g5": 0, "d5": 0.0 }, { "id": "amazon-aws-leixlip", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Leixlip", "status": "operating", "la": "KILDARE", "nn": "Celbridge (MV)", "nkm": 2.5, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 5, "g5": 0, "d5": 0.0 }, { "id": "apple-athenry", "name": "Apple Athenry", "status": "permitted", "la": "GALWAYCO", "nn": "Oranmore (MV)", "nkm": 6.5, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 0, "g5": 0, "d5": 0 }, { "id": "cyrusone-grange-castle-south", "name": "CyrusOne Grange Castle South", "status": "operating", "la": "SDCC", "nn": "Balgaddy (MV)", "nkm": 1.3, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 9, "g5": 0, "d5": 0.0 }, { "id": "data-power-hub-peamount-newcastle", "name": "Data & Power Hub Peamount, Newcastle", "status": "under construction", "la": "SDCC", "nn": "Balgaddy (MV)", "nkm": 1.4, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 7, "g5": 0, "d5": 0.0 }, { "id": "digital-realty-grange-castle", "name": "Digital Realty Grange Castle", "status": "operating", "la": "SDCC", "nn": "Grange Castle T101/T102 (MV)", "nkm": 0.4, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 10, "g5": 0, "d5": 0.0 }, { "id": "echelon-kish-business-park-arklow", "name": "Echelon Kish Business Park, Arklow", "status": "permitted", "la": "WICKLOW", "nn": "Tinahask (MV)", "nkm": 1.9, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 1, "g5": 0, "d5": 0.0 }, { "id": "edgeconnex-newcastle-road-lucan", "name": "EdgeConneX Newcastle Road, Lucan", "status": "operating", "la": "SDCC", "nn": "Grange Castle T101/T102 (MV)", "nkm": 0.5, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 10, "g5": 0, "d5": 0.0 }, { "id": "government-ogcio-backweston-celbridge", "name": "Government (OGCIO) Backweston, Celbridge", "status": "operating", "la": "KILDARE", "nn": "Leixlip (MV)", "nkm": 2.4, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 8, "g5": 0, "d5": 0.0 }, { "id": "grange-castle-operator-not-identified-1", "name": "Grange Castle (operator not identified) (1)", "status": "operating", "la": "SDCC", "nn": "Balgaddy (MV)", "nkm": 1.2, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 9, "g5": 0, "d5": 0.0 }, { "id": "grange-castle-operator-not-identified-2", "name": "Grange Castle (operator not identified) (2)", "status": "operating", "la": "SDCC", "nn": "Balgaddy (MV)", "nkm": 0.7, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", "n5": 8, "g5": 0, "d5": 0.0 }, { "id": "lifford-operator-not-identified", "name": "Lifford (operator not identified)", "status": "lapsed", "la": "DONEGAL", "nn": "Newtowncunningham (MV)", "nkm": 7.1, "nd": 1.7, "nr": "green", "n5": 0, "g5": 0, "d5": 0 }, { "id": "microsoft-grange-castle", "name": "Microsoft Grange Castle", "status": "operating", "la": "SDCC", "nn": "Balgaddy (MV)", "nkm": 0.7, "nd": 0.0, "nr": "red", 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53.9862, -6.7454, 0.0, 0.0, 20.0, "red", null ], [ "Cranmore [T41,T42]", "Cranmore", "MV", "SLIGO", 54.272, -8.4578, 0.0, 7.3, 10.0, "red", null ], [ "Finisklin [T41,T42]", "Finisklin", "MV", "SLIGO", 54.2766, -8.4905, 0.0, 8.2, 10.0, "red", null ], [ "Collooney [T421,T422]", "Collooney", "MV", "SLIGO", 54.1747, -8.4924, 0.0, 0.0, 10.0, "red", null ], [ "Manorhamilton [T422]", "Manorhamilton T422", "MV", "LEITRIM", 54.299, -8.1601, 0.0, 4.2, 5.0, "red", null ], [ "Ballybeggan [T43,T44]", "Ballybeggan", "MV", "KERRY", 52.2752, -9.6854, 0.0, 10.6, 20.0, "red", null ], [ "Castleisland [T41,T42]", "Castleisland", "MV", "KERRY", 52.2368, -9.4809, 0.0, 0.0, 10.0, "red", null ], [ "Kinsale [T41,T42]", "Kinsale T41/T42", "MV", "CORKCO", 51.7193, -8.5569, 0.0, 0.6, 10.0, "red", null ], [ "Bealnablath [T421]", "Bealnablath T421", "MV", "CORKCO", 51.8282, -8.8934, 0.0, 0.4, 10.0, "red", null ], [ "Timoleague [T41]", "Timoleague", "MV", "CORKCO", 51.6825, -8.7671, 0.0, 0.0, 5.0, "red", null ], [ "Newbrook [T42]", "Newbrook", "MV", "WESTMEATH", 53.5214, -7.3821, 0.0, 0.0, 5.0, "red", null ], [ "Ballinderry [T41,T422]", "Ballinderry", "MV", "WESTMEATH", 53.5134, -7.3166, 0.0, 0.0, 20.0, "red", null ], [ "Delvin [T41,T42]", "Delvin", "MV", "WESTMEATH", 53.6035, -7.0789, 0.0, 0.0, 8.2, "red", null ], [ "Clonroche [T421,T422]", "Clonroche", "MV", "WEXFORD", 52.4438, -6.6979, 0.0, 4.2, 10.0, "red", null ], [ "Mulgannon [T41,T42]", "Mulgannon", "MV", "WEXFORD", 52.3204, -6.4567, 0.0, 14.1, 20.0, "red", null ], [ "Dundrum [T41,T42]", "Dundrum", "MV", "DLR", 53.2963, -6.2488, 0.0, 9.4, 20.0, "red", null ], [ "Kanturk [T41,T42]", "Kanturk", "MV", "CORKCO", 52.165, -8.917, 0.0, 1.2, 10.0, "red", null ], [ "Kyleeragh [T41,T42]", "Kyleeragh", "MV", "TIPPERARY", 52.8742, -8.1818, 0.0, 6.4, 15.0, "red", null ], [ "Carndonagh [T421,T422]", "Carndonagh", "MV", "DONEGAL", 55.2526, -7.26, 0.0, 0.0, 10.0, "red", null ], [ "Buncrana [T421,T422]", "Buncrana", "MV", "DONEGAL", 55.1336, -7.437, 0.0, 0.0, 10.0, "red", null ], [ "Bantry [T41,T42]", "Bantry", "MV", "CORKCO", 51.6828, -9.4156, 0.0, 0.0, 10.0, "red", null ], [ "Ballydehob [T421]", "Ballydehob", "MV", "CORKCO", 51.5611, -9.485, 0.0, 3.5, 5.0, "red", null ], [ "Skibbereen [T41,T42]", "Skibbereen", "MV", "CORKCO", 51.567, -9.255, 0.0, 0.9, 10.0, "red", null ], [ "Clonakilty [T41,T42]", "Clonakilty", "MV", "CORKCO", 51.6279, -8.8884, 0.0, 4.6, 10.0, "red", null ], [ "Drumbear [T41,T42]", "Drumbear", "MV", "MONAGHAN", 54.2263, -6.9847, 0.0, 0.0, 10.0, "red", null ], [ "Emyvale [T422]", "Emyvale", "MV", "MONAGHAN", 54.355, -7.0362, 0.0, 0.0, 5.0, "red", null ], [ "Tinahask [T41,T42]", "Tinahask", "MV", "WICKLOW", 52.7921, -6.1724, 0.0, 0.0, 10.0, "red", null ], [ "Rathdrum [T42]", "Rathdrum", "MV", "WICKLOW", 52.9421, -6.2583, 0.0, 0.0, 5.0, "red", null ], [ "Garden City [T41,T42]", "Garden City", "MV", "WEXFORD", 52.6682, -6.3057, 0.0, 0.0, 10.0, "red", null ], [ "Charlestown [T41]", "Charlestown", "MV", "MAYO", 53.9536, -8.7931, 0.0, 2.3, 5.0, "red", null ], [ "Ballaghaderreen [T41,T42]", "Ballaghaderreen", "MV", "ROSCOMMON", 53.919, -8.5832, 0.0, 2.5, 10.0, "red", null ], [ "Clonminch [T41,T422]", "Clonminch", "MV", "OFFALY", 53.2586, -7.4934, 0.0, 12.2, 20.0, "red", null ], [ "Glenties [T41,T42]", "Glenties", "MV", "DONEGAL", 54.7693, -8.3082, 0.0, 0.0, 7.0, "red", null ], [ "Killybegs [T422]", "Killybegs T422", "MV", "DONEGAL", 54.6554, -8.4439, 0.0, 0.0, 15.0, "red", null ], [ "Inchicore County 220/110 kV [T2101,T2106]", "Inchicore T2101/T2106", "110 kV", "DCC", 53.3313, -6.3371, 0.0, 227.6, 500.0, "red", null ], [ "Creagh [T421,T422]", "Creagh", "MV", "GALWAYCO", 53.3294, -8.2061, 0.0, 0.6, 10.0, "red", null ], [ "Ballygar [T41,T42]", "Ballygar", "MV", "GALWAYCO", 53.5265, -8.306, 0.0, 2.8, 10.0, "red", null ], [ "Glenamaddy [T422]", "Glenamaddy", "MV", "GALWAYCO", 53.6158, -8.5908, 0.0, 0.0, 5.0, "red", null ], [ "Moate [T41,T42]", "Moate", "MV", "WESTMEATH", 53.386, -7.7209, 0.0, 1.5, 10.0, "red", null ], [ "Athlone [T41,T42]", "Athlone", "MV", "ROSCOMMON", 53.4256, -7.9672, 0.0, 12.4, 20.0, "red", null ], [ "Kilmallock [T41,T42]", "Kilmallock", "MV", "LIMERICK", 52.4131, -8.5896, 0.0, 0.0, 10.0, "red", null ], [ "Mesh: Orange [FingT142,McDrT142]", "Finglas FingT142/McDrT142", "38 kV", "FINGAL", 53.4075, -6.3161, 0.0, 87.0, 126.0, "red", null ], [ "Aghamore [T41,T42]", "Aghamore", "MV", "LONGFORD", 53.6642, -7.9855, 0.0, 0.2, 7.0, "red", null ], [ "Roscommon [T41,T42]", "Roscommon", "MV", "ROSCOMMON", 53.6305, -8.1528, 0.0, 3.5, 20.0, "red", null ], [ "Dungarvan [T141,T142]", "Dungarvan", "38 kV", "WATERFORD", 52.1109, -7.6481, 0.0, 0.0, 63.0, "red", null ], [ "Kilbarry [T101,T43]", "Kilbarry", "MV", "CORKCITY", 51.926, -8.4858, 0.0, 24.5, 35.0, "red", null ], [ "Kilbarry [T142,T143]", "Kilbarry", "38 kV", "CORKCITY", 51.926, -8.4858, 0.0, 38.7, 126.0, "red", null ], [ "College Park [T101,T102,T103]", "College Park", "MV", "FINGAL", 53.4148, -6.3727, 0.0, 64.7, 60.0, "red", null ], [ "Limerick [T141,T142]", "Limerick", "38 kV", "LIMERICK", 52.6325, -8.647, 0.0, 79.6, 126.0, "red", null ], [ "Ikerrin [T141]", "Ikerrin", "38 kV", "TIPPERARY", 52.9228, -7.7875, 0.0, 0.0, 31.5, "red", null ], [ "Ardnacrusha [T141,T142]", "Ardnacrusha", "38 kV", "CLARE", 52.716, -8.6233, 0.0, 35.0, 126.0, "red", null ], [ "Midleton [T101,T102]", "Midleton", "MV", "CORKCO", 51.9336, -8.1835, 0.0, 20.1, 40.0, "red", null ], [ "Midleton [T141]", "Midleton", "38 kV", "CORKCO", 51.9336, -8.1835, 0.0, 10.0, 31.5, "red", null ], [ "Newbridge [T141,T142]", "Newbridge", "38 kV", "KILDARE", 53.1981, -6.8437, 0.0, 15.3, 63.0, "red", null ], [ "Drybridge [T141,T142]", "Drybridge", "38 kV", "LOUTH", 53.7274, -6.394, 0.0, 16.3, 126.0, "red", null ], [ "Dalton [T142]", "Dalton T142", "38 kV", "MAYO", 53.7163, -8.9756, 0.0, 17.0, 31.5, "red", null ], [ "Trabeg [T141,T142]", "Trabeg", "38 kV", "CORKCITY", 51.8856, -8.4621, 0.0, 26.4, 63.0, "red", null ], [ "Galway 110kv [T102,T103]", "Galway", "MV", "GALWAYCITY", 53.2951, -9.0181, 0.0, 26.6, 40.0, "red", null ], [ "Butlerstown [T141,T142]", "Butlerstown", "38 kV", "WATERFORD", 52.2225, -7.1624, 0.0, 0.0, 63.0, "red", null ], [ "Ennis [T141,T142]", "Ennis", "38 kV", "CLARE", 52.8555, -8.9311, 0.0, 2.7, 63.0, "red", null ], [ "Macetown [T101,T102]", "Macetown", "MV", "FINGAL", 53.4109, -6.409, 0.0, 25.4, 40.0, "red", null ], [ "Kilteel [T141,T142]", "Kilteel", "38 kV", "SDCC", 53.2569, -6.53, 0.0, 5.1, 63.0, "red", null ], [ "Galway 110kv [T141,T142]", "Galway", "38 kV", "GALWAYCITY", 53.2951, -9.0181, 0.0, 50.3, 126.0, "red", null ], [ "Barrymore [T141]", "Barrymore", "38 kV", "CORKCO", 52.0912, -8.2595, 0.0, 0.0, 31.5, "red", null ], [ "Griffinrath [T141,T142]", "Griffinrath", "38 kV", "KILDARE", 53.3448, -6.5619, 0.0, 2.6, 126.0, "red", null ], [ "Baltrasna [T121,T122]", "Baltrasna", "MV", "MEATH", 53.5535, -6.4343, 0.0, 2.3, 40.0, "red", null ], [ "Blake [T142]", "Blake", "38 kV", "KILDARE", 53.2952, -6.8636, 0.0, 17.3, 31.5, "red", null ], [ "Oughtragh [T141]", "Oughtragh", "38 kV", "KERRY", 52.1418, -9.7044, 0.0, 11.7, 31.5, "red", null ] ], "caveats": [ "Indicative only: ESB Networks says the heatmap cannot be relied on in isolation to assess a connection, and connection offers are first come, first served.", "Station capacity as of Oct 2025; demand contracts and offers to end Aug 2025; generation to early Oct 2025; compiled 12/12/2025. ESB labels the download '2026-07' and aims to update quarterly.", "Summing headroom across stations overstates what is usable: child stations share their parent's limit, so council and 5 km totals are an upper bound, not additive capacity.", "HV substation locations are indicative (ESB); MV/LV locations are exact. Council = statutory boundary containing the indicated point.", "Large data centres connect to the transmission system (EirGrid), whose capacity this map does not show. The heatmap covers ESB Networks' distribution stations, including ESB-owned 220/110 kV transformers in Dublin.", "No fibre-route data is joined: there is no open national fibre map. 'Near grid' = within 10 km of an OpenStreetMap 220/400 kV substation." ] }, "positions": { "title": "Who says what", "source": "Houses of the Oireachtas debates XML (data.oireachtas.ie); CRU consultation CRU/2025/04 responses (consult.cru.ie); council development plans; read by Claude", "sourceUrl": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/consultation/review-large-energy-users-connection-policy", "asOf": "2026-10-10", "method": "Claude (Anthropic's model) read every document in the corpus with a fixed, published prompt and recorded, for each speaker: a stance on more data-centre development in Ireland (from \u22122, stop or pause, to +2, champion; or none when they took no position), up to four concerns from a fixed list, what they asked for, a one-sentence summary and a quote. Every quote was then checked word for word against the source text; quotes that could not be found were dropped. Counts, averages and concern shares are computed from those records, not by the model. A second prompt wrote each group's summary from its records only. Parliamentary questions are mostly factual, so most askers get no stance; their concerns still count. Party averages weight each speaker once. Ministers' answers count towards the government of the day, not their party.", "caveats": [ "Machine reading: summaries and stance scores are Claude's reading of the text, checked by quote, not by a person line by line. Treat them as a guide and follow the links.", "Coverage: parliamentary questions and debates are those whose heading mentions data centres (since 2015). Speeches on data centres under other headings (energy, climate, Leaders' Questions) are not yet included.", "Companies speak through the CRU consultation (2025) and committee hearings. Amazon, Microsoft, Google and Meta did not respond individually; their trade bodies (Cloud Infrastructure Ireland, Ibec, AmCham) did.", "Councils speak through their development plans and, for South Dublin, a CRU response. Councillors' motions are not yet read.", "Party is the member's party on the day they spoke (Oireachtas members data). Government terms use the dates the Taoiseach was elected (unchecked)." ], "model": [ { "model": "claude-opus-5-5", "documents": 532 } ], "prompts": { "extract": "You are reading public Irish documents about data centres for a neutral, data-led publication. Each document is split by speaker. For every speaker, record what they think about data centres in Ireland, using only what that speaker says in this document. Do not use what you know about the person, party or organisation from elsewhere.\n\n## What to record for each speaker\n\n- **a**: the speaker's id from the document (`a1`, `a2`, \u2026).\n- **skip**: `true` if the speaker says nothing of substance about data centres (procedure, thanks, or an answer about an unrelated question grouped in the same section). Then leave the other fields empty or null.\n- **stance**: the speaker's position on more data-centre development in Ireland (new or bigger data centres and their grid, gas or water connections):\n - `-2` **Stop or pause**: calls for a moratorium, a ban, or no new data-centre connections.\n - `-1` **Restrict**: wants tighter limits or slower growth, or is mainly critical, without calling for a stop.\n - `0` **Balanced**: weighs benefits and costs without leaning either way, or accepts data centres only on strict conditions.\n - `1` **Supportive**: welcomes data centres and wants the system to accommodate them, with conditions (renewables, location, efficiency).\n - `2` **Champion**: argues strongly for growth, faster connections or fewer barriers.\n - `null`: the speaker takes no position. Most parliamentary questions only ask for facts: give `null` unless the asker states a view in their own words. A question that asks *whether* the Minister will do something is not a view.\n Ministers answering for the government usually state the government line; score that line, not the person.\n- **concerns**: up to four keys from this list, the issues the speaker raises as a problem or priority (not passing mentions), most emphasised first:\n `bills` electricity bills and costs \u00b7 `grid` grid capacity, security of supply, blackouts \u00b7 `climate` climate targets and emissions \u00b7 `gas` gas supply and gas-fired or diesel on-site generation \u00b7 `renewables` renewable power for data centres, PPAs, matching \u00b7 `water` water use \u00b7 `local` local impact, planning, zoning, noise, land \u00b7 `jobs` jobs, investment, competitiveness, FDI \u00b7 `tax` tax, rates, community benefit \u00b7 `heat` waste-heat reuse and efficiency \u00b7 `fairness` fair access to the grid or water for homes, housing and other users \u00b7 `rules` connection rules, regulatory certainty, process \u00b7 `regional` location outside Dublin, regional spread \u00b7 `transparency` transparency, disclosure, data \u00b7 `ai` AI, the digital economy, digital sovereignty \u00b7 `security` national security, cyber security, critical infrastructure.\n- **asks**: up to three concrete things the speaker wants done, each 12 words or fewer (for example \"moratorium on new data-centre grid connections\", \"publish metered use by site\", \"faster connection offers for projects with on-site renewables\"). Empty if none.\n- **summary**: one plain-English sentence of 30 words or fewer saying what the speaker thinks or wants. Neutral reporting voice (\"Wants\u2026\", \"Says\u2026\", \"Asks\u2026\"). No judgement words. For a factual question, say what they asked about.\n- **quote**: 8 to 40 words copied exactly, character for character, from this speaker's own text in this document: one continuous passage, no changes, no ellipses, no added quotation marks. Choose the passage that best shows their view. For a question, prefer the substantive part over \"asked the Minister for\u2026\". It will be checked automatically against the source; a quote that is not exact is thrown away.\n- **org** and **orgType**: only for speakers of type `witness`. The organisation they represent, from the chair's introduction in the context or from their own words (for example \"Commission for Regulation of Utilities\"), and one of `state`, `industry`, `energy`, `business`, `campaign`, `council`, `academic`, `other`. Null for everyone else.\n\n## Rules\n\n- Report; don't judge. Don't soften or sharpen what people say. Don't infer a stance from party or employer.\n- A council development plan is the council speaking: score the plan's policy (where data centres may go and on what conditions).\n- A consultation response is the organisation speaking: score its overall position on data-centre growth, not only on the narrow rule being consulted on.\n- Return one entry for every speaker id in the document, in order.\n", "synthesise": "You are writing very short, neutral summaries for a data-led publication on Irish data centres. Readers skim: keep every line short. You get one group (a party, a government, a politician, a company or trade body, a council, a State body or a campaign group) and the records of what it said, each already read from a public document: id, date, kind of document, speaker, stance (\u22122 stop or pause, \u22121 restrict, 0 balanced, 1 supportive, 2 champion, or null for no position), concerns, asks, a one-sentence summary and, where checked, a verbatim quote.\n\nWrite, using only these records:\n\n- **headline**: 10 words or fewer, the group's position in plain words (for example \"Wants a pause until the grid catches up\"). No slogans, no judgement.\n- **points**: two or three bullets, each 14 words or fewer, no full stop at the end. What the group wants and its main reasons. If the records are mostly factual questions with no stance, say what it keeps asking about rather than inventing a view.\n- **quoteIds**: the ids of up to two records whose quotes best show the position, from different speakers or dates where possible. Prefer short, plain quotes. Only choose records whose quote is not null.\n- **shift**: 15 words or fewer on how the position changed over time, only if the records clearly show a change across at least two years; otherwise null.\n\nRules: report, don't judge; no adjectives like \"sensible\", \"extreme\", \"reckless\". Don't add facts that are not in the records. Irish and British spelling. For a government, describe the government's line, not the parties'. For a single-document group (one consultation response or one plan), summarise that document.\n", "extractVersion": "4914c9064c", "synthVersion": "6d632738a0" }, "concernLabels": { "bills": "Electricity bills and costs", "grid": "Grid capacity and blackouts", "climate": "Climate targets and emissions", "gas": "Gas and on-site generation", "renewables": "Renewable power for data centres", "water": "Water", "local": "Local impact and planning", "jobs": "Jobs, investment and competitiveness", "tax": "Tax, rates and community benefit", "heat": "Waste heat and efficiency", "fairness": "Fair access for homes and other users", "rules": "Connection rules and certainty", "regional": "Location outside Dublin", "transparency": "Transparency and data", "ai": "AI and the digital economy", "security": "Security and critical infrastructure" }, "concernShort": { "bills": "Bills", "grid": "Grid", "climate": "Climate", "gas": "Gas", "renewables": "Renewables", "water": "Water", "local": "Local impact", "jobs": "Jobs", "tax": "Tax & rates", "heat": "Waste heat", "fairness": "Fair access", "rules": "Connection rules", "regional": "Outside Dublin", "transparency": "Transparency", "ai": "AI & digital", "security": "Security" }, "stanceLabels": { "-2": "Stop or pause", "-1": "Restrict", "0": "Balanced", "1": "Supportive", "2": "Champion" }, "tabs": [ { "key": "parties", "label": "Parties", "note": "Each party's TDs, Senators and MEPs, plus the government of the day." }, { "key": "people", "label": "People", "note": "The politicians who have said most about data centres." }, { "key": "industry", "label": "Industry", "note": "Data-centre operators, their trade bodies and other business groups." }, { "key": "energy", "label": "Energy companies", "note": "Power generators, renewable developers, grid-tech and gas companies." }, { "key": "councils", "label": "Councils", "note": "Development plans and council submissions." }, { "key": "state", "label": "State bodies", "note": "Grid operators, regulators and State agencies that gave evidence or responded." }, { "key": "campaigners", "label": "Campaigners", "note": "Environmental and community groups." }, { "key": "experts", "label": "Researchers", "note": "Academics and expert witnesses at Oireachtas committees." } ], "coverage": { "units": 536, "read": 529, "unread": 7, "stale": 0, "records": 1013, "quotesChecked": 1013, "quotesDropped": 0, "synthStale": 6, "documentsBySource": { "oireachtas": 464, "council_plan": 8, "cru_consultation": 64 }, "recordsBySource": { "oireachtas": 941, "council_plan": 8, "cru_consultation": 64 }, "cruResponses": 64 }, "overall": { "bigPicture": "Industry groups, most energy firms, Fine Gael, Fianna F\u00e1il and successive governments back data centres; councils accept them with conditions. Campaigners, Sinn F\u00e9in, Labour, the Social Democrats and People Before Profit\u2013Solidarity seek pauses or curbs over emissions, grid strain and household bills.", "agree": [ "Grid capacity is a top concern for most parties, state bodies and industry groups", "Most tie data-centre growth to renewable power, via PPAs, private wires or siting", "Many seek more published data on data-centre demand, emissions and grid capacity" ], "split": [ "Campaigners and the Social Democrats seek a moratorium; Fine Gael, Fianna F\u00e1il and industry groups oppose one", "Gas Networks Ireland and several firms back on-site gas; campaigners and the EPA warn it raises emissions", "Sinn F\u00e9in, Labour and People Before Profit\u2013Solidarity say data centres raise bills; ESB Customer Solutions disagrees" ] }, "concernTotals": [ { "key": "grid", "n": 386 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 272 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 249 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 219 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 206 }, { "key": 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"fairness": 34, "rules": 99, "gas": 64, "tax": 2, "ai": 19, "water": 10, "local": 10, "regional": 13, "security": 2 }, "2026": { "transparency": 78, "jobs": 68, "rules": 46, "climate": 38, "fairness": 38, "water": 31, "grid": 103, "local": 7, "renewables": 56, "regional": 13, "gas": 23, "ai": 18, "bills": 65, "security": 23, "tax": 14, "heat": 13 } }, "partyMatrix": { "party:sinn-fein": { "grid": 0.375, "transparency": 0.309, "gas": 0.217, "bills": 0.211, "climate": 0.191, "fairness": 0.184, "rules": 0.112, "jobs": 0.105, "water": 0.086, "tax": 0.072, "local": 0.053, "renewables": 0.026, "heat": 0.02, "security": 0.013, "ai": 0.013 }, "party:fianna-fail": { "regional": 0.188, "security": 0.175, "grid": 0.175, "jobs": 0.163, "renewables": 0.125, "rules": 0.113, "ai": 0.1, "transparency": 0.062, "heat": 0.037, "bills": 0.037, "fairness": 0.037, "local": 0.025, "climate": 0.025, "water": 0.025 }, "gov-2016": { "regional": 0.564, "jobs": 0.385, "rules": 0.256, "grid": 0.256, "renewables": 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0.159, "heat": 0.159, "climate": 0.143, "water": 0.127, "local": 0.063, "jobs": 0.063, "ai": 0.063, "security": 0.048, "regional": 0.032, "fairness": 0.032, "bills": 0.016 }, "party:social-democrats": { "grid": 0.457, "climate": 0.413, "transparency": 0.304, "fairness": 0.217, "water": 0.196, "renewables": 0.174, "bills": 0.13, "jobs": 0.065, "heat": 0.065, "rules": 0.065, "regional": 0.043, "local": 0.043, "ai": 0.043, "gas": 0.043, "tax": 0.022 }, "gov-2020": { "grid": 0.437, "climate": 0.424, "rules": 0.278, "renewables": 0.247, "regional": 0.241, "jobs": 0.165, "transparency": 0.12, "ai": 0.114, "gas": 0.108, "security": 0.089, "heat": 0.07, "bills": 0.063, "tax": 0.038, "local": 0.038, "fairness": 0.006, "water": 0.006 }, "party:people-before-profitsolidarity": { "climate": 0.362, "grid": 0.276, "bills": 0.241, "transparency": 0.224, "gas": 0.19, "rules": 0.172, "fairness": 0.172, "water": 0.121, "tax": 0.086, "local": 0.069, "renewables": 0.052, "jobs": 0.052, "ai": 0.034, 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"term": "gov-2025", "stance": -1.75, "scored": 3, "records": 15, "speakers": 2 } ] }, { "id": "party:fine-gael", "label": "Fine Gael", "points": [ { "term": "gov-2020", "stance": 1.5, "scored": 4, "records": 14, "speakers": 2 }, { "term": "gov-2025", "stance": 1.5, "scored": 2, "records": 48, "speakers": 2 } ] }, { "id": "party:green-party", "label": "Green Party", "points": [ { "term": "gov-2016", "stance": 1.0, "scored": 1, "records": 3, "speakers": 1 }, { "term": "gov-2020", "stance": 0.0, "scored": 1, "records": 3, "speakers": 1 }, { "term": "gov-2025", "stance": -1.0, "scored": 3, "records": 11, "speakers": 1 } ] } ], "governmentConcerns": { "gov-2011": { "jobs": 1.0, "tax": 1.0 }, "gov-2016": { "jobs": 0.385, "regional": 0.564, "rules": 0.256, "ai": 0.051, "local": 0.128, "grid": 0.256, "bills": 0.179, "renewables": 0.256, "climate": 0.103, "security": 0.026, "heat": 0.051, "tax": 0.026 }, "gov-2020": { "ai": 0.114, "jobs": 0.165, "renewables": 0.247, "climate": 0.424, "grid": 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Government = ministers answering or speaking for the government. Points from fewer than 5 scored statements are drawn hollow; single statements are left off the chart (see the table)." }, "groups": [ { "id": "org:community-law-and-mediation", "tab": "campaigners", "label": "Community Law and Mediation", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-03", "last": "2025-04-03", "stance": -2.0, "stanceRecent": -2.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 1, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "the CRU should impose a moratorium on data centres connections until a legislative and regulatory framework is established to prevent data centres causing a further increase in fossil fuel usage", "speaker": "Community Law and Mediation", "date": "2025-04-03", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-5", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Wants a moratorium until fossil-fuel safeguards exist", "points": [ "Wants connections paused until a framework stops added fossil fuel use", "Wants islanded gas connections banned and flexible power contracts mandatory", "Cites the CRU's climate duties and a just transition" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-03", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Community Law and Mediation", "summary": "Wants a moratorium on data-centre connections until a framework stops them increasing fossil fuel use, citing the CRU's climate duties and a just transition.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-5", "stance": -2 } ] }, { "id": "org:friends-of-the-irish-environment", "tab": "campaigners", "label": "Friends of the Irish Environment", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": -1.0, "stanceRecent": -1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 1, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "The proposed LEU policy is not consistent with zero carbon demand growth. It would facilitate electricity demand growth from data centres without emissions mitigation, therefore allowing for fossil fuel generation that is incompatible with Sectoral Emissions Ceilings.", "speaker": "Friends of the Irish Environment", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-13", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Says the policy lets data centres breach emissions ceilings", "points": [ "Says the policy allows fossil generation incompatible with sectoral emissions ceilings", "Wants additional time-matched renewable supply for new data centres", "Wants a strategic environmental assessment and limits on fossil backup" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Friends of the Irish Environment", "summary": "Says the proposed policy would let data-centre growth raise fossil fuel use beyond emissions ceilings, and wants renewable and emissions conditions plus an environmental assessment.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-13", "stance": -1 } ] }, { "id": "org:friends-of-the-earth-ireland", "tab": "campaigners", "label": "Friends of the Earth Ireland", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": -2.0, "stanceRecent": -2.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 1, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "the CRU should provide for an immediate moratorium on data centre connections until a robust legislative and regulatory is established that ensures they pose no threat to binding carbon budget limits", "speaker": "Friends of the Earth Ireland", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-26", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Wants an immediate moratorium on new grid connections", "points": [ "Wants connections paused until rules protect binding carbon budgets", "Wants islanded gas-powered data centres banned", "Wants real-time reporting of data-centre emissions and energy use" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Friends of the Earth Ireland", "summary": "Calls for an immediate moratorium on data-centre grid connections until climate-aligned rules exist, a ban on islanded gas-powered sites, and real-time emissions reporting.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-26", "stance": -2 } ] }, { "id": "org:an-taisce", "tab": "campaigners", "label": "An Taisce", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": -2.0, "stanceRecent": -2.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 1, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "A moratorium on all further data centre development and connections, not just in currently grid-constrained areas, should be put in place until such a policy is enacted.", "speaker": "An Taisce", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-34", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Wants a moratorium on all further data-centre connections", "points": [ "Wants connections paused pending an independent carbon-budget review", "Wants fossil fuels banned from on-site generation and islanded gas connections", "Wants full publication and independent audits of data-centre emissions" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "An Taisce", "summary": "Calls for a moratorium on all further data-centre connections pending an independent carbon-budget review, a ban on fossil-fuelled on-site generation and on islanded gas connections.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-34", "stance": -2 } ] }, { "id": "org:safety-before-lng-and-futureproof-clare", "tab": "campaigners", "label": "Safety Before LNG and Futureproof Clare", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": -1.0, "stanceRecent": -1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 1, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Rather it is aligned more with the needs of data centres, and has decided that to resolve the issue of big tech needing more energy, it will pave the way for LEU\u2019s to increase demand for fossil fuels", "speaker": "Safety Before LNG and Futureproof Clare", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-68", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Says the CRU proposal enables gas use, breaching climate duties", "points": [ "Wants CRU to regulate gas network connections for data centres", "Objects to large-user capacity costs falling on household bills", "Wants environmental assessment of gas plants serving data centres" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Safety Before LNG and Futureproof Clare", "summary": "Says the CRU proposal breaches its climate duties by enabling gas-fired generation for data centres, and objects to capacity costs falling on household bills.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-68", "stance": -1 } ] }, { "id": "org:not-here-not-anywhere", "tab": "campaigners", "label": "Not Here Not Anywhere", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": -2.0, "stanceRecent": -2.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 1, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "water", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "To ensure that data centres do not undermine our climate commitments, a nationwide moratorium on the construction of new data centres is required.", "speaker": "Not Here Not Anywhere", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-73", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Wants a nationwide moratorium on new data centres", "points": [ "Wants construction paused until strict rules are enacted", "Wants a legal energy cap matching the European average", "Wants new on-site renewables, water limits and district heating" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Not Here Not Anywhere", "summary": "Calls for a nationwide moratorium on new data centres until strict rules are in place, including on-site renewables, water limits, district heating and an energy cap.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-73", "stance": -2 } ] }, { "id": "council:MEATH", "tab": "councils", "label": "Meath County Council", "records": 2, "speakers": 1, "first": "2021-09-22", "last": "2021-09-22", "stance": 1.5, "stanceRecent": null, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 1, "2": 1 }, "withStance": 2, "concerns": [ { "key": "local", "n": 2, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 0.5 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "development plan", 2 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "The Facebook data centre developments on the enterprise and employment lands at Portan Clonee have been a notable success for County Meath.", "speaker": "Meath County Council", "date": "2021-09-22", "url": null, "kind": "development plan" } ], "headline": "Plans more land for data centres near Clonee and Navan", "points": [ "Development plan calls the Clonee data centres a notable success for the county", "Identifies more land near fibre and high-voltage power, and at Navan", "Zoning permits data centres on three types of employment land" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2021-09-22", "kind": "development plan", "actor": "Meath County Council", "summary": "Plan calls the Clonee data centres a notable success and identifies more land near fibre and high-voltage power, and at Navan, for further data-centre-type development.", "url": null, "stance": 2 }, { "date": "2021-09-22", "kind": "development plan", "actor": "Meath County Council", "summary": "Zoning lists data centres as a permitted use on high-technology, general enterprise and warehousing lands, with one parking space per 300 sq.m.", "url": null, "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "council:SDCC", "tab": "councils", "label": "South Dublin County Council", "records": 2, "speakers": 1, "first": "2022-06-22", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 0.0, "stanceRecent": 0.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 2, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 2, "concerns": [ { "key": "local", "n": 2, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 2, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 0.5 }, { "key": "heat", "n": 1, "share": 0.5 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 0.5 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "development plan", 1 ], [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "To ensure that, insofar as possible, space extensive enterprise is located on lands which are outside the M50 and which do not compromise labour intensive opportunities on zoned lands adjacent to public transport.", "speaker": "South Dublin County Council", "date": "2022-06-22", "url": null, "kind": "development plan" }, { "text": "SDCC are concerned that the introduction of the decision could Lead to unsustainable energy production, in conflict with the duties of the local authority under the Climate Act.", "speaker": "South Dublin County Council", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-17", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Accepts data centres but questions the on-site generation rule", "points": [ "Plan prefers data centres outside the M50, with renewables or PPAs", "Requires waste-heat reuse and Climate Neutral Data Centre Pact sign-up", "Warns on-site generation could conflict with Climate Act duties and use land" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "South Dublin County Council", "summary": "Sees data centres as integral to the county's economy but says the on-site generation rule risks unsustainable energy production and extra land use, reducing capacity for housing and jobs.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-17", "stance": 0 }, { "date": "2022-06-22", "kind": "development plan", "actor": "South Dublin County Council", "summary": "Accepts data centres as space-extensive uses, preferably outside the M50, requiring renewables or PPAs, network capacity, waste-heat reuse and Climate Neutral Data Centre Pact sign-up.", "url": null, "stance": 0 } ] }, { "id": "council:KILDARE", "tab": "councils", "label": "Kildare County Council", "records": 2, "speakers": 1, "first": "2023-01-09", "last": "2023-01-09", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": null, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 2, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 2, "concerns": [ { "key": "renewables", "n": 2, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "local", "n": 2, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 0.5 }, { "key": "heat", "n": 1, "share": 0.5 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 0.5 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "development plan", 2 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Support the accommodation of Data Centres at appropriate locations in line with the objectives of the National Planning Framework and the principles for Sustainable Data Centre Development", "speaker": "Kildare County Council", "date": "2023-01-09", "url": null, "kind": "development plan" }, { "text": "Where data centre developments are approved in the County, the Council will expect district heating systems to be developed for adjoining residential, community and/or commercial developments.", "speaker": "Kildare County Council", "date": "2023-01-09", "url": null, "kind": "development plan" } ], "headline": "Supports data centres at suitable sites, with conditions", "points": [ "Cites job creation, subject to environmental and visual impact assessment", "Wants renewable power, in whole or at least 30%", "Expects district heating for nearby homes and businesses where approved" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2023-01-09", "kind": "development plan", "actor": "Kildare County Council", "summary": "Supports data centres at appropriate locations, citing job creation, subject to environmental assessments, avoiding sensitive sites, and requiring renewable energy in whole or at least 30%.", "url": null, "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2023-01-09", "kind": "development plan", "actor": "Kildare County Council", "summary": "Supports data centres at appropriate locations subject to criteria on power, renewables, landscape and noise, and expects district heating, efficiency, PPAs and Climate Neutral Data Centre Pact sign-up.", "url": null, "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "council:DCC", "tab": "councils", "label": "Dublin City Council", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2022-11-02", "last": "2022-11-02", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": null, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 1, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "heat", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "development plan", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Dublin City Council will support the provision of data centre in appropriate locations on a case by case basis.", "speaker": "Dublin City Council", "date": "2022-11-02", "url": null, "kind": "development plan" } ], "headline": "Supports data centres in suitable locations, case by case", "points": [ "Requires compliance with national policy on large energy users", "Expects on-site renewables, efficiency and reuse of waste heat", "Asks operators to sign the Climate Neutral Data Centre Pact" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2022-11-02", "kind": "development plan", "actor": "Dublin City Council", "summary": "Supports data centres in appropriate locations case by case, requiring compliance with national energy policy, efficiency, on-site renewables, waste-heat reuse and the Climate Neutral Data Centre Pact.", "url": null, "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "council:FINGAL", "tab": "councils", "label": "Fingal County Council", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2023-02-22", "last": "2023-02-22", "stance": 0.0, "stanceRecent": null, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 1, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "local", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "heat", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "development plan", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "While the Council recognises the growing demand for such facilities, especially data centres, it is mindful of the fact that these facilities should not be located on lands that are more suitable for employment intensive developments/facilities", "speaker": "Fingal County Council", "date": "2023-02-22", "url": null, "kind": "development plan" } ], "headline": "Keeps data centres off jobs-intensive land, wants heat reused", "points": [ "Recognises demand but steers data centres away from employment-intensive lands", "Excludes data centres from some zones", "Encourages waste-heat capture and district-heating-ready development nearby" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2023-02-22", "kind": "development plan", "actor": "Fingal County Council", "summary": "Plan encourages data-centre waste-heat reuse and responds to data-centre needs, but steers them away from land suited to employment-intensive uses and excludes them from some zones.", "url": null, "stance": 0 } ] }, { "id": "org:bord-na-mona", "tab": "energy", "label": "Bord na M\u00f3na", "records": 2, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": 1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 2, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 2, "concerns": [ { "key": "renewables", "n": 2, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 2, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "regional", "n": 1, "share": 0.5 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 0.5 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 0.5 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 0.5 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 2 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "BnM believes that further DC development in Ireland can, and should, be facilitated but a more holistic approach that accounts for their impact on network investment requirements, security of supply and additional renewable generation is required.", "speaker": "Bord na M\u00f3na", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-46", "kind": "consultation response" }, { "text": "We firmly believe that Ireland can and should facilitate further DC development and needs to do so in a way that considers the impacts on grid investment", "speaker": "Bord na M\u00f3na", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-48", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Supports growth through co-location with renewables outside Dublin", "points": [ "Backs the proposed decision; wants plan-led growth powered by offshore wind", "Wants annual renewable matching through CPPAs and no islanded sites", "Seeks clarity on new dispatchable generation and connection sequencing" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Bord na M\u00f3na", "summary": "Supports facilitating further data-centre growth via co-location with renewable and dispatchable generation outside Dublin, backs the proposed decision, and wants annual renewable matching and no islanded sites.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-46", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Bord na M\u00f3na", "summary": "Says Ireland can and should facilitate further data-centre development, plan-led and powered by offshore wind, and seeks clarity on dispatchable generation and connection sequencing.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-48", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "org:constant-energy", "tab": "energy", "label": "Constant Energy", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-03", "last": "2025-04-03", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": 1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 1, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "regional", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "We are of the view that it should be possible to directly supply renewable electricity via private wire network, notably in the instance where the System Operator refuses to provide an LEU connection directly to the grid.", "speaker": "Constant Energy", "date": "2025-04-03", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-8", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Wants private-wire renewable supply allowed for data centres", "points": [ "Wants renewable power supplied by private wire where grid connection is refused", "Points to constrained north Mayo, where the grid cannot connect data centres" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-03", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Constant Energy", "summary": "Wants the policy to allow renewable electricity to be supplied to data centres by private wire in constrained north Mayo, where the grid cannot connect them.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-8", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "org:bord-gais-energy", "tab": "energy", "label": "Bord G\u00e1is Energy", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-03", "last": "2025-04-03", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": 1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 1, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "regional", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "We are broadly supportive of the development of Data Centres and recognise their importance in the increasingly digitalised Irish economy.", "speaker": "Bord G\u00e1is Energy", "date": "2025-04-03", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-9", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Broadly supportive, wants data centres steered to renewable-rich areas", "points": [ "Wants government-led fibre rollout so data centres can sit near renewables", "Wants low-carbon storage able to meet the dispatchable generation rule", "Wants new capacity costs shared fairly between data centres and consumers" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-03", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Bord G\u00e1is Energy", "summary": "Broadly supports data centres but wants them steered to renewable-rich areas with fibre, low-carbon storage instead of new gas, and fair cost-sharing with other consumers.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-9", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "org:mark-foley-strategic-solutions", "tab": "energy", "label": "Mark Foley Strategic Solutions", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 2.0, "stanceRecent": 2.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 1 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "ai", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Ireland is facing an existential crisis in respect of the digital economy following three years of stagnation underpinned by an ineffectual interim LEU policy", "speaker": "Mark Foley Strategic Solutions", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-10", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Says draft rules amount to a de facto embargo", "points": [ "Wants data centres free to run on-site gas outside the capacity market", "Wants Gas Networks Ireland to resume data-centre gas connections", "Wants a Government statement on the strategic importance of data centres" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Mark Foley Strategic Solutions", "summary": "Says the draft rules would amount to a de facto embargo; wants on-site gas outside the market, resumed gas connections and Government backing for the digital economy.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-10", "stance": 2 } ] }, { "id": "org:arup", "tab": "energy", "label": "Arup", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 2.0, "stanceRecent": 2.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 1 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "The new policy must be enforced. If an applicant for a connection to the grid meets all the assessment criteria, they must be offered a connection.", "speaker": "Arup", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-11", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Wants guaranteed connections for applicants meeting the criteria", "points": [ "Wants deadlines, penalties and an appeal route for system operators", "Wants the policy limited to data centres of about 5MW or more", "Opposes islanded gas-powered data centres; wants faster energy investment" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Arup", "summary": "Wants applicants meeting the criteria guaranteed a connection, deadlines and appeals, lighter generation duties, and faster energy investment; opposes islanded gas-powered data centres.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-11", "stance": 2 } ] }, { "id": "org:reverve-energy", "tab": "energy", "label": "Reverve Energy", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": 1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 1, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "It is not appropriate to target one sector of the economy and to label their energy consumption as inappropriate or excessive.", "speaker": "Reverve Energy", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-14", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Opposes singling out data centres; calls criteria too onerous", "points": [ "Wants the connection policy applied to all large energy users", "Wants market rewards for flexibility and regulated private wires", "Favours siting near offshore wind" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Reverve Energy", "summary": "Opposes singling out data centres, calls the connection criteria too onerous, and wants flexibility markets, private wires and siting near offshore wind.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-14", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "org:esb-generation-trading", "tab": "energy", "label": "ESB Generation & Trading", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": 1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 1, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Anticipatory grid investments should be considered to enable longer term growth of Data Centres and other types of demand that are consistent with national policy objectives.", "speaker": "ESB Generation & Trading", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-15", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Welcomes connections within coordinated policy, seeks regulatory certainty", "points": [ "Wants the generation rule's impact on markets and consumer costs assessed", "Favours renewable matching through corporate PPAs", "Wants a clear definition of a data centre and anticipatory grid investment" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "ESB Generation & Trading", "summary": "Welcomes facilitating data-centre connections within coordinated policy but wants regulatory certainty, renewable matching via CPPAs, and assessment of the generation requirement's impact on electricity markets and consumer costs.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-15", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "org:lumcloon-energy", "tab": "energy", "label": "Lumcloon Energy", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 2.0, "stanceRecent": 2.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 1 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "To attract more investment in Ireland's data centre business, policies should be more marketdriven, offering incentives for sustainable practices and ensuring quicker project approvals.", "speaker": "Lumcloon Energy", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-19", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Says connection rules burden developers and risk investment abroad", "points": [ "Wants faster grid reinforcement and fast-tracked permits for data centres", "Wants phased compliance with on-site generation requirements", "Favours market-driven policy with incentives for sustainable practices" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Lumcloon Energy", "summary": "Says connection requirements burden developers and risk sending projects overseas; wants faster grid expansion, streamlined permits and a market-driven policy to attract data-centre investment.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-19", "stance": 2 } ] }, { "id": "org:mission-critical-e2", "tab": "energy", "label": "Mission Critical e2", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 2.0, "stanceRecent": 2.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 1 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "In doing so we specifically acknowledge the urgency around bringing an end to the current moratorium in respect of Data Centres in Ireland and the need for Ireland to have an enduring and credible policy framework", "speaker": "Mission Critical e2", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-22", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Wants the data-centre moratorium ended", "points": [ "Says the constrained-area test would effectively keep the moratorium", "Calls the ramping rule unworkable; wants gas connection limits removed", "Wants the proposed private wire policy implemented promptly" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Mission Critical e2", "summary": "Urges ending the data-centre moratorium; says the constrained-area test would effectively keep it, calls the ramping rule unworkable, and wants gas connection constraints removed.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-22", "stance": 2 } ] }, { "id": "org:hitachi-energy", "tab": "energy", "label": "Hitachi Energy", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": 1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 1, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Data centres could transition from being heavy energy consumers to active contributors to grid stability and sustainability.", "speaker": "Hitachi Energy", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-27", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Wants data centres to support grid stability", "points": [ "Says data-centre demand strains Ireland's grid", "Wants on-site batteries, energy management, renewables and hydrogen fuel cells" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Hitachi Energy", "summary": "Says data-centre demand strains Ireland's grid and that data centres should self-generate, use renewables, batteries and hydrogen to support grid stability.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-27", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "org:energytag", "tab": "energy", "label": "EnergyTag", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 0.0, "stanceRecent": 0.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 1, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "requiring a robust pathway to real-time Net Zero, which permits load growth provided it is matched with a given level of clean electricity supply on an hourly basis", "speaker": "EnergyTag", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-31", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Wants growth only if matched hourly by clean power", "points": [ "Wants new load matched hourly with new Irish clean electricity", "Wants hourly emissions and renewable reporting for new data centres now", "Proposes a glide path: 80% by 2030, 100% by 2035" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "EnergyTag", "summary": "Wants data-centre load growth allowed only if matched hourly with new Irish clean power, with hourly reporting now and a net-zero glide path to 2035.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-31", "stance": 0 } ] }, { "id": "org:re24", "tab": "energy", "label": "RE24", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": 1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 1, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Instead of mandating on-site generation, RE24 advocates for demand response programs and hourly-matched renewable energy procurement through PPAs, which would reduce strain on the grid without requiring additional infrastructure.", "speaker": "RE24", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-32", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Prefers hourly-matched renewable PPAs to an on-site generation mandate", "points": [ "Backs the CRU's demand-flexibility and reporting proposals", "Wants published grid capacity heatmaps and forecasts", "Wants a 5 MW minimum threshold and fewer regulatory burdens" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "RE24", "summary": "Backs the CRU's demand-flexibility and reporting proposals but opposes the on-site generation mandate, preferring hourly-matched renewable PPAs and fewer regulatory burdens on data centres.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-32", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "org:mainspring-energy", "tab": "energy", "label": "Mainspring Energy", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": 1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 1, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "We urge CRU to adopt flexible final regulations that recognize behind-the-meter generation, encourage clean fuel readiness, and enable transitional commissioning pathways.", "speaker": "Mainspring Energy", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-33", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Backs bring-your-own-capacity model, wants more flexibility", "points": [ "Wants temporary exemptions from wholesale-market participation for on-site generation", "Wants interim islanded operation allowed during commissioning", "Wants behind-the-meter generation counted toward import capacity" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Mainspring Energy", "summary": "Supports the CRU's bring-your-own-capacity model but wants flexibility, including exemptions from wholesale-market participation and interim islanded operation, to speed data-centre deployment.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-33", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "org:hydrogen-ireland", "tab": "energy", "label": "Hydrogen Ireland", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": 1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 1, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "regional", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Hydrogen Ireland supports the development of data centres in Ireland while ensuring they contribute to Ireland's climate ambitions and renewable energy targets.", "speaker": "Hydrogen Ireland", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-35", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Supports data centres that meet climate and renewable targets", "points": [ "Wants a net-zero or 100% renewable pathway for data centres by 2040", "Wants on-site thermal generation ready for hydrogen", "Wants plan-led locational signals and energy hubs for new large users" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Hydrogen Ireland", "summary": "Supports data-centre development if it contributes to climate and renewable targets, backing hydrogen-ready on-site generation, a 2040 net-zero pathway and plan-led locational signals.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-35", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "org:futurenergy-ireland", "tab": "energy", "label": "FuturEnergy Ireland", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 0.0, "stanceRecent": 0.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 1, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "regional", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Supports efforts to encourage new load to locate in closer proximity to regions with abundant renewable resources, maximising the use of clean energy and minimising the burden on an already strained transmission grid", "speaker": "FuturEnergy Ireland", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-36", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "No view on growth; wants load steered to renewables", "points": [ "Wants any data-centre load growth under a State-led strategic plan", "Wants new load sited in renewable-rich regions to ease the grid", "Wants private wire connections for new large energy users" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "FuturEnergy Ireland", "summary": "Takes no view on how much data centres should grow; wants new load steered to renewable-rich regions under a State-led plan that complies with the Climate Act.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-36", "stance": 0 } ] }, { "id": "org:engineers-ireland", "tab": "energy", "label": "Engineers Ireland", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": 1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 1, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "There is an obligation to support all customer connections, particularly those which have a positive impact on Ireland\u2019s economy as is the case with data centres.", "speaker": "Engineers Ireland", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-37", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Says data centres benefit the economy; wants connections supported", "points": [ "Wants terminated 2021\u20132024 distribution applications reconsidered", "Wants retail data centres under 20MW exempted from strict rules", "Wants immediate Dublin grid investment; asks CRU to address Climate Act limits" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Engineers Ireland", "summary": "Says data centres benefit the economy; wants terminated distribution applications reconsidered, smaller retail sites exempted, urgent Dublin grid investment, and CRU to address its Climate Act limits.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-37", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "org:siemens-energy", "tab": "energy", "label": "Siemens Energy", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 2.0, "stanceRecent": 2.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 1 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "ai", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "AI is driving a new wave of data centre investment globally; it is essential that Ireland captures a share of this investment. The alternative is the stagnation and withering of Ireland\u2019s critical IT sector.", "speaker": "Siemens Energy", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-39", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Says Ireland must capture AI-driven data-centre investment", "points": [ "Favours efficient combined-cycle gas generation at data centres", "Wants on-site generation able to supply sites during grid failures", "Wants each connection assessed on a site-specific basis" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Siemens Energy", "summary": "Calls data centres an opportunity Ireland must capture amid AI-driven investment; favours efficient on-site gas generation and site-by-site assessment of connections.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-39", "stance": 2 } ] }, { "id": "org:simply-blue-group", "tab": "energy", "label": "Simply Blue Group", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 0.0, "stanceRecent": 0.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 1, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "However, it is important that these policies ensure that future development is undertaken in a sustainable manner, that does not increase costs for other customer cohorts nor undermine Ireland achieving other policy objectives and Ireland\u2019s legally binding climate targets.", "speaker": "Simply Blue Group", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-40", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Wants decarbonisation built into data-centre connection policy", "points": [ "Sees economic benefits but wants no extra costs for other customers", "Wants a glide path to 24/7 renewable matching for large users", "Asks the CRU to explain its reading of the Climate Act" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Simply Blue Group", "summary": "Sees economic benefits from data centres but wants decarbonisation built into connection policy, including a glide path to 24/7 renewable matching, without raising others' costs.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-40", "stance": 0 } ] }, { "id": "org:fingleton-white", "tab": "energy", "label": "Fingleton White", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": 1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 1, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "The current model, which mandates separately metered onsite or proximate generation, imposes unnecessary financial and operational burdens on data centres.", "speaker": "Fingleton White", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-41", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Wants a simpler, less prescriptive connection process", "points": [ "Says separately metered on-site generation burdens data centres", "Wants data centres paid for flexibility and grid support", "Says large users should not bear an undue share of net-zero costs" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Fingleton White", "summary": "Wants a streamlined, less prescriptive connection process, paid flexibility, and direct on-site generation links, saying large energy users should not bear an undue share of net-zero costs.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-41", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "org:statkraft", "tab": "energy", "label": "Statkraft", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 2.0, "stanceRecent": 2.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 1 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "regional", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Data centres have become a critical pillar of Ireland\u2019s digital economy, attracting multinational technology firms, driving foreign direct investment (FDI), and supporting high-value employment.", "speaker": "Statkraft", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-47", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Sees data centres as key buyers of offshore wind", "points": [ "Calls data centres a critical pillar of the digital economy", "Wants a workable private wires policy and priority access near renewables", "Opposes any maximum distance between CPPA buyer and generator" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Statkraft", "summary": "Calls data centres a critical pillar of the digital economy and key offtakers for offshore wind; wants private wires, faster connections near renewables, and no added locational barriers.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-47", "stance": 2 } ] }, { "id": "org:electricity-association-of-ireland", "tab": "energy", "label": "Electricity Association of Ireland", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": 1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 1, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "any future connection policy should recognise the strategic role of data centres in enabling innovation, supporting decarbonisation, and strengthening the overall resilience of the energy system", "speaker": "Electricity Association of Ireland", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-49", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Supports the proposal's main elements; wants more grid investment", "points": [ "Recognises data centres' role in innovation, decarbonisation and resilience", "Wants anonymised data-centre demand data shared with the sector", "Seeks clarity on capacity market and consumer cost impacts" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Electricity Association of Ireland", "summary": "Recognises data centres' economic and decarbonisation role, supports main elements of the proposal, and seeks more grid investment, clarity on market impacts and shared anonymised demand data.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-49", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "org:ep-uk-investments", "tab": "energy", "label": "EP UK Investments", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": 1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 1, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "EPUKI supports the development of data centres on the island of Ireland and the economic benefits and opportunities that they bring. Ineffective or inefficient rules around data centre connection will hinder the development and delivery of these projects.", "speaker": "EP UK Investments", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-52", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Supports data centres; opposes mandated market-participating generation", "points": [ "Calls onsite generation that must join the market impractical and anti-competitive", "Wants transmission investment and data-centre demand in capacity auctions", "Wants auction price cap reviewed if data-centre generation must participate" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "EP UK Investments", "summary": "Supports data-centre development but says requiring market-participating onsite generation is impractical and anti-competitive; prefers network investment and capacity market signals to meet demand.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-52", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "org:wind-energy-ireland", "tab": "energy", "label": "Wind Energy Ireland", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": 1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 1, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Clear policy direction is needed to reassure investors that Ireland supports data centre expansion while requiring them to lead in decarbonising the power sector.", "speaker": "Wind Energy Ireland", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-55", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Supports expansion if data centres lead decarbonisation", "points": [ "Wants a glide path to 24/7 hourly renewable matching restored", "Wants strict co-location of storage or generation dropped", "Wants an owner and timeline for the government's comprehensive plan" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Wind Energy Ireland", "summary": "Supports data-centre expansion with a requirement to lead decarbonisation, asking the CRU to restore a glide path to hourly renewable matching and give storage a clearer role.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-55", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "org:sbm-offshore", "tab": "energy", "label": "SBM Offshore", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": 1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 1, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Utilising such generation technology has the potential to relieve pressure on the electrical system associated with large energy users.", "speaker": "SBM Offshore", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-58", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Proposes floating gas power with carbon capture near large users", "points": [ "Says its floating units could relieve grid pressure from large users", "Asks to be consulted on identifying constrained regions" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "SBM Offshore", "summary": "Proposes its floating gas-turbine power units with carbon capture, sited near large energy users, to relieve grid pressure, and asks to be consulted on constrained regions.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-58", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "org:mayo-renewable", "tab": "energy", "label": "Mayo Renewable", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": 1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 1, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "regional", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "CRU and EirGrid should adopt policies to allow for the development of behind the meter power systems for large energy users, including base load power that can help to maintain Irish energy security.", "speaker": "Mayo Renewable", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-59", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Wants behind-the-meter power allowed for large energy users", "points": [ "Cites its Mayo biomass power park as a model outside Dublin", "Proposes a public-private partnership for behind-the-meter distributed energy", "Wants clear rules supporting behind-the-meter generation projects" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Mayo Renewable", "summary": "Wants the CRU and EirGrid to allow behind-the-meter dispatchable power for large energy users, citing its Mayo biomass power park as a model outside Dublin.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-59", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "org:ireland-electrified", "tab": "energy", "label": "Ireland Electrified", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": null, "stanceRecent": null, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 0, "concerns": [ { "key": "fairness", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Connection policy should recognise electrification as more than just new demand, but as a source of flexibility to enable a net zero future.", "speaker": "Ireland Electrified", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-61", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "States no data-centre view; seeks flexible connections for electrification", "points": [ "Wants electrification of heat and transport treated as flexible demand", "Wants priority for projects near renewables that offer flexibility", "Wants dynamic charging rewarding use in high-renewable hours" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Ireland Electrified", "summary": "Asks that connection policy treat electrification of heat and transport as flexible demand and offer flexible connections; does not state a view on data centres.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-61", "stance": null } ] }, { "id": "org:captured-carbon", "tab": "energy", "label": "Captured Carbon", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 2.0, "stanceRecent": 2.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 1 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Whilst data centre demand growth must not create system security issues, Ireland must present itself as an attractive investment opportunity for these connections.", "speaker": "Captured Carbon", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-64", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Calls the onsite generation requirement overly onerous", "points": [ "Wants Ireland kept attractive for data-centre investment", "Wants generation required only for larger applications at constrained nodes", "Wants renewable-charged storage allowed to meet the dispatchable requirement" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Captured Carbon", "summary": "Says the onsite generation requirement is overly onerous and will raise barriers to data-centre development; wants Ireland attractive for investment and connection policy that prioritises renewables.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-64", "stance": 2 } ] }, { "id": "org:fluence-energy", "tab": "energy", "label": "Fluence Energy", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": 1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 1, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "regional", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Overall, we support the proposed decision and the requirements for DCs to obtain a firm import connection. However, some of the requirements are currently very high-level and need more detail", "speaker": "Fluence Energy", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-66", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Supports the proposed decision; seeks more detail", "points": [ "Backs firm import connections for data centres", "Wants clarity that new dispatchable generation is required", "Wants de-rating fixed before planning and locational tariff signals" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Fluence Energy", "summary": "Supports the proposed decision and firm connections for data centres, asking for more detail on generation, battery storage and locational tariff signals to enable timely development.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-66", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "org:rengen-power", "tab": "energy", "label": "Rengen Power", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 2.0, "stanceRecent": 2.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 1 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "A policy that inadvertently discourages LEU investment risks undercutting the very renewable growth needed for a low-carbon future, ultimately stalling progress on Ireland\u2019s climate commitments.", "speaker": "Rengen Power", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-67", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Warns strict connection rules could deter renewable-backing investment", "points": [ "Says data centres underpin corporate PPAs for new renewables", "Wants constrained-area connections where sites prove grid-support flexibility", "Prefers transitional net-zero pathways over real-time net zero" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Rengen Power", "summary": "Says data centres underpin corporate PPAs for new renewables and warns overly strict connection rules could deter investment; wants flexible, grid-supportive connection pathways.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-67", "stance": 2 } ] }, { "id": "org:edf-renewables-ireland", "tab": "energy", "label": "EDF Renewables Ireland", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 0.0, "stanceRecent": 0.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 1, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "regional", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "We believe that the proposed CRU approach to allow new data centres to proceed is acceptable, however, on the condition that they demonstrate a net zero carbon overall impact on the system, right from the beginning.", "speaker": "EDF Renewables Ireland", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-69", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Accepts new data centres if net zero from the start", "points": [ "Wants new data centres on renewable power, ideally 100%", "Wants storage mandated alongside renewables at data centres", "Wants data centres to contribute to grid upgrades" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "EDF Renewables Ireland", "summary": "Says data centres are acceptable if powered by renewables; wants mandatory on-site renewables or PPAs, storage, grid contributions and net-zero system impact from the start.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-69", "stance": 0 } ] }, { "id": "org:parkwind-oriel-wind-farm", "tab": "energy", "label": "Parkwind (Oriel Wind Farm)", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": 1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 1, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Ireland\u2019s large and untapped offshore wind energy resource can be used to leverage significant further economic gains by providing a source of green energy for high value industrial sectors including data centres, presenting a win-win opportunity for Ireland.", "speaker": "Parkwind (Oriel Wind Farm)", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-70", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Welcomes the proposal; says offshore wind can power data centres", "points": [ "Wants connection priority for users with new-renewable CPPAs", "Wants constrained-area access where new renewables relieve the constraint", "Wants a clear policy for processing data-centre grid connections" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Parkwind (Oriel Wind Farm)", "summary": "Welcomes the proposal and says offshore wind can power data centres; wants connection priority and constrained-area access for data centres backed by new-renewable CPPAs.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-70", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "org:ntr", "tab": "energy", "label": "NTR", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 2.0, "stanceRecent": 2.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 1 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Without such amendments, the policy risks reimposing a de facto moratorium, undermining the Government\u2019s digital economy ambitions and missing an opportunity to leverage private-sector innovation in clean energy.", "speaker": "NTR", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-71", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Says draft rules risk a de facto moratorium", "points": [ "Wants mandatory market participation for on-site generation dropped", "Wants site-specific assessment rather than geographic constraint areas", "Wants milestone-based ramp-up instead of a linear one" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "NTR", "summary": "Supports enabling data-centre connections but says SEM-participation, location and ramping rules risk a de facto moratorium; wants flexibility-based, site-specific assessment instead.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-71", "stance": 2 } ] }, { "id": "org:esb-customer-solutions", "tab": "energy", "label": "ESB Customer Solutions", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": 1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 1, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "As a result, notwithstanding the costs incurred to connect and supply a DC, the net impact of data centres on electricity prices is to reduce them for all system users.", "speaker": "ESB Customer Solutions", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-72", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Wants a clear framework to keep data-centre investment coming", "points": [ "Argues data centres lower electricity prices for other users overall", "Wants anonymised market intelligence findings published", "Backs a network-wide heatmap of current and future grid capacity" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "ESB Customer Solutions", "summary": "Wants a clear connection framework to keep data-centre investment coming, argues data centres lower electricity prices for other users, and backs published grid capacity heatmaps.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-72", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "org:energia", "tab": "energy", "label": "Energia", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": 1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 1, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "ai", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Furthermore, expedited grid delivery by ESB and EirGrid is a necessity to support decarbonisation and continued competitiveness of our economy and the expansion and growth of Ireland\u2019s digital economy.", "speaker": "Energia", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-74", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Welcomes the policy as a connection pathway for data centres", "points": [ "Wants expedited grid delivery by ESB and EirGrid", "Wants an enduring policy developed with industry", "Wants principled, site-specific connection assessment by EirGrid" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Energia", "summary": "Welcomes the proposed policy as a pathway for data centres to connect, and calls for faster grid delivery and an enduring policy developed with industry.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-74", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "org:clark-energy", "tab": "energy", "label": "Clark Energy", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 2.0, "stanceRecent": 2.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 1 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Therefore, an option to open-up new connection agreements in the Dublin region is required, something this policy does not facilitate.", "speaker": "Clark Energy", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-75", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Wants new connections allowed in constrained Dublin areas", "points": [ "Says data centres are vital to Ireland's economy", "Wants onsite gas generation sizing set by local grid needs", "Wants detailed colour-coded maps of constrained grid areas" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Clark Energy", "summary": "Says data centres are vital to Ireland's economy and wants new connections allowed in constrained Dublin areas, flexible onsite gas generation and clearer constraint maps.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-75", "stance": 2 } ] }, { "id": "org:finsbury-infrastructure", "tab": "energy", "label": "Finsbury Infrastructure", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": 1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 1, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "This approach imposes an undue capital expenditure burden on developers, necessitating overbuilding of onsite generation capacity.", "speaker": "Finsbury Infrastructure", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-77", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Seeks clarity on onsite generation rules for data centres", "points": [ "Calls capacity-market de-rating factors punitive, risking gas-fired overbuild", "Wants onsite generation allowed in full from day one", "Asks whether battery storage counts as onsite generation" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Finsbury Infrastructure", "summary": "Seeks clarity on onsite generation rules for data centres and says capacity-market de-rating factors are overly punitive and could lead to gas-fired overbuild.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-77", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "org:greengate-biogas", "tab": "energy", "label": "Greengate Biogas", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": null, "stanceRecent": null, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 0, "concerns": [ { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Greengate Biogas urges the CRU to consider inserting an explicit exclusion for biomethane plants, should the scope of the LEU Connection Policy be changed to include other LEUs", "speaker": "Greengate Biogas", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-78", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Wants biomethane plants excluded from the large-user policy", "points": [ "Asks for an explicit biomethane exclusion if the policy's scope widens", "Asks how the EU ETS interacts with the policy", "States no view on which other users the policy should cover" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Greengate Biogas", "summary": "Asks the CRU to exclude biomethane plants from the large energy user connection policy; states no view on which other users it should cover.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-78", "stance": null } ] }, { "id": "org:dublin-city-university", "tab": "experts", "label": "Dublin City University", "records": 2, "speakers": 2, "first": "2021-09-28", "last": "2021-10-05", "stance": -1.0, "stanceRecent": null, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 1, "-1": 0, "0": 1, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 2, "concerns": [ { "key": "gas", "n": 2, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 2, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 0.5 }, { "key": "regional", "n": 1, "share": 0.5 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 0.5 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "committee", 2 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "The first thing to do regarding data centres, given the number of them locating here, is to manage the situation. A fair share of data centres is not a bad idea.", "speaker": "James Carton", "date": "2021-09-28", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-09-28/2/", "kind": "committee" }, { "text": "Given the related, very near-term impact on the stability of the electricity grid, I consider that there is a strong argument for an immediate moratorium on such expansion", "speaker": "Barry McMullin", "date": "2021-10-05", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-10-05/2/", "kind": "committee" } ], "headline": "Academics split between managed growth and a moratorium", "points": [ "James Carton wants a fair share, with location and waste-heat conditions", "Barry McMullin seeks an immediate moratorium until carbon budgets are set", "Both favour renewable or green-hydrogen backup power instead of gas" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2021-10-05", "kind": "committee", "actor": "Barry McMullin", "summary": "Argues for an immediate, at least temporary, moratorium on data-centre expansion until carbon budgets and a pathway to cut emissions are in place, citing grid stability.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-10-05/2/", "stance": -2 }, { "date": "2021-09-28", "kind": "committee", "actor": "James Carton", "summary": "Says data centres should be managed to a fair share, with conditions on location, waste heat and renewable or green-hydrogen backup instead of gas turbines.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-09-28/2/", "stance": 0 } ] }, { "id": "org:queen-s-university", "tab": "experts", "label": "Queen's University", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2021-09-28", "last": "2021-09-28", "stance": -1.0, "stanceRecent": null, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 1, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "committee", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Thinking about whether we need things like data centres has to be part of the conversation. We should not just be talking about getting to 100% renewable energy.", "speaker": "Kyla Tienhaara", "date": "2021-09-28", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-09-28/2/", "kind": "committee" } ], "headline": "Says the need for data centres should be questioned", "points": [ "Spoke mainly on the Energy Charter Treaty at a 2021 committee", "Says data centres may not be essential for a just transition", "Wants energy demand cut, not only a move to 100% renewables" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2021-09-28", "kind": "committee", "actor": "Kyla Tienhaara", "summary": "Mainly addresses the Energy Charter Treaty; says data centres may not be essential for a just transition and their need should be questioned while reducing energy demand.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-09-28/2/", "stance": -1 } ] }, { "id": "org:maynooth-university", "tab": "experts", "label": "Maynooth University", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2021-09-28", "last": "2021-09-28", "stance": -2.0, "stanceRecent": null, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 1, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "water", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "committee", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "The idea is not to stop them forever but to have a moratorium to give enough space for there to be adequate research into the costs and benefits of data centres", "speaker": "Patrick Bresnihan", "date": "2021-09-28", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-09-28/2/", "kind": "committee" } ], "headline": "Backs a moratorium until costs and benefits are researched", "points": [ "Says data centres strain grid security, climate targets and water", "Says the job benefits are unclear", "Wants data centres to supply own energy and be taxed for infrastructure use" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2021-09-28", "kind": "committee", "actor": "Patrick Bresnihan", "summary": "Says data centres strain grid security, climate targets and water, with unclear job benefits, and backs a moratorium until renewables and mitigation measures are in place.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-09-28/2/", "stance": -2 } ] }, { "id": "org:cement-manufacturers-ireland", "tab": "industry", "label": "Cement Manufacturers Ireland", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": null, "stanceRecent": null, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 0, "concerns": [ { "key": "fairness", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Our member\u2019s welcome the proposal that this policy should apply \u2018exclusively to all data centres seeking to connect to the electricity network\u2019.", "speaker": "Cement Manufacturers Ireland", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-16", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Wants connection policy kept to data centres only", "points": [ "Welcomes the policy applying only to data centres, not other large users", "Wants cement carbon-capture electricity demand recognised in grid planning", "Asks for cement factories' grid connections to be upgraded" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Cement Manufacturers Ireland", "summary": "Welcomes the policy applying only to data centres, not other large users, and wants future cement-sector carbon-capture electricity demand recognised in grid planning.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-16", "stance": null } ] }, { "id": "org:bitpower", "tab": "industry", "label": "Bitpower", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 2.0, "stanceRecent": 2.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 1 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "The policy needs to lead to a means to deliver on these projects if Ireland is to restore its reputation as a leader in this field.", "speaker": "Bitpower", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-18", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Wants paused data-centre connections unlocked now", "points": [ "Says data centres are under 3% of emissions and Ireland needs a bigger grid", "Wants smaller developments unlocked and paused gas applications progressed", "Opposes mandating market-participating generation; wants flexibility as an incentivised product" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Bitpower", "summary": "Says data centres are under 3% of emissions and Ireland needs a bigger grid; wants paused connections unlocked and opposes requiring data centres to run market-participating generation.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-18", "stance": 2 } ] }, { "id": "org:cork-chamber", "tab": "industry", "label": "Cork Chamber", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": 1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 1, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "regional", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Ireland is already a hub for the European tech sector, and facilitating the further growth of the sector in the form of data centres and other investments should be supported to maintain Ireland\u2019s reputation in this regard", "speaker": "Cork Chamber", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-20", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Supports data-centre growth and wants Cork's grid built out", "points": [ "Supports connections for jobs and investment, aligned with climate goals", "Wants Cork's grid developed as an alternative to Dublin", "Opposes excluding constrained areas entirely; favours renewables for new users" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Cork Chamber", "summary": "Supports facilitating data-centre connections for jobs and investment, favours renewables and climate alignment, and wants the grid built out so Cork can host new data centres.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-20", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "org:digital-infrastructure-ireland", "tab": "industry", "label": "Digital Infrastructure Ireland", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 2.0, "stanceRecent": 2.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 1 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "The CRU decision needs to facilitate grid connections in the Greater Dublin Area, which is where the data centre industry operates.", "speaker": "Digital Infrastructure Ireland", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-24", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Wants grid connections reopened in the Dublin area", "points": [ "Says the draft keeps a de facto embargo on Dublin", "Wants a task force for stranded projects and a 'Grid 2.0' plan", "Wants dispatchable generation and flexibility market-led, not mandated" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Digital Infrastructure Ireland", "summary": "Says the draft keeps a de-facto embargo on Dublin; wants growth allowed there, stranded projects prioritised, no mandated market-participating generation, and a long-term 'Grid 2.0' capacity plan.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-24", "stance": 2 } ] }, { "id": "org:enginenode", "tab": "industry", "label": "EngineNode", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 2.0, "stanceRecent": 2.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 1 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Continuing with the effective moratorium on data centre grid connections in the greater Dublin area for the foreseeable future (to 2030) will, in practical terms, mean the end of the industry here.", "speaker": "EngineNode", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-28", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Wants Dublin grid and gas connections for data centres now", "points": [ "Wants the blanket 'constrained' status of the greater Dublin area removed", "Wants applications terminated after the 2021 decision reinstated and prioritised", "Says continued restrictions will push investment out of Ireland" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "EngineNode", "summary": "Wants grid and gas connections for data centres in the greater Dublin area now, saying continued restrictions will push investment out of Ireland.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-28", "stance": 2 } ] }, { "id": "org:cloud-infrastructure-ireland", "tab": "industry", "label": "Cloud Infrastructure Ireland", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 2.0, "stanceRecent": 2.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 1 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "It is critical for Dublin that cloud providers can continue to meet the demand for digital services in the vicinity of the capital. An option to open up new connection agreements in currently constrained regions is therefore needed.", "speaker": "Cloud Infrastructure Ireland", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-38", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Wants new connections allowed in constrained Dublin", "points": [ "Calls requiring data centres to bring generation atypical in Europe", "Wants no spatial limit on the generation or storage obligation", "Wants renewable PPAs counted towards the generation obligation" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Cloud Infrastructure Ireland", "summary": "Calls the requirement for data centres to bring generation atypical in Europe; wants new connections allowed in constrained Dublin, flexible generation siting, and renewables counted.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-38", "stance": 2 } ] }, { "id": "org:cyrusone", "tab": "industry", "label": "CyrusOne", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 2.0, "stanceRecent": 2.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 1 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "This approach will release hundreds of millions of Euros of investment capital immediately. Moreover it will send a strong positive signal to the outside world, especially the FDI community, that Ireland has reopened for business, without over-promising.", "speaker": "CyrusOne", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-43", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Wants firm power prioritised for consented, advanced projects", "points": [ "Says the de facto moratorium left its Dublin site at 25% capacity", "Wants advanced projects distinguished from speculative ones", "Says this would release investment and signal Ireland is open" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "CyrusOne", "summary": "Says the de facto moratorium left its Dublin site at 25% of planned capacity; asks CRU to prioritise firm power for consented, advanced projects.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-43", "stance": 2 } ] }, { "id": "org:ibec", "tab": "industry", "label": "Ibec", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 2.0, "stanceRecent": 2.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 1 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "ai", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Therefore, an option to open-up new connection agreements in the Dublin region is required, something this policy does not facilitate.", "speaker": "Ibec", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-45", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Says data centres are vital; wants Dublin connections reopened", "points": [ "Wants new connection agreements allowed in the constrained Dublin region", "Wants early re-engagement with developers whose applications were cancelled", "Wants generation sizing set according to local grid needs" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Ibec", "summary": "Says data centres are vital to Ireland's competitiveness; wants new connections opened in constrained Dublin, early re-engagement with cancelled projects, and more flexible generation requirements.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-45", "stance": 2 } ] }, { "id": "org:american-chamber-of-commerce-ireland", "tab": "industry", "label": "American Chamber of Commerce Ireland", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": 1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 1, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Recognising the significant contribution of data centres and other LEUs to the Irish economy, any policy must facilitate sustainable growth and avoid unnecessary barriers to investment", "speaker": "American Chamber of Commerce Ireland", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-50", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Wants policy to support investment and avoid barriers", "points": [ "Warns 1:1 dispatchable generation may be unfeasible and raise fossil reliance", "Wants a minimum import threshold to spare smaller data centres", "Wants standard demand flexibility programmes developed with industry" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "American Chamber of Commerce Ireland", "summary": "Wants policy to support data-centre investment and avoid barriers, warning the 1:1 dispatchable generation requirement may be unfeasible and increase reliance on fossil fuel generation.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-50", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "org:south-dublin-chamber", "tab": "industry", "label": "South Dublin Chamber", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 2.0, "stanceRecent": 2.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 1 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "deep concerns for the future of the economic growth and sustainability of our county if high energy users are not facilitated with the connectivity to energy that they need for their business", "speaker": "South Dublin Chamber", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-51", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Wants immediate grid connections for Dublin colocation data centres", "points": [ "Says South Dublin's economy depends on power for high energy users", "Wants immediate distribution connections for retail colocation data centres", "Wants high energy users recognised in economic strategy" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "South Dublin Chamber", "summary": "Says South Dublin's economy depends on high energy users getting power connections, and wants retail colocation data centres in Dublin given immediate distribution grid connections.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-51", "stance": 2 } ] }, { "id": "org:keppel-data-centres", "tab": "industry", "label": "Keppel Data Centres", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 2.0, "stanceRecent": 2.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 1 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Our need to grow at our existing locations is being prevented by lack of engagement from the DSO.", "speaker": "Keppel Data Centres", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-79", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Says growth at its existing Dublin sites is blocked", "points": [ "Wants moderate capacity increases at existing sites, case by case", "Wants the policy applied only to new connections over 10 MW", "Wants Gas Networks Ireland to process gas applications immediately" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Keppel Data Centres", "summary": "Says its growth at existing Dublin sites is blocked and asks for moderate capacity increases, a 10 MW threshold and flexible, case-by-case connection criteria.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-79", "stance": 2 } ] }, { "id": "gov-2025", "tab": "parties", "label": "Government 2025\u2013 (FF\u2013FG\u2013Ind.)", "records": 199, "speakers": 16, "first": "2025-02-13", "last": "2026-10-01", "stance": 0.9, "stanceRecent": 0.9, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 12, "1": 107, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 119, "concerns": [ { "key": "grid", "n": 83, "share": 0.417 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 79, "share": 0.397 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 66, "share": 0.332 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 61, "share": 0.307 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 49, "share": 0.246 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 49, "share": 0.246 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 24, "share": 0.121 }, { "key": "heat", "n": 23, "share": 0.116 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 23, "share": 0.116 }, { "key": "ai", "n": 19, "share": 0.095 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 14, "share": 0.07 }, { "key": "water", "n": 12, "share": 0.06 }, { "key": "regional", "n": 10, "share": 0.05 }, { "key": "security", "n": 9, "share": 0.045 }, { "key": "tax", "n": 5, "share": 0.025 }, { "key": "local", "n": 3, "share": 0.015 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "written question", 181 ], [ "oral question", 15 ], [ "debate", 3 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "A key objective of LEAP is to ensure that electricity customers, including households, are not exposed to costs associated with infrastructure developed specifically for large energy users.", "speaker": "Darragh O'Brien", "date": "2026-09-17", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-17/54/", "kind": "written question" }, { "text": "If we are going to breathe life into the five projects on the east coast, which will produce a total of 5 GW, we are going to need large energy users.", "speaker": "Peter Burke", "date": "2026-09-22", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-22/2/", "kind": "oral question" } ], "headline": "Backs data centres within energy, climate and cost limits", "points": [ "Says data centres underpin jobs, tax and investment; opposes sector-specific taxes", "Leaves connection rules to the CRU; LEAP aims to shield households from costs", "Prioritises waste heat for district heating and is transposing EU reporting rules" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2026-10-01", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Helen McEntee", "summary": "Says governments must balance energy affordability and sustainability with needed digital infrastructure, and data-centre energy demand must fit security, affordability and climate goals.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-10-01/19/", "stance": 0 }, { "date": "2026-09-29", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Simon Harris", "summary": "Says extra sector-specific taxes could harm Ireland's tax attractiveness, data centres are fundamental to the economy, and energy challenges are addressed through LEAP and grid investment.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-29/175/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2026-09-22", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Peter Burke", "summary": "Defends the KPMG report as an economic study, not a cost-benefit analysis, declines to publish drafts, and says data centres meeting renewable rules help finance offshore wind.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-22/2/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2026-09-22", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Niamh Smyth", "summary": "Says data centres enable about \u20ac100 billion in value, many jobs and tax revenue, and that digital infrastructure is key to AI adoption and attracting investment.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-22/213/", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "gov-2020", "tab": "parties", "label": "Government 2020\u201325 (FF\u2013FG\u2013Green)", "records": 158, "speakers": 26, "first": "2020-07-14", "last": "2024-11-06", "stance": 0.84, "stanceRecent": null, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 1, "0": 33, "1": 56, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 90, "concerns": [ { "key": "grid", "n": 69, "share": 0.437 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 67, "share": 0.424 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 44, "share": 0.278 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 39, "share": 0.247 }, { "key": "regional", "n": 38, "share": 0.241 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 26, "share": 0.165 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 19, "share": 0.12 }, { "key": "ai", "n": 18, "share": 0.114 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 17, "share": 0.108 }, { "key": "security", "n": 14, "share": 0.089 }, { "key": "heat", "n": 11, "share": 0.07 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 10, "share": 0.063 }, { "key": "tax", "n": 6, "share": 0.038 }, { "key": "local", "n": 6, "share": 0.038 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 1, "share": 0.006 }, { "key": "water", "n": 1, "share": 0.006 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "written question", 144 ], [ "oral question", 9 ], [ "debate", 4 ], [ "ministerial direction", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "We need to find a way that we can make the data centres work for the economy, but also work for our climate targets and our security of electricity supply.", "speaker": "Ossian Smyth", "date": "2024-07-04", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/seanad/2024-07-04/6/", "kind": "debate" }, { "text": "This Statement expresses the Government\u2019s preference for data centres that can demonstrate additionality of their renewable energy use in Ireland, and which are ultimately decarbonised by design, providing net zero data services.", "speaker": "Eamon Ryan", "date": "2024-05-14", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2024-05-14/116/", "kind": "written question" } ], "headline": "Supports data centres that fit climate targets and grid limits", "points": [ "2022 statement prefers data centres adding renewables and offering demand flexibility", "Says islanded fossil-powered sites conflict with policy; no specific data-centre tax", "Says there is no data-centre register; connections are for CRU and EirGrid" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2024-10-15", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Eamon Ryan", "summary": "Says data-centre connections need planning permission and must meet CRU criteria; EirGrid has stopped new Dublin connections until upgrades, and a new large-user policy is due.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2024-10-15/65/", "stance": 0 }, { "date": "2024-09-09", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Dara Calleary", "summary": "Says data centres are central to FDI and the digital economy but not all demand can be met short term; favours renewable-backed developments with CPPAs.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2024-09-09/490/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2024-07-23", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Eamon Ryan", "summary": "Says the Government supports sustainable data centres, CRU criteria are not a moratorium, a new large-user connection policy is under review, and cites Tallaght waste-heat reuse.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2024-07-23/115/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2024-07-04", "kind": "debate", "actor": "Ossian Smyth", "summary": "Says data centres are critical to the economy but grid constraints limit new connections; wants them to add renewables and support security of supply.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/seanad/2024-07-04/6/", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "party:sinn-fein", "tab": "parties", "label": "Sinn F\u00e9in", "records": 152, "speakers": 28, "first": "2015-05-27", "last": "2026-10-01", "stance": -1.23, "stanceRecent": -1.15, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 11, "-1": 25, "0": 1, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 37, "concerns": [ { "key": "grid", "n": 57, "share": 0.375 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 47, "share": 0.309 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 33, "share": 0.217 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 32, "share": 0.211 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 29, "share": 0.191 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 28, "share": 0.184 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 17, "share": 0.112 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 16, "share": 0.105 }, { "key": "water", "n": 13, "share": 0.086 }, { "key": "tax", "n": 11, "share": 0.072 }, { "key": "local", "n": 8, "share": 0.053 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 4, "share": 0.026 }, { "key": "heat", "n": 3, "share": 0.02 }, { "key": "security", "n": 2, "share": 0.013 }, { "key": "ai", "n": 2, "share": 0.013 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "written question", 120 ], [ "debate", 16 ], [ "oral question", 8 ], [ "committee", 7 ], [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "I think it is right that the D\u00e1il now calls for an emergency brake on the future development of data centres.", "speaker": "Darren O'Rourke", "date": "2021-09-29", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2021-09-29/7/", "kind": "debate" }, { "text": "The data centres can wait for their connections; housing and families cannot. Homes must come before hyper-scale electricity demand from the large energy users.", "speaker": "Pa Daly", "date": "2026-04-16", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-04-16/83/", "kind": "oral question" } ], "headline": "Wants data-centre growth curbed and homes first on the grid", "points": [ "Has sought a moratorium or brake, citing blackout risk, emissions, gas and water", "Wants housing and public needs ahead of data centres, ending first-come, first-served", "Says households subsidise data centres; wants them to pay more for the grid" ], "shift": "2021 calls cited blackouts and climate; from 2025 housing connections and bills lead", "examples": [ { "date": "2026-09-22", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Rose Conway-Walsh", "summary": "Wants the unedited KPMG draft published, a full cost-benefit analysis, and homes and businesses prioritised over data centres, saying households subsidise grid upgrades.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-22/2/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2026-09-17", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Pa Daly", "summary": "Wants housing, water and public infrastructure prioritised over new data centres for scarce grid capacity, an end to first-come, first-served connections, and fairness on energy costs.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-17/1/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2026-06-17", "kind": "debate", "actor": "Pa Daly", "summary": "Says households pay far more in network charges than data centres and subsidise them; wants data centres to pay a fair share and a stall on them.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "stance": -2 }, { "date": "2026-06-17", "kind": "debate", "actor": "Louis O'Hara", "summary": "Says data-centre growth is affecting the grid and pushing up household costs under a hands-off Government approach.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "stance": -1 } ] }, { "id": "party:fianna-fail", "tab": "parties", "label": "Fianna F\u00e1il", "records": 80, "speakers": 23, "first": "2017-01-25", "last": "2026-09-22", "stance": 0.88, "stanceRecent": 1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 1, "0": 1, "1": 10, "2": 1 }, "withStance": 13, "concerns": [ { "key": "regional", "n": 15, "share": 0.188 }, { "key": "security", "n": 14, "share": 0.175 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 14, "share": 0.175 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 13, "share": 0.163 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 10, "share": 0.125 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 9, "share": 0.113 }, { "key": "ai", "n": 8, "share": 0.1 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 5, "share": 0.062 }, { "key": "heat", "n": 3, "share": 0.037 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 3, "share": 0.037 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 3, "share": 0.037 }, { "key": "local", "n": 2, "share": 0.025 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 2, "share": 0.025 }, { "key": "water", "n": 2, "share": 0.025 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "written question", 70 ], [ "committee", 7 ], [ "oral question", 2 ], [ "debate", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "If we get into a conversation about pausing their development to wait for ourselves to catch up on the other end, that is a negative that will very shortly come back to haunt us from an economic point of view.", "speaker": "Timmy Dooley", "date": "2023-11-15", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2023-11-15/2/", "kind": "committee" }, { "text": "It is not about a choice between housing and AI. We need to build housing but we also need to prepare for our tech future.", "speaker": "Malcolm Byrne", "date": "2025-05-29", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2025-05-29/85/", "kind": "oral question" } ], "headline": "Backs data centres as economic infrastructure, opposes pausing them", "points": [ "After Apple's Athenry withdrawal, asked how to fix planning and Ireland's reputation", "Wants grid and generation built rather than a pause; some flag energy share", "Recent questions ask about State data storage, water, AI demand and reporting" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-05-29", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Malcolm Byrne", "summary": "Rejects framing housing and AI as a choice, says the future is both green and tech, and points to data centres that generate their own energy.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2025-05-29/85/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2024-07-04", "kind": "debate", "actor": "Malcolm Byrne", "summary": "Says data centres are essential infrastructure and wants a clear Government policy allowing more or larger data centres while managing energy and emissions concerns.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/seanad/2024-07-04/6/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2023-11-15", "kind": "committee", "actor": "Timmy Dooley", "summary": "Calls data centres integral to the economy, opposes pausing them, and wants focus on building grid and generation capacity, with centres sited near west-coast generation.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2023-11-15/2/", "stance": 2 }, { "date": "2023-05-31", "kind": "written question", "actor": "P\u00e1draig O'Sullivan", "summary": "Asks the Minister to ensure progress of a Wicklow project he says brings significant benefits but is delayed by the unfinished large-energy-user demand-side strategy.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2023-05-31/23/", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "party:independents", "tab": "parties", "label": "Independents", "records": 64, "speakers": 20, "first": "2017-11-07", "last": "2026-09-17", "stance": -0.5, "stanceRecent": 0.33, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 2, "-1": 8, "0": 1, "1": 5, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 16, "concerns": [ { "key": "grid", "n": 27, "share": 0.422 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 17, "share": 0.266 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 14, "share": 0.219 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 13, "share": 0.203 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 7, "share": 0.109 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 7, "share": 0.109 }, { "key": "local", "n": 7, "share": 0.109 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 6, "share": 0.094 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 6, "share": 0.094 }, { "key": "water", "n": 4, "share": 0.062 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 3, "share": 0.047 }, { "key": "regional", "n": 3, "share": 0.047 }, { "key": "heat", "n": 2, "share": 0.031 }, { "key": "ai", "n": 1, "share": 0.016 }, { "key": "tax", "n": 1, "share": 0.016 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "written question", 49 ], [ "debate", 9 ], [ "oral question", 4 ], [ "committee", 2 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "I realise we need data centres, but do we need the number that we are allowing to take place? Where is that reflected in Government policy?", "speaker": "Catherine Connolly", "date": "2023-09-28", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2023-09-28/80/", "kind": "oral question" }, { "text": "The problem is not that data centres are here but that they are running on the wrong energy.", "speaker": "Barry Heneghan", "date": "2026-06-17", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "kind": "debate" } ], "headline": "Split views: some want curbs, others defend data centres", "points": [ "Critics cite grid strain, water, Dublin concentration and household costs", "Supporters cite jobs and want renewables or supply built, not a moratorium", "Questions track the Government statement review and the South Dublin ban reversal" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2026-09-17", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Brian Stanley", "summary": "Says the high number of data centres raises grid costs paid by households while they get cheaper electricity, and competes with housing for connections; wants a more measured approach.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-17/11/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2026-06-17", "kind": "debate", "actor": "Paul Nicholas Gogarty", "summary": "Says Ireland is an ideal location for data centres with revenue potential, but only with surplus renewable capacity, requiring a major investment push.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2026-06-17", "kind": "debate", "actor": "Barry Heneghan", "summary": "Agrees data centres take a growing share of electricity but opposes a moratorium over jobs; says they run on the wrong energy and proposes a renewables Bill.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2026-06-17", "kind": "debate", "actor": "Mattie McGrath", "summary": "Not opposed to data centres as such but objects to their electricity and water use, their concentration in Dublin, and wants balanced regional development.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "stance": -1 } ] }, { "id": "party:fine-gael", "tab": "parties", "label": "Fine Gael", "records": 63, "speakers": 17, "first": "2019-09-06", "last": "2026-07-28", "stance": 1.5, "stanceRecent": 1.5, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 4, "2": 2 }, "withStance": 6, "concerns": [ { "key": "grid", "n": 26, "share": 0.413 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 18, "share": 0.286 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 12, "share": 0.19 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 11, "share": 0.175 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 10, "share": 0.159 }, { "key": "heat", "n": 10, "share": 0.159 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 9, "share": 0.143 }, { "key": "water", "n": 8, "share": 0.127 }, { "key": "local", "n": 4, "share": 0.063 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 4, "share": 0.063 }, { "key": "ai", "n": 4, "share": 0.063 }, { "key": "security", "n": 3, "share": 0.048 }, { "key": "regional", "n": 2, "share": 0.032 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 2, "share": 0.032 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 1, "share": 0.016 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "written question", 55 ], [ "committee", 4 ], [ "oral question", 2 ], [ "debate", 2 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "The need for data centres is clear, but we are trying to deliver them in an environmentally effective way. Some argue that Ireland is well located for that.", "speaker": "Richard Bruton", "date": "2021-09-28", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-09-28/2/", "kind": "committee" }, { "text": "With regard to policy, I support data centres. We all use our phones every day and they run off services based in data centres. The Government can take a good lead here with respect to renewable energy.", "speaker": "Naoise \u00d3 Muir\u00ed", "date": "2025-05-29", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2025-05-29/85/", "kind": "oral question" } ], "headline": "Supports data centres, powered by more renewables and generation", "points": [ "Opposed the 2021 moratorium motion, citing jobs, tax and investment", "Wants faster offshore wind, private wires and data centres sited in the west", "Backbench questions keep asking about data-centre energy, water, gas and waste heat" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-06-25", "kind": "debate", "actor": "Colm Burke", "summary": "Wants private-wire legislation letting data centres cable power directly from offshore wind, and fast-tracked generation so planned data centres are not blocked.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2025-06-25/6/", "stance": 2 }, { "date": "2025-05-29", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Naoise \u00d3 Muir\u00ed", "summary": "Supports data centres and the State data centre, and wants government to lead on renewable power for data centres and spread them to the west.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2025-05-29/85/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2023-11-15", "kind": "committee", "actor": "Richard Bruton", "summary": "Sees data centres as an effective long-term use of renewables and asks whether CPPA and heat-export rules are too blunt, possibly slowing efficient cloud migration.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2023-11-15/2/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2021-10-05", "kind": "committee", "actor": "Richard Bruton", "summary": "Questions singling out data centres for a moratorium and welcomes consultation with them, saying Ireland can harness their capability through the transition.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-10-05/2/", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "party:people-before-profitsolidarity", "tab": "parties", "label": "People Before Profit\u2013Solidarity", "records": 58, "speakers": 6, "first": "2021-03-10", "last": "2026-09-29", "stance": -1.29, "stanceRecent": -1.17, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 5, "-1": 11, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 16, "concerns": [ { "key": "climate", "n": 21, "share": 0.362 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 16, "share": 0.276 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 14, "share": 0.241 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 13, "share": 0.224 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 11, "share": 0.19 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 10, "share": 0.172 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 10, "share": 0.172 }, { "key": "water", "n": 7, "share": 0.121 }, { "key": "tax", "n": 5, "share": 0.086 }, { "key": "local", "n": 4, "share": 0.069 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 3, "share": 0.052 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 3, "share": 0.052 }, { "key": "ai", "n": 2, "share": 0.034 }, { "key": "security", "n": 1, "share": 0.017 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "written question", 45 ], [ "oral question", 5 ], [ "debate", 5 ], [ "committee", 3 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "That does not mean we should shut down existing data centres, of which there are more than 70 in the country; it means we should stop the development of more.", "speaker": "Br\u00edd Smith", "date": "2021-09-28", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-09-28/2/", "kind": "committee" }, { "text": "We now have to say that we must stop any more data centres being established but there should also be a levy.", "speaker": "Ruth Coppinger", "date": "2026-06-17", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "kind": "debate" } ], "headline": "Wants new data centres stopped and a levy on the sector", "points": [ "Backed a 2021 Bill to ban new data centres and fossil infrastructure", "Says data centres raise bills, use gas and water, and give few jobs", "Proposes a \u20ac1 billion levy to fund a \u20ac500 electricity credit" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2026-09-22", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Richard Boyd Barrett", "summary": "Asks the Minister to respond to reports that the KPMG study was predetermined in favour of expansion despite evidence of harm to climate goals, the grid and household bills.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-22/21/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2026-06-17", "kind": "debate", "actor": "Ruth Coppinger", "summary": "Calls Government data-centre policy reckless, says it raises household bills and emissions, and wants no new data centres plus a levy.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "stance": -2 }, { "date": "2026-06-17", "kind": "debate", "actor": "Paul Murphy", "summary": "Says data centres raise prices, max out the Dublin grid, delay housing and transport connections and threaten emissions targets; proposes a \u20ac1 billion levy.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2025-12-18", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Paul Murphy", "summary": "Says the CRU policy enables exponential, fossil-fuelled data-centre growth that conflicts with legal duties to cut energy use and emissions.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2025-12-18/103/", "stance": -1 } ] }, { "id": "party:labour", "tab": "parties", "label": "Labour", "records": 46, "speakers": 16, "first": "2017-07-05", "last": "2026-09-17", "stance": -1.19, "stanceRecent": -1.31, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 6, "-1": 10, "0": 0, "1": 1, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 17, "concerns": [ { "key": "climate", "n": 14, "share": 0.304 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 14, "share": 0.304 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 10, "share": 0.217 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 10, "share": 0.217 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 8, "share": 0.174 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 8, "share": 0.174 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 6, "share": 0.13 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 5, "share": 0.109 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 5, "share": 0.109 }, { "key": "tax", "n": 4, "share": 0.087 }, { "key": "water", "n": 4, "share": 0.087 }, { "key": "local", "n": 3, "share": 0.065 }, { "key": "ai", "n": 2, "share": 0.043 }, { "key": "regional", "n": 1, "share": 0.022 }, { "key": "heat", "n": 1, "share": 0.022 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "written question", 30 ], [ "debate", 11 ], [ "oral question", 5 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "The Government needs to institute a moratorium on new connections until it gets to grips with what is happening.", "speaker": "Aodh\u00e1n \u00d3 R\u00edord\u00e1in", "date": "2022-12-15", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2022-12-15/73/", "kind": "oral question" }, { "text": "the Labour Party is calling for a levy on energy used by data centres and a moratorium on the introduction of new data centres until bills come down.", "speaker": "Ivana Bacik", "date": "2026-06-17", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "kind": "debate" } ], "headline": "Wants new data centres paused and their energy use levied", "points": [ "Wants a pause until renewable and grid capacity grow and bills fall", "Says data centres raise household bills, absorb renewables and create few jobs", "Asks repeatedly about data-centre emissions, gas, water use and power demand" ], "shift": "2021\u201322 pause calls cited climate; 2026 calls add household bills and a levy", "examples": [ { "date": "2026-09-17", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Ciar\u00e1n Ahern", "summary": "Says data centres absorb new renewable power, raise bills and used more water during a hosepipe ban, and wants the Government to keep its strategy under review.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-17/4/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2026-06-17", "kind": "debate", "actor": "Ciar\u00e1n Ahern", "summary": "Moves motion seeking a pause on data-centre expansion until renewables suffice, a levy on their energy use, and an independent study of their impacts on prices and emissions.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "stance": -2 }, { "date": "2026-06-17", "kind": "debate", "actor": "Ivana Bacik", "summary": "Seconds the motion, saying renewable capacity is absorbed by data centres instead of cutting bills; backs a levy and a moratorium until bills fall.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "stance": -2 }, { "date": "2026-06-17", "kind": "debate", "actor": "Robert O'Donoghue", "summary": "Says Government gives data-centre corporations preferential treatment while households carry rising costs, and wants big beneficiaries to pay their fair share.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "stance": -1 } ] }, { "id": "party:social-democrats", "tab": "parties", "label": "Social Democrats", "records": 46, "speakers": 9, "first": "2020-06-03", "last": "2026-09-17", "stance": -1.94, "stanceRecent": -1.67, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 10, "-1": 3, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 13, "concerns": [ { "key": "grid", "n": 21, "share": 0.457 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 19, "share": 0.413 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 14, "share": 0.304 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 10, "share": 0.217 }, { "key": "water", "n": 9, "share": 0.196 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 8, "share": 0.174 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 6, "share": 0.13 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 3, "share": 0.065 }, { "key": "heat", "n": 3, "share": 0.065 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 3, "share": 0.065 }, { "key": "regional", "n": 2, "share": 0.043 }, { "key": "local", "n": 2, "share": 0.043 }, { "key": "ai", "n": 2, "share": 0.043 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 2, "share": 0.043 }, { "key": "tax", "n": 1, "share": 0.022 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "written question", 33 ], [ "debate", 8 ], [ "committee", 3 ], [ "oral question", 2 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "The Social Democrats are not opposed to data centres, but we want a pause in their development until the Government can tell us some pretty basic information.", "speaker": "Jennifer Whitmore", "date": "2021-09-29", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2021-09-29/7/", "kind": "debate" }, { "text": "We need a moratorium on data centre expansion. We cannot continue to expand our energy use and think there will be no consequences.", "speaker": "Sin\u00e9ad Gibney", "date": "2026-06-17", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "kind": "debate" } ], "headline": "Seeks a moratorium until data centres' impacts are assessed", "points": [ "Moved a 2021 motion for a moratorium pending impact analysis", "Says data centres raise prices, strain the grid and threaten climate targets", "Wants homes prioritised and a report on grid and water capacity" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2026-09-17", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Jennifer Whitmore", "summary": "Wants a report on how many data centres the grid and water networks can handle, saying they raise prices, destabilise the grid and threaten climate targets.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-17/2/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2026-06-17", "kind": "debate", "actor": "Jennifer Whitmore", "summary": "Says data centres are raising prices and grid costs, wants a 100% renewable target, regrets no pause in 2021 and urges the Minister to act and analyse now.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "stance": -2 }, { "date": "2026-06-17", "kind": "debate", "actor": "Sin\u00e9ad Gibney", "summary": "Says generative AI data centres bring little social benefit, absorb new renewable energy and few jobs, and calls for a moratorium on expansion.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "stance": -2 }, { "date": "2023-11-15", "kind": "committee", "actor": "Jennifer Whitmore", "summary": "Argues new renewable capacity should first meet existing homes' and businesses' demand rather than data-centre growth, and questions the CRU's delay in curbing data-centre demand.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2023-11-15/2/", "stance": -1 } ] }, { "id": "gov-2016", "tab": "parties", "label": "Government 2016\u201320 (FG-led)", "records": 39, "speakers": 8, "first": "2017-02-02", "last": "2020-06-03", "stance": 1.09, "stanceRecent": null, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 4, "1": 19, "2": 8 }, "withStance": 31, "concerns": [ { "key": "regional", "n": 22, "share": 0.564 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 15, "share": 0.385 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 10, "share": 0.256 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 10, "share": 0.256 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 10, "share": 0.256 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 7, "share": 0.179 }, { "key": "local", "n": 5, "share": 0.128 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 4, "share": 0.103 }, { "key": "ai", "n": 2, "share": 0.051 }, { "key": "heat", "n": 2, "share": 0.051 }, { "key": "security", "n": 1, "share": 0.026 }, { "key": "tax", "n": 1, "share": 0.026 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "written question", 38 ], [ "oral question", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "There are nearly 30 major data centres located in Ireland that are operated by some of the world\u2019s leading technology companies and I am confident that this number will increase in the future.", "speaker": "Heather Humphreys", "date": "2018-05-17", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2018-05-17/155/", "kind": "written question" }, { "text": "I am strongly of the view that the development of data centres must be plan-led. I believe the policy statement will lay out a clear and balanced approach to the development of the sector", "speaker": "Denis Naughten", "date": "2017-11-07", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2017-11-07/971/", "kind": "written question" } ], "headline": "Backs data-centre investment, with faster planning and regional spread", "points": [ "Send large data centres straight to An Bord Plean\u00e1la as strategic infrastructure", "Wants plan-led growth in regions with strong grid and energy supply", "Meet demand with renewables and corporate PPAs, limiting costs to consumers" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2019-12-03", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Richard Bruton", "summary": "Says data centres should be accommodated sustainably, with unsubsidised corporate PPAs and regionally balanced connections to limit grid costs to consumers.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2019-12-03/487/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2019-12-03", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Heather Humphreys", "summary": "Says data centres bring grid and energy challenges, especially in Dublin, but are important for the digital economy; points to renewables commitments, PPAs and regional siting.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2019-12-03/61/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2019-11-28", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Richard Bruton", "summary": "Says data centres could be 29% of demand by 2028 and should be accommodated sustainably through renewables, corporate PPAs and regionally balanced connections.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2019-11-28/207/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2019-07-04", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Richard Bruton", "summary": "Says data centres could be 31% of demand by 2027 and should be accommodated sustainably through renewables, corporate PPAs and regionally balanced connections.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2019-07-04/41/", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "party:green-party", "tab": "parties", "label": "Green Party", "records": 17, "speakers": 4, "first": "2017-11-21", "last": "2026-09-22", "stance": 0.0, "stanceRecent": -1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 3, "0": 1, "1": 1, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 5, "concerns": [ { "key": "bills", "n": 7, "share": 0.412 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 6, "share": 0.353 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 5, "share": 0.294 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 5, "share": 0.294 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 4, "share": 0.235 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 4, "share": 0.235 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 3, "share": 0.176 }, { "key": "regional", "n": 3, "share": 0.176 }, { "key": "heat", "n": 2, "share": 0.118 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 2, "share": 0.118 }, { "key": "water", "n": 1, "share": 0.059 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 0.059 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "written question", 10 ], [ "oral question", 3 ], [ "committee", 3 ], [ "debate", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "it seems to me that the real issue around data centres is where the energy for those centres is coming from, and whether we can keep pace with the energy demand.", "speaker": "Pauline O'Reilly", "date": "2021-09-28", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-09-28/2/", "kind": "committee" }, { "text": "Is it not time that the Government commission a comprehensive report on the benefits and costs of data centres?", "speaker": "Roderic O'Gorman", "date": "2026-09-22", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-22/2/", "kind": "oral question" } ], "headline": "Ties data-centre growth to renewables; seeks cost-benefit review", "points": [ "Wants data-centre demand matched by renewables, planned nationally and sited west", "Suggested in 2025 delaying new connections if renewables lag", "Seeks a public cost-benefit analysis, saying the KPMG report omitted costs" ], "shift": "From supporting renewable-powered sites in the west (2017) to questioning costs and connections (2025\u201326)", "examples": [ { "date": "2026-09-22", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Roderic O'Gorman", "summary": "Says the KPMG report left out costs such as higher household bills, opportunity costs and sustainability metrics, and wants a full cost-benefit assessment of data centres.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-22/2/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2026-06-17", "kind": "debate", "actor": "Roderic O'Gorman", "summary": "Says data centres pose social and environmental concerns: the grid cannot support them, they raise prices, rely on gas generation, and use growing amounts of water.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2025-06-10", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Roderic O'Gorman", "summary": "Questions the balance between housing and data-centre energy demand, notes Ireland's high share, and suggests delaying new data-centre connections if renewables lag.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2025-06-10/111/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2021-09-28", "kind": "committee", "actor": "Pauline O'Reilly", "summary": "Says the real issue is where data centres' energy comes from; wary of a levy passed to users; asks about renewables, rainwater harvesting and co-locating industry with western renewables.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-09-28/2/", "stance": 0 } ] }, { "id": "party:aontu", "tab": "parties", "label": "Aont\u00fa", "records": 3, "speakers": 2, "first": "2021-09-29", "last": "2026-06-17", "stance": -1.0, "stanceRecent": -1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 2, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 2, "concerns": [ { "key": "grid", "n": 2, "share": 0.667 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 0.333 }, { "key": "water", "n": 1, "share": 0.333 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 0.333 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 1, "share": 0.333 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "debate", 2 ], [ "written question", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Other countries have decided to put a cap on it and if those sectors want to increase in size in the future, they have to do so on the basis of sustainable energy alone.", "speaker": "Peadar T\u00f3ib\u00edn", "date": "2021-09-29", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2021-09-29/7/", "kind": "debate" }, { "text": "More than 500,000 energy bills are now in arrears and data centres are the primary driver of this. They are causing an inflationary aspect to household bills.", "speaker": "Paul Lawless", "date": "2026-06-17", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "kind": "debate" } ], "headline": "Wants data-centre growth capped and tied to renewables", "points": [ "Wants growth capped and limited to sustainable energy, as other countries do", "Says data centres strain water and emissions and create few jobs", "Blames data centres for household energy arrears and rising bills" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2026-06-17", "kind": "debate", "actor": "Paul Lawless", "summary": "Says data centres are the primary driver of household energy arrears and add inflation to bills.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2021-09-29", "kind": "debate", "actor": "Peadar T\u00f3ib\u00edn", "summary": "Criticises giving data centres free rein on emissions and water, says they are employment poor, and points to countries that cap growth to sustainable energy.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2021-09-29/7/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2025-02-25", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Peadar T\u00f3ib\u00edn", "summary": "Asks whether there has been north-south discussion on electricity demand from four proposed data centres in the Derry area.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2025-02-25/218/", "stance": null } ] }, { "id": "person:Darragh-O'Brien.D.2007-06-14", "tab": "people", "label": "Darragh O'Brien", "records": 138, "speakers": 1, "first": "2020-07-30", "last": "2026-09-30", "stance": 0.86, "stanceRecent": 0.86, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 11, "1": 68, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 79, "concerns": [ { "key": "grid", "n": 64, "share": 0.464 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 60, "share": 0.435 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 45, "share": 0.326 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 39, "share": 0.283 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 36, "share": 0.261 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 34, "share": 0.246 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 22, "share": 0.159 }, { "key": "heat", "n": 21, "share": 0.152 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 16, "share": 0.116 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 12, "share": 0.087 }, { "key": "water", "n": 10, "share": 0.072 }, { "key": "ai", "n": 6, "share": 0.043 }, { "key": "security", "n": 4, "share": 0.029 }, { "key": "regional", "n": 3, "share": 0.022 }, { "key": "local", "n": 1, "share": 0.007 }, { "key": "tax", "n": 1, "share": 0.007 } ], "parties": [ [ "Fianna F\u00e1il", 138 ] ], "kinds": [ [ "written question", 129 ], [ "oral question", 8 ], [ "debate", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "The idea that we would pull the shutters down again on this area is not correct, but it has to be done in a planned way.", "speaker": "Darragh O'Brien", "date": "2026-06-17", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "kind": "debate" }, { "text": "Data centres are a very important part of Ireland's economic and digital present and future, and a key part of our value proposition for foreign direct investment.", "speaker": "Darragh O'Brien", "date": "2026-06-11", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-06-11/1/", "kind": "oral question" } ], "headline": "Backs data-centre growth if planned and within climate limits", "points": [ "Calls data centres central to the economy and foreign direct investment", "Wants new connections plan-led under LEAP, with 80% new renewables", "Says housing still connects and households should not bear large-user grid costs" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2026-09-17", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Darragh O'Brien", "summary": "Says data centres are essential digital infrastructure, connections are now plan-led and not automatic, their network charges rose 175%, and demand must be managed.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-17/11/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2026-09-17", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Darragh O'Brien", "summary": "Says data centres are fundamental to the economy, large-user demand is managed through LEAP and the 80% renewable rule, and no housing has missed a connection because of them.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-17/1/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2026-09-17", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Darragh O'Brien", "summary": "Rejects claims of a red carpet or unstable grid, saying new connections need 80% new renewables under LEAP and the Government wants continued investment.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-17/2/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2026-09-17", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Darragh O'Brien", "summary": "Says ICT is Ireland's heavy industry, data-centre demand must be managed under LEAP and kept under review, while focusing on renewables, lower bills and investment.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-17/4/", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "person:Eamon-Ryan.D.2002-06-06", "tab": "people", "label": "Eamon Ryan", "records": 81, "speakers": 1, "first": "2017-11-23", "last": "2024-11-06", "stance": 0.4, "stanceRecent": null, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 1, "0": 30, "1": 22, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 53, "concerns": [ { "key": "grid", "n": 53, "share": 0.654 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 46, "share": 0.568 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 31, "share": 0.383 }, { "key": "regional", "n": 23, "share": 0.284 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 22, "share": 0.272 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 14, "share": 0.173 }, { "key": "heat", "n": 9, "share": 0.111 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 8, "share": 0.099 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 3, "share": 0.037 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 2, "share": 0.025 }, { "key": "water", "n": 1, "share": 0.012 }, { "key": "tax", "n": 1, "share": 0.012 }, { "key": "local", "n": 1, "share": 0.012 }, { "key": "security", "n": 1, "share": 0.012 } ], "parties": [ [ "Green Party", 81 ] ], "kinds": [ [ "written question", 74 ], [ "oral question", 6 ], [ "debate", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "We will not allow one industry to tip us over the edge in terms of our emissions profile.", "speaker": "Eamon Ryan", "date": "2020-11-10", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2020-11-10/100/", "kind": "oral question" }, { "text": "We will need and want data centres in our country because they are a central part of our economic strategy and security. However, they must be part of a plan for decarbonisation", "speaker": "Eamon Ryan", "date": "2022-12-15", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2022-12-15/73/", "kind": "oral question" } ], "headline": "Accepts data centres only within climate and grid limits", "points": [ "Wants plan-led, regional siting near renewables, with demand flexibility and corporate PPAs", "Called a moratorium blunt; backed CRU connection criteria instead", "Opposes islanded fossil-powered data centres; asked GNI to sign no more contracts" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2024-10-15", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Eamon Ryan", "summary": "Says data-centre connections need planning permission and must meet CRU criteria; EirGrid has stopped new Dublin connections until upgrades, and a new large-user policy is due.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2024-10-15/65/", "stance": 0 }, { "date": "2024-07-23", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Eamon Ryan", "summary": "Says the Government supports sustainable data centres, CRU criteria are not a moratorium, a new large-user connection policy is under review, and cites Tallaght waste-heat reuse.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2024-07-23/115/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2024-06-27", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Eamon Ryan", "summary": "Says the Government supports sustainable data centres, islanded fossil-powered sites conflict with policy, and grid connections face strict CRU criteria regardless of planning approval.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2024-06-27/89/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2024-05-14", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Eamon Ryan", "summary": "Says the Government supports sustainable data centres aligned with climate targets, while grid connections face strict CRU criteria and islanded fossil-powered sites conflict with policy.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2024-05-14/114/", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "person:Eoin-\u00d3-Broin.D.2016-10-03", "tab": "people", "label": "Eoin \u00d3 Broin", "records": 56, "speakers": 1, "first": "2021-01-27", "last": "2026-06-09", "stance": -1.0, "stanceRecent": -1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 4, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 4, "concerns": [ { "key": "transparency", "n": 24, "share": 0.429 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 21, "share": 0.375 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 9, "share": 0.161 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 7, "share": 0.125 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 6, "share": 0.107 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 5, "share": 0.089 }, { "key": "tax", "n": 3, "share": 0.054 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 3, "share": 0.054 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 3, "share": 0.054 }, { "key": "security", "n": 2, "share": 0.036 }, { "key": "water", "n": 2, "share": 0.036 }, { "key": "ai", "n": 1, "share": 0.018 } ], "parties": [ [ "Sinn F\u00e9in", 56 ] ], "kinds": [ [ "written question", 56 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "grid constraints from the excessive data centre demand are negatively impacting the connection of housing to the electricity network", "speaker": "Eoin \u00d3 Broin", "date": "2025-02-26", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2025-02-26/61/", "kind": "written question" }, { "text": "in light of the substantial pressure that data centres are placing on grid systems, and given that they are the largest driver of energy demand in the State", "speaker": "Eoin \u00d3 Broin", "date": "2025-02-25", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2025-02-25/195/", "kind": "written question" } ], "headline": "Says data-centre demand strains the grid and housing connections", "points": [ "Wants large users, not households, to bear grid costs, and a cost-benefit analysis", "Keeps asking about islanded data centres on the gas grid and gas demand", "Presses on EU energy and water reporting, penalties, jobs figures and tax reliefs" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-06-10", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Eoin \u00d3 Broin", "summary": "Asks whether officials have done a cost-benefit analysis of data-centre electricity use, citing harm to housing and climate targets against modest jobs and tax gains.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2025-06-10/241/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2025-03-06", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Eoin \u00d3 Broin", "summary": "Says excessive data-centre demand is causing grid constraints that hold back housing connections, and asks whether the Minister has engaged stakeholders.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2025-03-06/182/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2025-02-26", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Eoin \u00d3 Broin", "summary": "Says excessive data-centre demand is causing grid constraints that hold back housing connections, and asks whether the Minister is aware.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2025-02-26/61/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2025-02-25", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Eoin \u00d3 Broin", "summary": "Says data centres place substantial pressure on the grid and asks whether the regulator will raise large users' network charges so households avoid the costs.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2025-02-25/195/", "stance": -1 } ] }, { "id": "person:Peter-Burke.D.2016-10-03", "tab": "people", "label": "Peter Burke", "records": 38, "speakers": 1, "first": "2021-03-24", "last": "2026-09-22", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": 1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 26, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 26, "concerns": [ { "key": "jobs", "n": 28, "share": 0.737 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 15, "share": 0.395 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 12, "share": 0.316 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 11, "share": 0.289 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 8, "share": 0.211 }, { "key": "ai", "n": 7, "share": 0.184 }, { "key": "regional", "n": 7, "share": 0.184 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 4, "share": 0.105 }, { "key": "local", "n": 3, "share": 0.079 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 2, "share": 0.053 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 2, "share": 0.053 }, { "key": "tax", "n": 1, "share": 0.026 }, { "key": "heat", "n": 1, "share": 0.026 }, { "key": "water", "n": 1, "share": 0.026 } ], "parties": [ [ "Fine Gael", 38 ] ], "kinds": [ [ "written question", 37 ], [ "oral question", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Without data centre capabilities, our digital and related employment ambitions cannot be met.", "speaker": "Peter Burke", "date": "2025-03-05", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2025-03-05/61/", "kind": "written question" }, { "text": "Government policy is therefore supportive of continued sustainable data centre developments, which are consistent with our twin digital and green transitions.", "speaker": "Peter Burke", "date": "2026-06-09", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-06-09/725/", "kind": "written question" } ], "headline": "Backs data-centre growth managed for climate and grid", "points": [ "Calls data centres critical infrastructure for FDI, jobs and AI competitiveness", "Favours regional sites co-located with renewables in green energy parks", "Defends KPMG study as economic, not cost-benefit; no plans for one" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2026-09-22", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Peter Burke", "summary": "Defends the KPMG report as an economic study, not a cost-benefit analysis, declines to publish drafts, and says data centres meeting renewable rules help finance offshore wind.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-22/2/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2026-07-28", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Peter Burke", "summary": "Says energy-intensive sectors including data centres bring jobs and FDI, and LEAP aims to attract more by delivering infrastructure faster and co-locating them with renewables.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-07-28/950/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2026-07-28", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Peter Burke", "summary": "Says Government policy supports continued sustainable data-centre development as critical digital infrastructure, with LEAP aligning growth with renewables and climate goals.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-07-28/999/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2026-07-07", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Peter Burke", "summary": "Says LEAP seeks to attract energy-intensive investment including data centres, aligned with climate goals, and the first data-centre roundtable is planned for late 2026.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-07-07/316/", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "person:Barry-Ward.S.2020-03-30", "tab": "people", "label": "Barry Ward", "records": 33, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-09-18", "last": "2026-07-28", "stance": null, "stanceRecent": null, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 0, "concerns": [ { "key": "grid", "n": 16, "share": 0.485 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 12, "share": 0.364 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 9, "share": 0.273 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 6, "share": 0.182 }, { "key": "heat", "n": 6, "share": 0.182 }, { "key": "water", "n": 5, "share": 0.152 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 4, "share": 0.121 }, { "key": "local", "n": 2, "share": 0.061 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 2, "share": 0.061 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 1, "share": 0.03 }, { "key": "ai", "n": 1, "share": 0.03 } ], "parties": [ [ "Fine Gael", 33 ] ], "kinds": [ [ "written question", 33 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "the position regarding any incentives or obligations under review within his Department that would support data centres in the use of renewable energy systems to minimise their reliance on the grid", "speaker": "Barry Ward", "date": "2025-09-18", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2025-09-18/136/", "kind": "written question" }, { "text": "any research ongoing within his Department into the potential use for heat generated by data centres as a source of energy", "speaker": "Barry Ward", "date": "2026-06-10", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-06-10/16/", "kind": "written question" } ], "headline": "Keeps asking about data centres' energy, water and waste heat", "points": [ "Asks about incentives or obligations for renewables to cut grid reliance", "Seeks figures on electricity, gas and water use, and whether recorded", "Asks about district heating from excess heat and diesel backup generators" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2026-07-28", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Barry Ward", "summary": "Asks about work to reduce data centres' grid impact, incentives or obligations for their renewable use, and initiatives to cut their environmental impact.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-07-28/165/", "stance": null }, { "date": "2026-07-28", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Barry Ward", "summary": "Asks about any report or research on data centres' environmental and societal impact, including energy, water and grid effects.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-07-28/168/", "stance": null }, { "date": "2026-07-28", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Barry Ward", "summary": "Asks about incentives for data centres to use renewable energy, initiatives to reduce their environmental impact, and research on their energy, water and grid impacts.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-07-28/999/", "stance": null }, { "date": "2026-06-10", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Barry Ward", "summary": "Asks about incentives or requirements for data centres to use solar or other renewables to reduce their demand on the grid.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-06-10/7/", "stance": null } ] }, { "id": "person:Leo-Varadkar.D.2007-06-14", "tab": "people", "label": "Leo Varadkar", "records": 29, "speakers": 1, "first": "2020-07-14", "last": "2024-02-27", "stance": 0.95, "stanceRecent": null, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 1, "1": 19, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 20, "concerns": [ { "key": "jobs", "n": 14, "share": 0.483 }, { "key": "ai", "n": 13, "share": 0.448 }, { "key": "regional", "n": 12, "share": 0.414 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 10, "share": 0.345 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 10, "share": 0.345 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 8, "share": 0.276 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 5, "share": 0.172 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 4, "share": 0.138 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 3, "share": 0.103 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 1, "share": 0.034 }, { "key": "security", "n": 1, "share": 0.034 } ], "parties": [ [ "Fine Gael", 29 ] ], "kinds": [ [ "written question", 29 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Data centres and the services they provide act as a 'hook' for further investment and job creation.", "speaker": "Leo Varadkar", "date": "2021-03-04", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2021-03-04/1/", "kind": "written question" }, { "text": "the capacity of Ireland\u2019s electricity grid, security of supply concerns, and our determination to decarbonise our electricity system, means that not all demand for data centre development can be accommodated.", "speaker": "Leo Varadkar", "date": "2022-09-15", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2022-09-15/24/", "kind": "written question" } ], "headline": "Backs data centres as core infrastructure, within grid limits", "points": [ "Calls data centres key infrastructure for a tech sector employing over 100,000", "Favours regional sites, corporate renewable PPAs and fair recovery of grid costs", "Revised 2022 statement: not all demand can be met; sector must decarbonise" ], "shift": "Added climate conditions from 2021; in 2022 said not all demand fits", "examples": [ { "date": "2022-10-25", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Leo Varadkar", "summary": "Says IDA has not grant-aided data-centre construction, but data centres are key infrastructure for an FDI technology sector employing over 100,000, within environmental policy.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2022-10-25/159/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2022-10-20", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Leo Varadkar", "summary": "Says data centres are key infrastructure for the twin transitions, but not all demand can be met sustainably; wants them to decarbonise, offer demand flexibility and invest in renewables.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2022-10-20/187/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2022-09-15", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Leo Varadkar", "summary": "Says the revised statement finds not all data-centre demand can be accommodated, and backs EU-wide and SEAI reporting on data-centre energy performance and emissions.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2022-09-15/24/", "stance": 0 }, { "date": "2022-05-10", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Leo Varadkar", "summary": "Says he met data-centre investors on an FDI trade mission and that modern technology companies rely on both data centres and cloud computing for their business.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2022-05-10/168/", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "person:Paul-Murphy.D.2014-10-10", "tab": "people", "label": "Paul Murphy", "records": 26, "speakers": 1, "first": "2021-09-29", "last": "2026-09-29", "stance": -1.4, "stanceRecent": -1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 2, "-1": 3, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 5, "concerns": [ { "key": "bills", "n": 8, "share": 0.308 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 7, "share": 0.269 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 6, "share": 0.231 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 6, "share": 0.231 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 5, "share": 0.192 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 5, "share": 0.192 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 4, "share": 0.154 }, { "key": "water", "n": 3, "share": 0.115 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 2, "share": 0.077 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 0.038 }, { "key": "ai", "n": 1, "share": 0.038 }, { "key": "security", "n": 1, "share": 0.038 }, { "key": "tax", "n": 1, "share": 0.038 } ], "parties": [ [ "People Before Profit\u2013Solidarity", 26 ] ], "kinds": [ [ "written question", 21 ], [ "debate", 2 ], [ "oral question", 2 ], [ "committee", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "It is incompatible with the Green Party's climate targets, and with the Government's own climate targets, inadequate as they are, to continue with further data centres.", "speaker": "Paul Murphy", "date": "2021-09-29", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2021-09-29/7/", "kind": "debate" }, { "text": "In our alternative budget last year, People Before Profit proposed a \u20ac1 billion energy levy on data centres to fund a \u20ac500 universal electricity credit.", "speaker": "Paul Murphy", "date": "2026-06-17", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "kind": "debate" } ], "headline": "Opposes more data centres; backs a \u20ac1 billion levy", "points": [ "Called for a ban on new data centres in 2021 and 2023", "Says they raise bills, use much power and water, and employ few", "Questions State support, fossil-fuel self-generation and EU reporting rules" ], "shift": "Emphasis moved from a ban (2021\u201323) to bills, levies and tax (2025\u201326)", "examples": [ { "date": "2026-06-17", "kind": "debate", "actor": "Paul Murphy", "summary": "Says data centres raise prices, max out the Dublin grid, delay housing and transport connections and threaten emissions targets; proposes a \u20ac1 billion levy.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2025-12-18", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Paul Murphy", "summary": "Says the CRU policy enables exponential, fossil-fuelled data-centre growth that conflicts with legal duties to cut energy use and emissions.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2025-12-18/103/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2025-04-10", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Paul Murphy", "summary": "Says capacity payments to data centres raise household bills, and that data centres set back climate goals, burn gas, use much water and provide few jobs.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2025-04-10/9/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2023-11-15", "kind": "committee", "actor": "Paul Murphy", "summary": "Argues there should be no more data centres, saying much of their energy use is not socially useful and expanding demand delays carbon neutrality.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2023-11-15/2/", "stance": -2 } ] }, { "id": "person:Jennifer-Whitmore.D.2020-02-08", "tab": "people", "label": "Jennifer Whitmore", "records": 25, "speakers": 1, "first": "2021-06-01", "last": "2026-09-17", "stance": -1.57, "stanceRecent": -1.5, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 4, "-1": 3, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 7, "concerns": [ { "key": "grid", "n": 16, "share": 0.64 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 9, "share": 0.36 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 8, "share": 0.32 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 6, "share": 0.24 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 5, "share": 0.2 }, { "key": "water", "n": 5, "share": 0.2 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 4, "share": 0.16 }, { "key": "heat", "n": 2, "share": 0.08 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 2, "share": 0.08 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 0.04 }, { "key": "tax", "n": 1, "share": 0.04 }, { "key": "local", "n": 1, "share": 0.04 }, { "key": "regional", "n": 1, "share": 0.04 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 0.04 } ], "parties": [ [ "Social Democrats", 25 ] ], "kinds": [ [ "written question", 18 ], [ "committee", 3 ], [ "oral question", 2 ], [ "debate", 2 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "The Social Democrats are not opposed to data centres, but we want a pause in their development until the Government can tell us some pretty basic information.", "speaker": "Jennifer Whitmore", "date": "2021-09-29", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2021-09-29/7/", "kind": "debate" }, { "text": "Data centres are pushing up our energy prices, they are making our grid unstable and they will make it impossible to meet our climate targets, which should be a concern to the Minister.", "speaker": "Jennifer Whitmore", "date": "2026-09-17", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-17/2/", "kind": "oral question" } ], "headline": "Wants evidence on how many data centres Ireland can handle", "points": [ "Sought a moratorium in 2021 until impacts on energy and climate were analysed", "Wants new renewables to serve existing demand before data-centre growth", "Now asks for 100% renewable supply and a grid-and-water capacity report" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2026-09-17", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Jennifer Whitmore", "summary": "Wants a report on how many data centres the grid and water networks can handle, saying they raise prices, destabilise the grid and threaten climate targets.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-17/2/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2026-06-17", "kind": "debate", "actor": "Jennifer Whitmore", "summary": "Says data centres are raising prices and grid costs, wants a 100% renewable target, regrets no pause in 2021 and urges the Minister to act and analyse now.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "stance": -2 }, { "date": "2023-11-15", "kind": "committee", "actor": "Jennifer Whitmore", "summary": "Argues new renewable capacity should first meet existing homes' and businesses' demand rather than data-centre growth, and questions the CRU's delay in curbing data-centre demand.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2023-11-15/2/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2021-10-05", "kind": "committee", "actor": "Jennifer Whitmore", "summary": "Says the State has not limited large data users' demand, that data-centre growth should have been managed earlier, and that avoidable temporary generation is costly.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-10-05/2/", "stance": -1 } ] }, { "id": "person:Pa-Daly.D.2020-02-08", "tab": "people", "label": "Pa Daly", "records": 24, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-02-18", "last": "2026-10-01", "stance": -1.17, "stanceRecent": -1.17, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 1, "-1": 5, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 6, "concerns": [ { "key": "grid", "n": 14, "share": 0.583 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 13, "share": 0.542 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 9, "share": 0.375 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 6, "share": 0.25 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 5, "share": 0.208 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 4, "share": 0.167 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 2, "share": 0.083 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 0.042 }, { "key": "water", "n": 1, "share": 0.042 } ], "parties": [ [ "Sinn F\u00e9in", 24 ] ], "kinds": [ [ "written question", 18 ], [ "oral question", 5 ], [ "debate", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "This Government is allowing the limited space on our grid to be gobbled up by data centres.", "speaker": "Pa Daly", "date": "2025-06-10", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2025-06-10/103/", "kind": "oral question" }, { "text": "The data centres can wait for their connections; housing and families cannot. Homes must come before hyper-scale electricity demand from the large energy users.", "speaker": "Pa Daly", "date": "2026-04-16", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-04-16/83/", "kind": "oral question" } ], "headline": "Wants homes prioritised over data centres for grid capacity", "points": [ "Wants first-come, first-served connections ended and public need prioritised", "Says households subsidise data centres, which should pay more grid costs", "Called in June 2026 for a stall on data centres" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2026-09-17", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Pa Daly", "summary": "Wants housing, water and public infrastructure prioritised over new data centres for scarce grid capacity, an end to first-come, first-served connections, and fairness on energy costs.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-17/1/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2026-06-17", "kind": "debate", "actor": "Pa Daly", "summary": "Says households pay far more in network charges than data centres and subsidise them; wants data centres to pay a fair share and a stall on them.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "stance": -2 }, { "date": "2026-06-11", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Pa Daly", "summary": "Says data centres are necessary but first-come grid connections favour large corporate and AI users; wants a grid prioritisation framework to protect homes, bills and supply security.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-06-11/1/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2026-04-16", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Pa Daly", "summary": "Says data centre demand threatens grid stability, raises bills and is delaying housing connections; wants homes and public transport prioritised ahead of data centres.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-04-16/83/", "stance": -1 } ] }, { "id": "person:Cormac-Devlin.D.2020-02-08", "tab": "people", "label": "Cormac Devlin", "records": 21, "speakers": 1, "first": "2021-09-28", "last": "2024-02-27", "stance": null, "stanceRecent": null, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 0, "concerns": [ { "key": "grid", "n": 2, "share": 0.095 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 0.048 }, { "key": "ai", "n": 1, "share": 0.048 } ], "parties": [ [ "Fianna F\u00e1il", 21 ] ], "kinds": [ [ "written question", 19 ], [ "committee", 2 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "EirGrid estimates this will move to 28% by 2030. I read Dr. Bresnihan's remarks in The Irish Times that it may be up to 70%. That is quite a considerable differential.", "speaker": "Cormac Devlin", "date": "2021-09-28", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-09-28/2/", "kind": "committee" }, { "text": "the location of the data centre or centres used by his Department; the reason it was chosen; the distance it is from his Department\u2019s offices", "speaker": "Cormac Devlin", "date": "2024-02-27", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2024-02-27/53/", "kind": "written question" } ], "headline": "Asks factual questions, mainly on the State's own data centres", "points": [ "Asked Departments in 2024 where their data centres are and why", "Asked whether the State data centre project faces grid-constraint delays", "In committee, queried differing forecasts of data centres' grid share by 2030" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2024-02-27", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Cormac Devlin", "summary": "Asks where the Department of the Environment's data centres are located, why they were chosen and how far they are from its offices and agencies.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2024-02-27/94/", "stance": null }, { "date": "2024-02-27", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Cormac Devlin", "summary": "Asks where the Department of Transport's data centres are located, why they were chosen and how far they are from its offices and agencies.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2024-02-27/134/", "stance": null }, { "date": "2024-02-27", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Cormac Devlin", "summary": "Asks where the Department of Finance's data centres are located, why they were chosen and how far they are from its offices and agencies.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2024-02-27/161/", "stance": null }, { "date": "2024-02-27", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Cormac Devlin", "summary": "Asks about the status of the State data centre project and whether its location in a constrained part of the grid will delay it.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2024-02-27/162/", "stance": null } ] }, { "id": "person:Br\u00edd-Smith.D.2016-10-03", "tab": "people", "label": "Br\u00edd Smith", "records": 19, "speakers": 1, "first": "2021-03-10", "last": "2024-10-15", "stance": -1.2, "stanceRecent": null, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 1, "-1": 4, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 5, "concerns": [ { "key": "grid", "n": 8, "share": 0.421 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 7, "share": 0.368 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 7, "share": 0.368 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 4, "share": 0.211 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 4, "share": 0.211 }, { "key": "local", "n": 3, "share": 0.158 }, { "key": "water", "n": 2, "share": 0.105 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 0.053 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 1, "share": 0.053 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 1, "share": 0.053 } ], "parties": [ [ "People Before Profit\u2013Solidarity", 19 ] ], "kinds": [ [ "written question", 15 ], [ "oral question", 2 ], [ "committee", 2 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "I do not believe it is sustainable, or that it is possible to make it sustainable. If we take the climate crisis seriously, we will not go down this road.", "speaker": "Br\u00edd Smith", "date": "2021-03-10", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2021-03-10/40/", "kind": "oral question" }, { "text": "That does not mean we should shut down existing data centres, of which there are more than 70 in the country; it means we should stop the development of more.", "speaker": "Br\u00edd Smith", "date": "2021-09-28", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-09-28/2/", "kind": "committee" } ], "headline": "Wants no new data centres, citing climate and energy", "points": [ "Backed a 2021 Bill to stop new data centres, keeping existing ones", "Says unlimited growth conflicts with emissions targets and drives new gas generation", "Opposes fast-track planning status; asks for data on numbers and gas use" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2023-11-23", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Br\u00edd Smith", "summary": "Asks whether the State's energy crisis and the drain on the energy system from data centres were discussed on the Minister's Korea trade mission.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2023-11-23/67/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2021-12-14", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Br\u00edd Smith", "summary": "Says new gas generation is being built to serve data-centre growth, and that unlimited data centres are incompatible with cutting emissions.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2021-12-14/28/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2021-10-05", "kind": "committee", "actor": "Br\u00edd Smith", "summary": "Questions witnesses on data-centre energy and water use, cites Singapore's moratorium, and asks whether data centres or the public will bear grid investment costs.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-10-05/2/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2021-09-28", "kind": "committee", "actor": "Br\u00edd Smith", "summary": "Backs a People Before Profit Bill to stop new data-centre development and ban fossil fuel infrastructure, linking data-centre growth to LNG terminals and the climate emergency.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-09-28/2/", "stance": -2 } ] }, { "id": "person:Denis-Naughten.S.1997-01-28", "tab": "people", "label": "Denis Naughten", "records": 18, "speakers": 1, "first": "2017-11-07", "last": "2022-05-19", "stance": 0.2, "stanceRecent": null, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 4, "1": 1, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 5, "concerns": [ { "key": "grid", "n": 11, "share": 0.611 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 7, "share": 0.389 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 5, "share": 0.278 }, { "key": "regional", "n": 3, "share": 0.167 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 3, "share": 0.167 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 2, "share": 0.111 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 2, "share": 0.111 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 0.056 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 1, "share": 0.056 } ], "parties": [ [ "Independents", 18 ] ], "kinds": [ [ "written question", 18 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "I am firmly of the view that the development of data centres must be plan lead, focused on areas where there is strong grid and energy supply.", "speaker": "Denis Naughten", "date": "2017-11-21", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2017-11-21/46/", "kind": "written question" }, { "text": "the measures being put in place to ensure that the projected additional \u20ac9 billion cost to the electricity sector by 2027 of data centres is fully borne by data centre developers", "speaker": "Denis Naughten", "date": "2020-09-15", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2020-09-15/184/", "kind": "written question" } ], "headline": "Wants plan-led data centres, without costs falling on consumers", "points": [ "As minister, backed plan-led siting where grid and energy supply are strong", "Wanted cost allocation sparing ordinary consumers disproportionate charges", "As TD, asks about electricity costs, gas demand and policy implementation" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2018-10-03", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Denis Naughten", "summary": "Cites the economic benefits of data centres and says grid planning should follow a plan-led approach with more balanced regional spread of data centres.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2018-10-03/247/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2018-02-13", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Denis Naughten", "summary": "Says data centres could reach 36% of demand by 2030, creating policy choices; notes economic benefits but wants costs not to fall disproportionately on ordinary consumers.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2018-02-13/550/", "stance": 0 }, { "date": "2017-11-21", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Denis Naughten", "summary": "Says data centres use very large amounts of energy and challenge the grid; recognises economic potential; wants plan-led development where grid and supply are strong.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2017-11-21/46/", "stance": 0 }, { "date": "2017-11-21", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Denis Naughten", "summary": "Notes economic benefits of data centres but says rising demand may affect climate and renewable targets; backs new renewables support and micro-generation at data-centre sites.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2017-11-21/50/", "stance": 0 } ] }, { "id": "person:Malcolm-Byrne.D.2019-11-29", "tab": "people", "label": "Malcolm Byrne", "records": 17, "speakers": 1, "first": "2024-07-04", "last": "2026-09-22", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": 1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 2, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 2, "concerns": [ { "key": "security", "n": 13, "share": 0.765 }, { "key": "ai", "n": 4, "share": 0.235 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 3, "share": 0.176 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 0.059 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 0.059 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 0.059 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 1, "share": 0.059 } ], "parties": [ [ "Fianna F\u00e1il", 17 ] ], "kinds": [ [ "written question", 15 ], [ "debate", 1 ], [ "oral question", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "It is not about a choice between housing and AI. We need to build housing but we also need to prepare for our tech future.", "speaker": "Malcolm Byrne", "date": "2025-05-29", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2025-05-29/85/", "kind": "oral question" }, { "text": "It needs to allow for an increased number of data centres or larger data centres while at the same time managing our very serious concerns about energy consumption and emissions.", "speaker": "Malcolm Byrne", "date": "2024-07-04", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/seanad/2024-07-04/6/", "kind": "debate" } ], "headline": "Backs more data centres under a clear Government policy", "points": [ "Wants policy allowing more or larger data centres while managing energy and emissions", "Rejects a choice between housing and AI; points to self-powered data centres", "Asks departments how much State data is stored in Ireland, the EU or abroad" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-05-29", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Malcolm Byrne", "summary": "Rejects framing housing and AI as a choice, says the future is both green and tech, and points to data centres that generate their own energy.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2025-05-29/85/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2024-07-04", "kind": "debate", "actor": "Malcolm Byrne", "summary": "Says data centres are essential infrastructure and wants a clear Government policy allowing more or larger data centres while managing energy and emissions concerns.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/seanad/2024-07-04/6/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2026-09-22", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Malcolm Byrne", "summary": "Asks the Minister to outline the importance of digital infrastructure, including data centres, to the Irish economy.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-22/213/", "stance": null }, { "date": "2026-04-14", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Malcolm Byrne", "summary": "Asks how much of the Department's data is stored in data centres in Ireland, elsewhere in the EU, outside the EU and in its own facilities.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-04-14/1611/", "stance": null } ] }, { "id": "person:Catherine-Connolly.D.2016-10-03", "tab": "people", "label": "Catherine Connolly", "records": 15, "speakers": 1, "first": "2019-12-03", "last": "2023-09-28", "stance": -1.0, "stanceRecent": null, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 3, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 3, "concerns": [ { "key": "transparency", "n": 6, "share": 0.4 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 6, "share": 0.4 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 5, "share": 0.333 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 3, "share": 0.2 }, { "key": "local", "n": 2, "share": 0.133 }, { "key": "water", "n": 1, "share": 0.067 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 1, "share": 0.067 } ], "parties": [ [ "Independents", 15 ] ], "kinds": [ [ "written question", 12 ], [ "oral question", 2 ], [ "debate", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "I realise we need data centres, but do we need the number that we are allowing to take place? Where is that reflected in Government policy?", "speaker": "Catherine Connolly", "date": "2023-09-28", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2023-09-28/80/", "kind": "oral question" }, { "text": "I fully accept that we need data centres and that they are part of the modern economy. What I do not accept is the thumbs up that was given in 2018", "speaker": "Catherine Connolly", "date": "2022-04-07", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2022-04-07/5/", "kind": "oral question" } ], "headline": "Accepts data centres are needed but questions how many", "points": [ "Says the 2018 policy was developer-led and ignored climate and water effects", "Repeatedly asks about delays to the revised Government data-centre statement", "Wants official data and analysis of numbers compatible with emissions commitments" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2023-09-28", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Catherine Connolly", "summary": "Accepts data centres are needed but questions how many, criticises the lack of official data and policy, and asks for analysis of what is sustainable.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2023-09-28/80/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2022-04-07", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Catherine Connolly", "summary": "Accepts data centres are needed but says the 2018 policy ignored their climate and environmental effects and the developer-led siting EirGrid warned about; wants the new strategy dated.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2022-04-07/5/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2021-09-29", "kind": "debate", "actor": "Catherine Connolly", "summary": "Says data-centre policy is developer-led and ignores climate and water, and wants analysis of how investment can continue while meeting climate objectives.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2021-09-29/7/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2022-09-15", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Catherine Connolly", "summary": "Asks whether the T\u00e1naiste plans an annual independent report on existing and planned data centres, given their high and rising electricity consumption.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2022-09-15/24/", "stance": null } ] }, { "id": "person:Ciar\u00e1n-Ahern.D.2024-11-29", "tab": "people", "label": "Ciar\u00e1n Ahern", "records": 14, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-03-04", "last": "2026-09-17", "stance": -1.33, "stanceRecent": -1.33, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 1, "-1": 2, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 3, "concerns": [ { "key": "climate", "n": 6, "share": 0.429 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 5, "share": 0.357 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 4, "share": 0.286 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 4, "share": 0.286 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 4, "share": 0.286 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 4, "share": 0.286 }, { "key": "water", "n": 3, "share": 0.214 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 2, "share": 0.143 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 2, "share": 0.143 } ], "parties": [ [ "Labour", 14 ] ], "kinds": [ [ "written question", 11 ], [ "oral question", 2 ], [ "debate", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "We want a pause until we have sufficient renewable capacity so we can ensure they are not impacting on our decarbonisation efforts or pushing up prices for ordinary households.", "speaker": "Ciar\u00e1n Ahern", "date": "2026-06-17", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "kind": "debate" }, { "text": "Our issue on this side of the House is that the renewable energy we are creating at the moment is being gobbled up by data centres.", "speaker": "Ciar\u00e1n Ahern", "date": "2026-09-17", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-17/4/", "kind": "oral question" } ], "headline": "Wants a pause until renewable capacity is sufficient", "points": [ "Says data centres raise household bills, strain the grid and increase gas demand", "Seeks a levy on their energy use and a suspended CRU connection policy", "Repeatedly asks for data on emissions, gas, water and power needs" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2026-09-17", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Ciar\u00e1n Ahern", "summary": "Says data centres absorb new renewable power, raise bills and used more water during a hosepipe ban, and wants the Government to keep its strategy under review.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-17/4/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2026-06-17", "kind": "debate", "actor": "Ciar\u00e1n Ahern", "summary": "Moves motion seeking a pause on data-centre expansion until renewables suffice, a levy on their energy use, and an independent study of their impacts on prices and emissions.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "stance": -2 }, { "date": "2026-06-11", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Ciar\u00e1n Ahern", "summary": "Says data centres add to household bills, strain the grid, raise gas demand and undermine decarbonisation; disputes KPMG job figures and asks what share of energy is acceptable.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-06-11/4/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2026-06-16", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Ciar\u00e1n Ahern", "summary": "Asks when the CSO will publish 2025 data-centre metered electricity consumption statistics.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-06-16/209/", "stance": null } ] }, { "id": "person:Richard-Bruton.S.1981-10-08", "tab": "people", "label": "Richard Bruton", "records": 13, "speakers": 1, "first": "2015-04-30", "last": "2024-10-15", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": null, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 8, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 8, "concerns": [ { "key": "renewables", "n": 8, "share": 0.615 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 6, "share": 0.462 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 4, "share": 0.308 }, { "key": "regional", "n": 4, "share": 0.308 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 3, "share": 0.231 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 2, "share": 0.154 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 2, "share": 0.154 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 2, "share": 0.154 }, { "key": "heat", "n": 2, "share": 0.154 }, { "key": "ai", "n": 2, "share": 0.154 }, { "key": "tax", "n": 1, "share": 0.077 }, { "key": "security", "n": 1, "share": 0.077 } ], "parties": [ [ "Fine Gael", 13 ] ], "kinds": [ [ "written question", 9 ], [ "committee", 3 ], [ "oral question", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "The need for data centres is clear, but we are trying to deliver them in an environmentally effective way. Some argue that Ireland is well located for that.", "speaker": "Richard Bruton", "date": "2021-09-28", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-09-28/2/", "kind": "committee" }, { "text": "I am delighted to hear that instead of blunt measures, there is consultation with data centres because some of the companies here are among the most innovative in the world.", "speaker": "Richard Bruton", "date": "2021-10-05", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-10-05/2/", "kind": "committee" } ], "headline": "Supports data centres run on renewables; questions moratorium calls", "points": [ "As minister, wanted corporate renewable PPAs and regionally balanced grid connections", "Asks whether blanket CPPA and heat-export rules are too blunt", "Asks about waste-heat obligations, connection criteria and a long-term sector pathway" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2023-11-15", "kind": "committee", "actor": "Richard Bruton", "summary": "Sees data centres as an effective long-term use of renewables and asks whether CPPA and heat-export rules are too blunt, possibly slowing efficient cloud migration.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2023-11-15/2/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2021-10-05", "kind": "committee", "actor": "Richard Bruton", "summary": "Questions singling out data centres for a moratorium and welcomes consultation with them, saying Ireland can harness their capability through the transition.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-10-05/2/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2021-09-28", "kind": "committee", "actor": "Richard Bruton", "summary": "Says the need for data centres is clear but they must be delivered in an environmentally effective way; asks about the path via renewables, hydrogen and carbon pricing.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-09-28/2/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2019-12-03", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Richard Bruton", "summary": "Says data centres should be accommodated sustainably, with unsubsidised corporate PPAs and regionally balanced connections to limit grid costs to consumers.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2019-12-03/487/", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "person:Paschal-Donohoe.S.2007-07-23", "tab": "people", "label": "Paschal Donohoe", "records": 13, "speakers": 1, "first": "2018-09-18", "last": "2024-02-27", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": null, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 2, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 2, "concerns": [ { "key": "tax", "n": 4, "share": 0.308 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 4, "share": 0.308 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 3, "share": 0.231 }, { "key": "security", "n": 2, "share": 0.154 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 2, "share": 0.154 }, { "key": "heat", "n": 1, "share": 0.077 }, { "key": "regional", "n": 1, "share": 0.077 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 0.077 } ], "parties": [ [ "Fine Gael", 13 ] ], "kinds": [ [ "written question", 13 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "The Government will seek to ensure that this important infrastructure for our wider technology sector and information based economy can be facilitated sustainably", "speaker": "Paschal Donohoe", "date": "2021-09-21", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2021-09-21/64/", "kind": "written question" }, { "text": "I am advised by Revenue that data centres are not separately identifiable on Revenue records.", "speaker": "Paschal Donohoe", "date": "2021-09-09", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2021-09-09/205/", "kind": "written question" } ], "headline": "Replies on State data centre, tax data and energy supports", "points": [ "Set out plans for an energy-efficient, secure State data centre at Backweston", "Says Revenue records cannot identify data centres or cost a surcharge", "Says the business energy support scheme has no sectoral restrictions" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2021-09-21", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Paschal Donohoe", "summary": "Says the Government will facilitate data centres sustainably and harness them for decarbonisation and regional growth; Revenue cannot identify their capital allowance claims.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2021-09-21/64/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2018-10-03", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Paschal Donohoe", "summary": "Says sensitive data needs on-site hosting, so the State will build an energy-efficient, secure data centre at Backweston to replace older computer rooms; cost details withheld.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2018-10-03/124/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2024-02-27", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Paschal Donohoe", "summary": "Says the Department uses ISO 27001 private and Government data centres in Dublin, Kildare and Cork, withholding exact locations for security reasons.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2024-02-27/169/", "stance": null }, { "date": "2022-11-10", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Paschal Donohoe", "summary": "Says the energy support scheme has no sectoral restrictions by business type, as conditions would be hard to legislate robustly and could raise State aid issues.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2022-11-10/133/", "stance": null } ] }, { "id": "person:Heather-Humphreys.D.2011-03-09", "tab": "people", "label": "Heather Humphreys", "records": 12, "speakers": 1, "first": "2018-02-01", "last": "2024-02-27", "stance": 1.2, "stanceRecent": null, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 8, "2": 2 }, "withStance": 10, "concerns": [ { "key": "regional", "n": 9, "share": 0.75 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 8, "share": 0.667 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 2, "share": 0.167 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 2, "share": 0.167 }, { "key": "security", "n": 2, "share": 0.167 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 0.083 }, { "key": "heat", "n": 1, "share": 0.083 }, { "key": "ai", "n": 1, "share": 0.083 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 0.083 } ], "parties": [ [ "Fine Gael", 12 ] ], "kinds": [ [ "written question", 12 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "There are nearly 30 major data centres located in Ireland that are operated by some of the world\u2019s leading technology companies and I am confident that this number will increase in the future.", "speaker": "Heather Humphreys", "date": "2018-05-17", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2018-05-17/155/", "kind": "written question" }, { "text": "Data centres have taken major steps in recent years to reduce their carbon footprint and are now among the largest and most significant users of renewable energy.", "speaker": "Heather Humphreys", "date": "2019-01-31", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2019-01-31/30/", "kind": "written question" } ], "headline": "As enterprise minister, wanted data-centre investment to keep growing", "points": [ "Backed faster planning and strategic-infrastructure designation after Apple's Athenry withdrawal", "Cited an unpublished IDA study of sites suited to data centres", "Called data centres large renewable users important to the digital economy" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2019-12-03", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Heather Humphreys", "summary": "Says data centres bring grid and energy challenges, especially in Dublin, but are important for the digital economy; points to renewables commitments, PPAs and regional siting.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2019-12-03/61/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2019-03-26", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Heather Humphreys", "summary": "Says the IDA's unpublished site evaluation for data centres is complete and the goal is for data-centre investment in Ireland to continue.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2019-03-26/588/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2019-01-31", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Heather Humphreys", "summary": "Says data centres have cut their carbon footprint and are major renewable users, cites \u20ac7.13bn economic contribution, and describes IDA green supports.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2019-01-31/30/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2019-01-15", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Heather Humphreys", "summary": "Says the IDA's unpublished site evaluation for data centres is complete and the goal is for data-centre investment in Ireland to continue.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2019-01-15/496/", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "person:Darren-O'Rourke.D.2020-02-08", "tab": "people", "label": "Darren O'Rourke", "records": 12, "speakers": 1, "first": "2021-06-15", "last": "2024-01-30", "stance": -1.5, "stanceRecent": null, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 2, "-1": 2, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 4, "concerns": [ { "key": "grid", "n": 6, "share": 0.5 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 6, "share": 0.5 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 5, "share": 0.417 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 3, "share": 0.25 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 0.083 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 1, "share": 0.083 }, { "key": "tax", "n": 1, "share": 0.083 }, { "key": "water", "n": 1, "share": 0.083 }, { "key": "local", "n": 1, "share": 0.083 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 0.083 } ], "parties": [ [ "Sinn F\u00e9in", 12 ] ], "kinds": [ [ "written question", 8 ], [ "committee", 2 ], [ "oral question", 1 ], [ "debate", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "I think it is right that the D\u00e1il now calls for an emergency brake on the future development of data centres.", "speaker": "Darren O'Rourke", "date": "2021-09-29", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2021-09-29/7/", "kind": "debate" }, { "text": "However, regarding the demand on gas, surely somebody should have said, \"This is absolutely insane and we just should not do it.", "speaker": "Darren O'Rourke", "date": "2023-11-15", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2023-11-15/2/", "kind": "committee" } ], "headline": "Backed a moratorium; questions gas use and grid strain", "points": [ "Called for an emergency brake on data-centre development in 2021", "Says data-centre demand conflicts with the renewables shift and threatens supply", "Asks about gas-connected and islanded data centres and their emissions" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2023-11-15", "kind": "committee", "actor": "Darren O'Rourke", "summary": "Questions why gas-connected data centres were allowed, asks whether contracted ones can be pushed off gas, and raises community acceptance of renewables offsetting multinational data centres.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2023-11-15/2/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2021-09-29", "kind": "debate", "actor": "Darren O'Rourke", "summary": "Calls for an emergency brake on data-centre development, saying growth threatens electricity supply and emissions targets and that data centres do not pay their fair share.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2021-09-29/7/", "stance": -2 }, { "date": "2021-09-28", "kind": "committee", "actor": "Darren O'Rourke", "summary": "Says there is an information deficit on data centres and a moratorium call makes sense; asks about mitigation, offsetting and using backup power to support the grid.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-09-28/2/", "stance": -2 }, { "date": "2021-09-16", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Darren O'Rourke", "summary": "Warns of blackouts and policy incoherence between renewables and rising data-centre demand; opposes more fossil-fuel dependency and raises electricity costs for families.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2021-09-16/1/", "stance": -1 } ] }, { "id": "person:Roderic-O'Gorman.D.2020-02-08", "tab": "people", "label": "Roderic O'Gorman", "records": 12, "speakers": 1, "first": "2024-02-27", "last": "2026-09-22", "stance": -1.0, "stanceRecent": -1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 3, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 3, "concerns": [ { "key": "transparency", "n": 6, "share": 0.5 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 4, "share": 0.333 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 4, "share": 0.333 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 3, "share": 0.25 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 3, "share": 0.25 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 2, "share": 0.167 }, { "key": "security", "n": 1, "share": 0.083 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 0.083 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 0.083 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 0.083 } ], "parties": [ [ "Green Party", 12 ] ], "kinds": [ [ "written question", 9 ], [ "oral question", 2 ], [ "debate", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Is it not time that the Government commission a comprehensive report on the benefits and costs of data centres?", "speaker": "Roderic O'Gorman", "date": "2026-09-22", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-22/2/", "kind": "oral question" }, { "text": "If our renewables are not coming online at the speed we and the Minister would like, do we also have to take a similar approach to delaying the connection of further data centres to our system?", "speaker": "Roderic O'Gorman", "date": "2025-06-10", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2025-06-10/111/", "kind": "oral question" } ], "headline": "Wants a full cost-benefit study of data centres", "points": [ "Says the KPMG report omitted household bills, opportunity costs and sustainability", "Suggests delaying new connections if renewables come online too slowly", "Cites grid limits, higher prices, gas reliance and water use" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2026-09-22", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Roderic O'Gorman", "summary": "Says the KPMG report left out costs such as higher household bills, opportunity costs and sustainability metrics, and wants a full cost-benefit assessment of data centres.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-22/2/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2026-06-17", "kind": "debate", "actor": "Roderic O'Gorman", "summary": "Says data centres pose social and environmental concerns: the grid cannot support them, they raise prices, rely on gas generation, and use growing amounts of water.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2025-06-10", "kind": "oral question", "actor": "Roderic O'Gorman", "summary": "Questions the balance between housing and data-centre energy demand, notes Ireland's high share, and suggests delaying new data-centre connections if renewables lag.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2025-06-10/111/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2026-09-22", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Roderic O'Gorman", "summary": "Asks whether the Department will do a cost-benefit analysis weighing data-centre operational jobs against the higher energy costs linked to data centres.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-22/233/", "stance": null } ] }, { "id": "person:Donna-McGettigan.D.2024-11-29", "tab": "people", "label": "Donna McGettigan", "records": 9, "speakers": 1, "first": "2026-01-27", "last": "2026-05-28", "stance": -1.0, "stanceRecent": -1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 1, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "jobs", "n": 6, "share": 0.667 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 3, "share": 0.333 }, { "key": "water", "n": 2, "share": 0.222 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 2, "share": 0.222 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 1, "share": 0.111 }, { "key": "heat", "n": 1, "share": 0.111 }, { "key": "ai", "n": 1, "share": 0.111 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 1, "share": 0.111 } ], "parties": [ [ "Sinn F\u00e9in", 9 ] ], "kinds": [ [ "written question", 9 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "given that data centres already use a large and growing share of Ireland's resources but create relatively few permanent jobs", "speaker": "Donna McGettigan", "date": "2026-05-28", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-05-28/306/", "kind": "written question" }, { "text": "the provisions in place to protect power supplies to homes and other businesses when there is excess power demand, potentially caused by data-centres", "speaker": "Donna McGettigan", "date": "2026-01-27", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-01-27/244/", "kind": "written question" } ], "headline": "Questions data-centre jobs, water use and grid risk", "points": [ "Says data centres use a large share of resources but create few jobs", "Asks about job losses elsewhere from higher bills and supply pressure", "Asks how water use, dry cooling and waste heat are recorded" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2026-05-28", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Donna McGettigan", "summary": "Says data centres use a large and growing share of resources while creating few permanent jobs, and asks the Minister's view on this concentration of risk.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-05-28/306/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2026-05-28", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Donna McGettigan", "summary": "Asks whether the Department has examined the risk that data centres contribute to job losses in the tech sector, following announced job cuts.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-05-28/303/", "stance": null }, { "date": "2026-05-28", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Donna McGettigan", "summary": "Asks what assessment has been made of job losses elsewhere in the economy from data centre growth through higher energy bills or supply pressure.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-05-28/304/", "stance": null }, { "date": "2026-05-28", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Donna McGettigan", "summary": "Asks what protections exist for workers who might lose jobs if data centre expansion displaces other employment.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-05-28/305/", "stance": null } ] }, { "id": "person:Gerald-Nash.D.2011-03-09", "tab": "people", "label": "Ged Nash", "records": 8, "speakers": 1, "first": "2020-07-29", "last": "2026-06-17", "stance": -2.0, "stanceRecent": -2.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 1, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "jobs", "n": 3, "share": 0.375 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 3, "share": 0.375 }, { "key": "local", "n": 2, "share": 0.25 }, { "key": "tax", "n": 2, "share": 0.25 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 1, "share": 0.125 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 0.125 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 0.125 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 1, "share": 0.125 } ], "parties": [ [ "Labour", 8 ] ], "kinds": [ [ "written question", 7 ], [ "debate", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Frankly, we need to put the breaks on the development of data centres, at least until our grid capacity increases and household bills come down.", "speaker": "Ged Nash", "date": "2026-06-17", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "kind": "debate" }, { "text": "his plans, if any, to restrict data centres and other large energy users from availing of the TBESS", "speaker": "Ged Nash", "date": "2022-11-10", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2022-11-10/133/", "kind": "written question" } ], "headline": "Wants data centres paused until grid grows and bills fall", "points": [ "Says data centres add to household bills and create few long-term jobs", "Wants offshore wind prioritised over more data centres", "Earlier asked about a surcharge, State involvement and data-centre job numbers" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2026-06-17", "kind": "debate", "actor": "Ged Nash", "summary": "Wants data-centre development paused until grid capacity grows and bills fall, says they add to household bills and create few long-term jobs.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "stance": -2 }, { "date": "2022-11-10", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Ged Nash", "summary": "Asks whether any data centres have been approved for the temporary business energy support scheme and whether large energy users will be restricted from it.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2022-11-10/133/", "stance": null }, { "date": "2022-09-08", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Ged Nash", "summary": "Asks how much revenue a surcharge of \u20ac1, \u20ac5 or \u20ac10 per MWh on data-centre electricity consumption would raise.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2022-09-08/73/", "stance": null }, { "date": "2021-06-16", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Ged Nash", "summary": "Asks for details of the proposed shared Government data centre in the national recovery and resilience plan.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2021-06-16/94/", "stance": null } ] }, { "id": "person:R\u00e9ada-Cronin.D.2020-02-08", "tab": "people", "label": "R\u00e9ada Cronin", "records": 8, "speakers": 1, "first": "2021-09-28", "last": "2026-09-30", "stance": -1.5, "stanceRecent": -2.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 2, "-1": 2, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 4, "concerns": [ { "key": "grid", "n": 6, "share": 0.75 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 5, "share": 0.625 }, { "key": "local", "n": 4, "share": 0.5 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 3, "share": 0.375 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 2, "share": 0.25 }, { "key": "water", "n": 1, "share": 0.125 }, { "key": "heat", "n": 1, "share": 0.125 } ], "parties": [ [ "Sinn F\u00e9in", 8 ] ], "kinds": [ [ "written question", 4 ], [ "committee", 2 ], [ "debate", 2 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "We need a moratorium on data centres immediately and for the Government to properly tackle energy costs.", "speaker": "R\u00e9ada Cronin", "date": "2026-06-17", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "kind": "debate" }, { "text": "If they see that energy for data centres is put ahead of energy for the public, we could be entering very dangerous territory.", "speaker": "R\u00e9ada Cronin", "date": "2021-09-28", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-09-28/2/", "kind": "committee" } ], "headline": "Wants an immediate moratorium on data centres", "points": [ "Says data centres raise bills and take power ahead of the public", "Raises grid, water and housing concerns over Kildare sites, including Naas", "Asks about cutting data-centre grid demand and using their waste heat" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2026-06-17", "kind": "debate", "actor": "R\u00e9ada Cronin", "summary": "Wants an immediate moratorium, saying data centres raise bills, take grid connections and labour from housing, add emissions, and a proposed Naas site threatens housing and water.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2026-06-17/9/", "stance": -2 }, { "date": "2021-10-05", "kind": "committee", "actor": "R\u00e9ada Cronin", "summary": "Raises fears of blackouts for carers in Celbridge where a data centre is planned, and questions how parties collaborate when data centres use so much energy.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-10-05/2/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2021-09-29", "kind": "debate", "actor": "R\u00e9ada Cronin", "summary": "Supports a moratorium, warning that people facing higher energy costs and outages while data centres keep power would damage social cohesion.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2021-09-29/7/", "stance": -2 }, { "date": "2021-09-28", "kind": "committee", "actor": "R\u00e9ada Cronin", "summary": "Says putting energy for data centres ahead of the public amid higher costs and possible shortages threatens social cohesion, and that data centres show unsustainable circumstances.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-09-28/2/", "stance": -1 } ] }, { "id": "person:Richard-Boyd-Barrett.D.2011-03-09", "tab": "people", "label": "Richard Boyd Barrett", "records": 8, "speakers": 1, "first": "2021-09-29", "last": "2026-09-22", "stance": -1.33, "stanceRecent": -1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 1, "-1": 2, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 3, "concerns": [ { "key": "bills", "n": 4, "share": 0.5 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 3, "share": 0.375 }, { "key": "tax", "n": 3, "share": 0.375 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 2, "share": 0.25 }, { "key": "water", "n": 1, "share": 0.125 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 0.125 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 0.125 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 1, "share": 0.125 }, { "key": "local", "n": 1, "share": 0.125 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 1, "share": 0.125 } ], "parties": [ [ "People Before Profit\u2013Solidarity", 8 ] ], "kinds": [ [ "written question", 7 ], [ "debate", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "As well as saying we should stop the construction of data centres, we should insist that carbon tax increases be set aside in the next budget.", "speaker": "Richard Boyd Barrett", "date": "2021-09-29", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2021-09-29/7/", "kind": "debate" }, { "text": "if he will consider introducing a specific tax on data centres given their high impact on our energy and resource infrastructure", "speaker": "Richard Boyd Barrett", "date": "2024-02-01", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2024-02-01/119/", "kind": "written question" } ], "headline": "Wants data-centre construction stopped and a data-centre tax", "points": [ "Says data centres add emissions, water use and bills with little employment", "Asks about a data-centre levy to fund a universal \u20ac500 energy credit", "Asks about banning data centres in areas of high housing need" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2026-09-22", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Richard Boyd Barrett", "summary": "Asks the Minister to respond to reports that the KPMG study was predetermined in favour of expansion despite evidence of harm to climate goals, the grid and household bills.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-22/21/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2024-02-01", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Richard Boyd Barrett", "summary": "Asks the Minister to consider a specific tax on data centres, citing their high impact on energy and resource infrastructure.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2024-02-01/119/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2021-09-29", "kind": "debate", "actor": "Richard Boyd Barrett", "summary": "Wants data-centre construction stopped, saying they add to emissions, water use and energy bills while giving little employment.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2021-09-29/7/", "stance": -2 }, { "date": "2026-09-17", "kind": "written question", "actor": "Richard Boyd Barrett", "summary": "Asks whether the Minister has read a report and what plans he has to deal with higher household electricity costs linked to data-centre usage.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2026-09-17/54/", "stance": null } ] }, { "id": "org:commission-for-regulation-of-utilities", "tab": "state", "label": "Commission for Regulation of Utilities", "records": 7, "speakers": 5, "first": "2021-10-05", "last": "2023-11-15", "stance": -0.5, "stanceRecent": null, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 2, "0": 2, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 4, "concerns": [ { "key": "grid", "n": 5, "share": 0.714 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 4, "share": 0.571 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 4, "share": 0.571 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 4, "share": 0.571 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 2, "share": 0.286 }, { "key": "water", "n": 1, "share": 0.143 }, { "key": "bills", "n": 1, "share": 0.143 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "committee", 7 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "In our proposed decision, we have not proposed to put in place a moratorium but all options remain open to us as things progress, and it is important to note that.", "speaker": "Jim Gannon", "date": "2021-10-05", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-10-05/2/", "kind": "committee" }, { "text": "We cannot keep signing off and connecting data centres to our energy networks faster than we can deliver the network, the renewables and the gas backup generation capacity needed for those data centres.", "speaker": "Aoife MacEvilly", "date": "2023-11-15", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2023-11-15/2/", "kind": "committee" } ], "headline": "Wants data-centre connections paced to grid and decarbonisation", "points": [ "Chose connection conditions over a moratorium in 2021, keeping one as an option", "Says data centres connect faster than networks, renewables and backup can be built", "Favours renewable PPAs, heat export and on-site generation or storage" ], "shift": "Added decarbonisation to security-of-supply aims; sought stronger conditions by 2023", "examples": [ { "date": "2023-11-15", "kind": "committee", "actor": "Jim Gannon", "summary": "Says data-centre connection policy needs further strengthening for decarbonisation and security of supply, favouring renewable PPAs, low-carbon backup and heat export as planning conditions.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2023-11-15/2/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2023-11-15", "kind": "committee", "actor": "Aoife MacEvilly", "summary": "Says data centres cannot keep connecting faster than networks, renewables and backup can be delivered, and new connections should be as close to carbon neutral as possible.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2023-11-15/2/", "stance": -1 }, { "date": "2021-10-05", "kind": "committee", "actor": "Aoife MacEvilly", "summary": "Says data-centre demand growth is unprecedented and outpacing grid infrastructure, so the CRU is setting a connection policy to make data centres part of the solution.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-10-05/2/", "stance": 0 }, { "date": "2021-10-05", "kind": "committee", "actor": "Jim Gannon", "summary": "Says the CRU preferred mitigation measures over a blanket moratorium for data centres, while keeping a moratorium open as an option if needed.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-10-05/2/", "stance": 0 } ] }, { "id": "org:eirgrid", "tab": "state", "label": "EirGrid", "records": 3, "speakers": 3, "first": "2021-10-05", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 0.5, "stanceRecent": 0.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 1, "1": 1, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 2, "concerns": [ { "key": "grid", "n": 3, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 3, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "regional", "n": 2, "share": 0.667 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 0.333 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 1, "share": 0.333 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "committee", 2 ], [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "EirGrid understands that such growth in demand must and can be accommodated by an appropriate policy framework which seeks to ensure that all parties collaborate on an approach that responds to the temporary constraints in the current system.", "speaker": "Mark Foley", "date": "2021-10-05", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-10-05/2/", "kind": "committee" }, { "text": "EirGrid consider that future data centre growth in Ireland should be considered in a balanced regional development perspective with the requirements for such new data centres to be located in areas in conjunction with significant additional renewable generation.", "speaker": "EirGrid", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-57", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Accepts data-centre growth if sited regionally with new generation", "points": [ "Says demand growth can be met under a policy framework requiring on-site generation", "Wants new data centres located in regions alongside new renewables", "Flags competition with housing for capacity and fault-ride-through risks" ], "shift": "By 2025 stressed renewable co-location and competition with housing for capacity", "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "EirGrid", "summary": "Supports a plan-led approach with new data centres sited regionally beside new renewables and new dispatchable generation, and flags capacity competition with housing and fault-ride-through risks.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-57", "stance": 0 }, { "date": "2021-10-05", "kind": "committee", "actor": "Mark Foley", "summary": "Says data centres are critical to the economy and their demand growth can be accommodated under a policy framework requiring them to bring generation, flexibility and regional location.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-10-05/2/", "stance": 1 }, { "date": "2021-10-05", "kind": "committee", "actor": "Rodney Doyle", "summary": "Describes demand-side schemes and says the CRU consultation requires large demand sites to locate near demand, have on-site generation and reduce demand when the system is tight.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2021-10-05/2/", "stance": null } ] }, { "id": "org:climate-change-advisory-council", "tab": "state", "label": "Climate Change Advisory Council", "records": 2, "speakers": 2, "first": "2023-11-15", "last": "2023-11-15", "stance": 0.0, "stanceRecent": null, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 1, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 0.5 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 0.5 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 0.5 }, { "key": "heat", "n": 1, "share": 0.5 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 0.5 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 0.5 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "committee", 2 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "the council has recommended that planning permission for all data centres should require corporate power purchase agreements for renewable electricity, the volume of which exceeds the maximum electricity demand of the data centre", "speaker": "Marie Donnelly", "date": "2023-11-15", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2023-11-15/2/", "kind": "committee" }, { "text": "In the context of data centres, the shorter duration storage that we have available at present is not necessarily the most suitable for data centres for back-up generation if they have an outage for a longer period of time.", "speaker": "Meabh Gallagher", "date": "2023-11-15", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2023-11-15/2/", "kind": "committee" } ], "headline": "Neutral on data centres; wants renewable and heat conditions", "points": [ "Wants planning to require renewable PPAs exceeding each site's peak demand", "Wants no more gas contracts for islanded, fossil-powered data centres", "Notes long-duration storage for backup faces market barriers and policy delays" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2023-11-15", "kind": "committee", "actor": "Marie Donnelly", "summary": "Says the council is neutral on data centres; wants planning to require renewable PPAs exceeding demand, heat export, and no gas contracts for fossil-powered islanded centres.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2023-11-15/2/", "stance": 0 }, { "date": "2023-11-15", "kind": "committee", "actor": "Meabh Gallagher", "summary": "Says long-duration storage, which data centres would need for backup, faces market barriers and delayed enabling policies.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/joint_committee_on_environment_and_climate_action/2023-11-15/2/", "stance": null } ] }, { "id": "org:environmental-protection-agency", "tab": "state", "label": "Environmental Protection Agency", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-03-31", "last": "2025-03-31", "stance": -1.0, "stanceRecent": -1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 1, "0": 0, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "local", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "The EPA assessment of this policy and is that it will result in a rise in Greenhouse Gas emissions due to the use of fossil fuels to power the dispatchable power at these large energy users.", "speaker": "Environmental Protection Agency", "date": "2025-03-31", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-76", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Says the connection policy will raise emissions", "points": [ "Expects fossil-fuelled on-site generation to increase greenhouse gas emissions", "Warns of air-quality limits where data centres cluster, such as Dublin", "Wants climate law built into connection decisions and islanded sites moved to grid" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-03-31", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Environmental Protection Agency", "summary": "Says the proposed connection policy will raise greenhouse gas emissions through fossil-fuelled on-site generation and warns of air-quality limits where data centres cluster, such as Dublin.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-76", "stance": -1 } ] }, { "id": "org:codema-dublin-s-energy-agency", "tab": "state", "label": "Codema (Dublin's energy agency)", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-03", "last": "2025-04-03", "stance": 0.0, "stanceRecent": 0.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 1, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "renewables", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "transparency", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Ensuring that a strategic, plan-led approach is pursued in the future so that data centres can be co-located with renewable energy production is the optimal path to expand the data centre industry in Ireland.", "speaker": "Codema (Dublin's energy agency)", "date": "2025-04-03", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-6", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Backs plan-led co-location with renewables; wary of gas lock-in", "points": [ "Sees co-location with renewable generation as the best path for growth", "Concerned the on-site generation rule will lock in gas plants", "Wants local-authority guidance on islanded sites and clear emissions accounting" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-03", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Codema (Dublin's energy agency)", "summary": "Backs plan-led co-location of data centres with renewables but is concerned the on-site generation rule will lock in gas plants and raise grid emissions.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-6", "stance": 0 } ] }, { "id": "org:uisce-eireann", "tab": "state", "label": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 0.0, "stanceRecent": 0.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 1, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "We commend the CRU\u2019s pragmatic approach to managing capacity challenges and diverse customer needs and support the overall direction of the proposed policy.", "speaker": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-44", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Supports the overall direction of the CRU proposal", "points": [ "Wants a Government-led strategic approach prioritising national infrastructure projects", "Wants grid connections aligned with climate goals" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "summary": "Supports the overall direction of the proposed policy and a Government-led, strategic approach that prioritises national infrastructure projects and aligns grid connections with climate goals.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-44", "stance": 0 } ] }, { "id": "org:ida-ireland", "tab": "state", "label": "IDA Ireland", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": 1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 1, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "ai", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "Ireland\u2019s FDI model has substantially benefited from the country\u2019s ability to attract the world\u2019s leading data centre operators and associated infrastructure investment. Their continued growth here is an important factor in the continued growth of Ireland\u2019s digital economy.", "speaker": "IDA Ireland", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-54", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Says data-centre growth matters for FDI and digital economy", "points": [ "Wants the direction kept to data centres only", "Wants 5\u201310 MW grid increments for Dublin retail data centres", "Warns wholesale market participation adds cost" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "IDA Ireland", "summary": "Says data-centre growth matters for Ireland's FDI and digital economy; wants Dublin connection options for retail data centres and warns wholesale market participation adds cost.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-54", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "org:gas-networks-ireland", "tab": "state", "label": "Gas Networks Ireland", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 1.0, "stanceRecent": 1.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 0, "1": 1, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "gas", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "jobs", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "climate", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "the gas network has capacity available to provide gas connections to LEUs to support continued economic development while constraints in the electricity grid are being alleviated", "speaker": "Gas Networks Ireland", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-56", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Offers gas capacity for data centres while grid is constrained", "points": [ "Supports onsite dispatchable generation for data centres", "Wants interruptible gas connection agreements for large energy users", "Proposes a renewable gas glidepath for sites using onsite gas" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "Gas Networks Ireland", "summary": "Supports onsite dispatchable generation for data centres and offers gas network capacity while the grid is constrained, seeking interruptible gas contracts and a renewable gas glidepath.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-56", "stance": 1 } ] }, { "id": "org:esb-networks", "tab": "state", "label": "ESB Networks", "records": 1, "speakers": 1, "first": "2025-04-04", "last": "2025-04-04", "stance": 0.0, "stanceRecent": 0.0, "stanceCounts": { "-2": 0, "-1": 0, "0": 1, "1": 0, "2": 0 }, "withStance": 1, "concerns": [ { "key": "grid", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "fairness", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 }, { "key": "rules", "n": 1, "share": 1.0 } ], "parties": null, "kinds": [ [ "consultation response", 1 ] ], "quotes": [ { "text": "connection of LEUs in an unmitigated way has the potential to create and exacerbate the issue of constrained areas and the potential to frustrate connection of other customers including delivery of additional housing stock", "speaker": "ESB Networks", "date": "2025-04-04", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-62", "kind": "consultation response" } ], "headline": "Supports plan-led approach; warns of impact on housing connections", "points": [ "Warns unmitigated connections can constrain areas and delay housing", "Wants the policy applied to all data centres, with no minimum size", "Suggests legislation letting system operators prioritise government policy objectives" ], "shift": null, "examples": [ { "date": "2025-04-04", "kind": "consultation response", "actor": "ESB Networks", "summary": "Supports a plan-led approach and the direction to system operators, warning unmitigated data-centre connections can constrain areas and delay housing and other customers' connections.", "url": "https://consult.cru.ie/en/submission/cru-c38-62", "stance": 0 } ] } ], "notes": "Plan dates are adoption dates as stated on each council's plan page (general knowledge, unchecked); the SDCC section 31 direction is dated 18 November 2022 in the document." }, "budget": { "title": "Budget 2027: what it means for data centres and power", "source": "Government of Ireland Budget 2027 documents (gov.ie / assets.gov.ie)", "asOf": "2026-10-10", "status": "published", "budgetDay": "2026-10-06", "publishedAt": "2026-10-06", "fetchedRun": "2026-10-10", "fetch": { "checkedAt": "2026-10-10T11:03:47+00:00", "budgetDay": "2026-10-06", "pagesRead": [ "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-finance/campaigns/budget/", "https://budget.gov.ie/", "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-finance/publications/budget-2027-budget-publications/", "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-finance/publications/budget-2027-taxation-measures/", 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"\u2026 to access adapted vehicles; support for the Irish Coast Guard\u2019s Search and Rescue service; and regional airport connectivity Through the National Development Plan, four point two billion euro will: provide for additional investment in DART+, BusConnects and the Cork Area \u2026" }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-chambers-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "Water Water is another critical natural resource and a building block of future growth." }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-chambers-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "To support its significant programme of investment and to accelerate the delivery of new and existing water infrastructure, I am allocating two point three billion euro to Uisce \u00c9ireann in 2027." }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-chambers-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "To support its significant programme of investment and to accelerate the delivery of new and existing water infrastructure, I am allocating two point three billion euro to Uisce \u00c9ireann in 2027." }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-chambers-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u2026 includes one point five billion in capital funding: to build essential capacity and increase the resilience and sustainability of our water supply; for new water and wastewater connections, enabling the delivery of new homes; and to deliver upgrades to wastewater \u2026" }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-chambers-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "The development and diffusion of AI is not just a new trend; it is a paradigm shift that will have profound implications for our economy and society." }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-chambers-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "As a country, we are well placed to take advantage of the opportunities that AI offers, but only if we equip our people with the skills of the future." }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-chambers-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Of this, one hundred and fifty million euro will be targeted at strengthening skills resilience across the economy, including the skills we need to adapt to a future where AI is central to work." }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-chambers-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 places in key health and social care professions A nine hundred and twenty-five million euro capital allocation will fund key NDP projects, including: continued support for INSPIRE, Ireland\u2019s research infrastructure programme and for Taighde \u00c9ireann, to attract international talent and \u2026" }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-chambers-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Digitalisation and AI in the Public Service In the public service in particular, our ambition must go beyond using new technology to make old processes faster." }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-chambers-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 men, young people and the LGBTQ+ community; and investment in targeted suicide prevention initiatives to support the Traveller community The NDP will fund one point seven billion euro in health infrastructure projects in 2027, including: progressing the relocation of the \u2026" }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-chambers-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 Joint Cyber Operations Unit; and healthcare and medical services for the Defence Forces Three hundred and forty million euro of NDP funding will support: the delivery of new helicopters and the Military Radar Programme; targeted investment in capabilities including maritime \u2026" }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-chambers-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "offshore", "sentence": "\u2026 and phase three of the Ulster Canal restoration We will also invest in major new infrastructure in ports to support Offshore Renewable Energy both North and South, as well as upgrades to rail infrastructure between Dublin, Belfast and Derry, in \u2026" }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-chambers-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u2026 I am allocating two hundred million euro to the Shared Island Fund to support: the completion of the iconic Narrow Water Bridge linking the Cooley Peninsula with the Mourne Mountains; and commencement of a new teaching building at Ulster University \u2026" }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-chambers-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "\u2026 Generation Sites and Regional Investment; funding will provide the National Artificial Intelligence Office with a strong foundation to implement the AI Act; we will invest to expand high-value overseas tourism, extend the tourism season and increase regional visitor numbers; the \u2026" }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-chambers-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "artificial intelligence", "sentence": "IDA Ireland will progress initiatives across Next Generation Sites and Regional Investment; funding will provide the National Artificial Intelligence Office with a strong foundation to implement the AI Act; we will invest to expand high-value overseas tourism, extend the tourism \u2026" }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-chambers-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "This will provide: an extra twenty-one point six million euro for Water Quality and Biodiversity European Innovation Partnerships, to improve water quality on farms and support farmers; twenty-two million euro for the National Sheep Welfare Scheme; eight point four million \u2026" }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-chambers-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "offshore", "sentence": "\u2026 Gaeilge a fhorbairt agus a choinne\u00e1il while an additional one point five million euro will maintain vital transport links for offshore islands In 2027, the NDP will support the development of: the pier at Inis O\u00edrr in County Galway; forbairt \u2026" }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-chambers-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 choinne\u00e1il while an additional one point five million euro will maintain vital transport links for offshore islands In 2027, the NDP will support the development of: the pier at Inis O\u00edrr in County Galway; forbairt Ionad Gaeilge nua ar Sr\u00e1id \u2026" }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-chambers-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 of a public warning system so emergency alerts can be sent directly to mobile phones during major incidents Through the NDP: work will progress on the National Velodrome and Badminton Centre and the National Cricket Centre at the National Sports \u2026" }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-harris-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Help us improve AI search results by giving your feedback (3-5 mins)." }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-harris-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "offshore", "sentence": "\u2026 I am pleased to announce a reduction in the rates of tax that apply to investors in Irish and equivalent offshore funds, and Irish and foreign life assurance products, including Investment Undertaking Tax and Life Assurance Exit Tax, from 38 \u2026" }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-harris-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "Carbon tax The Carbon tax is a fundamental part of our response to the energy transition." }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-harris-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "Home heating costs In particular, as we come into winter the increase in the price of home heating oil and natural gas represents a heavy burden for many families who may have no easy alternatives." }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-harris-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "Carbon tax on home heating oil and gas is being reduced and will not increase again in the lifetime of this government." }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-harris-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "Carbon tax on home heating oil and gas is being reduced and will not increase again in the lifetime of this government." }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-harris-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "I am reducing the rate of carbon tax on both kerosene and natural gas." }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-harris-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "I am reducing the rate of carbon tax on both kerosene and natural gas." }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-harris-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "The decision not to proceed with future increases on these products will ultimately result in the carbon tax rate being less than half of what was set out originally." }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-harris-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "grid", "sentence": "A further \u20ac2 billion will be invested by Eirgrid in the coming years to boost the resilience of the grid as we switch to renewables." }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-harris-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "EirGrid", "sentence": "A further \u20ac2 billion will be invested by Eirgrid in the coming years to boost the resilience of the grid as we switch to renewables." }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-harris-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "grid", "sentence": "Microgeneration And finally, I am increasing the income tax disregard for micro-generation income received by households who sell electricity back to the grid by \u20ac200, from \u20ac400 to \u20ac600." }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-harris-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "ISIF", "sentence": "Ireland Strategic Investment Fund To further support the growth of Irish companies, I am very pleased to announce today that the Ireland Strategic Investment Fund (ISIF), is launching a \u20ac1 billion investment programme, aimed at creating the next generation of \u2026" }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-harris-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "ISIF", "sentence": "In co-ordination with Enterprise Ireland, ISIF will invest through a range of channels to ensure that ambitious Irish businesses have enough capital to do just that." }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-harris-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "I am also extending the corporation tax small company start-up relief." }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-harris-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "Therefore, I am making a number of amendments to our corporation tax regime." }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-harris-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "Research and development The R&D tax credit has been a cornerstone of our corporation tax policy since its introduction in 2004, providing consistent support for cutting-edge scientific and technological research for over two decades." }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-harris-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "Changes to Preliminary Corporation Tax I am also providing for amendments to preliminary corporation tax rules, to reduce uncertainty, improve flexibility and reduce the administrative burden for companies." }, { "document": "statement-by-minister-harris-on-budget-2027", "page": 1, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "We know we need to invest the increases we\u2019ve seen in corporation tax, rather than rely upon them." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 5, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "Spending plans set out in this Report reflect the Budget 2027 strategy of: 1) Prioritising capital investment as set out in the NDP in critical infrastructure areas such as electricity networks, water, transport, and housing;" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 5, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Spending plans set out in this Report reflect the Budget 2027 strategy of: 1) Prioritising capital investment as set out in the NDP in critical infrastructure areas such as electricity networks, water, transport, and housing;" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 6, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u2022 \u20ac20.3 billion in funding for capital expenditure in line with the objectives of the National Development Plan Review 2025 (NDP) to support investment in critical infrastructure in areas such as electricity, water, transport and housing." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 6, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2022 \u20ac20.3 billion in funding for capital expenditure in line with the objectives of the National Development Plan Review 2025 (NDP) to support investment in critical infrastructure in areas such as electricity, water, transport and housing." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 9, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Measuring domestic activity, MDD increased by 3.1 per cent for the first half of the year, driven by robust consumer spending and AI-related expenditure." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 9, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "The Government has also launched the largest capital investment programme in the history of the State, National Development Plan Review 2025, to correct for our infrastructure deficits and boost our resilience and competitiveness." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 10, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Driven by robust consumer spending and increased capital spending in AI-related infrastructure, MDD is projected to increase by 3.0 per cent next year." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 11, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "An almost threefold increase in capital expenditure from \u20ac7.2 billion to \u20ac19.1 billion under the National Development Plan." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 13, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Capital investment remains the Government\u2019s priority, in line with the objectives of the National Development Plan (NDP)." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 13, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Capital expenditure will reach \u20ac20.3 billion in 2027 as set out in the NDP, an increase of \u20ac1.1 billion or 5.9 per cent on the 2026 capital ceiling." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 15, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u20ac20.3 billion in funding for capital expenditure in line with objectives of the National Development Plan Review 2025 to support investment in critical infrastructure in areas such as electricity, water, transport and housing." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 15, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u20ac20.3 billion in funding for capital expenditure in line with objectives of the National Development Plan Review 2025 to support investment in critical infrastructure in areas such as electricity, water, transport and housing." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 17, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 Additional funding for new and existing policies I including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling J The National Development Plan 2027 (K) allocation represents the capital funding available to the Vote Group in 2027 and is consistent \u2026" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 17, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "The total of the Current Expenditure Ceiling (J) and National Development Plan 2027 (K) provides the total Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (L) for 2027." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 17, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 K Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) L The reconciliation of the Government Expenditure Ceiling is set out in Table 2 below." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 18, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 0.3 Additional funding for new and existing policies including policy adjustments 4.8 and expansion of services Capital Expenditure 2027 Capital Expenditure as per National Development Plan 20.3 To be Allocated** 1.6 2027 Government Expenditure Ceiling 125.6 *Rounding may affect totals." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 25, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "\u2026 Training Fund skills package over the next three years, which represents a strategic use of NTF resources to accelerate delivery of Government priorities by investing in areas of critical skills needs for the economy such as construction, healthcare and AI." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 26, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Capital: The recently published National Development Plan Review sets out a capital allocation of \u20ac20.3 billion for 2027." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 26, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Further information on the National Development Plan is set out in Chapter 3 alongside Departmental Allocations in Part II and III." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 28, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 of essential areas, including the safeguarding of capital spending to address infrastructure gaps and to ensure we can deliver the National Development Plan; preserving social protection and social housing supports to ensure a strong social safety net for those who \u2026" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 28, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "To this end, the Accelerating Infrastructure Action Plan was developed to address barriers affecting the delivery of critical infrastructure across the water, energy and transport sectors." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 28, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "Furthermore, the Government has also approved a first tranche of designated projects across the transport, water and energy sectors." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 29, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Furthermore, opportunities exist through greater adoption of digitalisation and AI tools to improve productivity while delivering high quality public services." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 30, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "In this context, digitalisation and the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) offer a transformative opportunity to improve productivity across the public sector, delivering better outcomes for citizens while supporting the long-term sustainability of public finances." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 30, "keyword": "artificial intelligence", "sentence": "In this context, digitalisation and the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) offer a transformative opportunity to improve productivity across the public sector, delivering better outcomes for citizens while supporting the long-term sustainability of public finances." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 31, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Chapter 3 \u2013 Investing in and Accelerating the Delivery of Infrastructure 3.1 Review of the National Development Plan (NDP) Investment in infrastructure is critical in strengthening our economy\u2019s competitiveness and economic resilience." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 31, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "The prioritisation of increased investment in capital is underpinned by the review of the National Development Plan 2025." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 31, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "To support this, there is a focus on prioritising the delivery of critical infrastructure, namely the comprehensive upgrading of our water, energy and transport infrastructure." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 31, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "With the NDP investment, Ireland will remain above the EU average over the next 5 years, with investment close to 5 per cent of GNI* in each of these years." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 32, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "The National Development Plan Review 2025 outlines the Government\u2019s commitment to invest \u20ac275.4 billion by 2035." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 32, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Of this, \u20ac202 billion is Exchequer Voted capital expenditure, with an initial \u20ac102.4 billion allocated by sector to Departments for 2026 to 2030 as part of Exchequer ceilings within the NDP." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 32, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "This reflects an increase of over \u20ac24 billion relative to the previous planned NDP ceilings for those years." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 32, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u2022 Over \u20ac12 billion to fund water services, wastewater services and improved water quality." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 32, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "As part of the Medium-Term Fiscal and Structural Plan, Government agreed to provide additional capital above the NDP ceilings over the years 2028-2030: \u20ac0.5 billion in 2028, \u20ac1 billion in 2029 and \u20ac2.5 billion in 2030." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 32, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "As outlined in the NDP, Government has committed to a review of the NDP within 3 years and this additional capital will be allocated to take account of the economic and fiscal outlook at that point." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 32, "keyword": "EirGrid", "sentence": "This financing is committed to key State infrastructure bodies, including Eirgrid, ESB, Uisce \u00c9ireann, and Metrolink." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 32, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "This financing is committed to key State infrastructure bodies, including Eirgrid, ESB, Uisce \u00c9ireann, and Metrolink." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 32, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "3.2 NDP Sectoral Plans Departments have developed their sectoral investment plans to set out specific details on the projects that can be delivered between 2026 and 2030." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 32, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "A summary of priorities in key sectors is detailed below: Housing and Water To support the Government\u2019s new housing plan, Delivering Homes, Building Communities: An Action Plan on Housing Supply and Targeting Homelessness, c.\u20ac25 billion in NDP funding has been \u2026" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 32, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 and Water To support the Government\u2019s new housing plan, Delivering Homes, Building Communities: An Action Plan on Housing Supply and Targeting Homelessness, c.\u20ac25 billion in NDP funding has been allocated to Housing Capital Programmes over the period 2026 \u2013 2030." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 33, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "Additionally, \u20ac12.2 billion will be allocated to the water sector, primarily Uisce \u00c9ireann, to deliver additional water services capacity to meet the new housing targets and upgrade our water and wastewater infrastructure." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 33, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "Additionally, \u20ac12.2 billion will be allocated to the water sector, primarily Uisce \u00c9ireann, to deliver additional water services capacity to meet the new housing targets and upgrade our water and wastewater infrastructure." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 33, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Transport The Department of Transport\u2019s NDP Sectoral Plan will allocate \u20ac22.3 billion to:" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 33, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Climate, Energy and Environment The Department\u2019s overall capital allocation for 2026-2030 as set out in the National Development Plan is \u20ac5.6 billion, which includes a \u20ac500 million allocation from the Infrastructure, Climate and Nature Fund (ICNF)." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 34, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u2026 and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science 925 Health 1,720 D/HLGH 7,421 Of which: Housing and other 5,850 Of which: water 1,571 Justice, Home Affairs and Migration 430 Public Expenditure, Infrastructure, Public Service Reform and 380 Digitalisation Rural and Community \u2026" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 34, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Table 3: NDP Departmental Gross Voted Capital Allocations for 2027 in \u20ac million Departments 2027 Agriculture, Food and the Marine 325 Children, Disability and Equality 175 Climate, Energy and the Environment 1,049 Culture, Communications and Sport 450 Defence 340 Education \u2026" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 35, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "The total Exchequer capital funding available in 2027 is \u20ac7.4 billion, comprising Exchequer water funding of \u20ac1.6 billion and \u20ac5.9 billion for housing and other priorities." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 35, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u2022 Wastewater treatment plant upgrades, resolution of legacy water issues including developer-provided infrastructure and lead pipe remediation, and continued investment in group water schemes, rural wastewater infrastructure, private wells and septic tank grant schemes." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 36, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "It will facilitate the construction of projects prioritised in the education sector NDP implementation plan, including those scheduled to commence construction in 2027." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 37, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "\u2022 SEAI Residential/Community Retrofit schemes including increased provision through the allocations of Carbon Tax revenues." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 37, "keyword": "offshore", "sentence": "\u2022 Investment in maritime data collection to boost the development of Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE)." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 37, "keyword": "district heating", "sentence": "\u2022 Supporting the development of District Heating projects." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 37, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Health In line with the revised National Development Plan ceilings, there is an allocation of c.\u20ac1.7 billion for Gross Capital Expenditure in 2027." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 38, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "3.4 Accelerating the Delivery of Capital Infrastructure The Accelerating Infrastructure Action Plan was developed to address barriers affecting the delivery of critical infrastructure across the water, energy and transport sectors." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 38, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u2022 The Critical Infrastructure Act 2026 has been enacted and Government has approved a first tranche of designated projects across the transport, water and energy sectors." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 38, "keyword": "planning", "sentence": "The Planning and Development (Amendment) Act 2026 has also been enacted, introducing measures to improve certainty within the planning system and support further reforms relating to environmental assessment processes." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 43, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Table 3: Ministerial Vote Group Gross Voted Capital Expenditure NDP 2026 2027 Capital Capital Allocation* Allocation Change Change \u20ac Million \u20ac Million \u20ac Million % Agriculture, Food and the Marine 337 325 - 12 -3.4% Children, Disability and Equality 138 \u2026" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 45, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "Additional funds secured for 2027 will be directed towards maintaining the nitrates derogation, improving water quality, an animal health and welfare package and additional supports for the tillage and seafood sector." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 45, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "Continue to provide income supports, including on-farm investments, and environmental and water quality measures through the CAP Strategic Plan to: 44" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 46, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "Participate in the European Innovation Partnerships, including farming for water for those seeking to improve water quality on their farms and maintaining the Nitrates Derogation. o Continue to provide payments to 53,800 farmers under the \u20ac1.5 billion AgriClimate Rural Environment \u2026" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 48, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Artificial Intelligence (AI) DAFM continues to lead on the strategic deployment of AI by creating and implementing solutions, policies and strategies to drive business value and innovation." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 48, "keyword": "artificial intelligence", "sentence": "Artificial Intelligence (AI) DAFM continues to lead on the strategic deployment of AI by creating and implementing solutions, policies and strategies to drive business value and innovation." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 48, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "The Department plans to continue developing AI pathfinder projects which could deliver administration efficiencies to our staff and better serve our customers, for example by reducing the time to write documents and process applications." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 48, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "DAFM\u2019s AI strategy will progress these objectives by focusing on delivery of business value, respecting responsible AI use guidelines, and ensuring that staff have the appropriate training and skills to use AI responsibly and effectively." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 50, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "Programme B: European Innovation Partnerships Additional funding is being provided to EIPs and in particular the Farming for Water EIP, as a result of the increased engagement with this collaborative effort to improve agriculture-related water 31.6 quality." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 50, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "The scheme provides tailored advice to farmers on measures to improve water quality on their farms and then supports them to make the necessary investments." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 52, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 Decisions 7 Public Service Pay Agreement 15 Additional funding for new and existing policies 76 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 2,019 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 325 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 2,344 51" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 54, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u20ac175 million for capital expenditure as set out in the recently published NDP." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 65, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 related allocation 127 Other temporary spending 21 Additional funding for new and existing policies 344 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 7,422 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 175 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 7,597 64" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 67, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "The Capital allocation in 2027 is \u20ac1,049 million which represents an increase of \u20ac199 million on the 2026 NDP allocation." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 67, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "SEAI Residential/Community Retrofit schemes including increased provision through the allocations of Carbon Tax revenues and new measures agreed by Government in September 2026 to support households;" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 67, "keyword": "offshore", "sentence": "\u2022 Investment in maritime data collection to boost the development of Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE);" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 68, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "The Department will provide increased continued supports and advisory services to enable the public sector to contribute to Ireland\u2019s greenhouse gas emission reduction targets and manage their energy costs through improved energy efficiency and increased renewable energy use." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 70, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "\u2022 Provide increased continued supports and advisory services to enable the public sector to contribute to Ireland\u2019s greenhouse gas emission reduction targets and manage their 69" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 72, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 2027 Measures Public Service Pay Agreement 6 Additional funding for new and existing policies 3 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 232 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 1,049 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 1,281 71" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 78, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 Decisions 16 Public Service Pay Agreement 5 Additional funding for new and existing policies 24 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 848 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 450 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 1,298 77" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 83, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 5 Public Service Pay Agreement 29 Additional funding for new and existing policies 55 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 1,267 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 340 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 1,607 82 83" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 85, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "A total allocation of \u20ac1,600 million in capital expenditure is being allocated to the Department of Education and Youth, supporting the continued progression of the National Development Plan 2026-2030." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 86, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "It will facilitate the construction of projects prioritised in the sectoral NDP implementation plan, including those scheduled to commence construction in 2027." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 88, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 Pay Agreement 299 Other temporary spending 1 Additional funding for new and existing policies 281 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 12,835 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 1,600 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 14,435 87" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 90, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "It will also enhance ICT and cyber security capability to meet NIS2 obligations and provide capacity to manage the growing digital policy agenda, including AI regulation, cloud infrastructure and wider EU digital policy responsibilities." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 90, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "The allocation will allow the National AI Office to hire staff and establish a corporate services structure required to operate as an independent statutory body." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 91, "keyword": "offshore", "sentence": "Enable the Science and Technology Development Programme to recruit additional staff to support the delivery and coordination of the Offshore Wind Linkage Programme and strengthen the capacity of Enterprise Ireland\u2019s Space Enterprise Team to support the growth of the Irish \u2026" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 92, "keyword": "artificial intelligence", "sentence": "\u2022 Ensure funding for the Competition and Consumer Protection Commission\u2019s (CCPC) to support market surveillance, enhanced enforcement and responsibilities arising from its expanded mandate in areas such as artificial intelligence, data governance and accessibility." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 92, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "\u2022 Provide additional funding to the National AI Office to give a strong foundation to drive the effective implementation of the AI Act, acting as the central coordinating authority." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 92, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "The allocation will support recruitment and the infrastructure needed to deliver its functions, including ICT systems, dedicated accommodation to support statutory independence, and activities to promote AI literacy and adoption among the public and businesses." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 93, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "By reducing the increasing administrative effort, improving data quality and providing real-time visibility of case activity, C\u00c1S will enable the organisation to manage casework more efficiently while establishing a scalable foundation for future automation, analytics and AI capabilities." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 93, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "National AI Office - Digital-First Service Delivery Established in 2026, the AI Office is adopting a digital-first approach to the implementation of the EU AI Act, including the development of automated informationsharing systems for competent authorities and an AI-powered Service \u2026" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 94, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Tourism Ireland will also invest in specialist capability in areas identified as critical to future success, including AI, data and analytics, sustainability, project management, governance and compliance." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 94, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "0.8 Programme C: National AI Office Scaling Increased funding to support recruitment, ICT systems and 2.3 organisational capacity required to deliver its statutory functions under the EU AI Act." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 95, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 2027 Measures Public Service Pay Agreement 12 Additional funding for new and existing policies including policy 16 adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 638 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 710 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 1,348 94" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 98, "keyword": "compute", "sentence": "Provide significant support to other Government agencies and departments in respect of hosting of shared computing facilities, printing and mailing services, and the collection of vital statistics." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 99, "keyword": "artificial intelligence", "sentence": "The Office is also identifying areas where artificial intelligence may be of use, subject to data confidentiality being preserved." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 99, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "AI & Robotics Automation (reform) Further expand Revenue\u2019s AI and robotics portfolio of applications into Customer Service channels." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 99, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Embed more AI and robotics into the application modernisation projects." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 99, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Develop AI and advanced Analytics models in our Data Platform to enhance risk identification and prioritise compliance interventions." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 99, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Unified Data Platform (reform) New technical architecture platform to enhance data security, governance, scalability and modern AI and Analytical tooling; supports tax policy development and data provision to other agencies." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 100, "keyword": "artificial intelligence", "sentence": "Vote 10 \u2013 Tax Appeals Commission Efficiencies and Reforms to be delivered in 2027 Efficiency \u2013 Artificial Intelligence In accordance with Government recommendations and restrictions, allow the Tax Appeals Commission to explore and implement the use of artificial intelligence in \u2026" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 102, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 Pay Agreement 16 Other temporary spending 2 Additional funding for new and existing policies 23 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 745 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 23 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 768 101" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 108, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 Pay Agreement 7 Ukraine/IPAS related allocation 64 Additional funding for new and existing policies 49 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 1,225 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 40 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 1,265 107" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 110, "keyword": "artificial intelligence", "sentence": "\u2022 Deliver a national skills programme to enhance workforce skills, provide flexible learning opportunities and support the education and training system in responding to evolving skills needs arising from artificial intelligence and technological change." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 110, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Furthermore, capital measures under this programme will deliver and progress a suite of further education capital expenditure programmes in line with the Revised National Development Plan 2026-2030 and the Tertiary Sector Capital Investment Plan 2026-2030." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 111, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Furthermore, capital measures under this programme will deliver and progress a suite of higher education capital expenditure programmes in line with the Revised National Development Plan 2026-2030 and the Tertiary Sector Capital Investment Plan 20262030." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 111, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "\u2026 support for the renewal of Ireland\u2019s High Performance Computing capacity to enable Ireland to compete in key future research areas such as Artificial Intelligence and Quantum computing, including through participation in EU-led programmes such as the AI Factory Antenna initiative." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 111, "keyword": "artificial intelligence", "sentence": "\u2026 support for the renewal of Ireland\u2019s High Performance Computing capacity to enable Ireland to compete in key future research areas such as Artificial Intelligence and Quantum computing, including through participation in EU-led programmes such as the AI Factory Antenna initiative." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 111, "keyword": "compute", "sentence": "\u2022 Continue support for the renewal of Ireland\u2019s High Performance Computing capacity to enable Ireland to compete in key future research areas such as Artificial Intelligence and Quantum computing, including through participation in EU-led programmes such as the AI Factory \u2026" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 111, "keyword": "EuroHPC", "sentence": "\u2026 support for the renewal of Ireland\u2019s High Performance Computing capacity to enable Ireland to compete in key future research areas such as Artificial Intelligence and Quantum computing, including through participation in EU-led programmes such as the AI Factory Antenna initiative." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 113, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "54 Programme NTF Skills: Integrated Skills Package for the AI era." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 114, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Delivery of a sector-focused skills package to build Ireland's AI skills resilience through targeted investment in education, training and workforce upskilling." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 115, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 Decisions 20 Public Service Pay Agreement 104 Additional funding for new and existing policies 215 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 4,417 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 925 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 5,342 114" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 120, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 Decisions 183 Public Service Pay Agreement 390 Additional funding for new and existing policies 1,204 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 27,390 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 1,720 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 29,110 119" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 121, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "\u2026 13 \u2013 Housing, Local Government and Heritage The Housing, Local Government and Heritage Vote Group includes Vote 16: Tailte \u00c9ireann, Vote 23: An Coimisi\u00fan Toghch\u00e1in, Vote 34: the Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage and Vote 39: Uisce \u00c9ireann." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 121, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u2026 Expenditure E MET D \u00c9IREANN, F HERITAGE , PLANNING, \u20ac93m \u20ac278m \u20ac487m C LOCAL Non-Pay, GOVERNMENT \u20ac4,051m , \u20ac908m B WATER AND MARINE, Pensions, \u20ac232m \u20ac12m Capital, Pay, \u20ac7,421m \u20ac405m A HOUSING, \u20ac7,430m 1 Retired Civil Servants are paid from \u2026" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 122, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "This is complemented by a capital allocation of \u20ac7,421 million, as set out in the Revised NDP." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 122, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "Funding will also support the key areas of water services, local government, heritage, planning and Met \u00c9ireann within the Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 122, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "Funding is also provided to key Government agencies Uisce \u00c9ireann, Tailte \u00c9ireann and An Coimisi\u00fan Toghch\u00e1in." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 123, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "Programme B \u2013 Water Services The aim of this programme is to deliver significant improvements to our public water and wastewater services, and to support critical water infrastructure for the delivery of 300,000 new homes." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 123, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "The programme also supports improved water supplies in rural Ireland and a range of programmes delivering improved water quality in our rivers, lakes and marine area." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 123, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "A total allocation of \u20ac224 million is being provided to Programme B \u2013 Water Services in 2027, comprising \u20ac121 million in current expenditure and \u20ac103 million in capital expenditure." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 123, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "Rural Water Programme capital funding of \u20ac40 million in 2027 to support vital investment in rural water infrastructure to protect public health and the environment for over 600 Capital Projects, and over 4,000 Private Wells and Domestic Wastewater Treatment Systems." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 123, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u2022 Rural Water Programme current funding of \u20ac39.5 million in 2027 to support essential rural water programmes, including contractual obligations and operational commitments, ensuring the continued delivery of safe and reliable drinking water for over 700 Group Water Schemes." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 123, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u2022 Water Quality current funding of \u20ac33 million to support the EPA, local authorities and River Basin Management Service to strengthen Ireland\u2019s capacity to meet its obligations under the Water Framework Directive." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 123, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u2022 Water Quality capital funding of \u20ac53 million to allow for the full removal or mitigation of approximately 50 river barriers such as dams and weirs, progression of an additional 240 water-quality projects." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 123, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "The Farming for Water European Innovation Partnership (EIP) will continue to be expanded." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 123, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u2022 \u20ac49 million in funding for Local Authority legacy issues to support local authorities for legacy water services costs arising from the completion of the Uisce \u00c9ireann Transformation programme." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 123, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "\u2022 \u20ac49 million in funding for Local Authority legacy issues to support local authorities for legacy water services costs arising from the completion of the Uisce \u00c9ireann Transformation programme." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 124, "keyword": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la", "sentence": "It supports the resourcing for an effective planning system, including capacity in An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la and local authorities." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 124, "keyword": "planning", "sentence": "It supports the resourcing for an effective planning system, including capacity in An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la and local authorities." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 124, "keyword": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la", "sentence": "\u20ac66 million in funding to support planning-system capacity, including staffing and operational resources in An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la and local authorities, which will support the streamlined approval processes in the 2024 Planning and Development Act and other functions including enforcement." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 124, "keyword": "planning", "sentence": "\u2022 The remaining \u20ac53 million will support urban regeneration, planning reform, strategic planning, and implementation activity to help accelerate housing delivery and infrastructure development." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 126, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "Vote 39 \u2013 Uisce \u00c9ireann This programme supports the operation, maintenance and strategic development of Ireland\u2019s public water and wastewater network." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 126, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "Vote 39 \u2013 Uisce \u00c9ireann This programme supports the operation, maintenance and strategic development of Ireland\u2019s public water and wastewater network." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 126, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "A total allocation of \u20ac2.35 billion is being provided to Vote 39 \u2013 Uisce \u00c9ireann in 2027, comprising \u20ac879 million in current expenditure and \u20ac1,468 million in capital expenditure Under this programme, the 2027 \u20ac1,468m capital allocation will provide Uisce \u2026" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 126, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "170KM of new and rehabilitated water mains and sewers, serving 1.6m domestic customers." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 126, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u2022 33 water and wastewater treatment schemes and agglomerations will be removed from the EPA Remedial Action and Priority Action Lists, to support environmental compliance and improve water quality." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 126, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u2026 \u20ac879 million current allocation will provide Uisce \u00c9ireann with the resources to ensure the continued operation, repair and upgrading of the country\u2019s water and wastewater infrastructure following the integration of local authority staff and the completion of the transformation programme." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 126, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "The 2027 \u20ac879 million current allocation will provide Uisce \u00c9ireann with the resources to ensure the continued operation, repair and upgrading of the country\u2019s water and wastewater infrastructure following the integration of local authority staff and the completion of the \u2026" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 127, "keyword": "planning", "sentence": "Planning System Reform to Support Supply at Scale 10-year statutory development plans will be implemented providing greater certainty for communities, developers and infrastructure providers through a longer-term and more strategic approach to land-use planning." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 127, "keyword": "planning", "sentence": "By reducing the frequency of plan reviews and aligning planning decisions with national and regional objectives including through National Planning Statements, with mandatory decision-making timelines introduced for all planning decisions in the 2024 Act in addition to streamlining reforms to \u2026" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 129, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "Water Quality Funding is being provided to meet mandatory water quality objectives set 86 out under the EU Water Framework Directive." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 129, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "Uisce \u00c9ireann Funding is being provided to support the work of Uisce \u00c9ireann to meet 2,347 growing demand and compliance requirements and deliver the transformation of water services in Ireland." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 129, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "Uisce \u00c9ireann Funding is being provided to support the work of Uisce \u00c9ireann to meet 2,347 growing demand and compliance requirements and deliver the transformation of water services in Ireland." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 129, "keyword": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la", "sentence": "Planning System Capacity Funding will be provided to local authorities and An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la to 66 support the efficient and effective operation of the planning system, enabling accelerated delivery of infrastructure and new housing supply." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 129, "keyword": "planning", "sentence": "Planning System Capacity Funding will be provided to local authorities and An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la to 66 support the efficient and effective operation of the planning system, enabling accelerated delivery of infrastructure and new housing supply." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 130, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 Decisions 112 Public Service Pay Agreement 87 Additional funding for new and existing policies 243 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 4,468 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 7,421 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 11,889 129" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 138, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 related allocation 946 Other temporary spending 19 Additional funding for new and existing policies 209 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 5,461 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 430 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 5,891 137" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 142, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "\u2022 Progress digital transformation projects, including AI, with the potential to either increase efficiencies in service provision; increase efficiencies in operations; or improve the service to clients." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 148, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Programme A&B: Invest in IT to support the implementation of AI and strengthen the 9 OPW\u2019s resilience to increasing cybersecurity threats, in line with the Government\u2019s Connecting Ireland: Digital Ireland strategy." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 150, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 Pay Agreement 40 Other temporary spending 3 Additional funding for new and existing policies 37 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 1,751 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 380 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 2,131 149" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 152, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "An allocation of \u20ac273 million in capital expenditure has been allocated for 2027 in the NDP." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 153, "keyword": "offshore", "sentence": "These services provide important connectivity for inhabited offshore island communities." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 156, "keyword": "offshore", "sentence": "These services provide important connectivity for inhabited offshore island communities." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 156, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 2027 Measures Public Service Pay Agreement 1 Additional funding for new and existing policies 34 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 355 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 273 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 628 155" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 162, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 related allocation 448 Other temporary spending 227 Additional funding for new and existing policies 1,849 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 30,940 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 26 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 30,966 161" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 165, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Supporting the implementation of Programme for Government commitments, including in relation to Child Poverty, Disability, Shared Island and the National Digital and AI Strategy;" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 169, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Artificial Intelligence In its Statement of Strategy 2025 - 2028, the Department commits to the judicious deployment of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology with a view to enhancing its capacity to deliver its strategic and operational objectives." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 169, "keyword": "artificial intelligence", "sentence": "Artificial Intelligence In its Statement of Strategy 2025 - 2028, the Department commits to the judicious deployment of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology with a view to enhancing its capacity to deliver its strategic and operational objectives." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 169, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "The Department has established an AI Governance Board which is overseeing the development of a comprehensive AI strategy and policy." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 169, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "\u2026 in line with the Department of Public Expenditure, Infrastructure, Public Service Reform and Digitalisation's Guidelines for the Responsible Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Public Service and the National Cyber Security Centre's Guidance on Generative AI for Public Sector Bodies." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 169, "keyword": "artificial intelligence", "sentence": "\u2026 in line with the Department of Public Expenditure, Infrastructure, Public Service Reform and Digitalisation's Guidelines for the Responsible Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Public Service and the National Cyber Security Centre's Guidance on Generative AI for Public Sector Bodies." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 170, "keyword": "artificial intelligence", "sentence": "Process improvements The CSO is endeavouring to improve efficiencies across all internal processes, increasing the use of administrative data, developing the use of machine learning and artificial intelligence, and by developing new modes of data collection." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 171, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "This work also supports the CPS in improving their preparedness for the opportunities of AI and for digitalisation, with official statistics being the downstream beneficiary of the data quality improvements." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 172, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Chief State Solicitor\u2019s Office Efficiencies and Reforms to be delivered in 2027 Artificial Intelligence The CSSO has developed an AI Strategic Roadmap comprising initiatives designed to deliver measurable business value and operational efficiencies across legal and corporate functions." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 172, "keyword": "artificial intelligence", "sentence": "Chief State Solicitor\u2019s Office Efficiencies and Reforms to be delivered in 2027 Artificial Intelligence The CSSO has developed an AI Strategic Roadmap comprising initiatives designed to deliver measurable business value and operational efficiencies across legal and corporate functions." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 172, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "The implementation of priority AI use cases is expected to generate productivity and service improvements." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 177, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 Decisions 36 Public Service Pay Agreement 6 Additional funding for new and existing policies 21 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 384 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 0 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 384 176" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 183, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 2027 Measures Public Service Pay Agreement 5 Additional funding for new and existing policies 100 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 1,376 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 4,175 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 5,551 182" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 185, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "16 217 Uisce \u00c9ireann ..... .... .... ...." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 190, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "\u2026 Protection 14,396,943 15,227,579 830,636 5.8% 37A Social Insurance Fund 14,547,004 15,738,170 1,191,166 8.2% 38 Health 27,350,013 29,110,000 1,759,987 6.4% 39 Uisce \u00c9ireann 2,250,000 2,346,961 96,961 4.3% 40 Children, Disability and Equality 7,058,019 7,585,250 527,231 7.5% 41 An t\u00dadar\u00e1s P\u00f3il\u00edneachta Agus \u2026" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 191, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "\u2026 Protection 14,381,943 15,210,579 828,636 5.8% 37A Social Insurance Fund 14,545,004 15,729,170 1,184,166 8.1% 38 Health 25,790,013 27,390,000 1,599,987 6.2% 39 Uisce \u00c9ireann 840,000 878,961 38,961 4.6% 40 Children, Disability and Equality 6,920,019 7,410,250 490,231 7.1% 41 An t\u00dadar\u00e1s P\u00f3il\u00edneachta Agus \u2026" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 192, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "\u2026 Social Protection 15,000 17,000 2,000 13.3% 37A Social Insurance Fund 2,000 9,000 7,000 38 Health 1,560,000 1,720,000 160,000 10.3% 39 Uisce \u00c9ireann 1,410,000 1,468,000 58,000 4.1% 40 Children, Disability and Equality 138,000 175,000 37,000 26.8% 42 Rural and Community Development \u2026" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 198, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "\u2026 36 Defence 1,154,067 1,259,222 105,155 9.1% 37 Social Protection 14,066,335 14,887,149 820,814 5.8% 38 Health 26,940,403 28,700,390 1,759,987 6.5% 39 Uisce \u00c9ireann 2,250,000 2,346,961 96,961 4.3% 40 Children, Disability and Equality 7,032,057 7,557,235 525,178 7.5% 41 An t\u00dadar\u00e1s P\u00f3il\u00edneachta Agus \u2026" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 199, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "\u2026 36 Defence 854,092 919,247 65,155 7.6% 37 Social Protection 14,051,335 14,870,149 818,814 5.8% 38 Health 25,380,403 26,980,390 1,599,987 6.3% 39 Uisce \u00c9ireann 840,000 878,961 38,961 4.6% 40 Children, Disability and Equality 6,894,057 7,382,235 488,178 7.1% 41 An t\u00dadar\u00e1s P\u00f3il\u00edneachta Agus \u2026" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 200, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "\u2026 36 Defence 299,975 339,975 40,000 13.3% 37 Social Protection 15,000 17,000 2,000 13.3% 38 Health 1,560,000 1,720,000 160,000 10.3% 39 Uisce \u00c9ireann 1,410,000 1,468,000 58,000 4.1% 40 Children, Disability and Equality 138,000 175,000 37,000 26.8% 42 Rural and Community Development \u2026" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 231, "keyword": "CRU", "sentence": "4,000 - 4,000 - - - Gross Total :- 71,750 1,878 73,628 67,976 2,060 70,036 -5% * 2026 is inclusive of 66 additional Commission for Regulation of Utilities (CRU) posts sanctioned in the last year, which are non-Exchequer funded." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 236, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u2026 expenses of the Office of the Minister for Housing, Local Government and Heritage including grants to Local Authorities, grants and other expenses in connection with housing, water services, miscellaneous schemes, subsidies, grants and payment of certain grants under cash-limited schemes." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 236, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "1,936,650 5,217,955 7,154,605 2,228,421 5,201,157 7,429,578 4% B - WATER AND MARINE ...." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 245, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "[39] Uisce \u00c9ireann [39] 39 UISCE \u00c9IREANN I." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 245, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "Estimate of the amount required in the year ending 31 December 2027 for payment of grants to Uisce \u00c9ireann." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 245, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "Change 2026 Estimate 2027 Estimate 2027 over Current Capital Total Current Capital Total 2026 PROGRAMME EXPENDITURE \u20ac000 \u20ac000 \u20ac000 \u20ac000 \u20ac000 \u20ac000 % A- UISCE EIREANN ...." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 254, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "GENERAL NOTE Table 1 of the 2027 Summary Public Capital Programme sets out the multi-annual public capital investment for 2026 to 2030 by Ministerial Group as set out in the National Development Plan Review (NDP) published in July 2025." }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 255, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 22,340 SHARED ISLAND FUND 34 200 200 200 200 834 GROSS CAPITAL EXPENDITURE 19,140 20,262 20,994 21,392 20,683 102,471 CEILINGS NDP* MEDIUM TERM FISCAL STRUCTURAL PLAN ADDITIONAL CAPITAL - - 500 1,000 2,500 4,000 GROSS VOTED CAPITAL 19,140 20,262 21,494 \u2026" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 257, "keyword": "EirGrid", "sentence": "\u2026 Regulation of Utilities - 300 - 300 - 250 - 250 E.S.B. - 2,389,000 822,000 3,211,000 - 1,684,000 1,954,000 3,638,000 EirGrid - 380,400 111,000 491,400 - 443,400 67,600 511,000 Env Services - Productive Infrastructure Table (Waste Recycling etc.) - 2,000 \u2026" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 257, "keyword": "CRU", "sentence": "\u2026 - - 1,049,000 Non-Voted: Climate, Energy And The Environment Bord na M\u00f3na - 81,286 11,438 92,724 - 193,200 7,972 201,172 Commission for Regulation of Utilities - 300 - 300 - 250 - 250 E.S.B. - 2,389,000 822,000 3,211,000 - 1,684,000 \u2026" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 260, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u2026 Housing, Local Government And Heritage Programme A - HOUSING 5,217,955 - - 5,217,955 5,201,157 - - 5,201,157 Programme B - WATER AND MARINE 86,593 - - 86,593 103,417 - - 103,417 Programme C - LOCAL GOVERNMENT 68,023 - - 68,023 \u2026" }, { "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026", "page": 260, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "\u2026 - Provision of Surveying, Property Registration and Valuation Services within the State 11,000 - - 11,000 10,000 - - 10,000 Uisce \u00c9ireann Programme A - UISCE EIREANN 1,410,000 - - 1,410,000 1,468,000 - - 1,468,000 Voted Subtotal: 7,350,766 - - \u2026" }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 2, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Measuring domestic activity, MDD increased by 3.1 per cent for the first half of the year, driven by robust consumer spending and AI-related expenditure." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 2, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "The Government has also launched the largest capital investment programme in the history of the State, National Development Plan Review 2025, to correct for our infrastructure deficits and boost our resilience and competitiveness." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 3, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Driven by robust consumer spending and increased capital spending in AI-related infrastructure, MDD is projected to increase by 3.0 per cent next year." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 4, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "An almost threefold increase in capital expenditure from \u20ac7.2 billion to \u20ac19.1 billion under the National Development Plan." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 6, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Capital investment remains the Government\u2019s priority, in line with the objectives of the National Development Plan (NDP)." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 6, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Capital expenditure will reach \u20ac20.3 billion in 2027 as set out in the NDP, an increase of \u20ac1.1 billion or 5.9 per cent on the 2026 capital ceiling." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 8, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u20ac20.3 billion in funding for capital expenditure in line with objectives of the National Development Plan Review 2025 to support investment in critical infrastructure in areas such as electricity, water, transport and housing." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 8, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u20ac20.3 billion in funding for capital expenditure in line with objectives of the National Development Plan Review 2025 to support investment in critical infrastructure in areas such as electricity, water, transport and housing." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 10, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 Additional funding for new and existing policies I including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling J The National Development Plan 2027 (K) allocation represents the capital funding available to the Vote Group in 2027 and is consistent \u2026" }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 10, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "The total of the Current Expenditure Ceiling (J) and National Development Plan 2027 (K) provides the total Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (L) for 2027." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 10, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 K Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) L The reconciliation of the Government Expenditure Ceiling is set out in Table 2 below." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 11, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 0.3 Additional funding for new and existing policies including policy adjustments 4.8 and expansion of services Capital Expenditure 2027 Capital Expenditure as per National Development Plan 20.3 To be Allocated** 1.6 2027 Government Expenditure Ceiling 125.6 *Rounding may affect totals." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 18, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "\u2026 Training Fund skills package over the next three years, which represents a strategic use of NTF resources to accelerate delivery of Government priorities by investing in areas of critical skills needs for the economy such as construction, healthcare and AI." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 19, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Capital: The recently published National Development Plan Review sets out a capital allocation of \u20ac20.3 billion for 2027." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 19, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Further information on the National Development Plan is set out in Chapter 3 alongside Departmental Allocations in Part II and III." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 21, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 of essential areas, including the safeguarding of capital spending to address infrastructure gaps and to ensure we can deliver the National Development Plan; preserving social protection and social housing supports to ensure a strong social safety net for those who \u2026" }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 21, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "To this end, the Accelerating Infrastructure Action Plan was developed to address barriers affecting the delivery of critical infrastructure across the water, energy and transport sectors." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 21, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "Furthermore, the Government has also approved a first tranche of designated projects across the transport, water and energy sectors." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 22, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Furthermore, opportunities exist through greater adoption of digitalisation and AI tools to improve productivity while delivering high quality public services." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 23, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "In this context, digitalisation and the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) offer a transformative opportunity to improve productivity across the public sector, delivering better outcomes for citizens while supporting the long-term sustainability of public finances." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 23, "keyword": "artificial intelligence", "sentence": "In this context, digitalisation and the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) offer a transformative opportunity to improve productivity across the public sector, delivering better outcomes for citizens while supporting the long-term sustainability of public finances." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 24, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Chapter 3 \u2013 Investing in and Accelerating the Delivery of Infrastructure 3.1 Review of the National Development Plan (NDP) Investment in infrastructure is critical in strengthening our economy\u2019s competitiveness and economic resilience." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 24, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "The prioritisation of increased investment in capital is underpinned by the review of the National Development Plan 2025." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 24, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "To support this, there is a focus on prioritising the delivery of critical infrastructure, namely the comprehensive upgrading of our water, energy and transport infrastructure." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 24, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "With the NDP investment, Ireland will remain above the EU average over the next 5 years, with investment close to 5 per cent of GNI* in each of these years." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 25, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "The National Development Plan Review 2025 outlines the Government\u2019s commitment to invest \u20ac275.4 billion by 2035." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 25, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Of this, \u20ac202 billion is Exchequer Voted capital expenditure, with an initial \u20ac102.4 billion allocated by sector to Departments for 2026 to 2030 as part of Exchequer ceilings within the NDP." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 25, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "This reflects an increase of over \u20ac24 billion relative to the previous planned NDP ceilings for those years." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 25, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u2022 Over \u20ac12 billion to fund water services, wastewater services and improved water quality." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 25, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "As part of the Medium-Term Fiscal and Structural Plan, Government agreed to provide additional capital above the NDP ceilings over the years 2028-2030: \u20ac0.5 billion in 2028, \u20ac1 billion in 2029 and \u20ac2.5 billion in 2030." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 25, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "As outlined in the NDP, Government has committed to a review of the NDP within 3 years and this additional capital will be allocated to take account of the economic and fiscal outlook at that point." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 25, "keyword": "EirGrid", "sentence": "This financing is committed to key State infrastructure bodies, including Eirgrid, ESB, Uisce \u00c9ireann, and Metrolink." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 25, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "This financing is committed to key State infrastructure bodies, including Eirgrid, ESB, Uisce \u00c9ireann, and Metrolink." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 25, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "3.2 NDP Sectoral Plans Departments have developed their sectoral investment plans to set out specific details on the projects that can be delivered between 2026 and 2030." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 25, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "A summary of priorities in key sectors is detailed below: Housing and Water To support the Government\u2019s new housing plan, Delivering Homes, Building Communities: An Action Plan on Housing Supply and Targeting Homelessness, c.\u20ac25 billion in NDP funding has been \u2026" }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 25, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 and Water To support the Government\u2019s new housing plan, Delivering Homes, Building Communities: An Action Plan on Housing Supply and Targeting Homelessness, c.\u20ac25 billion in NDP funding has been allocated to Housing Capital Programmes over the period 2026 \u2013 2030." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 26, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "Additionally, \u20ac12.2 billion will be allocated to the water sector, primarily Uisce \u00c9ireann, to deliver additional water services capacity to meet the new housing targets and upgrade our water and wastewater infrastructure." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 26, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "Additionally, \u20ac12.2 billion will be allocated to the water sector, primarily Uisce \u00c9ireann, to deliver additional water services capacity to meet the new housing targets and upgrade our water and wastewater infrastructure." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 26, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Transport The Department of Transport\u2019s NDP Sectoral Plan will allocate \u20ac22.3 billion to:" }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 26, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Climate, Energy and Environment The Department\u2019s overall capital allocation for 2026-2030 as set out in the National Development Plan is \u20ac5.6 billion, which includes a \u20ac500 million allocation from the Infrastructure, Climate and Nature Fund (ICNF)." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 27, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u2026 and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science 925 Health 1,720 D/HLGH 7,421 Of which: Housing and other 5,850 Of which: water 1,571 Justice, Home Affairs and Migration 430 Public Expenditure, Infrastructure, Public Service Reform and 380 Digitalisation Rural and Community \u2026" }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 27, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Table 3: NDP Departmental Gross Voted Capital Allocations for 2027 in \u20ac million Departments 2027 Agriculture, Food and the Marine 325 Children, Disability and Equality 175 Climate, Energy and the Environment 1,049 Culture, Communications and Sport 450 Defence 340 Education \u2026" }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 28, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "The total Exchequer capital funding available in 2027 is \u20ac7.4 billion, comprising Exchequer water funding of \u20ac1.6 billion and \u20ac5.9 billion for housing and other priorities." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 28, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u2022 Wastewater treatment plant upgrades, resolution of legacy water issues including developer-provided infrastructure and lead pipe remediation, and continued investment in group water schemes, rural wastewater infrastructure, private wells and septic tank grant schemes." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 29, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "It will facilitate the construction of projects prioritised in the education sector NDP implementation plan, including those scheduled to commence construction in 2027." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 30, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "\u2022 SEAI Residential/Community Retrofit schemes including increased provision through the allocations of Carbon Tax revenues." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 30, "keyword": "offshore", "sentence": "\u2022 Investment in maritime data collection to boost the development of Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE)." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 30, "keyword": "district heating", "sentence": "\u2022 Supporting the development of District Heating projects." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 30, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Health In line with the revised National Development Plan ceilings, there is an allocation of c.\u20ac1.7 billion for Gross Capital Expenditure in 2027." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 31, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "3.4 Accelerating the Delivery of Capital Infrastructure The Accelerating Infrastructure Action Plan was developed to address barriers affecting the delivery of critical infrastructure across the water, energy and transport sectors." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 31, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u2022 The Critical Infrastructure Act 2026 has been enacted and Government has approved a first tranche of designated projects across the transport, water and energy sectors." }, { "document": "Part_I", "page": 31, "keyword": "planning", "sentence": "The Planning and Development (Amendment) Act 2026 has also been enacted, introducing measures to improve certainty within the planning system and support further reforms relating to environmental assessment processes." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 4, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Table 3: Ministerial Vote Group Gross Voted Capital Expenditure NDP 2026 2027 Capital Capital Allocation* Allocation Change Change \u20ac Million \u20ac Million \u20ac Million % Agriculture, Food and the Marine 337 325 - 12 -3.4% Children, Disability and Equality 138 \u2026" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 6, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "Additional funds secured for 2027 will be directed towards maintaining the nitrates derogation, improving water quality, an animal health and welfare package and additional supports for the tillage and seafood sector." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 6, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "Continue to provide income supports, including on-farm investments, and environmental and water quality measures through the CAP Strategic Plan to: 44" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 7, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "Participate in the European Innovation Partnerships, including farming for water for those seeking to improve water quality on their farms and maintaining the Nitrates Derogation. o Continue to provide payments to 53,800 farmers under the \u20ac1.5 billion AgriClimate Rural Environment \u2026" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 9, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Artificial Intelligence (AI) DAFM continues to lead on the strategic deployment of AI by creating and implementing solutions, policies and strategies to drive business value and innovation." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 9, "keyword": "artificial intelligence", "sentence": "Artificial Intelligence (AI) DAFM continues to lead on the strategic deployment of AI by creating and implementing solutions, policies and strategies to drive business value and innovation." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 9, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "The Department plans to continue developing AI pathfinder projects which could deliver administration efficiencies to our staff and better serve our customers, for example by reducing the time to write documents and process applications." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 9, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "DAFM\u2019s AI strategy will progress these objectives by focusing on delivery of business value, respecting responsible AI use guidelines, and ensuring that staff have the appropriate training and skills to use AI responsibly and effectively." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 11, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "Programme B: European Innovation Partnerships Additional funding is being provided to EIPs and in particular the Farming for Water EIP, as a result of the increased engagement with this collaborative effort to improve agriculture-related water 31.6 quality." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 11, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "The scheme provides tailored advice to farmers on measures to improve water quality on their farms and then supports them to make the necessary investments." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 13, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 Decisions 7 Public Service Pay Agreement 15 Additional funding for new and existing policies 76 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 2,019 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 325 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 2,344 51" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 15, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u20ac175 million for capital expenditure as set out in the recently published NDP." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 26, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 related allocation 127 Other temporary spending 21 Additional funding for new and existing policies 344 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 7,422 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 175 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 7,597 64" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 28, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "The Capital allocation in 2027 is \u20ac1,049 million which represents an increase of \u20ac199 million on the 2026 NDP allocation." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 28, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "SEAI Residential/Community Retrofit schemes including increased provision through the allocations of Carbon Tax revenues and new measures agreed by Government in September 2026 to support households;" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 28, "keyword": "offshore", "sentence": "\u2022 Investment in maritime data collection to boost the development of Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE);" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 29, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "The Department will provide increased continued supports and advisory services to enable the public sector to contribute to Ireland\u2019s greenhouse gas emission reduction targets and manage their energy costs through improved energy efficiency and increased renewable energy use." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 31, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "\u2022 Provide increased continued supports and advisory services to enable the public sector to contribute to Ireland\u2019s greenhouse gas emission reduction targets and manage their 69" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 33, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 2027 Measures Public Service Pay Agreement 6 Additional funding for new and existing policies 3 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 232 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 1,049 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 1,281 71" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 39, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 Decisions 16 Public Service Pay Agreement 5 Additional funding for new and existing policies 24 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 848 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 450 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 1,298 77" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 44, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 5 Public Service Pay Agreement 29 Additional funding for new and existing policies 55 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 1,267 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 340 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 1,607 82 83" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 46, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "A total allocation of \u20ac1,600 million in capital expenditure is being allocated to the Department of Education and Youth, supporting the continued progression of the National Development Plan 2026-2030." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 47, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "It will facilitate the construction of projects prioritised in the sectoral NDP implementation plan, including those scheduled to commence construction in 2027." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 49, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 Pay Agreement 299 Other temporary spending 1 Additional funding for new and existing policies 281 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 12,835 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 1,600 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 14,435 87" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 51, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "It will also enhance ICT and cyber security capability to meet NIS2 obligations and provide capacity to manage the growing digital policy agenda, including AI regulation, cloud infrastructure and wider EU digital policy responsibilities." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 51, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "The allocation will allow the National AI Office to hire staff and establish a corporate services structure required to operate as an independent statutory body." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 52, "keyword": "offshore", "sentence": "Enable the Science and Technology Development Programme to recruit additional staff to support the delivery and coordination of the Offshore Wind Linkage Programme and strengthen the capacity of Enterprise Ireland\u2019s Space Enterprise Team to support the growth of the Irish \u2026" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 53, "keyword": "artificial intelligence", "sentence": "\u2022 Ensure funding for the Competition and Consumer Protection Commission\u2019s (CCPC) to support market surveillance, enhanced enforcement and responsibilities arising from its expanded mandate in areas such as artificial intelligence, data governance and accessibility." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 53, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "\u2022 Provide additional funding to the National AI Office to give a strong foundation to drive the effective implementation of the AI Act, acting as the central coordinating authority." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 53, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "The allocation will support recruitment and the infrastructure needed to deliver its functions, including ICT systems, dedicated accommodation to support statutory independence, and activities to promote AI literacy and adoption among the public and businesses." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 54, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "By reducing the increasing administrative effort, improving data quality and providing real-time visibility of case activity, C\u00c1S will enable the organisation to manage casework more efficiently while establishing a scalable foundation for future automation, analytics and AI capabilities." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 54, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "National AI Office - Digital-First Service Delivery Established in 2026, the AI Office is adopting a digital-first approach to the implementation of the EU AI Act, including the development of automated informationsharing systems for competent authorities and an AI-powered Service \u2026" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 55, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Tourism Ireland will also invest in specialist capability in areas identified as critical to future success, including AI, data and analytics, sustainability, project management, governance and compliance." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 55, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "0.8 Programme C: National AI Office Scaling Increased funding to support recruitment, ICT systems and 2.3 organisational capacity required to deliver its statutory functions under the EU AI Act." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 56, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 2027 Measures Public Service Pay Agreement 12 Additional funding for new and existing policies including policy 16 adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 638 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 710 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 1,348 94" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 59, "keyword": "compute", "sentence": "Provide significant support to other Government agencies and departments in respect of hosting of shared computing facilities, printing and mailing services, and the collection of vital statistics." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 60, "keyword": "artificial intelligence", "sentence": "The Office is also identifying areas where artificial intelligence may be of use, subject to data confidentiality being preserved." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 60, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "AI & Robotics Automation (reform) Further expand Revenue\u2019s AI and robotics portfolio of applications into Customer Service channels." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 60, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Embed more AI and robotics into the application modernisation projects." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 60, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Develop AI and advanced Analytics models in our Data Platform to enhance risk identification and prioritise compliance interventions." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 60, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Unified Data Platform (reform) New technical architecture platform to enhance data security, governance, scalability and modern AI and Analytical tooling; supports tax policy development and data provision to other agencies." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 61, "keyword": "artificial intelligence", "sentence": "Vote 10 \u2013 Tax Appeals Commission Efficiencies and Reforms to be delivered in 2027 Efficiency \u2013 Artificial Intelligence In accordance with Government recommendations and restrictions, allow the Tax Appeals Commission to explore and implement the use of artificial intelligence in \u2026" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 63, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 Pay Agreement 16 Other temporary spending 2 Additional funding for new and existing policies 23 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 745 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 23 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 768 101" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 69, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 Pay Agreement 7 Ukraine/IPAS related allocation 64 Additional funding for new and existing policies 49 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 1,225 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 40 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 1,265 107" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 71, "keyword": "artificial intelligence", "sentence": "\u2022 Deliver a national skills programme to enhance workforce skills, provide flexible learning opportunities and support the education and training system in responding to evolving skills needs arising from artificial intelligence and technological change." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 71, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Furthermore, capital measures under this programme will deliver and progress a suite of further education capital expenditure programmes in line with the Revised National Development Plan 2026-2030 and the Tertiary Sector Capital Investment Plan 2026-2030." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 72, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Furthermore, capital measures under this programme will deliver and progress a suite of higher education capital expenditure programmes in line with the Revised National Development Plan 2026-2030 and the Tertiary Sector Capital Investment Plan 20262030." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 72, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "\u2026 support for the renewal of Ireland\u2019s High Performance Computing capacity to enable Ireland to compete in key future research areas such as Artificial Intelligence and Quantum computing, including through participation in EU-led programmes such as the AI Factory Antenna initiative." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 72, "keyword": "artificial intelligence", "sentence": "\u2026 support for the renewal of Ireland\u2019s High Performance Computing capacity to enable Ireland to compete in key future research areas such as Artificial Intelligence and Quantum computing, including through participation in EU-led programmes such as the AI Factory Antenna initiative." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 72, "keyword": "compute", "sentence": "\u2022 Continue support for the renewal of Ireland\u2019s High Performance Computing capacity to enable Ireland to compete in key future research areas such as Artificial Intelligence and Quantum computing, including through participation in EU-led programmes such as the AI Factory \u2026" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 72, "keyword": "EuroHPC", "sentence": "\u2026 support for the renewal of Ireland\u2019s High Performance Computing capacity to enable Ireland to compete in key future research areas such as Artificial Intelligence and Quantum computing, including through participation in EU-led programmes such as the AI Factory Antenna initiative." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 74, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "54 Programme NTF Skills: Integrated Skills Package for the AI era." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 75, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Delivery of a sector-focused skills package to build Ireland's AI skills resilience through targeted investment in education, training and workforce upskilling." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 76, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 Decisions 20 Public Service Pay Agreement 104 Additional funding for new and existing policies 215 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 4,417 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 925 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 5,342 114" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 81, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 Decisions 183 Public Service Pay Agreement 390 Additional funding for new and existing policies 1,204 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 27,390 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 1,720 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 29,110 119" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 82, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "\u2026 13 \u2013 Housing, Local Government and Heritage The Housing, Local Government and Heritage Vote Group includes Vote 16: Tailte \u00c9ireann, Vote 23: An Coimisi\u00fan Toghch\u00e1in, Vote 34: the Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage and Vote 39: Uisce \u00c9ireann." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 82, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u2026 Expenditure E MET D \u00c9IREANN, F HERITAGE , PLANNING, \u20ac93m \u20ac278m \u20ac487m C LOCAL Non-Pay, GOVERNMENT \u20ac4,051m , \u20ac908m B WATER AND MARINE, Pensions, \u20ac232m \u20ac12m Capital, Pay, \u20ac7,421m \u20ac405m A HOUSING, \u20ac7,430m 1 Retired Civil Servants are paid from \u2026" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 83, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "This is complemented by a capital allocation of \u20ac7,421 million, as set out in the Revised NDP." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 83, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "Funding will also support the key areas of water services, local government, heritage, planning and Met \u00c9ireann within the Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 83, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "Funding is also provided to key Government agencies Uisce \u00c9ireann, Tailte \u00c9ireann and An Coimisi\u00fan Toghch\u00e1in." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 84, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "Programme B \u2013 Water Services The aim of this programme is to deliver significant improvements to our public water and wastewater services, and to support critical water infrastructure for the delivery of 300,000 new homes." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 84, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "The programme also supports improved water supplies in rural Ireland and a range of programmes delivering improved water quality in our rivers, lakes and marine area." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 84, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "A total allocation of \u20ac224 million is being provided to Programme B \u2013 Water Services in 2027, comprising \u20ac121 million in current expenditure and \u20ac103 million in capital expenditure." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 84, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "Rural Water Programme capital funding of \u20ac40 million in 2027 to support vital investment in rural water infrastructure to protect public health and the environment for over 600 Capital Projects, and over 4,000 Private Wells and Domestic Wastewater Treatment Systems." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 84, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u2022 Rural Water Programme current funding of \u20ac39.5 million in 2027 to support essential rural water programmes, including contractual obligations and operational commitments, ensuring the continued delivery of safe and reliable drinking water for over 700 Group Water Schemes." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 84, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u2022 Water Quality current funding of \u20ac33 million to support the EPA, local authorities and River Basin Management Service to strengthen Ireland\u2019s capacity to meet its obligations under the Water Framework Directive." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 84, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u2022 Water Quality capital funding of \u20ac53 million to allow for the full removal or mitigation of approximately 50 river barriers such as dams and weirs, progression of an additional 240 water-quality projects." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 84, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "The Farming for Water European Innovation Partnership (EIP) will continue to be expanded." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 84, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u2022 \u20ac49 million in funding for Local Authority legacy issues to support local authorities for legacy water services costs arising from the completion of the Uisce \u00c9ireann Transformation programme." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 84, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "\u2022 \u20ac49 million in funding for Local Authority legacy issues to support local authorities for legacy water services costs arising from the completion of the Uisce \u00c9ireann Transformation programme." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 85, "keyword": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la", "sentence": "It supports the resourcing for an effective planning system, including capacity in An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la and local authorities." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 85, "keyword": "planning", "sentence": "It supports the resourcing for an effective planning system, including capacity in An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la and local authorities." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 85, "keyword": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la", "sentence": "\u20ac66 million in funding to support planning-system capacity, including staffing and operational resources in An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la and local authorities, which will support the streamlined approval processes in the 2024 Planning and Development Act and other functions including enforcement." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 85, "keyword": "planning", "sentence": "\u2022 The remaining \u20ac53 million will support urban regeneration, planning reform, strategic planning, and implementation activity to help accelerate housing delivery and infrastructure development." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 87, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "Vote 39 \u2013 Uisce \u00c9ireann This programme supports the operation, maintenance and strategic development of Ireland\u2019s public water and wastewater network." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 87, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "Vote 39 \u2013 Uisce \u00c9ireann This programme supports the operation, maintenance and strategic development of Ireland\u2019s public water and wastewater network." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 87, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "A total allocation of \u20ac2.35 billion is being provided to Vote 39 \u2013 Uisce \u00c9ireann in 2027, comprising \u20ac879 million in current expenditure and \u20ac1,468 million in capital expenditure Under this programme, the 2027 \u20ac1,468m capital allocation will provide Uisce \u2026" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 87, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "170KM of new and rehabilitated water mains and sewers, serving 1.6m domestic customers." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 87, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u2022 33 water and wastewater treatment schemes and agglomerations will be removed from the EPA Remedial Action and Priority Action Lists, to support environmental compliance and improve water quality." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 87, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u2026 \u20ac879 million current allocation will provide Uisce \u00c9ireann with the resources to ensure the continued operation, repair and upgrading of the country\u2019s water and wastewater infrastructure following the integration of local authority staff and the completion of the transformation programme." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 87, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "The 2027 \u20ac879 million current allocation will provide Uisce \u00c9ireann with the resources to ensure the continued operation, repair and upgrading of the country\u2019s water and wastewater infrastructure following the integration of local authority staff and the completion of the \u2026" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 88, "keyword": "planning", "sentence": "Planning System Reform to Support Supply at Scale 10-year statutory development plans will be implemented providing greater certainty for communities, developers and infrastructure providers through a longer-term and more strategic approach to land-use planning." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 88, "keyword": "planning", "sentence": "By reducing the frequency of plan reviews and aligning planning decisions with national and regional objectives including through National Planning Statements, with mandatory decision-making timelines introduced for all planning decisions in the 2024 Act in addition to streamlining reforms to \u2026" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 90, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "Water Quality Funding is being provided to meet mandatory water quality objectives set 86 out under the EU Water Framework Directive." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 90, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "Uisce \u00c9ireann Funding is being provided to support the work of Uisce \u00c9ireann to meet 2,347 growing demand and compliance requirements and deliver the transformation of water services in Ireland." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 90, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "Uisce \u00c9ireann Funding is being provided to support the work of Uisce \u00c9ireann to meet 2,347 growing demand and compliance requirements and deliver the transformation of water services in Ireland." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 90, "keyword": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la", "sentence": "Planning System Capacity Funding will be provided to local authorities and An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la to 66 support the efficient and effective operation of the planning system, enabling accelerated delivery of infrastructure and new housing supply." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 90, "keyword": "planning", "sentence": "Planning System Capacity Funding will be provided to local authorities and An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la to 66 support the efficient and effective operation of the planning system, enabling accelerated delivery of infrastructure and new housing supply." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 91, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 Decisions 112 Public Service Pay Agreement 87 Additional funding for new and existing policies 243 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 4,468 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 7,421 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 11,889 129" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 99, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 related allocation 946 Other temporary spending 19 Additional funding for new and existing policies 209 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 5,461 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 430 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 5,891 137" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 103, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "\u2022 Progress digital transformation projects, including AI, with the potential to either increase efficiencies in service provision; increase efficiencies in operations; or improve the service to clients." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 109, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Programme A&B: Invest in IT to support the implementation of AI and strengthen the 9 OPW\u2019s resilience to increasing cybersecurity threats, in line with the Government\u2019s Connecting Ireland: Digital Ireland strategy." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 111, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 Pay Agreement 40 Other temporary spending 3 Additional funding for new and existing policies 37 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 1,751 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 380 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 2,131 149" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 113, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "An allocation of \u20ac273 million in capital expenditure has been allocated for 2027 in the NDP." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 114, "keyword": "offshore", "sentence": "These services provide important connectivity for inhabited offshore island communities." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 117, "keyword": "offshore", "sentence": "These services provide important connectivity for inhabited offshore island communities." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 117, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 2027 Measures Public Service Pay Agreement 1 Additional funding for new and existing policies 34 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 355 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 273 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 628 155" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 123, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 related allocation 448 Other temporary spending 227 Additional funding for new and existing policies 1,849 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 30,940 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 26 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 30,966 161" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 126, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Supporting the implementation of Programme for Government commitments, including in relation to Child Poverty, Disability, Shared Island and the National Digital and AI Strategy;" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 130, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Artificial Intelligence In its Statement of Strategy 2025 - 2028, the Department commits to the judicious deployment of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology with a view to enhancing its capacity to deliver its strategic and operational objectives." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 130, "keyword": "artificial intelligence", "sentence": "Artificial Intelligence In its Statement of Strategy 2025 - 2028, the Department commits to the judicious deployment of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology with a view to enhancing its capacity to deliver its strategic and operational objectives." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 130, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "The Department has established an AI Governance Board which is overseeing the development of a comprehensive AI strategy and policy." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 130, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "\u2026 in line with the Department of Public Expenditure, Infrastructure, Public Service Reform and Digitalisation's Guidelines for the Responsible Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Public Service and the National Cyber Security Centre's Guidance on Generative AI for Public Sector Bodies." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 130, "keyword": "artificial intelligence", "sentence": "\u2026 in line with the Department of Public Expenditure, Infrastructure, Public Service Reform and Digitalisation's Guidelines for the Responsible Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Public Service and the National Cyber Security Centre's Guidance on Generative AI for Public Sector Bodies." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 131, "keyword": "artificial intelligence", "sentence": "Process improvements The CSO is endeavouring to improve efficiencies across all internal processes, increasing the use of administrative data, developing the use of machine learning and artificial intelligence, and by developing new modes of data collection." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 132, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "This work also supports the CPS in improving their preparedness for the opportunities of AI and for digitalisation, with official statistics being the downstream beneficiary of the data quality improvements." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 133, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Chief State Solicitor\u2019s Office Efficiencies and Reforms to be delivered in 2027 Artificial Intelligence The CSSO has developed an AI Strategic Roadmap comprising initiatives designed to deliver measurable business value and operational efficiencies across legal and corporate functions." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 133, "keyword": "artificial intelligence", "sentence": "Chief State Solicitor\u2019s Office Efficiencies and Reforms to be delivered in 2027 Artificial Intelligence The CSSO has developed an AI Strategic Roadmap comprising initiatives designed to deliver measurable business value and operational efficiencies across legal and corporate functions." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 133, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "The implementation of priority AI use cases is expected to generate productivity and service improvements." }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 138, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 Decisions 36 Public Service Pay Agreement 6 Additional funding for new and existing policies 21 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 384 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 0 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 384 176" }, { "document": "Part_II", "page": 144, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 2027 Measures Public Service Pay Agreement 5 Additional funding for new and existing policies 100 including policy adjustments and expansion of services Current Expenditure Ceiling 1,376 Capital Expenditure \u20acmillion National Development Plan 2027 4,175 Ministerial Expenditure Ceiling (Total) 5,551 182" }, { "document": "Part_III", "page": 2, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "16 217 Uisce \u00c9ireann ..... .... .... ...." }, { "document": "Part_III", "page": 7, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "\u2026 Protection 14,396,943 15,227,579 830,636 5.8% 37A Social Insurance Fund 14,547,004 15,738,170 1,191,166 8.2% 38 Health 27,350,013 29,110,000 1,759,987 6.4% 39 Uisce \u00c9ireann 2,250,000 2,346,961 96,961 4.3% 40 Children, Disability and Equality 7,058,019 7,585,250 527,231 7.5% 41 An t\u00dadar\u00e1s P\u00f3il\u00edneachta Agus \u2026" }, { "document": "Part_III", "page": 8, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "\u2026 Protection 14,381,943 15,210,579 828,636 5.8% 37A Social Insurance Fund 14,545,004 15,729,170 1,184,166 8.1% 38 Health 25,790,013 27,390,000 1,599,987 6.2% 39 Uisce \u00c9ireann 840,000 878,961 38,961 4.6% 40 Children, Disability and Equality 6,920,019 7,410,250 490,231 7.1% 41 An t\u00dadar\u00e1s P\u00f3il\u00edneachta Agus \u2026" }, { "document": "Part_III", "page": 9, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "\u2026 Social Protection 15,000 17,000 2,000 13.3% 37A Social Insurance Fund 2,000 9,000 7,000 38 Health 1,560,000 1,720,000 160,000 10.3% 39 Uisce \u00c9ireann 1,410,000 1,468,000 58,000 4.1% 40 Children, Disability and Equality 138,000 175,000 37,000 26.8% 42 Rural and Community Development \u2026" }, { "document": "Part_III", "page": 15, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "\u2026 36 Defence 1,154,067 1,259,222 105,155 9.1% 37 Social Protection 14,066,335 14,887,149 820,814 5.8% 38 Health 26,940,403 28,700,390 1,759,987 6.5% 39 Uisce \u00c9ireann 2,250,000 2,346,961 96,961 4.3% 40 Children, Disability and Equality 7,032,057 7,557,235 525,178 7.5% 41 An t\u00dadar\u00e1s P\u00f3il\u00edneachta Agus \u2026" }, { "document": "Part_III", "page": 16, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "\u2026 36 Defence 854,092 919,247 65,155 7.6% 37 Social Protection 14,051,335 14,870,149 818,814 5.8% 38 Health 25,380,403 26,980,390 1,599,987 6.3% 39 Uisce \u00c9ireann 840,000 878,961 38,961 4.6% 40 Children, Disability and Equality 6,894,057 7,382,235 488,178 7.1% 41 An t\u00dadar\u00e1s P\u00f3il\u00edneachta Agus \u2026" }, { "document": "Part_III", "page": 17, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "\u2026 36 Defence 299,975 339,975 40,000 13.3% 37 Social Protection 15,000 17,000 2,000 13.3% 38 Health 1,560,000 1,720,000 160,000 10.3% 39 Uisce \u00c9ireann 1,410,000 1,468,000 58,000 4.1% 40 Children, Disability and Equality 138,000 175,000 37,000 26.8% 42 Rural and Community Development \u2026" }, { "document": "Part_III", "page": 48, "keyword": "CRU", "sentence": "4,000 - 4,000 - - - Gross Total :- 71,750 1,878 73,628 67,976 2,060 70,036 -5% * 2026 is inclusive of 66 additional Commission for Regulation of Utilities (CRU) posts sanctioned in the last year, which are non-Exchequer funded." }, { "document": "Part_III", "page": 53, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u2026 expenses of the Office of the Minister for Housing, Local Government and Heritage including grants to Local Authorities, grants and other expenses in connection with housing, water services, miscellaneous schemes, subsidies, grants and payment of certain grants under cash-limited schemes." }, { "document": "Part_III", "page": 53, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "1,936,650 5,217,955 7,154,605 2,228,421 5,201,157 7,429,578 4% B - WATER AND MARINE ...." }, { "document": "Part_III", "page": 62, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "[39] Uisce \u00c9ireann [39] 39 UISCE \u00c9IREANN I." }, { "document": "Part_III", "page": 62, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "Estimate of the amount required in the year ending 31 December 2027 for payment of grants to Uisce \u00c9ireann." }, { "document": "Part_III", "page": 62, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "Change 2026 Estimate 2027 Estimate 2027 over Current Capital Total Current Capital Total 2026 PROGRAMME EXPENDITURE \u20ac000 \u20ac000 \u20ac000 \u20ac000 \u20ac000 \u20ac000 % A- UISCE EIREANN ...." }, { "document": "Part_III", "page": 71, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "GENERAL NOTE Table 1 of the 2027 Summary Public Capital Programme sets out the multi-annual public capital investment for 2026 to 2030 by Ministerial Group as set out in the National Development Plan Review (NDP) published in July 2025." }, { "document": "Part_III", "page": 72, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 22,340 SHARED ISLAND FUND 34 200 200 200 200 834 GROSS CAPITAL EXPENDITURE 19,140 20,262 20,994 21,392 20,683 102,471 CEILINGS NDP* MEDIUM TERM FISCAL STRUCTURAL PLAN ADDITIONAL CAPITAL - - 500 1,000 2,500 4,000 GROSS VOTED CAPITAL 19,140 20,262 21,494 \u2026" }, { "document": "Part_III", "page": 74, "keyword": "EirGrid", "sentence": "\u2026 Regulation of Utilities - 300 - 300 - 250 - 250 E.S.B. - 2,389,000 822,000 3,211,000 - 1,684,000 1,954,000 3,638,000 EirGrid - 380,400 111,000 491,400 - 443,400 67,600 511,000 Env Services - Productive Infrastructure Table (Waste Recycling etc.) - 2,000 \u2026" }, { "document": "Part_III", "page": 74, "keyword": "CRU", "sentence": "\u2026 - - 1,049,000 Non-Voted: Climate, Energy And The Environment Bord na M\u00f3na - 81,286 11,438 92,724 - 193,200 7,972 201,172 Commission for Regulation of Utilities - 300 - 300 - 250 - 250 E.S.B. - 2,389,000 822,000 3,211,000 - 1,684,000 \u2026" }, { "document": "Part_III", "page": 77, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u2026 Housing, Local Government And Heritage Programme A - HOUSING 5,217,955 - - 5,217,955 5,201,157 - - 5,201,157 Programme B - WATER AND MARINE 86,593 - - 86,593 103,417 - - 103,417 Programme C - LOCAL GOVERNMENT 68,023 - - 68,023 \u2026" }, { "document": "Part_III", "page": 77, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "\u2026 - Provision of Surveying, Property Registration and Valuation Services within the State 11,000 - - 11,000 10,000 - - 10,000 Uisce \u00c9ireann Programme A - UISCE EIREANN 1,410,000 - - 1,410,000 1,468,000 - - 1,468,000 Voted Subtotal: 7,350,766 - - \u2026" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 8, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "The associated disruption to the supply of key commodities \u2013 oil, natural gas, fertiliser, helium, etc. \u2013 has triggered a second wave of above-target inflation this decade." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 8, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Working in the opposite direction is the impact of capital expenditure associated with the roll-out of infrastructure related to artificial intelligence (AI)." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 8, "keyword": "artificial intelligence", "sentence": "Working in the opposite direction is the impact of capital expenditure associated with the roll-out of infrastructure related to artificial intelligence (AI)." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 8, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Finally, the investment \u2018super-cycle\u2019 related to AI is one of the factors behind the widening of global imbalances over the last year or so; the correction of previous waves of imbalances involved significant macro-economic disruption." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 9, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "These structural changes are happening in parallel with technological transformation (roll-out of AI, digital finance, etc.) and demographic transition in many regions." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 10, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "At the same time, Ireland is one of several economies that is benefitting from the roll-out of AI-related investment." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 10, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "These data show that, last year, around half of the corporation tax paid to the Irish Exchequer was paid by just three large multinationals." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 10, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "This figure takes account of additional revenue arising from the higher rate of corporation taxation on firms with very high levels of annual turnover (in excess of \u20ac750 million), arising from global corporate tax policy changes." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 12, "keyword": "data centre", "sentence": "Working in the other direction is the tailwind associated with the roll-out of infrastructure related to artificial intelligence (AI) in many regions, with capital outlays covering the full AI stack (semiconductors, data centres, cloud computing, large language models, etc.)." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 12, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Working in the other direction is the tailwind associated with the roll-out of infrastructure related to artificial intelligence (AI) in many regions, with capital outlays covering the full AI stack (semiconductors, data centres, cloud computing, large language models, etc.)." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 12, "keyword": "artificial intelligence", "sentence": "Working in the other direction is the tailwind associated with the roll-out of infrastructure related to artificial intelligence (AI) in many regions, with capital outlays covering the full AI stack (semiconductors, data centres, cloud computing, large language models, etc.)." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 12, "keyword": "compute", "sentence": "Working in the other direction is the tailwind associated with the roll-out of infrastructure related to artificial intelligence (AI) in many regions, with capital outlays covering the full AI stack (semiconductors, data centres, cloud computing, large language models, etc.)." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 12, "keyword": "data centre", "sentence": "These investment dynamics have imparted a positive impulse to demand in several regions, including in Ireland which is integrated in the global AI supply chain via semi-conductors and data centres." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 12, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "These investment dynamics have imparted a positive impulse to demand in several regions, including in Ireland which is integrated in the global AI supply chain via semi-conductors and data centres." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 12, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "An additional concern relates to the possibility that AI \u2018under-delivers\u2019, potentially triggering a correction in global equity markets." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 13, "keyword": "data centre", "sentence": "1 At the same time, demand in several regions is benefitting from advances in the technology cycle, with spending on AI-related infrastructure (semi-conductors, cloud, data centres, etc.) boosting production, investment and trade." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 13, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "1 At the same time, demand in several regions is benefitting from advances in the technology cycle, with spending on AI-related infrastructure (semi-conductors, cloud, data centres, etc.) boosting production, investment and trade." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 13, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Countries most integrated in the global AI supply chain \u2013 including the US, China, Taiwan, Korea \u2013 are benefitting most." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 13, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "In addition, sovereigns are increasingly competing with the private sector for the same pool of funds (with internal funds more limited, the private sector is \u2013 to a large extent \u2013 funding AI-related capital expenditure via debt issuance)." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 13, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "This has triggered a second wave of energy price inflation, with (unlike the first wave) natural gas prices also in the frame." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 13, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "In addition, these regions benefit less from the demand impulses stemming from AI-related investment." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 13, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Unlike in the first wave, China is now competing at the technological frontier, notably in sectors that are integral to the green (EVs, batteries, solar and wind technology) and digital transitions (AI-related infrastructure)." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 14, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "In addition, as the epicentre of the AI-rollout, the strong momentum in AI-related investment is supporting activity, as is the stance of budgetary policy." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 14, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "The outlook for gas prices has changed noticeably since the spring, with wholesale prices now expected to average around stg\u00a31.85 per therm for the rest of this year." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 15, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "\u2026 rate (\u20ac1=) 1.13 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 Brent crude ($ per barrel) 68 89 80 74 72 71 Natural gas prices (stg\u00a3 per therm) 0.91 1.35 1.36 0.90 0.73 0.70 Note: Oil and gas prices (futures) are calculated on \u2026" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 15, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Looking ahead, merchandise exports should continue to benefit from strong pharma-related demand, as well as continued momentum in AI-related trade flows." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 15, "keyword": "data centre", "sentence": "Recent (and ongoing) investment in data centres should be a tailwind for services exports, with Irish-resident companies earning cross-border fees (a service export) for provision of data storage and processing facilities." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 16, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "Figure 2: Changes in key external variables relative to autumn forecasts A: Gas prices, stg\u00a3 per therm B: Oil prices, (Brent crude), $ per barrel Budget 2027 APR 2026 Budget 2027 APR 2026 2.0 1 100 1 0.9 1.8 95 \u2026" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 17, "keyword": "data centre", "sentence": "Capital spending has been heavily influenced by the rollout of AI-related infrastructure \u2013 in Ireland this capex is mostly tied to data centres and highly concentrated semiconductor manufacturing equipment." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 17, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Capital spending has been heavily influenced by the rollout of AI-related infrastructure \u2013 in Ireland this capex is mostly tied to data centres and highly concentrated semiconductor manufacturing equipment." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 17, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "On the residential side, commencement data suggest that the residential pipeline is reasonably solid over the coming quarters, while the National Development Plan will continue to underpin an expansion in other areas." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 19, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "It is important to highlight the risks to employment prospects from AI over the medium-term." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 19, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "In this regard, recent analysis 3 by the Department found (tentative) evidence that AI may already be altering the nature of labour demand in Ireland, with employment growth notably weaker in AI-exposed sectors (and particularly among younger workers)." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 19, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "3 \u201cAI and the Irish Labour Market: Assessing Emerging Impacts\u201d, Economic Insights \u2013 Volume 1 2026, Department of Finance." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 22, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "\u2026 5: Inflation dynamics A: Contributions to annual energy inflation B: Contributions to annual HICP inflation Rents Non-energy industrial goods Electricity Gas Solid Fuels Liquid Fuels Processed Food Unprocessed Food Petrol Diesel HICP energy Services excl. rents Energy 16.0 Headline HICP \u2026" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 22, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "\u2026 utility providers have, over recent months, announced increases in tariffs arising from both increased wholesale prices and the expected unwinding of hedged positions for natural gas, which plays a key role as a marginal, price-setting fuel in the electricity market." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 25, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "\u2026 ratio is projected to reach around 22\u00bd per cent this year and to remain high over the forecast horizon, inter alia due to a combination of public investment under the National Development Plan and the assumed rollout of AI-related capital." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 25, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "\u2026 ratio is projected to reach around 22\u00bd per cent this year and to remain high over the forecast horizon, inter alia due to a combination of public investment under the National Development Plan and the assumed rollout of AI-related capital." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 26, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Medium \u2013 A reassessment of future earnings, investment returns or discount rates could lead to a sharp correction AI-related correction in financial markets Medium External in equity prices with significant negative implications for the \u2018real\u2019 economy." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 26, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Medium \u2013 while AI has the potential to bring about transformative change, it could lead to significant disruption in Digitalisation / Artificial Intelligence Medium External the labour market, including via automation." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 26, "keyword": "artificial intelligence", "sentence": "Medium \u2013 while AI has the potential to bring about transformative change, it could lead to significant disruption in Digitalisation / Artificial Intelligence Medium External the labour market, including via automation." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 26, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "In Stronger MNC performance Medium External particular, AI-related capital expenditure could be stronger than anticipated over the short-term." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 26, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Digitalisation / Artificial Intelligence Medium External Medium / High \u2013 AI may improve the pace of innovation and boost the productivity capacity of the Irish economy." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 26, "keyword": "artificial intelligence", "sentence": "Digitalisation / Artificial Intelligence Medium External Medium / High \u2013 AI may improve the pace of innovation and boost the productivity capacity of the Irish economy." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 27, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "Corporation tax receipts of \u20ac22.7 billion were up by \u20ac4.4 billion (24.2 per cent) in this period; while timing issues complicate the interpretation of these trends, it appears that the growth rate of (aggregate) corporate profitability may have moderated this \u2026" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 27, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "Corporation tax is expected to yield \u20ac34.1 billion; this would be an increase of 3.5 per cent relative to last year and, in part, relates to timing issues associated with payments under Pillar II of the BEPS 6 process (these \u2026" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 29, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "\u2026 127,630 136,820 : income tax 36,575 39,275 41,445 43,635 46,035 48,360 : VAT 22,940 24,475 25,250 26,340 27,460 28,660 : corporation tax 34,670 34,090 39,055 39,795 39,560 44,745 : excise duties 6,465 5,890 6,440 7,130 7,390 7,550 : stamp duties \u2026" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 31, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "On the revenue side, there is a technical assumption of drawdowns from the ICNF to the Exchequer to fund a portion of capital spending as set out in the National Development Plan." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 31, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "The projections also include strategic capital investment across the forecast horizon: transfers from the Exchequer into government bodies to fund delivery in the key areas of energy, water, transport and housing." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 32, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "\u2026 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 C: Corporation tax revenue, \u20ac bn D: VAT revenue, \u20ac bn APR 2026 Budget 2027 APR 2026 Budget 2027 50 28.7 \u2026" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 34, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "\u2026 -20,270 Expenditure figures beyond this year include provision for contingency reserve. ^ The \u2018walk\u2019 from the exchequer balance to the general government balance is set out in the appendix. ^^ Potentially transitory corporation tax receipts on a General Government basis." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 34, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "Figures are rounded to the nearest \u20ac100 million. ^^^ Underlying general government balance is the fiscal position excluding estimates of potentially transitory corporation tax receipts and CJEU ruling." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 36, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "\u2026 0.8 1.5 0.5 -0.1 1.2 Structural budget balance -3.1 -4.5 -4.6 -5.2 -5.3 -4.7 Structural primary balance -2.3 -3.6 -3.5 -4.0 -4.0 -3.3 Notes: ^ Includes corporation tax receipts that are estimated to be potentially transitory. ^^ Domestic output gap." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 40, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "The Government has stated that these will be used to fund NDP related capital expenditure (box 3)." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 40, "keyword": "ISIF", "sentence": "In Ireland, EDP-defined financial assets include liquid assets held by the Exchequer, Ireland Strategic Investment Fund cash and non-equity investments and other cash and liquid assets held by the general government sector." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 42, "keyword": "ISIF", "sentence": "These funds \u2014 namely the Future Ireland Fund (FIF), the Infrastructure, Climate and Nature Fund (ICNF), the Social Insurance Fund (SIF) and the Ireland Strategic Investment Fund (ISIF) \u2014 all have separate and distinct purposes." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 42, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Importantly, the unprecedented scale of the National Development Plan (NDP) in the short-term and Ireland\u2019s rapidly ageing population in the medium-term, means that the \u2018call\u2019 on these assets is greater than their projected size." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 42, "keyword": "ISIF", "sentence": "The ISIF is a sovereign investment fund, managed by the NTMA, with a mandate to invest on a commercial basis to support economic activity and employment." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 42, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Moreover, the Government has stated that the Escrow funds, in particular, will be used to fund NDP related capital expenditure." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 42, "keyword": "ISIF", "sentence": "Figure 12: Ireland\u2019s Cash and Liquid Assets Balance A: Breakdown of Exchequer Cash/Liquid Assets, \u20acbn B: FIF, SIF, ICNF, ISIF Surplus 2026 \u2013 2027, \u20acbn Exchequer Account Other Liquid Assets Combined Exchequer Cash & Liquid Assets SIF FIF ICNF ISIF \u2026" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 43, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "\u2026 main transmission channel Domestic High \u2013 an increase in protectionist policies would have significant implications for the public finances, with Corporation tax: policy change High corporate tax particularly exposed and spillover effects into other revenue streams (i.e. income tax, VAT)." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 43, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "High \u2013The corporation tax base is narrow, with around half of receipts paid by ten firms in a small number of Corporation tax: concentration risk Medium key sectors: firm or sector-specific shocks would have a significant effect on corporation tax \u2026" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 44, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "\u2026 outlined earlier are conditioned upon a gradual easing of energy supply bottlenecks, with a closer alignment of global demand and supply over the course of next year; this is in line with the market-implied path for oil and gas prices." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 44, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "Such an outcome, however, is far-from guaranteed, with a non-trivial probability that escalating geopolitical tensions or physical supply constraints result in a higher and more prolonged period of elevated oil and gas prices." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 44, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "Table 22: Scenario narratives Scenario Narrative Oil and gas prices follow futures curves, which imply a gradual easing of the energy-supply shock, Baseline consistent with a partial recovery in Gulf oil and gas exports by early 2027." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 44, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "\u2026 of the oil price to oil supply shocks as estimated in Caldara, Cavallo and Iacoviello (2019), while the LNG supply-loss equivalents are based on the elasticity of the gas price to gas supply shocks as estimated in Albrizio et al." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 44, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "The adverse scenario is calibrated to the 75th percentile of the risk-neutral density implied by options prices for oil and gas, while the severe scenario is calibrated to the 95th percentile." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 45, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "Relative to the baseline, the adverse scenario results in oil and gas prices that are around 15 per cent and 28 per cent higher, respectively, in the fourth quarter of 2026." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 45, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "By end-2028, the corresponding deviations increase to approximately 16 per cent for oil and 33 per cent for gas." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 45, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "In the severe scenario, oil and gas prices are around 53 per cent and 116 per cent higher, respectively, in the fourth quarter of 2026, with deviations of approximately 58 per cent and 114 per cent by end-2028." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 45, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "Gas prices peak at approximately 240 pence per therm in the adverse scenario and 400 pence per therm in the severe scenario in early-2027." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 45, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "Although prices decline thereafter, both oil and gas prices remain above the baseline throughout the projection horizon." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 45, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "\u2026 HICP, share of basket B: Synthetic energy prices euros per MwH Baseline Adverse Severe Energy 250 9.4% 200 Electricity & Gas Fuels 4.4% 5.0% 150 100 Petrol Home and Heating Electricity Gas Oil Diesel Solid Fuels 0.9% 50 3.2% 1.2% \u2026" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 45, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "12 The synthetic energy price series is constructed as a fixed weight aggregate of oil and gas prices, using import shares from the SEAI national energy balance." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 45, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "Oil prices are converted from USD per barrel and gas VAR, prices from pence per therm to EUR per MwH before aggregation." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 45, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "The adverse scenario represents the 75th percentile of the option implied risk neutral probability density functions for oil and gas futures." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 50, "keyword": "ISIF", "sentence": "\u2026 other accruals -3,820 65 220 240 220 225 Net lending of NCSSBs^ -1,620 -1,045 -650 -1,085 -700 30 Impact of ISIF -880 265 265 255 255 250 Net lending of Social Insurance Fund 4,555 5,170 6,280 7,530 8,790 9,745 Net \u2026" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002", "page": 51, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "\u2026 Total expenditure 40.2 41.3 41.2 42.2 42.8 42.4 p.m.: Government consumption 22.1 21.5 20.6 20.4 20.3 20.3 GNI* at current market prices 333,975 355,225 379,500 399,800 420,650 442,600 ^ Includes corporation tax receipts that cannot be guaranteed into the future." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Tax_Policy_Changes_Summary_-_Eng", "page": 2, "keyword": "offshore", "sentence": "\u2026 rate of Life Assurance Exit Tax from 38% to 35% -12.9 -12.9 Decrease the rate of tax applying to equivalent offshore funds from -2.6 -2.6 38% to 35% Decrease the rate of tax applying to certain foreign life assurance -0.1 \u2026" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Tax_Policy_Changes_Summary_-_Eng", "page": 3, "keyword": "capital allowances", "sentence": "\u2026 respiratory vaccines for -3.3 -4 livestock Farmer\u2019s Flat Rate Payment Raise the farmer\u2019s flat rate payment to 4.8% -23 -28 Accelerated Capital Allowance for farm safety equipment Extend the accelerated capital allowance for farm safety equipment to 31 -1 -1 \u2026" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_-_Tax_Policy_Changes_Summary_-_Eng", "page": 4, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "First year Full-year Supporting Climate Action Cost/Yield Cost/Yield Carbon Tax Reduction and Deferral of Carbon Taxes -25.3 -177 3 Vehicle Registration Tax Increase Category A VRT Rates by 1%, Bands 3 to 20 37 37 Extend VRT Relief on Electric \u2026" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Tax_Policy_Changes_v2", "page": 3, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "\u2026 Farm Safety Equipment 8 4.11 Succession Farm Partnerships Tax Credit 8 4.12 Pillar Two 8 5 Supporting Climate Action 5.1 Carbon Tax 10 5.2 Tax Measures to Support the Adoption of Electric Vehicles 10 5.3 Microgeneration of Electricity 10 6 \u2026" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Tax_Policy_Changes_v2", "page": 3, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "\u2026 Investment in Corporate Trades 7 4.6 Capital Gains Tax Relief for Investment in Innovative Enterprises 7 4.7 Changes to Preliminary Corporation Tax Requirements 7 4.8 Reduced VAT on respiratory vaccines for livestock 8 4.9 Farmer\u2019s Flat Rate VAT 8 4.10 \u2026" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Tax_Policy_Changes_v2", "page": 3, "keyword": "capital allowances", "sentence": "\u2026 Corporation Tax Requirements 7 4.8 Reduced VAT on respiratory vaccines for livestock 8 4.9 Farmer\u2019s Flat Rate VAT 8 4.10 Accelerated Capital Allowances for Farm Safety Equipment 8 4.11 Succession Farm Partnerships Tax Credit 8 4.12 Pillar Two 8 5 \u2026" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Tax_Policy_Changes_v2", "page": 6, "keyword": "offshore", "sentence": "\u2026 rate of Life Assurance Exit Tax from 38% to 35% -12.9 -12.9 Decrease the rate of tax applying to equivalent offshore funds from -2.6 -2.6 38% to 35% Decrease the rate of tax applying to certain foreign life assurance -0.1 \u2026" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Tax_Policy_Changes_v2", "page": 7, "keyword": "capital allowances", "sentence": "\u2026 respiratory vaccines for -3.3 -4 livestock Farmer\u2019s Flat Rate Payment Raise the farmer\u2019s flat rate payment to 4.8% -23 -28 Accelerated Capital Allowance for farm safety equipment Extend the accelerated capital allowance for farm safety equipment to 31 -1 -1 \u2026" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Tax_Policy_Changes_v2", "page": 8, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "First year Full-year Supporting Climate Action Cost/Yield Cost/Yield Carbon Tax Reduction and Deferral of Carbon Taxes -25.3 -1773 Vehicle Registration Tax Increase Category A VRT Rates by 1%, Bands 3 to 20 37 37 Extend VRT Relief on Electric Vehicles \u2026" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Tax_Policy_Changes_v2", "page": 10, "keyword": "offshore", "sentence": "\u2026 funds and life assurance policies, other than those applying to companies, personal portfolio investment undertakings and personal portfolio life assurance policies are being reduced, as are the rates that apply to equivalent offshore funds and certain foreign life assurance policies." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Tax_Policy_Changes_v2", "page": 10, "keyword": "offshore", "sentence": "2.2.3 Decrease in the Rate of Tax Applying to Equivalent Offshore Funds The rate of tax that applies to investments in offshore funds located in the EU or EEA, or in a member state of the OECD with which Ireland \u2026" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Tax_Policy_Changes_v2", "page": 10, "keyword": "offshore", "sentence": "The rate change will apply to equivalent offshore exchange-traded funds (ETFs) that are subject to tax under this regime." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Tax_Policy_Changes_v2", "page": 12, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "It provides new start-up companies with relief from corporation tax on trading income (and certain capital gains) in respect of their first five years of trading." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Tax_Policy_Changes_v2", "page": 12, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "The relief is available in full where a company\u2019s corporation tax liability is less than \u20ac40,000, with marginal relief available in respect of liabilities up to \u20ac60,000." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Tax_Policy_Changes_v2", "page": 13, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "4.7 Changes to Preliminary Corporation Tax Requirements Budget 2027 will provide for the following administrative changes to preliminary corporation tax requirements, to reduce uncertainty and improve flexibility for companies: \u27a2 An extension to the current limited top-up mechanism, to provide \u2026" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Tax_Policy_Changes_v2", "page": 13, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "This is the threshold, referring to corporation tax liability of the prior year, up to which a company is considered to be a \u2018small company\u2019 and therefore subject to less onerous preliminary tax requirements." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Tax_Policy_Changes_v2", "page": 13, "keyword": "capital allowances", "sentence": "4.10 Accelerated Capital Allowances for Farm Safety Equipment The Accelerated Capital Allowances for farm safety equipment, which allows for accelerated capital allowances of 50% per annum for eligible equipment, is being extended by three years until 31 December 2029." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Tax_Policy_Changes_v2", "page": 15, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "Chapter 5 Supporting Climate Action 5.1 Carbon Tax Carbon taxes on auto fuels currently due to increase on 14 October 2026 to \u20ac78.50 per tonne of CO2 emitted will be deferred to 1 May 2027." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Tax_Policy_Changes_v2", "page": 15, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "Carbon taxes on kerosene and on natural gas will be reduced to \u20ac48.50 t/CO2 emitted until 2030." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Tax_Policy_Changes_v2", "page": 15, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "Carbon taxes on kerosene and on natural gas will be reduced to \u20ac48.50 t/CO2 emitted until 2030." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Tax_Policy_Changes_v2", "page": 15, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "The scheduled increase of carbon tax on Marked Gas Oil (MGO) originally for 1 May 2026 will be deferred to 1 May 2027." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Tax_Policy_Changes_v2", "page": 15, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "The scheduled increase of carbon tax on Marked Gas Oil (MGO) originally for 1 May 2026 will be deferred to 1 May 2027." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Tax_Policy_Changes_v2", "page": 15, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "For the more minor fuels (including solid fuels), where those fuels\u2019 carbon tax increases were first deferred on 1 May 2026, there will be a double increase in the rate on 1 May 2027 such that the rate increases from \u2026" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Tax_Policy_Changes_v2", "page": 15, "keyword": "grid", "sentence": "The exempted profits are those arising from the domestic generation of electricity which is supplied to the grid." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Tax_Policy_Changes_v2", "page": 20, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "\u2026 claim will be payable in full in the first year, rather than over the standard three annual instalments. \u27a2 A change is being made to improve the recognition of the R&D tax credit for the purposes of preliminary corporation tax." }, { "document": "Financial_Resolutions_2027_Final_Version", "page": 5, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "\u2026 Rates of Mineral Oil Tax Light Oil: Heavy Oil: Liquefied Petroleum Vehicle Rates per 1,000 litres Rates per 1,000 litres Gas: gas: Rates per 1,000 litres Rate per With effect megawatt as on and Petrol Aviation Used as a Used \u2026" }, { "document": "Financial_Resolutions_2027_Final_Version", "page": 6, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "24 of 2026)): \u201cSCHEDULE 2A Carbon Charge Light Oil: Heavy Oil: Liquefied Petroleum Vehicle gas: Rates per 1,000 litres Rates per 1,000 litres Gas: Rate per Rates per 1,000 litres megawatt With effect as hour at on and from: Petrol \u2026" }, { "document": "Financial_Resolutions_2027_Final_Version", "page": 7, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "6 \u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013 EXCISE \u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013 Natural Gas Carbon Tax \u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013 (1) THAT for the purposes of the tax charged by virtue of section 67 of the Finance Act 2010 (No." }, { "document": "Financial_Resolutions_2027_Final_Version", "page": 7, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "6 \u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013 EXCISE \u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013 Natural Gas Carbon Tax \u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013 (1) THAT for the purposes of the tax charged by virtue of section 67 of the Finance Act 2010 (No." }, { "document": "Financial_Resolutions_2027_Final_Version", "page": 7, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "24 of 2026)): \u201cTABLE Rate of Natural Gas Carbon Tax With effect as on and from Rate of tax per megawatt hour at gross calorific value (1) (2) 1 May 2021 \u20ac6.06 1 May 2022 \u20ac7.41 1 May 2023 \u20ac8.77 \u2026" }, { "document": "Financial_Resolutions_2027_Final_Version", "page": 7, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "24 of 2026)): \u201cTABLE Rate of Natural Gas Carbon Tax With effect as on and from Rate of tax per megawatt hour at gross calorific value (1) (2) 1 May 2021 \u20ac6.06 1 May 2022 \u20ac7.41 1 May 2023 \u20ac8.77 \u2026" }, { "document": "Financial_Resolutions_2027_Final_Version", "page": 8, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "7 \u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013 EXCISE \u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013 Solid Fuel Carbon Tax \u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013\u2013 (1) THAT for the purposes of the tax charged by virtue of section 78 of the Finance Act 2010 (No." }, { "document": "Financial_Resolutions_2027_Final_Version", "page": 8, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "24 of 2026)): \u201cSCHEDULE 1 Rates of Solid Fuel Carbon Tax With effect Description of Solid Fuel as on and Rate of Tax per tonne from (2) (1) Coal Peat Milled Peat Other Peat Briquettes 1 May 2021 \u20ac88.23 \u20ac61.42 \u2026" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Carbon_Tax", "page": 1, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "Budget 2027 The Use of Carbon Tax Funds Prepared by the Department of Public Expenditure, Infrastructure, Public Service Reform and Digitalisation gov.ie/budget | #Budget2027" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Carbon_Tax", "page": 2, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "Budget 2027: Carbon Tax Allocation Impact of Carbon Tax on typical fuel bundles in 2027 2027 Allocations by Department and Programme*** In light of cost-of-living pressures, it has been decided the carbon tax will not increase in Budget 2027 as \u2026" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Carbon_Tax", "page": 2, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "The carbon tax on home heating oil (kerosene) and natural gas will be reduced to \u20ac48.50 t/CO2 and will be maintained at this rate for the lifetime of the Government." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Carbon_Tax", "page": 2, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "The carbon tax on home heating oil (kerosene) and natural gas will be reduced to \u20ac48.50 t/CO2 and will be maintained at this rate for the lifetime of the Government." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Carbon_Tax", "page": 2, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "Carbon tax revenue is allocated to programmes to support climate measures and ensure the most vulnerable are protected from unintended impacts of the tax." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Carbon_Tax", "page": 2, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "Budget 2027 allocations of carbon tax revenue will remain at 2026 levels." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Carbon_Tax", "page": 2, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "EV: Electric Vehicle; *Figures published in Department of Public Expenditure, Infrastructure, Public Service Reform and Digitalisation Budget 2026 \u2013 The Use of Carbon Tax Funds https://assets.gov.ie/static/documents/2c8f3efb/The_Use_of_the_Carbon_Tax_Budget_2026.pdf 2" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Carbon_Tax", "page": 3, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "The Use of Carbon Tax Funds Reflecting cost of living pressures, it has been decided that the carbon tax will not increase as scheduled this year." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Carbon_Tax", "page": 3, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "The rate for kerosene (home heating oil) and natural gas will reduce to \u20ac48.50 per tonne of CO2 on 14 October 2026." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Carbon_Tax", "page": 3, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "While this reduction amounts to a reduction of \u20ac15 per tonne of CO2 (from \u20ac63.5 to \u20ac48.5 per tonne), the difference is larger when compared to the original schedule of carbon tax increases." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Carbon_Tax", "page": 3, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "In that scenario, the rate for kerosene and natural gas was planned to reach \u20ac78.5 in Budget 2027." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Carbon_Tax", "page": 3, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "There will be no carbon tax increase on any other fuel products on 14 October 2026, constituting a deferment across all products." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Carbon_Tax", "page": 3, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "The carbon tax rate for auto fuels (petrol and diesel) will increase on 1 May 2027 by \u20ac7.50 per tonne of CO2 (the deferred increase from 14 October 2026)." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Carbon_Tax", "page": 3, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "Th carbon tax rate for marked gas oil will increase on 1 May 2027 by \u20ac7.50 per tonne of CO2 (the deferred increase from 1 May 2026)." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Carbon_Tax", "page": 3, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "Th carbon tax rate for marked gas oil will increase on 1 May 2027 by \u20ac7.50 per tonne of CO2 (the deferred increase from 1 May 2026)." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Carbon_Tax", "page": 3, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "\u2026 Tax rate Date Fuel Type Existing rate New rate 14 October Kerosene (home heating oil) \u20ac63.50 t/CO2a \u20ac48.50 t/CO2 Natural gas 1 May 2027 Petrol \u20ac71 t/CO2 \u20ac78.50 t/CO2 Diesel Marked Gas Oil (MGO) \u20ac63.50 t/CO2 b \u20ac71 t/CO2 13 \u2026" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Carbon_Tax", "page": 3, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "Table 1: Timeline of Changes to the Carbon Tax rate Date Fuel Type Existing rate New rate 14 October Kerosene (home heating oil) \u20ac63.50 t/CO2a \u20ac48.50 t/CO2 Natural gas 1 May 2027 Petrol \u20ac71 t/CO2 \u20ac78.50 t/CO2 Diesel Marked Gas \u2026" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Carbon_Tax", "page": 3, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "Between Budget 2020 and Budget 2026, additional carbon tax revenues have been allocated incrementally each year to programmes to insulate the most vulnerable from the increases in 3" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Carbon_Tax", "page": 4, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "the carbon tax and to support decarbonisation and energy efficiency programmes across buildings, agriculture and transport." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Carbon_Tax", "page": 4, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "Given the decisions to amend the scheduled increases, the allocation of Carbon Tax revenue will not increase in Budget 2027, but will remain in line with Budget 2026 allocations." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Carbon_Tax", "page": 4, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "As part of Budget 2027, a total of \u20ac1,114 million from carbon tax revenue is being allocated to climate measures and to ensure the most vulnerable are protected from unintended impacts of the tax." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Carbon_Tax", "page": 4, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "This approach maintains the important principle of applying carbon tax revenues to areas which prioritise just transition spending." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Carbon_Tax", "page": 4, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "Accordingly, in Budget 2027, there is no increase on the amount allocated from the carbon tax in 2026, but Government is increasing the overall allocations to a number of key measures from wider State revenue, such as fuel allowance." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Carbon_Tax", "page": 4, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "The Carbon Tax funded measures, relevant Departments, and the allocation for each is outlined below." }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Carbon_Tax", "page": 4, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "Table 2: Budget 2027 Carbon Tax Allocations and Measures Funded 2027 Total Departments Measures Funded Allocation (\u20ac) Residential & Community Energy Efficiency 558 DCEE Green Climate Fund 2 Just Transition Fund 6 DSP Targeted Social Protection Interventions 350 Incentivising Green \u2026" }, { "document": "Budget_2027_Carbon_Tax", "page": 4, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "Table 3: Continuation of 2020 Carbon Tax investment Department Measures Funded 2027 Allocation (\u20acm) DSP Fuel Allowance 21 DCEE Energy Poverty Efficiency Upgrades 13 DCEE Just Transition 6 1 See Department of Public Expenditure and Reform, The Use of Carbon \u2026" }, { "document": "DFIN_Doc_9_-_Transfers_to_FIF_ICNF_Economic_and_Fiscal_Assessment_FINAL", "page": 3, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "\u2026 out in legislation and include a requirement to consider a suite of macroeconomic and fiscal variables, including the general government balance, corporation tax receipts, prospects for economic activity and for the labour market. \u02c3 This document represents the Minister\u2019s assessment." }, { "document": "DFIN_Doc_9_-_Transfers_to_FIF_ICNF_Economic_and_Fiscal_Assessment_FINAL", "page": 5, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "\u2026 3.2 Assessment criteria 7 3.3 Summary 9 4 Assessment 10 Figures Figure 1 Contributions to the funds 4 Figure 2 Corporation tax 8 Annex 11 Annex 1 Schedule of transfers to the funds 11 Annex 2 Letter from the Irish \u2026" }, { "document": "DFIN_Doc_9_-_Transfers_to_FIF_ICNF_Economic_and_Fiscal_Assessment_FINAL", "page": 8, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "This funding was provisionally allocated as part of the revised National Development Plan (NDP).9 Of this, it is intended that \u20ac2 billion will be provided to the Department of Transport to support low-carbon transportation including projects such as Metrolink." }, { "document": "DFIN_Doc_9_-_Transfers_to_FIF_ICNF_Economic_and_Fiscal_Assessment_FINAL", "page": 8, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "\u2026 fund projects and programmes that will support climate mitigation and renewable energy development, while some \u20ac650 million will be allocated to the Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage for projects and programmes that will support improvements in water quality." }, { "document": "DFIN_Doc_9_-_Transfers_to_FIF_ICNF_Economic_and_Fiscal_Assessment_FINAL", "page": 8, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "9 National Development Plan Review 2025, Government of Ireland, July 2025, available at: https://assets.gov.ie/static/documents/NDP_Review_document_-_updated_in_use.pdf 10 See Revised Estimates for Public Services 2026, Appendix 8: https://assets.gov.ie/static/documents/40d6f3cb/REV_2026_BOOK_06.03.26.pdf 11 Relevant GDP is defined in the Act as GDP 2 years preceding the transfer, \u2026" }, { "document": "DFIN_Doc_9_-_Transfers_to_FIF_ICNF_Economic_and_Fiscal_Assessment_FINAL", "page": 12, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "3.2 Assessment criteria The Department\u2019s assessment must have regard to the Council\u2019s report and the following:28 \u02c3 general government balance; \u02c3 corporation tax receipts; \u02c3 gross domestic product; \u02c3 the labour market (employment and unemployment); and, \u02c3 other appropriate matters." }, { "document": "DFIN_Doc_9_-_Transfers_to_FIF_ICNF_Economic_and_Fiscal_Assessment_FINAL", "page": 12, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "This figure includes potentially transitory corporation tax receipts." }, { "document": "DFIN_Doc_9_-_Transfers_to_FIF_ICNF_Economic_and_Fiscal_Assessment_FINAL", "page": 12, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "The underlying balance \u2014 where adjustments are made to account for the impact of the economic cycle and potentially transitory corporation tax receipts \u2014 is estimated to be in a deficit of \u20ac12.1 billion (3.4 per cent of GNI*)." }, { "document": "DFIN_Doc_9_-_Transfers_to_FIF_ICNF_Economic_and_Fiscal_Assessment_FINAL", "page": 12, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "3.2.2: Corporation tax receipts Corporation tax receipts of \u20ac22.7 billion have been collected to end-September and total receipts for 2026 are projected at \u20ac34.1 billion, a 3.5 per cent increase relative to last year." }, { "document": "DFIN_Doc_9_-_Transfers_to_FIF_ICNF_Economic_and_Fiscal_Assessment_FINAL", "page": 12, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "The corporation tax base remains highly concentrated, with just ten firms accounting for well over half of corporation tax receipts (figure 2A).29 To put it another way, this subset of firms accounts for nearly one-in-five of all tax receipts last \u2026" }, { "document": "DFIN_Doc_9_-_Transfers_to_FIF_ICNF_Economic_and_Fiscal_Assessment_FINAL", "page": 13, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "Figure 2: Corporation tax A: Corporation tax receipts from top 10 players, \u20ac bn B: Share of total tax receipts in 2025, per cent Top 10 CT Rest of CT 35 100 90 30 all other tax 80 receipts 14.3 \u2026" }, { "document": "DFIN_Doc_9_-_Transfers_to_FIF_ICNF_Economic_and_Fiscal_Assessment_FINAL", "page": 13, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "Top 10 CT payers in this context Note: CT = corporation tax." }, { "document": "DFIN_Doc_9_-_Transfers_to_FIF_ICNF_Economic_and_Fiscal_Assessment_FINAL", "page": 13, "keyword": "data centre", "sentence": "The Department\u2019s forecasts are calibrated on a pick-up in foreign sales over the coming quarters, driven by inter alia further gains in pharmaceutical exports and continued strength in computer services exports linked in part to returns on recent datacentre investment." }, { "document": "DFIN_Doc_9_-_Transfers_to_FIF_ICNF_Economic_and_Fiscal_Assessment_FINAL", "page": 14, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Investment spending benefitted from AI-related spending as well as outlays under the Government\u2019s National Development Plan." }, { "document": "DFIN_Doc_9_-_Transfers_to_FIF_ICNF_Economic_and_Fiscal_Assessment_FINAL", "page": 14, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "Investment spending benefitted from AI-related spending as well as outlays under the Government\u2019s National Development Plan." }, { "document": "BIB2027_Online_Interactive_Version_Final_V2", "page": 2, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "10 Delivering Better Public Services 12 Accelerating Infrastructure 14 Climate Action and Carbon Tax 16 Voted Expenditure 2027 17 Key Expenditure Measures 18 Key Tax Policy Measures 24 Where Can I Find Out More?" }, { "document": "BIB2027_Online_Interactive_Version_Final_V2", "page": 9, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "Income Tax, Corporation Tax)." }, { "document": "BIB2027_Online_Interactive_Version_Final_V2", "page": 9, "keyword": "corporation tax", "sentence": "\u2026 sources grouped in the \u2018Other Revenue\u2019 category: 100% \u20ac12,670 \u20ac13,325 90% 80% \u20ac24,475 \u20ac25,250 70% 60% 50% \u20ac34,090 \u20ac39,055 40% 30% 20% \u20ac39,275 \u20ac41,445 10% 0% 2026 (\u20acmn) 2027 (\u20acmn) Income Tax Corporation Tax VAT Other 8 back to contents" }, { "document": "BIB2027_Online_Interactive_Version_Final_V2", "page": 15, "keyword": "water", "sentence": "We are investing in the water, electricity and transport connections that make everything else possible - homes, jobs, communities and a sustainable future." }, { "document": "BIB2027_Online_Interactive_Version_Final_V2", "page": 16, "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "sentence": "\u2022 The Waterford Wastewater Treatment Plant project saved 6 months in progressing to procurement stage, due to changes to approval processes for Uisce \u00c9ireann major projects." }, { "document": "BIB2027_Online_Interactive_Version_Final_V2", "page": 17, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "Budget in Brief 2027 Climate Action and Carbon Tax In light of cost-of-living pressures, it has been decided the carbon tax will not increase in Budget 2027 as scheduled." }, { "document": "BIB2027_Online_Interactive_Version_Final_V2", "page": 17, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "The carbon tax on home heating oil (kerosene) and natural gas will be reduced to \u20ac48.50 t/CO2 and will be maintained at this rate for the lifetime of the Government." }, { "document": "BIB2027_Online_Interactive_Version_Final_V2", "page": 17, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "The carbon tax on home heating oil (kerosene) and natural gas will be reduced to \u20ac48.50 t/CO2 and will be maintained at this rate for the lifetime of the Government." }, { "document": "BIB2027_Online_Interactive_Version_Final_V2", "page": 17, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "\u2026 remain at 2026 levels. -\u20ac43 1000L Kerosene Impact on key typical fuel bundles in 2027 -\u20ac32 +\u20ac1.28/+\u20ac1.48 11,000kWh 60L fill Gas Petrol/Diesel \u20ac1,114 million Continues to be the total allocation to programmes to support climate measures and ensure the most \u2026" }, { "document": "BIB2027_Online_Interactive_Version_Final_V2", "page": 17, "keyword": "carbon tax", "sentence": "Learn more about Carbon Tax funds at www.gov.ie/budget 16 back to contents" }, { "document": "BIB2027_Online_Interactive_Version_Final_V2", "page": 22, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "\u20ac150 million over three years will support workforce development, including AI and digital skills needed for future jobs." }, { "document": "BIB2027_Online_Interactive_Version_Final_V2", "page": 26, "keyword": "capital allowances", "sentence": "\u2026 tax relief available under the childcare services scheme from \u20ac15,000 to \u20ac20,000 and removing cap on number of children that can be minded Accelerated Capital Allowance for Farm Safety Equipment extended by three years to end2029. back to contents 25" }, { "document": "BIB2027_Online_Interactive_Version_Final_V2", "page": 27, "keyword": "grid", "sentence": "Annual tax exemption for consumers who generate electricity at their own homes for their own consumption and sell the excess electricity to the grid is being increased from \u20ac400 to \u20ac600." }, { "document": "BIB2027_Online_Interactive_Version_Final_V2", "page": 29, "keyword": "NDP", "sentence": "The National Development Plan (how money will be spent to support that growth) If you want to see how much money each department is getting in the most recent National Development Plan, learn how the Government is speeding up infrastructure \u2026" }, { "document": "IFAC_council", "page": 2, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Large upward revision to MDD this year reflecting: o Robust consumption despite price pressures o AI-related Capex in MNC sector" }, { "document": "IFAC_council", "page": 2, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "ST risks two-sided but tilted to the downside o Prolongation of conflict in the Gulf o AI-related correction in financial markets o Re-pricing of fiscal risk / tightening of financial conditions 2 An Roinn Airgeadais | Department of Finance" }, { "document": "IFAC_council", "page": 6, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "Impact of AI on economic and financial variables Growing AI investment is increasingly debt financed Global trade in AI-related hardware, USD millions Hyperscaler firms debt issuance USD billions (rhs), Capex to Revenue Ratio (lhs) Debt issuance - Actual Debt issuance \u2026" }, { "document": "IFAC_council", "page": 8, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "Electricity and gas price changes Wholesale gas price, GBP per therm Retail price changes, per cent (LHS) percentage points (RHS) Budget 2027 Apr-26 Electricity Gas Estimated pp. contribution to energy price inflation 2.0 1 14% 1.80 0.9 1.60 1.8 12% \u2026" }, { "document": "IFAC_council", "page": 9, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "\u2026 0.1 -4.0 0 60 600 2025Q1 2025Q2 2025Q3 2025Q4 2026Q1 2026Q2 2026Q3 2026Q4 2027Q1 2027Q2 2027Q3 2027Q4 50 400 Electricity Gas Solid Fuels Jan-25 Jul-25 Jan-26 Jul-26 Jan-27 Jul-27 Jan-25 Apr-25 Jul-25 Oct-25 Jan-26 Apr-26 Jul-26 Oct-26 Jan-27 Apr-27 Jul-27 \u2026" }, { "document": "IFAC_council", "page": 14, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "AI-related Investment evident in recent outturns AI-related Net Imports Semiconductor manufacturing imports Contribution to Mod-Investment \u20ac million \u20ac million YoY % growth 1200 900 20 800 1000 15 700 10 800 600 5 500 600 400 0 400 300 -5 \u2026" }, { "document": "IFAC_council", "page": 15, "keyword": "data centre", "sentence": "Leading indicators point to continued high-tech investment Industrial project commencements Estimated data centre completions New data centre electricity demand Sq. metres Sq. metres 000s MVA, projected annual increase Completed Projected 160 0.95 Data Centre Life Sciences Semiconductors 120 100% Utilities \u2026" }, { "document": "IFAC_council", "page": 15, "keyword": "EirGrid", "sentence": "\u2026 2022Q1 2022Q3 2023Q1 2023Q3 2024Q1 2024Q3 2025Q1 2025Q3 2026Q1 2026Q3 0 0% 0 0.9 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 15 An Roinn Airgeadais | Department of Finance Source: BCMS, EirGrid, and DFIN calculations." }, { "document": "IFAC_council", "page": 28, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "AI having impact on goods trade data / to impact future computer services exports?" }, { "document": "IFAC_council", "page": 28, "keyword": "data centre", "sentence": "AI re-exports & semiconductors boosting goods* Potentially significant returns on investment in data centres cont. to y/y per cent change in underlying exports*, 3mma Rental prices / costs for selected AI hardware, $ million 20 9 15 8 10 7 \u2026" }, { "document": "IFAC_council", "page": 28, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "AI re-exports & semiconductors boosting goods* Potentially significant returns on investment in data centres cont. to y/y per cent change in underlying exports*, 3mma Rental prices / costs for selected AI hardware, $ million 20 9 15 8 10 7 \u2026" }, { "document": "IFAC_council", "page": 28, "keyword": "artificial intelligence", "sentence": "\u2026 prices / costs for selected AI hardware, $ million Adapted from Carpinelli, L, F Natoli and M Taboga (2026), \u201cArtificial intelligence and the 2025-01 2025-02 2025-03 2025-04 2025-05 2025-06 2025-07 2025-08 2025-09 2025-10 2025-11 2025-12 2026-01 2026-02 2026-03 2026-04 2026-05 \u2026" }, { "document": "IFAC_council", "page": 37, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "\u2026 in the Middle East Sustained conflict in the Middle East - energy prices higher for longer Stronger MNC performance (AI investment / pharma) AI-related correction in equity prices near-term Sovereign debt market tensions \u2013 spillover to real economy Acceleration of \u2026" }, { "document": "IFAC_council", "page": 38, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "Oil Prices rise to approximately $100/bbl Gas prices ~ \u20ac75 per MwH." }, { "document": "IFAC_council", "page": 38, "keyword": "gas", "sentence": "Severe Scenario: Oil prices rise to $130 Gas prices double consistent with average 10% loss in pre-war supply 38 An Roinn Airgeadais | Department of Finance" }, { "document": "IFAC_council", "page": 41, "keyword": "AI", "sentence": "IE economy particularly exposed to an AI related equity correction Scenario Analys is Investment and multinational exports would decline, driven by uncertainty and rising risk premia." } ], "allocations": [ { "area": "grid", "keyword": "grid", "eurM": 2000.0, "amountText": "\u20ac2 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "A further \u20ac2 billion will be invested by Eirgrid in the coming years to boost the resilience of the grid as we switch to renewables.", "page": 1, "document": "statement-by-minister-harris-on-budget-2027" }, { "area": "ISIF and funds", "keyword": "ISIF", "eurM": 1000.0, "amountText": "\u20ac1 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "\u2026 Fund To further support the growth of Irish companies, I am very pleased to announce today that the Ireland Strategic Investment Fund (ISIF), is launching a \u20ac1 billion investment programme, aimed at creating the next generation of large Irish companies.", "page": 1, "document": "statement-by-minister-harris-on-budget-2027" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 20300.0, "amountText": "\u20ac20.3 billion", "year": 2025, "yearsMentioned": [ 2025 ], "quote": "\u2022 \u20ac20.3 billion in funding for capital expenditure in line with the objectives of the National Development Plan Review 2025 (NDP) to support investment in critical infrastructure in areas such as electricity, water, transport and housing.", "page": 6, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 20300.0, "amountText": "\u20ac20.3 billion", "year": 2025, "yearsMentioned": [ 2025 ], "quote": "\u2022 \u20ac20.3 billion in funding for capital expenditure in line with the objectives of the National Development Plan Review 2025 (NDP) to support investment in critical infrastructure in areas such as electricity, water, transport and housing.", "page": 6, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 7200.0, "amountText": "\u20ac7.2 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "An almost threefold increase in capital expenditure from \u20ac7.2 billion to \u20ac19.1 billion under the National Development Plan.", "page": 11, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 19100.0, "amountText": "\u20ac19.1 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "An almost threefold increase in capital expenditure from \u20ac7.2 billion to \u20ac19.1 billion under the National Development Plan.", "page": 11, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 20300.0, "amountText": "\u20ac20.3 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2026, 2027 ], "quote": "Capital expenditure will reach \u20ac20.3 billion in 2027 as set out in the NDP, an increase of \u20ac1.1 billion or 5.9 per cent on the 2026 capital ceiling.", "page": 13, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 1100.0, "amountText": "\u20ac1.1 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2026, 2027 ], "quote": "Capital expenditure will reach \u20ac20.3 billion in 2027 as set out in the NDP, an increase of \u20ac1.1 billion or 5.9 per cent on the 2026 capital ceiling.", "page": 13, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 20300.0, "amountText": "\u20ac20.3 billion", "year": 2025, "yearsMentioned": [ 2025 ], "quote": "\u20ac20.3 billion in funding for capital expenditure in line with objectives of the National Development Plan Review 2025 to support investment in critical infrastructure in areas such as electricity, water, transport and housing.", "page": 15, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 20300.0, "amountText": "\u20ac20.3 billion", "year": 2025, "yearsMentioned": [ 2025 ], "quote": "\u20ac20.3 billion in funding for capital expenditure in line with objectives of the National Development Plan Review 2025 to support investment in critical infrastructure in areas such as electricity, water, transport and housing.", "page": 15, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 20300.0, "amountText": "\u20ac20.3 billion", "year": 2027, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "Capital: The recently published National Development Plan Review sets out a capital allocation of \u20ac20.3 billion for 2027.", "page": 26, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 275400.0, "amountText": "\u20ac275.4 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2025, 2035 ], "quote": "The National Development Plan Review 2025 outlines the Government\u2019s commitment to invest \u20ac275.4 billion by 2035.", "page": 32, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 202000.0, "amountText": "\u20ac202 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2026, 2030 ], "quote": "Of this, \u20ac202 billion is Exchequer Voted capital expenditure, with an initial \u20ac102.4 billion allocated by sector to Departments for 2026 to 2030 as part of Exchequer ceilings within the NDP.", "page": 32, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 102400.0, "amountText": "\u20ac102.4 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2026, 2030 ], "quote": "Of this, \u20ac202 billion is Exchequer Voted capital expenditure, with an initial \u20ac102.4 billion allocated by sector to Departments for 2026 to 2030 as part of Exchequer ceilings within the NDP.", "page": 32, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 24000.0, "amountText": "\u20ac24 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "This reflects an increase of over \u20ac24 billion relative to the previous planned NDP ceilings for those years.", "page": 32, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 12000.0, "amountText": "\u20ac12 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "\u2022 Over \u20ac12 billion to fund water services, wastewater services and improved water quality.", "page": 32, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 500.0, "amountText": "\u20ac0.5 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2028, 2029, 2030 ], "quote": "As part of the Medium-Term Fiscal and Structural Plan, Government agreed to provide additional capital above the NDP ceilings over the years 2028-2030: \u20ac0.5 billion in 2028, \u20ac1 billion in 2029 and \u20ac2.5 billion in 2030.", "page": 32, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 1000.0, "amountText": "\u20ac1 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2028, 2029, 2030 ], "quote": "As part of the Medium-Term Fiscal and Structural Plan, Government agreed to provide additional capital above the NDP ceilings over the years 2028-2030: \u20ac0.5 billion in 2028, \u20ac1 billion in 2029 and \u20ac2.5 billion in 2030.", "page": 32, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 2500.0, "amountText": "\u20ac2.5 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2028, 2029, 2030 ], "quote": "As part of the Medium-Term Fiscal and Structural Plan, Government agreed to provide additional capital above the NDP ceilings over the years 2028-2030: \u20ac0.5 billion in 2028, \u20ac1 billion in 2029 and \u20ac2.5 billion in 2030.", "page": 32, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 25000.0, "amountText": "\u20ac25 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2026, 2030 ], "quote": "\u2026 and Water To support the Government\u2019s new housing plan, Delivering Homes, Building Communities: An Action Plan on Housing Supply and Targeting Homelessness, c.\u20ac25 billion in NDP funding has been allocated to Housing Capital Programmes over the period 2026 \u2013 2030.", "page": 32, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 25000.0, "amountText": "\u20ac25 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2026, 2030 ], "quote": "\u2026 and Water To support the Government\u2019s new housing plan, Delivering Homes, Building Communities: An Action Plan on Housing Supply and Targeting Homelessness, c.\u20ac25 billion in NDP funding has been allocated to Housing Capital Programmes over the period 2026 \u2013 2030.", "page": 32, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 12200.0, "amountText": "\u20ac12.2 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "Additionally, \u20ac12.2 billion will be allocated to the water sector, primarily Uisce \u00c9ireann, to deliver additional water services capacity to meet the new housing targets and upgrade our water and wastewater infrastructure.", "page": 33, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 22300.0, "amountText": "\u20ac22.3 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "Transport The Department of Transport\u2019s NDP Sectoral Plan will allocate \u20ac22.3 billion to:", "page": 33, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 5600.0, "amountText": "\u20ac5.6 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2026, 2030 ], "quote": "Climate, Energy and Environment The Department\u2019s overall capital allocation for 2026-2030 as set out in the National Development Plan is \u20ac5.6 billion, which includes a \u20ac500 million allocation from the Infrastructure, Climate and Nature Fund (ICNF).", "page": 33, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 500.0, "amountText": "\u20ac500 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2026, 2030 ], "quote": "Climate, Energy and Environment The Department\u2019s overall capital allocation for 2026-2030 as set out in the National Development Plan is \u20ac5.6 billion, which includes a \u20ac500 million allocation from the Infrastructure, Climate and Nature Fund (ICNF).", "page": 33, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 7400.0, "amountText": "\u20ac7.4 billion", "year": 2027, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "The total Exchequer capital funding available in 2027 is \u20ac7.4 billion, comprising Exchequer water funding of \u20ac1.6 billion and \u20ac5.9 billion for housing and other priorities.", "page": 35, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 1600.0, "amountText": "\u20ac1.6 billion", "year": 2027, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "The total Exchequer capital funding available in 2027 is \u20ac7.4 billion, comprising Exchequer water funding of \u20ac1.6 billion and \u20ac5.9 billion for housing and other priorities.", "page": 35, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 5900.0, "amountText": "\u20ac5.9 billion", "year": 2027, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "The total Exchequer capital funding available in 2027 is \u20ac7.4 billion, comprising Exchequer water funding of \u20ac1.6 billion and \u20ac5.9 billion for housing and other priorities.", "page": 35, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 1700.0, "amountText": "\u20ac1.7 billion", "year": 2027, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "Health In line with the revised National Development Plan ceilings, there is an allocation of c.\u20ac1.7 billion for Gross Capital Expenditure in 2027.", "page": 37, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 1500.0, "amountText": "\u20ac1.5 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "\u2026 including farming for water for those seeking to improve water quality on their farms and maintaining the Nitrates Derogation. o Continue to provide payments to 53,800 farmers under the \u20ac1.5 billion AgriClimate Rural Environment Scheme (ACRES) to address biodiversity decline.", "page": 46, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 175.0, "amountText": "\u20ac175 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "\u20ac175 million for capital expenditure as set out in the recently published NDP.", "page": 54, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 1049.0, "amountText": "\u20ac1,049 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2026, 2027 ], "quote": "The Capital allocation in 2027 is \u20ac1,049 million which represents an increase of \u20ac199 million on the 2026 NDP allocation.", "page": 67, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 199.0, "amountText": "\u20ac199 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2026, 2027 ], "quote": "The Capital allocation in 2027 is \u20ac1,049 million which represents an increase of \u20ac199 million on the 2026 NDP allocation.", "page": 67, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 1600.0, "amountText": "\u20ac1,600 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2026, 2030 ], "quote": "A total allocation of \u20ac1,600 million in capital expenditure is being allocated to the Department of Education and Youth, supporting the continued progression of the National Development Plan 2026-2030.", "page": 85, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 405.0, "amountText": "\u20ac405m", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "\u2026 7,421 11,889 *Rounding affects total Table 2: Pay and Staffing Allocation 2027 Pay Bill Ceiling Staffing Ceiling (Full Time Equivalents) \u20ac405m 4,619 Chart 1(a): Chart 1(b): Capital, Pay, Pensions1 and Non-Pay Breakdown Breakdown of Programme Expenditure E MET D \u00c9IREANN, \u2026", "page": 121, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 93.0, "amountText": "\u20ac93m", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "\u2026 Chart 1(b): Capital, Pay, Pensions1 and Non-Pay Breakdown Breakdown of Programme Expenditure E MET D \u00c9IREANN, F HERITAGE , PLANNING, \u20ac93m \u20ac278m \u20ac487m C LOCAL Non-Pay, GOVERNMENT \u20ac4,051m , \u20ac908m B WATER AND MARINE, Pensions, \u20ac232m \u20ac12m Capital, Pay, \u20ac7,421m \u2026", "page": 121, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 278.0, "amountText": "\u20ac278m", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "\u2026 1(b): Capital, Pay, Pensions1 and Non-Pay Breakdown Breakdown of Programme Expenditure E MET D \u00c9IREANN, F HERITAGE , PLANNING, \u20ac93m \u20ac278m \u20ac487m C LOCAL Non-Pay, GOVERNMENT \u20ac4,051m , \u20ac908m B WATER AND MARINE, Pensions, \u20ac232m \u20ac12m Capital, Pay, \u20ac7,421m \u20ac405m \u2026", "page": 121, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 487.0, "amountText": "\u20ac487m", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "\u2026 Capital, Pay, Pensions1 and Non-Pay Breakdown Breakdown of Programme Expenditure E MET D \u00c9IREANN, F HERITAGE , PLANNING, \u20ac93m \u20ac278m \u20ac487m C LOCAL Non-Pay, GOVERNMENT \u20ac4,051m , \u20ac908m B WATER AND MARINE, Pensions, \u20ac232m \u20ac12m Capital, Pay, \u20ac7,421m \u20ac405m A \u2026", "page": 121, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 4051.0, "amountText": "\u20ac4,051m", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "\u2026 Breakdown Breakdown of Programme Expenditure E MET D \u00c9IREANN, F HERITAGE , PLANNING, \u20ac93m \u20ac278m \u20ac487m C LOCAL Non-Pay, GOVERNMENT \u20ac4,051m , \u20ac908m B WATER AND MARINE, Pensions, \u20ac232m \u20ac12m Capital, Pay, \u20ac7,421m \u20ac405m A HOUSING, \u20ac7,430m 1 Retired Civil \u2026", "page": 121, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 908.0, "amountText": "\u20ac908m", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "\u2026 of Programme Expenditure E MET D \u00c9IREANN, F HERITAGE , PLANNING, \u20ac93m \u20ac278m \u20ac487m C LOCAL Non-Pay, GOVERNMENT \u20ac4,051m , \u20ac908m B WATER AND MARINE, Pensions, \u20ac232m \u20ac12m Capital, Pay, \u20ac7,421m \u20ac405m A HOUSING, \u20ac7,430m 1 Retired Civil Servants are \u2026", "page": 121, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 232.0, "amountText": "\u20ac232m", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "\u2026 D \u00c9IREANN, F HERITAGE , PLANNING, \u20ac93m \u20ac278m \u20ac487m C LOCAL Non-Pay, GOVERNMENT \u20ac4,051m , \u20ac908m B WATER AND MARINE, Pensions, \u20ac232m \u20ac12m Capital, Pay, \u20ac7,421m \u20ac405m A HOUSING, \u20ac7,430m 1 Retired Civil Servants are paid from the Superannuation Vote.", "page": 121, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 12.0, "amountText": "\u20ac12m", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "\u2026 D \u00c9IREANN, F HERITAGE , PLANNING, \u20ac93m \u20ac278m \u20ac487m C LOCAL Non-Pay, GOVERNMENT \u20ac4,051m , \u20ac908m B WATER AND MARINE, Pensions, \u20ac232m \u20ac12m Capital, Pay, \u20ac7,421m \u20ac405m A HOUSING, \u20ac7,430m 1 Retired Civil Servants are paid from the Superannuation Vote.", "page": 121, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 7421.0, "amountText": "\u20ac7,421m", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "\u2026 D \u00c9IREANN, F HERITAGE , PLANNING, \u20ac93m \u20ac278m \u20ac487m C LOCAL Non-Pay, GOVERNMENT \u20ac4,051m , \u20ac908m B WATER AND MARINE, Pensions, \u20ac232m \u20ac12m Capital, Pay, \u20ac7,421m \u20ac405m A HOUSING, \u20ac7,430m 1 Retired Civil Servants are paid from the Superannuation Vote.", "page": 121, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 7430.0, "amountText": "\u20ac7,430m", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "\u2026 D \u00c9IREANN, F HERITAGE , PLANNING, \u20ac93m \u20ac278m \u20ac487m C LOCAL Non-Pay, GOVERNMENT \u20ac4,051m , \u20ac908m B WATER AND MARINE, Pensions, \u20ac232m \u20ac12m Capital, Pay, \u20ac7,421m \u20ac405m A HOUSING, \u20ac7,430m 1 Retired Civil Servants are paid from the Superannuation Vote.", "page": 121, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 7421.0, "amountText": "\u20ac7,421 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "This is complemented by a capital allocation of \u20ac7,421 million, as set out in the Revised NDP.", "page": 122, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 224.0, "amountText": "\u20ac224 million", "year": 2027, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "A total allocation of \u20ac224 million is being provided to Programme B \u2013 Water Services in 2027, comprising \u20ac121 million in current expenditure and \u20ac103 million in capital expenditure.", "page": 123, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 121.0, "amountText": "\u20ac121 million", "year": 2027, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "A total allocation of \u20ac224 million is being provided to Programme B \u2013 Water Services in 2027, comprising \u20ac121 million in current expenditure and \u20ac103 million in capital expenditure.", "page": 123, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 103.0, "amountText": "\u20ac103 million", "year": 2027, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "A total allocation of \u20ac224 million is being provided to Programme B \u2013 Water Services in 2027, comprising \u20ac121 million in current expenditure and \u20ac103 million in capital expenditure.", "page": 123, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 40.0, "amountText": "\u20ac40 million", "year": 2027, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "Rural Water Programme capital funding of \u20ac40 million in 2027 to support vital investment in rural water infrastructure to protect public health and the environment for over 600 Capital Projects, and over 4,000 Private Wells and Domestic Wastewater Treatment Systems.", "page": 123, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 39.5, "amountText": "\u20ac39.5 million", "year": 2027, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "\u2022 Rural Water Programme current funding of \u20ac39.5 million in 2027 to support essential rural water programmes, including contractual obligations and operational commitments, ensuring the continued delivery of safe and reliable drinking water for over 700 Group Water Schemes.", "page": 123, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 33.0, "amountText": "\u20ac33 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "\u2022 Water Quality current funding of \u20ac33 million to support the EPA, local authorities and River Basin Management Service to strengthen Ireland\u2019s capacity to meet its obligations under the Water Framework Directive.", "page": 123, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 53.0, "amountText": "\u20ac53 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "\u2022 Water Quality capital funding of \u20ac53 million to allow for the full removal or mitigation of approximately 50 river barriers such as dams and weirs, progression of an additional 240 water-quality projects.", "page": 123, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 49.0, "amountText": "\u20ac49 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "\u2022 \u20ac49 million in funding for Local Authority legacy issues to support local authorities for legacy water services costs arising from the completion of the Uisce \u00c9ireann Transformation programme.", "page": 123, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "planning", "keyword": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la", "eurM": 66.0, "amountText": "\u20ac66 million", "year": 2024, "yearsMentioned": [ 2024 ], "quote": "\u20ac66 million in funding to support planning-system capacity, including staffing and operational resources in An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la and local authorities, which will support the streamlined approval processes in the 2024 Planning and Development Act and other functions including enforcement.", "page": 124, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "planning", "keyword": "planning", "eurM": 53.0, "amountText": "\u20ac53 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "\u2022 The remaining \u20ac53 million will support urban regeneration, planning reform, strategic planning, and implementation activity to help accelerate housing delivery and infrastructure development.", "page": 124, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "eurM": 2350.0, "amountText": "\u20ac2.35 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "A total allocation of \u20ac2.35 billion is being provided to Vote 39 \u2013 Uisce \u00c9ireann in 2027, comprising \u20ac879 million in current expenditure and \u20ac1,468 million in capital expenditure Under this programme, the 2027 \u20ac1,468m capital allocation will provide Uisce \u2026", "page": 126, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "eurM": 879.0, "amountText": "\u20ac879 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "A total allocation of \u20ac2.35 billion is being provided to Vote 39 \u2013 Uisce \u00c9ireann in 2027, comprising \u20ac879 million in current expenditure and \u20ac1,468 million in capital expenditure Under this programme, the 2027 \u20ac1,468m capital allocation will provide Uisce \u2026", "page": 126, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "eurM": 1468.0, "amountText": "\u20ac1,468 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "\u2026 \u20ac2.35 billion is being provided to Vote 39 \u2013 Uisce \u00c9ireann in 2027, comprising \u20ac879 million in current expenditure and \u20ac1,468 million in capital expenditure Under this programme, the 2027 \u20ac1,468m capital allocation will provide Uisce \u00c9ireann with resources for \u2026", "page": 126, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "eurM": 1468.0, "amountText": "\u20ac1,468m", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "\u2026 Vote 39 \u2013 Uisce \u00c9ireann in 2027, comprising \u20ac879 million in current expenditure and \u20ac1,468 million in capital expenditure Under this programme, the 2027 \u20ac1,468m capital allocation will provide Uisce \u00c9ireann with resources for its extensive capital investment plan including:", "page": 126, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 273.0, "amountText": "\u20ac273 million", "year": 2027, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "An allocation of \u20ac273 million in capital expenditure has been allocated for 2027 in the NDP.", "page": 152, "document": "2027_Expenditure_Report_Online_Version_9th_October_2026" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 7200.0, "amountText": "\u20ac7.2 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "An almost threefold increase in capital expenditure from \u20ac7.2 billion to \u20ac19.1 billion under the National Development Plan.", "page": 4, "document": "Part_I" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 19100.0, "amountText": "\u20ac19.1 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "An almost threefold increase in capital expenditure from \u20ac7.2 billion to \u20ac19.1 billion under the National Development Plan.", "page": 4, "document": "Part_I" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 20300.0, "amountText": "\u20ac20.3 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2026, 2027 ], "quote": "Capital expenditure will reach \u20ac20.3 billion in 2027 as set out in the NDP, an increase of \u20ac1.1 billion or 5.9 per cent on the 2026 capital ceiling.", "page": 6, "document": "Part_I" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 1100.0, "amountText": "\u20ac1.1 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2026, 2027 ], "quote": "Capital expenditure will reach \u20ac20.3 billion in 2027 as set out in the NDP, an increase of \u20ac1.1 billion or 5.9 per cent on the 2026 capital ceiling.", "page": 6, "document": "Part_I" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 20300.0, "amountText": "\u20ac20.3 billion", "year": 2025, "yearsMentioned": [ 2025 ], "quote": "\u20ac20.3 billion in funding for capital expenditure in line with objectives of the National Development Plan Review 2025 to support investment in critical infrastructure in areas such as electricity, water, transport and housing.", "page": 8, "document": "Part_I" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 20300.0, "amountText": "\u20ac20.3 billion", "year": 2025, "yearsMentioned": [ 2025 ], "quote": "\u20ac20.3 billion in funding for capital expenditure in line with objectives of the National Development Plan Review 2025 to support investment in critical infrastructure in areas such as electricity, water, transport and housing.", "page": 8, "document": "Part_I" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 20300.0, "amountText": "\u20ac20.3 billion", "year": 2027, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "Capital: The recently published National Development Plan Review sets out a capital allocation of \u20ac20.3 billion for 2027.", "page": 19, "document": "Part_I" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 275400.0, "amountText": "\u20ac275.4 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2025, 2035 ], "quote": "The National Development Plan Review 2025 outlines the Government\u2019s commitment to invest \u20ac275.4 billion by 2035.", "page": 25, "document": "Part_I" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 202000.0, "amountText": "\u20ac202 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2026, 2030 ], "quote": "Of this, \u20ac202 billion is Exchequer Voted capital expenditure, with an initial \u20ac102.4 billion allocated by sector to Departments for 2026 to 2030 as part of Exchequer ceilings within the NDP.", "page": 25, "document": "Part_I" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 102400.0, "amountText": "\u20ac102.4 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2026, 2030 ], "quote": "Of this, \u20ac202 billion is Exchequer Voted capital expenditure, with an initial \u20ac102.4 billion allocated by sector to Departments for 2026 to 2030 as part of Exchequer ceilings within the NDP.", "page": 25, "document": "Part_I" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 24000.0, "amountText": "\u20ac24 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "This reflects an increase of over \u20ac24 billion relative to the previous planned NDP ceilings for those years.", "page": 25, "document": "Part_I" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 12000.0, "amountText": "\u20ac12 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "\u2022 Over \u20ac12 billion to fund water services, wastewater services and improved water quality.", "page": 25, "document": "Part_I" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 500.0, "amountText": "\u20ac0.5 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2028, 2029, 2030 ], "quote": "As part of the Medium-Term Fiscal and Structural Plan, Government agreed to provide additional capital above the NDP ceilings over the years 2028-2030: \u20ac0.5 billion in 2028, \u20ac1 billion in 2029 and \u20ac2.5 billion in 2030.", "page": 25, "document": "Part_I" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 1000.0, "amountText": "\u20ac1 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2028, 2029, 2030 ], "quote": "As part of the Medium-Term Fiscal and Structural Plan, Government agreed to provide additional capital above the NDP ceilings over the years 2028-2030: \u20ac0.5 billion in 2028, \u20ac1 billion in 2029 and \u20ac2.5 billion in 2030.", "page": 25, "document": "Part_I" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 2500.0, "amountText": "\u20ac2.5 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2028, 2029, 2030 ], "quote": "As part of the Medium-Term Fiscal and Structural Plan, Government agreed to provide additional capital above the NDP ceilings over the years 2028-2030: \u20ac0.5 billion in 2028, \u20ac1 billion in 2029 and \u20ac2.5 billion in 2030.", "page": 25, "document": "Part_I" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 25000.0, "amountText": "\u20ac25 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2026, 2030 ], "quote": "\u2026 and Water To support the Government\u2019s new housing plan, Delivering Homes, Building Communities: An Action Plan on Housing Supply and Targeting Homelessness, c.\u20ac25 billion in NDP funding has been allocated to Housing Capital Programmes over the period 2026 \u2013 2030.", "page": 25, "document": "Part_I" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 25000.0, "amountText": "\u20ac25 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2026, 2030 ], "quote": "\u2026 and Water To support the Government\u2019s new housing plan, Delivering Homes, Building Communities: An Action Plan on Housing Supply and Targeting Homelessness, c.\u20ac25 billion in NDP funding has been allocated to Housing Capital Programmes over the period 2026 \u2013 2030.", "page": 25, "document": "Part_I" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 12200.0, "amountText": "\u20ac12.2 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "Additionally, \u20ac12.2 billion will be allocated to the water sector, primarily Uisce \u00c9ireann, to deliver additional water services capacity to meet the new housing targets and upgrade our water and wastewater infrastructure.", "page": 26, "document": "Part_I" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 22300.0, "amountText": "\u20ac22.3 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "Transport The Department of Transport\u2019s NDP Sectoral Plan will allocate \u20ac22.3 billion to:", "page": 26, "document": "Part_I" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 5600.0, "amountText": "\u20ac5.6 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2026, 2030 ], "quote": "Climate, Energy and Environment The Department\u2019s overall capital allocation for 2026-2030 as set out in the National Development Plan is \u20ac5.6 billion, which includes a \u20ac500 million allocation from the Infrastructure, Climate and Nature Fund (ICNF).", "page": 26, "document": "Part_I" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 500.0, "amountText": "\u20ac500 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2026, 2030 ], "quote": "Climate, Energy and Environment The Department\u2019s overall capital allocation for 2026-2030 as set out in the National Development Plan is \u20ac5.6 billion, which includes a \u20ac500 million allocation from the Infrastructure, Climate and Nature Fund (ICNF).", "page": 26, "document": "Part_I" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 7400.0, "amountText": "\u20ac7.4 billion", "year": 2027, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "The total Exchequer capital funding available in 2027 is \u20ac7.4 billion, comprising Exchequer water funding of \u20ac1.6 billion and \u20ac5.9 billion for housing and other priorities.", "page": 28, "document": "Part_I" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 1600.0, "amountText": "\u20ac1.6 billion", "year": 2027, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "The total Exchequer capital funding available in 2027 is \u20ac7.4 billion, comprising Exchequer water funding of \u20ac1.6 billion and \u20ac5.9 billion for housing and other priorities.", "page": 28, "document": "Part_I" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 5900.0, "amountText": "\u20ac5.9 billion", "year": 2027, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "The total Exchequer capital funding available in 2027 is \u20ac7.4 billion, comprising Exchequer water funding of \u20ac1.6 billion and \u20ac5.9 billion for housing and other priorities.", "page": 28, "document": "Part_I" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 1700.0, "amountText": "\u20ac1.7 billion", "year": 2027, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "Health In line with the revised National Development Plan ceilings, there is an allocation of c.\u20ac1.7 billion for Gross Capital Expenditure in 2027.", "page": 30, "document": "Part_I" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 1500.0, "amountText": "\u20ac1.5 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "\u2026 including farming for water for those seeking to improve water quality on their farms and maintaining the Nitrates Derogation. o Continue to provide payments to 53,800 farmers under the \u20ac1.5 billion AgriClimate Rural Environment Scheme (ACRES) to address biodiversity decline.", "page": 7, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 175.0, "amountText": "\u20ac175 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "\u20ac175 million for capital expenditure as set out in the recently published NDP.", "page": 15, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 1049.0, "amountText": "\u20ac1,049 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2026, 2027 ], "quote": "The Capital allocation in 2027 is \u20ac1,049 million which represents an increase of \u20ac199 million on the 2026 NDP allocation.", "page": 28, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 199.0, "amountText": "\u20ac199 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2026, 2027 ], "quote": "The Capital allocation in 2027 is \u20ac1,049 million which represents an increase of \u20ac199 million on the 2026 NDP allocation.", "page": 28, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 1600.0, "amountText": "\u20ac1,600 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2026, 2030 ], "quote": "A total allocation of \u20ac1,600 million in capital expenditure is being allocated to the Department of Education and Youth, supporting the continued progression of the National Development Plan 2026-2030.", "page": 46, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 405.0, "amountText": "\u20ac405m", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "\u2026 7,421 11,889 *Rounding affects total Table 2: Pay and Staffing Allocation 2027 Pay Bill Ceiling Staffing Ceiling (Full Time Equivalents) \u20ac405m 4,619 Chart 1(a): Chart 1(b): Capital, Pay, Pensions1 and Non-Pay Breakdown Breakdown of Programme Expenditure E MET D \u00c9IREANN, \u2026", "page": 82, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 93.0, "amountText": "\u20ac93m", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "\u2026 Chart 1(b): Capital, Pay, Pensions1 and Non-Pay Breakdown Breakdown of Programme Expenditure E MET D \u00c9IREANN, F HERITAGE , PLANNING, \u20ac93m \u20ac278m \u20ac487m C LOCAL Non-Pay, GOVERNMENT \u20ac4,051m , \u20ac908m B WATER AND MARINE, Pensions, \u20ac232m \u20ac12m Capital, Pay, \u20ac7,421m \u2026", "page": 82, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 278.0, "amountText": "\u20ac278m", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "\u2026 1(b): Capital, Pay, Pensions1 and Non-Pay Breakdown Breakdown of Programme Expenditure E MET D \u00c9IREANN, F HERITAGE , PLANNING, \u20ac93m \u20ac278m \u20ac487m C LOCAL Non-Pay, GOVERNMENT \u20ac4,051m , \u20ac908m B WATER AND MARINE, Pensions, \u20ac232m \u20ac12m Capital, Pay, \u20ac7,421m \u20ac405m \u2026", "page": 82, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 487.0, "amountText": "\u20ac487m", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "\u2026 Capital, Pay, Pensions1 and Non-Pay Breakdown Breakdown of Programme Expenditure E MET D \u00c9IREANN, F HERITAGE , PLANNING, \u20ac93m \u20ac278m \u20ac487m C LOCAL Non-Pay, GOVERNMENT \u20ac4,051m , \u20ac908m B WATER AND MARINE, Pensions, \u20ac232m \u20ac12m Capital, Pay, \u20ac7,421m \u20ac405m A \u2026", "page": 82, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 4051.0, "amountText": "\u20ac4,051m", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "\u2026 Breakdown Breakdown of Programme Expenditure E MET D \u00c9IREANN, F HERITAGE , PLANNING, \u20ac93m \u20ac278m \u20ac487m C LOCAL Non-Pay, GOVERNMENT \u20ac4,051m , \u20ac908m B WATER AND MARINE, Pensions, \u20ac232m \u20ac12m Capital, Pay, \u20ac7,421m \u20ac405m A HOUSING, \u20ac7,430m 1 Retired Civil \u2026", "page": 82, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 908.0, "amountText": "\u20ac908m", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "\u2026 of Programme Expenditure E MET D \u00c9IREANN, F HERITAGE , PLANNING, \u20ac93m \u20ac278m \u20ac487m C LOCAL Non-Pay, GOVERNMENT \u20ac4,051m , \u20ac908m B WATER AND MARINE, Pensions, \u20ac232m \u20ac12m Capital, Pay, \u20ac7,421m \u20ac405m A HOUSING, \u20ac7,430m 1 Retired Civil Servants are \u2026", "page": 82, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 232.0, "amountText": "\u20ac232m", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "\u2026 D \u00c9IREANN, F HERITAGE , PLANNING, \u20ac93m \u20ac278m \u20ac487m C LOCAL Non-Pay, GOVERNMENT \u20ac4,051m , \u20ac908m B WATER AND MARINE, Pensions, \u20ac232m \u20ac12m Capital, Pay, \u20ac7,421m \u20ac405m A HOUSING, \u20ac7,430m 1 Retired Civil Servants are paid from the Superannuation Vote.", "page": 82, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 12.0, "amountText": "\u20ac12m", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "\u2026 D \u00c9IREANN, F HERITAGE , PLANNING, \u20ac93m \u20ac278m \u20ac487m C LOCAL Non-Pay, GOVERNMENT \u20ac4,051m , \u20ac908m B WATER AND MARINE, Pensions, \u20ac232m \u20ac12m Capital, Pay, \u20ac7,421m \u20ac405m A HOUSING, \u20ac7,430m 1 Retired Civil Servants are paid from the Superannuation Vote.", "page": 82, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 7421.0, "amountText": "\u20ac7,421m", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "\u2026 D \u00c9IREANN, F HERITAGE , PLANNING, \u20ac93m \u20ac278m \u20ac487m C LOCAL Non-Pay, GOVERNMENT \u20ac4,051m , \u20ac908m B WATER AND MARINE, Pensions, \u20ac232m \u20ac12m Capital, Pay, \u20ac7,421m \u20ac405m A HOUSING, \u20ac7,430m 1 Retired Civil Servants are paid from the Superannuation Vote.", "page": 82, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 7430.0, "amountText": "\u20ac7,430m", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "\u2026 D \u00c9IREANN, F HERITAGE , PLANNING, \u20ac93m \u20ac278m \u20ac487m C LOCAL Non-Pay, GOVERNMENT \u20ac4,051m , \u20ac908m B WATER AND MARINE, Pensions, \u20ac232m \u20ac12m Capital, Pay, \u20ac7,421m \u20ac405m A HOUSING, \u20ac7,430m 1 Retired Civil Servants are paid from the Superannuation Vote.", "page": 82, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 7421.0, "amountText": "\u20ac7,421 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "This is complemented by a capital allocation of \u20ac7,421 million, as set out in the Revised NDP.", "page": 83, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 224.0, "amountText": "\u20ac224 million", "year": 2027, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "A total allocation of \u20ac224 million is being provided to Programme B \u2013 Water Services in 2027, comprising \u20ac121 million in current expenditure and \u20ac103 million in capital expenditure.", "page": 84, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 121.0, "amountText": "\u20ac121 million", "year": 2027, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "A total allocation of \u20ac224 million is being provided to Programme B \u2013 Water Services in 2027, comprising \u20ac121 million in current expenditure and \u20ac103 million in capital expenditure.", "page": 84, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 103.0, "amountText": "\u20ac103 million", "year": 2027, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "A total allocation of \u20ac224 million is being provided to Programme B \u2013 Water Services in 2027, comprising \u20ac121 million in current expenditure and \u20ac103 million in capital expenditure.", "page": 84, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 40.0, "amountText": "\u20ac40 million", "year": 2027, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "Rural Water Programme capital funding of \u20ac40 million in 2027 to support vital investment in rural water infrastructure to protect public health and the environment for over 600 Capital Projects, and over 4,000 Private Wells and Domestic Wastewater Treatment Systems.", "page": 84, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 39.5, "amountText": "\u20ac39.5 million", "year": 2027, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "\u2022 Rural Water Programme current funding of \u20ac39.5 million in 2027 to support essential rural water programmes, including contractual obligations and operational commitments, ensuring the continued delivery of safe and reliable drinking water for over 700 Group Water Schemes.", "page": 84, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 33.0, "amountText": "\u20ac33 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "\u2022 Water Quality current funding of \u20ac33 million to support the EPA, local authorities and River Basin Management Service to strengthen Ireland\u2019s capacity to meet its obligations under the Water Framework Directive.", "page": 84, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 53.0, "amountText": "\u20ac53 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "\u2022 Water Quality capital funding of \u20ac53 million to allow for the full removal or mitigation of approximately 50 river barriers such as dams and weirs, progression of an additional 240 water-quality projects.", "page": 84, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 49.0, "amountText": "\u20ac49 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "\u2022 \u20ac49 million in funding for Local Authority legacy issues to support local authorities for legacy water services costs arising from the completion of the Uisce \u00c9ireann Transformation programme.", "page": 84, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "planning", "keyword": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la", "eurM": 66.0, "amountText": "\u20ac66 million", "year": 2024, "yearsMentioned": [ 2024 ], "quote": "\u20ac66 million in funding to support planning-system capacity, including staffing and operational resources in An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la and local authorities, which will support the streamlined approval processes in the 2024 Planning and Development Act and other functions including enforcement.", "page": 85, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "planning", "keyword": "planning", "eurM": 53.0, "amountText": "\u20ac53 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "\u2022 The remaining \u20ac53 million will support urban regeneration, planning reform, strategic planning, and implementation activity to help accelerate housing delivery and infrastructure development.", "page": 85, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "eurM": 2350.0, "amountText": "\u20ac2.35 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "A total allocation of \u20ac2.35 billion is being provided to Vote 39 \u2013 Uisce \u00c9ireann in 2027, comprising \u20ac879 million in current expenditure and \u20ac1,468 million in capital expenditure Under this programme, the 2027 \u20ac1,468m capital allocation will provide Uisce \u2026", "page": 87, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "eurM": 879.0, "amountText": "\u20ac879 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "A total allocation of \u20ac2.35 billion is being provided to Vote 39 \u2013 Uisce \u00c9ireann in 2027, comprising \u20ac879 million in current expenditure and \u20ac1,468 million in capital expenditure Under this programme, the 2027 \u20ac1,468m capital allocation will provide Uisce \u2026", "page": 87, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "eurM": 1468.0, "amountText": "\u20ac1,468 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "\u2026 \u20ac2.35 billion is being provided to Vote 39 \u2013 Uisce \u00c9ireann in 2027, comprising \u20ac879 million in current expenditure and \u20ac1,468 million in capital expenditure Under this programme, the 2027 \u20ac1,468m capital allocation will provide Uisce \u00c9ireann with resources for \u2026", "page": 87, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "Uisce \u00c9ireann", "eurM": 1468.0, "amountText": "\u20ac1,468m", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "\u2026 Vote 39 \u2013 Uisce \u00c9ireann in 2027, comprising \u20ac879 million in current expenditure and \u20ac1,468 million in capital expenditure Under this programme, the 2027 \u20ac1,468m capital allocation will provide Uisce \u00c9ireann with resources for its extensive capital investment plan including:", "page": 87, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 273.0, "amountText": "\u20ac273 million", "year": 2027, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "An allocation of \u20ac273 million in capital expenditure has been allocated for 2027 in the NDP.", "page": 113, "document": "Part_II" }, { "area": "corporation tax", "keyword": "corporation tax", "eurM": 750.0, "amountText": "\u20ac750 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "This figure takes account of additional revenue arising from the higher rate of corporation taxation on firms with very high levels of annual turnover (in excess of \u20ac750 million), arising from global corporate tax policy changes.", "page": 10, "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002" }, { "area": "corporation tax", "keyword": "corporation tax", "eurM": 22700.0, "amountText": "\u20ac22.7 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "Corporation tax receipts of \u20ac22.7 billion were up by \u20ac4.4 billion (24.2 per cent) in this period; while timing issues complicate the interpretation of these trends, it appears that the growth rate of (aggregate) corporate profitability may have moderated this \u2026", "page": 27, "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002" }, { "area": "corporation tax", "keyword": "corporation tax", "eurM": 4400.0, "amountText": "\u20ac4.4 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "Corporation tax receipts of \u20ac22.7 billion were up by \u20ac4.4 billion (24.2 per cent) in this period; while timing issues complicate the interpretation of these trends, it appears that the growth rate of (aggregate) corporate profitability may have moderated this \u2026", "page": 27, "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002" }, { "area": "corporation tax", "keyword": "corporation tax", "eurM": 34100.0, "amountText": "\u20ac34.1 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "Corporation tax is expected to yield \u20ac34.1 billion; this would be an increase of 3.5 per cent relative to last year and, in part, relates to timing issues associated with payments under Pillar II of the BEPS 6 process (these \u2026", "page": 27, "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002" }, { "area": "corporation tax", "keyword": "corporation tax", "eurM": 100.0, "amountText": "\u20ac100 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "Figures are rounded to the nearest \u20ac100 million. ^^^ Underlying general government balance is the fiscal position excluding estimates of potentially transitory corporation tax receipts and CJEU ruling.", "page": 34, "document": "Budget_2027_-_Economic_and_Fiscal_Outlook_-_Final_3_002" }, { "area": "carbon tax", "keyword": "carbon tax", "eurM": 4.0, "amountText": "\u20ac4 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027, 2028 ], "quote": "\u2026 from Income Tax, USC and PRSI -0.1 -0.2 Donation of Heritage Items Increase the Donation of Heritage Items ceiling by \u20ac4 million -3.2 -3.2 Standard Fund Threshold Revise current age-related valuation factors -5 -5 VAT Charity Compensation Scheme Increase the \u2026", "page": 4, "document": "Budget_2027_-_Tax_Policy_Changes_Summary_-_Eng" }, { "area": "carbon tax", "keyword": "carbon tax", "eurM": 15.0, "amountText": "\u20ac15 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027, 2028 ], "quote": "\u2026 Standard Fund Threshold Revise current age-related valuation factors -5 -5 VAT Charity Compensation Scheme Increase the annual capped fund to \u20ac15 million -5 -5 Tobacco Increase Excise Duty by \u20ac1 on pack of 20 cigarettes and pro-rata 5.1 63.1 increase \u2026", "page": 4, "document": "Budget_2027_-_Tax_Policy_Changes_Summary_-_Eng" }, { "area": "carbon tax", "keyword": "carbon tax", "eurM": 50.0, "amountText": "\u20ac50 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027, 2028 ], "quote": "\u2026 C thresholds for gifts or -11 -48 inheritances Temporary Measure Mineral Oil Tax Non-Carbon Component Reduction Extension -450 4 3 \u20ac50 million of this cost relates to temporary measures, and does not form part of the Budget tax package for \u2026", "page": 4, "document": "Budget_2027_-_Tax_Policy_Changes_Summary_-_Eng" }, { "area": "carbon tax", "keyword": "carbon tax", "eurM": 4.0, "amountText": "\u20ac4 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027, 2028 ], "quote": "\u2026 from Income Tax, USC and PRSI -0.1 -0.2 Donation of Heritage Items Increase the Donation of Heritage Items ceiling by \u20ac4 million -3.2 -3.2 Standard Fund Threshold Revise current age-related valuation factors -5 -5 VAT Charity Compensation Scheme Increase the \u2026", "page": 8, "document": "Budget_2027_Tax_Policy_Changes_v2" }, { "area": "carbon tax", "keyword": "carbon tax", "eurM": 15.0, "amountText": "\u20ac15 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027, 2028 ], "quote": "\u2026 Standard Fund Threshold Revise current age-related valuation factors -5 -5 VAT Charity Compensation Scheme Increase the annual capped fund to \u20ac15 million -5 -5 Tobacco Increase Excise Duty by \u20ac1 on pack of 20 cigarettes and pro-rata 5.1 63.1 increase \u2026", "page": 8, "document": "Budget_2027_Tax_Policy_Changes_v2" }, { "area": "carbon tax", "keyword": "carbon tax", "eurM": 50.0, "amountText": "\u20ac50 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027, 2028 ], "quote": "\u2026 thresholds for gifts or -11 -48 inheritances Compliance 100 Temporary Measure Mineral Oil Tax Non-Carbon Component Reduction Extension -4504 3 \u20ac50 million of this cost relates to temporary measures, and does not form part of the Budget tax package for \u2026", "page": 8, "document": "Budget_2027_Tax_Policy_Changes_v2" }, { "area": "carbon tax", "keyword": "carbon tax", "eurM": 1114.0, "amountText": "\u20ac1,114 million", "year": 2027, "yearsMentioned": [ 2027 ], "quote": "As part of Budget 2027, a total of \u20ac1,114 million from carbon tax revenue is being allocated to climate measures and to ensure the most vulnerable are protected from unintended impacts of the tax.", "page": 4, "document": "Budget_2027_Carbon_Tax" }, { "area": "NDP / capital", "keyword": "NDP", "eurM": 2000.0, "amountText": "\u20ac2 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "This funding was provisionally allocated as part of the revised National Development Plan (NDP).9 Of this, it is intended that \u20ac2 billion will be provided to the Department of Transport to support low-carbon transportation including projects such as Metrolink.", "page": 8, "document": "DFIN_Doc_9_-_Transfers_to_FIF_ICNF_Economic_and_Fiscal_Assessment_FINAL" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 500.0, "amountText": "\u20ac500 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "A further \u20ac500 million will be provided to the Department of Climate, Energy and the Environment to fund projects and programmes that will support climate mitigation and renewable energy development, while some \u20ac650 million will be allocated to the Department \u2026", "page": 8, "document": "DFIN_Doc_9_-_Transfers_to_FIF_ICNF_Economic_and_Fiscal_Assessment_FINAL" }, { "area": "water", "keyword": "water", "eurM": 650.0, "amountText": "\u20ac650 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "\u2026 Energy and the Environment to fund projects and programmes that will support climate mitigation and renewable energy development, while some \u20ac650 million will be allocated to the Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage for projects and programmes that will \u2026", "page": 8, "document": "DFIN_Doc_9_-_Transfers_to_FIF_ICNF_Economic_and_Fiscal_Assessment_FINAL" }, { "area": "corporation tax", "keyword": "corporation tax", "eurM": 12100.0, "amountText": "\u20ac12.1 billion", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "The underlying balance \u2014 where adjustments are made to account for the impact of the economic cycle and potentially transitory corporation tax receipts \u2014 is estimated to be in a deficit of \u20ac12.1 billion (3.4 per cent of GNI*).", "page": 12, "document": "DFIN_Doc_9_-_Transfers_to_FIF_ICNF_Economic_and_Fiscal_Assessment_FINAL" }, { "area": "corporation tax", "keyword": "corporation tax", "eurM": 22700.0, "amountText": "\u20ac22.7 billion", "year": 2026, "yearsMentioned": [ 2026 ], "quote": "3.2.2: Corporation tax receipts Corporation tax receipts of \u20ac22.7 billion have been collected to end-September and total receipts for 2026 are projected at \u20ac34.1 billion, a 3.5 per cent increase relative to last year.", "page": 12, "document": "DFIN_Doc_9_-_Transfers_to_FIF_ICNF_Economic_and_Fiscal_Assessment_FINAL" }, { "area": "corporation tax", "keyword": "corporation tax", "eurM": 34100.0, "amountText": "\u20ac34.1 billion", "year": 2026, "yearsMentioned": [ 2026 ], "quote": "3.2.2: Corporation tax receipts Corporation tax receipts of \u20ac22.7 billion have been collected to end-September and total receipts for 2026 are projected at \u20ac34.1 billion, a 3.5 per cent increase relative to last year.", "page": 12, "document": "DFIN_Doc_9_-_Transfers_to_FIF_ICNF_Economic_and_Fiscal_Assessment_FINAL" }, { "area": "energy", "keyword": "gas", "eurM": 1114.0, "amountText": "\u20ac1,114 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [ 2026, 2027 ], "quote": "\u2026 2026 levels. -\u20ac43 1000L Kerosene Impact on key typical fuel bundles in 2027 -\u20ac32 +\u20ac1.28/+\u20ac1.48 11,000kWh 60L fill Gas Petrol/Diesel \u20ac1,114 million Continues to be the total allocation to programmes to support climate measures and ensure the most vulnerable are \u2026", "page": 17, "document": "BIB2027_Online_Interactive_Version_Final_V2" }, { "area": "AI and compute", "keyword": "AI", "eurM": 150.0, "amountText": "\u20ac150 million", "year": null, "yearsMentioned": [], "quote": "\u20ac150 million over three years will support workforce development, including AI and digital skills needed for future jobs.", "page": 22, "document": "BIB2027_Online_Interactive_Version_Final_V2" } ], "caveats": [ "Hits are keyword matches, not a reading of the Budget. 'gas', 'water', 'heat', 'grid' and 'AI' also match unrelated sentences; read the page before quoting.", "Allocations are euro amounts found in the same sentence as a keyword. They may be totals, multi-year envelopes, existing commitments re-announced, or amounts for something else in the sentence. Check each against the page and the Expenditure Report tables before publishing; never sum them.", "Sentences are clipped to 40 words around the match; page numbers are PDF pages (form feeds), which can differ from the printed page number.", "gov.ie may serve a bot-check page to automated requests; it is never bypassed. If fetch() reports 'blocked', download the PDFs by hand into data/raw/budget// (see research/budget-2027/budget-day-runbook.md)." ] }, "ai_readiness": { "title": "AI data centres and Ireland's fleet", "source": "Curated: NVIDIA datasheets and engineering blogs, Uptime Institute, IEA, Epoch AI, NERC, MLCommons, European Commission (EED reporting), Bitpower, operator and regulator documents", "asOf": "2026-10-06", "method": "Curated from public sources by two web research passes on 6 Oct 2026 (vendor datasheets and engineering blogs, Uptime Institute, IEA, Epoch AI, NERC, MLCommons, operator and regulator documents). Each fact carries its source, URL and date. Items marked checked:false are reported figures we could not confirm against a primary source. Public sources only.", "racks": { "conventional": { "kw": 9, "label": "Typical rack, data centres worldwide", "sub": "Uptime Institute survey, 2025", "cooling": "air", "year": 2025, "note": "The average of each site's most common rack density was almost 9 kW in 2025 and over 11 kW in 2026, or 7.8 kW leaving out the few very dense sites. In 2025 more than 80% of operators had no rack above 30 kW.", "source": { "name": "Uptime Institute, Global Data Center Survey 2025", "url": "https://datacenter.uptimeinstitute.com/rs/711-RIA-145/images/2025.Annual.Survey.Report.pdf", "date": "2025-07" }, "source2": { "name": "Uptime Institute, Global Data Center Survey 2026", "url": "https://datacenter.uptimeinstitute.com/rs/711-RIA-145/images/UptimeInstitute.GlobalDataCenterSurvey.2026.pdf", "date": "2026-07" }, "checked": true }, "airLimit": { "kw": 50, "label": "Practical limit of air cooling", "note": "Air cooling is technically viable below about 50 kW per rack, but fans can then use up to 10% of the load.", "source": { "name": "Uptime Institute Journal (D. Bizo), 'Density choices for AI training are increasingly complex'", "url": "https://journal.uptimeinstitute.com/density-choices-for-ai-training-are-increasingly-complex/", "date": "2025-06-25" }, "checked": true, "note2": "Schneider Electric's guidance puts the limit lower: air cooling is 'not suitable' above about 20 kW per rack.", "source2": { "name": "Schneider Electric, White Paper 110 v1.1 (data centre modernisation)", "url": "https://media.datacenterdynamics.com/media/documents/Schneider_Electric_-_Modernization_WP110_V1.1_EN.pdf", "date": "2023" } }, "generations": [ { "id": "h100", "label": "AI rack, Hopper", "sub": "4 \u00d7 DGX H100 servers (8 GPUs each)", "kw": 40.8, "cooling": "air", "gpus": 32, "year": 2023, "note": "One DGX H100 server draws at most 10.2 kW and weighs 130 kg; NVIDIA's reference design puts four in a rack.", "source": { "name": "NVIDIA DGX SuperPOD data centre design guide (DGX H100), DG-11301-001 v4", "url": "https://docs.nvidia.com/nvidia-dgx-superpod-data-center-design-dgx-h100.pdf", "date": "2023-05" }, "checked": true }, { "id": "gb200", "label": "AI rack, Blackwell", "sub": "GB200 NVL72 (72 GPUs)", "kw": 132, "cooling": "liquid", "gpus": 72, "year": 2025, "weightT": 1.4, "note": "Cold plates remove about 100 kW and more than 25 kW still goes to air; about 1.4 tonnes per rack. NVIDIA specifies 120 kW cooling capacity and a 1,400 A busbar.", "source": { "name": "Uptime Institute Journal (D. Bizo)", "url": "https://journal.uptimeinstitute.com/density-choices-for-ai-training-are-increasingly-complex/", "date": "2025-06-25" }, "source2": { "name": "NVIDIA developer blog, GB200 NVL72 designs contributed to OCP", "url": "https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/nvidia-contributes-nvidia-gb200-nvl72-designs-to-open-compute-project/", "date": "2024-10-15" }, "checked": true }, { "id": "gb300", "label": "AI rack, Blackwell Ultra", "sub": "GB300 NVL72 (72 GPUs)", "kw": 135, "kwPeak": 155, "cooling": "liquid", "gpus": 72, "year": 2025, "note": "135 kW rated, up to 155 kW peak; about 90% of heat to liquid. Accepts inlet water from 2 to 50\u00b0C.", "source": { "name": "Lenovo Press LP2357, NVIDIA GB300 NVL72", "url": "https://lenovopress.lenovo.com/lp2357-lenovo-nvidia-gb300-nvl72-rack-scale-ai", "date": "2026-08-30" }, "checked": true }, { "id": "rubin", "label": "AI rack, Vera Rubin", "sub": "VR NVL72 (formerly NVL144), from H2 2026", "kw": 200, "kwLow": 180, "kwHigh": 220, "cooling": "liquid", "year": 2026, "note": "NVIDIA has not published a rack power figure. 180\u2013220 kW is an analyst estimate (SemiAnalysis), not confirmed.", "source": { "name": "NVIDIA newsroom, Vera Rubin platform (no rack power given)", "url": "https://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/nvidia-vera-rubin-platform", "date": "2026-03-16" }, "checked": false }, { "id": "kyber", "label": "AI rack, Rubin Ultra", "sub": "NVL576 'Kyber' rack, announced for H2 2027", "kw": 600, "cooling": "liquid", "year": 2027, "note": "Stated by NVIDIA's CEO at GTC 2025 as reported in the press; not on an NVIDIA page. Reports in Jul 2026 that it slipped to 2028 are unconfirmed. NVIDIA plans 800 V DC power from 2027, designed for 1 MW racks.", "source": { "name": "Tom's Hardware, GTC 2025 report", "url": "https://www.tomshardware.com/pc-components/gpus/nvidia-shows-off-rubin-ultra-with-600-000-watt-kyber-racks-and-infrastructure-coming-in-2027", "date": "2025-03-19" }, "source2": { "name": "NVIDIA developer blog, 800 V HVDC architecture", "url": "https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/nvidia-800-v-hvdc-architecture-will-power-the-next-generation-of-ai-factories/", "date": "2025-05-20" }, "checked": false } ], "ireland": { "kw": 10.6, "label": "Ireland's fleet, on average", "sub": "IT capacity per rack, at most", "cooling": "air", "note": "Bitpower's Q4 2024 market update counts 1,062 MW of IT capacity in 'well over 100,000 server racks'. Dividing gives at most about 10.6 kW of IT capacity per rack (our arithmetic). It is a design capacity, not a measured draw.", "source": { "name": "Bitpower (Skreen Engineering), Ireland Q4 2024 market update", "url": "https://bitpower.ie/images/Reports/2024_Q4_Market_Update_Ireland_v1-2.pdf", "date": "2025" }, "checked": true, "derived": true } }, "differences": [ { "id": "rack", "aspect": "Power per rack", "cloud": "About 8\u20139 kW on average", "inference": "40\u2013135 kW on current GPU racks", "training": "120\u2013155 kW today; 600 kW announced for 2027", "srcIds": [ "conventional", "h100", "gb300", "kyber" ] }, { "id": "cooling", "aspect": "Cooling", "cloud": "Air (free air, evaporative or chillers)", "inference": "Air for older GPU racks, liquid for current ones", "training": "Liquid to the chip; air works only below ~50 kW a rack", "srcIds": [ "airLimit", "gb200" ] }, { "id": "scale", "aspect": "Size of one site", "cloud": "Tens of MW", "inference": "Tens to hundreds of MW", "training": "Hundreds of MW to over 1 GW", "srcIds": [ "campuses" ] }, { "id": "network", "aspect": "Network inside the site", "cloud": "Ordinary data-centre networking", "inference": "Fast links between GPUs in a rack", "training": "Every GPU linked: 1.8 TB/s inside a rack, 800 Gb/s between racks", "srcIds": [ "nvlink" ] }, { "id": "users", "aspect": "Needs to be near users", "cloud": "Yes: services, storage, interconnection", "inference": "Somewhat: answers stream to users, but budgets are hundreds of milliseconds", "training": "No: data stays inside the cluster", "srcIds": [ "iea_latency", "mlperf" ] }, { "id": "residency", "aspect": "Where data must stay", "cloud": "Customer's chosen region", "inference": "Often 'in the EU', not one country", "training": "Anywhere the operator chooses", "srcIds": [ "residency" ] }, { "id": "swings", "aspect": "How power use behaves", "cloud": "Steady", "inference": "Steady", "training": "Swings of tens to hundreds of MW within seconds", "srcIds": [ "swings", "nerc" ] } ], "sources": { "nvlink": { "name": "NVIDIA, GB200 NVL72 product page (NVLink 1.8 TB/s per GPU, 130 TB/s per rack)", "url": "https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/gb200-nvl72/", "date": "2026", "checked": true }, "nvlink2": { "name": "Supermicro SuperCluster GB300 NVL72 datasheet (800 Gb/s per GPU between racks)", "url": "https://www.supermicro.com/datasheet/datasheet_SuperCluster_GB300_NVL72.pdf", "date": "2025-09", "checked": true }, "iea_latency": { "name": "IEA, Energy and AI", "url": "https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/86ed1178-4d77-45ac-ab38-28e849f3b93f/EnergyandAI.pdf", "date": "2025-04-10", "quote": "AI training is less latency-sensitive than traditional data centre workloads", "checked": true }, "mlperf": { "name": "MLCommons, MLPerf Inference v5.0 LLM benchmarks (interactive: 450 ms to first token, 40 ms per token at the 99th percentile)", "url": "https://mlcommons.org/2025/04/llm-inference-v5/", "date": "2025-04-02", "checked": true }, "residency": { "name": "Microsoft Learn, Azure model region availability (EU Data Zone processes prompts 'within any EU member nation')", "url": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/foundry/foundry-models/concepts/models-sold-directly-by-azure-region-availability", "date": "2026-09-03", "checked": true }, "residency2": { "name": "TechCrunch, OpenAI launches data residency in Europe", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2025/02/06/openai-launches-data-residency-in-europe", "date": "2025-02-06", "checked": true }, "swings": { "name": "Choukse et al. (Microsoft, OpenAI, NVIDIA), Power stabilization for AI training datacenters, arXiv 2508.14318", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.14318", "date": "2025-08-20", "quote": "tens or hundreds of megawatts", "checked": true }, "nerc": { "name": "NERC, Characteristics and risks of emerging large loads (white paper)", "url": "https://www.nerc.com/globalassets/who-we-are/standing-committees/rstc/whitepaper-characteristics-and-risks-of-emerging-large-loads.pdf", "date": "2025-07", "note": "Training-checkpoint switching takes under a second; inference does not show these ramps.", "checked": true }, "epoch_power": { "name": "Epoch AI / EPRI, Power demands of frontier AI training", "url": "https://epoch.ai/blog/power-demands-of-frontier-ai-training", "date": "2025-08-11", "note": "The largest training runs already exceed 100 MW and could reach 4\u201316 GW by 2030.", "checked": true }, "nvidia_cooling": { "name": "NVIDIA blog (M. Hamilton), Blackwell liquid cooling", "url": "https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/blackwell-platform-water-efficiency-liquid-cooling-data-centers-ai-factories/", "date": "2025-04-22", "note": "Racks went from about 20 kW to over 135 kW; air would need below-freezing temperatures or near-gale speeds.", "checked": true }, "meta_retrofit": { "name": "Meta Engineering, Meta's infrastructure evolution and the advent of AI", "url": "https://engineering.fb.com/2025/09/29/data-infrastructure/metas-infrastructure-evolution-and-the-advent-of-ai/", "date": "2025-09-29", "note": "Traditional data centres 'lack facility-wide liquid cooling'; GB200 runs there with air-assisted liquid cooling (sidecar racks).", "checked": true }, "meta_splc": { "name": "Meta Engineering, StatePoint Liquid Cooling", "url": "https://engineering.fb.com/2018/06/05/data-center-engineering/statepoint-liquid-cooling/", "date": "2018-06-05", "note": "Evaporative cooling that produces cold water instead of cold air; the water cools room air through fan-coil walls, so servers are still air-cooled.", "checked": true }, "microsoft_hxu": { "name": "Azure blog, open infrastructure for frontier AI", "url": "https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/accelerating-open-source-infrastructure-development-for-frontier-ai-at-scale/", "date": "2025-10-13", "note": "A heat-exchanger unit lets liquid-cooled racks run in air-cooled halls.", "checked": true }, "epoch_eff": { "name": "Epoch AI, ML hardware energy efficiency", "url": "https://epoch.ai/data-insights/ml-hardware-energy-efficiency", "date": "2024-10-23", "checked": true } }, "campuses": [ { "name": "Stargate Abilene (Crusoe, Oracle, OpenAI)", "where": "Texas, US", "mw": 1200, "basis": "campus, announced", "why": "Local renewable power; 'low-cost green energy'", "source": { "name": "Lancium (1.2 GW expansion)", "url": "https://lancium.com/2025/03/18/crusoe-expands-ai-data-center-campus-in-abilene-to-1-2-gigawatts/", "date": "2025-03-18" }, "europe": false }, { "name": "xAI Colossus 2", "where": "Memphis, US", "mw": 946, "basis": "IT power, estimated", "why": "Not stated", "source": { "name": "Epoch AI, AI data centers hub", "url": "https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers", "date": "2026-10-05" }, "europe": false }, { "name": "Meta Prometheus", "where": "Ohio, US", "mw": 1000, "basis": "campus, 2026", "why": "Not stated", "source": { "name": "Meta Engineering", "url": "https://engineering.fb.com/2025/09/29/data-infrastructure/metas-infrastructure-evolution-and-the-advent-of-ai/", "date": "2025-09-29" }, "europe": false }, { "name": "Start Campus, Sines", "where": "Portugal", "mw": 1200, "basis": "campus, planned", "why": "100% renewable power, seawater cooling", "source": { "name": "Start Campus", "url": "https://www.startcampus.pt/press_release_august_2024_1gw", "date": "2024-08-08" }, "europe": true }, { "name": "Stargate Norway (Nscale, Aker, OpenAI)", "where": "Narvik, Norway", "mw": 520, "basis": "230 MW plus a possible 290 MW", "why": "Hydropower, cool climate, 'industrial readiness'", "source": { "name": "Nscale", "url": "https://www.nscale.com/blog/stargate-norway-laying-the-foundation-for-the-future-of-ai", "date": "2025-08" }, "europe": true }, { "name": "Fluidstack, France", "where": "France", "mw": 1000, "basis": "agreed Feb 2025; Fluidstack withdrew Mar 2026", "why": "Nuclear power. Withdrawal reported as due to a US focus and difficulty securing power", "source": { "name": "TheEnergyMag (citing Bloomberg)", "url": "https://theenergymag.com/news/2026-03-19/fluidstack-drop-ai-france", "date": "2026-03-19" }, "europe": true, "status": "withdrawn" }, { "name": "Stargate UK", "where": "United Kingdom", "mw": null, "basis": "8,000 GPUs rising to 31,000; paused Apr 2026", "why": "Paused until 'regulation and the cost of energy' allow", "source": { "name": "The Next Web", "url": "https://thenextweb.com/news/openai-pauses-stargate-uk-energy-costs-regulation", "date": "2026-04-09" }, "europe": true, "status": "paused" } ], "ireland": [ { "id": "boole", "claim": "CloudCIX and AlloComp's 'Boole' cluster in Cork runs liquid-cooled B200 GPUs (launched Jan 2026). GPU count and power were not disclosed.", "source": { "name": "Silicon Republic", "url": "https://www.siliconrepublic.com/machines/cork-gets-a-new-ai-supercomputer", "date": "2026-01-30" } }, { "id": "db7x", "claim": "Equinix began building DB7x in Blanchardstown ($92m), aimed at AI workloads and run on power already allocated to the site, with 'no additional grid power'. It is due to open in early 2028.", "source": { "name": "Equinix newsroom", "url": "https://newsroom.equinix.com/2026-03-20-Equinix-begins-construction-on-new-data-center-in-Dublin", "date": "2026-03-20" } }, { "id": "puredc", "claim": "Pure DC and AVK are building a 110 MW gas microgrid in west Dublin aimed at AI, with no grid connection; the first two energy centres are due by end-2026.", "source": { "name": "DCNN", "url": "https://dcnnmagazine.com/infrastructure/power-cooling/pure-dc-avk-deploy-europes-first-data-centre-microgrid/", "date": "2026-03" } }, { "id": "no_cluster", "claim": "No public announcement of a GB200- or GB300-class cluster in Ireland by AWS, Microsoft or Meta was found.", "source": { "name": "StackPath web search", "url": null, "date": "2026-10-06" } }, { "id": "why_dublin", "claim": "The Oireachtas Library lists a temperate climate, the Irish and EU legal setting, subsea links to the UK, Europe and North America, and tax as the reasons data centres clustered in Ireland, with tech multinationals' European bases here.", "source": { "name": "Oireachtas Library & Research Service, Spotlight: Data centres and energy", "url": "https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/libraryResearch/2024/2024-07-23_spotlight-data-centres-and-energy_en.pdf", "date": "2024-07-23" } }, { "id": "cables", "claim": "Ireland has nine subsea cables to Britain and direct links to the US; since Brexit there is no direct cable to the EU mainland, and about 99% of international connectivity runs over subsea cables.", "source": { "name": "PwC for the Department of the Environment, Climate and Communications", "url": "https://assets.gov.ie/294976/2329dd51-52fc-4c20-8369-5de92f57ffe2.pdf", "date": "2024-05" } }, { "id": "inex", "claim": "INEX, Ireland's internet exchange, was founded in 1996 and has 128 members, with nodes in Dublin and Cork.", "source": { "name": "INEX", "url": "https://www.inex.ie/about-us/", "date": "2026-10" } } ], "metrics": [ { "id": "pue", "name": "PUE", "full": "Power usage effectiveness", "measures": "Total facility energy \u00f7 IT energy. 1.0 would mean every unit reaches the computers.", "standard": "ISO/IEC 30134-2", "level": "building" }, { "id": "wue", "name": "WUE", "full": "Water usage effectiveness", "measures": "Litres of water per kWh of IT energy.", "standard": "ISO/IEC 30134-9", "level": "building" }, { "id": "cue", "name": "CUE", "full": "Carbon usage effectiveness", "measures": "kg of CO\u2082e per kWh of IT energy.", "standard": "ISO/IEC 30134-8", "level": "building" }, { "id": "erf", "name": "ERF", "full": "Energy reuse factor", "measures": "Share of energy reused elsewhere, usually as heat.", "standard": "ISO/IEC 30134-6", "level": "building" }, { "id": "ref", "name": "REF", "full": "Renewable energy factor", "measures": "Share of energy from renewables, including certificates and PPAs.", "standard": "ISO/IEC 30134-3", "level": "building" }, { "id": "density", "name": "kW per rack", "full": "Rack power density", "measures": "How much power one rack of servers can draw and have cooled.", "standard": "No single standard", "level": "building" }, { "id": "utilisation", "name": "Utilisation", "full": "Power utilisation", "measures": "Power actually drawn \u00f7 power the site is built or contracted for.", "standard": "No standard benchmark", "level": "building" }, { "id": "tier", "name": "Tier", "full": "Uptime Institute Tier I\u2013IV", "measures": "Resilience: I basic capacity, II redundant components, III concurrently maintainable, IV fault tolerant.", "standard": "Uptime Institute", "level": "building" }, { "id": "flopsw", "name": "FLOP/s per watt", "full": "Chip energy efficiency", "measures": "Peak arithmetic per unit of power for a given number format (BF16, FP8).", "standard": "Vendor datasheets", "level": "computer" }, { "id": "mfu", "name": "MFU", "full": "Model FLOPs utilisation", "measures": "Share of the chips' peak arithmetic a training run actually uses for the model.", "standard": "PaLM paper definition", "level": "computer" }, { "id": "goodput", "name": "Goodput", "full": "ML goodput", "measures": "Share of time and compute that turns into useful training progress, after failures and restarts.", "standard": "Google Cloud definition", "level": "computer" }, { "id": "perquery", "name": "Wh per query", "full": "Energy per prompt or token", "measures": "Electricity per answer served; the inference counterpart of PUE.", "standard": "No standard", "level": "computer" } ], "computeByGeneration": [ { "id": "a100", "system": "DGX A100", "chip": "A100", "launched": 2020, "gpus": 8, "pflopsBf16Dense": 2.5, "systemKW": 6.5, "cooling": "air", "source": { "name": "NVIDIA DGX A100 datasheet", "url": "https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/dgx-a100/", "date": "2020" }, "pflopsBf16PerMW": 385 }, { "id": "h100", "system": "DGX H100", "chip": "H100", "launched": 2022, "gpus": 8, "pflopsBf16Dense": 7.9, "pflopsFp8Dense": 15.8, "systemKW": 10.2, "cooling": "air", "source": { "name": "NVIDIA DGX H100 datasheet", "url": "https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/dgx-h100/", "date": "2023" }, "pflopsBf16PerMW": 775, "pflopsFp8PerMW": 1549 }, { "id": "b200", "system": "DGX B200", "chip": "B200", "launched": 2024, "gpus": 8, "pflopsBf16Dense": 18, "pflopsFp8Dense": 36, "systemKW": 14.3, "cooling": "air", "source": { "name": "NVIDIA DGX B200 datasheet", "url": "https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/dgx-b200/", "date": "2024" }, "pflopsBf16PerMW": 1259, "pflopsFp8PerMW": 2517 } ], "mfu": [ { "run": "PaLM 540B", "org": "Google", "hardware": "6,144 TPU v4", "mfu": 46.2, "source": { "name": "Chowdhery et al., PaLM, arXiv 2204.02311", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311", "date": "2022-04" } }, { "run": "Llama 3 405B", "org": "Meta", "hardware": "up to 16,000 H100", "mfu": [ 38, 43 ], "source": { "name": "Llama Team, The Llama 3 Herd of Models, arXiv 2407.21783", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.21783", "date": "2024-07" } }, { "run": "175B model (MegaScale)", "org": "ByteDance", "hardware": "12,288 GPUs", "mfu": 55.2, "source": { "name": "Jiang et al., MegaScale, arXiv 2402.15627", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.15627", "date": "2024-02" } }, { "run": "GPT-3 175B (as reported in the PaLM paper)", "org": "OpenAI", "hardware": "V100", "mfu": 21.3, "source": { "name": "Chowdhery et al., PaLM, arXiv 2204.02311", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.02311", "date": "2022-04" } } ], "unknowns": [ "How much of the computing in Irish data centres is AI. No Irish or EU body publishes it; EU reporting data is confidential per site.", "Rack densities in Irish halls. No planning or licence file we read states a design kW per rack.", "How many AI accelerators are installed in Ireland. Import statistics show hardware arriving, not where it is installed or used.", "Irish sites' PUE, water and renewable figures one by one. EU reporting keeps them confidential; per-site rating labels are due from 15 Aug 2027.", "Model FLOPs utilisation, goodput or energy per query for any workload run in Ireland. No operator publishes them by country." ], "computeNote": "Dense peak throughput divided by maximum system power (our arithmetic). NVIDIA quotes sparse figures as twice the dense ones for Hopper and Blackwell. The power basis is the whole 8-GPU server, so rows compare like with like. Epoch AI finds leading ML hardware gets about 40% more energy-efficient each year.", "reliability": { "note": "Llama 3 405B training saw 466 interruptions in 54 days (419 unexpected, about 78% of those hardware, 58.7% GPUs) and still achieved more than 90% effective training time.", "source": { "name": "Llama Team, arXiv 2407.21783", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.21783", "date": "2024-07" } }, "goodput": { "note": "Google Cloud defines ML goodput as the product of scheduling goodput (share of time all resources are available), runtime goodput (useful training steps while they are) and program goodput (in effect, MFU).", "source": { "name": "Google Cloud blog, Goodput metric as a measure of ML productivity", "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/ai-machine-learning/goodput-metric-as-measure-of-ml-productivity", "date": "2024-04-11" } }, "inference": [ { "id": "gemini", "label": "Median Gemini Apps text prompt", "value": "0.24 Wh", "note": "Includes idle capacity and data-centre overhead (PUE 1.09); 0.10 Wh counting active accelerators only.", "source": { "name": "Google Cloud blog, Measuring the environmental impact of AI inference", "url": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/infrastructure/measuring-the-environmental-impact-of-ai-inference", "date": "2025-08-21" } }, { "id": "gpt4o", "label": "Typical GPT-4o query (estimate)", "value": "about 0.3 Wh", "note": "Rising to about 2.5 Wh with 10,000 input tokens.", "source": { "name": "Epoch AI, How much energy does ChatGPT use?", "url": "https://epoch.ai/gradient-updates/how-much-energy-does-chatgpt-use", "date": "2025-02-07" } }, { "id": "tokens_mw", "label": "Tokens per second per MW, H100 vs B200", "value": "about 0.9 million vs 2.8 million", "note": "Counting all-in provisioned power; an analyst benchmark.", "source": { "name": "SemiAnalysis, InferenceMAX", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/inferencemax-open-source-inference", "date": "2025-10-09" } } ], "pueClasses": { "bands": [ [ "A", 1.15 ], [ "B", 1.25 ], [ "C", 1.35 ], [ "D", 1.5 ], [ "E", 1.7 ], [ "F", 1.9 ], [ "G", null ] ], "note": "The EU data-centre rating scheme (C(2026) 3472, adopted 21 Sep 2026, in scrutiny) gives separate A\u2013G classes for PUE and WUE. Labels are public per site from 15 Aug 2027; other per-site data stay confidential.", "source": { "name": "European Commission, IP/26/1667 and C(2026) 3472 annexes", "url": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/document/download/45309975-26bb-425c-84c7-c145097d18a7_en?filename=C_2026_3472_1_EN_annexe_acte_autonome_part1_v7.pdf", "date": "2026-09-21" } }, "pue": [ { "id": "uptime", "label": "Global average (Uptime survey)", "value": 1.54, "year": 2025, "kind": "benchmark", "note": "Flat for six years; 1.52 in the 2026 survey.", "source": { "name": "Uptime Institute, Global Data Center Survey 2025", "url": "https://datacenter.uptimeinstitute.com/rs/711-RIA-145/images/2025.Annual.Survey.Report.pdf", "date": "2025-07" } }, { "id": "eu", "label": "EU, sites that reported", "value": 1.36, "kind": "benchmark", "note": "770 data centres, about 36% of those required to report.", "source": { "name": "European Commission, COM(2026) 500", "url": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/document/download/8a87a5fe-0260-462a-b165-09f1496d1aa0_en?filename=COM_2026_500_1_EN_ACT_part1_v4.pdf", "date": "2026-09-21" }, "sitesReported": 770, "shareReportedPct": 36 }, { "id": "ireland", "label": "Ireland, sites that reported", "value": 1.18, "year": 2023, "kind": "ireland", "note": "18 of an estimated 123 Irish sites reported (15%). Colocation 1.28, enterprise 1.15, sites over 10 MW 1.14, sites of 1\u20132 MW 1.65.", "source": { "name": "DG ENER, first technical report on EU data-centre reporting", "url": "https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2833/3168794", "date": "2025-07" } }, { "id": "aws_ie", "label": "AWS, Ireland region", "value": 1.1, "year": 2025, "kind": "operator", "note": "1.11 in 2024.", "source": { "name": "Amazon sustainability, AWS cloud", "url": "https://sustainability.aboutamazon.com/products-services/aws-cloud", "date": "2026-10-06" } }, { "id": "google_dub", "label": "Google, Dublin", "value": 1.08, "year": 2026, "kind": "operator", "note": "Trailing twelve months to Q2 2026.", "source": { "name": "Google data centres, efficiency", "url": "https://datacenters.google/efficiency/", "date": "2026-10-06" } }, { "id": "ms_ie", "label": "Microsoft, Ireland", "value": 1.197, "year": 2021, "kind": "operator", "note": "Calendar 2021; nothing newer published for Ireland. Design PUE 1.12.", "source": { "name": "Microsoft datacentre fact sheet, Ireland (uploaded Aug 2024)", "url": null, "date": "2024-08" } } ], "euIreland": { "sitesReported": 18, "sitesEstimated": 123, "itMW": 315.9, "energyGWh": 1411.8, "pue": 1.18, "wue": 0.64, "wueEu": 0.58, "ref": 0.99, "refEu": 0.86, "erf": null, "euHeatReuseSites": 67, "dataYear": 2023, "note": "Ireland 'struggled to implement the necessary systems' in the first round (DG ENER). Per-site data are confidential under Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/1364, Article 5(5); only national and EU aggregates are published.", "source": { "name": "DG ENER, first technical report on EU data-centre reporting", "url": "https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2833/3168794", "date": "2025-07" }, "sourceEu": { "name": "European Commission, COM(2026) 500", "url": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/document/download/8a87a5fe-0260-462a-b165-09f1496d1aa0_en?filename=COM_2026_500_1_EN_ACT_part1_v4.pdf", "date": "2026-09-21" }, "regulation": { "name": "Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/1364", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202401364", "date": "2024-05-17" }, "byType": { "colocation": 1.28, "enterprise": 1.15, "over10MW": 1.14, "from1to2MW": 1.65 } }, "retrofit": [ { "id": "pdu", "claim": "A 63 A rack power strip at 230/400 V tops out at 43.5 kW; racks for dense IT should be rated above 1,800 kg static load; shallow raised floors and weak floor loading complicate retrofits.", "source": { "name": "Schneider Electric, White Paper 110 v1.1", "url": "https://media.datacenterdynamics.com/media/documents/Schneider_Electric_-_Modernization_WP110_V1.1_EN.pdf", "date": "2023" } }, { "id": "bizo", "claim": "Above 40\u201350 kW per rack on average, power distribution becomes a bigger problem than cooling (Uptime's Daniel Bizo).", "source": { "name": "Data Center Knowledge", "url": null, "date": "2026-05-18" } }, { "id": "share100", "claim": "Fewer than 4% of US data centres can support racks above 100 kW (Uptime's Daniel Bizo, estimate).", "source": { "name": "Data Center Knowledge", "url": null, "date": "2026-08-18" } }, { "id": "sidecar", "claim": "Meta and Microsoft run liquid-cooled GB200 racks in air-cooled halls using sidecar heat exchangers that turn room air into cooled liquid.", "source": { "name": "Meta Engineering; Azure blog", "url": "https://engineering.fb.com/2025/09/29/data-infrastructure/metas-infrastructure-evolution-and-the-advent-of-ai/", "date": "2025-09-29" } }, { "id": "boole_install", "claim": "Installing one HGX B200 system at CloudCIX/AlloComp in Cork, a rack close to a tonne, needed structural changes and a new access route into the building.", "source": { "name": "TechCentral", "url": null, "date": "2025-12-15" } }, { "id": "dense_share", "claim": "In 2025 more than 80% of operators had no racks above 30 kW; in 2026 about 1 in 7 had some racks above 50 kW.", "source": { "name": "Uptime Institute, Global Data Center Survey 2026", "url": "https://datacenter.uptimeinstitute.com/rs/711-RIA-145/images/UptimeInstitute.GlobalDataCenterSurvey.2026.pdf", "date": "2026-07" } } ], "irelandFleet": { "designMW": 1400, "itMW": 1062, "racks": "well over 100,000", "note": "Bitpower's Q4 2024 update also reported 'zero announcements of AI-style campuses' and average draw around half of capacity.", "source": { "name": "Bitpower (Skreen Engineering), Ireland Q4 2024 market update", "url": "https://bitpower.ie/images/Reports/2024_Q4_Market_Update_Ireland_v1-2.pdf", "date": "2025" } } }, "construction_labour": { "title": "Data centres and construction labour", "source": "CSO (BEA04, BEA05, QLF03, EHQ03, NDQ01); DHLGH commencements; NBCO BCMS commencement notices; KPMG for DETE, The Value of Data Centres to Ireland (2026); Department of Finance; ESRI", "asOf": "2026-10-10", "csoUpdated": { "BEA04": "2025-08-26", "BEA05": "2026-08-26", "QLF03": "2026-08-20", "EHQ03": "2026-08-25", "NDQ01": "2026-07-30" }, "urls": { "cso": "https://data.cso.ie/", "bcms": "https://data.nbco.gov.ie/dataset/bcnccc", "dhlgh": "https://opendata.housing.gov.ie/dataset/e06975e1-7d7a-4780-a521-c038a813c339/resource/73321efd-b9da-482b-9005-dbac08fa26df/download/dhlgh-monthly-commencements.csv", "kpmg": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/the-value-of-data-centres-to-ireland.html", "dof": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-finance/", "esri": "https://www.esri.ie/publications/quarterly-economic-commentary-summer-2026" }, "dataCentreJobs": [ { "year": 2010, "capexJobs": 1800, "directJobs": 1000.0, "projected": false, "constructionEmploymentK": 99.5, "directSharePct": 1.0 }, { "year": 2011, "capexJobs": 6400, "directJobs": 3500.0, "projected": false, "constructionEmploymentK": 88.0, "directSharePct": 3.9 }, { "year": 2012, "capexJobs": 3300, "directJobs": 1800.0, "projected": false, "constructionEmploymentK": 83.3, "directSharePct": 2.1 }, { "year": 2013, "capexJobs": 8100, "directJobs": 4400.0, "projected": false, "constructionEmploymentK": 85.8, "directSharePct": 5.1 }, { "year": 2014, "capexJobs": 3600, "directJobs": 1900.0, "projected": false, "constructionEmploymentK": 93.7, "directSharePct": 2.1 }, { "year": 2015, "capexJobs": 10100, "directJobs": 5500.0, "projected": false, "constructionEmploymentK": 108.5, "directSharePct": 5.0 }, { "year": 2016, "capexJobs": 3900, "directJobs": 2100.0, "projected": false, "constructionEmploymentK": 118.5, "directSharePct": 1.8 }, { "year": 2017, "capexJobs": 7100, "directJobs": 3800.0, "projected": false, "constructionEmploymentK": 129.1, "directSharePct": 3.0 }, { "year": 2018, "capexJobs": 14500, "directJobs": 7800.0, "projected": false, "constructionEmploymentK": 143.8, "directSharePct": 5.4 }, { "year": 2019, "capexJobs": 16300, "directJobs": 8800.0, "projected": false, "constructionEmploymentK": 147.7, "directSharePct": 6.0 }, { "year": 2020, "capexJobs": 26300, "directJobs": 14200.0, "projected": false, "constructionEmploymentK": 136.4, "directSharePct": 10.4 }, { "year": 2021, "capexJobs": 16100, "directJobs": 8700.0, "projected": false, "constructionEmploymentK": 141.0, "directSharePct": 6.2 }, { "year": 2022, "capexJobs": 16200, "directJobs": 8700.0, "projected": false, "constructionEmploymentK": 168.2, "directSharePct": 5.2 }, { "year": 2023, "capexJobs": 7700, "directJobs": 4200.0, "projected": false, "constructionEmploymentK": 166.5, "directSharePct": 2.5 }, { "year": 2024, "capexJobs": 11200, "directJobs": 6000.0, "projected": false, "constructionEmploymentK": 171.2, "directSharePct": 3.5 }, { "year": 2025, "capexJobs": 14800, "directJobs": 8000.0, "projected": true, "constructionEmploymentK": 184.3, "directSharePct": 4.3 }, { "year": 2026, "capexJobs": 4400, "directJobs": 2400.0, "projected": true, "constructionEmploymentK": null, "directSharePct": null }, { "year": 2027, "capexJobs": 4500, "directJobs": 2400.0, "projected": true, "constructionEmploymentK": null, "directSharePct": null }, { "year": 2028, "capexJobs": 4600, "directJobs": 2500.0, "projected": true, "constructionEmploymentK": null, "directSharePct": null }, { "year": 2029, "capexJobs": 4700, "directJobs": 2500.0, "projected": true, "constructionEmploymentK": null, "directSharePct": null }, { "year": 2030, "capexJobs": 0, "directJobs": 0.0, "projected": true, "constructionEmploymentK": null, "directSharePct": null } ], "kpmgDirectShare": 0.54, "peak": { "year": 2020, "directJobs": 14200.0, "sharePct": 10.4, "constructionEmploymentK": 136.4 }, "latest": { "year": 2024, "directJobs": 6000.0, "sharePct": 3.5, "constructionEmploymentK": 171.2 }, "employment": [ { "year": 2010, "constructionK": 99.5, "allK": 1924.5, "sharePct": 5.2 }, { "year": 2011, "constructionK": 88.0, "allK": 1887.5, "sharePct": 4.7 }, { "year": 2012, "constructionK": 83.3, "allK": 1880.2, "sharePct": 4.4 }, { "year": 2013, "constructionK": 85.8, "allK": 1937.2, "sharePct": 4.4 }, { "year": 2014, "constructionK": 93.7, "allK": 1988.5, "sharePct": 4.7 }, { "year": 2015, "constructionK": 108.5, "allK": 2055.7, "sharePct": 5.3 }, { "year": 2016, "constructionK": 118.5, "allK": 2132.2, "sharePct": 5.6 }, { "year": 2017, "constructionK": 129.1, "allK": 2199.3, "sharePct": 5.9 }, { "year": 2018, "constructionK": 143.8, "allK": 2265.0, "sharePct": 6.3 }, { "year": 2019, "constructionK": 147.7, "allK": 2335.9, "sharePct": 6.3 }, { "year": 2020, "constructionK": 136.4, "allK": 2277.6, "sharePct": 6.0 }, { "year": 2021, "constructionK": 141.0, "allK": 2427.1, "sharePct": 5.8 }, { "year": 2022, "constructionK": 168.2, "allK": 2595.0, "sharePct": 6.5 }, { "year": 2023, "constructionK": 166.5, "allK": 2684.5, "sharePct": 6.2 }, { "year": 2024, "constructionK": 171.2, "allK": 2757.4, "sharePct": 6.2 }, { "year": 2025, "constructionK": 184.3, "allK": 2817.6, "sharePct": 6.5 } ], "output": [ { "year": 2010, "all": 94.7, "residential": 93.0, "nonResidential": 86.0, "civilEngineering": 107.7 }, { "year": 2011, "all": 78.9, "residential": 67.9, "nonResidential": 84.5, "civilEngineering": 83.1 }, { "year": 2012, "all": 77.0, "residential": 59.5, "nonResidential": 75.5, "civilEngineering": 96.8 }, { "year": 2013, "all": 85.7, "residential": 65.8, "nonResidential": 89.5, "civilEngineering": 101.2 }, { "year": 2014, "all": 92.7, "residential": 77.6, "nonResidential": 95.7, "civilEngineering": 104.4 }, { "year": 2015, "all": 100.0, "residential": 100.0, "nonResidential": 100.0, "civilEngineering": 100.0 }, { "year": 2016, "all": 109.9, "residential": 123.8, "nonResidential": 109.4, "civilEngineering": 103.1 }, { "year": 2017, "all": 124.2, "residential": 144.1, "nonResidential": 125.5, "civilEngineering": 106.8 }, { "year": 2018, "all": 137.0, "residential": 142.2, "nonResidential": 140.7, "civilEngineering": 118.8 }, { "year": 2019, "all": 144.8, "residential": 160.9, "nonResidential": 150.3, "civilEngineering": 112.9 }, { "year": 2020, "all": 131.5, "residential": 124.7, "nonResidential": 141.5, "civilEngineering": 96.0 }, { "year": 2021, "all": 127.5, "residential": 111.4, "nonResidential": 134.7, "civilEngineering": 108.9 }, { "year": 2022, "all": 130.2, "residential": 115.7, "nonResidential": 138.6, "civilEngineering": 106.1 }, { "year": 2023, "all": 123.8, "residential": 104.1, "nonResidential": 128.2, "civilEngineering": 118.8 }, { "year": 2024, "all": 124.4, "residential": 108.9, "nonResidential": 128.8, "civilEngineering": 116.3 }, { "year": 2025, "all": 132.5, "residential": 106.6, "nonResidential": 145.3, "civilEngineering": 130.0 } ], "outputBase": "volume index, 2015 = 100 (CSO BEA04; latest year chained from BEA05, 2021 = 100)", "homes": [ { "year": 2011, "completions": 6994, "quarters": 4, "commencements": null }, { "year": 2012, "completions": 4911, "quarters": 4, "commencements": null }, { "year": 2013, "completions": 4575, "quarters": 4, "commencements": null }, { "year": 2014, "completions": 5518, "quarters": 4, "commencements": 2453 }, { "year": 2015, "completions": 7219, "quarters": 4, "commencements": 8747 }, { "year": 2016, "completions": 9720, "quarters": 4, "commencements": 13234 }, { "year": 2017, "completions": 14218, "quarters": 4, "commencements": 17572 }, { "year": 2018, "completions": 17777, "quarters": 4, "commencements": 22467 }, { "year": 2019, "completions": 21012, "quarters": 4, "commencements": 26237 }, { "year": 2020, "completions": 20483, "quarters": 4, "commencements": 21686 }, { "year": 2021, "completions": 20443, "quarters": 4, "commencements": 30724 }, { "year": 2022, "completions": 29609, "quarters": 4, "commencements": 26957 }, { "year": 2023, "completions": 32463, "quarters": 4, "commencements": 32801 }, { "year": 2024, "completions": 30124, "quarters": 4, "commencements": 69311 }, { "year": 2025, "completions": 36215, "quarters": 4, "commencements": 16412 }, { "year": 2026, "completions": 16679, "quarters": 2, "commencements": 22854 } ], "earnings": [ { "year": 2008, "construction": 20.09, "all": 21.62 }, { "year": 2009, "construction": 20.94, "all": 22.2 }, { "year": 2010, "construction": 20.16, "all": 22.04 }, { "year": 2011, "construction": 19.07, "all": 21.93 }, { "year": 2012, "construction": 19.34, "all": 21.98 }, { "year": 2013, "construction": 19.56, "all": 21.92 }, { "year": 2014, "construction": 19.53, "all": 21.86 }, { "year": 2015, "construction": 19.53, "all": 21.89 }, { "year": 2016, "construction": 19.85, "all": 22.06 }, { "year": 2017, "construction": 20.13, "all": 22.43 }, { "year": 2018, "construction": 20.93, "all": 23.07 }, { "year": 2019, "construction": 21.68, "all": 23.88 }, { "year": 2020, "construction": 22.09, "all": 25.02 }, { "year": 2021, "construction": 23.36, "all": 26.13 }, { "year": 2022, "construction": 24.36, "all": 27.09 }, { "year": 2023, "construction": 25.03, "all": 28.26 }, { "year": 2024, "construction": 27.29, "all": 29.78 }, { "year": 2025, "construction": 28.11, "all": 31.03 } ], "wageGrowth": { "from": 2015, "to": 2025, "constructionPct": 43.9, "allPct": 41.8, "constructionVsAllPct": 90.6 }, "yearPairs": [ { "year": 2015, "dcJobsChange": 6500, "residentialIndexChange": 22.4, "completionsChange": 1701 }, { "year": 2016, "dcJobsChange": -6200, "residentialIndexChange": 23.8, "completionsChange": 2501 }, { "year": 2017, "dcJobsChange": 3200, "residentialIndexChange": 20.3, "completionsChange": 4498 }, { "year": 2018, "dcJobsChange": 7400, "residentialIndexChange": -1.9, "completionsChange": 3559 }, { "year": 2019, "dcJobsChange": 1800, "residentialIndexChange": 18.7, "completionsChange": 3235 }, { "year": 2020, "dcJobsChange": 10000, "residentialIndexChange": -36.2, "completionsChange": -529 }, { "year": 2021, "dcJobsChange": -10200, "residentialIndexChange": -13.3, "completionsChange": -40 }, { "year": 2022, "dcJobsChange": 100, "residentialIndexChange": 4.3, "completionsChange": 9166 }, { "year": 2023, "dcJobsChange": -8500, "residentialIndexChange": -11.6, "completionsChange": 2854 }, { "year": 2024, "dcJobsChange": 3500, "residentialIndexChange": 4.8, "completionsChange": -2339 } ], "oppositeYears": 3, "oppositeYearsCompletions": [ 2016, 2020, 2023, 2024 ], "bcms": { "source": "National Building Control Office, BCMS commencement notices 2014-present (https://data.nbco.gov.ie/dataset/bcnccc)", "file": "bcms-cn-ccc-2026-10-07.csv", "byYear": [ { "year": 2018, "dataCentreM2": 46788, "nonResidentialM2": 1742426, "sharePct": 2.7, "dataCentreBuildings": 5, "partial": false }, { "year": 2019, "dataCentreM2": 127898, "nonResidentialM2": 2419598, "sharePct": 5.3, "dataCentreBuildings": 6, "partial": false }, { "year": 2020, "dataCentreM2": 76145, "nonResidentialM2": 1563934, "sharePct": 4.9, "dataCentreBuildings": 5, "partial": false }, { "year": 2021, "dataCentreM2": 141518, "nonResidentialM2": 1896161, "sharePct": 7.5, "dataCentreBuildings": 17, "partial": false }, { "year": 2022, "dataCentreM2": 41765, "nonResidentialM2": 1569522, "sharePct": 2.7, "dataCentreBuildings": 14, "partial": false }, { "year": 2023, "dataCentreM2": 128230, "nonResidentialM2": 1581591, "sharePct": 8.1, "dataCentreBuildings": 12, "partial": false }, { "year": 2024, "dataCentreM2": 62592, "nonResidentialM2": 1333260, "sharePct": 4.7, "dataCentreBuildings": 10, "partial": false }, { "year": 2025, "dataCentreM2": 53850, "nonResidentialM2": 1354859, "sharePct": 4.0, "dataCentreBuildings": 4, "partial": false }, { "year": 2026, "dataCentreM2": 61763, "nonResidentialM2": 1267781, "sharePct": 4.9, "dataCentreBuildings": 3, "partial": true } ], "shareAllFullYearsPct": 5.0, "fullYears": [ 2018, 2025 ], "byAuthoritySince2021": [ { "authority": "Fingal", "m2": 218086 }, { "authority": "South Dublin", "m2": 178664 }, { "authority": "Dublin City", "m2": 47693 }, { "authority": "Meath", "m2": 29751 }, { "authority": "Cork", "m2": 7750 }, { "authority": "Kildare", "m2": 7610 }, { "authority": "Limerick City and", "m2": 165 } ], "largeProjects": [ { "cn": "CN0019584SD", "name": "DUB Campus - DUB09", "authority": "South Dublin County Council", "commenced": "2016-08-19", "m2": 17598 }, { "cn": "CN0019595SD", "name": "DUB Campus - DUB10", "authority": "South Dublin County Council", "commenced": "2016-08-19", "m2": 17598 }, { "cn": "CN0041836SD", "name": "DUB Campus - DUB12", "authority": "South Dublin County Council", "commenced": "2018-07-26", "m2": 17598 }, { "cn": "SN0003789DC", "name": "DUB 74, Clonshaugh Business & Technology Park", "authority": "Dublin City Council", "commenced": "2018-12-11", "m2": 16860 }, { "cn": "SN0003958SD", "name": "DUB 066 Tallaght", "authority": "South Dublin County Council", "commenced": "2019-02-28", "m2": 23283 }, { "cn": "CN0053218SD", "name": "CyrusOne Grange Castle Data Centre, Grange Castle Business Park, Clondalkin, Dublin 22", "authority": "South Dublin County Council", "commenced": "2019-06-25", "m2": 18882 }, { "cn": "CN0054306MH", "name": "Sliotar CLN5_6 Data Centre", "authority": "Meath County Council", "commenced": "2019-07-22", "m2": 57382 }, { "cn": "SN0004568FL", "name": "ADSIL Cruiserath - Data Storage Facility", "authority": "Fingal County Council", "commenced": "2019-08-26", "m2": 20328 }, { "cn": "CN0065508MH", "name": "DUB 062 - Data Hall", "authority": "Meath County Council", "commenced": "2020-06-30", "m2": 11952 }, { "cn": "CN0066135DC", "name": "DUB 84, Clonshaugh Business & Technology Park", "authority": "Dublin City Council", "commenced": "2020-07-16", "m2": 16860 }, { "cn": "CN0068148SD", "name": "DUB Campus - DUB13", "authority": "South Dublin County Council", "commenced": "2020-09-16", "m2": 17749 }, { "cn": "SN0005555SD", "name": "DUB 069 Amazon Datacentre", "authority": "South Dublin County Council", "commenced": "2020-09-23", "m2": 28573 }, { "cn": "SN0005834FL", "name": "EQX DB5 | Building 3 - 7DN", "authority": "Fingal County Council", "commenced": "2021-02-09", "m2": 10500 }, { "cn": "CN0074132FL", "name": "K2 DUB4 Data Centre", "authority": "Fingal County Council", "commenced": "2021-04-08", "m2": 30000 }, { "cn": "SN0006528DC", "name": "Building E - Clonshaugh", "authority": "Dublin City Council", "commenced": "2021-09-23", "m2": 16576 }, { "cn": "CN0083148FL", "name": "DUB068 - 2 Storey Data Storage Facility & Bin Store at Cruiserath Road, Dublin 15", "authority": "Fingal County Council", "commenced": "2021-11-01", "m2": 21718 }, { "cn": "CN0083150FL", "name": "DUB078 - 2 Storey Data Storage Facility & Bin Store at Cruiserath Road, Dublin 15", "authority": "Fingal County Council", "commenced": "2021-11-01", "m2": 21718 }, { "cn": "CN0084299FL", "name": "K2 DUB5 Data Centre", "authority": "Fingal County Council", "commenced": "2021-12-07", "m2": 30000 }, { "cn": "CN0095338DC", "name": "Data Centre A Clonshaugh Bus Park", "authority": "Dublin City Council", "commenced": "2022-11-14", "m2": 12874 }, { "cn": "CN0097317SD", "name": "Edge Connex - EDCDUB04", "authority": "South Dublin County Council", "commenced": "2023-02-06", "m2": 17463 }, { "cn": "SN0008297SD", "name": "DUB079 Amazon Data Centre", "authority": "South Dublin County Council", "commenced": "2023-04-03", "m2": 21725 }, { "cn": "CN0100024SD", "name": "Vantage Data Centers DUB-11", "authority": "South Dublin County Council", "commenced": "2023-04-20", "m2": 24667 }, { "cn": "SN0008536DC", "name": "Building F, Clonshaugh, Co.Dublin", "authority": "Dublin City Council", "commenced": "2023-06-06", "m2": 16576 }, { "cn": "CN0102388SD", "name": "Data Centre EDC DUB05", "authority": "South Dublin County Council", "commenced": "2023-07-03", "m2": 15542 }, { "cn": "SN0008802SD", "name": "Vantage DC DUB12", "authority": "South Dublin County Council", "commenced": "2023-07-26", "m2": 12744 }, { "cn": "SN0010941SD", "name": "DUB089 Building C Data Centre", "authority": "South Dublin County Council", "commenced": "2024-09-20", "m2": 28573 }, { "cn": "SN0011515MH", "name": "Amazon DUB072", "authority": "Meath County Council", "commenced": "2024-11-14", "m2": 29691 }, { "cn": "SN0013020SD", "name": "Echelon Dub 41 Data Centre", "authority": "South Dublin County Council", "commenced": "2025-09-10", "m2": 16135 }, { "cn": "CN0135598FL", "name": "MSFT DUB41 and Sprinkler Pump Rooms 1 & 2 and Water Treatment Facility", "authority": "Fingal County Council", "commenced": "2025-11-10", "m2": 37647 }, { "cn": "CN0142878FL", "name": "MSFT DUB40 Building A Data Center", "authority": "Fingal County Council", "commenced": "2026-06-02", "m2": 37647 }, { "cn": "CN0144820FL", "name": "DUB 108 Data Centre Building F & MV Building", "authority": "Fingal County Council", "commenced": "2026-07-10", "m2": 20651 } ], "method": "New buildings only, one count per building, uses other than dwellings; a notice is a data centre if its project name or description says data centre/data hall/data storage/ICT facility (substations and plant serving a data centre included). Enabling works, fences and floor areas over 250,000 m\u00b2 are dropped as unreliable. Floor area is filled in from 2018." }, "quotes": [ { "id": "ocallaghan", "who": "Cian O'Callaghan TD", "party": "Social Democrats", "date": "2021-09-29", "where": "D\u00e1il, Data Centre Moratorium motion", "quote": "Data centres are pulling skilled construction workers away from retrofitting our existing housing stock to meet our climate change targets and from building new homes.", "url": "https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2021-09-29/7/" }, { "id": "kpmg_direct", "who": "KPMG for DETE", "date": "2026-06-02", "where": "The Value of Data Centres to Ireland, p. 60", "quote": "14,300 direct jobs in roles such as construction workers, civil engineers and project managers", "url": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/the-value-of-data-centres-to-ireland.html" }, { "id": "kpmg_build", "who": "KPMG for DETE", "date": "2026-06-02", "where": "The Value of Data Centres to Ireland", "quote": "can support up to ~1,500 construction jobs during facility build outs and expansions", "url": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/the-value-of-data-centres-to-ireland.html" }, { "id": "dof_trades", "who": "Department of Finance", "date": "2025-11", "where": "Economic Insights Vol. 3 2025", "quote": "employment in skilled trades grew by 15\u00bd per cent from 2019 to 2025, a slower growth rate than the sectoral increase (24\u00bd per cent)", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-finance/" }, { "id": "dof_bricklayers", "who": "Department of Finance", "date": "2025-11", "where": "Economic Insights Vol. 3 2025", "quote": "key professions in the construction of houses such as bricklayers experienced declines", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-finance/" }, { "id": "dof_electrical", "who": "Department of Finance", "date": "2025-11", "where": "Economic Insights Vol. 3 2025", "quote": "The number of electrical apprenticeship registrations in 2024 (3,100) exceeds that of estimated required demand (1,500 per annum), while for most other occupations, demand looks set to significantly outstrip supply", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-finance/" }, { "id": "dof_dc_starts", "who": "Department of Finance", "date": "2025-11", "where": "Economic Insights Vol. 3 2025", "quote": "a marked fall off in starts of new data centres is seen from mid-2023 onwards", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-finance/" }, { "id": "esri_reorient", "who": "ESRI", "date": "2026", "where": "Quarterly Economic Commentary, Summer 2026", "quote": "the decline in non-residential construction presents an opportunity to re-orientate resources towards residential activities", "url": "https://www.esri.ie/publications/quarterly-economic-commentary-summer-2026" } ], "caveats": [ "KPMG's data-centre construction jobs are modelled from capital spending with input-output multipliers, not counted on sites; 'direct' (54%) includes engineers and project managers as well as trades.", "CSO construction employment (Labour Force Survey, NACE F) is a survey estimate and swings quarter to quarter; it counts where people work, so Irish firms' workers on data centres abroad are not separated out.", "BCMS floor areas are typed in by applicants and are noisy; data centres are found by keyword, so some (e.g. those described only by a building code) are missed.", "Data-centre building peaked in 2020, the year Covid shut sites; housing output also moved with interest rates and policy deadlines. Co-movement is not cause.", "Floor area understates data centres' labour: they cost far more per square metre than warehouses or offices, mostly in mechanical and electrical work." ] }, "gap_table": { "title": "The firm-power gap, campus by campus", "asOf": "2026-10-10", "source": "StackPath gap table (issue 01): planning, ACP, EPA and capacity-market documents, page-cited", "file": "issues/data/gap-table-2026-10-10.json", "summary": { "campuses": 71, "withStatedDemand": 24, "pipeline": { "campuses": 16, "withStatedDemand": 8, "statedDemandMW": 861, "firmSecuredMW": 429.5, "firmGapMW": 500 }, "operating": { "campuses": 55, "withStatedDemand": 16, "withGrid2025": 12, "statedDemandMW": 1608.1, "gridMWAvg2025": 776.2 }, "unmatchedRecords": 0 }, "rows": [ { "id": "herbata-naas", "name": "Herbata Naas", "operator": "Herbata", "council": "Kildare", "status": "proposed", "rules": "contract status unchecked", "gridMWAvg2025": null, "firmSecuredMW": null, "firmGapMW": 240, "renewables80TWhAtStated": 1.68, "renewables80TWhAt2025": null, "statedDemand": { "metric": "demandMW", "value": 240, "scope": "campus", "basis": "derived: 6 DCBs x 40MW max per building (avg 36MW each = 216MW); BOS Energy appendix", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=3042705&format=djvu", "page": 58, "quote": "require on average 36MW1 base load demand across the 12month period up to a maximum of 40MW at any one time", "derived": true }, "onsiteDispatchable": [], "capacityMarket": [] }, { "id": "art-data-centres-ennis", "name": "Art Data Centres Ennis", "operator": "Art Data Centres", "council": "Clare", "status": "permitted", "rules": "contract status unchecked", "gridMWAvg2025": null, "firmSecuredMW": 120, "firmGapMW": 80, "renewables80TWhAtStated": 1.4, "renewables80TWhAt2025": null, "statedDemand": { "metric": "demandMW", "value": 200, "scope": "campus", "basis": "c.80MW grid + c.120MW on-site energy centre", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314474.pdf", "page": 57, "quote": "The c.200MW of electricity required to power the data centre would be supplied by the national grid via the nearby Ennis 110kV substation (c.80MW)", "derived": false }, "onsiteDispatchable": [ { "mw": 120, "type": "lean-burn gas engines in energy centre for primary co-supply; plus 66 standby diesel generators (11 per building)", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314474.pdf", "page": 57 } ], "capacityMarket": [] }, { "id": "apple-athenry", "name": "Apple Athenry", "operator": "Apple", "council": "Galway County", "status": "permitted", "rules": "contract status unchecked", "gridMWAvg2025": null, "firmSecuredMW": null, "firmGapMW": 30, "renewables80TWhAtStated": 0.21, "renewables80TWhAt2025": null, "statedDemand": { "metric": "demandMW", "value": 30, "scope": "application", "basis": "phase 1 demand per EirGrid letter; masterplan of 8 halls", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/245/r245518.pdf", "page": 28, "quote": "Eirgrid also state that the 30MW load will not impact on local transmission and connection to the 220kv network", "derived": false }, "onsiteDispatchable": [], "capacityMarket": [] }, { "id": "microsoft-huntstown", "name": "Microsoft Huntstown", "operator": "Microsoft", "council": "Fingal", "status": "under construction", "rules": "contract status unchecked", "gridMWAvg2025": null, "firmSecuredMW": null, "firmGapMW": 150, "renewables80TWhAtStated": 1.05, "renewables80TWhAt2025": null, "statedDemand": { "metric": "demandMW", "value": 150, "scope": "application", "basis": "data centre size per ACP inspector (Mooretown 220 kV SID)", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/311/r311528.pdf", "page": 64, "quote": "The 150MW data centre development will constitute a large energy user", "derived": false }, "onsiteDispatchable": [], "capacityMarket": [] }, { "id": "data-power-hub-peamount-newcastle", "name": "Data & Power Hub Peamount, Newcastle", "operator": "Data & Power Hub", "council": "South Dublin", "status": "under construction", "rules": "contract status unchecked", "gridMWAvg2025": null, "firmSecuredMW": 116, "firmGapMW": 0, "renewables80TWhAtStated": 0.77, "renewables80TWhAt2025": null, "statedDemand": { "metric": "demandMW", "value": 110, "scope": "campus", "basis": "data centre buildings", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28092ce95.pdf", "page": 6, "quote": "a gross footprint of ~ 30,000 m2. It will require about ~110 MWe.", "derived": false }, "onsiteDispatchable": [ { "mw": 116, "type": "gas engines as grid peaking plant (not powering DC) + backup HVO generators for ICT", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28090ce83.pdf", "page": 3 } ], "capacityMarket": [ { "mw": 50, "deRated": true, "auction": "T-4 2027/28", "source": "FCAR2728T-4, pp. 9, 12" } ] }, { "id": "vantage-profile-park", "name": "Vantage Profile Park", "operator": "Vantage", "council": "South Dublin", "status": "under construction", "rules": "contract status unchecked", "gridMWAvg2025": null, "firmSecuredMW": 96, "firmGapMW": 0, "renewables80TWhAtStated": 0.5, "renewables80TWhAt2025": null, "statedDemand": { "metric": "demandMW", "value": 72, "scope": "application", "basis": "total building electrical load DUB11+DUB12 (council planner report)", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2808852d1.pdf", "page": 19, "quote": "The total for the development would be 72MW.", "derived": false }, "onsiteDispatchable": [ { "mw": 96, "type": "dual-fuel gas/HVO engines (Multi-Fuel Generation Plant) supplying the data centres when demand exceeds grid capacity / on EirGrid flex signal; plus diesel/HVO emergency backup generators", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317446.pdf", "page": 40 } ], "capacityMarket": [] }, { "id": "echelon-arklow", "name": "Echelon Arklow", "operator": "Echelon", "council": "Wicklow", "status": "under construction", "rules": "contract status unchecked", "gridMWAvg2025": null, "firmSecuredMW": 70, "firmGapMW": 0, "renewables80TWhAtStated": 0.35, "renewables80TWhAt2025": null, "statedDemand": { "metric": "demandMVA", "value": 50, "scope": "application", "basis": null, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/303/r303938.pdf", "page": 37, "quote": "the Maximum Import Capacity for the proposal is 50 MVA", "derived": false }, "onsiteDispatchable": [ { "mw": 70, "type": "gas engines", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/303/r303938.pdf", "page": null } ], "capacityMarket": [] }, { "id": "equinix-profile-park", "name": "Equinix Profile Park", "operator": "Equinix", "council": "South Dublin", "status": "under construction", "rules": "contract status unchecked", "gridMWAvg2025": null, "firmSecuredMW": 27.48, "firmGapMW": 0, "renewables80TWhAtStated": 0.06, "renewables80TWhAt2025": null, "statedDemand": { "metric": "demandMW", "value": 9, "scope": "campus", "basis": "ESB Networks application; no offer received", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317936.pdf", "page": 14, "quote": "The application for permanent power is for a power supply capacity of 9MW.", "derived": false }, "onsiteDispatchable": [ { "mw": 27.48, "type": "gas engines (on-site power generation compound) as primary power, islanded until grid; with BESS; plus diesel standby generators", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/317/r317936.pdf", "page": 41 } ], "capacityMarket": [] }, { "id": "amazon-aws-cruiserath", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Cruiserath", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "council": "Fingal", "status": "operating", "rules": "CRU/21/124 (existing)", "gridMWAvg2025": 76.6, "firmSecuredMW": null, "firmGapMW": 240, "renewables80TWhAtStated": 1.68, "renewables80TWhAt2025": 0.54, "statedDemand": { "metric": "demandMVA", "value": 240, "scope": "application", "basis": "full power demand of this phase; campus masterplan 219.7MW", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/318/r318180a.pdf", "page": 5, "quote": "Transmission Connection Agreement with EirGrid plc for connection of a facility with a Maximum Import Capacity of 240 MVA at Cruiserath", "derived": false }, "onsiteDispatchable": [], "capacityMarket": [] }, { "id": "meta-clonee", "name": "Meta Clonee", "operator": "Meta", "council": "Meath", "status": "operating", "rules": "CRU/21/124 (existing)", "gridMWAvg2025": 135.0, "firmSecuredMW": null, "firmGapMW": 180, "renewables80TWhAtStated": 1.26, "renewables80TWhAt2025": 0.95, "statedDemand": { "metric": "demandMW", "value": 180, "scope": "campus", "basis": "Campus maximum demand as stated in 2018; the CLN5/6 expansion alone was 72 MW.", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/301/r301923.pdf", "page": 63, "quote": "the overall data centre campus would have a maximum energy demand of 180 MW", "derived": false }, "onsiteDispatchable": [], "capacityMarket": [] }, { "id": "amazon-aws-leixlip", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Leixlip", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "council": "Kildare", "status": "operating", "rules": "CRU/21/124 (existing)", "gridMWAvg2025": null, "firmSecuredMW": 16, "firmGapMW": 154, "renewables80TWhAtStated": 1.19, "renewables80TWhAt2025": null, "statedDemand": { "metric": "demandMW", "value": 170, "scope": "campus", "basis": "Full masterplan: B1 32 MW + C1-C3 138 MW (planning report p15).", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=2862132&format=djvu", "page": 38, "quote": "the proposed development will have a Maximum Import Capacity (MIC) of 170MW once fully developed (c.2034/2035).", "derived": false }, "onsiteDispatchable": [ { "mw": 16, "type": "9 gas combustion turbine generators (grid-dispatchable energy centre, not supplying the data centres) + backup fuel-oil generators", "url": "https://idocsweb.kildarecoco.ie/iDocsWebDPSS/ViewFiles.aspx?docid=2862132&format=djvu", "page": 38 } ], "capacityMarket": [] }, { "id": "amazon-aws-clonshaugh", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Clonshaugh", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "council": "Dublin City", "status": "operating", "rules": "CRU/21/124 (existing)", "gridMWAvg2025": 144.4, "firmSecuredMW": null, "firmGapMW": 165.2, "renewables80TWhAtStated": 1.16, "renewables80TWhAt2025": 1.01, "statedDemand": { "metric": "demandMW", "value": 165.2, "scope": "campus", "basis": "cumulative campus maximum operational demand, applicant EIAR", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2807ff5bf.pdf", "page": 777, "quote": "Cumulatively, the existing campus in tangent with the Proposed Development, will have a maximum operational demand of 165.2MW.", "derived": false }, "onsiteDispatchable": [], "capacityMarket": [] }, { "id": "microsoft-grange-castle", "name": "Microsoft Grange Castle", "operator": "Microsoft", "council": "South Dublin", "status": "operating", "rules": "CRU/21/124 (existing)", "gridMWAvg2025": 154.5, "firmSecuredMW": null, "firmGapMW": 150, "renewables80TWhAtStated": 1.05, "renewables80TWhAt2025": 1.08, "statedDemand": { "metric": "demandMW", "value": 150, "scope": "application", "basis": "electricity required to operate (whole application), applicant EIAR", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2808432ba.pdf", "page": 185, "quote": "Up to 150 MW of electricity will be required in order to operate and maintain the temperature, humidity and power supply in the facility", "derived": false }, "onsiteDispatchable": [], "capacityMarket": [] }, { "id": "google-grange-castle-south", "name": "Google Grange Castle South", "operator": "Google", "council": "South Dublin", "status": "operating", "rules": "CRU/21/124 (existing)", "gridMWAvg2025": 26.0, "firmSecuredMW": null, "firmGapMW": 130, "renewables80TWhAtStated": 0.91, "renewables80TWhAt2025": 0.18, "statedDemand": { "metric": "demandMVA", "value": 130, "scope": "campus", "basis": "Covers DC1, DC2 and DC3; EirGrid agreement 2021.", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/320/r320852.pdf", "page": 58, "quote": "This connection agreement entitles GIL to import up to 130MVA which is sufficient to meet the energy demands of the existing and proposed data centres.", "derived": false }, "onsiteDispatchable": [], "capacityMarket": [] }, { "id": "amazon-aws-grange-castle-south", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Grange Castle South", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "council": "South Dublin", "status": "operating", "rules": "CRU/21/124 (existing)", "gridMWAvg2025": 61.0, "firmSecuredMW": null, "firmGapMW": 128, "renewables80TWhAtStated": 0.9, "renewables80TWhAt2025": 0.43, "statedDemand": { "metric": "demandMW", "value": 128, "scope": "application", "basis": "maximum operational demand, three buildings, applicant EIAR", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2807f5a4e.pdf", "page": 250, "quote": "with an overall maximum operational demand for the development of 128MW", "derived": false }, "onsiteDispatchable": [], "capacityMarket": [] }, { "id": "echelon-crag-avenue-clondalkin", "name": "Echelon Crag Avenue, Clondalkin", "operator": "Echelon", "council": "South Dublin", "status": "operating", "rules": "CRU/21/124 (existing)", "gridMWAvg2025": null, "firmSecuredMW": 120, "firmGapMW": 0, "renewables80TWhAtStated": 0.84, "renewables80TWhAt2025": null, "statedDemand": { "metric": "demandMW", "value": 120, "scope": "application", "basis": "maximum operational demand, applicant EIAR", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/309d728f-c71b-4fff-8238-6abb7dc81692.pdf", "page": 6, "quote": "The Proposed Development will have a total maximum operational demand of 120MW.", "derived": false }, "onsiteDispatchable": [ { "mw": 120, "type": "gas turbines (CCGT/OCGT) for primary on-site power + backup diesel/HVO generators", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/f1672e02-4390-4781-98e5-d7b2da312aec.pdf", "page": 2 } ], "capacityMarket": [] }, { "id": "amazon-aws-belgard-tallaght", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Belgard, Tallaght", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "council": "South Dublin", "status": "operating", "rules": "CRU/21/124 (existing)", "gridMWAvg2025": 45.6, "firmSecuredMW": null, "firmGapMW": 83, "renewables80TWhAtStated": 0.58, "renewables80TWhAt2025": 0.32, "statedDemand": { "metric": "demandMW", "value": 83, "scope": "campus", "basis": "site maximum operational demand (Buildings A and B)", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28080abd0.pdf", "page": 23, "quote": "overall maximum operational demand for the site (i.e. Building A and B) of 83MW", "derived": false }, "onsiteDispatchable": [], "capacityMarket": [] }, { "id": "digital-realty-profile-park", "name": "Digital Realty Profile Park", "operator": "Digital Realty", "council": "South Dublin", "status": "operating", "rules": "CRU/21/124 (existing)", "gridMWAvg2025": null, "firmSecuredMW": 12.5, "firmGapMW": 50.5, "renewables80TWhAtStated": 0.44, "renewables80TWhAt2025": null, "statedDemand": { "metric": "demandMW", "value": 63, "scope": "campus", "basis": "Arup MEP report (FI); application elsewhere cites ultimate combined electrical demand of 52MW, phase 1 10MW", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314461.pdf", "page": 47, "quote": "The report states that the maximum demand for the site which would be running at full load in summer is 63MW.", "derived": false }, "onsiteDispatchable": [ { "mw": 12.5, "type": "gas-powered energy centre (5 engines)", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/314/r314461.pdf", "page": null } ], "capacityMarket": [] }, { "id": "amazon-aws-drogheda", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Drogheda", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "council": "Meath", "status": "operating", "rules": "CRU/21/124 (existing)", "gridMWAvg2025": 12.7, "firmSecuredMW": null, "firmGapMW": 48, "renewables80TWhAtStated": 0.34, "renewables80TWhAt2025": 0.09, "statedDemand": { "metric": "demandMW", "value": 48, "scope": "application", "basis": "max demand per the EIAR, as cited in inspector report ABP-312371-22 p14; not stated in this report", "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/orders/310/d310729.pdf", "page": 14, "quote": "which notes the development would have a maximum demand of 48 MW", "derived": false }, "onsiteDispatchable": [], "capacityMarket": [] }, { "id": "amazon-aws-blanchardstown", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Blanchardstown", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "council": "Fingal", "status": "operating", "rules": "CRU/21/124 (existing)", "gridMWAvg2025": 49.8, "firmSecuredMW": null, "firmGapMW": 47.2, "renewables80TWhAtStated": 0.33, "renewables80TWhAt2025": 0.35, "statedDemand": { "metric": "demandMW", "value": 47.2, "scope": "campus", "basis": "combined site demand (extension + Hexagon building)", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b28080aab4.pdf", "page": 14, "quote": "overall demand for the combined site (i.e. the extension together with the existing Hexagon Building) of c. 47.2MW", "derived": false }, "onsiteDispatchable": [], "capacityMarket": [] }, { "id": "edgeconnex-newcastle-road-lucan", "name": "EdgeConneX Newcastle Road, Lucan", "operator": "EdgeConneX", "council": "South Dublin", "status": "operating", "rules": "CRU/21/124 (existing)", "gridMWAvg2025": null, "firmSecuredMW": null, "firmGapMW": 46.2, "renewables80TWhAtStated": 0.32, "renewables80TWhAt2025": null, "statedDemand": { "metric": "demandMW", "value": 46.2, "scope": "application", "basis": "power consumed without gas compound, applicant EIAR (DUB04)", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/db0f8c75-8211-4111-b2b0-e947ba4a58a4.pdf", "page": 27, "quote": "The proposed development without the gas generation compound wil consume 46.2MW of power", "derived": false }, "onsiteDispatchable": [], "capacityMarket": [] }, { "id": "amazon-aws-greenhills-road-tallaght", "name": "Amazon (AWS) Greenhills Road, Tallaght", "operator": "Amazon (AWS)", "council": "South Dublin", "status": "operating", "rules": "CRU/21/124 (existing)", "gridMWAvg2025": 34.6, "firmSecuredMW": null, "firmGapMW": 24, "renewables80TWhAtStated": 0.17, "renewables80TWhAt2025": 0.24, "statedDemand": { "metric": "demandMW", "value": 24, "scope": "campus", "basis": "combined site demand (Site A and Site B)", "url": "https://leap.epa.ie/docs/090151b2808106bc.pdf", "page": 14, "quote": "overall demand for the combined site (i.e. Site A and Site B) of c. 24MW", "derived": false }, "onsiteDispatchable": [], "capacityMarket": [] }, { "id": "pure-dc-orion-business-campus", "name": "Pure DC Orion Business Campus", "operator": "Pure DC", "council": "Fingal", "status": "operating", "rules": "CRU/21/124 (existing)", "gridMWAvg2025": null, "firmSecuredMW": null, "firmGapMW": 10, "renewables80TWhAtStated": 0.07, "renewables80TWhAt2025": null, "statedDemand": { "metric": "demandMVA", "value": 10, "scope": "application", "basis": null, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/501/r501133.pdf", "page": 3, "quote": "a 173sqm 10MVA/38kV substation", "derived": false }, "onsiteDispatchable": [], "capacityMarket": [] }, { "id": "government-ogcio-backweston-celbridge", "name": "Government (OGCIO) Backweston, Celbridge", "operator": "Government (OGCIO)", "council": "Kildare", "status": "operating", "rules": "CRU/21/124 (existing)", "gridMWAvg2025": null, "firmSecuredMW": null, "firmGapMW": 3.5, "renewables80TWhAtStated": 0.02, "renewables80TWhAt2025": null, "statedDemand": { "metric": "demandMW", "value": 3.5, "scope": "application", "basis": null, "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/anbordpleanala/media/abp/cases/reports/305/r305962.pdf", "page": 4, "quote": "the development will require a power input of 3.5 MW", "derived": false }, "onsiteDispatchable": [], "capacityMarket": [] } ], "caveats": [ "Stated demand is the largest primary figure found for the campus (MW, or MVA treated as ~MW). It may be one phase or the full masterplan; see each row's basis and quote. Figures are not summed across applications.", "Firm gap = stated demand minus non-backup on-site generation with a stated MWe and capacity-market awards matched by licence. Our arithmetic. Contract status under CRU/2025236 vs CRU/21/124 is unchecked for non-operating campuses; operating campuses are assumed to be existing connections.", "Renewables need at 80% assumes the stated demand runs all year (an upper bound) or uses the 2025 EPA grid draw (operating sites). 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"yoyPct": 54.6, "sharePct": 0.2, "serversEur": 13435456, "serversSharePct": 0.0 } ], "caveats": [ "Customs records goods crossing a border, not hardware installed in a data centre.", "The Netherlands is the EU's main port of entry (Rotterdam, Schiphol): much of its extra-EU imports is dispatched on to other member states, which then record it as intra-EU arrivals. Extra-EU imports by member state show where kit enters the EU, not where it ends up; net arrivals (all arrivals minus exports and dispatches) is the better guide to what stays.", "EU-27 totals use extra-EU imports only, so kit moving between member states is not double counted.", "GPUs have no HS code of their own: complete GPU servers fall under 847150; accelerator boards and modules under 847330 or 847180. Any 'AI' reading is inference.", "Chips (8542 31/32) are dominated by electronics manufacturing, not data centres, so they sit outside the compute-kit total.", "Confidential cells and intra-EU trade below the Intrastat threshold are missing; the latest months are revised.", "Origin is the country of origin declared on import for extra-EU trade; it is the factory country, often Taiwan, China or Mexico, not the brand's home." ] }, "eu_power_prices": { "title": "Electricity prices for data centres in Europe", "asOf": "2026-10-09", "fetched": "2026-10-11", "source": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205 - https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en; Ember European wholesale prices (CC-BY-4.0) - https://ember-energy.org/data/european-wholesale-electricity-price-data/; US EIA Electric Power Monthly table 5.3 - https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_5_03", "sourceUrl": 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101.6, "PL": 143.99, "IT": 224.49, "UK": 219.28 }, { "month": "2022-02", "IE": 172.98, "DE": 129.86, "FR": 185.65, "NL": 168.29, "ES": 200.31, "SE": 65.08, "NO": 84.5, "PL": 116.81, "IT": 211.76, "UK": 193.98 }, { "month": "2022-03", "IE": 292.69, "DE": 252.07, "FR": 295.17, "NL": 261.03, "ES": 283.19, "SE": 108.74, "NO": 131.92, "PL": 141.33, "IT": 307.97, "UK": 297.45 }, { "month": "2022-04", "IE": 222.54, "DE": 168.78, "FR": 232.92, "NL": 195.31, "ES": 191.52, "SE": 83.77, "NO": 127.8, "PL": 124.27, "IT": 245.79, "UK": 211.27 }, { "month": "2022-05", "IE": 141.41, "DE": 177.04, "FR": 197.46, "NL": 181.4, "ES": 187.16, "SE": 95.76, "NO": 107.34, "PL": 140.64, "IT": 230.04, "UK": 148.13 }, { "month": "2022-06", "IE": 180.39, "DE": 218.17, "FR": 248.73, "NL": 210.7, "ES": 169.43, "SE": 114.26, "NO": 105.17, "PL": 185.27, "IT": 271.67, "UK": 187.08 }, { "month": "2022-07", "IE": 267.21, "DE": 317.03, "FR": 400.95, "NL": 306.86, "ES": 142.68, "SE": 74.92, "NO": 129.21, "PL": 220.08, "IT": 441.77, "UK": 286.35 }, { "month": "2022-08", "IE": 383.32, "DE": 463.59, "FR": 493.08, "NL": 447.25, "ES": 154.99, "SE": 189.0, "NO": 245.94, "PL": 268.88, "IT": 543.55, "UK": 438.03 }, { "month": "2022-09", "IE": 292.98, "DE": 352.81, "FR": 393.39, "NL": 340.89, "ES": 140.92, "SE": 189.94, "NO": 236.96, "PL": 175.5, "IT": 429.25, "UK": 309.95 }, { "month": "2022-10", "IE": 133.04, "DE": 155.3, "FR": 178.89, "NL": 155.51, "ES": 127.22, "SE": 69.04, "NO": 89.01, "PL": 134.12, "IT": 211.16, "UK": 136.05 }, { "month": "2022-11", "IE": 137.04, "DE": 173.2, "FR": 192.16, "NL": 179.48, "ES": 115.57, "SE": 119.37, "NO": 88.73, "PL": 170.95, "IT": 224.79, "UK": 159.8 }, { "month": "2022-12", "IE": 279.75, "DE": 250.71, "FR": 270.49, "NL": 258.49, "ES": 96.75, "SE": 235.2, "NO": 217.45, "PL": 173.55, "IT": 294.82, "UK": 287.79 }, { "month": "2023-01", "IE": 163.69, "DE": 117.22, "FR": 132.33, "NL": 126.13, "ES": 69.73, "SE": 80.98, "NO": 97.32, "PL": 132.59, "IT": 174.44, "UK": 149.67 }, { "month": "2023-02", "IE": 156.59, "DE": 127.81, "FR": 148.78, "NL": 134.91, "ES": 133.49, "SE": 71.69, "NO": 80.78, "PL": 136.85, "IT": 161.03, "UK": 153.37 }, { "month": "2023-03", "IE": 147.19, "DE": 101.23, "FR": 111.82, "NL": 104.44, "ES": 89.58, "SE": 69.32, "NO": 82.51, "PL": 120.43, "IT": 136.31, "UK": 129.99 }, { "month": "2023-04", "IE": 126.3, "DE": 102.14, "FR": 106.47, "NL": 98.71, "ES": 73.82, "SE": 60.96, "NO": 79.45, "PL": 122.03, "IT": 134.9, "UK": 116.08 }, { "month": "2023-05", "IE": 105.66, "DE": 82.03, "FR": 77.48, "NL": 77.88, "ES": 74.17, "SE": 37.38, "NO": 51.42, "PL": 105.67, "IT": 105.65, "UK": 92.6 }, { "month": "2023-06", "IE": 116.9, "DE": 93.9, "FR": 91.28, "NL": 92.04, "ES": 93.05, "SE": 52.3, "NO": 52.19, "PL": 118.3, "IT": 105.39, "UK": 98.14 }, { "month": "2023-07", "IE": 141.99, "DE": 78.12, "FR": 77.62, "NL": 71.69, "ES": 90.46, "SE": 32.72, "NO": 36.47, "PL": 115.73, "IT": 112.08, "UK": 81.69 }, { "month": "2023-08", "IE": 108.95, "DE": 94.35, "FR": 90.96, "NL": 91.42, "ES": 96.09, "SE": 30.77, "NO": 30.16, "PL": 107.06, "IT": 111.93, "UK": 95.75 }, { "month": "2023-09", "IE": 111.9, "DE": 100.81, "FR": 88.71, "NL": 98.7, "ES": 103.36, "SE": 22.1, "NO": 17.35, "PL": 109.83, "IT": 115.69, "UK": 96.07 }, { "month": "2023-10", "IE": 125.04, "DE": 87.1, "FR": 84.2, "NL": 90.19, "ES": 89.84, "SE": 26.11, "NO": 30.12, "PL": 95.38, "IT": 134.2, "UK": 94.51 }, { "month": "2023-11", "IE": 122.74, "DE": 90.9, "FR": 89.02, "NL": 94.46, "ES": 63.57, "SE": 68.36, "NO": 76.64, "PL": 98.43, "IT": 121.74, "UK": 108.76 }, { "month": "2023-12", "IE": 91.22, "DE": 69.08, "FR": 68.33, "NL": 73.04, "ES": 72.12, "SE": 69.32, "NO": 74.71, "PL": 80.08, "IT": 115.45, "UK": 80.51 }, { "month": "2024-01", "IE": 99.68, "DE": 76.23, "FR": 76.66, "NL": 78.43, "ES": 74.11, "SE": 68.66, "NO": 69.57, "PL": 93.48, "IT": 99.14, "UK": 83.96 }, { "month": "2024-02", "IE": 84.84, "DE": 61.23, "FR": 58.39, "NL": 63.91, "ES": 39.9, "SE": 44.54, "NO": 52.68, "PL": 75.97, "IT": 87.6, "UK": 69.52 }, { "month": "2024-03", "IE": 86.38, "DE": 63.18, "FR": 53.54, "NL": 63.38, "ES": 20.28, "SE": 52.75, "NO": 56.17, "PL": 75.36, "IT": 88.85, "UK": 72.07 }, { "month": "2024-04", "IE": 87.99, "DE": 61.96, "FR": 28.23, "NL": 58.42, "ES": 13.77, "SE": 48.47, "NO": 49.96, "PL": 80.88, "IT": 86.76, "UK": 62.45 }, { "month": "2024-05", "IE": 107.58, "DE": 67.53, "FR": 27.06, "NL": 65.7, "ES": 30.32, "SE": 23.14, "NO": 29.74, "PL": 85.63, "IT": 94.94, "UK": 84.72 }, { "month": "2024-06", "IE": 108.1, "DE": 72.88, "FR": 37.78, "NL": 68.06, "ES": 56.26, "SE": 28.91, "NO": 32.01, "PL": 105.53, "IT": 103.18, "UK": 84.27 }, { "month": "2024-07", "IE": 108.29, "DE": 68.4, "FR": 46.57, "NL": 65.04, "ES": 72.43, "SE": 21.19, "NO": 27.2, "PL": 109.01, "IT": 112.38, "UK": 82.56 }, { "month": "2024-08", "IE": 102.42, "DE": 81.76, "FR": 54.56, "NL": 77.1, "ES": 91.1, "SE": 12.95, "NO": 19.05, "PL": 100.12, "IT": 128.51, "UK": 70.75 }, { "month": "2024-09", "IE": 113.12, "DE": 78.55, "FR": 51.61, "NL": 77.62, "ES": 72.54, "SE": 15.53, "NO": 21.17, "PL": 94.99, "IT": 117.08, "UK": 91.52 }, { "month": "2024-10", "IE": 124.14, "DE": 83.98, "FR": 62.25, "NL": 87.8, "ES": 68.49, "SE": 19.72, "NO": 28.26, "PL": 103.16, "IT": 116.72, "UK": 100.32 }, { "month": "2024-11", "IE": 146.87, "DE": 111.61, "FR": 100.55, "NL": 113.47, "ES": 104.48, "SE": 53.04, "NO": 36.53, "PL": 120.78, "IT": 130.93, "UK": 117.07 }, { "month": "2024-12", "IE": 138.26, "DE": 105.65, "FR": 98.12, "NL": 107.94, "ES": 111.25, "SE": 44.56, "NO": 41.64, "PL": 109.36, "IT": 135.04, "UK": 109.25 }, { "month": "2025-01", "IE": 163.65, "DE": 114.19, "FR": 102.44, "NL": 116.82, "ES": 96.69, "SE": 50.3, "NO": 47.87, "PL": 114.23, "IT": 138.68, "UK": 141.29 }, { "month": "2025-02", "IE": 140.35, "DE": 129.35, "FR": 122.63, "NL": 125.81, "ES": 108.26, "SE": 61.45, "NO": 60.75, "PL": 133.81, "IT": 142.33, "UK": 127.54 }, { "month": "2025-03", "IE": 129.07, "DE": 94.06, "FR": 76.84, "NL": 91.69, "ES": 53.1, "SE": 40.86, "NO": 34.51, "PL": 99.26, "IT": 127.39, "UK": 106.14 }, { "month": "2025-04", "IE": 110.42, "DE": 77.4, "FR": 42.05, "NL": 74.83, "ES": 26.65, "SE": 33.0, "NO": 34.35, "PL": 85.96, "IT": 117.09, "UK": 91.73 }, { "month": "2025-05", "IE": 112.12, "DE": 66.74, "FR": 19.44, "NL": 64.21, "ES": 16.99, "SE": 36.68, "NO": 41.06, "PL": 94.04, "IT": 114.36, "UK": 82.11 }, { "month": "2025-06", "IE": 93.83, "DE": 64.14, "FR": 40.9, "NL": 67.7, "ES": 72.81, "SE": 19.83, "NO": 38.95, "PL": 81.52, "IT": 123.04, "UK": 79.04 }, { "month": "2025-07", "IE": 99.94, "DE": 87.55, "FR": 57.96, "NL": 87.53, "ES": 69.94, "SE": 30.23, "NO": 38.41, "PL": 102.43, "IT": 123.69, "UK": 91.63 }, { "month": "2025-08", "IE": 99.28, "DE": 77.8, "FR": 54.25, "NL": 74.52, "ES": 68.25, "SE": 42.34, "NO": 41.68, "PL": 89.54, "IT": 121.54, "UK": 82.52 }, { "month": "2025-09", "IE": 91.78, "DE": 84.28, "FR": 57.24, "NL": 83.75, "ES": 79.69, "SE": 42.1, "NO": 38.07, "PL": 100.62, "IT": 109.1, "UK": 76.92 }, { "month": "2025-10", "IE": 101.42, "DE": 84.49, "FR": 57.36, "NL": 82.29, "ES": 75.63, "SE": 49.96, "NO": 40.3, "PL": 104.95, "IT": 111.42, "UK": 78.28 }, { "month": "2025-11", "IE": 120.72, "DE": 102.99, "FR": 59.21, "NL": 93.78, "ES": 58.71, "SE": 58.84, "NO": 64.73, "PL": 124.05, "IT": 117.03, "UK": 88.28 }, { "month": "2025-12", "IE": 108.31, "DE": 93.67, "FR": 68.67, "NL": 87.67, "ES": 77.93, "SE": 45.81, "NO": 58.86, "PL": 116.52, "IT": 115.48, "UK": 86.19 }, { "month": "2026-01", "IE": 126.37, "DE": 109.73, "FR": 101.29, "NL": 107.14, "ES": 71.34, "SE": 99.13, "NO": 101.08, "PL": 142.95, "IT": 132.58, "UK": 107.83 }, { "month": "2026-02", "IE": 109.6, "DE": 96.69, "FR": 46.95, "NL": 96.08, "ES": 16.43, "SE": 102.14, "NO": 103.18, "PL": 115.68, "IT": 114.23, "UK": 92.43 }, { "month": "2026-03", "IE": 129.92, "DE": 99.44, "FR": 64.07, "NL": 98.98, "ES": 41.68, "SE": 51.59, "NO": 85.95, "PL": 104.76, "IT": 143.44, "UK": 106.55 }, { "month": "2026-04", "IE": 132.27, "DE": 80.53, "FR": 39.47, "NL": 84.39, "ES": 42.6, "SE": 49.07, "NO": 85.51, "PL": 82.89, "IT": 120.13, "UK": 95.47 }, { "month": "2026-05", "IE": 144.98, "DE": 95.56, "FR": 52.16, "NL": 94.85, "ES": 54.05, "SE": 69.5, "NO": 84.67, "PL": 101.81, "IT": 120.05, "UK": 120.9 }, { "month": "2026-06", "IE": 135.69, "DE": 111.13, "FR": 66.25, "NL": 107.02, "ES": 69.58, "SE": 68.37, "NO": 67.12, "PL": 114.52, "IT": 132.27, "UK": 115.23 }, { "month": "2026-07", "IE": 155.29, "DE": 106.79, "FR": 96.61, "NL": 106.85, "ES": 104.79, "SE": 45.88, "NO": 92.22, "PL": 112.99, "IT": 156.77, "UK": 125.37 }, { "month": "2026-08", "IE": 172.36, "DE": 126.14, "FR": 125.66, "NL": 127.53, "ES": 119.03, "SE": 57.26, "NO": 114.43, "PL": 134.38, "IT": 180.09, "UK": 149.45 }, { "month": "2026-09", "IE": 183.68, "DE": 145.4, "FR": 143.26, "NL": 152.18, "ES": 143.23, "SE": 75.39, "NO": 119.93, "PL": 149.87, "IT": 207.28, "UK": 156.23 } ] }, "wedge": [ { "geo": "IE", "name": "Ireland", "year": 2025, "retailEurMWh": 175.9, "wholesaleEurMWh": 114.2, "nonEnergyEurMWh": 61.7 }, { "geo": "PL", "name": "Poland", "year": 2025, "retailEurMWh": 171.2, "wholesaleEurMWh": 103.9, "nonEnergyEurMWh": 67.2 }, { "geo": "HU", "name": "Hungary", "year": 2025, "retailEurMWh": 158.8, "wholesaleEurMWh": 108.6, "nonEnergyEurMWh": 50.2 }, { "geo": "AT", "name": "Austria", "year": 2025, "retailEurMWh": 141.6, "wholesaleEurMWh": 99.3, "nonEnergyEurMWh": 42.3 }, { "geo": "SK", "name": "Slovakia", "year": 2025, "retailEurMWh": 141.5, "wholesaleEurMWh": 102.8, "nonEnergyEurMWh": 38.7 }, { "geo": "DE", "name": "Germany", "year": 2025, "retailEurMWh": 132.2, "wholesaleEurMWh": 89.7, "nonEnergyEurMWh": 42.5 }, { "geo": "RO", "name": "Romania", "year": 2025, "retailEurMWh": 131.3, "wholesaleEurMWh": 108.5, "nonEnergyEurMWh": 22.8 }, { "geo": "EL", "name": "Greece", "year": 2025, "retailEurMWh": 123.1, "wholesaleEurMWh": 104.1, "nonEnergyEurMWh": 19.0 }, { "geo": "IT", "name": "Italy", "year": 2025, "retailEurMWh": 118.8, "wholesaleEurMWh": 121.8, "nonEnergyEurMWh": -3.0 }, { "geo": "DK", "name": "Denmark", "year": 2025, "retailEurMWh": 114.2, "wholesaleEurMWh": 82.5, "nonEnergyEurMWh": 31.8 }, { "geo": "BG", "name": "Bulgaria", "year": 2025, "retailEurMWh": 108.5, "wholesaleEurMWh": 107.3, "nonEnergyEurMWh": 1.2 }, { "geo": "NL", "name": "Netherlands", "year": 2025, "retailEurMWh": 100.7, "wholesaleEurMWh": 87.5, "nonEnergyEurMWh": 13.2 }, { "geo": "BE", "name": "Belgium", "year": 2025, "retailEurMWh": 95.1, "wholesaleEurMWh": 83.8, "nonEnergyEurMWh": 11.3 }, { "geo": "PT", "name": "Portugal", "year": 2025, "retailEurMWh": 93.9, "wholesaleEurMWh": 68.1, "nonEnergyEurMWh": 25.8 }, { "geo": "ES", "name": "Spain", "year": 2025, "retailEurMWh": 90.8, "wholesaleEurMWh": 67.1, "nonEnergyEurMWh": 23.7 }, { "geo": "FR", "name": "France", "year": 2025, "retailEurMWh": 65.4, "wholesaleEurMWh": 63.2, "nonEnergyEurMWh": 2.2 }, { "geo": "SE", "name": "Sweden", "year": 2025, "retailEurMWh": 60.5, "wholesaleEurMWh": 42.6, "nonEnergyEurMWh": 17.9 }, { "geo": "NO", "name": "Norway", "year": 2025, "retailEurMWh": 40.1, "wholesaleEurMWh": 45.0, "nonEnergyEurMWh": -4.9 } ], "us": [ { "year": 2018, "usdPerKWh": 0.0692, "usdPerEur": 1.1815, "eurPerKWh": 0.0586, "euIG": 0.0633, "ieIG": 0.0862, "ieVsUs": 1.47, "euVsUs": 1.08 }, { "year": 2019, "usdPerKWh": 0.0681, "usdPerEur": 1.1196, "eurPerKWh": 0.0608, "euIG": 0.0643, "ieIG": 0.0834, "ieVsUs": 1.37, "euVsUs": 1.06 }, { "year": 2020, "usdPerKWh": 0.0667, "usdPerEur": 1.1413, "eurPerKWh": 0.0584, "euIG": 0.0606, "ieIG": 0.0794, "ieVsUs": 1.36, "euVsUs": 1.04 }, { "year": 2021, "usdPerKWh": 0.0718, "usdPerEur": 1.1835, "eurPerKWh": 0.0607, "euIG": 0.0924, "ieIG": 0.1402, "ieVsUs": 2.31, "euVsUs": 1.52 }, { "year": 2022, "usdPerKWh": 0.0832, "usdPerEur": 1.0539, "eurPerKWh": 0.0789, "euIG": 0.1789, "ieIG": 0.2594, "ieVsUs": 3.29, "euVsUs": 2.27 }, { "year": 2023, "usdPerKWh": 0.0804, "usdPerEur": 1.0816, "eurPerKWh": 0.0743, "euIG": 0.1384, "ieIG": 0.1953, "ieVsUs": 2.63, "euVsUs": 1.86 }, { "year": 2024, "usdPerKWh": 0.0813, "usdPerEur": 1.0821, "eurPerKWh": 0.0751, "euIG": 0.1127, "ieIG": 0.1696, "ieVsUs": 2.26, "euVsUs": 1.5 }, { "year": 2025, "usdPerKWh": 0.0862, "usdPerEur": 1.1293, "eurPerKWh": 0.0763, "euIG": 0.1113, "ieIG": 0.1759, "ieVsUs": 2.31, "euVsUs": 1.46 } ], "semianalysis": { "title": "AI Datacenter Energy Dilemma - Race for AI Datacenter Space", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/ai-datacenter-energy-dilemma-race", "date": "2024-03-13", "cited2022UsdPerKWh": { "IE": 0.211, "UK": 0.235, "EU": 0.18 }, "usdPerEur2022": 1.0539, "eurostat2022UsdPerKWh": { "IE": 0.2734, "EU": 0.1885 }, "eurostatLatestUsdPerKWh": { "IE": 0.1798, "EU": 0.1238 }, "eiaIndustrial2022UsdPerKWh": 0.0832 }, "licence": "Eurostat: reuse with acknowledgement; Ember: CC-BY-4.0; EIA: US public domain", "caveats": [ "Eurostat band IG covers consumers using 150 GWh a year or more (a flat load of about 17 MW or bigger); band IF is 70-150 GWh. Rows marked IF have no reportable IG value.", "Prices exclude VAT and other recoverable taxes and levies; they include network charges and non-recoverable levies. They are averages reported by national statistics offices; individual contracts and PPAs vary.", "Some countries have no consumers in band IG, or keep the value confidential; those show as band IF or are absent.", "The 2026-S1 half-year is published for only some countries and has no EU-27 average yet, so the ranking uses 2025-S2.", "Wholesale is Ember's monthly day-ahead average, averaged across months (close to a flat 24/7 load's price). Ember data CC-BY-4.0.", "The US figure is EIA's average for all industrial customers (revenue / sales), not a size band, and many US data centres are billed as commercial customers; treat it as an order-of-magnitude benchmark." ] }, "eu_chips": { "title": "EU Chips Act ledger: aid, fabs and delivery", "source": "Hand-compiled from Commission state-aid decisions, company releases and trade press (research/datasets/eu_chips.json)", "sourceUrls": [ "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-chips-act", "https://competition-policy.ec.europa.eu/state-aid/cases-search-user-guide_en" ], "asOf": "2026-10-11", "rows": [ { "id": "st-catania-sic-substrate", "project": "SiC substrate plant", "company": "STMicroelectronics", "site": "Catania", "country": "IT", "category": "first-of-a-kind aid", "technology": "SiC wafers and epiwafers (substrate)", "saCase": "SA.103083", "aidEurM": 292.5, "investmentEurM": 730, "aidApproved": "2022-10-05", "announced": "2022-10", "targetProduction": "completion planned 2026", "status": "announced", "statusNote": "Aid approved 5 Oct 2022 (paid from the Recovery and Resilience Facility); project due to complete in 2026. Unchecked: no 2026 evidence found on whether it is operating.", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_5970", "sourceDate": "2022-10-05", "sources": [ { "label": "Commission press release IP/22/5970", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_5970", "date": "2022-10-05" }, { "label": "Commission Chips Act page, list of 18 first-of-a-kind decisions (updated 11 Sep 2026)", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-chips-act", "date": "2026-09-11" } ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": true }, { "id": "st-gf-crolles", "project": "Crolles 300mm FD-SOI fab", "company": "STMicroelectronics and GlobalFoundries", "site": "Crolles", "country": "FR", "category": "first-of-a-kind aid", "technology": "300mm FD-SOI", "saCase": "SA.102430", "aidEurM": 2900, "investmentEurM": 7500, "aidApproved": "2023-04-28", "announced": "2022-07", "targetProduction": "full capacity by 2027 (original plan)", "status": "paused", "statusNote": "eeNews (21 Jan 2025) reported the two companies had shelved the \u20ac7.5bn joint fab, with revival 'uncertain'; DIGITIMES (29 Jan 2026) still described it as under scrutiny. The Commission release gives no aid amount; \u20ac2.9bn is the French state figure reported by eeNews. Unchecked: aid amount and the 2022-07 announcement date; no official pause statement found.", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_2447", "sourceDate": "2023-04-28", "sources": [ { "label": "Commission press release IP/23/2447", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_2447", "date": "2023-04-28" }, { "label": "eeNews Europe: ST, GloFo suspend plan for joint wafer fab, say reports", "url": "https://www.eenewseurope.com/en/st-glofo-suspend-plan-for-joint-wafer-fab-say-reports", "date": "2025-01-21" }, { "label": "DIGITIMES (paywalled summary): GF and ST joint 12-inch fab under fresh scrutiny", "url": "https://www.digitimes.com/news/a20260129PD225.html", "date": "2026-01-29" }, { "label": "Commission Chips Act page, list of 18 first-of-a-kind decisions (updated 11 Sep 2026)", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-chips-act", "date": "2026-09-11" } ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": true, "aidNote": "Aid amount not in the Commission release; \u20ac2.9bn is the French state figure reported by eeNews." }, { "id": "st-catania-sic-campus", "project": "Silicon Carbide Campus", "company": "STMicroelectronics", "site": "Catania", "country": "IT", "category": "first-of-a-kind aid", "technology": "200mm SiC power devices and modules (integrated substrate-to-module)", "saCase": "SA.107594", "aidEurM": 2000, "investmentEurM": 5000, "aidApproved": "2024-05-31", "announced": "2024-05", "targetProduction": "start 2026 (original plan); full capacity 2032", "status": "under construction", "statusNote": "Aid of about \u20ac2bn approved 31 May 2024; full capacity planned for 2032. Unchecked: construction status and 2026 start; a union analysis (USB, undated) says ST has pushed back the volume target by two years.", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_24_2994", "sourceDate": "2024-05-31", "sources": [ { "label": "Commission press release IP/24/2994", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_24_2994", "date": "2024-05-31" }, { "label": "USB union analysis of ST industrial plan 2024-2034 (undated)", "url": "https://www.usb.it/leggi-notizia/piano-industriale-stmicroelectronics-2024-2034-promesse-ridimensionate-e-futuro-incerto-a-catania-1044.pdf", "date": null }, { "label": "Commission Chips Act page, list of 18 first-of-a-kind decisions (updated 11 Sep 2026)", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-chips-act", "date": "2026-09-11" } ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": true }, { "id": "esmc-dresden", "project": "ESMC Dresden fab", "company": "ESMC (TSMC 70%, Bosch, Infineon, NXP 10% each)", "site": "Dresden", "country": "DE", "category": "first-of-a-kind aid", "technology": "300mm logic, 28/22nm planar CMOS and 16/12nm FinFET", "saCase": "SA.107553", "aidEurM": 5000, "investmentEurM": 10000, "aidApproved": "2024-08-20", "announced": "2023-08", "targetProduction": "production by end-2027 reported earlier; at topping-out the first process tools were due in H2 2027", "status": "under construction", "statusNote": "Topped out 14 Sep 2026, 25 months after groundbreaking, on plan and within budget; first process tools due in H2 2027 (Focus Taiwan, 15 Sep 2026, re-read 11 Oct 2026). No production date was restated at topping-out. The Commission lists investment as more than \u20ac10bn.", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_24_4287", "sourceDate": "2024-08-20", "sources": [ { "label": "Commission press release IP/24/4287", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_24_4287", "date": "2024-08-20" }, { "label": "Focus Taiwan: TSMC Dresden plant tops out", "url": "https://focustaiwan.tw/business/202609150007", "date": "2026-09-15" }, { "label": "Commission Chips Act page, list of 18 first-of-a-kind decisions (updated 11 Sep 2026)", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-chips-act", "date": "2026-09-11" } ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false }, { "id": "silicon-box-novara", "project": "Novara advanced packaging plant", "company": "Silicon Box", "site": "Novara", "country": "IT", "category": "first-of-a-kind aid", "technology": "panel-level advanced packaging and test, 3D integration", "saCase": "SA.113264", "aidEurM": 1300, "investmentEurM": 3200, "aidApproved": "2024-12-18", "announced": "2024-07", "targetProduction": "initial production Q1 2028 (company); full capacity 2033", "status": "announced", "statusNote": "Aid of about \u20ac1.3bn approved 18 Dec 2024. Il Foglio (9 Sep 2025) reported that construction could start later than planned. Unchecked: no 2026 evidence found of a groundbreaking; the 2024-07 announcement month is not confirmed.", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_24_6436", "sourceDate": "2024-12-18", "sources": [ { "label": "Commission press release IP/24/6436", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_24_6436", "date": "2024-12-18" }, { "label": "Il Foglio: the uncertain future of Silicon Box in Novara", "url": "https://ilfoglio.it/economia/2025/09/09/news/il-futuro-incerto-di-silicon-box-a-novara-e-un-test-sullattrattivita-italiana--120194", "date": "2025-09-09" }, { "label": "Commission Chips Act page, list of 18 first-of-a-kind decisions (updated 11 Sep 2026)", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-chips-act", "date": "2026-09-11" } ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": true }, { "id": "infineon-dresden-megafab", "project": "Smart Power Fab (MEGAFAB-DD)", "company": "Infineon", "site": "Dresden", "country": "DE", "category": "first-of-a-kind aid", "technology": "300mm power discretes and analog/mixed-signal", "saCase": "SA.106117", "aidEurM": 920, "investmentEurM": 3540, "aidApproved": "2025-02-20", "announced": "2022-11", "targetProduction": "opened Jul 2026; full capacity 2031", "status": "operating", "statusNote": "Opened 2 Jul 2026, months ahead of plan (Infineon via electrive, 3 Jul 2026). Infineon puts the total at \u20ac5bn; the Commission lists \u20ac3.54bn as the eligible investment. Groundbreaking was May 2023.", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_25_557", "sourceDate": "2025-02-20", "sources": [ { "label": "Commission press release IP/25/557", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_25_557", "date": "2025-02-20" }, { "label": "electrive: Infineon opens new Smart Power Fab in Dresden", "url": "https://electrive.com/2026/07/03/infineon-opens-new-smart-power-fab-in-dresden/", "date": "2026-07-03" }, { "label": "Commission Chips Act page, list of 18 first-of-a-kind decisions (updated 11 Sep 2026)", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-chips-act", "date": "2026-09-11" } ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false }, { "id": "ams-osram-premstaetten", "project": "Premst\u00e4tten integrated wafer fab", "company": "ams OSRAM", "site": "Premst\u00e4tten", "country": "AT", "category": "first-of-a-kind aid", "technology": "CMOS with through-silicon vias and optical filters (automotive Grade 0 sensors)", "saCase": "SA.113428", "aidEurM": 227, "investmentEurM": 567, "aidApproved": "2025-02-24", "announced": null, "targetProduction": "full capacity 2030", "status": "announced", "statusNote": "Aid of about \u20ac227m approved 24 Feb 2025 (release dated 25 Feb). Unchecked: construction status.", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_25_589", "sourceDate": "2025-02-25", "sources": [ { "label": "Commission press release IP/25/589", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_25_589", "date": "2025-02-25" }, { "label": "Commission Chips Act page, list of 18 first-of-a-kind decisions (updated 11 Sep 2026)", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-chips-act", "date": "2026-09-11" } ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": true }, { "id": "ephos-milan", "project": "Glass photonic chip plant", "company": "Ephos", "site": "Milan area", "country": "IT", "category": "first-of-a-kind aid", "technology": "glass-based photonic integrated circuits", "saCase": "SA.117987", "aidEurM": 41.5, "investmentEurM": null, "aidApproved": "2025-07-25", "announced": null, "targetProduction": null, "status": "announced", "statusNote": "Grant of \u20ac41.5m approved 25 Jul 2025 (Commission midday express). Unchecked: total investment is not stated, and construction status is unknown.", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/mex_25_1910", "sourceDate": "2025-07-25", "sources": [ { "label": "Commission midday express MEX/25/1910", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/mex_25_1910", "date": "2025-07-25" }, { "label": "Commission Chips Act page, list of 18 first-of-a-kind decisions (updated 11 Sep 2026)", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-chips-act", "date": "2026-09-11" } ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": true }, { "id": "onsemi-roznov", "project": "Ro\u017enov integrated SiC fab", "company": "onsemi", "site": "Ro\u017enov pod Radho\u0161t\u011bm", "country": "CZ", "category": "first-of-a-kind aid", "technology": "SiC power devices (crystal growth to finished devices)", "saCase": "SA.117291", "aidEurM": 450, "investmentEurM": 1640, "aidApproved": "2025-11-21", "announced": "2024-06", "targetProduction": "commercial operation by 2027", "status": "announced", "statusNote": "Aid of about \u20ac450m (CZK 12bn) approved 21 Nov 2025. Unchecked: no 2026 construction update found.", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_25_2757", "sourceDate": "2025-11-21", "sources": [ { "label": "Commission press release IP/25/2757", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_25_2757", "date": "2025-11-21" }, { "label": "DCD: EU approves \u20ac450m subsidy for onsemi's Czech SiC factory", "url": "https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/eu-approves-450m-subsidy-for-onsemis-czech-republic-silicon-carbide-factory/", "date": "2025-11" }, { "label": "Commission Chips Act page, list of 18 first-of-a-kind decisions (updated 11 Sep 2026)", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-chips-act", "date": "2026-09-11" } ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": true }, { "id": "globalfoundries-dresden-sprint", "project": "SPRINT capacity expansion", "company": "GlobalFoundries", "site": "Dresden", "country": "DE", "category": "first-of-a-kind aid", "technology": "300mm FD-SOI and BCD, dual-use (aerospace, defence, critical infrastructure)", "saCase": "SA.118843", "aidEurM": 495, "investmentEurM": 1100, "aidApproved": "2025-12-11", "announced": "2025-06", "targetProduction": "over 1m wafers/yr at the site by end-2028", "status": "announced", "statusNote": "Aid of \u20ac495m approved 11 Dec 2025, not Jan 2026 as some reports say. \u20ac1.1bn is the company's announced investment as reported (evertiq, 16 Dec 2025); the Commission gives no investment figure. Unchecked: construction status.", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_25_3020", "sourceDate": "2025-12-11", "sources": [ { "label": "Commission press release IP/25/3020", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_25_3020", "date": "2025-12-11" }, { "label": "evertiq: EU approves \u20ac623 million German aid for two chip fabs", "url": "https://evertiq.com/design/2025-12-16-eu-approves-623-million-german-aid-for-two-chip-fabs", "date": "2025-12-16" }, { "label": "Commission Chips Act page, list of 18 first-of-a-kind decisions (updated 11 Sep 2026)", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-chips-act", "date": "2026-09-11" } ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": true }, { "id": "xfab-erfurt-fab4micro", "project": "Fab4Micro open foundry", "company": "X-FAB", "site": "Erfurt", "country": "DE", "category": "first-of-a-kind aid", "technology": "MEMS with advanced packaging and integration", "saCase": "SA.119086", "aidEurM": 128, "investmentEurM": null, "aidApproved": "2025-12-11", "announced": null, "targetProduction": "commercial operation by 2029", "status": "announced", "statusNote": "Aid of \u20ac128m approved 11 Dec 2025. Unchecked: total investment is not stated, and construction status is unknown.", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_25_3020", "sourceDate": "2025-12-11", "sources": [ { "label": "Commission press release IP/25/3020", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_25_3020", "date": "2025-12-11" }, { "label": "Commission Chips Act page, list of 18 first-of-a-kind decisions (updated 11 Sep 2026)", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-chips-act", "date": "2026-09-11" } ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": true }, { "id": "zeiss-oberkochen-hna", "project": "HNA@SCALE EUV optics", "company": "Carl Zeiss", "site": "Oberkochen", "country": "DE", "category": "first-of-a-kind aid", "technology": "EUV optical columns for ASML lithography (High-NA)", "saCase": "SA.119615", "aidEurM": 222, "investmentEurM": null, "aidApproved": "2026-05-20", "announced": null, "targetProduction": null, "status": "announced", "statusNote": "Grant of \u20ac222m approved May 2026 (release IP/26/1095, published 20 May 2026). The Commission calls it the 12th or 13th decision. Unchecked: total investment and timeline are not stated.", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_26_1095", "sourceDate": "2026-05-20", "sources": [ { "label": "Commission press release IP/26/1095", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_26_1095", "date": "2026-05-20" }, { "label": "Concurrences: EU approves \u20ac288m German aid for two first-of-a-kind facilities", "url": "https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2026/the-eu-commission-approves-eur288m-in-german-state-aid-for-2-first-of-a-kind", "date": "2026-05" }, { "label": "Commission Chips Act page, list of 18 first-of-a-kind decisions (updated 11 Sep 2026)", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-chips-act", "date": "2026-09-11" } ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": true }, { "id": "zadient-bitterfeld", "project": "SiC-Pro SiC source material", "company": "Zadient Materials Europe", "site": "Bitterfeld", "country": "DE", "category": "first-of-a-kind aid", "technology": "ultra-pure SiC source granulate with gas recycling", "saCase": "SA.119616", "aidEurM": 66, "investmentEurM": null, "aidApproved": "2026-05-20", "announced": null, "targetProduction": null, "status": "announced", "statusNote": "Grant of \u20ac66m approved May 2026 (IP/26/1095, 20 May 2026). Unchecked: total investment and timeline are not stated.", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_26_1095", "sourceDate": "2026-05-20", "sources": [ { "label": "Commission press release IP/26/1095", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_26_1095", "date": "2026-05-20" }, { "label": "Commission Chips Act page, list of 18 first-of-a-kind decisions (updated 11 Sep 2026)", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-chips-act", "date": "2026-09-11" } ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": true }, { "id": "quantumdiamonds-munich", "project": "Quantum-sensor chip metrology", "company": "QuantumDiamonds", "site": "Munich", "country": "DE", "category": "first-of-a-kind aid", "technology": "quantum-sensor metrology and inspection tools for chips", "saCase": "SA.120180", "aidEurM": 76, "investmentEurM": null, "aidApproved": "2026-06-23", "announced": null, "targetProduction": null, "status": "announced", "statusNote": "Grant of \u20ac76m approved 23 Jun 2026 (IP/26/1393), the 14th decision. Unchecked: total investment and timeline are not stated.", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_26_1393", "sourceDate": "2026-06-23", "sources": [ { "label": "Commission press release IP/26/1393", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_26_1393", "date": "2026-06-23" }, { "label": "Commission Chips Act page, list of 18 first-of-a-kind decisions (updated 11 Sep 2026)", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-chips-act", "date": "2026-09-11" } ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": true }, { "id": "element35-baesweiler", "project": "SiCnature SiC epi-wafer factory", "company": "Element 3-5", "site": "Baesweiler", "country": "DE", "category": "first-of-a-kind aid", "technology": "SiC epitaxial wafers", "saCase": "SA.119614", "aidEurM": 353, "investmentEurM": null, "aidApproved": "2026-07-14", "announced": null, "targetProduction": null, "status": "announced", "statusNote": "Grant of \u20ac353m approved 14 Jul 2026, one of four German decisions worth \u20ac659m (the 15th to 18th). Unchecked: total investment and timeline are not stated.", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_26_1585", "sourceDate": "2026-07-14", "sources": [ { "label": "Commission press release IP/26/1585", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_26_1585", "date": "2026-07-14" }, { "label": "eeNews Europe: EU approves \u20ac659m for German semiconductor projects", "url": "https://www.eenewseurope.com/en/eu-approves-e659m-for-german-semiconductor-projects/", "date": "2026-07" }, { "label": "Commission Chips Act page, list of 18 first-of-a-kind decisions (updated 11 Sep 2026)", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-chips-act", "date": "2026-09-11" } ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": true }, { "id": "vishay-itzehoe", "project": "Itzehoe power MOSFET fab", "company": "Vishay Siliconix Itzehoe", "site": "Itzehoe", "country": "DE", "category": "first-of-a-kind aid", "technology": "N- and P-channel silicon power MOSFETs", "saCase": "SA.120818", "aidEurM": 214, "investmentEurM": null, "aidApproved": "2026-07-14", "announced": null, "targetProduction": null, "status": "announced", "statusNote": "Grant of \u20ac214m approved 14 Jul 2026. Unchecked: total investment, timeline, and whether this is a new fab or an expansion of the existing site (reports differ).", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_26_1585", "sourceDate": "2026-07-14", "sources": [ { "label": "Commission press release IP/26/1585", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_26_1585", "date": "2026-07-14" }, { "label": "Commission Chips Act page, list of 18 first-of-a-kind decisions (updated 11 Sep 2026)", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-chips-act", "date": "2026-09-11" } ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": true }, { "id": "kla-weilburg", "project": "Overlay and film metrology tool plant", "company": "KLA-Tencor MIE", "site": "Weilburg", "country": "DE", "category": "first-of-a-kind aid", "technology": "optical overlay and film metrology equipment", "saCase": "SA.121240", "aidEurM": 74.4, "investmentEurM": null, "aidApproved": "2026-07-14", "announced": null, "targetProduction": null, "status": "announced", "statusNote": "Grant of \u20ac74.4m approved 14 Jul 2026. Unchecked: total investment and timeline are not stated.", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_26_1585", "sourceDate": "2026-07-14", "sources": [ { "label": "Commission press release IP/26/1585", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_26_1585", "date": "2026-07-14" }, { "label": "Commission Chips Act page, list of 18 first-of-a-kind decisions (updated 11 Sep 2026)", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-chips-act", "date": "2026-09-11" } ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": true }, { "id": "ketek-munich", "project": "Silicon drift detector plant", "company": "KETEK", "site": "Munich", "country": "DE", "category": "first-of-a-kind aid", "technology": "silicon drift detectors and graphene radiation entry windows (X-ray)", "saCase": "SA.120179", "aidEurM": 17.9, "investmentEurM": null, "aidApproved": "2026-07-14", "announced": null, "targetProduction": null, "status": "announced", "statusNote": "Grant of \u20ac17.9m approved 14 Jul 2026. Unchecked: total investment and timeline are not stated.", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_26_1585", "sourceDate": "2026-07-14", "sources": [ { "label": "Commission press release IP/26/1585", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_26_1585", "date": "2026-07-14" }, { "label": "Commission Chips Act page, list of 18 first-of-a-kind decisions (updated 11 Sep 2026)", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-chips-act", "date": "2026-09-11" } ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": true }, { "id": "intel-magdeburg", "project": "Fab 29 megafab (Magdeburg)", "company": "Intel", "site": "Magdeburg", "country": "DE", "category": "fab (no Chips Act aid)", "technology": "leading-edge logic (Intel angstrom-era nodes)", "saCase": null, "aidEurM": null, "investmentEurM": 30000, "aidApproved": null, "announced": "2022-03", "targetProduction": null, "status": "cancelled", "statusNote": "Intel said on 24-25 Jul 2025 it would not go ahead (The Register, 25 Jul 2025), giving up about \u20ac10bn of planned German subsidy. The aid was never approved, so aidEurM is null. Unchecked: whether the aid was ever formally notified to the Commission, and the \u20ac30bn+ figure (as reported).", "source": "https://www.theregister.com/2025/07/25/intel_european_retreat/", "sourceDate": "2025-07-25", "sources": [ { "label": "The Register: Intel abandons chip plants in Germany and Poland", "url": "https://www.theregister.com/2025/07/25/intel_european_retreat/", "date": "2025-07-25" } ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": true }, { "id": "intel-wroclaw", "project": "Assembly and test plant (Mi\u0119kinia/Wroc\u0142aw)", "company": "Intel", "site": "Wroc\u0142aw", "country": "PL", "category": "fab (no Chips Act aid)", "technology": "assembly and test (back-end)", "saCase": null, "aidEurM": null, "investmentEurM": null, "aidApproved": null, "announced": "2023-06", "targetProduction": null, "status": "cancelled", "statusNote": "Cancelled with Magdeburg on 24-25 Jul 2025. The Commission gave informal consent in Sep 2024 to PLN 7.4bn (about \u20ac1.7bn) of Polish aid (Notes from Poland, 13 Sep 2024), but no formal decision was found. The investment was US$4.6bn (not converted). Unchecked: the formal decision and its SA number.", "source": "https://www.theregister.com/2025/07/25/intel_european_retreat/", "sourceDate": "2025-07-25", "sources": [ { "label": "The Register: Intel abandons chip plants in Germany and Poland", "url": "https://www.theregister.com/2025/07/25/intel_european_retreat/", "date": "2025-07-25" }, { "label": "Notes from Poland: Poland gets green light from EU for Intel factory", "url": "https://notesfrompoland.com/2024/09/13/poland-gets-green-light-from-eu-for-intel-factory/", "date": "2024-09-13" } ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": true }, { "id": "wolfspeed-ensdorf", "project": "Ensdorf 200mm SiC fab", "company": "Wolfspeed (with ZF)", "site": "Ensdorf (Saarland)", "country": "DE", "category": "fab (no Chips Act aid)", "technology": "200mm SiC power devices", "saCase": null, "aidEurM": null, "investmentEurM": 2750, "aidApproved": null, "announced": "2023-02", "targetProduction": "was 2027", "status": "cancelled", "statusNote": "Put on hold in Oct 2024 when ZF pulled out (electrive, 24 Oct 2024). Wolfspeed said it would halt development in a press release reported on 31 Oct 2025 (Rheinpfalz). The planned aid was never approved, and its amount is unchecked. \u20ac2.75bn is the reported cost.", "source": "https://www.rheinpfalz.de/wirtschaft_artikel,-chip-hersteller-schockt-das-saarland-und-seine-aktion%C3%A4re-_arid,5827087.html", "sourceDate": "2025-10-31", "sources": [ { "label": "Rheinpfalz: Wolfspeed ends Saarland fab plan", "url": "https://www.rheinpfalz.de/wirtschaft_artikel,-chip-hersteller-schockt-das-saarland-und-seine-aktion%C3%A4re-_arid,5827087.html", "date": "2025-10-31" }, { "label": "electrive: Construction of the Wolfspeed and ZF semiconductor factory is on hold", "url": "https://electrive.com/2024/10/24/construction-of-the-wolfspeed-and-zf-semiconductor-factory-is-on-hold", "date": "2024-10-24" } ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": true }, { "id": "intel-leixlip-fab34", "project": "Fab 34 (Leixlip)", "company": "Intel (Fab 34 joint venture with Apollo, which took 49% in 2024)", "site": "Leixlip", "country": "IE", "category": "ireland", "technology": "Intel 4 and Intel 3 EUV logic (Core Ultra, Xeon 6 tiles)", "saCase": null, "aidEurM": null, "investmentEurM": 17000, "aidApproved": null, "announced": "2019", "targetProduction": "volume production since Sep 2023", "status": "operating", "statusNote": "Volume Intel 4 production began Sep 2023 (Intel, Jun 2024 release); Intel had put US$18.4bn into Fab 34. A further \u20ac5bn upgrade to scale Intel 3 was announced 13 Jul 2026 (Tom's Hardware). No Chips Act first-of-a-kind aid was found. Unchecked: \u20ac17bn is Intel Ireland's earlier stated total and is not reconciled with the $18.4bn; the 2019 date is from general knowledge.", "source": "https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240604172872/en/Intel-and-Apollo-Agree-to-Joint-Venture-Related-to-Intels-Fab-34-in-Ireland", "sourceDate": "2024-06-04", "sources": [ { "label": "Intel/BusinessWire: Intel and Apollo agree to joint venture related to Fab 34", "url": "https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240604172872/en/Intel-and-Apollo-Agree-to-Joint-Venture-Related-to-Intels-Fab-34-in-Ireland", "date": "2024-06-04" }, { "label": "Tom's Hardware: Intel commits $5.7bn to Ireland", "url": "https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/intel-commits-5-7-billion-to-ireland-one-year-after-cancelling-its-german-and-polish-fab-projects", "date": "2026-07" }, { "label": "Intel Ireland opinion piece (\u20ac17bn Fab 34 total, undated)", "url": "https://www.intel.ie/content/www/ie/en/newsroom/opinion/intel-path-for-increased-manufacturing-in-eu.html", "date": null } ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": true }, { "id": "adi-limerick-fanfare", "project": "Project FANFARE (Raheen)", "company": "Analog Devices", "site": "Limerick", "country": "IE", "category": "ireland", "technology": "R&D and wafer fab expansion (about 3x ADI's European wafer capacity)", "saCase": null, "aidEurM": null, "investmentEurM": 630, "aidApproved": "2023-06", "announced": "2023-05", "targetProduction": null, "status": "under construction", "statusNote": "\u20ac630m investment announced May 2023 and approved by the Commission in Jun 2023 as part of IPCEI ME/CT, not as a Chips Act first-of-a-kind decision (DETE, 9 Jun 2023). Unchecked: the aid amount (not disclosed) and whether the facility is complete; construction began in 2023.", "source": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/news-and-events/department-news/2023/june/202306091.html", "sourceDate": "2023-06-09", "sources": [ { "label": "Department of Enterprise: Commission approves \u20ac630m ADI Project FANFARE (IPCEI ME/CT)", "url": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/news-and-events/department-news/2023/june/202306091.html", "date": "2023-06-09" }, { "label": "RCR Wireless: ADI invests \u20ac630m in new chip-making facility in Ireland", "url": "https://www.rcrwireless.com/20230515/chips/analog-devices-invests-e630m-in-new-industry-4-0-chip-making-facility-in-ireland", "date": "2023-05-15" } ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": true }, { "id": "pilot-nanoic", "project": "NanoIC pilot line", "company": "imec (Chips JU)", "site": "Leuven", "country": "BE", "category": "pilot line", "technology": "beyond-2nm logic, High-NA EUV", "saCase": null, "aidEurM": 1400, "investmentEurM": 2500, "aidApproved": null, "announced": "2024-05", "targetProduction": "inaugurated 9 Feb 2026", "status": "operating", "statusNote": "Inaugurated 9 Feb 2026, with \u20ac700m from the EU, \u20ac700m from national and regional governments and the rest from ASML and industry (HPCwire, 9 Feb 2026). aidEurM is the combined public money. Unchecked: the 2024-05 announcement month.", "source": "https://www.hpcwire.com/aiwire/2026/02/09/eu-invests-e700m-in-newly-opened-nanoic-europes-largest-chips-act-pilot-line/", "sourceDate": "2026-02-09", "sources": [ { "label": "HPCwire/AIwire: EU invests \u20ac700m in newly opened NanoIC", "url": "https://www.hpcwire.com/aiwire/2026/02/09/eu-invests-e700m-in-newly-opened-nanoic-europes-largest-chips-act-pilot-line/", "date": "2026-02-09" }, { "label": "imec: official inauguration of NanoIC pilot line", "url": "https://www.imec-int.com/en/events/official-inauguration-nanoic-pilot-line", "date": "2026-02-09" } ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": true }, { "id": "pilot-fames", "project": "FAMES pilot line", "company": "CEA-Leti (Chips JU)", "site": "Grenoble", "country": "FR", "category": "pilot line", "technology": "FD-SOI 10/7nm, embedded NVM, RF, 3D integration", "saCase": null, "aidEurM": null, "investmentEurM": 830, "aidApproved": null, "announced": "2024", "targetProduction": "inaugurated 30 Jan 2026", "status": "operating", "statusNote": "Budget \u20ac830m (\u20ac382m capex, \u20ac448m opex), 50% from Chips JU (CEA-Leti deck). Inaugurated 30 Jan, which a secondary source gives as 2026. Unchecked: the inauguration date and the technology list, which is from general knowledge.", "source": "https://a.storyblok.com/f/286878065269474/x/56bc11884c/cea-leti-fames-pilot-line.pdf", "sourceDate": "undated", "sources": [ { "label": "CEA-Leti FAMES pilot line presentation", "url": "https://a.storyblok.com/f/286878065269474/x/56bc11884c/cea-leti-fames-pilot-line.pdf", "date": null } ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": true }, { "id": "pilot-apecs", "project": "APECS pilot line", "company": "Fraunhofer (Chips JU)", "site": "Berlin (distributed)", "country": "DE", "category": "pilot line", "technology": "chiplets and advanced packaging / heterogeneous integration", "saCase": null, "aidEurM": null, "investmentEurM": 730, "aidApproved": null, "announced": "2024-12", "targetProduction": "runs Nov 2024 to Jun 2029", "status": "operating", "statusNote": "Budget \u20ac730m over 4.5 years, launched Dec 2024 (Fraunhofer HHI). Unchecked: which site leads; it is spread across Fraunhofer institutes.", "source": "https://hhi.fraunhofer.de/en/news/nachrichten/2024/chiplet-innovations-for-europe-launch-of-the-apecs-pilot-line-as-part-of-the-eu-chips-act.html", "sourceDate": "2024-12-17", "sources": [ { "label": "Fraunhofer HHI: launch of the APECS pilot line", "url": "https://hhi.fraunhofer.de/en/news/nachrichten/2024/chiplet-innovations-for-europe-launch-of-the-apecs-pilot-line-as-part-of-the-eu-chips-act.html", "date": "2024-12-17" } ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": true }, { "id": "pilot-wbg", "project": "WBG pilot line", "company": "CNR (Chips JU)", "site": null, "country": "IT", "category": "pilot line", "technology": "wide- and ultra-wide-bandgap power semiconductors (SiC, GaN)", "saCase": null, "aidEurM": null, "investmentEurM": null, "aidApproved": null, "announced": "2024", "targetProduction": null, "status": "announced", "statusNote": "Led by Italy's CNR as one of the five Chips JU pilot lines launched 16 Jan 2025. Unchecked: budget, main site and status.", "source": "https://optics.org/news/european-commission-gathers-first-five-pilot-lines-together-in-brussels", "sourceDate": "2025-01", "sources": [ { "label": "optics.org: Commission gathers first five pilot lines together in Brussels", "url": "https://optics.org/news/european-commission-gathers-first-five-pilot-lines-together-in-brussels", "date": "2025-01" } ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": true }, { "id": "pilot-pixeurope", "project": "PIXEurope pilot line", "company": "ICFO (Chips JU)", "site": "Barcelona", "country": "ES", "category": "pilot line", "technology": "photonic integrated circuits", "saCase": null, "aidEurM": null, "investmentEurM": null, "aidApproved": null, "announced": "2024", "targetProduction": null, "status": "announced", "statusNote": "Coordinated by ICFO as one of the five Chips JU pilot lines; the five together carry about \u20ac3.7bn of EU and national money. Unchecked: budget and status.", "source": "https://optics.org/news/european-commission-gathers-first-five-pilot-lines-together-in-brussels", "sourceDate": "2025-01", "sources": [ { "label": "optics.org: Commission gathers first five pilot lines together in Brussels", "url": "https://optics.org/news/european-commission-gathers-first-five-pilot-lines-together-in-brussels", "date": "2025-01" } ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": true } ], "summary": { "aidedProjects": 18, "aidEurM": 14777, "aidedInvestmentEurM": 33277, "aidOperatingEurM": 920, "investmentOperatingEurM": 3540, "operatingSharePctOfAid": 6.2, "cancelledInvestmentEurM": 32750, "cancelledNames": [ "Fab 29 megafab (Magdeburg)", "Assembly and test plant (Mi\u0119kinia/Wroc\u0142aw)", "Ensdorf 200mm SiC fab" ], "statusCounts": { "announced": 14, "paused": 1, "under construction": 3, "operating": 2, "cancelled": 3 }, "uncheckedRows": 26 }, "byStatus": { "operating": { "n": 1, "aidEurM": 920, "investmentEurM": 3540 }, "under construction": { "n": 2, "aidEurM": 7000, "investmentEurM": 15000 }, "delayed": { "n": 0, "aidEurM": 0, "investmentEurM": 0 }, "paused": { "n": 1, "aidEurM": 2900, "investmentEurM": 7500 }, "announced": { "n": 14, "aidEurM": 3957, "investmentEurM": 7237 }, "cancelled": { "n": 0, "aidEurM": 0, "investmentEurM": 0 } }, "allByStatus": { "operating": { "n": 2, "investmentEurM": 20540, "aidEurM": 920 }, "under construction": { "n": 3, "investmentEurM": 15630, "aidEurM": 7000 }, "delayed": { "n": 0, "investmentEurM": 0, "aidEurM": 0 }, "paused": { "n": 1, "investmentEurM": 7500, "aidEurM": 2900 }, "announced": { "n": 14, "investmentEurM": 7237, "aidEurM": 3957 }, "cancelled": { "n": 3, "investmentEurM": 32750, "aidEurM": 0 } }, "countries": [ { "country": "DE", "n": 11, "aidEurM": 7566, "investmentEurM": 14640 }, { "country": "IT", "n": 4, "aidEurM": 3634, "investmentEurM": 8930 }, { "country": "FR", "n": 1, "aidEurM": 2900, "investmentEurM": 7500 }, { "country": "CZ", "n": 1, "aidEurM": 450, "investmentEurM": 1640 }, { "country": "AT", "n": 1, "aidEurM": 227, "investmentEurM": 567 } ], "context": { "commissionHeadline": { "decisions": 18, "investmentEurBn": ">32", "text": "The Commission has approved 18 State aid decisions for first-of-a-kind facilities, with over \u20ac32bn of public and private investment; the Chips JU funds five pilot lines.", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-chips-act", "date": "2026-09-11", "dateNote": "page last updated 11 Sep 2026", "derived": { "foakRows": 18, "sumAidEurM": 14777.3, "sumAidNote": "Sum of aid in the 18 rows, using \u20ac2.9bn for Crolles from eeNews because the Commission release states no amount. The Commission's own cumulative figure was about \u20ac14.2bn before the 14 Jul 2026 batch (IP/26/1585), so about \u20ac14.9bn after it.", "sumInvestmentListedEurM": 32077, "sumInvestmentNote": "The eight Commission-listed investment figures (Catania 0.73, Crolles 7.5, Catania 5, ESMC >10, Silicon Box 3.2, Infineon 3.54, ams Osram 0.567, onsemi 1.64) add up to about \u20ac32.2bn, matching the '>\u20ac32bn' headline. Ten decisions have no investment figure, so the true total is higher. The row for Crolles uses \u20ac7.4bn from the press release." }, "chipsAct2Page": { "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/chips-act-2", "date": "2026-06-03", "note": "The Chips Act 2.0 page says the original Act mobilised more than \u20ac52bn of public and private investment, a wider measure than the \u20ac32bn first-of-a-kind figure." } }, "chipsAct2": { "proposed": "2026-06-03", "com": "COM(2026) 504", "procedure": "2026/0139(COD)", "summary": "Regulation to repeal and replace Regulation (EU) 2023/1781. Proposed measures include permits within 12 months, demand accelerators, chip 'Grand Challenges', strategic projects and first-of-a-kind aid. No budget figure is given.", "parliament": "Lead committee ITRE. Rapporteur Oliver Schenk (EPP), appointed 31 Aug 2026. Referral announced in plenary 14 Sep 2026. Status: awaiting committee decision, with no draft report or vote yet. IMCO and JURI are listed for opinions; BUDG declined.", "council": "Competitiveness working party resumed talks on 2 Sep 2026. Policy debate scheduled at the Competitiveness Council on 24 Sep 2026 (Council note of 11 Sep 2026, per a SEMI Europe brief). No general approach yet. The outcome of the 24 Sep debate is unchecked.", "sources": [ { "label": "EP Legislative Observatory 2026/0139(COD)", "url": "https://oeil.europarl.europa.eu/oeil/en/procedure-file?reference=2026/0139(COD)", "date": "2026-10-11" }, { "label": "Commission Chips Act 2.0 page", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/chips-act-2", "date": "2026-06-03" }, { "label": "SEMI Europe July-August 2026 EU Policy Brief", "url": "https://www.semi.org/sites/semi.org/files/2026-09/SEMI_Europe_July-August_EU_Policy_Brief.pdf", "date": "2026-09" } ] }, "productionShareTarget": { "targetPct2030": 20, "forecastPct2030": 11.7, "sharePct2022": 9.8, "summary": "ECA Special Report 12/2025 (28 Apr 2025) finds the EU very unlikely to reach a 20% share of global chip value by 2030. The Commission's own July 2024 forecast is 11.7% by 2030, up from 9.8% in 2022. About \u20ac86bn of funding is expected to 2030, of which \u20ac4.5bn (about 5%) comes from the EU budget.", "note": "11.7% is the Commission's forecast as cited by the ECA, not the auditors' own projection. The share measures value-chain revenue, not wafer capacity.", "sources": [ { "label": "ECA Special Report 12/2025 (PDF)", "url": "https://eca.europa.eu/ECAPublications/SR-2025-12/SR-2025-12_EN.pdf", "date": "2025-04-28" }, { "label": "ECA press release: Microchips, EU off the pace in a global race", "url": "https://www.eca.europa.eu/ECAHTMLNews/NEWS-SR-2025-12/en/body.html", "date": "2025-04-28" }, { "label": "Commission replies to SR 12/2025", "url": "https://www.eca.europa.eu/Lists/ECAReplies/COM-Replies-SR-2025-12/COM-Replies-SR-2025-12_EN.pdf", "date": "2025-04-28" } ] }, "asmlEurope": { "h1_2026_pct": 0, "fy2025_pct": 1, "fy2024_pct": 5, "summary": "ASML EVP Frank Heemskerk said ASML is selling no machines in Europe. Europe's share of ASML revenue was 0% in H1 2026, against about 1% in FY2025 and 5% in 2024. He blamed the lack of new European fabs.", "note": "The original DCD page returned 403. The figures come from a DCD-bylined repost (bebeez, 25 Sep 2026) and NL Times (22 Sep 2026). Cryptobriefing gives 1.6% for 2025, so the FY2025 figure is unchecked.", "sources": [ { "label": "DCD: ASML's revenue share drops to zero percent in Europe", "url": "https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/asmls-revenue-share-drops-to-zero-percent-in-europe-says-its-sold-absolutely-nothing-in-the-region-this-year", "date": "2026-09" }, { "label": "NL Times: ASML currently sells no chipmaking machines in Europe", "url": "https://nltimes.nl/2026/09/22/asml-currently-sells-chipmaking-machines-europe-executive-says", "date": "2026-09-22" } ] }, "corrections": [ "GlobalFoundries Dresden and X-FAB Erfurt (\u20ac623m) were approved on 11 Dec 2025, not Jan 2026.", "The Commission lists Infineon Dresden's investment as \u20ac3.54bn; Infineon says \u20ac5bn.", "ESMC's \u20ac5bn aid decision is SA.107553, dated 20 Aug 2024.", "The July 2026 \u20ac659m batch was Element 3-5 \u20ac353m, Vishay \u20ac214m, KLA \u20ac74.4m and KETEK \u20ac17.9m (IP/26/1585, 14 Jul 2026).", "The Commission release for Crolles (IP/23/2447) gives no aid amount; \u20ac2.9bn is the reported French figure.", "The Commission's own list includes a 2022 STMicro Catania SiC substrate decision (SA.103083, \u20ac292.5m) as well as the 2024 Catania campus." ], "method": "Press releases were read through the Commission press-corner API (ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/api/documents?reference=IP/yy/nnnn), because the HTML detail pages render with JavaScript. The 'source' URLs point to the human-readable detail pages. The web-search budget ran out before the 2026 status of ST Catania, ams Osram, Silicon Box and the other recipients could be checked, so those rows carry unchecked=true.", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, "ecTable": { "file": "ec-chips-act-page-2026-10-11.html", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-chips-act", "decisions": 18, "investmentEurBn": 32.0, "rows": [ { "company": "ST Microelectronics", "country": "IT", "location": "Catania", "investmentEurBn": 0.73, "investmentNote": null, "technology": "SiC wafer" }, { "company": "ST Micro & GlobalFoundries", "country": "FR", "location": "Crolles", "investmentEurBn": 7.5, "investmentNote": null, "technology": "300-mm FD-SOI" }, { "company": "ST Microelectronics", "country": "IT", "location": "Catania", "investmentEurBn": 5.0, "investmentNote": null, "technology": "SiC devices" }, { "company": "ESMC (J.V. TSMC+Bosch/IFX/NXP)", "country": "DE", "location": "Dresden", "investmentEurBn": 10.0, "investmentNote": ">10", "technology": "CMOS, FinFET" }, { "company": "Silicon Box", "country": "IT", "location": "Novara", "investmentEurBn": 3.2, "investmentNote": null, "technology": "Advanced packaging" }, { "company": "Infineon", "country": "DE", "location": "Dresden", "investmentEurBn": 3.54, "investmentNote": null, "technology": "Discrete, analog/mixed signals" }, { "company": "ams Osram", "country": "AT", "location": "Premst\u00e4tten", "investmentEurBn": 0.567, "investmentNote": null, "technology": "CMOS" }, { "company": "Ephos", "country": "IT", "location": "Milan", "investmentEurBn": null, "investmentNote": null, "technology": "Photonic chips" }, { "company": "onsemi", "country": "CZ", "location": "Ro \u017enov", "investmentEurBn": 1.64, "investmentNote": null, "technology": "SiC devices" }, { "company": "GlobalFoundries", "country": "DE", "location": "Dresden", "investmentEurBn": null, "investmentNote": null, "technology": "300-mm FD-SOI and BCD" }, { "company": "X-Fab", "country": "DE", "location": "Erfurt", "investmentEurBn": null, "investmentNote": null, "technology": "Advanced packaging" }, { "company": "Zadient", "country": "DE", "location": "Bitterfeld", "investmentEurBn": null, "investmentNote": null, "technology": "SiC source granulate material" }, { "company": "Carl Zeiss", "country": "DE", "location": "Oberkochen", "investmentEurBn": null, "investmentNote": null, "technology": "EUV lithography optics" }, { "company": "QuantumDiamonds", "country": "DE", "location": "Munich", "investmentEurBn": null, "investmentNote": null, "technology": "Quantum-based metrology systems" }, { "company": "Element 3-5", "country": "DE", "location": "Baesweiler", "investmentEurBn": null, "investmentNote": null, "technology": "SiC epitaxial wafers" }, { "company": "Vishay", "country": "DE", "location": "Itzehoe", "investmentEurBn": null, "investmentNote": null, "technology": "Si power MOSFET" }, { "company": "KLA-Tencor", "country": "DE", "location": "Weilburg", "investmentEurBn": null, "investmentNote": null, "technology": "Overlay and metrology equipment" }, { "company": "KETEK", "country": "DE", "location": "Munich", "investmentEurBn": null, "investmentNote": null, "technology": "X-ray detectors" } ], "listedInvestmentEurBn": 32.18, "missingFromLedger": [] }, "caveats": [ "Aid figures are the maximum amounts the Commission approved; amounts actually paid out are not published per project.", "Investment is the company's announced figure at approval and is often revised; operating means at least first production, not full capacity.", "The Commission's own count of first-of-a-kind decisions may include projects this ledger lists under a different name or splits differently; see the coverage note.", "Rows marked unchecked rest on a single or secondary source." ] }, "cm_delivery": { "title": "Capacity-market delivery check: data-centre-linked units", "asOf": "2026-10-11", "source": "SEMO/EirGrid capacity auction reports (2022-2026); EirGrid Contracted TSO Non-Wind list (5 Aug 2026); ESB Networks DSO energised and contracted non-renewable lists (1 Jul 2026); compiled by StackPath", "sourceUrls": [ "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/TSO-Contracted-Non-Wind-Report-05-08-2026.pdf", "https://media.esbnetworks.ie/media/docs/default-source/publications/dso-energised-non-renewable-generators_doc-300424-hxw_accessible_q2_2026.pdf", "https://media.esbnetworks.ie/media/docs/default-source/publications/dso-contracted-non-renewable-generators_doc-300424-hxy_accessible_q2-2026.pdf" ], "evidenceLists": [ { "id": "eirgrid-tso-contracted", "name": "EirGrid, Contracted TSO (Non-Wind) Generators", "correctAsOf": "2026-08-05", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/TSO-Contracted-Non-Wind-Report-05-08-2026.pdf", "covers": "Transmission-connected generators with a signed connection agreement, not yet connected", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2026-08-05_eirgrid-tso-contracted-non-wind.txt", "note": "EirGrid publishes no TSO connected (energised) non-wind list on that page. Its listing page returned HTTP 403 to our fetch on 11 Oct 2026, so we could not check for a list newer than 5 Aug 2026." }, { "id": "esbn-dso-energised", "name": "ESB Networks, Distribution Energised Non-Renewable Generators Q2 2026 (DOC-300424-HXW)", "correctAsOf": "2026-07-01", "url": "https://media.esbnetworks.ie/media/docs/default-source/publications/dso-energised-non-renewable-generators_doc-300424-hxw_accessible_q2_2026.pdf", "covers": "Distribution-connected non-renewable generators that are energised", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2026-07-01_esbn-dso-energised-non-renewable-q2-2026.txt", "note": "Q2 2026 was still the newest list on ESB Networks' generator statistics page on 11 Oct 2026." }, { "id": "esbn-dso-contracted", "name": "ESB Networks, Distribution Contracted Non-Renewable Generators Q2 2026 (DOC-300424-HXY)", "correctAsOf": "2026-07-01", "url": "https://media.esbnetworks.ie/media/docs/default-source/publications/dso-contracted-non-renewable-generators_doc-300424-hxy_accessible_q2-2026.pdf", "covers": "Distribution-connected non-renewable generators with a connection agreement, not yet energised", "cache": "data/raw/generation/2026-07-01_esbn-dso-contracted-non-renewable-q2-2026.txt" } ], "esbLatestPublished": { "quarter": "Q2 2026", "checked": "2026-10-11", "url": "https://www.esbnetworks.ie/services/get-connected/renewable-connection/generator-statistics" }, "cachedLists": [ "2026-07-01_esbn-dso-contracted-non-renewable-q2-2026.txt", "2026-07-01_esbn-dso-energised-non-renewable-q2-2026.txt", "2026-08-05_eirgrid-tso-contracted-non-wind.txt" ], "summary": { "awards": 6, "newAwards": 5, "newDeRatedMW": 165, "existingDeRatedMW": 6.09, "parties": 4, "pastDue": 2, "pastDueMW": 55, "pastDueEnergised": 0, "pastDueEnergisedMW": 0, "notYetDue": 3, "notYetDueMW": 110, "nextDue": "2027-09-30", "terminationNoticesFound": 0 }, "rows": [ { "id": "gu404840-2526", "unit": "GU_404840", "party": "Crag Digital Avoca Ltd", "site": "Avoca River Park, Arklow, Co. Wicklow", "dataCentreLink": "Applicant for a data storage facility at Avoca River Park, Arklow, with gas generator compounds (Wicklow CC file 18940), and for two energy-centre buildings on the next site (file 211080). RT\u00c9 (26 Mar 2026) puts Echelon's DUB20 campus on this business park, 'due to be finished by 2028'. A shared owner across the Crag companies is unchecked.", "auction": "T-4 2025/26", "capacityYear": "2025/26", "newOrExisting": "new", "deRatedMW": 5, "priceEurPerMWYr": 46000, "termYears": 10, "technology": "not stated in the report (generator unit)", "substantialCompletionDue": "2025-09-30", "auctionReport": "FCAR2526T-4 (final capacity auction results, 6 May 2022), PDF pp. 9-10", "auctionReportUrl": "https://www.sem-o.com/publications/general-publications/", "milestoneStatus": "past due", "energised": "unknown", "listStatus": "not on any published list", "listEvidence": "No Crag, Avoca or Arklow-area row in ESB Networks' energised non-renewable list (correct 1 Jul 2026) or EirGrid's contracted non-wind list (correct 5 Aug 2026).", "terminationNotice": "none found (9 Oct 2026)", "reading": "A year past its delivery date with no sign on a published energised list. It could be connected under another name or behind the site's demand connection; that is unchecked.", "source": "https://www.sem-o.com/publications/general-publications/", "sourceDate": "2022-05-06", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "listMatches": [] }, { "id": "gu405810-2627", "unit": "GU_405810", "party": "Crag Wicklow Ltd", "site": "North of Kish Business Park, Arklow, Co. Wicklow", "dataCentreLink": "Applicant for three ICT facility buildings north of Kish Business Park (Wicklow CC file 201088), later amended to five buildings plus an energy centre, with a battery storage system permitted under Reg. Ref. 23/62 (file 2488).", "auction": "T-4 2026/27", "capacityYear": "2026/27", "newOrExisting": "new", "deRatedMW": 50, "priceEurPerMWYr": 126974, "termYears": 10, "technology": "battery (EirGrid contracted list, 114.0 MW MEC)", "substantialCompletionDue": "2026-09-30", "auctionReport": "FCAR2627T-4 (final capacity auction results, 4 May 2023), PDF pp. 11-12", "auctionReportUrl": "https://www.sem-o.com/publications/general-publications/", "milestoneStatus": "past due", "energised": "unknown", "listStatus": "contracted, not connected (5 Aug 2026)", "listEvidence": "'Kish (Crag Wicklow)', Oaklands 110 kV, TG562, processing route T-4 2026/27, Battery, 114.0 MW MEC, signed Mar 2024, on EirGrid's contracted (not yet connected) list, p. 6, correct 5 Aug 2026: eight weeks before its due date.", "terminationNotice": "none found (9 Oct 2026)", "reading": "Still contracted, not connected, eight weeks before its 30 Sep 2026 date. Whether it connected by then is unknown until EirGrid's next list. MEC (114 MW, export capacity) and the 50 MW award (de-rated) measure different things.", "source": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/TSO-Contracted-Non-Wind-Report-05-08-2026.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-08-05", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "listMatches": [ { "list": "2026-08-05_eirgrid-tso-contracted-non-wind", "page": 6, "line": "Oaklands 110 kV TG562 Kish (Crag Wicklow) T-4 2026/27 Battery 114.0 Mar 2024" } ] }, { "id": "gu404220-2728", "unit": "GU_404220", "party": "Data and Power Hub Services Ltd", "site": "Milltown / Peamount, near Newcastle, Co. Dublin", "dataCentreLink": "Licensee of a combined power-generation and ICT installation at Milltown, EPA licence P1165-01 (GNI Milltown pipeline EIAR, non-technical summary, pp. 6, 14). The same site is the 'Data & Power Hub Peamount' row in the gap table, whose EPA documents describe 116 MWe of gas engines as a grid peaking plant. It was unsuccessful for the same unit in T-4 2026/27 (FCAR2627T-4 p. 11).", "auction": "T-4 2027/28", "capacityYear": "2027/28", "newOrExisting": "new", "deRatedMW": 50, "priceEurPerMWYr": 106666.67, "termYears": 10, "technology": "not stated in the report (generator unit); gas if the EirGrid 'Bulmer' row is the same unit (unchecked)", "substantialCompletionDue": "2027-09-30", "auctionReport": "FCAR2728T-4 (final capacity auction results, 5 Dec 2023), PDF pp. 9, 12", "auctionReportUrl": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/documents/general-publications/FCAR2728T-4-report-v1.0.pdf", "milestoneStatus": "not yet due", "energised": "no", "listStatus": "possible match on contracted list (unchecked)", "listEvidence": "Possible match: 'Bulmer', Peamount 110 kV, TG611, route 'T- 2027/28', Gas, 50.0 MW, signed Oct 2024, on EirGrid's contracted list, p. 2, correct 5 Aug 2026. Same auction year, size, fuel and area, but the name differs and Data & Power Hub's 2020 pre-application (ACP VC06S.308439) proposed 110 kV cables to Castlebaggot, not Peamount.", "terminationNotice": "none found (9 Oct 2026)", "reading": "Not yet due. If 'Bulmer' is this unit, it holds a signed connection agreement but is not connected.", "source": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/documents/general-publications/FCAR2728T-4-report-v1.0.pdf", "sourceDate": "2023-12-05", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "listMatches": [ { "list": "2026-08-05_eirgrid-tso-contracted-non-wind", "page": 2, "line": "Peamount 110 kV TG611 Bulmer T- 2027/28 Gas 50.0 Oct 2024" } ] }, { "id": "dsu404000-2829", "unit": "DSU_404000", "party": "Crag Digital Avoca Ltd", "site": "Avoca River Park, Arklow, Co. Wicklow", "dataCentreLink": "As GU_404840 above. A demand-side unit (DSU) is paid to cut a site's grid demand when called.", "auction": "T-4 2028/29", "capacityYear": "2028/29", "newOrExisting": "new", "deRatedMW": 40, "priceEurPerMWYr": null, "priceNote": "20 MW at 150,000 and 20 MW at 190,000 (two price steps)", "termYears": 10, "technology": "demand-side unit; technology not stated", "substantialCompletionDue": "2028-09-30", "auctionReport": "FCAR2829T-4 (final capacity auction results, 16 Jan 2025), PDF pp. 9, 14", "auctionReportUrl": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/documents/general-publications/20282029-T-4-Final-Capacity-Auction-Results-Report-FCAR2829T-4.pdf", "milestoneStatus": "not yet due", "energised": "no", "listStatus": "not applicable (demand-side units are not on generator lists)", "listEvidence": "Demand-side units do not appear on the generator connection lists, so these lists cannot show its delivery.", "terminationNotice": "none found (9 Oct 2026)", "reading": "Not yet due. Delivery will be hard to see from public lists.", "source": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/documents/general-publications/20282029-T-4-Final-Capacity-Auction-Results-Report-FCAR2829T-4.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-01-16", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "listMatches": [] }, { "id": "gu404840-2930", "unit": "GU_404840", "party": "Crag Digital Avoca Ltd", "site": "Avoca River Park, Arklow, Co. Wicklow", "dataCentreLink": "As GU_404840 (2025/26) above: the same unit ID won again.", "auction": "T-4 2029/30", "capacityYear": "2029/30", "newOrExisting": "new", "deRatedMW": 20, "priceEurPerMWYr": 180000, "termYears": 10, "technology": "gas turbine (Appendix A, technology class)", "substantialCompletionDue": "2029-09-30", "financialCompletionDue": "2027-11-05", "auctionReport": "PCAR2930T-4 (provisional results, 14 Apr 2026), PDF pp. 18, 20; final results unchanged (SEMO notice, 5 May 2026), Appendix A, Table A1", "auctionReportUrl": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-04/PCAR2930T-4%20report.pdf", "milestoneStatus": "not yet due", "energised": "no", "listStatus": "not on any published list", "listEvidence": "First milestone (financial completion) is due 5 Nov 2027.", "terminationNotice": "none found (9 Oct 2026)", "reading": "Not yet due.", "source": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-04/PCAR2930T-4%20report.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-04-14", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "listMatches": [] }, { "id": "gu406580-2627t1", "unit": "GU_406580", "party": "Microsoft Ireland Energy Ltd", "site": "not public", "dataCentreLink": "Same group as the operator of Microsoft's Irish data-centre campuses (linked by name only). The report gives no site or technology; per-unit qualification results are visible only to the registered participant (FQR2627T-1, 2 Jul 2026, totals only).", "auction": "T-1 2026/27", "capacityYear": "2026/27", "newOrExisting": "existing", "deRatedMW": 6.09, "priceEurPerMWYr": 53978.87, "termYears": 1, "technology": "not public", "substantialCompletionDue": null, "auctionReport": "FCAR2627T-1 (final capacity auction results, 26 Aug 2026), PDF p. 16, Table 10", "auctionReportUrl": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-08/Final%20Capacity%20Auction%20Results%20report%20FCAR2627T-1.pdf", "milestoneStatus": "existing capacity (no build milestones)", "energised": "existing", "listStatus": "not identifiable", "listEvidence": "Awarded as existing capacity, so no implementation plan applies. Which unit it is, and where, is not public.", "terminationNotice": "not applicable", "reading": "A one-year contract for capacity the auction classes as existing. What it is stays unchecked.", "source": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-08/Final%20Capacity%20Auction%20Results%20report%20FCAR2627T-1.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-08-26", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "listMatches": [] } ], "nearbyListRows": [ { "name": "Pollahoney Autoproducer", "where": "Arklow 220 kV, D40d", "what": "288.0 MW, processing route 'Demand', signed Nov 2024", "list": "EirGrid contracted, p. 7, correct 5 Aug 2026", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/TSO-Contracted-Non-Wind-Report-05-08-2026.pdf", "reading": "An autoproducer generates mainly for its own use. It is the largest Arklow row; whether it is Echelon's Arklow plant is unchecked.", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "name": "Bulmer", "where": "Peamount 110 kV, TG611", "what": "50.0 MW gas, route 'T- 2027/28', signed Oct 2024", "list": "EirGrid contracted, p. 2, correct 5 Aug 2026", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/TSO-Contracted-Non-Wind-Report-05-08-2026.pdf", "reading": "Same auction year, size, fuel and area as Data and Power Hub's award; link unchecked.", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "name": "Ballymakaily RICE", "where": "Grange Castle 110 kV station", "what": "115.2 MW reciprocating engines, energised 31 Mar 2025", "list": "ESB Networks energised, p. 2, correct 1 Jul 2026", "url": "https://media.esbnetworks.ie/media/docs/default-source/publications/dso-energised-non-renewable-generators_doc-300424-hxw_accessible_q2_2026.pdf", "reading": "Ballymakaily is also the townland of the EdgeConneX Newcastle Road campus, whose documents give a different substation (Kishoge). Link unchecked.", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "name": "Eastmont DC 1", "where": "Castleview 110 kV station", "what": "9.99 MW natural gas, contracted", "list": "ESB Networks contracted, p. 2, correct 1 Jul 2026", "url": "https://media.esbnetworks.ie/media/docs/default-source/publications/dso-contracted-non-renewable-generators_doc-300424-hxy_accessible_q2-2026.pdf", "reading": "The name suggests a data centre; not in our planning data yet.", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" } ], "context": [ { "text": "The regulators' quarterly capacity-market report lists CMC_19_25 'Information on Remedial Actions \u2013 Extensions and Terminations' and CMC_21_25 'NPV Sharing Mechanism for Delayed Capacity Contracts' (decisions due 20 Mar 2026) and CMC_22_25 'Termination and Re-entry' (decision TBC), as at 31 Mar 2026.", "source": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-04/Capacity%20Market%20-%20RA%20Quarterly%20Report%20-%20January%20to%20March%202026%20%281%29.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-04-14", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "lead": "The rules on delays are changing." }, { "text": "On 9 Oct 2026 no SEMO termination notice was found for GU_404840, DSU_404000, GU_405810 or GU_404220, by web search or at SEMO's usual notice addresses; the same check finds notices for other units. That suggests none has been terminated. It does not show any was built.", "source": "issues/01-ireland-power-gap.md section 3", "sourceDate": "2026-10-09", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-09", "lead": "No termination notice found." }, { "text": "Beyond Fossil Fuels and Friends of the Earth Ireland (Mar 2026, p. 2) call for excluding data-centre on-site fossil generation from demand-side contracts ahead of the capacity market's state-aid renewal, which they date to May 2028 (renewal date as they report it; primary decision not read). The CRU's December 2025 decision points the other way, asking data centres to bring dispatchable capacity into the market.", "source": "https://beyondfossilfuels.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Irelands-capacity-market-renewal_-Preventing-data-centres-and-fossil-gas-from-adding-billions-to-energy-bills.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-03", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "lead": "The counter-view." } ], "caveats": [ "An award is a contract to deliver capacity, not delivery. A missing termination notice does not mean a unit was built.", "The published lists lag (ESB quarterly; EirGrid every few months), and a unit can be connected under another name or behind a site's demand connection.", "De-rated MW (what the auction pays for) and MEC (a connection's maximum export) measure different things and are not compared.", "Data-centre links are by planning applicant, licence or company name; a shared owner across the Crag companies is unchecked.", "Demand-side units do not appear on generator connection lists, so their delivery cannot be checked this way." ] }, "gap_table_history": { "title": "The StackPath firm-power gap table: versions and changes", "asOf": "2026-10-10", "source": "StackPath gap table versions, issues/data/gap-table-*.json (planning, ACP, EPA and capacity-market documents, page-cited)", "name": "The StackPath firm-power gap table", "current": { "version": "v2", "date": "2026-10-10", "file": "issues/data/gap-table-2026-10-10.json" }, "versions": [ { "version": "v2", "date": "2026-10-10", "file": "issues/data/gap-table-2026-10-10.json", "campuses": 71, "withStatedDemand": 24, "pipelineCampuses": 16, "pipelineWithStatedDemand": 8, "statedDemandMW": 861, "firmSecuredMW": 429.5, "firmGapMW": 500, "topTwo": [ { "name": "Herbata Naas", "firmGapMW": 240 }, { "name": "Microsoft Huntstown", "firmGapMW": 150 } ], "operatorsNamed": [ "Amazon (AWS)", "Apple", "Art Data Centres", "Data & Power Hub", "Digital Realty", "Echelon", "EdgeConneX", "Equinix", "Google", "Government (OGCIO)", "Herbata", "Meta", "Microsoft", "Pure DC", "Vantage" ], "changes": [], "changeCount": 0, "summaryDelta": { "statedDemandMW": 0, "firmSecuredMW": 0.0, "firmGapMW": 0, "pipelineWithStatedDemand": 0, "campuses": 0 }, "changeLine": "Re-run on 2026-10-10; no campus figure changed since v1 (2026-10-08)." }, { "version": "v1", "date": "2026-10-08", "file": "issues/data/gap-table-2026-10-08.json", "campuses": 71, "withStatedDemand": 24, "pipelineCampuses": 16, "pipelineWithStatedDemand": 8, "statedDemandMW": 861, "firmSecuredMW": 429.5, "firmGapMW": 500, "topTwo": [ { "name": "Herbata Naas", "firmGapMW": 240 }, { "name": "Microsoft Huntstown", "firmGapMW": 150 } ], "operatorsNamed": [ "Amazon (AWS)", "Apple", "Art Data Centres", "Data & Power Hub", "Digital Realty", "Echelon", "EdgeConneX", "Equinix", "Google", "Government (OGCIO)", "Herbata", "Meta", "Microsoft", "Pure DC", "Vantage" ], "changes": [], "changeCount": 0, "changeLine": "First version: 8 of 16 pipeline campuses state a demand." } ], "caveats": [ "A version is one dated run of scripts/gap_table.py. Versions are numbered in date order.", "Changes compare what each version says; they do not re-check the documents." ] }, "eu_compute": { "title": "Europe's AI compute vs the US and China", "asOf": "2026-10-11", "source": "TOP500 (top500.org) June lists 2016-2026; Epoch AI GPU clusters (CC BY 4.0); Arq Europe 2031; Bruegel PB 18/2026; company and government announcements", "sourceUrls": [ "https://top500.org/lists/top500/2026/06/", "https://epoch.ai/data/gpu-clusters", "https://europe2031.ai/compute-forecast/" ], "scope": "Europe = EU-27 + UK, Norway, Switzerland, Iceland", "summary": { "top500EuropeSharePct": 29.6, "top500UsSharePct": 37.5, "top500ChinaSharePct": 12.7, "top500EuropeSystems": 155, "epochEuPct": 4.8, "epochUsPct": 74.5, "epochChinaPct": 14.1, "epochEuropeOursPct": 9.8, "epochDcEuropeSharePct": 1.8, "epochDcEuropeSites": 7, "epochDcSites": 93 }, "top500": { "latestList": "2026/06", "latestTotalRmaxPF": 18732.7, "series": [ { "list": "2016/06", "totalRmaxPF": 572075.8, "regions": { "China": { "rmaxPF": 211142.4, "sharePct": 36.9, "systems": 167 }, "United States": { "rmaxPF": 173222.7, "sharePct": 30.3, "systems": 165 }, "Rest of world": { "rmaxPF": 72402.4, "sharePct": 12.7, "systems": 70 }, "Europe": { "rmaxPF": 115308.4, "sharePct": 20.2, "systems": 98 } } }, { "list": "2017/06", "totalRmaxPF": 753276.9, "regions": { "China": { "rmaxPF": 234683.0, "sharePct": 31.2, "systems": 159 }, "Europe": { "rmaxPF": 166430.4, "sharePct": 22.1, "systems": 103 }, "United States": { "rmaxPF": 251663.3, "sharePct": 33.4, "systems": 169 }, "Rest of world": { "rmaxPF": 100500.1, "sharePct": 13.3, "systems": 69 } } }, { "list": "2018/06", "totalRmaxPF": 1210914.8, "regions": { "United States": { "rmaxPF": 458255.3, "sharePct": 37.8, "systems": 124 }, "China": { "rmaxPF": 354544.9, "sharePct": 29.3, "systems": 206 }, "Rest of world": { "rmaxPF": 178288.6, "sharePct": 14.7, "systems": 73 }, "Europe": { "rmaxPF": 219826.0, "sharePct": 18.2, "systems": 97 } } }, { "list": "2019/06", "totalRmaxPF": 1559.6, "regions": { "United States": { "rmaxPF": 600.0, "sharePct": 38.5, "systems": 116 }, "China": { "rmaxPF": 466.9, "sharePct": 29.9, "systems": 220 }, "Europe": { "rmaxPF": 286.0, "sharePct": 18.3, "systems": 96 }, "Rest of world": { "rmaxPF": 206.6, "sharePct": 13.2, "systems": 68 } } }, { "list": "2020/06", "totalRmaxPF": 2206.2, "regions": { "Rest of world": { "rmaxPF": 649.4, "sharePct": 29.4, "systems": 67 }, "United States": { "rmaxPF": 621.7, "sharePct": 28.2, "systems": 113 }, "China": { "rmaxPF": 565.5, "sharePct": 25.6, "systems": 226 }, "Europe": { "rmaxPF": 369.6, "sharePct": 16.8, "systems": 94 } } }, { "list": "2021/06", "totalRmaxPF": 2786.1, "regions": { "Rest of world": { "rmaxPF": 852.5, "sharePct": 30.6, "systems": 80 }, "United States": { "rmaxPF": 854.5, "sharePct": 30.7, "systems": 122 }, "China": { "rmaxPF": 541.3, "sharePct": 19.4, "systems": 188 }, "Europe": { "rmaxPF": 537.8, "sharePct": 19.3, "systems": 110 } } }, { "list": "2022/06", "totalRmaxPF": 4403.0, "regions": { "United States": { "rmaxPF": 2085.0, "sharePct": 47.4, "systems": 128 }, "Rest of world": { "rmaxPF": 971.3, "sharePct": 22.1, "systems": 88 }, "Europe": { "rmaxPF": 816.5, "sharePct": 18.5, "systems": 111 }, "China": { "rmaxPF": 530.2, "sharePct": 12.0, "systems": 173 } } }, { "list": "2023/06", "totalRmaxPF": 5239.0, "regions": { "United States": { "rmaxPF": 2400.7, "sharePct": 45.8, "systems": 150 }, "Rest of world": { "rmaxPF": 1086.4, "sharePct": 20.7, "systems": 90 }, "Europe": { "rmaxPF": 1286.1, "sharePct": 24.5, "systems": 126 }, "China": { "rmaxPF": 465.8, "sharePct": 8.9, "systems": 134 } } }, { "list": "2024/06", "totalRmaxPF": 8213.3, "regions": { "United States": { "rmaxPF": 4408.3, "sharePct": 53.7, "systems": 171 }, "Rest of world": { "rmaxPF": 1295.1, "sharePct": 15.8, "systems": 99 }, "Europe": { "rmaxPF": 2153.1, "sharePct": 26.2, "systems": 150 }, "China": { "rmaxPF": 356.8, "sharePct": 4.3, "systems": 80 } } }, { "list": "2025/06", "totalRmaxPF": 13837.5, "regions": { "United States": { "rmaxPF": 6698.6, "sharePct": 48.4, "systems": 175 }, "Europe": { "rmaxPF": 4505.6, "sharePct": 32.6, "systems": 155 }, "Rest of world": { "rmaxPF": 2352.1, "sharePct": 17.0, "systems": 123 }, "China": { "rmaxPF": 281.3, "sharePct": 2.0, "systems": 47 } } }, { "list": "2025/11", "totalRmaxPF": 14993.5, "regions": { "United States": { "rmaxPF": 6961.3, "sharePct": 46.4, "systems": 171 }, "Europe": { "rmaxPF": 4713.0, "sharePct": 31.4, "systems": 148 }, "Rest of world": { "rmaxPF": 3114.2, "sharePct": 20.8, "systems": 141 }, "China": { "rmaxPF": 204.9, "sharePct": 1.4, "systems": 40 } } }, { "list": "2026/06", "totalRmaxPF": 18732.7, "regions": { "China": { "rmaxPF": 2377.2, "sharePct": 12.7, "systems": 31 }, "United States": { "rmaxPF": 7031.4, "sharePct": 37.5, "systems": 161 }, "Europe": { "rmaxPF": 5552.2, "sharePct": 29.6, "systems": 155 }, "Rest of world": { "rmaxPF": 3771.9, "sharePct": 20.1, "systems": 153 } } } ], "countries": [ { "country": "United States", "region": "United States", "rmaxPF": 7031.4, "sharePct": 37.54, "systems": 161 }, { "country": "China", "region": "China", "rmaxPF": 2377.2, "sharePct": 12.69, "systems": 31 }, { "country": "Japan", "region": "Rest of world", "rmaxPF": 1517.9, "sharePct": 8.1, "systems": 44 }, { "country": "Italy", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 1450.0, "sharePct": 7.74, "systems": 18 }, { "country": "Germany", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 1402.7, "sharePct": 7.49, "systems": 41 }, { "country": "South Korea", "region": "Rest of world", "rmaxPF": 605.5, "sharePct": 3.23, "systems": 19 }, { "country": "Switzerland", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 450.3, "sharePct": 2.4, "systems": 3 }, { "country": "United Kingdom", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 447.7, "sharePct": 2.39, "systems": 11 }, { "country": "Finland", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 424.6, "sharePct": 2.27, "systems": 5 }, { "country": "France", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 317.1, "sharePct": 1.69, "systems": 21 }, { "country": "Netherlands", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 291.3, "sharePct": 1.56, "systems": 7 }, { "country": "Saudi Arabia", "region": "Rest of world", "rmaxPF": 265.4, "sharePct": 1.42, "systems": 8 }, { "country": "Spain", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 221.9, "sharePct": 1.18, "systems": 3 }, { "country": "Taiwan", "region": "Rest of world", "rmaxPF": 213.8, "sharePct": 1.14, "systems": 11 }, { "country": "Canada", "region": "Rest of world", "rmaxPF": 153.0, "sharePct": 0.82, "systems": 17 }, { "country": "Brazil", "region": "Rest of world", "rmaxPF": 143.1, "sharePct": 0.76, "systems": 10 }, { "country": "United Arab Emirates", "region": "Rest of world", "rmaxPF": 141.8, "sharePct": 0.76, "systems": 5 }, { "country": "Sweden", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 133.8, "sharePct": 0.71, "systems": 9 }, { "country": "India", "region": "Rest of world", "rmaxPF": 121.2, "sharePct": 0.65, "systems": 7 }, { "country": "Singapore", "region": "Rest of world", "rmaxPF": 121.0, "sharePct": 0.65, "systems": 7 }, { "country": "Israel", "region": "Rest of world", "rmaxPF": 108.8, "sharePct": 0.58, "systems": 3 }, { "country": "Vietnam", "region": "Rest of world", "rmaxPF": 86.9, "sharePct": 0.46, "systems": 2 }, { "country": "Greece", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 85.7, "sharePct": 0.46, "systems": 1 }, { "country": "South Africa", "region": "Rest of world", "rmaxPF": 77.8, "sharePct": 0.42, "systems": 1 }, { "country": "Poland", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 71.9, "sharePct": 0.38, "systems": 8 } ], "europeCountries": [ { "country": "Italy", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 1450.0, "sharePct": 7.74, "systems": 18 }, { "country": "Germany", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 1402.7, "sharePct": 7.49, "systems": 41 }, { "country": "Switzerland", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 450.3, "sharePct": 2.4, "systems": 3 }, { "country": "United Kingdom", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 447.7, "sharePct": 2.39, "systems": 11 }, { "country": "Finland", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 424.6, "sharePct": 2.27, "systems": 5 }, { "country": "France", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 317.1, "sharePct": 1.69, "systems": 21 }, { "country": "Netherlands", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 291.3, "sharePct": 1.56, "systems": 7 }, { "country": "Spain", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 221.9, "sharePct": 1.18, "systems": 3 }, { "country": "Sweden", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 133.8, "sharePct": 0.71, "systems": 9 }, { "country": "Greece", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 85.7, "sharePct": 0.46, "systems": 1 }, { "country": "Poland", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 71.9, "sharePct": 0.38, "systems": 8 }, { "country": "Denmark", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 66.6, "sharePct": 0.36, "systems": 1 }, { "country": "Austria", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 47.8, "sharePct": 0.26, "systems": 3 }, { "country": "Norway", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 41.5, "sharePct": 0.22, "systems": 8 }, { "country": "Slovakia", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 24.1, "sharePct": 0.13, "systems": 2 }, { "country": "Czechia", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 18.0, "sharePct": 0.1, "systems": 3 }, { "country": "Belgium", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 11.0, "sharePct": 0.06, "systems": 2 }, { "country": "Iceland", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 10.5, "sharePct": 0.06, "systems": 1 }, { "country": "Luxembourg", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 10.5, "sharePct": 0.06, "systems": 1 }, { "country": "Slovenia", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 6.9, "sharePct": 0.04, "systems": 2 }, { "country": "Ireland", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 6.7, "sharePct": 0.04, "systems": 2 }, { "country": "Bulgaria", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 4.5, "sharePct": 0.02, "systems": 1 }, { "country": "Portugal", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 4.0, "sharePct": 0.02, "systems": 1 }, { "country": "Hungary", "region": "Europe", "rmaxPF": 3.1, "sharePct": 0.02, "systems": 1 } ], "europeSystems": [ { "rank": 5, "system": "JUPITER Booster", "spec": "- BullSequana XH3000, GH Superchip 72C 3GHz, NVIDIA GH200 Superchip, Quad-Rail NVIDIA InfiniBand NDR200, RedHat Enterprise Linux", "vendor": "Bull", "site": "EuroHPC/FZJ", "country": "Germany", "rmaxPF": 1000.0, "rpeakPF": 1226.28, "powerKW": 15794.0, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180357", "accelerated": true }, { "rank": 6, "system": "HPC7", "spec": "- HPE Cray EX255a, AMD 4th Gen EPYC 24C 1.8GHz, AMD Instinct MI300A, Slingshot-11, RHEL 9", "vendor": "HPE", "site": "Eni S.p.A.", "country": "Italy", "rmaxPF": 571.5, "rpeakPF": 861.13, "powerKW": 8735.0, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180451", "accelerated": true }, { "rank": 8, "system": "HPC6", "spec": "- HPE Cray EX235a, AMD Optimized 3rd Generation EPYC 64C 2GHz, AMD Instinct MI250X, Slingshot-11, RHEL 8.9", "vendor": "HPE", "site": "Eni S.p.A.", "country": "Italy", "rmaxPF": 477.9, "rpeakPF": 606.97, "powerKW": 8461.0, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180315", "accelerated": true }, { "rank": 10, "system": "Alps", "spec": "- HPE Cray EX254n, NVIDIA Grace 72C 3.1GHz, NVIDIA GH200 Superchip, Slingshot-11, HPE Cray OS", "vendor": "HPE", "site": "Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (CSCS)", "country": "Switzerland", "rmaxPF": 434.9, "rpeakPF": 574.84, "powerKW": 7124.0, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180259", "accelerated": true }, { "rank": 11, "system": "LUMI", "spec": "- HPE Cray EX235a, AMD Optimized 3rd Generation EPYC 64C 2GHz, AMD Instinct MI250X, Slingshot-11", "vendor": "HPE", "site": "EuroHPC/CSC", "country": "Finland", "rmaxPF": 379.7, "rpeakPF": 531.51, "powerKW": 7107.0, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180048", "accelerated": true }, { "rank": 12, "system": "Leonardo", "spec": "- BullSequana XH2000, Xeon Platinum 8358 32C 2.6GHz, NVIDIA A100 SXM4 64 GB, Quad-rail NVIDIA HDR100 Infiniband", "vendor": "Bull", "site": "EuroHPC/CINECA", "country": "Italy", "rmaxPF": 241.2, "rpeakPF": 306.31, "powerKW": 7494.0, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180128", "accelerated": true }, { "rank": 13, "system": "Isambard-AI phase 2", "spec": "- HPE Cray EX254n, NVIDIA Grace 72C 3.1GHz, NVIDIA GH200 Superchip, Slingshot-11, HPE Cray OS", "vendor": "HPE", "site": "University of Bristol", "country": "United Kingdom", "rmaxPF": 216.5, "rpeakPF": 278.58, "powerKW": null, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180388", "accelerated": true }, { "rank": 15, "system": "ISEG2", "spec": "- Nebius NB-D-SR-IESH6, Xeon Platinum 8468 48C 2.1GHz, NVIDIA H200 SXM5 141 GB, Infiniband NDR400, Ubuntu 22.04", "vendor": "Nebius AI", "site": "Nebius", "country": "Netherlands", "rmaxPF": 202.4, "rpeakPF": 338.49, "powerKW": 5300.0, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180366", "accelerated": true }, { "rank": 16, "system": "MareNostrum 5 ACC", "spec": "- BullSequana XH3000, Xeon Platinum 8460Y+ 32C 2.3GHz, NVIDIA H100 64GB, Infiniband NDR", "vendor": "Bull", "site": "EuroHPC/BSC", "country": "Spain", "rmaxPF": 175.3, "rpeakPF": 249.44, "powerKW": 4159.0, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180238", "accelerated": true }, { "rank": 29, "system": "CEA-HE", "spec": "- BullSequana XH3000, GH Superchip 72C 3GHz, NVIDIA GH200 Superchip, Quad-Rail BXI v2, Linux", "vendor": "Bull", "site": "Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (CEA)", "country": "France", "rmaxPF": 90.79, "rpeakPF": 171.26, "powerKW": 1770.0, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180271", "accelerated": true }, { "rank": 31, "system": "DAEDALUS", "spec": "- HPE Cray EX254n, NVIDIA Grace 72C 3.1GHz, NVIDIA GH200 Superchip, Slingshot-11, Red Hat Enterprise Linux", "vendor": "HPE", "site": "EuroHPC/GRNET (National Infrastructures for Research and Technology)", "country": "Greece", "rmaxPF": 85.69, "rpeakPF": 115.08, "powerKW": 1395.0, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180450", "accelerated": true }, { "rank": 35, "system": "Njoerd", "spec": "- HPE Cray XD670, Xeon Platinum 8462Y+ 32C 2.8GHz, NVIDIA H100 SXM5 80GB, Infiniband NDR400, Ubuntu 22.04", "vendor": "HPE", "site": "Northern Data Group", "country": "United Kingdom", "rmaxPF": 78.2, "rpeakPF": 106.28, "powerKW": null, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180378", "accelerated": true }, { "rank": 42, "system": "Arrhenius GPU", "spec": "- HPE Cray EX254n, NVIDIA Grace 72C 3.1GHz, NVIDIA GH200 Superchip, Slingshot-11, HPE Cray OS", "vendor": "HPE", "site": "EuroHPC/NAISS (National Academic Infrastructure for Super\u00adcomputing in Sweden)", "country": "Sweden", "rmaxPF": 66.82, "rpeakPF": 84.02, "powerKW": 1088.0, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180457", "accelerated": true }, { "rank": 43, "system": "Gefion", "spec": "- NVIDIA DGX H100, Xeon Platinum 8480C 56C 2GHz, NVIDIA H100 SXM5 80GB, Octo-rail NVIDIA HDR100 Infiniband, Red Hat Enterprise Linux", "vendor": "Nvidia", "site": "Danish Centre for AI Innovation", "country": "Denmark", "rmaxPF": 66.59, "rpeakPF": 100.63, "powerKW": 1753.0, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180299", "accelerated": true }, { "rank": 49, "system": "Jean Zay H100", "spec": "- Bull Sequana, Xeon Platinum 8468 48C 2.1GHz, NVIDIA H100 SXM5 80GB, Quad-Rail NVIDIA InfiniBand NDR200, Red Hat Enterprise Linux", "vendor": "Bull", "site": "CNRS/IDRIS-GENCI", "country": "France", "rmaxPF": 52.18, "rpeakPF": 71.42, "powerKW": null, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180304", "accelerated": true }, { "rank": 54, "system": "ISEG", "spec": "- Gigabyte G593-SD0, Xeon Platinum 8468 48C 2.1GHz, NVIDIA H100 SXM5 80 GB, Infiniband NDR400", "vendor": "Nebius AI", "site": "Nebius", "country": "Netherlands", "rmaxPF": 46.54, "rpeakPF": 86.79, "powerKW": 1320.0, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180234", "accelerated": true }, { "rank": 55, "system": "Adastra", "spec": "- HPE Cray EX235a, AMD Optimized 3rd Generation EPYC 64C 2GHz, AMD Instinct MI250X, Slingshot-11", "vendor": "HPE", "site": "Grand Equipement National de Calcul Intensif - Centre Informatique National de l'Enseignement Suprieur (GENCI-CINES)", "country": "France", "rmaxPF": 46.1, "rpeakPF": 61.61, "powerKW": 921.0, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180051", "accelerated": true }, { "rank": 58, "system": "JUWELS Booster Module", "spec": "- Bull Sequana XH2000 , AMD EPYC 7402 24C 2.8GHz, NVIDIA A100, Mellanox HDR InfiniBand/ParTec ParaStation ClusterSuite", "vendor": "Bull", "site": "Forschungszentrum Juelich (FZJ)", "country": "Germany", "rmaxPF": 44.12, "rpeakPF": 70.98, "powerKW": 1764.0, "url": "https://top500.org/system/179894", "accelerated": true }, { "rank": 61, "system": "MareNostrum 5 GPP", "spec": "- ThinkSystem SD650 v3, Xeon Platinum 03H-LC 56C 1.7GHz, Infiniband NDR200", "vendor": "Lenovo", "site": "EuroHPC/BSC", "country": "Spain", "rmaxPF": 40.1, "rpeakPF": 46.37, "powerKW": 5753.0, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180237", "accelerated": false }, { "rank": 65, "system": "HPC5", "spec": "- PowerEdge C4140, Xeon Gold 6252 24C 2.1GHz, NVIDIA Tesla V100, Mellanox HDR Infiniband", "vendor": "DELL", "site": "Eni S.p.A.", "country": "Italy", "rmaxPF": 35.45, "rpeakPF": 51.72, "powerKW": 2252.0, "url": "https://top500.org/system/179856", "accelerated": true }, { "rank": 67, "system": "Sunrise", "spec": "- PowerEdge XE9785L, AMD EPYC 9575F 64C 3.3GHz, AMD Instinct MI355X, Infiniband NDR400, Rocky Linux", "vendor": "DELL", "site": "UKAEA - University of Cambridge", "country": "United Kingdom", "rmaxPF": 34.77, "rpeakPF": 46.16, "powerKW": null, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180469", "accelerated": true }, { "rank": 68, "system": "Zenith", "spec": "- PowerEdge XE9785L, AMD EPYC 9575F 64C 3.3GHz, AMD Instinct MI355X, Infiniband NDR400, Rocky Linux", "vendor": "DELL", "site": "University of Cambridge", "country": "United Kingdom", "rmaxPF": 34.77, "rpeakPF": 46.16, "powerKW": null, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180475", "accelerated": true }, { "rank": 73, "system": "Helma", "spec": "- ThinkSystem SD665-N V3, AMD EPYC 9554 64C 3.1GHz, NVIDIA H200 SXM5 141 GB, Infiniband NDR200, AlmaLinux 9.5", "vendor": "MEGWARE", "site": "Universitaet Erlangen - Regionales Rechenzentrum Erlangen", "country": "Germany", "rmaxPF": 32.22, "rpeakPF": 51.03, "powerKW": 651.0, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180303", "accelerated": true }, { "rank": 75, "system": "MUSICA Phase 1", "spec": "- ThinkSystem SD665-N V3, AMD EPYC 9654 96C 2.4GHz, Nvidia H100 SXM5 94Gb, Infiniband NDR200, RHEL", "vendor": "Lenovo", "site": "MUSICA", "country": "Austria", "rmaxPF": 31.84, "rpeakPF": 53.76, "powerKW": null, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180310", "accelerated": true }, { "rank": 76, "system": "Hunter", "spec": "- HPE Cray EX255a, AMD 4th Gen EPYC 24C 1.8GHz, AMD Instinct MI300A, Slingshot-11, RHEL 9", "vendor": "HPE", "site": "HLRS - H\u00f6chstleistungsrechenzentrum Stuttgart", "country": "Germany", "rmaxPF": 31.68, "rpeakPF": 45.14, "powerKW": 490.0, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180391", "accelerated": true }, { "rank": 77, "system": "Viper-GPU", "spec": "- BullSequana XH3000, AMD Instinct MI300A 24C 1.8GHz, AMD Instinct MI300A, Infiniband NDR200, RedHat Enterprise Linux", "vendor": "Bull", "site": "Max-Planck-Gesellschaft MPI/IPP", "country": "Germany", "rmaxPF": 31.1, "rpeakPF": 44.16, "powerKW": 500.0, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180358", "accelerated": true }, { "rank": 80, "system": "PITAGORA", "spec": "- ThinkSystem SD650-N V3, Xeon Gold 6548Y+ 32C 2.5GHz, NVIDIA H100, Infiniband NDR, Linux", "vendor": "Lenovo", "site": "CINECA", "country": "Italy", "rmaxPF": 27.9, "rpeakPF": 36.97, "powerKW": null, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180348", "accelerated": true }, { "rank": 86, "system": "Mary Coombs", "spec": "- ThinkSystem SD650-N V3, Xeon Gold 6448Y 32C 2.1GHz, NVIDIA H100 SXM5 80GB, Infiniband NDR200, RHEL", "vendor": "Lenovo", "site": "Science and Technology Facilities Council", "country": "United Kingdom", "rmaxPF": 24.41, "rpeakPF": 31.18, "powerKW": null, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180369", "accelerated": true }, { "rank": 88, "system": "Capella", "spec": "- Lenovo ThinkSystem SD665-N V3, AMD EPYC 9334 32C 2.7GHz, Nvidia H100 SXM5 94Gb, Infiniband NDR200, AlmaLinux 9.4", "vendor": "MEGWARE", "site": "TU Dresden, ZIH", "country": "Germany", "rmaxPF": 24.06, "rpeakPF": 37.67, "powerKW": 445.0, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180298", "accelerated": true }, { "rank": 91, "system": "Roihu-G", "spec": "- BullSequana XH3000, GH Superchip 72C 3GHz, NVIDIA GH200 Superchip, Quad-Rail NVIDIA InfiniBand NDR, Redhat Enterprise Linux", "vendor": "Bull", "site": "CSC (Center for Scientific Computing)", "country": "Finland", "rmaxPF": 23.5, "rpeakPF": 27.8, "powerKW": 381.0, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180488", "accelerated": true } ], "europeCount": 155, "europeTop10Count": 4, "europeTop50Count": 15, "ireland": { "systems": 2, "best": { "rank": 381, "system": "AIC1", "site": "Software Company MIR", "rmaxPF": 3.55 } }, "number1": { "system": "LineShine", "site": "National Supercomputing Centre in Shenzhen (NSCS)", "country": "China", "rmaxPF": 2198.4 }, "source": "https://top500.org/lists/top500/2026/06/" }, "epoch": { "file": "epoch-gpu-clusters-2026-10-11.csv", "pulled": "2026-10-11", "rows": 482, "latestFirstOperational": "2025-07-22", "published": { "date": "2025-06-05", "snapshot": "May 2025", "url": "https://epoch.ai/data-insights/ai-supercomputers-performance-share-by-country", "shares": [ { "region": "United States", "pct": 74.5 }, { "region": "China", "pct": 14.1 }, { "region": "EU-27", "pct": 4.8 }, { "region": "Norway", "pct": 1.8 }, { "region": "Japan", "pct": 1.4 }, { "region": "Other", "pct": 3.5 } ] }, "ourShares": [ { "region": "United States", "sharePct": 73.3, "h100e": 925967, "clusters": 93, "mw": 1451 }, { "region": "China", "sharePct": 12.9, "h100e": 91020, "clusters": 124, "mw": 122 }, { "region": "Europe", "sharePct": 9.8, "h100e": 121538, "clusters": 59, "mw": 196 }, { "region": "Rest of world", "sharePct": 4.0, "h100e": 52962, "clusters": 69, "mw": 97 } ], "europeSplit": [ { "region": "EU-27", "sharePct": 6.38, "h100e": 77094, "clusters": 47 }, { "region": "Norway", "sharePct": 1.58, "h100e": 20480, "clusters": 3 }, { "region": "Switzerland", "sharePct": 0.83, "h100e": 10752, "clusters": 1 }, { "region": "United Kingdom", "sharePct": 0.62, "h100e": 7972, "clusters": 6 }, { "region": "Iceland", "sharePct": 0.4, "h100e": 5240, "clusters": 2 } ], "europeLargest": [ { "name": "\"Jupiter, J\u00fclich\"", "owner": "EuroHPC JU,Julich Supercomputing Center", "country": "Germany", "h100e": 23536, "chips": "NVIDIA GH200", "chipCount": 23536.0, "mw": 18.0, "firstOperational": "2025-06-10", "sector": "Public", "certainty": "Confirmed" }, { "name": "NexGen Cloud Hyperstack AQ Compute Supercomputer", "owner": "NexGen Cloud", "country": "Norway", "h100e": 16384, "chips": "NVIDIA H100 SXM5 80GB", "chipCount": 16384.0, "mw": 23.378001920000003, "firstOperational": "2024-04-19", "sector": "Private", "certainty": "Likely" }, { "name": "Alps Supercomputer Phase 2", "owner": "ETH Domain", "country": "Switzerland", "h100e": 10752, "chips": "NVIDIA GH200", "chipCount": 10752.0, "mw": 11.9088, "firstOperational": "2024-09-17", "sector": "Public", "certainty": "Confirmed" }, { "name": "Nebius 8k Finland Phase 1", "owner": "Nebius AI", "country": "Finland", "h100e": 8000, "chips": "NVIDIA H100 SXM5 80GB", "chipCount": 8000.0, "mw": 11.415040000000001, "firstOperational": "2024-05-10", "sector": "Private", "certainty": "Likely" }, { "name": "University of Bristol Isambard-AI", "owner": "UK Research and Innovation", "country": "United Kingdom", "h100e": 5448, "chips": "NVIDIA GH200", "chipCount": 5448.0, "mw": 7.6348272, "firstOperational": "2025-06-15", "sector": "Public", "certainty": "Confirmed" }, { "name": "Nebius ISEG2", "owner": "Nebius AI", "country": "Iceland", "h100e": 4992, "chips": "NVIDIA H200 SXM", "chipCount": 4992.0, "mw": 6.995788800000001, "firstOperational": "2025-06-15", "sector": "Private", "certainty": "Confirmed" }, { "name": "Mare Nostrum 5", "owner": "Barcelona Supercomputing Center,EuroHPC JU", "country": "Spain", "h100e": 4480, "chips": "NVIDIA H100 SXM5 80GB", "chipCount": 4480.0, "mw": 6.0, "firstOperational": "2023-11-01", "sector": "Public", "certainty": "Confirmed" }, { "name": "EuroHPC Leonardo", "owner": "EuroHPC JU", "country": "Italy", "h100e": 4359, "chips": "NVIDIA A100", "chipCount": 13824.0, "mw": 12.5985, "firstOperational": "2022-11-22", "sector": "Public", "certainty": "Confirmed" }, { "name": "Sesterce Synapse Phase 2", "owner": "Sesterce", "country": "France", "h100e": 4096, "chips": "NVIDIA H200 SXM", "chipCount": 4096.0, "mw": 5.7401344000000005, "firstOperational": "2025-01-15", "sector": "Private", "certainty": "Likely" }, { "name": "Sesterce H100s Phase 2", "owner": "Sesterce", "country": "France", "h100e": 4096, "chips": "NVIDIA H100 SXM5 80GB", "chipCount": 4096.0, "mw": 5.844500480000001, "firstOperational": "2024-07-06", "sector": "Private", "certainty": "Likely" }, { "name": "Sweden 4k H100 Cluster", "owner": "", "country": "Sweden", "h100e": 4000, "chips": "NVIDIA H100 SXM5 80GB", "chipCount": 4000.0, "mw": 5.6056, "firstOperational": "2025-01-14", "sector": "Private", "certainty": "Likely" }, { "name": "Novo Nordisk Gefion", "owner": "Novo Nordisk Foundation,Danish Centre for AI Innovation,Export and Investment Fund of Denmark", "country": "Denmark", "h100e": 3032, "chips": "NVIDIA H100 SXM5 80GB", "chipCount": 1528.0, "mw": 2.9307, "firstOperational": "2024-10-23", "sector": "Private", "certainty": "Confirmed" }, { "name": "CEA EXA1-HE Phase 3", "owner": "French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)", "country": "France", "h100e": 2688, "chips": "NVIDIA GH200", "chipCount": 2688.0, "mw": 3.7669632, "firstOperational": "2025-06-15", "sector": "Public", "certainty": "Confirmed" }, { "name": "Eni HPC6", "owner": "Eni", "country": "Italy", "h100e": 2688, "chips": "AMD Radeon Instinct MI250X", "chipCount": 13888.0, "mw": 14.1546496, "firstOperational": "2024-11-18", "sector": "Private", "certainty": "Confirmed" }, { "name": "EuroHPC LUMI", "owner": "EuroHPC JU", "country": "Finland", "h100e": 2305, "chips": "AMD Radeon Instinct MI250X", "chipCount": 11912.0, "mw": 12.0922, "firstOperational": "2022-09-15", "sector": "Public", "certainty": "Confirmed" } ], "method": "Clusters with known country, first operational date and 16-bit OP/s, operational from 2019; clusters marked 'Superseded by' dropped to avoid double counting expansions. Share of summed 16-bit OP/s.", "licence": "CC BY 4.0 (Epoch AI)", "url": "https://epoch.ai/data/gpu-clusters" }, "epochDataCenters": { "file": "epoch-ai-data-centers-2026-10-11.csv", "pulled": "2026-10-11", "sites": 93, "regions": [ { "region": "United States", "h100e": 12622038, "h100eSharePct": 87.7, "mw": 11851, "mwSharePct": 85.7, "sites": 77 }, { "region": "Rest of world", "h100e": 1195350, "h100eSharePct": 8.3, "mw": 1008, "mwSharePct": 7.3, "sites": 5 }, { "region": "China", "h100e": 320440, "h100eSharePct": 2.2, "mw": 731, "mwSharePct": 5.3, "sites": 4 }, { "region": "Europe", "h100e": 260756, "h100eSharePct": 1.8, "mw": 243, "mwSharePct": 1.8, "sites": 7 } ], "europeSites": [ { "name": "Google Waltham Cross", "country": "United Kingdom", "owner": "Google", "h100e": 123800, "mw": 88.0, "chips": "TPU v6e" }, { "name": "CoreWeave Norway", "country": "Norway", "owner": "CoreWeave", "h100e": 50773, "mw": 42.0, "chips": "B200" }, { "name": "Nebius Mantsala", "country": "Finland", "owner": "Nebius", "h100e": 48528, "mw": 75.0, "chips": "H100,B300,H200" }, { "name": "Start Campus Sines Data Campus", "country": "Portugal", "owner": "Nscale", "h100e": 31834, "mw": 33.0, "chips": "B300" }, { "name": "Nscale Keflavik", "country": "Iceland", "owner": "Nscale", "h100e": 5821, "mw": 5.1, "chips": "B300" }, { "name": "EcoDataCenter 2", "country": "Sweden", "owner": "Mistral AI", "h100e": 0, "mw": 0.0, "chips": null }, { "name": "Microsoft Narvik Norway", "country": "Norway", "owner": "Nscale", "h100e": 0, "mw": 0.0, "chips": null } ], "coverage": "Epoch estimates the database covers about 43% of global AI compute (90% CI 23-81%), as of Oct 2026", "licence": "CC BY 4.0 (Epoch AI)", "url": "https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers" }, "clusters": [ { "name": "Stargate Norway / Aker-Nscale Narvik campus", "owner": "Nscale (Aker-Nscale JV; reports say JV consolidated under Nscale); Microsoft main tenant", "country": "Norway", "site": "Kvandal, near Narvik", "mw": 230, "mwKind": "campus total", "gpus": 52000, "chip": "NVIDIA GB300", "status": "under construction", "date": "staged deliveries from 2026", "investment": "US$1bn for first 20 MW stage (Nscale+Aker); Microsoft contract reported at US$6.2bn (Sep 2025, unchecked)", "sourceDate": "2025-10-15", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "52,000 GB300 for Microsoft per Nscale PR (15 Oct 2025). Original Stargate Norway plan (Jul 2025): 230 MW phase 1 + 290 MW expansion, 100,000 GPUs by end-2026 (from secondary reporting, primary OpenAI page blocked). OpenAI dropped out Apr 2026. Construction status not confirmed from a primary source.", "source": "https://www.nscale.com/press-releases/nscale-microsoft-2025" }, { "name": "Microsoft-Nscale Narvik Rubin expansion", "owner": "Nscale; tenant Microsoft", "country": "Norway", "site": "Kvandal, near Narvik (same 230 MW campus)", "mw": null, "mwKind": "unspecified", "gpus": 30000, "chip": "NVIDIA Vera Rubin", "status": "announced", "date": "2027 delivery", "investment": null, "sourceDate": "2026-04-17", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Deal revealed 14 Apr 2026, after OpenAI-Nscale talks ended. Hosted in the 230 MW campus above; do not add MW twice.", "source": "https://amcham.no/microsoft-contracts-30000-gpus-from-nscale-at-norway-data-center-as-openai-drops-out-of-latest-stargate/" }, { "name": "Stargate UK", "owner": "OpenAI / Nscale / NVIDIA", "country": "United Kingdom", "site": "Several sites incl. Cobalt Park (North East AI Growth Zone)", "mw": null, "mwKind": "unspecified", "gpus": 8000, "chip": "NVIDIA (unspecified)", "status": "paused", "date": "paused ~9-10 Apr 2026", "investment": null, "sourceDate": "2026-04-13", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Plan (Sep 2025): up to 8,000 GPUs in Q1 2026, scaling to 31,000. OpenAI cited energy costs and regulatory uncertainty incl. copyright; says it may resume. Guardian reported site still a scaffolding yard (secondary, unchecked).", "source": "https://www.verdict.co.uk/openai-pauses-stargate-uk-over-regulation-and-energy-costs-report/" }, { "name": "Nscale-Microsoft Loughton AI Campus", "owner": "Nscale; tenant Microsoft", "country": "United Kingdom", "site": "Loughton, Essex", "mw": 50, "mwKind": "unspecified", "gpus": 23040, "chip": "NVIDIA GB300", "status": "under construction", "date": "Q1 2027 (planned); reported pushed to Q2 2027", "investment": null, "sourceDate": "2025-10-15", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "50 MW scalable to 90 MW. Verdict (13 Apr 2026) reports the Microsoft-Nscale Essex project pushed from 2026 to Q2 2027 pending newer chips and full planning approval. Construction status unchecked.", "source": "https://www.nscale.com/press-releases/nscale-microsoft-2025" }, { "name": "QTS Blyth/Cambois campus (North East AI Growth Zone)", "owner": "QTS (Blackstone)", "country": "United Kingdom", "site": "Cambois, Blyth, Northumberland", "mw": 1100, "mwKind": "unspecified", "gpus": null, "chip": null, "status": "announced", "date": "open 2028 (reported)", "investment": "\u00a310bn committed by Blackstone (gov't figure)", "sourceDate": "2025-09", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "1.1 GW 'within six years' and 2028 opening are from search-result summaries, not fetched primary text: unchecked. Cobalt Park is a separate site in the same Growth Zone.", "source": "https://www.northeast-ca.gov.uk/news/finance-and-investment/north-east-england-set-for-billions-in-investment-and-thousands-of-jobs-through-new-ai-growth-zone" }, { "name": "Culham AI Growth Zone", "owner": "UKAEA (partner sought)", "country": "United Kingdom", "site": "Culham Campus, Oxfordshire", "mw": 100, "mwKind": "unspecified", "gpus": null, "chip": null, "status": "announced", "date": null, "investment": null, "sourceDate": "2025-01", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Gov't: 100 MW being developed, plan to scale to 500 MW+. Verdict (13 Apr 2026) says Culham still lacks a private investment partner. Unchecked against primary gov.uk page.", "source": "https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/uk-ai-opportunities-action-plan-data-center/" }, { "name": "Isambard-AI", "owner": "University of Bristol / UKRI (DSIT)", "country": "United Kingdom", "site": "National Composites Centre, Bristol", "mw": 5, "mwKind": "unspecified", "gpus": 5448, "chip": "NVIDIA GH200", "status": "operating", "date": "Phase 2 live Jul 2025", "investment": "\u00a3225m (unchecked)", "sourceDate": "2025-07", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "TOP500 Jun 2026 rank 13 (Rmax 216.5 PF); TOP500 lists no power figure. Enlit reports up to ~4 MW at full load; site can take up to 30 MW.", "source": "https://datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/uks-5mw-isambard-ai-supercomputer-goes-live-in-bristol" }, { "name": "Nebius Lappeenranta AI factory", "owner": "Nebius (built with Polarnode)", "country": "Finland", "site": "Lappeenranta", "mw": 310, "mwKind": "unspecified", "gpus": null, "chip": null, "status": "under construction", "date": "first capacity 2027", "investment": ">US$10bn (Mobile World Live; unchecked)", "sourceDate": "2026-03-31", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "'Up to 310 MW'; multi-building campus, closed-loop liquid cooling.", "source": "https://nebius.com/newsroom/nebius-to-construct-310-mw-ai-factory-in-finland" }, { "name": "Nebius AI factory near Lille", "owner": "Nebius", "country": "France", "site": "Near Lille (B\u00e9thune not named in fetched source)", "mw": 240, "mwKind": "unspecified", "gpus": null, "chip": null, "status": "under construction", "date": null, "investment": null, "sourceDate": "2026-03-31", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Nebius says it is 'building' a 240 MW AI factory near Lille. B\u00e9thune location unchecked.", "source": "https://nebius.com/newsroom/nebius-to-construct-310-mw-ai-factory-in-finland" }, { "name": "Nebius M\u00e4nts\u00e4l\u00e4", "owner": "Nebius", "country": "Finland", "site": "M\u00e4nts\u00e4l\u00e4", "mw": 75, "mwKind": "unspecified", "gpus": null, "chip": null, "status": "operating", "date": "expansion completed 2026", "investment": null, "sourceDate": "2026-03-31", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Expansion to 75 MW completed in 2026 per Nebius.", "source": "https://nebius.com/newsroom/nebius-to-construct-310-mw-ai-factory-in-finland" }, { "name": "Mistral Compute, Bruy\u00e8res-le-Ch\u00e2tel", "owner": "Mistral AI (site operator Eclairion)", "country": "France", "site": "Bruy\u00e8res-le-Ch\u00e2tel, Essonne", "mw": 44, "mwKind": "unspecified", "gpus": 13800, "chip": "NVIDIA GB300", "status": "under construction", "date": "Q2 2026 target (passed; go-live unconfirmed)", "investment": "US$830m debt (Bpifrance-led bank consortium)", "sourceDate": "2026-03-30", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Mistral targets 200 MW across Europe by end-2027. No go-live announcement found by 11 Oct 2026; status may be stale.", "source": "https://www.maddyness.com/2026/03/30/mistral-ai-securise-830-millions-de-dollars-en-dette-pour-exploiter-son-premier-centre-de-donnees-en-france/" }, { "name": "Mistral / EcoDataCenter Sweden", "owner": "Mistral AI / EcoDataCenter", "country": "Sweden", "site": "Sweden (EcoDataCenter site; location not stated in fetched source)", "mw": 23, "mwKind": "unspecified", "gpus": null, "chip": null, "status": "announced", "date": "2027", "investment": "\u20ac1.2bn", "sourceDate": "2026-03-30", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Announced Feb 2026 per Maddyness.", "source": "https://www.maddyness.com/2026/03/30/mistral-ai-securise-830-millions-de-dollars-en-dette-pour-exploiter-son-premier-centre-de-donnees-en-france/" }, { "name": "Campus AI Fouju (MGX-Bpifrance-Mistral-Nvidia)", "owner": "Campus AI JV (MGX, Bpifrance, Mistral AI, NVIDIA)", "country": "France", "site": "Fouju, Seine-et-Marne", "mw": 1400, "mwKind": "campus total", "gpus": null, "chip": null, "status": "under construction", "date": "opening 2028 (reported, unchecked)", "investment": "Eiffage shared-infrastructure contract >\u20ac120m; MGX \u20ac7.5bn (reported, unchecked)", "sourceDate": "2026-10-09", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Eiffage selected 2 Jun 2026 for 400/33 kV substation. Mistral first customer (1 Jun 2026): 96 MW phase 1, up to 200 MW. JV expanded to 'up to 3 GW' nationwide at Choose France 2026. 9 Oct 2026: associations announce six legal challenges against the 1.4 GW campus.", "source": "https://www.actuia.com/acteur/mgx/" }, { "name": "Fluidstack France 1 GW AI supercomputer", "owner": "Fluidstack", "country": "France", "site": "Bosquel, northern France (reported)", "mw": 1000, "mwKind": "unspecified", "gpus": null, "chip": null, "status": "cancelled", "date": "withdrawal reported 18 Mar 2026", "investment": "\u20ac10bn", "sourceDate": "2026-04-08", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Bloomberg headline 18 Mar 2026: Fluidstack drops out of \u20ac10bn French project (anonymous sources; no official statement found). Local authorities reopened bids. Originally MoU Feb 2025, 'operational 2026'.", "source": "https://www.structureresearch.net/2026/04/08/fluidstack-withdraws-from-france-ai-factory-as-it-prioritises-the-us/" }, { "name": "Brookfield Cambrai AI campus", "owner": "Brookfield (with Data4)", "country": "France", "site": "Cambrai", "mw": 1000, "mwKind": "unspecified", "gpus": null, "chip": null, "status": "announced", "date": "by 2030", "investment": "\u20ac20bn France package; ~\u20ac15bn for Cambrai (reported)", "sourceDate": "2025-02", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "No 2026 status update found.", "source": "https://www.maginative.com/article/brookfield-commits-eu20-billion-to-ai-infrastructure-in-france/" }, { "name": "Brookfield Str\u00e4ngn\u00e4s AI centre", "owner": "Brookfield", "country": "Sweden", "site": "Str\u00e4ngn\u00e4s", "mw": 750, "mwKind": "unspecified", "gpus": null, "chip": null, "status": "announced", "date": "10-15 year build", "investment": "SEK 95bn (~US$10bn)", "sourceDate": "2025-06-04", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Land allocation would take site from 300 MW to 750 MW. No 2026 status found.", "source": "https://seekingalpha.com/pr/20125772-brookfield-to-advance-ai-infrastructure-in-sweden-through-sek-95-billion-investment" }, { "name": "Deutsche Telekom-NVIDIA Industrial AI Cloud", "owner": "Deutsche Telekom / T-Systems with NVIDIA (DC partner Polarise)", "country": "Germany", "site": "Tucherpark, Munich", "mw": null, "mwKind": "unspecified", "gpus": 10000, "chip": "NVIDIA Blackwell (DGX B200, RTX PRO)", "status": "operating", "date": "live since Feb 2026", "investment": "~\u20ac1bn / US$1.2bn (reported, unchecked)", "sourceDate": "2026-07-15", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "'Roughly 10,000' GPUs; up to 0.5 exaFLOPS. No MW figure published.", "source": "https://www.cloudmagazin.com/en/2026/07/15/ai-camps-in-germany-live-construction-and-planning-separated/" }, { "name": "Schwarz Digits Datacenter L\u00fcbbenau", "owner": "Schwarz Digits / STACKIT", "country": "Germany", "site": "Former L\u00fcbbenau power plant, Brandenburg", "mw": 200, "mwKind": "grid connection", "gpus": 100000, "chip": null, "status": "under construction", "date": "groundbreaking Aug 2026; phase 1 end-2027", "investment": "\u20ac11bn", "sourceDate": "2025-11-17", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "'About 200 MW connection capacity initially'; 'up to 100,000' GPUs is capacity, not ordered chips. Groundbreaking Aug 2026 per DCD headline (page blocked).", "source": "https://www.retaildetail.be/nl/news/food/lidl-eigenaar-schwarz-groep-investeert-11-miljard-euro-in-gigantisch-datacenter" }, { "name": "evroc Arlandastad", "owner": "evroc", "country": "Sweden", "site": "Arlandastad, Stockholm", "mw": 18, "mwKind": "unspecified", "gpus": 16000, "chip": null, "status": "announced", "date": "target operational H2 2026", "investment": null, "sourceDate": "2025-02-03", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "evroc's site now says up to 10,000 GPUs. No 2026 progress found; Datacentermap lists as planned.", "source": "https://evroc.com/news/evroc-flagship-datacenter-2025/" }, { "name": "evroc Mougins", "owner": "evroc", "country": "France", "site": "Mougins, near Cannes", "mw": 96, "mwKind": "unspecified", "gpus": 50000, "chip": null, "status": "announced", "date": "target 2025 (passed)", "investment": "up to \u20ac4bn", "sourceDate": "2025-02-10", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "No go-live announcement found.", "source": "https://evroc.com/news/evroc-mougins-datacenter" }, { "name": "Start Campus Sines (Nscale/Microsoft)", "owner": "Start Campus; Nscale tenant for Microsoft", "country": "Portugal", "site": "Sines", "mw": 1200, "mwKind": "campus total", "gpus": 12600, "chip": "NVIDIA GB300", "status": "under construction", "date": "GB300 from Q1 2026; Rubin from late 2027", "investment": "campus \u20ac8.5bn (DCK); Microsoft US$10bn Sines plan (DCD headline)", "sourceDate": "2025-10-14", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Only SIN01 operational; SIN02 180 MW under development (reported). DCD headline: Nscale to deploy 66,000+ Rubin GPUs for Microsoft at Sines from late 2027 plus a second 200 MW building (date unchecked). GB300 go-live unconfirmed.", "source": "https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/deals/microsoft-to-rent-nscale-ai-data-center-capacity-in-portugal" }, { "name": "Google Finland expansion", "owner": "Google", "country": "Finland", "site": "Hamina, Kajaani, Muhos, Vaala", "mw": null, "mwKind": "unspecified", "gpus": null, "chip": null, "status": "announced", "date": "construction 2027-2028", "investment": "at least \u20ac13bn", "sourceDate": "2026-09-09", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "No MW or chip figures. Regulator paused forest clearing at two sites pending EIA (Yle, secondary).", "source": "https://euronews.com/business/2026/09/09/google-to-invest-13bn-in-finnish-ai-data-centres-its-biggest-european-push-yet" }, { "name": "Sesterce J\u00e4ms\u00e4 AI campus", "owner": "Sesterce", "country": "Finland", "site": "Kaipola (former UPM mill), J\u00e4ms\u00e4", "mw": 200, "mwKind": "unspecified", "gpus": null, "chip": null, "status": "announced", "date": "phase 1 construction from 2026", "investment": "more than \u20ac10bn", "sourceDate": "2026-10-08", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Phase 1 200 MW, phase 2 to 600 MW; unnamed anchor customer; site sale still under negotiation; permits needed.", "source": "https://thenextweb.com/news/sesterce-10b-ai-data-centre-finland-jamsa" }, { "name": "Cerebras Europe expansion", "owner": "Cerebras", "country": "France / Norway / Finland", "site": "Not disclosed", "mw": 200, "mwKind": "unspecified", "gpus": null, "chip": "Cerebras WSE", "status": "announced", "date": "first capacity end-2026; 200 MW by end-2027", "investment": null, "sourceDate": "2026-07-13", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Announced 9 Jul 2026 (RAISE Summit, Paris). Partly for OpenAI workloads. Operators not named.", "source": "https://w.media/cerebras-plans-to-expand-european-data-center-footprint-to-200-mw/" }, { "name": "Alice Recoque", "owner": "EuroHPC JU / GENCI / CEA (vendor Eviden)", "country": "France", "site": "TGCC, Bruy\u00e8res-le-Ch\u00e2tel", "mw": 24, "mwKind": "IT load", "gpus": null, "chip": "AMD Instinct MI430X", "status": "under construction", "date": "installation from 2026; HPL Q2 2027 (slide)", "investment": "\u20ac554m over 5 years (official release); \u20ac354.8m procurement contract", "sourceDate": "2025-11", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "24 MW is the max peak reserved in TGCC tender (36 MW total IT); a Nov 2025 slide says <20 MW. Not on Jun 2026 TOP500. Installation progress unconfirmed.", "source": "https://www.cea.fr/english/Pages/News/eviden-deliver-alice-recoque-new-european-exascale-supercomputer.aspx" } ], "headlines": [ { "who": "Arq Foundation (Europe 2031)", "figure": "European AI compute end-2026", "value": "~2 GW", "scope": "'Europe' undefined; text names Norway and UK, so wider than EU", "url": "https://europe2031.ai/compute-forecast/", "date": "2026-06-11", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Bottom-up database of announced AI data centres >=10 MW. Date from page's agent version 'Last updated: 2026-06-11'.", "id": "europe2031_2026_gw", "label": "AI compute capacity, end-2026" }, { "who": "Arq Foundation (Europe 2031)", "figure": "European AI compute 2031", "value": "~21 GW", "scope": "as above", "url": "https://europe2031.ai/compute-forecast/", "date": "2026-06-11", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Assumes announced projects mostly realised.", "id": "europe2031_2031_gw", "label": "AI compute capacity, 2031" }, { "who": "Arq Foundation (Europe 2031)", "figure": "Europe share of global AI compute", "value": "~5% now; ~8% briefly in 2028; just over 5% in 2031", "scope": "as above; measured in GW", "url": "https://europe2031.ai/compute-forecast/", "date": "2026-06-11", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Global ~30 GW at start of 2026, ~370 GW by 2031. China ~11% in GW (~5% in H100e), RoW ~11% by 2030, US a bit under 70%.", "id": "europe2031_share", "label": "Share of global AI compute" }, { "who": "Arq Foundation (Europe 2031)", "figure": "Largest compute owners by 2031", "value": "France 37%, Norway 9%, Germany 9%", "scope": "Share of European compute (implied by context, not stated explicitly)", "url": "https://europe2031.ai/compute-forecast/", "date": "2026-06-11", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Largest 2031 clusters: GW-scale in France and Portugal; >500 MW in NL, Romania, Norway, Germany, Italy, UK.", "id": "europe2031_countries", "label": "Largest countries by 2031" }, { "who": "Bruegel PB 18/2026", "figure": "EU operational AI compute 2026", "value": "~2 GW (2.07 GW in Table 1), ~5% of global", "scope": "EU (but built on the Europe2031.ai project list)", "url": "https://www.bruegel.org/policy-brief/how-can-europe-address-its-pressing-ai-compute-infrastructure-shortfall", "date": "2026-09-10", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "US 78% (35.28 GW), China 11% (4.95 GW) in 2026; US 68%, China 15% by 2031. DOI 10.64153/SHIA4474. '\u00a9 BRUEGEL. All rights reserved.'", "id": "bruegel_2026", "label": "EU operational AI compute, 2026" }, { "who": "Bruegel PB 18/2026", "figure": "Planned projects financed privately", "value": "76 of 101 projects fully private, 84% of planned capacity", "scope": "Europe2031.ai project list", "url": "https://www.bruegel.org/policy-brief/how-can-europe-address-its-pressing-ai-compute-infrastructure-shortfall", "date": "2026-09-10", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "A footnote says 100 projects, so the brief is inconsistent.", "id": "bruegel_private", "label": "Planned projects that are fully private" }, { "who": "Bruegel PB 18/2026", "figure": "EU AI compute 2030 / 2031", "value": "16.80 GW (2030); ~20.89 GW (2031, ~5.6-6% of global)", "scope": "EU", "url": "https://www.bruegel.org/policy-brief/how-can-europe-address-its-pressing-ai-compute-infrastructure-shortfall", "date": "2026-09-10", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Global 300 GW projected for 2030.", "id": "bruegel_2031", "label": "EU AI compute, 2030 and 2031" }, { "who": "Bruegel PB 18/2026", "figure": "EU AI Gigafactories", "value": "5 planned, ~750 MW total (~150 MW each), ~4% of projected 2031 EU capacity", "scope": "EU", "url": "https://www.bruegel.org/policy-brief/how-can-europe-address-its-pressing-ai-compute-infrastructure-shortfall", "date": "2026-09-10", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "EuroHPC call opened 30 Jul 2026, deadline 3 Dec 2026 (official page); a secondary source said 12 Nov 2026.", "id": "bruegel_aigf", "label": "AI gigafactories in the plans" }, { "who": "Epoch AI", "figure": "China share of compute from leading AI chips", "value": "just over 5% (end-2025, rated FLOP/s)", "scope": "Global", "url": "https://epoch.ai/blog/introducing-the-ai-chip-owners-explorer", "date": "2026-04-06", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Five US hyperscalers own >70% of global AI compute; Google ~25%. No Europe share given. CC BY 4.0.", "id": "epoch_china", "label": "China's share of leading AI-chip compute" } ], "thirdParty": [ { "who": "SemiAnalysis", "title": "AI Arrives In The Middle East: US Strikes A Deal with UAE and KSA", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/ai-arrives-in-the-middle-east-us-strikes-a-deal-with-uae-and-ksa", "date": "16 May 2025", "says": "SemiAnalysis argued that Europe could have taken the AI build-out that power-constrained US grids could not absorb, but that it was held back by power shortages and slow permitting, so the Gulf took that role instead.", "ours": "Our numbers are consistent with that reading: Europe's share of tracked AI-cluster compute is about 5%, and the largest European sites in our table are mostly announced or under construction rather than operating. The counter-case is that Nordic and Iberian sites (Narvik, Lappeenranta, Sines) are now being built at hundreds of MW." } ], "caveats": [ "The often-shared comparison of the largest US AI supercomputer (1,250 MW) with Europe's (83 MW) comes from the scenario narrative of Europe 2031, which its authors call imagination rather than prediction, not from its forecast; we do not use it.", "Arq's Europe 2031 figures cover a 'Europe' that includes Norway and the UK; Bruegel presents near-identical totals as EU figures built on the same project list. Neither states an open licence, so only headlines are cited.", "MW in the largest-sites table are as announced and mix IT load, grid connection and campus totals at full build; they are not comparable with each other or with TOP500 benchmark power.", "TOP500 measures double-precision (FP64) HPL performance of systems whose owners submit a benchmark. Most commercial AI clusters (hyperscalers, labs, neoclouds) never submit, so TOP500 overstates public science machines and understates private AI compute.", "China submits far fewer systems to TOP500 than it used to (226 entries in June 2020, 31 in June 2026), so its TOP500 share understates its compute.", "top500.org states no open data licence; we publish aggregates and the European systems with credit, not the list.", "Epoch's GPU clusters dataset covered an estimated 10-20% of global AI compute (Mar 2025), mostly disclosed clusters; Google TPUs and in-house chips are largely missing. Our recompute from the public CSV differs from Epoch's published chart because the CSV is a subset and we drop superseded clusters." ] }, "calls": { "title": "StackPath calls ledger: predictions and outcomes", "asOf": "2026-10-11", "source": "StackPath repository (research/, issues/, docs/): calls quoted with file path and date; outcomes from the public documents cited per row", "scoring": "Hit rate = calls scored right / calls resolved. A call scored 'partly' counts as a miss.", "summary": { "calls": 13, "open": 9, "resolved": 4, "right": 3, "wrong": 0, "partly": 1, "hitRatePct": 75, "overdueForScoring": 0, "nextDue": { "id": "mpid345-in-force", "due": "2026-10-27", "statement": "The fault ride-through rule for data centres (Grid Code modification MPID 345) takes effect on 27 Oct 2026, capping each non-compliant site's demand." }, "firstMade": "2026-10-03" }, "calls": [ { "id": "budget-no-dc-measure", "made": "2026-10-03", "firstCommitted": "2026-10-05", "madeIn": "research/budget-2027/pre-budget-brief.md, section 7", "quote": "Two absences are worth reporting if they hold: no data-centre measure at all (#1), and no AI compute money beyond the \u20ac10m (#11).", "statement": "Budget 2027 would contain no measure aimed at data centres.", "test": "Any tax, levy, rates, reporting or planning measure that names data centres in the Budget 2027 documents (6 Oct 2026).", "due": "2026-10-06", "callType": "expectation", "topic": "budget", "status": "right", "outcome": "No measure names data centres. They appear only as economic context, in the Economic and Fiscal Outlook (PDF pp. 12, 13, 17) and the FIF/ICNF assessment (p. 13). Read across 14 Budget documents on 6 Oct 2026.", "outcomeSource": "https://assets.gov.ie/static/documents/b9453ba9/Budget_2027_-_Tax_Policy_Changes_-_Publication_Version.pdf", "outcomeDate": "2026-10-06", "source": "research/budget-2027/pre-budget-brief.md", "sourceDate": "2026-10-03", "kind": "inference", "checked": "2026-10-11", "overdueForScoring": false }, { "id": "budget-no-ai-compute", "made": "2026-10-03", "firstCommitted": "2026-10-05", "madeIn": "research/budget-2027/pre-budget-brief.md, section 7", "quote": "Two absences are worth reporting if they hold: no data-centre measure at all (#1), and no AI compute money beyond the \u20ac10m (#11).", "statement": "Budget 2027 would add no AI compute money beyond the \u20ac10m gigafactory pledge.", "test": "Any Budget 2027 line for AI Factories, an AI gigafactory, EuroHPC, ICHEC or CeADAR beyond the \u20ac10m.", "due": "2026-10-06", "callType": "expectation", "topic": "budget", "status": "right", "outcome": "No AI Factory, gigafactory, EuroHPC, ICHEC or CeADAR line. National HPC and the AI Factory Antenna get continued support with no euro figure (Expenditure Report Part 2, PDF p. 72). The \u20ac10m pledge itself does not appear.", "outcomeSource": "https://assets.gov.ie/static/documents/bdd2cc88/Part_2_Budget_2027_Expenditure_Report.pdf", "outcomeDate": "2026-10-06", "source": "research/budget-2027/pre-budget-brief.md", "sourceDate": "2026-10-03", "kind": "inference", "checked": "2026-10-11", "overdueForScoring": false }, { "id": "budget-cru-little", "made": "2026-10-03", "firstCommitted": "2026-10-05", "madeIn": "research/budget-2027/pre-budget-brief.md, section 7, item 14", "quote": "The CRU is mainly levy-funded, so expect little; note an absence too", "statement": "Budget 2027 would give the energy regulator (CRU) little or no Exchequer money for its data-centre and gas work.", "test": "Exchequer funding for the CRU in the Budget 2027 Expenditure Report.", "due": "2026-10-06", "callType": "expectation", "topic": "budget", "status": "right", "outcome": "No Exchequer money. The Expenditure Report notes 66 extra CRU posts sanctioned in the past year, 'non-Exchequer funded' (Part 3, PDF p. 48).", "outcomeSource": "https://assets.gov.ie/static/documents/410f5e31/Part_3_Budget_2027_Expenditure_Report.pdf", "outcomeDate": "2026-10-06", "source": "research/budget-2027/pre-budget-brief.md", "sourceDate": "2026-10-03", "kind": "inference", "checked": "2026-10-11", "overdueForScoring": false }, { "id": "cm-no-hyperscaler", "made": "2026-10-07", "firstCommitted": "2026-10-07", "madeIn": "issues/01-ireland-power-gap.md, section 3 (capacity-market wins), version of 7 Oct 2026", "quote": "No hyperscaler appears under its own name.", "statement": "No hyperscaler holds an Irish capacity-market award under its own name (claim based on the five T-4 auctions, 2025/26 to 2029/30).", "test": "Search every capacity auction report, T-4 and T-1, for hyperscaler company names.", "due": null, "callType": "claim", "topic": "capacity market", "status": "partly", "outcome": "Right for the five T-4 auctions searched. Wrong once the T-1 auctions were added on 9 Oct 2026: Microsoft Ireland Energy Ltd won a one-year contract for 6.09 MW of existing capacity in T-1 2026/27 (FCAR2627T-1, PDF p. 16). The issue was corrected the same day.", "outcomeSource": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-08/Final%20Capacity%20Auction%20Results%20report%20FCAR2627T-1.pdf", "outcomeDate": "2026-10-09", "source": "issues/01-ireland-power-gap.md", "sourceDate": "2026-10-07", "kind": "inference", "checked": "2026-10-11", "overdueForScoring": false }, { "id": "mpid345-in-force", "made": "2026-10-03", "firstCommitted": "2026-10-05", "madeIn": "research/mission/policy-and-consent.md, 'Update 3 Oct evening'", "quote": "MPID 345 approved 22 Sep 2026 (CRU2026145), in the Grid Code from 27 Oct 2026, with per-site caps on non-compliant data-centre demand", "statement": "The fault ride-through rule for data centres (Grid Code modification MPID 345) takes effect on 27 Oct 2026, capping each non-compliant site's demand.", "test": "EirGrid's Grid Code includes MPID 345 in force from 27 Oct 2026, with per-site caps on non-compliant data-centre demand.", "due": "2026-10-27", "callType": "scheduled date", "topic": "grid", "status": "open", "outcome": null, "outcomeSource": null, "outcomeDate": null, "source": "research/mission/policy-and-consent.md", "sourceDate": "2026-10-03", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "overdueForScoring": false }, { "id": "gigafactory-deadline", "made": "2026-10-03", "firstCommitted": "2026-10-05", "madeIn": "research/hypotheses.md, log entry of 3 Oct 2026", "quote": "AI gigafactory deadline is 3 Dec, not 12 Nov", "statement": "The EU AI gigafactory call closes on 3 Dec 2026, not 12 Nov as first announced.", "test": "The EuroHPC Joint Undertaking call for AI gigafactory consortia is still open after 12 Nov 2026 and closes on 3 Dec 2026.", "due": "2026-12-03", "callType": "scheduled date", "topic": "europe", "status": "open", "outcome": null, "outcomeSource": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/call-tenders-selection-artificial-intelligence-gigafactory-consortia-and-establishment-ai_en", "outcomeDate": null, "note": "The sources disagree: EuroHPC's launch news (30 Jul 2026) said 12 Nov; the call page as read on 3 Oct 2026 and a TED change notice (674672-2026) give 3 Dec. Some repo documents still use 12 Nov.", "source": "research/hypotheses.md", "sourceDate": "2026-10-03", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "overdueForScoring": false }, { "id": "gigafactory-ireland-absent", "made": "2026-10-03", "firstCommitted": "2026-10-05", "madeIn": "research/newsletter-guidelines.md, suggested leads", "quote": "Dec 2026 AI gigafactory deadline and Ireland's absence", "statement": "No public AI gigafactory bid will name a host site in Ireland by the call deadline.", "test": "Any bid, Government statement or consortium announcement naming an Irish host site by 3 Dec 2026.", "due": "2026-12-03", "callType": "expectation", "topic": "europe", "status": "open", "outcome": null, "outcomeSource": null, "outcomeDate": null, "note": "Basis at the time: the Government committed \u20ac10m to buy compute in a French bid, and no Irish-hosted bid was public (research/findings.md, 3 Oct 2026).", "source": "research/newsletter-guidelines.md", "sourceDate": "2026-10-03", "kind": "inference", "checked": "2026-10-11", "overdueForScoring": false }, { "id": "ress6-final-results", "made": "2026-10-04", "firstCommitted": "2026-10-05", "madeIn": "research/mission/red-gates-plan.md", "quote": "RESS 6: bids 5\u201312 Nov 2026, provisional results 25 Nov, final results 9 Dec 2026", "statement": "EirGrid publishes the RESS 6 final auction results on 9 Dec 2026. Whatever wind and solar it contracts can't count toward a data centre's 80% renewables test (CRU/2025236, PDF p. 64).", "test": "RESS 6 final results published on 9 Dec 2026; record the MW contracted, which leaves the pool data centres can buy from.", "due": "2026-12-09", "callType": "scheduled date", "topic": "renewables", "status": "open", "outcome": null, "outcomeSource": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-6-Final-Auction-Timetable-R6AT-V1.2.pdf", "outcomeDate": null, "source": "research/mission/red-gates-plan.md", "sourceDate": "2026-10-04", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "overdueForScoring": false }, { "id": "cso-2026-share", "made": "2026-10-10", "firstCommitted": "2026-10-10", "madeIn": "Scenario model (pipelines/scenarios.py, dataset 'scenarios', as of 10 Oct 2026), year 2026 across its four cases", "quote": "2026: 8.01 to 8.63 TWh, 23.9% to 25.2% of metered electricity (Decline, Frozen, Managed growth, AI hub)", "statement": "Data centres' 2026 metered electricity use lands between 8.0 and 8.6 TWh, 23.9% to 25.2% of Ireland's metered electricity (2025: 7.66 TWh, 23.2%). The model labels itself a set of scenarios, not a forecast; we score its range anyway.", "test": "CSO, Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2026: TWh and share of metered electricity.", "due": "2027-07-07", "callType": "model range", "topic": "demand", "status": "open", "outcome": null, "outcomeSource": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dcmec/datacentresmeteredelectricityconsumption2025/", "outcomeDate": null, "note": "The CSO release date is expected (the 2025 edition came out on 7 Jul 2026); the CSO calendar does not list it yet.", "source": "pipelines/scenarios.py", "sourceDate": "2026-10-10", "kind": "estimate", "checked": "2026-10-11", "overdueForScoring": false }, { "id": "offshore-2030", "made": "2026-10-03", "firstCommitted": "2026-10-05", "madeIn": "research/risk-register.md, offshore wind", "quote": "By 2030: 25 MW (index) vs 1,350 MW (EirGrid base).", "statement": "Ireland will still have about 25 MW of offshore wind operating at the end of 2030 (the 2004 Arklow Bank turbines), against 1,350 MW in EirGrid's base case.", "test": "Offshore wind capacity operating in Ireland at 31 Dec 2030 (EirGrid connected lists or SEAI).", "due": "2030-12-31", "callType": "prediction", "topic": "renewables", "status": "open", "outcome": null, "outcomeSource": null, "outcomeDate": null, "source": "research/risk-register.md", "sourceDate": "2026-10-03", "kind": "estimate", "checked": "2026-10-11", "overdueForScoring": false }, { "id": "offshore-eligible-2031", "made": "2026-10-03", "firstCommitted": "2026-10-05", "madeIn": "research/risk-register.md, offshore wind", "quote": "first eligible output 2031 on this index's estimate", "statement": "No offshore wind that data centres may buy (Oriel or Arklow Bank 2, the two projects outside State support) will generate before 2031.", "test": "First power from Oriel or Arklow Bank 2 before 1 Jan 2031 makes this wrong.", "due": "2030-12-31", "callType": "prediction", "topic": "renewables", "status": "open", "outcome": null, "outcomeSource": null, "outcomeDate": null, "source": "research/risk-register.md", "sourceDate": "2026-10-03", "kind": "estimate", "checked": "2026-10-11", "overdueForScoring": false }, { "id": "eu-share-falls", "made": "2026-10-03", "firstCommitted": "2026-10-05", "madeIn": "research/mission/strategy.md, 'What leader should mean'", "quote": "Ireland's share will probably fall from about 7% to 4\u20135% as the EU triples capacity", "statement": "Ireland's share of EU data-centre electricity falls from about 7% to 4\u20135% by 2030.", "test": "Ireland's share of EU data-centre electricity use in 2030, from the first EU-wide source that reports it by country.", "due": "2031-12-31", "callType": "prediction", "topic": "europe", "status": "open", "outcome": null, "outcomeSource": null, "outcomeDate": null, "source": "research/mission/strategy.md", "sourceDate": "2026-10-03", "kind": "inference", "checked": "2026-10-11", "overdueForScoring": false }, { "id": "no-3gw-by-2032", "made": "2026-10-03", "firstCommitted": "2026-10-05", "madeIn": "research/mission/strategy.md, table of lens claims (power-and-grid section 0)", "quote": "+3 GW by 2032 not credible", "statement": "Irish data centres will not add 3 GW of average load over 2025's 875 MW by 2032.", "test": "CSO data-centre metered consumption for 2032 below 33.9 TWh, the energy of a 3,875 MW average load (our arithmetic).", "due": "2033-07-31", "callType": "prediction", "topic": "demand", "status": "open", "outcome": null, "outcomeSource": null, "outcomeDate": null, "source": "research/mission/strategy.md", "sourceDate": "2026-10-03", "kind": "inference", "checked": "2026-10-11", "overdueForScoring": false } ], "about": "Hand-compiled ledger of StackPath's dated calls (pipelines/calls.py; page /ireland/calls). A call is a checkable statement about the world written in this repository before 11 Oct 2026: a prediction, an expectation, a scheduled date we committed to, or a factual claim later tested. Each row quotes where it was made (file path, the date written in the file, and the date git first recorded it) and says how it will be scored. Excluded: the mission targets in research/mission/ (e.g. 'Managed growth', about 1.5 GW average by 2030), which the documents themselves label targets, not forecasts; scenario outputs other than as a stated range; and internal project-management expectations (draft dates, the kill test). 'source' is the repo file the call comes from (the repository is not public, so it is a path); 'outcomeSource' is the public document that scored it. Statuses: open, right, wrong, partly. Compiled 11 Oct 2026 by the ireland-flagship builder.", "caveats": [ "Small numbers: the ledger starts in October 2026, so the hit rate rests on a handful of resolved calls.", "Only calls written in the repository before the ledger's date are included; nothing is added after the fact.", "Mission targets are excluded: the documents label them targets, not forecasts." ] }, "eu_ai_chip_startups": { "title": "European AI-chip startups: funding and status", "source": "Hand-compiled from company releases and press (research/datasets/eu_ai_chip_startups.json)", "sourceUrls": [ "https://bebeez.eu/2026/09/15/euclyd-raises-over-e200-million-to-break-the-ai-efficiency-wall/", "https://bits-chips.com/article/axelera-ai-raises-over-250m-on-global-commercial-growth/", "https://dealroom.co/news/142656-olix-raises-312m-at-3-3b-valuation-to-challenge-nvidia/", "https://digital.gob.es/comunicacion/notas-prensa/mtdfp/2026/06/sett-invierte-en-openchip-para-impulsar-el-diseno-de-chips-de-al", "https://eejournal.com/industry_news/vertical-compute-a-new-imec-spin-off-raises-e20-million-to-revolutionize-the-future-of-ai-computing", "https://evertiq.com/news/2025-07-09-arago-raises-26m-to-slash-ai-energy-consumption-with-new-photonic-chip", "https://lumai.ai/resources/lumai-launches-the-worlds-first-optical-computing-system-for-real-time-billion-parameter-llm-inference", "https://optalysys.com/resource/optalysys-secures-23m-funding-to-advance-photonic-computing/", "https://qant.com/news/q-ant-takes-photonic-ai-computing-commercial-as-ais-power-demand-surges/", "https://semidynamics.com/newsroom/press-releases/post/semidynamics-secures-a-strategic-investment-to-advance-memory-centric-ai-inference-chips", "https://sipearl.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/PR_Bull_x_SiPearl_VDEF_ENG.pdf", "https://techcrunch.com/2024/07/01/vaire-computing-raises-4-5m-for-reversible-computing-moonshot-which-could-drastically-reduce-energy-needs", "https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20250207290130/en/Salience-Labs-Closed-Series-A-Round-Led-by-Applied-Ventures-and-ICM-HPQC-Fund", "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/05/12/softbank-graphcore-ai-chip-investment.html", "https://www.eenewseurope.com/en/black-semi-raises-e250-million-for-graphene-pilot-wafer-fab", "https://www.eenewseurope.com/en/edge-ai-startup-semron-raises-funds-for-memcapacitor-processing/", "https://www.fractile.ai/news/fractile-raises-220m-to-build-the-next-generation-of-inference-hardware", "https://www.innatera.com/newsroom/innatera-unveils-pulsar-the-worlds-first-mass-market-neuromorphic-microcontroller-for-the-sensor-edge/", "https://www.lawyer-monthly.com/2026/07/mcdermott-will-schulte-ardian-vsora-minority-investment/" ], "asOf": "2026-10-11", "rows": [ { "id": "axelera-ai", "company": "Axelera AI", "hq": "Eindhoven", "country": "NL", "founded": 2021, "focus": "Edge and enterprise inference accelerator (digital in-memory compute)", "product": "Metis; Europa AIPU (629 INT8 TOPS); Titania (HPC, planned 2027)", "fundingTotalUsdM": 450, "fundingTotalNote": "Company: 'over $450 million in equity, grants and venture debt' since July 2021 (Feb 2026 release). Includes \u20ac61.6m EuroHPC grant for Titania (Mar 2025).", "lastRound": { "date": "2026-02-24", "amount": "more than $250m", "amountUsdM": 250, "type": "Venture round (unlabelled)", "investors": "Led by Innovation Industries; new: BlackRock, Siteground Capital; existing: Bitfury, CDP Venture Capital, EIC Fund, SFPIM, Invest-NL, Samsung Catalyst Fund, Verve" }, "customers": "500th customer shipped by Feb 2026; CEO told Reuters (Sep 2026) 600+ customers and contracts worth 'tens of millions'; Europa validated in Dell and Supermicro systems; inference partition of Italy's IT4LIA AI Factory (EuroHPC, Apr 2026); HammerHAI (DE).", "status": "shipping", "statusNote": "Metis already shipping; Europa launched and shipping 15 Sep 2026 (originally targeted H1 2026).", "source": "https://bits-chips.com/article/axelera-ai-raises-over-250m-on-global-commercial-growth/", "sourceDate": "2026-02-24", "sources": [ { "label": "Bits&Chips (press release)", "url": "https://bits-chips.com/article/axelera-ai-raises-over-250m-on-global-commercial-growth/", "date": "2026-02-24" }, { "label": "Dealroom News", "url": "https://dealroom.co/news/126111-axelera-ai-raises-250m-to-scale-energy-efficient-edge-ai-chips-in-europe/", "date": "2026-02-25" }, { "label": "The Deep Dive (citing Reuters) on Europa launch, 600+ customers", "url": "https://thedeepdive.ca/ai-chip-startup-targets-1-5-billion-deals-lands-dell-supermicro-integrations/", "date": "2026-09-15" } ], "unchecked": false, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "segment": "AI accelerator" }, { "id": "olix", "company": "Olix (OLIX Computing)", "hq": "London", "country": "GB", "founded": 2024, "focus": "Photonic inference processor (optical interconnect, SRAM-only, no HBM)", "product": "OTPU (Optical Tensor Processing Unit)", "fundingTotalUsdM": 532, "fundingTotalNote": "Sum of two disclosed 2026 rounds: $220m (Feb, FT via SiliconANGLE) + $312m (Aug, Dealroom/Cooley). Earlier undisclosed rounds from Plural, Vertex, LocalGlobe, Entrepreneurs First.", "lastRound": { "date": "2026-08-03", "amount": "$312m", "amountUsdM": 312, "type": "Series B ($3.3bn valuation)", "investors": "Led by Fundomo (per Dealroom); Arm, Hudson River Trading, Reed Hastings; existing Hummingbird, Plural, Creandum, others; UK Sovereign AI fund reported (unconfirmed)" }, "customers": "None named; first customer deliveries planned 2027 (Dealroom); targets hyperscalers and governments (Plural via CNBC).", "status": "pre-silicon", "statusNote": "Plans tape-out before end-2026 and first products to customers in 2027 (Dealroom, 3 Aug 2026). 140+ staff.", "source": "https://dealroom.co/news/142656-olix-raises-312m-at-3-3b-valuation-to-challenge-nvidia/", "sourceDate": "2026-08-03", "sources": [ { "label": "Dealroom News", "url": "https://dealroom.co/news/142656-olix-raises-312m-at-3-3b-valuation-to-challenge-nvidia/", "date": "2026-08-03" }, { "label": "SiliconANGLE ($220m, FT)", "url": "https://siliconangle.com/2026/02/11/photonic-ai-chip-startup-olix-nabs-220m-investment/", "date": "2026-02-11" }, { "label": "Cooley deal note", "url": "https://www.cooley.com/news/coverage/2026/2026-08-03-olix-raises-%24312-million-at-a-%243-3-billion-valuation", "date": "2026-08-03" } ], "unchecked": false, "note": "Brief asked whether Olix was formerly 'Flux Computing' \u2014 not confirmed in any source checked.", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "segment": "AI accelerator" }, { "id": "fractile", "company": "Fractile", "hq": "London", "country": "GB", "founded": 2022, "focus": "Data-centre inference accelerator (memory and compute interleaved / in-memory)", "product": "Unnamed first chip and systems (due 2027)", "fundingTotalUsdM": 235, "fundingTotalNote": "$220m Series B (May 2026) + $15m seed (2024, per brief; seed not re-checked). Sacra lists ~$241.5m total. Reported ~$600m Series C at $6.5bn pre-money NOT closed as of last reports (Aug 2026).", "lastRound": { "date": "2026-05-13", "amount": "$220m", "amountUsdM": 220, "type": "Series B (~$1bn post-money, reported)", "investors": "Led by Accel, Factorial Funds, Founders Fund; Conviction, Gigascale, 01A, Felicis, Buckley Ventures, 8VC; NATO Innovation Fund is an existing backer" }, "customers": "Initial deal to sell ~$250m of chips to Anthropic (Bloomberg via Dealroom, Aug 2026); not confirmed by the companies.", "status": "pre-silicon", "statusNote": "Chips not expected until 2027 (Dealroom, 19 Aug 2026). \u00a3100m UK investment plan incl. Bristol hardware centre (Feb 2026).", "source": "https://www.fractile.ai/news/fractile-raises-220m-to-build-the-next-generation-of-inference-hardware", "sourceDate": "2026-05-13", "sources": [ { "label": "Fractile press release", "url": "https://www.fractile.ai/news/fractile-raises-220m-to-build-the-next-generation-of-inference-hardware", "date": "2026-05-13" }, { "label": "Verdict via Yahoo Finance", "url": "https://finance.yahoo.com/sectors/technology/articles/uk-chip-startup-fractile-raises-090729157.html", "date": "2026-05-14" }, { "label": "Dealroom News ($600m talks, Anthropic deal)", "url": "https://dealroom.co/news/145930-fractile-targets-6-5b-valuation-with-600m-raise-after-anthropic-chip-dea/", "date": "2026-08-19" }, { "label": "Silicon UK (Bloomberg report)", "url": "https://www.silicon.co.uk/cloud/ai/fractile-funding-ai-inference-631239", "date": "2026-08-20" } ], "unchecked": false, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "segment": "AI accelerator" }, { "id": "euclyd", "company": "Euclyd", "hq": "Eindhoven", "country": "NL", "founded": 2024, "focus": "Data-centre inference silicon and rack systems (processor-memory co-design); also IP licensing", "product": "craftwerk silicon; craftwerk station (CWS)", "fundingTotalUsdM": 231, "fundingTotalNote": "Series A >\u20ac200m (CNBC: $231m) plus a seed of under \u20ac10m (CNBC, Apr 2026); total shown is Series A only (lower bound).", "lastRound": { "date": "2026-09-15", "amount": "more than \u20ac200m ($231m per CNBC)", "amountUsdM": 231, "type": "Series A", "investors": "Co-led by Samsung, Somerset Capital Partners, Scaleup Europe Fund (EQT), Innovation Industries; EIFO, imec.xpand, BOM, Quadri. Ex-ASML CEO Peter Wennink is chairman." }, "customers": "None deployed; in April 2026 said it was negotiating with four potential customers (CNBC).", "status": "pre-silicon", "statusNote": "Has developed a first inference chip; multi-chiplet system targeted for 2028; physical systems roll-out from 2028 (CNBC, 14 Sep 2026).", "source": "https://bebeez.eu/2026/09/15/euclyd-raises-over-e200-million-to-break-the-ai-efficiency-wall/", "sourceDate": "2026-09-15", "sources": [ { "label": "Euclyd press release (PRNewswire via BeBeez)", "url": "https://bebeez.eu/2026/09/15/euclyd-raises-over-e200-million-to-break-the-ai-efficiency-wall/", "date": "2026-09-15" }, { "label": "CNBC (Series A)", "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/09/14/samsung-euclyd-ai-chip-funding.html", "date": "2026-09-14" }, { "label": "CNBC (seeking \u20ac100m+, Apr)", "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/04/17/nvidia-rivals-chip-market-funding-ai-asml-euclyd.html", "date": "2026-04-17" } ], "unchecked": false, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "segment": "AI accelerator" }, { "id": "graphcore", "company": "Graphcore", "hq": "Bristol", "country": "GB", "founded": 2016, "focus": "AI accelerator (IPU) and systems; now SoftBank subsidiary", "product": "IPU (Colossus/Bow generations)", "fundingTotalUsdM": null, "fundingTotalNote": "Pre-acquisition VC (~$700m, general knowledge, unchecked) not re-verified; SoftBank $457m share issue in Apr 2026 is intra-group funding, not a VC round.", "lastRound": { "date": "2026-04-10", "amount": "$457m", "amountUsdM": 457, "type": "Parent funding (single share issued to SoftBank; Companies House)", "investors": "SoftBank Group (owner since 2024 acquisition)" }, "customers": "No current named customers in sources checked; plans up to \u00a31bn AI campus in Bengaluru (announced Oct 2025).", "status": "acquired", "statusNote": "Acquired by SoftBank in 2024; CNBC (12 May 2026) confirmed $457m injection via Companies House filing, Graphcore spokesperson confirmed it was SoftBank funding.", "source": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/05/12/softbank-graphcore-ai-chip-investment.html", "sourceDate": "2026-05-12", "sources": [ { "label": "CNBC", "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/05/12/softbank-graphcore-ai-chip-investment.html", "date": "2026-05-12" } ], "unchecked": false, "note": "'Reported $450m injection' is CONFIRMED: CNBC cites a Companies House filing ($457m, 10 Apr 2026) and Graphcore confirmation. Not counted as European startup VC.", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "segment": "AI accelerator" }, { "id": "sipearl", "company": "SiPearl", "hq": "Maisons-Laffitte", "country": "FR", "founded": 2019, "focus": "HPC/AI server CPU (Arm), sovereign processor", "product": "Rhea1 (80 Arm Neoverse V1 cores, HBM2E, TSMC N6); Athena1 (dual-use, H2 2027); Rhea2 (chiplet, tape-out 2027)", "fundingTotalUsdM": 140, "fundingTotalNote": "\u20ac130m Series A (final close 8 Jul 2025), converted at 1.08 = ~$140m (Bloomberg reported $152m at the time). EU EPI grant funding not included. Series B: reported target of \u20ac200m\u2013\u20ac270m (t3n/brief) \u2014 not confirmed as closed.", "lastRound": { "date": "2025-07-08", "amount": "\u20ac130m (final tranche \u20ac32m)", "amountUsdM": 140, "type": "Series A (final close)", "investors": "Cathay Venture (new), EIC Fund, French Tech Souverainet\u00e9 (France 2030); earlier tranches incl. Arm (EE Times 2025, unchecked)" }, "customers": "First order: Rhea1 for JUPITER cluster module (EuroHPC/J\u00fclich) via Bull \u2014 first samples delivered 22 Sep 2026 ('first significant revenue'); Alice Recoque (France); IT4LIA inference partition with Axelera; partnership with Semidynamics (May 2026).", "status": "sampling", "statusNote": "Rhea1 powered on 13 May 2026; first Rhea1 samples delivered to Bull for JUPITER on 22 Sep 2026; GA planned end-2026.", "source": "https://sipearl.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/PR_Bull_x_SiPearl_VDEF_ENG.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-09-22", "sources": [ { "label": "SiPearl/Bull press release (PDF)", "url": "https://sipearl.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/PR_Bull_x_SiPearl_VDEF_ENG.pdf", "date": "2026-09-22" }, { "label": "SiPearl Series A final closing", "url": "https://sipearl.com/portfolio/series-a-final-closing-e130m", "date": "2025-07-08" }, { "label": "Igor'sLAB (Rhea1 bring-up)", "url": "https://www.igorslab.de/en/sipearl-rhea1-bring-up-europas-80-core-hpc-prozessor-2026/", "date": "2026-07-13" } ], "unchecked": false, "note": "Series B size is unchecked; only secondary reports.", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "segment": "CPU / RISC-V processor" }, { "id": "vsora", "company": "VSORA", "hq": "Paris", "country": "FR", "founded": 2015, "focus": "Data-centre inference accelerator ('memory wall' architecture)", "product": "Jotunn8 (J8); earlier Tyr family (automotive)", "fundingTotalUsdM": 50, "fundingTotalNote": "Lower bound: $46m (Apr/May 2025; ~\u20ac40m) + $4.2m (Jan 2023). EIC Accelerator \u20ac12.5m (Nov 2023) may overlap with EIC Fund co-financing. 2026 Ardian-led round undisclosed.", "lastRound": { "date": "2026-07-01", "amount": "undisclosed", "amountUsdM": null, "type": "Interim round / minority investment", "investors": "Led by Ardian Semiconductor; Otium, XAnge, NJJ Capital, ISAI Cap Venture (Capgemini), CloudHQ, SPRIND; EIC Fund, Omnes, Critical Path. Larger round planned for 2027." }, "customers": "None named; member of AION AI-gigafactory consortium (Ardian, Bull, Capgemini, EDF, iliad, Orange, Scaleway).", "status": "taped out", "statusNote": "Jotunn8 taped out 22 Oct 2025; dev boards and servers expected early 2026; Ardian round (Jul 2026) funds commercial launch.", "source": "https://www.lawyer-monthly.com/2026/07/mcdermott-will-schulte-ardian-vsora-minority-investment/", "sourceDate": "2026-07-16", "sources": [ { "label": "Lawyer Monthly (Ardian deal)", "url": "https://www.lawyer-monthly.com/2026/07/mcdermott-will-schulte-ardian-vsora-minority-investment/", "date": "2026-07-16" }, { "label": "Evertiq (Ardian)", "url": "https://evertiq.com/news/2026-08-10-ardian-semiconductor-invests-in-french-fabless-firm-vsora", "date": "2026-08-10" }, { "label": "VSORA tape-out release", "url": "https://vsora.com/vsora-announces-tape-out-of-game-changing-inference-chip-putting-europe-at-the-forefront-of-data-center-ai/", "date": "2025-10-22" }, { "label": "Evertiq ($46m)", "url": "https://evertiq.com/news/2025-05-05-vsora-raises-46m-to-bring-powerful-ai-inference-chip-to-market", "date": "2025-05-05" } ], "unchecked": false, "note": "Co-investor list for Jul 2026 round comes from search-result summaries of VSORA's release (Sahm Capital page did not render); treat co-investor list as lightly checked.", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "segment": "AI accelerator" }, { "id": "openchip", "company": "Openchip & Software Technologies", "hq": "Barcelona", "country": "ES", "founded": 2021, "focus": "RISC-V processors/accelerators for AI and HPC (sovereign chips)", "product": "BER10 (64-bit RISC-V, 4 cores + vector unit, sub-2nm GAA)", "fundingTotalUsdM": 133, "fundingTotalNote": "SETT equity \u20ac115.77m authorised 29 Jun 2026, converted at 1.15 = ~$133m. Excludes \u20ac35m Generalitat de Catalunya loans (debt; maturity extended to 31 Dec 2027). Reported wider ~\u20ac250m round with ACS (El Confidencial via secondary, unchecked).", "lastRound": { "date": "2026-06-29", "amount": "\u20ac115.77m", "amountUsdM": 133, "type": "State equity (SETT, Next Tech / Recovery Plan funds)", "investors": "SETT (Spain); Generalitat de Catalunya holds ~5%; ACS reportedly interested in 51% (unchecked)" }, "customers": "None named. ~300 staff (Spanish government, Jun 2026). Reported 15% stake in Kalray (secondary, unchecked).", "status": "sampling", "statusNote": "BER10 announced 30 Jul 2026 as physical silicon ready for testing by companies and computing centres; commercial production reportedly 2028 (unchecked).", "source": "https://digital.gob.es/comunicacion/notas-prensa/mtdfp/2026/06/sett-invierte-en-openchip-para-impulsar-el-diseno-de-chips-de-al", "sourceDate": "2026-06-29", "sources": [ { "label": "Spanish Ministry for Digital Transformation press note", "url": "https://digital.gob.es/comunicacion/notas-prensa/mtdfp/2026/06/sett-invierte-en-openchip-para-impulsar-el-diseno-de-chips-de-al", "date": "2026-06-29" }, { "label": "elDiario.es (BER10 launch)", "url": "https://www.eldiario.es/economia/soberania-tecnologica-made-in-spain-catalana-openchip-lanza-primer-chip-europeo-abierto_1_13417506.html", "date": "2026-07-30" }, { "label": "El Ecosistema Startup (loans, ACS)", "url": "https://ecosistemastartup.com/openchip-recibe-ano-extra-para-devolver-35m-mientras-busca-250m-con-acs-y-sepi/", "date": "2026-08-11" } ], "unchecked": false, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "segment": "CPU / RISC-V processor" }, { "id": "qant", "company": "Q.ANT", "hq": "Stuttgart", "country": "DE", "founded": 2018, "focus": "Photonic (thin-film lithium niobate) co-processor for AI/HPC", "product": "NPU 2 / Native Processing Server (NPS)", "fundingTotalUsdM": 80, "fundingTotalNote": "Company: Series A second close brings 'total funding to US$80M' (30 Oct 2025); first close \u20ac62m (17 Jul 2025). TRUMPF spin-off.", "lastRound": { "date": "2025-10-30", "amount": "undisclosed (second close; Series A total $80m)", "amountUsdM": null, "type": "Series A second close", "investors": "Duquesne Family Office (new); co-leads Cherry Ventures, UVC Partners, imec.xpand; L-Bank, Verve, Grazia, EXF Alpha, LEA Partners, Onsight, TRUMPF" }, "customers": "IONOS first commercial customer (19 May 2026); deployed at LRZ (Munich) and J\u00fclich Supercomputing Centre.", "status": "shipping", "statusNote": "NPS delivered to LRZ Jul 2025; second-gen NPU Nov 2025; IONOS commercial rollout planned later in 2026. No 2026 Series B found.", "source": "https://qant.com/news/q-ant-takes-photonic-ai-computing-commercial-as-ais-power-demand-surges/", "sourceDate": "2026-05-19", "sources": [ { "label": "Q.ANT (IONOS customer)", "url": "https://qant.com/news/q-ant-takes-photonic-ai-computing-commercial-as-ais-power-demand-surges/", "date": "2026-05-19" }, { "label": "Q.ANT (Duquesne, $80m total)", "url": "https://qant.com/press-releases/duquesne-family-office-invests-in-q-ant-to-drive-sustainable-photonic-ai-infrastructure/", "date": "2025-10-30" }, { "label": "Q.ANT (\u20ac62m Series A)", "url": "https://qant.com/press-releases/qant-raises-62-million-euro-to-transform-the-future-of-computing-with-photonic-processing/", "date": "2025-07-17" } ], "unchecked": false, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "segment": "Photonic compute" }, { "id": "black-semiconductor", "company": "Black Semiconductor", "hq": "Aachen", "country": "DE", "founded": 2020, "focus": "Graphene-based photonic interconnect (chip-to-chip optical I/O) for AI/HPC \u2014 not an AI processor", "product": "Graphene electro-optic BEOL platform (FabONE pilot line)", "fundingTotalUsdM": 275, "fundingTotalNote": "\u20ac254.4m (Jun 2024) = \u20ac25.7m equity + \u20ac228.7m IPCEI public funding over 7 years; converted at 1.08 = ~$275m (photonics.com headline also $275m). Mostly grants.", "lastRound": { "date": "2024-06-12", "amount": "\u20ac254.4m", "amountUsdM": 275, "type": "Equity round + IPCEI ME/CT grant", "investors": "Equity led by Porsche Ventures and Project A; Scania Growth, Capnamic, Tech Vision Fonds, NRW.BANK, Vsquared, Cambium, Onsight; grants from German federal govt and NRW" }, "customers": "None named.", "status": "pre-silicon", "statusNote": "Timetable (Feb 2025): pilot line build 2025, pilot production 2027, volume production by 2031. No 2026 funding found.", "source": "https://www.eenewseurope.com/en/black-semi-raises-e250-million-for-graphene-pilot-wafer-fab", "sourceDate": "2024-06-12", "sources": [ { "label": "eeNews Europe (funding)", "url": "https://www.eenewseurope.com/en/black-semi-raises-e250-million-for-graphene-pilot-wafer-fab", "date": "2024-06-12" }, { "label": "eeNews Europe (timetable)", "url": "https://www.eenewseurope.com/en/black-semi-posts-timetable-for-making-graphene-optical-chips", "date": "2025-02-17" } ], "unchecked": false, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "segment": "Photonic interconnect" }, { "id": "arago", "company": "Arago", "hq": "Paris", "country": "FR", "founded": 2024, "focus": "Photonic AI accelerator (hybrid photonic/digital)", "product": "JEF (codename); CARLOTA software stack", "fundingTotalUsdM": 26, "fundingTotalNote": "$26m seed (Jul 2025). CNBC (Apr 2026) says Arago is reportedly raising a nine-figure round \u2014 not confirmed closed.", "lastRound": { "date": "2025-07-08", "amount": "$26m", "amountUsdM": 26, "type": "Seed", "investors": "Co-led by Earlybird, Protagonist, Visionaries Tomorrow; Generative IQ, C4 Ventures; angels incl. Olivier Pomel, Thomas Wolf" }, "customers": "None named.", "status": "pre-silicon", "statusNote": "Sifted ran a story on an Arago tape-out with GlobalFoundries (URL slug), but the article was paywalled/blocked and its date and details are unverified.", "source": "https://evertiq.com/news/2025-07-09-arago-raises-26m-to-slash-ai-energy-consumption-with-new-photonic-chip", "sourceDate": "2025-07-09", "sources": [ { "label": "Evertiq", "url": "https://evertiq.com/news/2025-07-09-arago-raises-26m-to-slash-ai-energy-consumption-with-new-photonic-chip", "date": "2025-07-09" }, { "label": "Tech.eu", "url": "https://tech.eu/2025/07/08/arago-raises-26m-to-slash-ai-energy-consumption-with-breakthrough-photonic-chip/", "date": "2025-07-08" }, { "label": "Sifted (tape-out, not read)", "url": "https://sifted.eu/articles/arago-tape-out-globalfoundries", "date": null } ], "unchecked": true, "note": "Status is uncertain: may have taped out (Sifted); 2026 round unconfirmed.", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "segment": "Photonic compute" }, { "id": "optalysys", "company": "Optalysys", "hq": "Leeds", "country": "GB", "founded": 2013, "focus": "Silicon-photonic compute, initially fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) acceleration; also GenAI workloads", "product": "Photonic compute chips (FHE)", "fundingTotalUsdM": null, "fundingTotalNote": "Trackers put lifetime funding at ~$63m\u2013$76m (weak sources). Latest: \u00a323m Series A extension (Jan 2026, ~$31m per outlets). CNBC (Apr 2026): planning a $100m+ round later in 2026.", "lastRound": { "date": "2026-01-22", "amount": "\u00a323m", "amountUsdM": 31, "type": "Series A extension", "investors": "Led by Northern Gritstone; imec.xpand, Lingotto Horizon, UK NSSIF" }, "customers": "None named.", "status": "pre-silicon", "statusNote": "Commercial chip availability not confirmed in sources checked; Jan 2026 round to 'accelerate commercialisation' and US expansion.", "source": "https://optalysys.com/resource/optalysys-secures-23m-funding-to-advance-photonic-computing/", "sourceDate": "2026-01-22", "sources": [ { "label": "Optalysys press release", "url": "https://optalysys.com/resource/optalysys-secures-23m-funding-to-advance-photonic-computing/", "date": "2026-01-22" }, { "label": "CNBC (planned $100m+ round)", "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/04/17/nvidia-rivals-chip-market-funding-ai-asml-euclyd.html", "date": "2026-04-17" } ], "unchecked": true, "note": "USD conversion of \u00a323m (~$31m) from secondary outlets; status unchecked. FHE focus means borderline 'AI chip'.", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "segment": "Photonic compute" }, { "id": "lumai", "company": "Lumai", "hq": "Oxford", "country": "GB", "founded": null, "focus": "Free-space (3D) optical compute for LLM inference (prefill)", "product": "Lumai Iris servers (Nova, Aura, Tetra)", "fundingTotalUsdM": 10, "fundingTotalNote": "Lower bound: '>$10m' round (Apr 2025) plus earlier \u00a31.75m seed (IP Group, Runa). A May 2026 round appears only on a Preqin profile (unverified).", "lastRound": { "date": "2025-04", "amount": "more than $10m", "amountUsdM": 10, "type": "Venture round", "investors": "Led by Constructor Capital; IP Group, PhotonVentures, Journey Ventures, LIFTT, Qubits Ventures, State Farm Ventures, TIS" }, "customers": "None named; Iris Nova available for evaluation by hyperscalers, neoclouds, enterprises (Apr 2026).", "status": "sampling", "statusNote": "Iris Nova inference server launched for evaluation 28 Apr 2026.", "source": "https://lumai.ai/resources/lumai-launches-the-worlds-first-optical-computing-system-for-real-time-billion-parameter-llm-inference", "sourceDate": "2026-04-28", "sources": [ { "label": "Lumai (Iris launch)", "url": "https://lumai.ai/resources/lumai-launches-the-worlds-first-optical-computing-system-for-real-time-billion-parameter-llm-inference", "date": "2026-04-28" }, { "label": "Lumai (>$10m)", "url": "https://lumai.ai/resources/lumai-secures-more-than-10m-investment-2", "date": "2025-04" }, { "label": "optics.org", "url": "https://optics.org/news/photonic-computing-startup-lumai-lands-10m", "date": "2025-04" } ], "unchecked": false, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "segment": "Photonic compute" }, { "id": "vaire", "company": "Vaire Computing", "hq": "London", "country": "GB", "founded": null, "focus": "Reversible (adiabatic) computing for low-energy AI inference", "product": "No named product", "fundingTotalUsdM": 4.5, "fundingTotalNote": "$4m seed (Jul 2024) + earlier $0.5m = $4.5m (TechCrunch). CB Insights lists a further ~$1m (Mar 2025, weak). No 2026 round found.", "lastRound": { "date": "2024-07-01", "amount": "$4m", "amountUsdM": 4, "type": "Seed", "investors": "Led by 7percent Ventures and Jude Gomila; Seedcamp, Clim8, Tom Knight, Jared Kopf" }, "customers": "None.", "status": "pre-silicon", "statusNote": "No product announced as of Oct 2026 (company site); CNBC Apr 2026 cites Seedcamp as backer.", "source": "https://techcrunch.com/2024/07/01/vaire-computing-raises-4-5m-for-reversible-computing-moonshot-which-could-drastically-reduce-energy-needs", "sourceDate": "2024-07-01", "sources": [ { "label": "TechCrunch", "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2024/07/01/vaire-computing-raises-4-5m-for-reversible-computing-moonshot-which-could-drastically-reduce-energy-needs", "date": "2024-07-01" } ], "unchecked": false, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "segment": "Novel or edge compute" }, { "id": "semidynamics", "company": "Semidynamics", "hq": "Barcelona", "country": "ES", "founded": null, "focus": "RISC-V AI inference silicon and rack systems (memory-centric); also RISC-V IP licensing", "product": "Cervell NPU IP; 3nm inference ASIC (unnamed); Gazzillion memory subsystem", "fundingTotalUsdM": null, "fundingTotalNote": "No disclosed total. SK hynix strategic investment (Apr 2026) amount undisclosed.", "lastRound": { "date": "2026-04-08", "amount": "undisclosed", "amountUsdM": null, "type": "Strategic investment", "investors": "SK hynix" }, "customers": "IP licensees incl. UPMEM and YorChip (company releases); EuroHPC/EPI partner; rack-scale partnership with SiPearl (May 2026); HPE quoted as interested.", "status": "taped out", "statusNote": "First 3nm tape-out with TSMC in Dec 2025 (announced 3 Feb 2026).", "source": "https://semidynamics.com/newsroom/press-releases/post/semidynamics-secures-a-strategic-investment-to-advance-memory-centric-ai-inference-chips", "sourceDate": "2026-04-08", "sources": [ { "label": "Semidynamics (SK hynix)", "url": "https://semidynamics.com/newsroom/press-releases/post/semidynamics-secures-a-strategic-investment-to-advance-memory-centric-ai-inference-chips", "date": "2026-04-08" }, { "label": "Semidynamics (3nm tape-out)", "url": "https://semidynamics.com/newsroom/press-releases/post/semidynamics-unveils-3nm-ai-inference-silicon-and-full-stack-systems", "date": "2026-02-03" }, { "label": "Semidynamics/SiPearl", "url": "https://semidynamics.com/newsroom/press-releases/post/semidynamics-and-sipearl-announce-strategic-cooperation-to-develop-eu-sovereign-rack-scale-ai-compute-platform", "date": "2026-05-07" } ], "unchecked": false, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "segment": "CPU / RISC-V processor" }, { "id": "vertical-compute", "company": "Vertical Compute", "hq": "Louvain-la-Neuve", "country": "BE", "founded": null, "focus": "Vertically integrated memory-and-compute technology for AI (memory wall); imec spin-off", "product": "No named product", "fundingTotalUsdM": 21.6, "fundingTotalNote": "\u20ac20m seed (Jan 2025) converted at 1.08.", "lastRound": { "date": "2025-01-14", "amount": "\u20ac20m", "amountUsdM": 21.6, "type": "Seed", "investors": "Led by imec.xpand; Eurazeo, XAnge, Vector Gestion, imec" }, "customers": "None.", "status": "pre-silicon", "statusNote": "No 2026 product or funding news found.", "source": "https://eejournal.com/industry_news/vertical-compute-a-new-imec-spin-off-raises-e20-million-to-revolutionize-the-future-of-ai-computing", "sourceDate": "2025-01-14", "sources": [ { "label": "EEJournal (press release)", "url": "https://eejournal.com/industry_news/vertical-compute-a-new-imec-spin-off-raises-e20-million-to-revolutionize-the-future-of-ai-computing", "date": "2025-01-14" } ], "unchecked": false, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "segment": "Novel or edge compute" }, { "id": "semron", "company": "Semron", "hq": "Dresden", "country": "DE", "founded": null, "focus": "Analog in-memory compute (memcapacitor, 3D-stacked) for edge AI", "product": "No named product", "fundingTotalUsdM": 7.9, "fundingTotalNote": "\u20ac7.3m (~$7.9m) seed, Jan 2024; SPRIND also funds. Trackers disagree on later grants (weak).", "lastRound": { "date": "2024-01-30", "amount": "\u20ac7.3m", "amountUsdM": 7.9, "type": "Seed", "investors": "Led by Join Capital; SquareOne, OTB Ventures, Onsight Ventures; SPRIND" }, "customers": "None.", "status": "pre-silicon", "statusNote": "No 2025-26 round or product found in sources checked.", "source": "https://www.eenewseurope.com/en/edge-ai-startup-semron-raises-funds-for-memcapacitor-processing/", "sourceDate": "2024-01-30", "sources": [ { "label": "eeNews Europe", "url": "https://www.eenewseurope.com/en/edge-ai-startup-semron-raises-funds-for-memcapacitor-processing/", "date": "2024-01-30" } ], "unchecked": false, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "segment": "Novel or edge compute" }, { "id": "salience-labs", "company": "Salience Labs", "hq": "Oxford", "country": "GB", "founded": null, "focus": "Silicon-photonic all-optical circuit switches for AI data-centre networking (pivoted from photonic compute) \u2014 not an AI processor", "product": "OC-32M 32-port optical switch; 64-port OCS demo (ECOC 2026)", "fundingTotalUsdM": null, "fundingTotalNote": "Total not disclosed; $30m Series A (Feb 2025). Earlier seed (Oxford Science Enterprises, Cambridge Innovation Capital) not re-checked.", "lastRound": { "date": "2025-02-07", "amount": "$30m", "amountUsdM": 30, "type": "Series A", "investors": "Led by Applied Ventures and ICM HPQC Fund; OSE, Silicon Catalyst Ventures, Braavos, Cambridge Innovation Capital" }, "customers": "Manufacturing partner Tower Semiconductor (Feb 2026); test collaboration with Keysight.", "status": "sampling", "statusNote": "32-port switch launched Mar 2026; 64-port OCS demonstrated Sep 2026.", "source": "https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20250207290130/en/Salience-Labs-Closed-Series-A-Round-Led-by-Applied-Ventures-and-ICM-HPQC-Fund", "sourceDate": "2025-02-07", "sources": [ { "label": "Business Wire (Series A)", "url": "https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20250207290130/en/Salience-Labs-Closed-Series-A-Round-Led-by-Applied-Ventures-and-ICM-HPQC-Fund", "date": "2025-02-07" }, { "label": "Salience Labs news page", "url": "https://www.saliencelabs.ai/news-resources/", "date": "2026-10-11" } ], "unchecked": true, "note": "Series A facts from the company's news page summary/link; Business Wire page itself not read. 'Sampling' status inferred from product launch wording.", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "segment": "Photonic interconnect" }, { "id": "innatera", "company": "Innatera", "hq": "Delft", "country": "NL", "founded": null, "focus": "Neuromorphic (spiking) microcontroller for sensor-edge AI", "product": "Pulsar", "fundingTotalUsdM": 16.2, "fundingTotalNote": "\u20ac15m Series A (Mar 2024) converted at 1.08; EIC Accelerator \u20ac15m (2023, grant+equity) may overlap with EIC Fund participation.", "lastRound": { "date": "2024-03-26", "amount": "\u20ac15m", "amountUsdM": 16.2, "type": "Series A", "investors": "Invest-NL Deep Tech Fund, EIC Fund, MIG Capital, Matterwave Ventures, Delft Enterprises" }, "customers": "Partner/customer demos at Embedded World 2026 (e.g. Aaroh Labs).", "status": "shipping", "statusNote": "Pulsar launched as commercially available 21 May 2025.", "source": "https://www.innatera.com/newsroom/innatera-unveils-pulsar-the-worlds-first-mass-market-neuromorphic-microcontroller-for-the-sensor-edge/", "sourceDate": "2025-05-21", "sources": [ { "label": "Innatera (Pulsar launch)", "url": "https://www.innatera.com/newsroom/innatera-unveils-pulsar-the-worlds-first-mass-market-neuromorphic-microcontroller-for-the-sensor-edge/", "date": "2025-05-21" }, { "label": "Innatera (\u20ac15m, via eeNews)", "url": "https://www.innatera.com/newsroom/innatera-raises-e15m-for-neuromorphic-edge-ai/", "date": "2024-03-26" } ], "unchecked": false, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "segment": "Novel or edge compute" } ], "summary": { "companies": 19, "independent": 18, "fundingTotalUsdM": 2212, "fundingTotalAllUsdM": 2212, "largest": [ { "company": "Olix (OLIX Computing)", "usdM": 532 }, { "company": "Axelera AI", "usdM": 450 }, { "company": "Black Semiconductor", "usdM": 275 } ], "top3SharePct": 56.8, "statusCounts": { "shipping": 3, "pre-silicon": 9, "acquired": 1, "sampling": 4, "taped out": 2 }, "byCountry": { "GB": 7, "NL": 3, "FR": 3, "DE": 3, "ES": 2, "BE": 1 }, "shipping": [ "Axelera AI", "Q.ANT", "Innatera" ], "uncheckedRows": 3, "bySegment": [ { "segment": "AI accelerator", "n": 6, "fundingUsdM": 1498 }, { "segment": "CPU / RISC-V processor", "n": 3, "fundingUsdM": 273 }, { "segment": "Photonic compute", "n": 4, "fundingUsdM": 116 }, { "segment": "Photonic interconnect", "n": 2, "fundingUsdM": 275 }, { "segment": "Novel or edge compute", "n": 4, "fundingUsdM": 50 } ], "largestRound": { "company": "Olix (OLIX Computing)", "usdM": 312, "date": "2026-08-03" } }, "context": { "cnbcApr2026": { "headline": "Nvidia rival tells CNBC it's seeking at least $100 million in funding as European AI chip market booms", "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/04/17/nvidia-rivals-chip-market-funding-ai-asml-euclyd.html", "date": "2026-04-17", "source": "CNBC (Dealroom data)", "europeUsdM": 800, "usUsdM": 4700, "period": "2026 year-to-date as of mid-April 2026 ('so far in 2026')", "summary": "Per Dealroom, European AI-chip startups raised $800m so far in 2026 vs $4.7bn for US counterparts (~5.9x). Same piece: Axelera and Olix together >$200m in 2026; Euclyd seeking >=\u20ac100m; Optalysys planning $100m+; Fractile and Arago reportedly raising nine-figure rounds.", "companion": { "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/04/17/nvidia-ai-chip-rivals-funding-euclyd-fractile.html", "date": "2026-04-17", "note": "Tech Download newsletter version: AI-chip startups raised $8.3bn globally in 2026 (Dealroom); Axelera and Olix each raised rounds 'north of $200 million'." }, "caveat": "Exact figures confirmed from CNBC article text. Dealroom's underlying dataset/definition not published in the article. Figure predates Fractile ($220m, May), Openchip (\u20ac116m, Jun), Olix ($312m, Aug) and Euclyd ($231m, Sep)." }, "derivedEurope2026": { "kind": "derived", "note": "Our own sum of disclosed 2026 rounds in this dataset for independent European startups (excl. Graphcore's SoftBank intra-group $457m and undisclosed VSORA/Semidynamics rounds): Optalysys ~$31m (Jan), Axelera $250m (Feb), Olix $220m (Feb), Fractile $220m (May), Openchip ~$133m (Jun, state equity), Olix $312m (Aug), Euclyd $231m (Sep).", "totalUsdM": 1397, "asOf": "2026-10-11", "caveat": "Not comparable to Dealroom's methodology; a reported ~$600m Fractile Series C is excluded because not confirmed closed." }, "otherComparisons": [ { "label": "Dealroom News on Olix Series B \u2014 names Fractile $220m (May 2026), Etched $300m at $10.3bn (Jul 2026), SambaNova $1bn at $11bn", "url": "https://dealroom.co/news/142656-olix-raises-312m-at-3-3b-valuation-to-challenge-nvidia/", "date": "2026-08-03" }, { "label": "Atomico State of European Tech 2025 / Sifted comparisons", "url": null, "date": null, "note": "NOT CHECKED \u2014 web-search budget ran out before these could be located; no figure recorded." } ], "usComparators": [ { "company": "SambaNova", "date": "2026-07-08", "amount": "$1bn", "amountUsdM": 1000, "type": "Funding round, $11bn valuation", "investors": "Led by General Atlantic; Seligman, T. Rowe Price, Capital Group (also >$350m earlier in 2026 incl. Intel)", "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/07/08/sambanova-ai-chip-funding-valuation.html", "sourceDate": "2026-07-08" }, { "company": "Cerebras Systems", "date": "2026-02", "amount": "$1bn", "amountUsdM": 1000, "type": "Funding round", "investors": null, "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/04/17/nvidia-rivals-chip-market-funding-ai-asml-euclyd.html", "sourceDate": "2026-04-17", "note": "Per CNBC; primary release not checked." }, { "company": "Etched", "date": "2026", "amount": "$500m", "amountUsdM": 500, "type": "Funding round", "investors": null, "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/04/17/nvidia-rivals-chip-market-funding-ai-asml-euclyd.html", "sourceDate": "2026-04-17", "note": "CNBC lists $500m rounds in 2026 for MatX, Ayar Labs and Etched. Dealroom separately reports Etched closed $300m at $10.3bn in Jul 2026 (may be a further round/extension \u2014 unchecked)." }, { "company": "MatX", "date": "2026", "amount": "$500m", "amountUsdM": 500, "type": "Funding round", "investors": null, "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/04/17/nvidia-rivals-chip-market-funding-ai-asml-euclyd.html", "sourceDate": "2026-04-17" }, { "company": "Ayar Labs (optical I/O)", "date": "2026", "amount": "$500m", "amountUsdM": 500, "type": "Funding round", "investors": null, "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/04/17/nvidia-rivals-chip-market-funding-ai-asml-euclyd.html", "sourceDate": "2026-04-17" }, { "company": "Groq", "date": "2025-12", "amount": "$20bn", "amountUsdM": 20000, "type": "Nvidia asset acquisition / licensing deal (not equity)", "investors": "Nvidia", "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/04/17/nvidia-rivals-chip-market-funding-ai-asml-euclyd.html", "sourceDate": "2026-04-17" }, { "company": "Positron", "date": "2026-02", "amount": "$230m", "amountUsdM": 230, "type": "Funding round", "investors": null, "url": "https://dealroom.co/news/126111-axelera-ai-raises-250m-to-scale-energy-efficient-edge-ai-chips-in-europe/", "sourceDate": "2026-02-25" } ], "excluded": "Non-European HQ skipped: Tenstorrent, Lightmatter, Celestial AI, Cerebras, Groq, Etched, Mythic, Extropic, Rain (US); Untether (CA); NeuReality, Hailo (IL); Rebellions (KR). Codasip omitted (RISC-V CPU IP, not an AI accelerator). Kalray omitted (listed company).", "fxNote": "EUR converted at 1.08 (2024\u20132025) and 1.15 (2026) per brief; GBP amounts use outlet-reported USD where given.", "researchLimits": "Web-search budget was exhausted mid-task; Sifted, DCD, HPCwire and Reuters pages were blocked. Rows marked unchecked:true rely partly on secondary summaries." }, "caveats": [ "Funding totals are disclosed rounds as reported (equity, and public grants where the company announced them together); undisclosed rounds count as zero.", "Dollar conversions of euro rounds use an approximate rate for the round's year and are marked as converted.", "Funding databases are not republished; Europe-wide totals are their published headlines, attributed.", "Status is the latest public milestone (shipping, sampling, taped out, pre-silicon); companies rarely publish volumes." ] }, "eu_ai_factories": { "title": "EU AI Factories and AI Gigafactories tracker", "asOf": "2026-10-12", "source": "EuroHPC JU, European Commission, national HPC centres and governments, TED notices, company releases and press (one link per row)", "sourceUrls": [ "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/ai-factories_en", "https://ted.europa.eu/en/notice/674672-2026/html" ], "scope": "EuroHPC JU participating states (EU-27 plus associated countries); Europe = EU-27 + UK, Norway, Switzerland, Iceland", "summary": { "factories": 19, "byStatus": { "operating": 2, "contracted": 7, "procuring": 3, "selected": 7 }, "hostCountries": 16, "gpusStatedFactories": 3, "gpusStated": 25868, "gpusStatedOperating": 24000, "antennas": 13, "consortia": 4, "consortiaMwStated": 242, "deadlineCurrent": "2026-12-03", "deadlineOriginal": "2026-11-12" }, "factories": [ { "name": "LUMI AI Factory", "country": "FI", "city": "Kajaani", "host": "CSC - IT Center for Science", "system": "LUMI-AI", "vendor": "Bull (Eviden)", "accelerators": "AMD Instinct MI430X (count not stated)", "gpuCount": null, "aiPerformance": "about 10x the AI capacity of current LUMI (no figure)", "status": "contracted", "statusEvidence": "EuroHPC JU signed the LUMI-AI supply contract with Bull on 31 Aug 2026 (EUR 387.8m, half EuroHPC, half LUMI AIF consortium); system expected 2027.", "startDate": "2027", "startDateKind": "expected", "selected": "2024-12-10", "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-signs-contract-deploy-lumi-ai-supercomputer-2026-08-31_en", "sourceDate": "2026-08-31", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Status 'installed' means contract signed, not yet in service. Tender: TED 332779-2025 (EUROHPC/2025/CD/0001, est. EUR 387.8m). Until LUMI-AI arrives the factory uses existing LUMI (TOP500 #11, Jun 2026). A Bull/GlobeNewswire release (31 Aug 2026) reportedly says deployment in H2 2027; not opened directly." }, { "name": "HammerHAI", "country": "DE", "city": "Stuttgart", "host": "HLRS (with LRZ, GWDG, KIT, SICOS BW)", "system": "HammerHAI", "vendor": "HPE", "accelerators": "860 NVIDIA B200 (215 GB200 NVL4 nodes) + 13 NVIDIA L4 + 9 Axelera AI nodes", "gpuCount": 860, "aiPerformance": "up to 15 exaflops peak AI inference", "status": "contracted", "statusEvidence": "EuroHPC JU signed the HPE contract on 16 Mar 2026 (EUR 55m); delivery planned Q2 2026 and service scheduled for H2 2026. HLRS system page still describes it as upcoming.", "startDate": "2026", "startDateKind": "expected", "selected": "2024-12-10", "source": "https://www.hlrs.de/solutions/systems/hammerhai", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "GPU count from HLRS system page and EuroHPC Germany AI Factory page. Contract news: https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-signs-contract-deploy-ai-supercomputer-hammerhai-2026-03-16_en . TED award notice 200238-2026 (24 Mar 2026). No inauguration or in-service notice found as of 11 Oct 2026; Axelera nodes due 2027." }, { "name": "Pharos", "country": "GR", "city": "Athens (system at Lavrion, Attica)", "host": "GRNET (with NCSRD Demokritos, NTUA, Athena RC, GrowthFund)", "system": "DAEDALUS", "vendor": "HPE", "accelerators": "NVIDIA GH200, direct liquid cooled (count not stated)", "gpuCount": null, "aiPerformance": null, "status": "operating", "statusEvidence": "DAEDALUS entered the June 2026 TOP500 at #31 (85.69 PF Rmax) and the Green500 at #23, per EuroHPC JU (23 Jun 2026).", "startDate": "2026-06", "startDateKind": "actual", "selected": "2024-12-10", "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/two-new-eurohpc-systems-join-top500-jupiter-remains-among-worlds-fastest-supercomputers-2026-06-23_en", "sourceDate": "2026-06-23", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "'Operating' rests on the TOP500 listing. No inauguration or general user-access announcement found, and EuroHPC's 'our supercomputers' page and the Pharos site still describe DAEDALUS in future tense (Pharos FAQ: about 89 PF total). Jan 2026 EuroHPC slides: 'under installation'. Treat user service as unconfirmed." }, { "name": "IT4LIA", "country": "IT", "city": "Bologna (DAMA Tecnopolo)", "host": "CINECA (with ARNES SI, ACA and AIT AT)", "system": "IT4LIA AI-optimised supercomputer (no name given)", "vendor": "E4 Computer Engineering (integrator) / Dell Technologies", "accelerators": "NVIDIA Blackwell GPUs in GB200 NVL4 (count not stated) + Axelera AI inference partition with SiPearl CPUs", "gpuCount": null, "aiPerformance": "above 160 exaflops peak AI inference (expected)", "status": "contracted", "statusEvidence": "EuroHPC JU signed the IT4LIA supercomputer contract with E4/Dell on 22 Apr 2026 (EUR 290m, 50% EuroHPC, rest Italian Ministry of University and Research).", "startDate": null, "startDateKind": null, "selected": "2024-12-10", "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-signs-contract-boost-ai-capabilities-it4lia-ai-factory-2026-04-22_en", "sourceDate": "2026-04-22", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "No operational date published. TED award notice 258574-2026 (16 Apr 2026). CINECA tendered site works for the IT4LIA system (TED 854302-2025; award 514655-2026, 24 Jul 2026). Interim: LISA upgrade of Leonardo (1,328 GPUs in 166 8-way servers) was inaugurated 11 Jun 2026 and was due for users in summer 2026; LISA is a Leonardo upgrade, not the IT4LIA system. The INNOVATE industrial system in Bologna (tender Jul 2026) is a separate EuroHPC procurement." }, { "name": "L-AI Factory (Luxembourg AI Factory)", "country": "LU", "city": "Bissen and Bettembourg", "host": "LuxProvide", "system": "MeluXina-AI", "vendor": "E4 Computer Engineering (prime) / Dell Technologies (servers)", "accelerators": "1,008 NVIDIA Blackwell GPUs (GB200 NVL4, 252 nodes)", "gpuCount": 1008, "aiPerformance": "over 20 exaflops AI peak (estimated)", "status": "contracted", "statusEvidence": "EuroHPC JU signed the MeluXina-AI contract with E4 on 22 Jul 2026 (EUR 80m, half EuroHPC); installation expected to start in autumn 2026.", "startDate": null, "startDateKind": null, "selected": "2024-12-10", "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-signs-contract-meluxina-ai-new-ai-optimised-supercomputer-luxembourg-ai-factory-2026-07-22_en", "sourceDate": "2026-07-22", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "No operational date published. TED award notice 494121-2026 (17 Jul 2026); the tender was re-run in 2026 (TED 104595-2026). Existing MeluXina (A100) continues to serve users meanwhile." }, { "name": "BSC AI Factory", "country": "ES", "city": "Barcelona", "host": "Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC-CNS); partners PT, TR, RO", "system": "MareNostrum 5 AI-enabled upgrade", "vendor": "FSAS Technologies (Fujitsu) and Telefonica consortium", "accelerators": "'next-generation GPUs' (model and count not stated)", "gpuCount": null, "aiPerformance": null, "status": "contracted", "statusEvidence": "EuroHPC JU signed the MareNostrum 5 AI upgrade contract on 26 Jan 2026 (about EUR 129m, 50/50 EuroHPC and ES/PT/TR); installation to begin early 2026.", "startDate": null, "startDateKind": null, "selected": "2024-12-10", "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/contract-signed-boost-marenostrum-5s-ai-capabilities-2026-01-26_en", "sourceDate": "2026-01-26", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "TED award notice 11457-2026 (9 Jan 2026). EuroHPC's supercomputers page now lists a MareNostrum 5 'GB200 (NGT ACC)' partition, which may be this upgrade (inference, unchecked). Existing MN5 is operating (TOP500 #16 accelerated partition, Jun 2026); upgrade in-service date not found." }, { "name": "MIMER (now 'Sweden AI Factory')", "country": "SE", "city": "Linkoping", "host": "NAISS at Linkoping University, with RISE", "system": "Mimer AIF supercomputer (no name given)", "vendor": "Bull (Eviden), BullSequana XH3500", "accelerators": "not stated", "gpuCount": null, "aiPerformance": null, "status": "contracted", "statusEvidence": "EuroHPC JU signed the contract with Bull on 21 Apr 2026 (EUR 29.76m, half EuroHPC, half Swedish Research Council); installation to start in 2026.", "startDate": null, "startDateKind": null, "selected": "2024-12-10", "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-signs-contract-deploy-new-ai-optimised-supercomputer-sweden-2026-04-21_en", "sourceDate": "2026-04-21", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Arrhenius is NOT the MIMER system: it is a separate EuroHPC mid-range system (HPE Cray EX, 1,528 NVIDIA Grace Hopper superchips, >60 PF, TOP500 #42 Jun 2026) inaugurated 8 Sep 2026; the inauguration release mentions the 'Sweden AI Factory, formerly known as the Mimer AI Factory' as a separate mid-range AI-dedicated system. TED award notice 311238-2026 (6 May 2026). Bull release 21 Apr 2026 gives no accelerator count." }, { "name": "AI:AT (AI Factory Austria)", "country": "AT", "city": "Vienna", "host": "Advanced Computing Austria (ACA) and AIT, with TU Wien and others", "system": "AT-AI AI-optimised supercomputer", "vendor": "not yet selected", "accelerators": "not stated", "gpuCount": null, "aiPerformance": null, "status": "procuring", "statusEvidence": "EuroHPC JU contract notice for the 'AT-AI' AI-optimised supercomputer (competitive dialogue EUROHPC/2026/CD/0002, est. EUR 32m) published 25 Feb 2026; participation deadline extended to 14 Apr 2026 (TED 219609-2026). No award notice found on TED by 11 Oct 2026.", "startDate": null, "startDateKind": null, "selected": "2025-03-12", "source": "https://ted.europa.eu/en/notice/219609-2026/html", "sourceDate": "2026-03-31", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Original notice TED 133431-2026 (25 Feb 2026). Jan 2026 EuroHPC slides: 'in preparation'. TU Wien VEAT for 'MECS' general planning (TED 416912-2026) may relate to hosting, unchecked." }, { "name": "BRAIN++", "country": "BG", "city": "Sofia", "host": "Sofia Tech Park, with INSAIT and the Discoverer team", "system": "Discoverer++ AI Supercomputer", "vendor": "not yet selected", "accelerators": "Lot 1 GPU partition; Lot 2 at least 32 wafer-scale AI accelerators; Lot 3 UPS (counts/models not fixed)", "gpuCount": null, "aiPerformance": null, "status": "procuring", "statusEvidence": "EuroHPC JU open procedure EUROHPC/2026/OP/0005 for Discoverer++ (est. EUR 54.2m in three lots) first published 24 Mar 2026; latest change notice 3 Sep 2026 moved the tender deadline to 16 Oct 2026 after a major technical-spec update.", "startDate": null, "startDateKind": null, "selected": "2025-03-12", "source": "https://ted.europa.eu/en/notice/606744-2026/html", "sourceDate": "2026-09-03", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Six change notices between May and Sep 2026 (TED 333381, 339915, 350187, 442396, 473362, 499934, 606744). Interim the factory offers existing Discoverer/Discoverer+ (EuroHPC: 4 DGX H200 = 32 H200)." }, { "name": "AI2F (AI Factory France)", "country": "FR", "city": "Bruyeres-le-Chatel (CEA TGCC)", "host": "GENCI and Inria (co-leads); system hosted by CEA", "system": "Alice Recoque (exascale)", "vendor": "Eviden (BullSequana XH3500)", "accelerators": "AMD Instinct MI430X, 4 per node (count not stated)", "gpuCount": null, "aiPerformance": "exascale (about 1 EF); AI figure not stated", "status": "contracted", "statusEvidence": "EuroHPC JU signed the Alice Recoque contract with Eviden on 18 Nov 2025 (EUR 354.8m, 50% EuroHPC, 50% FR/NL/GR); installation starting in 2026.", "startDate": null, "startDateKind": null, "selected": "2025-03-12", "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/contract-signed-alice-recoque-europes-new-exascale-supercomputer-2025-11-18_en", "sourceDate": "2025-11-18", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "TED award notice 821403-2025 (11 Dec 2025). Jan 2026 slides list AI2F as using Alice Recoque. No in-service date published; EuroHPC system page says final details due mid-2026." }, { "name": "JAIF (JUPITER AI Factory)", "country": "DE", "city": "Julich", "host": "Forschungszentrum Julich / JSC (with RWTH AI Center, Fraunhofer IAIS/FIT, hessian.AI)", "system": "JUPITER (exascale); add-on JARVIS inference platform in procurement", "vendor": "Eviden (BullSequana XH3000) for JUPITER", "accelerators": "~24,000 NVIDIA GH200 (JUPITER)", "gpuCount": 24000, "aiPerformance": "1 exaflop FP64 HPL (JUPITER); AI figure not stated", "status": "operating", "statusEvidence": "JUPITER reached 1 EF and was officially in service (inaugurated Sep 2025); it ranked #5 on the Jun 2026 TOP500.", "startDate": "2025-09", "startDateKind": "actual", "selected": "2025-03-12", "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/jupiter-officially-propels-europe-exascale-era-2025-11-17_en", "sourceDate": "2025-11-17", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "JAIF's own add-on: FZJ procurement 'JARVIS - JUPITER Advanced Research Vehicle for Inference Services' (TED 450843-2026, 1 Jul 2026, est. EUR 23.1m, negotiated procedure, request deadline 5 Aug 2026; no award notice found) -> JARVIS status = procuring. EuroHPC Germany page lists JAIF services as 'NA'." }, { "name": "PIAST AI Factory", "country": "PL", "city": "Poznan", "host": "PSNC (PCSS), with Poznan Univ. of Technology, AMU, Nicolaus Copernicus Univ.", "system": "new AI-optimised system (not named)", "vendor": null, "accelerators": "'high-end GPUs' (not stated)", "gpuCount": null, "aiPerformance": null, "status": "selected", "statusEvidence": "No EuroHPC or national procurement notice for the PIAST system found on TED (searched 11 Oct 2026); Jan 2026 EuroHPC slides list it 'in preparation'. EuroHPC page lists services from 2026.", "startDate": null, "startDateKind": null, "selected": "2025-03-12", "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/ai-factories/poland_en", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "inference", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Status inferred from absence of a public tender; a procurement could exist outside the TED queries used." }, { "name": "SLAIF (Slovenian AI Factory)", "country": "SI", "city": "Maribor", "host": "IZUM, with Jozef Stefan Institute and ARNES", "system": "Vega-AI / new AI-optimised system (not named)", "vendor": null, "accelerators": "not stated", "gpuCount": null, "aiPerformance": null, "status": "selected", "statusEvidence": "Jan 2026 EuroHPC slides: 'Vega-AI in preparation'; no procurement notice found on TED as of 11 Oct 2026. EuroHPC page lists services 'NA'.", "startDate": null, "startDateKind": null, "selected": "2025-03-12", "source": "https://comite255.europa.eu/documents/d/endorse/lilit_axner_2026-01-15_eurohpc-ai-factories", "sourceDate": "2026-01-15", "kind": "inference", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "New ARNES data centre near the Mariborski otok hydro plant per EuroHPC Slovenia page. Interim system: Vega (240 A100)." }, { "name": "CZAI (Czech AI Factory)", "country": "CZ", "city": "Ostrava", "host": "IT4Innovations / VSB-Technical University of Ostrava", "system": "KarolAIna", "vendor": null, "accelerators": "not stated", "gpuCount": null, "aiPerformance": null, "status": "selected", "statusEvidence": "No EuroHPC procurement for KarolAIna found on TED as of 11 Oct 2026; EuroHPC page describes it in future tense.", "startDate": null, "startDateKind": null, "selected": "2025-10-10", "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/czechia_en", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "inference", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "VSB ran a national tender 'HPCQC-AI computing cluster' (TED 449535-2026 / 510830-2026, Jul 2026); link to KarolAIna not established. Builds on Karolina (A100)." }, { "name": "LitAI Factory", "country": "LT", "city": "Vilnius", "host": "Vilnius University (system at LRTC VDC3 data centre)", "system": "new AI-optimised system (not named)", "vendor": null, "accelerators": "not stated", "gpuCount": null, "aiPerformance": null, "status": "selected", "statusEvidence": "EuroHPC page uses future tense; no procurement notice found on TED as of 11 Oct 2026.", "startDate": null, "startDateKind": null, "selected": "2025-10-10", "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/lithuania_en", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "inference", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": null }, { "name": "NLAIF (Netherlands AI Factory)", "country": "NL", "city": "Groningen (intended, per Dutch government 2025)", "host": "AIFNL Foundation, with SURF, Samenwerking Noord, TNO, AIC4NL", "system": "NLAIF Supercomputer", "vendor": "not yet selected", "accelerators": "not stated", "gpuCount": null, "aiPerformance": null, "status": "procuring", "statusEvidence": "EuroHPC JU contract notice for the NLAIF Supercomputer (competitive dialogue EUROHPC/2026/CD/0003, est. EUR 64.1m) published 11 Mar 2026, changed 4 May 2026; no award notice found by 11 Oct 2026.", "startDate": "2026", "startDateKind": "expected", "selected": "2025-10-10", "source": "https://ted.europa.eu/en/notice/302251-2026/html", "sourceDate": "2026-05-04", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Site conflict: Holland High Tech (9 Jul 2025, citing a 27 Jun 2025 Dutch government announcement) says Groningen, EUR 200m total (EUR 70m national, 60m regional, 70m EU), operational 2026 and full capacity early 2027 'if the application proceeds as planned'; Jan 2026 EuroHPC slides list 'SURF, Amsterdam'. The 2026 start now looks unlikely given the procurement stage (inference). Original notice TED 169488-2026." }, { "name": "Gaia AI Factory", "country": "PL", "city": "Krakow", "host": "Cyfronet AGH (PLGrid)", "system": "new AI system (not named)", "vendor": null, "accelerators": "about 1,000 GPUs planned (model not stated)", "gpuCount": null, "aiPerformance": null, "status": "selected", "statusEvidence": "EuroHPC page says services 'to be confirmed soon'; no procurement notice found on TED as of 11 Oct 2026.", "startDate": null, "startDateKind": null, "selected": "2025-10-10", "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/poland-gaia-ai-factory_en", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "inference", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "GPU figure ('about 1,000') is a plan stated on the EuroHPC page; gpuCount left null because it is not a contracted number." }, { "name": "RO AI Factory", "country": "RO", "city": "Bucharest", "host": "ICI Bucharest, with University Politehnica of Bucharest", "system": "new AI-optimised system (planned, not named)", "vendor": null, "accelerators": "not stated", "gpuCount": null, "aiPerformance": null, "status": "selected", "statusEvidence": "EuroHPC page says the factory aims to acquire an AI-optimised supercomputer; no procurement notice found on TED as of 11 Oct 2026.", "startDate": null, "startDateKind": null, "selected": "2025-10-10", "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/romania_en", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "inference", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": null }, { "name": "1HealthAI (One-Health AI Factory)", "country": "ES", "city": "Santiago de Compostela (A Sionlla industrial park)", "host": "CESGA, with CSIC", "system": "new system with experimental AI platform (not named)", "vendor": null, "accelerators": "not stated", "gpuCount": null, "aiPerformance": null, "status": "selected", "statusEvidence": "EuroHPC page uses future tense; no EuroHPC procurement notice found on TED as of 11 Oct 2026.", "startDate": null, "startDateKind": null, "selected": "2025-10-10", "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/spain-1health-ai_en", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "inference", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "CESGA separately awarded its national Finisterrae IV supercomputer (TED award 452136-2026, Jul 2026); whether it serves 1HealthAI is not stated." } ], "antennas": [ { "country": "BE", "name": "BE-AIFA", "lead": null, "linkedFactories": [ "LUMI AI Factory", "JAIF" ], "fundingEur": null, "status": "selected", "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-ai-factory-antennas-broaden-ai-factories-initiative-2025-10-13_en", "sourceDate": "2025-10-13", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Selected 13 Oct 2025 (call HORIZON-EUROHPC-JU-2025-AIFA-01). Launch not checked." }, { "country": "CY", "name": "Pharos-CY", "lead": null, "linkedFactories": [ "Pharos" ], "fundingEur": null, "status": "selected", "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-ai-factory-antennas-broaden-ai-factories-initiative-2025-10-13_en", "sourceDate": "2025-10-13", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Selected 13 Oct 2025 (call HORIZON-EUROHPC-JU-2025-AIFA-01). Launch not checked." }, { "country": "HU", "name": "HunAIFA", "lead": null, "linkedFactories": [ "JAIF" ], "fundingEur": null, "status": "selected", "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-ai-factory-antennas-broaden-ai-factories-initiative-2025-10-13_en", "sourceDate": "2025-10-13", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Selected 13 Oct 2025 (call HORIZON-EUROHPC-JU-2025-AIFA-01). Launch not checked. Also uses HUN-REN Cloud." }, { "country": "IS", "name": "AIFA-ICE", "lead": null, "linkedFactories": [ "LUMI AI Factory" ], "fundingEur": null, "status": "selected", "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-ai-factory-antennas-broaden-ai-factories-initiative-2025-10-13_en", "sourceDate": "2025-10-13", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Selected 13 Oct 2025 (call HORIZON-EUROHPC-JU-2025-AIFA-01). Launch not checked. Includes a small local AI test/training system." }, { "country": "IE", "name": "AIF IRL-Antenna", "lead": "ICHEC (University of Galway) with CeADAR (UCD)", "linkedFactories": [ "AI2F", "L-AI Factory" ], "fundingEur": 10000000, "status": "launched", "source": "https://aifactory.ie/", "sourceDate": "2026-07-01", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Officially launched 1 Jul 2026 in Dublin (Smock Alley Theatre) by Minister James Lawless, per aifactory.ie. EUR 10m total: EUR 5m EuroHPC + EUR 5m DFHERIS. Award announced 13 Oct 2025 (ICHEC). No MW or GPU figures (it uses remote compute)." }, { "country": "LV", "name": "AIFA-LAT", "lead": null, "linkedFactories": [ "LUMI AI Factory" ], "fundingEur": null, "status": "selected", "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-ai-factory-antennas-broaden-ai-factories-initiative-2025-10-13_en", "sourceDate": "2025-10-13", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Selected 13 Oct 2025 (call HORIZON-EUROHPC-JU-2025-AIFA-01). Launch not checked." }, { "country": "MT", "name": "CALYPSO", "lead": "MDIA (Malta Digital Innovation Authority)", "linkedFactories": [ "Pharos" ], "fundingEur": null, "status": "selected", "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-ai-factory-antennas-broaden-ai-factories-initiative-2025-10-13_en", "sourceDate": "2025-10-13", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Selected 13 Oct 2025 (call HORIZON-EUROHPC-JU-2025-AIFA-01). Launch not checked." }, { "country": "MD", "name": "FAIMA", "lead": null, "linkedFactories": [ "PIAST AI Factory" ], "fundingEur": null, "status": "selected", "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-ai-factory-antennas-broaden-ai-factories-initiative-2025-10-13_en", "sourceDate": "2025-10-13", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Selected 13 Oct 2025 (call HORIZON-EUROHPC-JU-2025-AIFA-01). Launch not checked. EuroHPC text also calls it 'AIFAM'." }, { "country": "MK", "name": "VEZILKA", "lead": "UKIM (Ss. Cyril and Methodius University), with government support", "linkedFactories": [ "Pharos" ], "fundingEur": null, "status": "selected", "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-ai-factory-antennas-broaden-ai-factories-initiative-2025-10-13_en", "sourceDate": "2025-10-13", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Selected 13 Oct 2025 (call HORIZON-EUROHPC-JU-2025-AIFA-01). Launch not checked." }, { "country": "RS", "name": "SAIFA", "lead": null, "linkedFactories": [ "Pharos", "IT4LIA" ], "fundingEur": null, "status": "selected", "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-ai-factory-antennas-broaden-ai-factories-initiative-2025-10-13_en", "sourceDate": "2025-10-13", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Selected 13 Oct 2025 (call HORIZON-EUROHPC-JU-2025-AIFA-01). Launch not checked. Integrates national HPC infrastructure." }, { "country": "SK", "name": "SKAIAT", "lead": null, "linkedFactories": [ "AI:AT" ], "fundingEur": null, "status": "selected", "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-ai-factory-antennas-broaden-ai-factories-initiative-2025-10-13_en", "sourceDate": "2025-10-13", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Selected 13 Oct 2025 (call HORIZON-EUROHPC-JU-2025-AIFA-01). Launch not checked." }, { "country": "CH", "name": "HEARTS", "lead": null, "linkedFactories": [ "LUMI AI Factory", "BSC AI Factory", "MIMER", "IT4LIA" ], "fundingEur": null, "status": "selected", "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-ai-factory-antennas-broaden-ai-factories-initiative-2025-10-13_en", "sourceDate": "2025-10-13", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Selected 13 Oct 2025 (call HORIZON-EUROHPC-JU-2025-AIFA-01). Launch not checked. Runs through the Alps research infrastructure (CSCS), per EuroHPC antenna page." }, { "country": "UK", "name": "UKAIFA", "lead": "EPCC (University of Edinburgh)", "linkedFactories": [ "HammerHAI" ], "fundingEur": null, "status": "selected", "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-ai-factory-antennas-broaden-ai-factories-initiative-2025-10-13_en", "sourceDate": "2025-10-13", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Selected 13 Oct 2025 (call HORIZON-EUROHPC-JU-2025-AIFA-01). Launch not checked." } ], "consortia": [ { "name": "AION", "leads": "Scaleway (iliad Group), Ardian, Artefact, Bull, Capgemini, EDF, Orange", "country": "FR", "site": null, "mw": 200, "mwKind": "reported by a secondary source; not in the consortium release", "gpus": "more than 288,000 H100-equivalent (reported, secondary)", "investmentEur": null, "status": "bid announced", "source": "https://www.scaleway.com/en/news/ardian-artefact-bull-edf-capgemini-the-iliad-group-orange-and-scaleway-combine-their-expertise-to-run-as-a-candidate-for-a-european-ai-gigafactory-in-france/", "sourceDate": "2026-05-20", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Primary release (20 May 2026) confirms the eight-member candidacy for France but gives no site, MW, GPUs or investment. The 200 MW, about USD 10bn and >288k H100-equivalent figures come from a blog (frenchexpertinireland.com, 24 Aug 2026) saying 'reportedly'; treat as unchecked. Wider ecosystem named in the release (GENCI, Hugging Face, Inria, Nokia, Schneider Electric, Credit Agricole) are partners/users, not members." }, { "name": "AETHER", "leads": "2CRSi, Dassault Systemes (OUTSCALE), SiPearl, Axelera AI, Viridien, Electricite de Strasbourg, Equans", "country": "FR", "site": "near Strasbourg (two industrial sites under negotiation)", "mw": 42, "mwKind": "initial, as reported (blog); >400 MW eventually subject to grid", "gpus": null, "investmentEur": null, "status": "bid announced", "source": "https://www.frenchexpertinireland.com/blog/while-europe-was-on-holiday-the-ai-infrastructure-race-moved-up-a-gear/", "sourceDate": "2026-08-24", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Secondary source only (blog); says unveiled 8 Jul 2026 with 13 founding members (also Socomec, Haffner Energy, Demathieu Bard, Nhood, Projex). Primary 2CRSi release not located (web search budget exhausted). Verify before publishing." }, { "name": "Deutsche Telekom and Brookfield", "leads": "Deutsche Telekom, Brookfield", "country": "DE", "site": null, "mw": null, "mwKind": null, "gpus": null, "investmentEur": null, "status": "EoI reported", "source": "https://www.lightreading.com/ai-machine-learning/eu-defers-formal-call-for-ai-gigafactories-to-early-2026", "sourceDate": "2025-12-04", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Light Reading quotes Deutsche Telekom's CEO saying the company submitted a consortium bid with Brookfield in the 2025 expression-of-interest round. Whether it bid in the 2026 tender is not public." }, { "name": "Portuguese public-private consortium", "leads": "incl. Altice Portugal and NOS (reported)", "country": "PT", "site": null, "mw": null, "mwKind": null, "gpus": null, "investmentEur": null, "status": "EoI reported", "source": "https://www.lightreading.com/ai-machine-learning/eu-defers-formal-call-for-ai-gigafactories-to-early-2026", "sourceDate": "2025-12-04", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Light Reading reports Altice Portugal and NOS as part of a Portuguese consortium that submitted an expression of interest in 2025. Partners and site not confirmed from a primary source." } ], "call": { "deadlineChecks": [ { "what": "TED contract notice 529135-2026 (original), procedure EUROHPC/2026/OP/0008", "says": "Published 30 Jul 2026 (dispatched 29 Jul). Tender receipt deadline 12 Nov 2026 16:00 (+01:00) for both lots; a second date of 4 Nov 2026 23:59 (likely the last day for clarification requests - inference).", "url": "https://ted.europa.eu/en/notice/529135-2026/html", "date": "2026-07-30", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "what": "TED change notice 674672-2026 (changes notice d8c1a703-6be1-49a2-a503-c1878d863b1c)", "says": "Published 1 Oct 2026 (dispatched 30 Sep). Tender receipt deadline 3 Dec 2026 17:00 (+01:00) for both lots; second date 25 Nov 2026 23:59. Stated reason: deadline extended by 3 weeks at the European Commission's request. Lot 1: 4 medium-scale AIGF consortia, est. EUR 4bn; Lot 2: 3 large-scale, est. EUR 6bn; total est. EUR 10bn.", "url": "https://ted.europa.eu/en/notice/674672-2026/html", "date": "2026-10-01", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "what": "TED Search API, all notices with procedure-identifier bc712395-692d-41ab-aa25-8e254ae86eb2", "says": "Only two notices exist (529135-2026 and 674672-2026); no newer change notice as of 11 Oct 2026.", "url": "https://api.ted.europa.eu/v3/notices/search", "date": "2026-10-11", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "what": "EuroHPC JU call-for-tenders page", "says": "Now shows deadline 3 December 2026, 17:00 (CET); publication and opening date 30 Jul 2026; no corrigendum note or last-updated date shown.", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/call-tenders-selection-artificial-intelligence-gigafactory-consortia-and-establishment-ai_en", "date": "2026-10-11", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "what": "EuroHPC JU launch press release", "says": "Still says submission deadline 12 November 2026; up to seven AIGFs in at least seven member states; selection early 2027; operations within 18 months. Not updated for the extension.", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-joint-undertaking-launches-ai-gigafactories-call-2026-07-30_en", "date": "2026-07-30", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "what": "Sullivan & Cromwell memo", "says": "Dated 8 Oct 2026; still gives 12 Nov 2026 16:00 Luxembourg time and does not mention the extension (outdated vs TED). Lot 1 min 25k H100-eq in Phase 1 / 75k in Phase 2; Lot 2 40k / 100k; EU expenditure capped at EUR 5bn (Lot 1 up to EUR 500m per AIGF, Lot 2 up to EUR 1bn).", "url": "https://www.sullcrom.com/insights/memo/2026/October/EuroHPC-Joint-Undertaking-Launches-AI-Gigafactories-Call", "date": "2026-10-08", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "what": "EU Funding & Tenders portal tender record (repo cache, not re-fetched today)", "says": "Deadline 2026-12-03 17:00:59, corrigendum 00674672-2026 listed.", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/info/funding-tenders/opportunities/portal/screen/opportunities/tender-details/bc712395-692d-41ab-aa25-8e254ae86eb2-CN", "date": "2026-10-10", "checked": "2026-10-10" } ], "other": [ { "fact": "Up to EUR 10bn EU and national public funding, expected to mobilise at least EUR 20bn private (over EUR 30bn total); up to seven AIGFs; award decisions early 2027.", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/aigf-call", "date": "2026-07-30" }, { "fact": "Eighteen states joined the joint procurement of AIGF compute time: HR, CZ, DK, EE, FI, FR, DE, GR, HU, IE, IT, LV, LT, PL, PT, SK, ES, SE (as listed by Balkan Green Energy News; not confirmed on an official page).", "url": "https://balkangreenenergynews.com/eu-opens-ai-gigafactories-call-to-spur-over-eur-30-billion-in-investments/", "date": "2026-07-31" }, { "fact": "Ireland will invest EUR 10m to buy compute time from an AI Gigafactory located in France, subject to the French bid succeeding; no Irish-hosted bid is mentioned.", "url": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-further-and-higher-education-research-innovation-and-science/press-releases/minister-lawless-announces-irelands-participation-in-europes-high-performance-computing-ai-gigafactories-initiative/", "date": "2026-07-30" }, { "fact": "France says it will order about EUR 100m of computing capacity from the gigafactory selected on French soil (as reported).", "url": "https://www.pnoinnovation.com/insights/ai-gigafactories-understanding-the-european-call-for-tenders/", "date": "2026-09-16" }, { "fact": "Commission slides (Mar 2026): one gigafactory costs EUR 4-5bn and draws about 100-250 MW; beyond 100,000 advanced AI processors each; total infrastructure up to EUR 20bn.", "url": "https://eu-space.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2026-06/03_Pelegrin_AIF%20-%20AIGF%202026.pdf", "date": "2026-03" }, { "fact": "EIB-Commission MoU (4 Dec 2025) on advisory support for gigafactory consortia; Commissioner Virkkunen said majority owners should come from Europe.", "url": "https://www.lightreading.com/ai-machine-learning/eu-defers-formal-call-for-ai-gigafactories-to-early-2026", "date": "2025-12-04" }, { "fact": "Tender eligibility (per S&C): coordinator incorporated, headquartered and controlled in the EU; all physical sites in EU member states; each host member state must provide a commitment letter on national support and co-funding.", "url": "https://www.sullcrom.com/insights/memo/2026/October/EuroHPC-Joint-Undertaking-Launches-AI-Gigafactories-Call", "date": "2026-10-08" } ], "lots": "Lot 1: four medium-scale gigafactories (est. \u20ac4bn); Lot 2: three large-scale (est. \u20ac6bn) \u2014 TED 674672-2026", "extensionReason": "extended by three weeks at the European Commission's request (TED 674672-2026)", "indicativeEoiEur": 230000000000.0, "indicativeEoiSource": "https://www.lightreading.com/ai-machine-learning/eu-defers-formal-call-for-ai-gigafactories-to-early-2026" }, "eoi": { "expressions": 76, "memberStates": 16, "sites": 60, "gpus": "at least 3 million latest-generation AI processors", "closed": "2025-06-20", "published": "2025-06-30", "identitiesDisclosed": false, "note": "Verified on the Commission page. Not formal applications; feeds a non-binding roster. Commission will not disclose respondents, though respondents may self-disclose. A secondary article (lawandtechnology.eu, 3 Aug 2026) says 77 proposals; the official figure is 76.", "source": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/overwhelming-response-76-respondents-express-interest-european-ai-gigafactories-initiative", "sourceDate": "2025-06-30", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, "ted": { "pulled": "2026-10-12", "notices": [ { "publicationNumber": "529135-2026", "published": "2026-07-30", "type": "cn-standard", "deadline": "2026-11-12", "url": "https://ted.europa.eu/en/notice/529135-2026/html" }, { "publicationNumber": "674672-2026", "published": "2026-10-01", "type": "cn-standard", "deadline": "2026-12-03", "url": "https://ted.europa.eu/en/notice/674672-2026/html" } ], "currentDeadline": "2026-12-03", "currentNotice": "674672-2026", "originalDeadline": "2026-11-12", "originalNotice": "529135-2026" }, "thirdParty": [], "caveats": [ "Status labels are our reading of public notices: operating = in service or on the TOP500; contracted = EuroHPC supply contract signed, hardware not yet in service; procuring = tender published on TED, no award; selected = no public procurement found on TED (a host-run or below-threshold tender could be missed).", "Pharos counts as operating because DAEDALUS entered the June 2026 TOP500; EuroHPC's own pages still describe it in the future tense. JAIF counts as operating because JUPITER is in service; its own add-on inference system (JARVIS) is still being procured.", "Most AI Factories publish no accelerator count, so GPU totals here are partial.", "Gigafactory bids are confidential. The table lists only consortia that have announced themselves or been reported; the 2025 round had 76 expressions of interest, and the Commission put their indicative value at over \u20ac230bn.", "The list of 18 states in the joint purchase of gigafactory compute time (including Ireland) comes from a trade outlet, not an official page." ] }, "global_capex": { "title": "Global hyperscaler capex and asset geography", "source": "SEC EDGAR XBRL company facts and 10-K filings (data.sec.gov); company earnings releases for guidance", "sourceUrls": [ "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0000789019.json", "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001018724.json", "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001652044.json", "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001326801.json", "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001341439.json", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312526323660/msft-20260630.htm", 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"2025-Q3", "end": "2025-09-30", "usdBn": 18.829, "derived": true }, { "q": "2025-Q4", "end": "2025-12-31", "usdBn": 21.383, "derived": true }, { "q": "2026-Q1", "end": "2026-03-31", "usdBn": 18.997, "derived": false }, { "q": "2026-Q2", "end": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 30.116, "derived": true } ], "annualFy": [ { "fy": 2017, "end": "2017-12-31", "usdBn": 6.733 }, { "fy": 2018, "end": "2018-12-31", "usdBn": 13.915 }, { "fy": 2019, "end": "2019-12-31", "usdBn": 15.102 }, { "fy": 2020, "end": "2020-12-31", "usdBn": 15.163 }, { "fy": 2021, "end": "2021-12-31", "usdBn": 18.69 }, { "fy": 2022, "end": "2022-12-31", "usdBn": 31.186 }, { "fy": 2023, "end": "2023-12-31", "usdBn": 27.045 }, { "fy": 2024, "end": "2024-12-31", "usdBn": 37.256 }, { "fy": 2025, "end": "2025-12-31", "usdBn": 69.691 } ], "ttm": { "usdBn": 89.325, "from": "2025-Q3", "to": "2026-Q2", "end": "2026-06-30" } }, { "name": "Oracle", "cik": "0001341439", "concept": "us-gaap:PaymentsToAcquirePropertyPlantAndEquipment", "url": "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001341439.json", "rawFile": "facts_CIK0001341439_2026-10-11.json", "quarters": [ { "q": "2019-Q1", "end": "2019-02-28", "usdBn": 0.443, "derived": true }, { "q": "2019-Q2", "end": "2019-05-31", "usdBn": 0.413, "derived": true }, { "q": "2019-Q3", "end": "2019-08-31", "usdBn": 0.386, "derived": false }, { "q": "2019-Q4", "end": "2019-11-30", "usdBn": 0.349, "derived": true }, { "q": "2020-Q1", "end": "2020-02-29", "usdBn": 0.396, "derived": true }, { "q": "2020-Q2", "end": "2020-05-31", "usdBn": 0.433, "derived": true }, { "q": "2020-Q3", "end": "2020-08-31", "usdBn": 0.436, "derived": false }, { "q": "2020-Q4", "end": "2020-11-30", "usdBn": 0.568, "derived": true }, { "q": "2021-Q1", "end": "2021-02-28", "usdBn": 0.414, "derived": true }, { "q": "2021-Q2", "end": "2021-05-31", "usdBn": 0.717, "derived": true }, { "q": "2021-Q3", "end": "2021-08-31", "usdBn": 1.062, "derived": false }, { "q": "2021-Q4", "end": "2021-11-30", "usdBn": 0.925, "derived": true }, { "q": "2022-Q1", "end": "2022-02-28", "usdBn": 1.101, "derived": true }, { "q": "2022-Q2", "end": "2022-05-31", "usdBn": 1.423, "derived": true }, { "q": "2022-Q3", "end": "2022-08-31", "usdBn": 1.719, "derived": false }, { "q": "2022-Q4", "end": "2022-11-30", "usdBn": 2.435, "derived": true }, { "q": "2023-Q1", "end": "2023-02-28", "usdBn": 2.628, "derived": true }, { "q": "2023-Q2", "end": "2023-05-31", "usdBn": 1.913, "derived": true }, { "q": "2023-Q3", "end": "2023-08-31", "usdBn": 1.314, "derived": false }, { "q": "2023-Q4", "end": "2023-11-30", "usdBn": 1.08, "derived": true }, { "q": "2024-Q1", "end": "2024-02-29", "usdBn": 1.674, "derived": true }, { "q": "2024-Q2", "end": "2024-05-31", "usdBn": 2.798, "derived": true }, { "q": "2024-Q3", "end": "2024-08-31", "usdBn": 2.303, "derived": false }, { "q": "2024-Q4", "end": "2024-11-30", "usdBn": 3.97, "derived": true }, { "q": "2025-Q1", "end": "2025-02-28", "usdBn": 5.862, "derived": true }, { "q": "2025-Q2", "end": "2025-05-31", "usdBn": 9.08, "derived": true }, { "q": "2025-Q3", "end": "2025-08-31", "usdBn": 8.502, "derived": false }, { "q": "2025-Q4", "end": "2025-11-30", "usdBn": 12.033, "derived": true }, { "q": "2026-Q1", "end": "2026-02-28", "usdBn": 18.635, "derived": true }, { "q": "2026-Q2", "end": "2026-05-31", "usdBn": 16.493, "derived": true }, { "q": "2026-Q3", "end": "2026-08-31", "usdBn": 28.499, "derived": false } ], "annualFy": [ { "fy": 2017, "end": "2017-05-31", "usdBn": 2.021 }, { "fy": 2018, "end": "2018-05-31", "usdBn": 1.736 }, { "fy": 2019, "end": "2019-05-31", "usdBn": 1.66 }, { "fy": 2020, "end": "2020-05-31", "usdBn": 1.564 }, { "fy": 2021, "end": "2021-05-31", "usdBn": 2.135 }, { "fy": 2022, "end": "2022-05-31", "usdBn": 4.511 }, { "fy": 2023, "end": "2023-05-31", "usdBn": 8.695 }, { "fy": 2024, "end": "2024-05-31", "usdBn": 6.866 }, { "fy": 2025, "end": "2025-05-31", "usdBn": 21.215 }, { "fy": 2026, "end": "2026-05-31", "usdBn": 55.663 } ], "ttm": { "usdBn": 75.66, "from": "2025-Q4", "to": "2026-Q3", "end": "2026-08-31" } } ], "quarterly": [ { "q": "2019-Q1", "Microsoft": 2.565, "Amazon": 3.29, "Alphabet": 4.638, "Meta": 3.837, "Oracle": 0.443, "total": 14.773 }, { "q": "2019-Q2", "Microsoft": 4.051, "Amazon": 3.562, "Alphabet": 6.126, "Meta": 3.633, "Oracle": 0.413, "total": 17.785 }, { "q": "2019-Q3", "Microsoft": 3.385, "Amazon": 4.697, "Alphabet": 6.732, "Meta": 3.532, "Oracle": 0.386, "total": 18.732 }, { "q": "2019-Q4", "Microsoft": 3.545, "Amazon": 5.312, "Alphabet": 6.052, "Meta": 4.1, "Oracle": 0.349, "total": 19.358 }, { "q": "2020-Q1", "Microsoft": 3.767, "Amazon": 6.795, "Alphabet": 6.005, "Meta": 3.558, "Oracle": 0.396, "total": 20.521 }, { "q": "2020-Q2", "Microsoft": 4.744, "Amazon": 7.459, "Alphabet": 5.391, "Meta": 3.255, "Oracle": 0.433, "total": 21.282 }, { "q": "2020-Q3", "Microsoft": 4.907, "Amazon": 11.063, "Alphabet": 5.406, "Meta": 3.689, "Oracle": 0.436, "total": 25.501 }, { "q": "2020-Q4", "Microsoft": 4.174, "Amazon": 14.823, "Alphabet": 5.479, "Meta": 4.661, "Oracle": 0.568, "total": 29.705 }, { "q": "2021-Q1", "Microsoft": 5.089, "Amazon": 12.082, "Alphabet": 5.942, "Meta": 4.303, "Oracle": 0.414, "total": 27.83 }, { "q": "2021-Q2", "Microsoft": 6.452, "Amazon": 14.288, "Alphabet": 5.496, "Meta": 4.641, "Oracle": 0.717, "total": 31.594 }, { "q": "2021-Q3", "Microsoft": 5.81, "Amazon": 15.748, "Alphabet": 6.819, "Meta": 4.346, "Oracle": 1.062, "total": 33.785 }, { "q": "2021-Q4", "Microsoft": 5.865, "Amazon": 18.935, "Alphabet": 6.383, "Meta": 5.4, "Oracle": 0.925, "total": 37.508 }, { "q": "2022-Q1", "Microsoft": 5.34, "Amazon": 14.951, "Alphabet": 9.786, "Meta": 5.441, "Oracle": 1.101, "total": 36.619 }, { "q": "2022-Q2", "Microsoft": 6.871, "Amazon": 15.724, "Alphabet": 6.828, "Meta": 7.572, "Oracle": 1.423, "total": 38.418 }, { "q": "2022-Q3", "Microsoft": 6.283, "Amazon": 16.378, "Alphabet": 7.276, "Meta": 9.375, "Oracle": 1.719, "total": 41.031 }, { "q": "2022-Q4", "Microsoft": 6.274, "Amazon": 16.592, "Alphabet": 7.595, "Meta": 8.798, "Oracle": 2.435, "total": 41.694 }, { "q": "2023-Q1", "Microsoft": 6.607, "Amazon": 14.207, "Alphabet": 6.289, "Meta": 6.823, "Oracle": 2.628, "total": 36.554 }, { "q": "2023-Q2", "Microsoft": 8.943, "Amazon": 11.455, "Alphabet": 6.888, "Meta": 6.134, "Oracle": 1.913, "total": 35.333 }, { "q": "2023-Q3", "Microsoft": 9.917, "Amazon": 12.479, "Alphabet": 8.055, "Meta": 6.496, "Oracle": 1.314, "total": 38.261 }, { "q": "2023-Q4", "Microsoft": 9.735, "Amazon": 14.588, "Alphabet": 11.019, "Meta": 7.592, "Oracle": 1.08, "total": 44.014 }, { "q": "2024-Q1", "Microsoft": 10.952, "Amazon": 14.925, "Alphabet": 12.012, "Meta": 6.4, "Oracle": 1.674, "total": 45.963 }, { "q": "2024-Q2", "Microsoft": 13.873, "Amazon": 17.62, "Alphabet": 13.186, "Meta": 8.173, "Oracle": 2.798, "total": 55.65 }, { "q": "2024-Q3", "Microsoft": 14.923, "Amazon": 22.62, "Alphabet": 13.061, "Meta": 8.258, "Oracle": 2.303, "total": 61.165 }, { "q": "2024-Q4", "Microsoft": 15.804, "Amazon": 27.834, "Alphabet": 14.276, "Meta": 14.425, "Oracle": 3.97, "total": 76.309 }, { "q": "2025-Q1", "Microsoft": 16.745, "Amazon": 25.019, "Alphabet": 17.197, "Meta": 12.941, "Oracle": 5.862, "total": 77.764 }, { "q": "2025-Q2", "Microsoft": 17.079, "Amazon": 32.183, "Alphabet": 22.446, "Meta": 16.538, "Oracle": 9.08, "total": 97.326 }, { "q": "2025-Q3", "Microsoft": 19.394, "Amazon": 35.095, "Alphabet": 23.953, "Meta": 18.829, "Oracle": 8.502, "total": 105.773 }, { "q": "2025-Q4", "Microsoft": 29.876, "Amazon": 39.522, "Alphabet": 27.851, "Meta": 21.383, "Oracle": 12.033, "total": 130.665 }, { "q": "2026-Q1", "Microsoft": 30.876, "Amazon": 44.203, "Alphabet": 35.674, "Meta": 18.997, "Oracle": 18.635, "total": 148.385 }, { "q": "2026-Q2", "Microsoft": 35.802, "Amazon": 54.208, "Alphabet": 44.924, "Meta": 30.116, "Oracle": 16.493, "total": 181.543 }, { "q": "2026-Q3", "Microsoft": null, "Amazon": null, "Alphabet": null, "Meta": null, "Oracle": 28.499, "total": null } ], "lastCompleteQuarter": "2026-Q2", "ttmTotal": { "usdBn": 566.4, "from": "2025-Q3", "to": "2026-Q2" }, "byCalendarYear": [ { "year": 2019, "usdBn": 70.6, "quarters": 4 }, { "year": 2020, "usdBn": 97.0, "quarters": 4 }, { "year": 2021, "usdBn": 130.7, "quarters": 4 }, { "year": 2022, "usdBn": 157.8, "quarters": 4 }, { "year": 2023, "usdBn": 154.2, "quarters": 4 }, { "year": 2024, "usdBn": 239.1, "quarters": 4 }, { "year": 2025, "usdBn": 411.5, "quarters": 4 }, { "year": 2026, "usdBn": 329.9, "quarters": 2 } ], "geography": [ { "company": "Microsoft", "asOf": "2026-06-30", "usUsdBn": 300.4, "nonUsUsdBn": 175.2, "totalUsdBn": 475.5, "nonUsSharePct": 36.8, "priorNonUsSharePct": 38.1, "priorYear": 2025, "europeLines": [], "measure": "Long-lived assets excl. financial instruments and tax assets, by location of the controlling statutory company", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312526323660/msft-20260630.htm" }, { "company": "Amazon", "asOf": "2025-12-31", "usUsdBn": null, "nonUsUsdBn": null, "totalUsdBn": null, "nonUsSharePct": null, "europeLines": [], "measure": "No geographic split of long-lived assets; property and equipment, net, by segment (AWS is global)", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872426000004/amzn-20251231.htm", "segmentsUsdBn": { "year": 2025, "northAmerica": 122.0, "international": 30.6, "aws": 190.1, "corporate": 14.3, "total": 357.0 }, "salesLinesUsdBn": { "year": 2025, "Germany": 45.9, "United Kingdom": 43.2 } }, { "company": "Alphabet", "asOf": "2025-12-31", "usUsdBn": 195.3, "nonUsUsdBn": 66.5, "totalUsdBn": 261.8, "nonUsSharePct": 25.4, "priorNonUsSharePct": 24.7, "priorYear": 2024, "europeLines": [], "measure": "Property and equipment, net, plus operating lease assets", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204426000018/goog-20251231.htm" }, { "company": "Meta", "asOf": "2025-12-31", "usUsdBn": 173.4, "nonUsUsdBn": 23.4, "totalUsdBn": 196.8, "nonUsSharePct": 11.9, "priorNonUsSharePct": 13.8, "priorYear": 2024, "europeLines": [], "measure": "Property and equipment, net, plus operating lease right-of-use assets", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000162828026003942/meta-20251231.htm" }, { "company": "Oracle", "asOf": "2026-05-31", "usUsdBn": 102.7, "nonUsUsdBn": 30.5, "totalUsdBn": 133.3, "nonUsSharePct": 22.9, "priorNonUsSharePct": 24.5, "priorYear": 2025, "europeLines": [ { "line": "United Kingdom", "usdBn": 3.9, "priorUsdBn": 2.5 }, { "line": "Germany", "usdBn": 2.4, "priorUsdBn": 2.0 } ], "measure": "Long-lived assets excl. goodwill, intangibles, non-marketable investments and deferred taxes", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1341439/000119312526277521/orcl-20260531.htm" } ], "guidance": [ { "company": "Alphabet", "period": "FY2026 (calendar)", "low": 195, "high": 205, "unit": "USD bn", "text": "CFO Anat Ashkenazi updated full-year 2026 CapEx guidance to $195-205bn, up from $180-190bn, mainly because capacity delivery is being accelerated to meet demand.", "given": "2026-07-22", "event": "Q2 2026 earnings call", "source": "https://s206.q4cdn.com/479360582/files/doc_events/2026/Jul/22/2026_Q2_Earnings_Transcript.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-07-22", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "includesFinanceLeases": false, "notes": "Transcript PDF hosted on Alphabet's IR CDN (q4cdn) and opened in full. Q2 2026 CapEx was $44.9bn (about 60% servers, 40% data centres and networking); Q2 free cash flow was -$5.9bn. Finance leases: Alphabet's 'CapEx' is cash purchases of property and equipment (operating cash flow $39.1bn minus CapEx $44.9bn ~= the stated FCF of -$5.9bn), so finance leases are not added. This is inferred from the figures, not stated by the company.", "history": [ { "given": "2026-02-04", "low": 175, "high": 185, "event": "Q4 2025 earnings call", "text": "First 2026 guide: $175-185bn, investment ramping through the year.", "source": "https://s206.q4cdn.com/479360582/files/doc_events/2026/Feb/04/2025_Q4_Earnings_Transcript.pdf" }, { "given": "2026-04-29", "low": 180, "high": 190, "event": "Q1 2026 earnings call", "text": "Raised to $180-190bn, the increase stated as including investment tied to the Intersect acquisition (closed March 2026).", "source": "https://s206.q4cdn.com/479360582/files/doc_events/2026/Apr/29/2026_Q1_Earnings_Transcript.pdf" }, { "given": "2026-07-22", "low": 195, "high": 205, "event": "Q2 2026 earnings call", "text": "Raised to $195-205bn: faster delivery of capacity.", "source": "https://s206.q4cdn.com/479360582/files/doc_events/2026/Jul/22/2026_Q2_Earnings_Transcript.pdf" } ] }, { "company": "Alphabet", "period": "FY2027 (calendar)", "low": null, "high": null, "unit": "USD bn", "text": "No number given. CFO said CapEx is still expected to 'increase significantly in 2027', with details to come later.", "given": "2026-07-22", "event": "Q2 2026 earnings call", "source": "https://s206.q4cdn.com/479360582/files/doc_events/2026/Jul/22/2026_Q2_Earnings_Transcript.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-07-22", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "includesFinanceLeases": false, "history": [] }, { "company": "Amazon", "period": "FY2026 (calendar)", "low": 220, "high": 220, "unit": "USD bn", "text": "CEO Andy Jassy: Amazon now expects about $220bn of cash CapEx in 2026, up from the prior estimate of about $200bn, with higher memory costs pushing it up. He said even that will not give enough capacity for all 2026 demand.", "given": "2026-07-30", "event": "Q2 2026 earnings call", "source": "https://www.fool.com/earnings/call-transcripts/2026/08/07/amazon-amzn-q2-2026-earnings-call-transcript/", "sourceDate": "2026-08-07", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "includesFinanceLeases": false, "notes": "Point estimate ('approximately'), not a range. Source is the Motley Fool call transcript (Amazon IR does not publish a transcript; Amazon's own release was not opened). Q2 2026 cash CapEx was $53.1bn (secondary coverage, not checked against the release). Finance leases: the guide is 'cash CapEx', which Amazon reports as purchases of property and equipment net of proceeds and incentives, with finance-lease principal repayments shown separately. This definition is from general knowledge and is unchecked for this release.", "history": [ { "given": "2026-02-05", "low": 200, "high": 200, "event": "Q4 2025 earnings call", "text": "Jassy: expect to invest about $200bn in capex in 2026, predominantly in AWS.", "source": "https://www.fool.com/earnings/call-transcripts/2026/02/05/amazon-amzn-q4-2025-earnings-call-transcript/" }, { "given": "2026-04-29", "low": null, "high": null, "event": "Q1 2026 earnings call", "text": "No new full-year figure found in the transcript; Q1 cash CapEx $43.2bn. The Q2 call refers to the 'prior estimate of about $200 billion'.", "source": "https://www.fool.com/earnings/call-transcripts/2026/04/29/amazon-amzn-q1-2026-earnings-call-transcript/" }, { "given": "2026-07-30", "low": 220, "high": 220, "event": "Q2 2026 earnings call", "text": "Raised to about $220bn (memory cost inflation).", "source": "https://www.fool.com/earnings/call-transcripts/2026/08/07/amazon-amzn-q2-2026-earnings-call-transcript/" } ] }, { "company": "Meta", "period": "FY2026 (calendar)", "low": 130, "high": 145, "unit": "USD bn", "text": "Meta expects 2026 capital expenditures, including principal payments on finance leases, of $130-145bn, narrowed from $125-145bn (low end raised).", "given": "2026-07-29", "event": "Q2 2026 earnings release", "source": "https://investor.atmeta.com/investor-news/press-release-details/2026/Meta-Reports-Second-Quarter-2026-Results/", "sourceDate": "2026-07-29", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "includesFinanceLeases": true, "notes": "Q2 2026 capex including principal payments on finance leases was $31.08bn, from the release. No numeric 2027 guidance was captured.", "history": [ { "given": "2026-01-28", "low": 115, "high": 135, "event": "Q4 2025 earnings release", "text": "First 2026 outlook: $115-135bn.", "source": "https://investor.atmeta.com/investor-news/press-release-details/2026/Meta-Reports-Fourth-Quarter-and-Full-Year-2025-Results/" }, { "given": "2026-04-29", "low": 125, "high": 145, "event": "Q1 2026 earnings release", "text": "Raised to $125-145bn.", "source": "https://investor.atmeta.com/investor-news/press-release-details/2026/Meta-Reports-First-Quarter-2026-Results/" }, { "given": "2026-07-29", "low": 130, "high": 145, "event": "Q2 2026 earnings release", "text": "Narrowed to $130-145bn.", "source": "https://investor.atmeta.com/investor-news/press-release-details/2026/Meta-Reports-Second-Quarter-2026-Results/" } ] }, { "company": "Microsoft", "period": "CY2026 (calendar)", "low": 175, "high": 175, "unit": "USD bn", "text": "CFO Amy Hood: calendar-2026 CapEx investment plans are unchanged, but extending data-centre useful life from 15 to 25 years shifts future data-centre leases from finance to operating leases. Operating leases are not counted in CapEx, so the reported expectation falls to about $175bn.", "given": "2026-07-29", "event": "FY26 Q4 earnings call", "source": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/investor/events/fy-2026/earnings-fy-2026-q4", "sourceDate": "2026-07-29", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "includesFinanceLeases": true, "notes": "The drop from ~$190bn to ~$175bn is an accounting reclassification, not a spending cut ('investment expectations remain unchanged'). Do not chart it as a cut. Microsoft's capex includes finance leases (Q4 FY26 capex $41bn, of which finance leases $5.6bn). The Motley Fool 'takeaways' box labels the $175bn as an FY2027 outlook, but the transcript text and the Microsoft IR transcript both tie it to calendar 2026.", "history": [ { "given": "2026-01-28", "low": null, "high": null, "event": "FY26 Q2 earnings call", "text": "No calendar-2026 or full-year number found in the transcript.", "source": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/investor/events/fy-2026/earnings-fy-2026-q2" }, { "given": "2026-04-29", "low": 190, "high": 190, "event": "FY26 Q3 earnings call", "text": "CY2026: roughly $190bn, including about $25bn from higher component pricing.", "source": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/investor/events/fy-2026/earnings-fy-2026-q3" }, { "given": "2026-07-29", "low": 175, "high": 175, "event": "FY26 Q4 earnings call", "text": "About $175bn after the lease reclassification; underlying investment plans unchanged.", "source": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/investor/events/fy-2026/earnings-fy-2026-q4" } ] }, { "company": "Microsoft", "period": "FY2027 (Jul 2026-Jun 2027)", "low": null, "high": null, "unit": "USD bn", "text": "No full-year dollar figure. Hood: FY27 capital expenditures will grow year over year on demand signals. Q1 FY27 (Jul-Sep 2026) CapEx is expected to be over $50bn, including the lease-reclassification impact.", "given": "2026-07-29", "event": "FY26 Q4 earnings call", "source": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/investor/events/fy-2026/earnings-fy-2026-q4", "sourceDate": "2026-07-29", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "includesFinanceLeases": true, "notes": "One secondary source (sentisense.ai) claims an FY27 guide of $255-260bn. Neither the Microsoft IR transcript nor the Motley Fool transcript supports this. Treat it as unsupported.", "history": [] }, { "company": "Oracle", "period": "FY2027 (Jun 2026-May 2027)", "low": 90, "high": 95, "unit": "USD bn", "text": "CFO Hilary Maxson: Oracle still expects $90-95bn of CapEx for the full year, with no more than $70bn of net cash CapEx (net of customer prepayments and timing items). CapEx will not be linear through the year.", "given": "2026-09-10", "event": "Q1 FY2027 earnings call", "source": "https://www.fool.com/earnings/call-transcripts/2026/09/11/oracle-orcl-q1-2027-earnings-call-transcript/", "sourceDate": "2026-09-11", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "includesFinanceLeases": null, "netCashCapexHigh": 70, "notes": "The Oracle press release and earnings slides were opened; neither states a full-year capex guide (slides show Q1 total capex $28B, net cash outlay $18B, FCF -$5B). The guide is in the CFO's call remarks (Motley Fool transcript). Finance-lease treatment not stated. Oracle frames FY27 and FY28 as peak CapEx years (analyst question on the call, not contradicted).", "history": [ { "given": "2026-06-10", "low": 90, "high": 95, "event": "Q4 FY2026 earnings call", "text": "First FY27 guide: net cash outlay for capex of about $70bn, plus about $20-25bn of customer prepayments and timing impacts, so reported CapEx will be higher by that amount. The $90-95bn range is the sum (derived here, not stated as a range on this call).", "source": "https://www.fool.com/earnings/call-transcripts/2026/06/10/oracle-orcl-q4-2026-earnings-call-transcript/" }, { "given": "2026-09-10", "low": 90, "high": 95, "event": "Q1 FY2027 earnings call", "text": "Reiterated $90-95bn reported, net cash not more than $70bn.", "source": "https://www.fool.com/earnings/call-transcripts/2026/09/11/oracle-orcl-q1-2027-earnings-call-transcript/" } ] } ], "semianalysis": [ { "title": "Nvidia's Backstop Universe - Heads I Win, Tails Who Loses?", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/nvidias-backstop-universe-heads-i", "date": "2026-09-11", "free": true, "paraphrase": "Extra 2026 post found via the newsletter archive. The free section frames the five 'Gigascalers' (Amazon, Microsoft, Google, Meta, Oracle) as controlling the investment-grade credit the AI build-out depends on. It describes Nvidia's off-balance-sheet guarantees as a way for neoclouds and labs to raise money without them, and says total AI capex this decade dwarfs even Nvidia's cash generation.", "quote": "gatekeeping the investment grade capital that the AI buildout runs on", "companies": [ "Amazon", "Microsoft", "Alphabet", "Meta", "Oracle", "Nvidia" ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "ours": "None of the five cut its underlying 2026 plan in its latest guidance (table above): Alphabet, Amazon and Meta raised theirs, Oracle held, and Microsoft's lower figure is an accounting change to leases, not a cut." }, { "title": "Nvidia GPU Debt Backstop Unleashes the AI Project Trinity: Capital, Offtake and Datacenters", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/nvidia-gpu-debt-backstop-unleashes", "date": "2026-07-06", "free": true, "paraphrase": "SemiAnalysis says the AI build-out has so far been paid for mainly from hyperscaler operating cash flow, but Oracle, Meta and Google have started to borrow. It argues that total AI capex will soon outgrow what hyperscaler balance sheets can carry, so credit markets and new structures such as Nvidia backstops must fund much of it.", "quote": "primarily cashflow funded by the hyperscalers", "companies": [ "Alphabet", "Amazon", "Meta", "Microsoft", "Oracle", "Nvidia" ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "ours": "The filings show the spending, not the funding mix: cash capex rose year on year at all five companies in the latest quarter to mid-2026 (SEC EDGAR). How much is debt-funded, and where in Europe it lands, is not in these numbers." }, { "title": "Anthropic Growth and Bedrock Mix Drive AWS Margins Higher While Peers Lag", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/anthropic-growth-and-bedrock-mix", "date": "2026-05-27", "free": true, "paraphrase": "The free section says AWS is adding more datacentre capacity than any rival, backed by an aggressive power-procurement pipeline. It says Microsoft roughly kept pace through 2026 but falls behind in 2027 after its year-long build pause, and much of Microsoft's capacity is tied up by internal AI and OpenAI. Google's build-out is described as too small to meet all its demand.", "quote": "Amazon is adding significantly more capacity than rivals", "companies": [ "Amazon", "Microsoft", "Alphabet", "Anthropic" ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "ours": "In cash capex Amazon was also the largest of the five over the four quarters to Q2 2026 (SEC EDGAR), though its figure includes retail logistics. Capex is dollars, not capacity, so this does not test the capacity claim directly." }, { "title": "Microsoft's Datacenter Freeze - 1.5GW Self-Build Slowdown & Lease Cancellation Misconceptions", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/microsofts-datacenter-freeze", "date": "2025-04-28", "free": true, "paraphrase": "SemiAnalysis argues that the widely reported Microsoft lease 'cancellations' were mostly non-binding letters of intent, and that Microsoft still holds a large book of signed pre-leases running to 2028. In its view the bigger signal is a pause in Microsoft's own self-build projects due in 2025-26, with stalled construction and some delayed equipment orders. The leasing pullback mainly affects 2027 onward.", "quote": "freezing 1.5GW of near term self-build datacenter projects", "companies": [ "Microsoft" ], "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "title": "Gemini is Cooked but GCP is Cooking", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/gemini-is-cooked-but-gcp-is-cooking", "date": "2026-08-07", "free": true, "paraphrase": "The free section argues that Google is turning its TPU build-out into an external business, selling full TPU systems and capacity to outside parties, Anthropic above all, and booking those sales gross. SemiAnalysis expects this to lift Google Cloud growth well above consensus in 2027. It notes that pre-paying for multiple gigawatts of compute is costly and risky unless the excess can be resold.", "quote": "over $150B of TPU systems backlog", "companies": [ "Alphabet", "Anthropic", "Meta" ], "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "title": "Meta Compute: Everyone Wants To Be A Neocloud", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/meta-compute-everyone-wants-to-be", "date": "2026-07-02", "free": true, "paraphrase": "SemiAnalysis disputes reports that Meta is slowing its build-out. It says Meta's datacentre and compute procurement is accelerating, with large cloud and colocation contracts in H1 2026 on top of its own campuses, and that third parties now supply most of Meta's new capacity. It expects Meta's 2027 capex to be very high and floats Meta selling compute externally like a neocloud.", "quote": "Capex in 2027 will be shockingly high.", "companies": [ "Meta" ], "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "title": "How Oracle Is Winning the AI Compute Market", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/how-oracle-is-winning-the-ai-compute-market", "date": "2025-06-30", "free": true, "paraphrase": "SemiAnalysis describes how hyperscalers moved to self-built gigawatt-scale campuses from late 2023, while Oracle grew mainly through large leases and won share with cheaper network and server configurations. It says Oracle's capex trajectory depends heavily on OpenAI demand.", "quote": "began construction of several gigawatt-scale datacenters", "companies": [ "Oracle", "OpenAI" ], "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "title": "AI Value Capture - The Shift To Model Labs", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/ai-value-capture-the-shift-to-model", "date": "2026-05-01", "free": true, "paraphrase": "The free section has little direct hyperscaler-capex data. It argues that value, which sat with infrastructure suppliers in 2023-25, is shifting to model labs since agentic AI took off, answering skeptics who doubted the planned capex could pay back. It notes that capital raised by labs and neoclouds now funds new GPU deployments, and that hyperscalers get better hardware pricing than neoclouds.", "quote": "trillions of planned capex", "companies": [], "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "title": "Stop Saying Half of 2026 US Datacenter Capacity Is Canceled", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/stop-saying-half-of-2026-us-datacenter", "date": "2026-06-18", "free": true, "paraphrase": "Extra 2026 post, about capacity rather than capex dollars. SemiAnalysis rejects the 'half of 2026 US datacentres delayed or cancelled' story. It says the underlying dataset undercounts hyperscaler self-build under construction, and that most flagged slippage is speculative early-stage projects. Its own year-end 2026 North American hyperscaler self-build forecast barely moved over six months.", "quote": "the market is in structural oversupply of early stage projects", "companies": [], "checked": "2026-10-11" } ], "tallies": [ { "publisher": "Tom's Hardware (Luke James), citing a Financial Times compilation", "title": "Google, Microsoft, Meta, and Amazon capex spending to hit $725 billion in 2026, up 77% from last year \u2014 analyst says bear thesis is 'garbage'", "url": "https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/big-tech/big-techs-ai-spending-plans-reach-725-billion", "date": "2026-04-30", "companies": [ "Alphabet", "Amazon", "Microsoft", "Meta" ], "usdBn": 725, "year": 2026, "text": "After Q1 2026 earnings, the FT added up the four companies' 2026 capex plans to about $725bn, roughly 77% above 2025's record of about $410bn. The article cites Microsoft's calendar-2026 ~$190bn (about $25bn from component prices), Meta's raised range topping $145bn and Alphabet's raised range topping $190bn. It excludes Oracle and pre-dates the July raises (Alphabet $195-205bn, Amazon ~$220bn, Meta $130-145bn) and Microsoft's lease-reclassified ~$175bn. Treat it as an April snapshot, not current.", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false } ], "researchChecked": "2026-10-11", "caveats": [ "Cash paid for property and equipment (cash-flow statement). Assets taken on finance leases are excluded; they are large for Microsoft, Amazon and Meta, and some guidance figures include them.", "Amazon's capex covers retail logistics as well as AWS, so it overstates data-centre spend more than the others.", "Fiscal years differ (Microsoft to 30 June, Oracle to 31 May). Each quarter is placed in the calendar quarter its end date falls in, so Oracle's quarters (ending Aug, Nov, Feb, May) sit one month off.", "Quarters not tagged directly are derived from year-to-date figures (e.g. Q4 = full year minus nine months).", "Long-lived assets are as each company defines them (Microsoft: by location of the controlling statutory company; Alphabet and Meta: property and equipment plus operating-lease assets; Oracle: excludes goodwill and intangibles). They are stocks of assets, not spending, and are not comparable across companies.", "Countries are shown only above each filer's threshold (10% of assets for Microsoft and Meta), so no filer shows an Ireland line today." ] }, "eu_pledges": { "title": "Hyperscaler investment pledges in Europe", "source": "Company announcements and public reporting (hand-compiled, research/datasets/eu_pledges.json); ECB euro reference rates", "sourceUrls": [ "https://blog.google/intl/nl-nl/google-nieuws/over-google/google-investeert-600-miljoen-in-een-nieuw-datacenter-in-groningen/", "https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2023/11/30/uk-ai-skilling-security-datacenters-investment/", "https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2025/09/16/microsoft-30-billion-uk-ai-future/", "https://businessfinland.fi/en/News/news/2024/google-announced-an-expansion-of-its-hamina-data-center", "https://capacityglobal.com/news/microsoft-hits-pause-on-more-data-centre-builds-amid-ai-rethink/", "https://capitalfm.africa/microsoft-announces-4-3-bln-euros-investment-for-ai-cloud-based-data-centers-in-italy/", "https://econews.pt/?p=45764", "https://gulfnews.com/business/markets/microsoft-to-invest-716-billion-in-new-data-centres-in-northeastern-spain-1.103109450", "https://itpro.com/infrastructure/data-centres/google-breaks-ground-on-its-first-norwegian-data-center-as-tech-giant-targets-99-carbon-free-operations", "https://news.microsoft.com/pl-pl/2025/02/17/microsoft-announces-a-pln-2-8-billion-investment-in-cloud-and-ai-infrastructure-skilling-and-cybersecurity-in-poland/", "https://news.microsoft.com/source/emea/features/accelerating-europes-digital-future-microsoft-announces-plans-for-a-new-datacenter-region-in-west-denmark", "https://news.microsoft.com/source/emea/features/the-port-town-in-norway-emerging-as-an-ai-hub/", "https://sherwood.news/tech/openai-pulls-out-of-stargate-norway-hands-data-center-off-to-microsoft/", 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"https://www.theregister.com/2024/02/16/microsoft_germany_ai/", "https://www.uktech.news/cloud/race-to-build-british-data-centres-heats-up-as-aws-commits-8bn-over-5-years-20240911", "https://www.verdict.co.uk/google-new-data-centre-uk-investment/", "https://data-api.ecb.europa.eu/service/data/EXR/D.USD+GBP+SEK+PLN+NOK+DKK+CHF.EUR.SP00.A?lastNObservations=1&format=csvdata" ], "asOf": "2026-10-11", "scope": "Europe = EU-27 plus UK, Norway, Switzerland and Iceland; pledges announced Jan 2023 to Oct 2026", "fx": { "date": "2026-10-09", "rates": { "CHF": 0.9313, "DKK": 7.4751, "GBP": 0.84763, "NOK": 10.7155, "PLN": 4.3835, "SEK": 11.1675, "USD": 1.1206 }, "source": "ECB euro reference rates", "url": "https://data-api.ecb.europa.eu/service/data/EXR/D.USD+GBP+SEK+PLN+NOK+DKK+CHF.EUR.SP00.A?lastNObservations=1&format=csvdata", "file": "ecb-fx-2026-10-11.csv" }, "rows": [ { "id": "goog-at-2026", "company": "Google", "partners": null, "country": "AT", "amount": null, "currency": null, "amountText": "no amount disclosed", "horizon": "unspecified", "horizonStart": null, "horizonEnd": null, "basis": "unspecified", "covers": "First Austrian data centre (100 direct jobs), heat-recovery ready, skills partnership", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2026-04-23", "source": "https://www.googlecloudpresscorner.com/2026-04-23-Google-Breaks-Ground-on-Data-Center-in-Kronstorf,-Austria", "sourcePublisher": "Google", "sourceDate": "2026-04-23", "status": "under construction", "statusEvidence": "Groundbreaking announced 23 Apr 2026.", "statusSource": "https://www.googlecloudpresscorner.com/2026-04-23-Google-Breaks-Ground-on-Data-Center-in-Kronstorf,-Austria", "statusSourceDate": "2026-04-23", "sites": "Kronstorf, Upper Austria", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "Austria", "eurBn": null, "years": null, "eurBnPerYear": null, "tier": "building", "pledge": false, "current": true }, { "id": "goog-be-2025", "company": "Google", "partners": null, "country": "BE", "amount": 5, "currency": "EUR", "amountText": "\u20ac5bn", "horizon": "2026-2027", "horizonStart": 2026, "horizonEnd": 2027, "basis": "total", "covers": "Expand St. Ghislain campus (300 jobs), 110MW+ new clean-energy PPAs, AI skills training", "includesNonDC": true, "announced": "2025-10-08", "source": "https://www.googlecloudpresscorner.com/2025-10-07-Google-Announces-New-EUR5-Billion-AI-Infrastructure-Investment-in-Belgium-through-2027", "sourcePublisher": "Google", "sourceDate": "2025-10-08", "status": "unknown", "statusEvidence": "No construction status found (one Reuters-based report mentions a Farciennes campus under construction; not in Google's release).", "statusSource": null, "statusSourceDate": null, "sites": "St. Ghislain (Farciennes per Reuters)", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "Belgium", "eurBn": 5.0, "years": 2, "eurBnPerYear": 2.5, "tier": "no evidence yet", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "msft-ch-2025", "company": "Microsoft", "partners": null, "country": "CH", "amount": 0.4, "currency": "USD", "amountText": "$400m", "horizon": "over the coming years", "horizonStart": 2025, "horizonEnd": null, "basis": "total", "covers": "Expand and upgrade four existing datacentres; also SME/skills/Geneva policy work mentioned", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2025-06-03", "source": "https://www.iamexpat.ch/expat-info/swiss-news/microsoft-invest-400-million-ai-expansion-switzerland", "sourcePublisher": "IamExpat (Swiss news)", "sourceDate": "2025-06-03", "status": "unknown", "statusEvidence": "No progress report found.", "statusSource": null, "statusSourceDate": null, "sites": "Four existing sites near Geneva and Zurich", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "Switzerland", "eurBn": 0.36, "years": null, "eurBnPerYear": null, "tier": "no evidence yet", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "aws-de-2024-esc", "company": "Amazon (AWS)", "partners": null, "country": "DE", "amount": 7.8, "currency": "EUR", "amountText": "\u20ac7.8bn", "horizon": "through 2040", "horizonStart": 2024, "horizonEnd": 2040, "basis": "total", "covers": "AWS European Sovereign Cloud, first region in Brandenburg", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2024-05-15", "source": "https://www.aboutamazon.eu/news/aws/aws-plans-to-invest-7-8-billion-into-the-aws-european-sovereign-cloud", "sourcePublisher": "Amazon", "sourceDate": "2024-05-15", "status": "live", "statusEvidence": "First European Sovereign Cloud region (Brandenburg) generally available 14 Jan 2026.", "statusSource": "https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/opening-the-aws-european-sovereign-cloud", "statusSourceDate": "2026-01-14", "sites": "Brandenburg", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "Germany", "eurBn": 7.8, "years": 17, "eurBnPerYear": 0.46, "tier": "visible", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "aws-de-2024-fra", "company": "Amazon (AWS)", "partners": null, "country": "DE", "amount": 8.8, "currency": "EUR", "amountText": "\u20ac8.8bn", "horizon": "2024-2026 (economic estimates period; 'by 2026' per coverage)", "horizonStart": 2024, "horizonEnd": 2026, "basis": "total", "covers": "Expand existing Frankfurt region cloud infrastructure (part of wider \u20ac10bn Amazon Germany package incl. logistics)", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2024-06-19", "source": "https://www.aboutamazon.eu/news/aws/aws-plans-to-invest-8-8-billion-in-germany-supporting-over-15-200-jobs-annually-in-local-businesses", "sourcePublisher": "Amazon", "sourceDate": "2024-06-19", "status": "unknown", "statusEvidence": "Frankfurt region is live (existing); no report on spend of the additional \u20ac8.8bn.", "statusSource": null, "statusSourceDate": null, "sites": "Frankfurt region", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "Germany", "eurBn": 8.8, "years": 3, "eurBnPerYear": 2.93, "tier": "no evidence yet", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "goog-de-2025-mittenwalde", "company": "Google", "partners": null, "country": "DE", "amount": null, "currency": null, "amountText": "no amount stated (planned own data centre)", "horizon": "n/a", "horizonStart": null, "horizonEnd": null, "basis": "unspecified", "covers": "Planned own data centre south of Berlin (land bought 2022, conditional purchase)", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2025-07-16", "source": "https://www.cio.de/article/4023160/google-baut-doch-kein-eigenes-rechenzentrum-in-brandenburg.html", "sourcePublisher": "CIO.de", "sourceDate": "2025-07-16", "status": "cancelled", "statusEvidence": "Google withdrew 'after a thorough review of feasibility, general market developments and business priorities'; MAZ/DCD reporting links it to local power availability, but Google did not cite the grid.", "statusSource": "https://www.cio.de/article/4023160/google-baut-doch-kein-eigenes-rechenzentrum-in-brandenburg.html", "statusSourceDate": "2025-07-16", "sites": "Mittenwalde (Brandenburg, near Berlin)", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "Germany", "eurBn": null, "years": null, "eurBnPerYear": null, "tier": "stalled", "pledge": false, "current": true }, { "id": "goog-de-2025", "company": "Google", "partners": null, "country": "DE", "amount": 5.5, "currency": "EUR", "amountText": "\u20ac5.5bn", "horizon": "2026-2029", "horizonStart": 2026, "horizonEnd": 2029, "basis": "total", "covers": "New Dietzenbach data centre, continued Hanau campus investment, expanded offices (Berlin, Frankfurt, Munich), energy/heat recovery/skills", "includesNonDC": true, "announced": "2025-11-11", "source": "https://www.googlecloudpresscorner.com/2025-11-11-Google-Announces-EUR5-5-Billion-Investment-in-Germany,-including-AI-Infrastructure,-through-2029", "sourcePublisher": "Google", "sourceDate": "2025-11-11", "status": "unknown", "statusEvidence": "No construction status found for Dietzenbach.", "statusSource": null, "statusSourceDate": null, "sites": "Dietzenbach, Hanau (Hesse); offices Berlin, Frankfurt, Munich", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "Germany", "eurBn": 5.5, "years": 4, "eurBnPerYear": 1.38, "tier": "no evidence yet", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "msft-de-2024", "company": "Microsoft", "partners": null, "country": "DE", "amount": 3.2, "currency": "EUR", "amountText": "\u20ac3.2bn", "horizon": "next two years (2024-2025)", "horizonStart": 2024, "horizonEnd": 2025, "basis": "total", "covers": "AI infrastructure and cloud datacentres (double capacity), plus skilling 1.2m people by end-2025", "includesNonDC": true, "announced": "2024-02-15", "source": "https://www.theregister.com/2024/02/16/microsoft_germany_ai/", "sourcePublisher": "The Register", "sourceDate": "2024-02-16", "status": "unknown", "statusEvidence": "No public completion or progress report found.", "statusSource": null, "statusSourceDate": null, "sites": "Frankfurt region; new sites in North Rhine-Westphalia (Rhineland)", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "Germany", "eurBn": 3.2, "years": 2, "eurBnPerYear": 1.6, "tier": "no evidence yet", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "nvda-de-2025", "company": "Nvidia-linked", "partners": "Deutsche Telekom (T-Systems), SAP", "country": "DE", "amount": 1, "currency": "EUR", "amountText": "about EUR 1bn", "horizon": "unspecified", "horizonStart": null, "horizonEnd": null, "basis": "total", "covers": "Industrial AI Cloud: renovated Munich (Tucherpark) data centre with up to 10,000 Nvidia GPUs, privately financed by Deutsche Telekom and Nvidia", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2025-11-04", "source": "https://www.emove360.com/germany-launches-industrial-ai-offensive-telekom-and-nvidia-open-industrial-ai-cloud-in-munichs-tucherpark/", "sourcePublisher": "eMove360 (opening report)", "sourceDate": "2026-02-04", "status": "live", "statusEvidence": "Officially opened 4 Feb 2026; T-Systems says customers have used it since February 2026.", "statusSource": "https://www.t-systems.com/de/en/artificial-intelligence/solutions/industrial-ai-cloud", "statusSourceDate": "2026-10-11", "sites": "Munich (Tucherpark)", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "Germany", "eurBn": 1.0, "years": null, "eurBnPerYear": null, "tier": "visible", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "orcl-de-2025", "company": "Oracle", "partners": null, "country": "DE", "amount": 2, "currency": "USD", "amountText": "$2bn (part of $3bn DE+NL)", "horizon": "five years", "horizonStart": 2025, "horizonEnd": 2030, "basis": "total", "covers": "OCI AI and sovereign cloud infrastructure, Frankfurt region", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2025-07-15", "source": "https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/business/company-news/2025/07/15/oracle-to-invest-us3-billion-in-ai-cloud-expansion-in-germany-netherlands/", "sourcePublisher": "BNN Bloomberg (Reuters)", "sourceDate": "2025-07-15", "status": "unknown", "statusEvidence": "No progress report found.", "statusSource": null, "statusSourceDate": null, "sites": "Frankfurt region", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "Germany", "eurBn": 1.78, "years": 6, "eurBnPerYear": 0.3, "tier": "no evidence yet", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "msft-dk-2025", "company": "Microsoft", "partners": null, "country": "DK", "amount": 3, "currency": "USD", "amountText": "$3bn (2023-2027); West Denmark region 'multi-billion', undisclosed", "horizon": "2023-2027", "horizonStart": 2023, "horizonEnd": 2027, "basis": "total", "covers": "Datacentre capacity in Denmark (Denmark East region; second region in West Denmark announced)", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2025-12-12", "source": "https://news.microsoft.com/source/emea/features/accelerating-europes-digital-future-microsoft-announces-plans-for-a-new-datacenter-region-in-west-denmark", "sourcePublisher": "Microsoft", "sourceDate": "2025-12-12", "status": "partly live", "statusEvidence": "Denmark East region (H\u00f8je Taastrup, K\u00f8ge, Roskilde) officially opened 26 Mar 2026; West Denmark (Varde, Esbjerg) announced, not built.", "statusSource": "https://news.microsoft.com/source/emea/features/microsoft-announces-the-opening-of-its-new-datacenter-region-in-denmark-strengthening-digital-resilience-innovation-and-economic-growth/", "statusSourceDate": "2026-03-26", "sites": "H\u00f8je Taastrup, K\u00f8ge, Roskilde; Varde, Esbjerg (West)", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "Denmark", "eurBn": 2.68, "years": 5, "eurBnPerYear": 0.54, "tier": "visible", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "aws-es-2024", "company": "Amazon (AWS)", "partners": null, "country": "ES", "amount": 15.7, "currency": "EUR", "amountText": "\u20ac15.7bn", "horizon": "2024-2033", "horizonStart": 2024, "horizonEnd": 2033, "basis": "total", "covers": "Data centres in Aragon", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2024-05-22", "source": "https://www.goaragon.eu/amazon-web-services-will-boost-aragons-technological-future-with-a-historic-investment-of-15-7-billion-euros/", "sourcePublisher": "Aragon Investment and Development (goaragon)", "sourceDate": "2024-05-22", "status": "unknown", "statusEvidence": "Folded into the \u20ac33.7bn total announced 2 Mar 2026 (see aws-es-2026). Europe (Spain) region live since Nov 2022.", "statusSource": "https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/gobierno/news/Paginas/2026/20260302-wmc-amazon-investment.aspx", "statusSourceDate": "2026-03-02", "sites": "Zaragoza, Huesca (Aragon)", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "Spain", "eurBn": 15.7, "years": 10, "eurBnPerYear": 1.57, "tier": "no evidence yet", "pledge": true, "current": false }, { "id": "aws-es-2026", "company": "Amazon (AWS)", "partners": null, "country": "ES", "amount": 33.7, "currency": "EUR", "amountText": "\u20ac33.7bn (new \u20ac18bn + \u20ac15.7bn from 2024)", "horizon": "unspecified (one source says to 2035; not confirmed)", "horizonStart": 2026, "horizonEnd": null, "basis": "total", "covers": "Data-centre expansion across Aragon incl. Teruel, AI/cloud capacity, and supply-chain facilities supporting data-centre operations", "includesNonDC": true, "announced": "2026-03-02", "source": "https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/gobierno/news/Paginas/2026/20260302-wmc-amazon-investment.aspx", "sourcePublisher": "Government of Spain (La Moncloa)", "sourceDate": "2026-03-02", "status": "announced", "statusEvidence": "Announced at MWC 2026; no construction status for new Teruel sites found.", "statusSource": null, "statusSourceDate": null, "sites": "Zaragoza, Huesca, Teruel", "mw": null, "supersedes": "aws-es-2024", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "Spain", "eurBn": 33.7, "years": null, "eurBnPerYear": null, "tier": "no evidence yet", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "meta-es-talavera", "company": "Meta", "partners": null, "country": "ES", "amount": 0.75, "currency": "EUR", "amountText": "\u20ac750m+ (mayor) / ~\u20ac1bn (other officials); Meta has not published a figure", "horizon": "unspecified", "horizonStart": null, "horizonEnd": null, "basis": "unspecified", "covers": "Data centre campus at Talavera de la Reina (announced 2021-22, before the 2023 window; included for status)", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2025-10", "source": "https://www.eldiario.es/castilla-la-mancha/provincias/toledo/page-anuncia-llegada-definitiva-centro-datos-meta-talavera-reina_1_13416975.html", "sourcePublisher": "elDiario.es", "sourceDate": "2026-07-30", "status": "delayed", "statusEvidence": "Regional government approved the Project of Singular Interest in Oct 2025; land reparcelling (last step before works) still pending in Jul 2026; works 'should have started' but no start date.", "statusSource": "https://www.eldiario.es/castilla-la-mancha/provincias/toledo/page-anuncia-llegada-definitiva-centro-datos-meta-talavera-reina_1_13416975.html", "statusSourceDate": "2026-07-30", "sites": "Talavera de la Reina (Toledo)", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "Spain", "eurBn": 0.75, "years": null, "eurBnPerYear": null, "tier": "stalled", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "msft-es-2024-madrid", "company": "Microsoft", "partners": null, "country": "ES", "amount": 2.1, "currency": "EUR", "amountText": "EUR 2.1bn (as back-referenced by Reuters via Gulf News)", "horizon": "unspecified (reported 2024-2025)", "horizonStart": 2024, "horizonEnd": 2025, "basis": "unspecified", "covers": "AI and cloud infrastructure, Madrid region", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2024-02", "source": "https://gulfnews.com/business/markets/microsoft-to-invest-716-billion-in-new-data-centres-in-northeastern-spain-1.103109450", "sourcePublisher": "Gulf News (Reuters)", "sourceDate": "2024-06-14", "status": "unknown", "statusEvidence": "Only seen as a back-reference in the Aragon story; original Feb 2024 announcement not opened. Currency/amount needs checking.", "statusSource": null, "statusSourceDate": null, "sites": "Madrid region", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": true, "countryName": "Spain", "eurBn": 2.1, "years": 2, "eurBnPerYear": 1.05, "tier": "no evidence yet", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "msft-es-2024-aragon", "company": "Microsoft", "partners": null, "country": "ES", "amount": 6.69, "currency": "EUR", "amountText": "\u20ac6.69bn", "horizon": "over 10 years", "horizonStart": 2024, "horizonEnd": 2034, "basis": "total", "covers": "Data centres in Aragon (per Aragon government; Microsoft did not comment)", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2024-06-14", "source": "https://gulfnews.com/business/markets/microsoft-to-invest-716-billion-in-new-data-centres-in-northeastern-spain-1.103109450", "sourcePublisher": "Gulf News (Reuters)", "sourceDate": "2024-06-14", "status": "permitted", "statusEvidence": "Aragon government gave initial approval to the 'Region MSFT' PIGA on 14 Nov 2025 for three campuses (La Muela, Villamayor de Gallego, Zaragoza) costed at \u20ac5,356m with 50MW secured per site for phase 1; no construction yet at that date. A later DCD (Spanish) report, not opened, says groundworks began at Villamayor.", "statusSource": "https://www.eldiario.es/aragon/sociedad/microsoft-avanza-red-centros-datos-zaragoza-proyecta-mayores-regiones-europa_1_12768636.html", "statusSourceDate": "2025-11-14", "sites": "La Muela, Villamayor de Gallego, Zaragoza", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "Spain", "eurBn": 6.69, "years": 11, "eurBnPerYear": 0.61, "tier": "progressing", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "goog-fi-2024", "company": "Google", "partners": null, "country": "FI", "amount": 1, "currency": "EUR", "amountText": "\u20ac1bn", "horizon": "unspecified (ready by Aug 2025 per Yle)", "horizonStart": 2024, "horizonEnd": 2025, "basis": "total", "covers": "Hamina campus expansion and heat-recovery project", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2024-05-20", "source": "https://businessfinland.fi/en/News/news/2024/google-announced-an-expansion-of-its-hamina-data-center", "sourcePublisher": "Business Finland", "sourceDate": "2024-05-20", "status": "unknown", "statusEvidence": "No completion confirmation found.", "statusSource": null, "statusSourceDate": null, "sites": "Hamina", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "Finland", "eurBn": 1.0, "years": 2, "eurBnPerYear": 0.5, "tier": "no evidence yet", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "goog-fi-2026", "company": "Google", "partners": null, "country": "FI", "amount": 13, "currency": "EUR", "amountText": "at least \u20ac13bn", "horizon": "next two years (construction 2027-2028)", "horizonStart": 2026, "horizonEnd": 2028, "basis": "floor", "covers": "Data centres and supporting infrastructure at four sites, clean energy (Loviisa nuclear PPA, 629MW wind, 94MW battery), grid resilience and community programmes", "includesNonDC": true, "announced": "2026-09-09", "source": "https://www.euronews.com/2026/09/09/google-to-invest-13bn-in-finnish-ai-data-centres-its-biggest-european-push-yet", "sourcePublisher": "Euronews (AFP)", "sourceDate": "2026-09-09", "status": "paused", "statusEvidence": "Finnish Supervisory Agency (LVV) ordered Google's subsidiary Tuike Finland to halt preparatory work at Muhos and Kajaani by 23 Oct 2026 over forest clearing without an environmental impact assessment; Vaala and Hamina not covered.", "statusSource": "https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/10/7/finland-orders-halt-to-work-on-google-data-sites-over-environment-concerns", "statusSourceDate": "2026-10-07", "sites": "Hamina, Kajaani, Muhos, Vaala", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "Finland", "eurBn": 13.0, "years": 3, "eurBnPerYear": 4.33, "tier": "stalled", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "aws-fr-2024", "company": "Amazon (AWS)", "partners": null, "country": "FR", "amount": 1.2, "currency": "EUR", "amountText": "more than \u20ac1.2bn (Amazon France total)", "horizon": "unspecified (2024)", "horizonStart": 2024, "horizonEnd": null, "basis": "floor", "covers": "Amazon France package: AWS cloud infrastructure around Paris plus logistics in Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes; split not disclosed", "includesNonDC": true, "announced": "2024-05-13", "source": "https://www.aboutamazon.eu/news/job-creation-and-investment/choose-france-summit-amazon-announces-plan-to-invest-more-than-1-2-billion-into-its-french-operations", "sourcePublisher": "About Amazon", "sourceDate": "2024-05-13", "status": "unknown", "statusEvidence": "No progress report found.", "statusSource": null, "statusSourceDate": null, "sites": "Paris area (cloud); Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes (logistics)", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "France", "eurBn": 1.2, "years": null, "eurBnPerYear": null, "tier": "no evidence yet", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "msft-fr-2024", "company": "Microsoft", "partners": null, "country": "FR", "amount": 4, "currency": "EUR", "amountText": "\u20ac4bn", "horizon": "GPUs by end-2025; skills and start-up goals to 2027", "horizonStart": 2024, "horizonEnd": null, "basis": "total", "covers": "Cloud and AI infrastructure (25,000 GPUs by end-2025), new campus in Grand Est, expansion Paris/Marseille; plus skills (1m people) and startup support", "includesNonDC": true, "announced": "2024-05-13", "source": "https://w.media/microsoft-announces-e-4-billion-investment-into-ai-in-france/", "sourcePublisher": "W.Media", "sourceDate": "2024-05-16", "status": "unknown", "statusEvidence": "No public progress report found on the new Mulhouse campus or the GPU target.", "statusSource": null, "statusSourceDate": null, "sites": "Mulhouse Alsace Agglom\u00e9ration (Grand Est), Paris region, Marseille", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "France", "eurBn": 4.0, "years": null, "eurBnPerYear": null, "tier": "no evidence yet", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "aws-gb-2024", "company": "Amazon (AWS)", "partners": null, "country": "GB", "amount": 8, "currency": "GBP", "amountText": "up to \u00a38bn", "horizon": "2024-2028 (five years)", "horizonStart": 2024, "horizonEnd": 2028, "basis": "total", "covers": "Build, operate and maintain UK data centres: capex (construction, servers, networking) and opex (rent, power, network)", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2024-09-10", "source": "https://www.uktech.news/cloud/race-to-build-british-data-centres-heats-up-as-aws-commits-8bn-over-5-years-20240911", "sourcePublisher": "UKTN", "sourceDate": "2024-09-10", "status": "unknown", "statusEvidence": "No progress report found.", "statusSource": null, "statusSourceDate": null, "sites": "UK (London region; sites not named)", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "United Kingdom", "eurBn": 9.44, "years": 5, "eurBnPerYear": 1.89, "tier": "no evidence yet", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "goog-gb-2024", "company": "Google", "partners": null, "country": "GB", "amount": 1, "currency": "USD", "amountText": "$1bn", "horizon": "unspecified", "horizonStart": 2024, "horizonEnd": 2025, "basis": "unspecified", "covers": "Waltham Cross data centre", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2024-01", "source": "https://www.verdict.co.uk/google-new-data-centre-uk-investment/", "sourcePublisher": "Verdict", "sourceDate": "2025-09-16", "status": "live", "statusEvidence": "Waltham Cross data centre opened 16 Sep 2025; Google counts it inside the later GBP 5bn UK programme, so only the larger figure is summed.", "statusSource": "https://www.googlecloudpresscorner.com/2025-09-16-Google-Opens-Waltham-Cross-Data-Centre-as-Part-of-Two-year-GBP5-Billion-Investment-in-the-UK-to-Help-Power-its-AI-Economy", "statusSourceDate": "2025-09-16", "sites": "Waltham Cross, Hertfordshire", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "United Kingdom", "eurBn": 0.89, "years": 2, "eurBnPerYear": 0.45, "tier": "visible", "pledge": true, "current": false }, { "id": "goog-gb-2025", "company": "Google", "partners": null, "country": "GB", "amount": 5, "currency": "GBP", "amountText": "\u00a35bn", "horizon": "two years (2025-2027)", "horizonStart": 2025, "horizonEnd": 2027, "basis": "total", "covers": "Capex, R&D and related engineering, incl. Google DeepMind science/health research; Waltham Cross ($1bn) is part", "includesNonDC": true, "announced": "2025-09-16", "source": "https://www.googlecloudpresscorner.com/2025-09-16-Google-Opens-Waltham-Cross-Data-Centre-as-Part-of-Two-year-GBP5-Billion-Investment-in-the-UK-to-Help-Power-its-AI-Economy", "sourcePublisher": "Google", "sourceDate": "2025-09-16", "status": "partly live", "statusEvidence": "Waltham Cross opened on announcement day; remainder of the two-year programme not itemised.", "statusSource": "https://www.googlecloudpresscorner.com/2025-09-16-Google-Opens-Waltham-Cross-Data-Centre-as-Part-of-Two-year-GBP5-Billion-Investment-in-the-UK-to-Help-Power-its-AI-Economy", "statusSourceDate": "2025-09-16", "sites": "Waltham Cross, Hertfordshire", "mw": null, "supersedes": "goog-gb-2024", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "United Kingdom", "eurBn": 5.9, "years": 3, "eurBnPerYear": 1.97, "tier": "visible", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "msft-gb-2023", "company": "Microsoft", "partners": null, "country": "GB", "amount": 2.5, "currency": "GBP", "amountText": "\u00a32.5bn ($3.2bn)", "horizon": "next three years (2023-2026)", "horizonStart": 2023, "horizonEnd": 2026, "basis": "total", "covers": "AI datacentre infrastructure (20,000+ GPUs by 2026, London and Wales sites, possible northern England), plus skills (1m people) and AI safety work", "includesNonDC": true, "announced": "2023-11-30", "source": "https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2023/11/30/uk-ai-skilling-security-datacenters-investment/", "sourcePublisher": "Microsoft", "sourceDate": "2023-11-30", "status": "unknown", "statusEvidence": "No Microsoft progress report found; in Apr 2025 Bloomberg reported Microsoft paused/cancelled a London project and that planned Wales/northern England sites faced grid constraints (see msft-gb-2025-leases). The 2025 USD 30bn pledge overlaps its period; Microsoft has not said whether it includes the 2023 money.", "statusSource": "https://capacityglobal.com/news/microsoft-hits-pause-on-more-data-centre-builds-amid-ai-rethink/", "statusSourceDate": "2025-04-04", "sites": "London, Wales, possibly northern England", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "United Kingdom", "eurBn": 2.95, "years": 4, "eurBnPerYear": 0.74, "tier": "no evidence yet", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "msft-gb-2025-leases", "company": "Microsoft", "partners": null, "country": "GB", "amount": null, "currency": null, "amountText": "no amount (lease/site pullback)", "horizon": "n/a", "horizonStart": null, "horizonEnd": null, "basis": "unspecified", "covers": "Pause/cancellation of UK data-centre projects/leases, not a pledge", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2025-04-04", "source": "https://capacityglobal.com/news/microsoft-hits-pause-on-more-data-centre-builds-amid-ai-rethink/", "sourcePublisher": "Capacity (citing Bloomberg)", "sourceDate": "2025-04-04", "status": "paused", "statusEvidence": "Bloomberg (via Capacity) reported Microsoft paused or cancelled a London project and that a site between London and Cambridge faced cancellation; Microsoft said capacity planning needs flexibility.", "statusSource": "https://capacityglobal.com/news/microsoft-hits-pause-on-more-data-centre-builds-amid-ai-rethink/", "statusSourceDate": "2025-04-04", "sites": "London; London-Cambridge corridor; Wales and northern England (grid constraints)", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "United Kingdom", "eurBn": null, "years": null, "eurBnPerYear": null, "tier": "stalled", "pledge": false, "current": true }, { "id": "msft-gb-2025", "company": "Microsoft", "partners": "Nscale, Nvidia", "country": "GB", "amount": 30, "currency": "USD", "amountText": "$30bn, incl. $15bn capex", "horizon": "2025-2028", "horizonStart": 2025, "horizonEnd": 2028, "basis": "total", "covers": "Half capex for UK cloud/AI infrastructure (incl. Nscale supercomputer, 23,000+ Nvidia GPUs); half ongoing operations incl. 6,000 UK staff, research, games, sales", "includesNonDC": true, "announced": "2025-09-16", "source": "https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2025/09/16/microsoft-30-billion-uk-ai-future/", "sourcePublisher": "Microsoft", "sourceDate": "2025-09-16", "status": "delayed", "statusEvidence": "Flagship Microsoft/Nscale Essex (Loughton) site pushed back from 2026 to Q2 2027 pending newer Nvidia chips and full planning approval, per Verdict citing a report; rest of programme not tracked.", "statusSource": "https://www.verdict.co.uk/openai-pauses-stargate-uk-over-regulation-and-energy-costs-report/", "statusSourceDate": "2026-04-13", "sites": "Nscale AI Campus, Loughton, Essex (named in press coverage, not in Microsoft post); Cambridge, London", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "United Kingdom", "eurBn": 26.77, "years": 4, "eurBnPerYear": 6.69, "tier": "stalled", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "nvda-gb-2025", "company": "Nvidia-linked", "partners": "Nscale, CoreWeave, Microsoft", "country": "GB", "amount": 11, "currency": "GBP", "amountText": "up to GBP 11bn", "horizon": "AI factories operating by end-2026", "horizonStart": 2025, "horizonEnd": 2026, "basis": "ceiling", "covers": "UK 'AI factories' with up to 120,000 Nvidia Blackwell GPUs, by Nvidia with partners (chips, land, power, cooling, buildings)", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2025-09-16", "source": "https://w.media/nvidia-to-scale-up-ai-infrastructure-in-uk-could-invest-up-to-11-billion-in-dcs/", "sourcePublisher": "W.Media (Nvidia release, 16 Sep 2025)", "sourceDate": "2025-09-19", "status": "delayed", "statusEvidence": "Two named parts have slipped: OpenAI paused Stargate UK leasing via Nscale (Apr 2026), and the Microsoft/Nscale Essex site was pushed from 2026 to Q2 2027 (Verdict, Apr 2026).", "statusSource": "https://www.verdict.co.uk/openai-pauses-stargate-uk-over-regulation-and-energy-costs-report/", "statusSourceDate": "2026-04-13", "sites": "UK, sites not named", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "United Kingdom", "eurBn": 12.98, "years": 2, "eurBnPerYear": 6.49, "tier": "stalled", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "openai-gb-2025", "company": "OpenAI", "partners": "Nscale, Nvidia", "country": "GB", "amount": null, "currency": null, "amountText": "no investment figure; up to 8,000 Nvidia GPUs explored for Q1 2026 (potential 31,000 per Nscale, search snippet)", "horizon": "unspecified", "horizonStart": 2025, "horizonEnd": null, "basis": "unspecified", "covers": "Stargate UK sovereign compute via Nscale at several UK sites", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2025-09-16", "source": "https://www.investmentmonitor.ai/newsletters/openai-pauses-stargate-uk", "sourcePublisher": "Investment Monitor", "sourceDate": "2026-04-10", "status": "paused", "statusEvidence": "OpenAI halted progress citing regulatory uncertainty and energy costs (POLITICO, Apr 2026); did not proceed with chip leasing; says it 'continues to explore'.", "statusSource": "https://www.verdict.co.uk/openai-pauses-stargate-uk-over-regulation-and-energy-costs-report/", "statusSourceDate": "2026-04-13", "sites": "Cobalt Park (North East England) and other UK sites", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "United Kingdom", "eurBn": null, "years": null, "eurBnPerYear": null, "tier": "stalled", "pledge": false, "current": true }, { "id": "orcl-gb-2025", "company": "Oracle", "partners": null, "country": "GB", "amount": 5, "currency": "USD", "amountText": "$5bn", "horizon": "five years (2025-2030)", "horizonStart": 2025, "horizonEnd": 2029, "basis": "total", "covers": "Expand Oracle Cloud Infrastructure in the UK over five years (press release; page blocked to our fetcher, figures confirmed by search of the release and coverage)", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2025-03-17", "source": "https://www.oracle.com/uk/news/announcement/oracle-invest-five-billion-cloud-infrastructure-2025-03-17/", "sourcePublisher": "Oracle", "sourceDate": "2025-03-17", "status": "unknown", "statusEvidence": "No progress report found.", "statusSource": null, "statusSourceDate": null, "sites": "UK (London/Newport regions, unconfirmed)", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": true, "countryName": "United Kingdom", "eurBn": 4.46, "years": 5, "eurBnPerYear": 0.89, "tier": "no evidence yet", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "aws-it-2024", "company": "Amazon (AWS)", "partners": null, "country": "IT", "amount": 1.2, "currency": "EUR", "amountText": "more than \u20ac1.2bn", "horizon": "next five years (to 2029)", "horizonStart": 2024, "horizonEnd": 2029, "basis": "floor", "covers": "Expand cloud infrastructure in AWS Europe (Milan) region", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2024-11-29", "source": "https://www.aboutamazon.eu/news/job-creation-and-investment/aws-invests-1-2-billion-to-expand-cloud-infrastructure-in-italy", "sourcePublisher": "Amazon", "sourceDate": "2024-12-05", "status": "unknown", "statusEvidence": "Approved by Italian Council of Ministers 29 Nov 2024 under strategic-infrastructure procedure; no build status found.", "statusSource": null, "statusSourceDate": null, "sites": "Milan region (Lombardy)", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "Italy", "eurBn": 1.2, "years": 6, "eurBnPerYear": 0.2, "tier": "no evidence yet", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "msft-it-2024", "company": "Microsoft", "partners": null, "country": "IT", "amount": 4.3, "currency": "EUR", "amountText": "\u20ac4.3bn", "horizon": "two years (per Reuters/other reports); skills to end-2025", "horizonStart": 2024, "horizonEnd": 2026, "basis": "total", "covers": "Hyperscale cloud/AI datacentre capacity in Italy North (Milan), plus AI training for up to 1m people", "includesNonDC": true, "announced": "2024-10-02", "source": "https://capitalfm.africa/microsoft-announces-4-3-bln-euros-investment-for-ai-cloud-based-data-centers-in-italy/", "sourcePublisher": "Capital FM (Xinhua)", "sourceDate": "2024-10-04", "status": "unknown", "statusEvidence": "No public progress report found.", "statusSource": null, "statusSourceDate": null, "sites": "Italy North region, Milan", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "Italy", "eurBn": 4.3, "years": 3, "eurBnPerYear": 1.43, "tier": "no evidence yet", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "aws-nl-2025", "company": "Amazon (AWS)", "partners": null, "country": "NL", "amount": 1.4, "currency": "EUR", "amountText": "more than \u20ac1.4bn (Amazon NL total)", "horizon": "next three years", "horizonStart": 2025, "horizonEnd": 2028, "basis": "floor", "covers": "Amazon retail/logistics and AWS combined; AWS/data-centre share not disclosed", "includesNonDC": true, "announced": "2025-10-27", "source": "https://www.retaildetail.eu/news/general/amazon-invests-1-4-billion-in-the-netherlands/", "sourcePublisher": "RetailDetail", "sourceDate": "2025-10-27", "status": "unknown", "statusEvidence": "No data-centre component identified.", "statusSource": null, "statusSourceDate": null, "sites": "Netherlands (no DC sites named)", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "Netherlands", "eurBn": 1.4, "years": 4, "eurBnPerYear": 0.35, "tier": "no evidence yet", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "goog-nl-2023", "company": "Google", "partners": null, "country": "NL", "amount": 0.6, "currency": "EUR", "amountText": "\u20ac600m", "horizon": "unspecified (construction Dec 2023 to 2025)", "horizonStart": 2023, "horizonEnd": 2025, "basis": "total", "covers": "Winschoten data centre (satellite to Eemshaven)", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2023-12", "source": "https://www.googlecloudpresscorner.com/2025-11-18-Google-Opens-Data-Center-in-Winschoten-to-Help-Power-the-AI-Economy-in-The-Netherlands", "sourcePublisher": "Google", "sourceDate": "2025-11-18", "status": "live", "statusEvidence": "Winschoten opened 18 Nov 2025. The \u20ac600m figure comes from search snippets (Computable/DCD); Google's opening release does not repeat it.", "statusSource": "https://www.googlecloudpresscorner.com/2025-11-18-Google-Opens-Data-Center-in-Winschoten-to-Help-Power-the-AI-Economy-in-The-Netherlands", "statusSourceDate": "2025-11-18", "sites": "Winschoten (Oldambt, Groningen)", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": true, "countryName": "Netherlands", "eurBn": 0.6, "years": 3, "eurBnPerYear": 0.2, "tier": "visible", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "goog-nl-2024", "company": "Google", "partners": null, "country": "NL", "amount": 0.6, "currency": "EUR", "amountText": "\u20ac600m", "horizon": "unspecified", "horizonStart": 2024, "horizonEnd": null, "basis": "total", "covers": "New data centre at Westpoort, Groningen (125 direct jobs)", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2024-04-23", "source": "https://blog.google/intl/nl-nl/google-nieuws/over-google/google-investeert-600-miljoen-in-een-nieuw-datacenter-in-groningen/", "sourcePublisher": "Google", "sourceDate": "2024-04-23", "status": "under construction", "statusEvidence": "Groundbreaking Apr 2024; no opening found as of Oct 2026 (Techzine had expected servers in 2025).", "statusSource": "https://blog.google/intl/nl-nl/google-nieuws/over-google/google-investeert-600-miljoen-in-een-nieuw-datacenter-in-groningen/", "statusSourceDate": "2024-04-23", "sites": "Westpoort, Groningen", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "Netherlands", "eurBn": 0.6, "years": null, "eurBnPerYear": null, "tier": "building", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "orcl-nl-2025", "company": "Oracle", "partners": null, "country": "NL", "amount": 1, "currency": "USD", "amountText": "$1bn (part of $3bn DE+NL)", "horizon": "five years", "horizonStart": 2025, "horizonEnd": 2030, "basis": "total", "covers": "OCI AI and cloud infrastructure, Amsterdam region", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2025-07-15", "source": "https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/business/company-news/2025/07/15/oracle-to-invest-us3-billion-in-ai-cloud-expansion-in-germany-netherlands/", "sourcePublisher": "BNN Bloomberg (Reuters)", "sourceDate": "2025-07-15", "status": "unknown", "statusEvidence": "No progress report found.", "statusSource": null, "statusSourceDate": null, "sites": "Amsterdam region", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "Netherlands", "eurBn": 0.89, "years": 6, "eurBnPerYear": 0.15, "tier": "no evidence yet", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "goog-no-2024", "company": "Google", "partners": null, "country": "NO", "amount": 0.6, "currency": "EUR", "amountText": "\u20ac600m", "horizon": "unspecified (go-live 2026 expected)", "horizonStart": 2024, "horizonEnd": 2026, "basis": "total", "covers": "First Norwegian data centre", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2024-02-13", "source": "https://itpro.com/infrastructure/data-centres/google-breaks-ground-on-its-first-norwegian-data-center-as-tech-giant-targets-99-carbon-free-operations", "sourcePublisher": "ITPro", "sourceDate": "2024-02-13", "status": "under construction", "statusEvidence": "Directory listings (Datacentermap, search snippet) still show under construction with 2026 target; no opening announcement found.", "statusSource": "https://www.datacentermap.com/norway/skien/google-skien/", "statusSourceDate": null, "sites": "Skien (Telemark)", "mw": 240, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "Norway", "eurBn": 0.6, "years": 3, "eurBnPerYear": 0.2, "tier": "building", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "msft-no-2025", "company": "Microsoft", "partners": "Nscale, Aker", "country": "NO", "amount": 6.2, "currency": "USD", "amountText": "~$6.2bn (5-year compute contract)", "horizon": "five years from 2026", "horizonStart": 2026, "horizonEnd": 2031, "basis": "total", "covers": "Binding five-year contract to buy AI compute capacity from the Aker-Nscale joint venture at Narvik (230 MW initial). A purchase of capacity, not Microsoft-owned capex", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2025-09-17", "source": "https://news.microsoft.com/source/emea/features/the-port-town-in-norway-emerging-as-an-ai-hub/", "sourcePublisher": "Microsoft Source EMEA / Nscale-Aker release (PR Newswire, 17 Sep 2025)", "sourceDate": "2025-09-17", "status": "unknown", "statusEvidence": "Staged deployments set to begin 2026; in Apr 2026 Microsoft expanded at Narvik, taking over capacity OpenAI had planned (Bloomberg via Sherwood: +30,000 Nvidia Vera Rubin GPUs).", "statusSource": "https://sherwood.news/tech/openai-pulls-out-of-stargate-norway-hands-data-center-off-to-microsoft/", "statusSourceDate": "2026-04-15", "sites": "Narvik (Kvandal), northern Norway", "mw": 230, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": true, "countryName": "Norway", "eurBn": 5.53, "years": 6, "eurBnPerYear": 0.92, "tier": "no evidence yet", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "msft-no-2026", "company": "Microsoft", "partners": "Nscale", "country": "NO", "amount": null, "currency": null, "amountText": "undisclosed (takes over OpenAI's Stargate Norway share; +30,000 Vera Rubin GPUs reported)", "horizon": "unspecified", "horizonStart": null, "horizonEnd": null, "basis": "unspecified", "covers": "Expanded compute lease at Narvik campus", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2026-04-14", "source": "https://w.media/after-uk-exit-stargate-pulls-out-of-norway-data-center-deal-as-microsoft-takes-over/", "sourcePublisher": "W.Media (citing CNBC, Bloomberg)", "sourceDate": "2026-04-16", "status": "announced", "statusEvidence": "Microsoft taking over the capacity; OpenAI to access compute via Microsoft. Financial terms not disclosed.", "statusSource": "https://sherwood.news/tech/openai-pulls-out-of-stargate-norway-hands-data-center-off-to-microsoft/", "statusSourceDate": "2026-04-15", "sites": "Narvik", "mw": 230, "supersedes": "openai-no-2025", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "Norway", "eurBn": null, "years": null, "eurBnPerYear": null, "tier": "no evidence yet", "pledge": false, "current": true }, { "id": "openai-no-2025", "company": "OpenAI", "partners": "Nscale, Aker", "country": "NO", "amount": null, "currency": null, "amountText": "no investment figure; 230MW, 100,000 Nvidia GPUs by end-2026 targeted", "horizon": "to end-2026", "horizonStart": 2025, "horizonEnd": 2026, "basis": "unspecified", "covers": "Stargate Norway AI data centre (OpenAI as initial offtaker of ~half the capacity)", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2025-07", "source": "https://sherwood.news/tech/openai-pulls-out-of-stargate-norway-hands-data-center-off-to-microsoft/", "sourcePublisher": "Sherwood News", "sourceDate": "2026-04-15", "status": "taken over", "statusEvidence": "OpenAI failed to agree offtake terms and exited; Microsoft took over the capacity and OpenAI will access compute via Microsoft (CNBC/Bloomberg via W.Media, Apr 2026).", "statusSource": "https://w.media/after-uk-exit-stargate-pulls-out-of-norway-data-center-deal-as-microsoft-takes-over/", "statusSourceDate": "2026-04-16", "sites": "Narvik (Kvandal)", "mw": 230, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "Norway", "eurBn": null, "years": 2, "eurBnPerYear": null, "tier": "changed hands", "pledge": false, "current": false }, { "id": "msft-pl-2025", "company": "Microsoft", "partners": null, "country": "PL", "amount": 2.8, "currency": "PLN", "amountText": "PLN 2.8bn", "horizon": "by June 2026", "horizonStart": 2025, "horizonEnd": 2026, "basis": "total", "covers": "Expand existing Azure datacentre campuses (hyperscale cloud and AI); skilling and defence cybersecurity framework announced alongside but money tied to infrastructure", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2025-02-17", "source": "https://news.microsoft.com/pl-pl/2025/02/17/microsoft-announces-a-pln-2-8-billion-investment-in-cloud-and-ai-infrastructure-skilling-and-cybersecurity-in-poland/", "sourcePublisher": "Microsoft", "sourceDate": "2025-02-17", "status": "unknown", "statusEvidence": "Deadline (June 2026) has passed; no completion report found.", "statusSource": null, "statusSourceDate": null, "sites": "Existing Poland Central campuses (Warsaw area)", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "Poland", "eurBn": 0.64, "years": 2, "eurBnPerYear": 0.32, "tier": "no evidence yet", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "msft-pt-2025", "company": "Microsoft", "partners": "Start Campus, Nscale, Nvidia", "country": "PT", "amount": 10, "currency": "USD", "amountText": "$10bn ('more than ten billion dollars' per ECO News)", "horizon": "from early 2026, 'over the next few years'", "horizonStart": 2026, "horizonEnd": null, "basis": "floor", "covers": "AI infrastructure: ~12,600 Nvidia GB300 GPUs at Start Campus Sines (SIN01) via Nscale", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2025-11-11", "source": "https://econews.pt/?p=45764", "sourcePublisher": "ECO News", "sourceDate": "2025-11-11", "status": "unknown", "statusEvidence": "Start Campus said GPUs arrive Q1 2026 in SIN01; no delivery confirmation found. (Reuters via BNN Bloomberg gives plain $10bn.)", "statusSource": "https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/business/2025/11/11/microsoft-plans-to-invest-us10-billion-in-portuguese-ai-data-hub/", "statusSourceDate": "2025-11-11", "sites": "Sines (Start Campus SIN01)", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "Portugal", "eurBn": 8.92, "years": null, "eurBnPerYear": null, "tier": "no evidence yet", "pledge": true, "current": true }, { "id": "msft-se-2024", "company": "Microsoft", "partners": null, "country": "SE", "amount": 33.7, "currency": "SEK", "amountText": "SEK 33.7bn", "horizon": "two years", "horizonStart": 2024, "horizonEnd": 2026, "basis": "total", "covers": "Cloud and AI infrastructure (20,000+ GPUs) in three datacentres, plus training 250,000 people by 2027", "includesNonDC": true, "announced": "2024-06-03", "source": "https://www.thelocal.se/20240603/microsoft-to-invest-over-33-billion-kronor-in-ai-tech-in-sweden", "sourcePublisher": "The Local Sweden", "sourceDate": "2024-06-03", "status": "unknown", "statusEvidence": "No completion report found.", "statusSource": null, "statusSourceDate": null, "sites": "Sandviken, G\u00e4vle, Staffanstorp", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "Sweden", "eurBn": 3.02, "years": 3, "eurBnPerYear": 1.01, "tier": "no evidence yet", "pledge": true, "current": true } ], "summary": { "rows": 42, "pledges": 36, "currentPledges": 34, "superseded": 3, "statusEvents": 6, "unchecked": 4, "companies": 6, "countries": 14, "totalEurBn": 188.8, "floors": 5, "ceilings": 1, "includesNonDC": 13, "byTier": [ { "tier": "no evidence yet", "eurBn": 109.4, "pledges": 22 }, { "tier": "stalled", "eurBn": 53.5, "pledges": 4 }, { "tier": "visible", "eurBn": 18.0, "pledges": 5 }, { "tier": "progressing", "eurBn": 6.7, "pledges": 1 }, { "tier": "building", "eurBn": 1.2, "pledges": 2 } ], "visibleEurBn": 18.0, "stalledEurBn": 53.5, "irelandPledges": 0 }, "byCountry": [ { "country": "GB", "eurBn": 62.5, "pledges": 6, "floors": 0, "visibleEurBn": 5.9, "stalledEurBn": 39.8, "byTier": { "no evidence yet": 16.85, "stalled": 39.75, "visible": 5.9 }, "countryName": "United Kingdom" }, { "country": "ES", "eurBn": 43.2, "pledges": 4, "floors": 0, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 0.8, "byTier": { "no evidence yet": 35.8, "progressing": 6.69, "stalled": 0.75 }, "countryName": "Spain" }, { "country": "DE", "eurBn": 28.1, "pledges": 6, "floors": 0, "visibleEurBn": 8.8, "stalledEurBn": 0.0, "byTier": { "no evidence yet": 19.28, "visible": 8.8 }, "countryName": "Germany" }, { "country": "FI", "eurBn": 14.0, "pledges": 2, "floors": 1, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 13.0, "byTier": { "no evidence yet": 1.0, "stalled": 13.0 }, "countryName": "Finland" }, { "country": "PT", "eurBn": 8.9, "pledges": 1, "floors": 1, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 0.0, "byTier": { "no evidence yet": 8.92 }, "countryName": "Portugal" }, { "country": "NO", "eurBn": 6.1, "pledges": 2, "floors": 0, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 0.0, "byTier": { "no evidence yet": 5.53, "building": 0.6 }, "countryName": "Norway" }, { "country": "IT", "eurBn": 5.5, "pledges": 2, "floors": 1, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 0.0, "byTier": { "no evidence yet": 5.5 }, "countryName": "Italy" }, { "country": "FR", "eurBn": 5.2, "pledges": 2, "floors": 1, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 0.0, "byTier": { "no evidence yet": 5.2 }, "countryName": "France" }, { "country": "BE", "eurBn": 5.0, "pledges": 1, "floors": 0, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 0.0, "byTier": { "no evidence yet": 5.0 }, "countryName": "Belgium" }, { "country": "NL", "eurBn": 3.5, "pledges": 4, "floors": 1, "visibleEurBn": 0.6, "stalledEurBn": 0.0, "byTier": { "no evidence yet": 2.29, "visible": 0.6, "building": 0.6 }, "countryName": "Netherlands" }, { "country": "SE", "eurBn": 3.0, "pledges": 1, "floors": 0, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 0.0, "byTier": { "no evidence yet": 3.02 }, "countryName": "Sweden" }, { "country": "DK", "eurBn": 2.7, "pledges": 1, "floors": 0, "visibleEurBn": 2.7, "stalledEurBn": 0.0, "byTier": { "visible": 2.68 }, "countryName": "Denmark" }, { "country": "PL", "eurBn": 0.6, "pledges": 1, "floors": 0, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 0.0, "byTier": { "no evidence yet": 0.64 }, "countryName": "Poland" }, { "country": "CH", "eurBn": 0.4, "pledges": 1, "floors": 0, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 0.0, "byTier": { "no evidence yet": 0.36 }, "countryName": "Switzerland" } ], "byCompany": [ { "company": "Microsoft", "eurBn": 71.2, "pledges": 13, "floors": 1, "visibleEurBn": 2.7, "stalledEurBn": 26.8, "byTier": { "no evidence yet": 35.02, "stalled": 26.77, "progressing": 6.69, "visible": 2.68 } }, { "company": "Amazon (AWS)", "eurBn": 63.5, "pledges": 7, "floors": 3, "visibleEurBn": 7.8, "stalledEurBn": 0.0, "byTier": { "visible": 7.8, "no evidence yet": 55.74 } }, { "company": "Google", "eurBn": 32.2, "pledges": 8, "floors": 1, "visibleEurBn": 6.5, "stalledEurBn": 13.0, "byTier": { "visible": 6.5, "no evidence yet": 11.5, "stalled": 13.0, "building": 1.2 } }, { "company": "Nvidia-linked", "eurBn": 14.0, "pledges": 2, "floors": 0, "visibleEurBn": 1.0, "stalledEurBn": 13.0, "byTier": { "stalled": 12.98, "visible": 1.0 } }, { "company": "Oracle", "eurBn": 7.1, "pledges": 3, "floors": 0, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 0.0, "byTier": { "no evidence yet": 7.13 } }, { "company": "Meta", "eurBn": 0.8, "pledges": 1, "floors": 0, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 0.8, "byTier": { "stalled": 0.75 } } ], "ireland": { "note": "No country-level investment pledge for Ireland from Microsoft, AWS, Google, Meta, Oracle, OpenAI or Nvidia-linked ventures was found for 2023 to October 2026. The public record shows grid-constrained activity instead: South Dublin County Council refused Google's third-phase Grange Castle data centre on 27 August 2024, citing insufficient grid capacity (Irish Examiner), and a Microsoft executive said in July 2025 that Dublin was effectively closed to new projects and that investment was going to the Nordics because of power constraints (DCD via BeBeez).", "rows": [], "events": [ { "id": "goog-ie-2024-grangecastle", "company": "Google", "partners": null, "country": "IE", "amount": null, "currency": null, "amountText": "no amount stated (72,400m2, 8 data halls, phase 3)", "horizon": "n/a", "horizonStart": null, "horizonEnd": null, "basis": "unspecified", "covers": "Third-phase data centre at Grange Castle Business Park, Dublin", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2024-08-27", "source": "https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-41463928.html", "sourcePublisher": "Irish Examiner", "sourceDate": "2024-08-27", "status": "refused", "statusEvidence": "South Dublin County Council refused permission on 27 Aug 2024, citing insufficient grid capacity and limited on-site renewables. Google could appeal to An Bord Pleanala; the appeal outcome was not checked.", "statusSource": "https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-41463928.html", "statusSourceDate": "2024-08-27", "sites": "Grange Castle, Clondalkin, Dublin", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "Ireland", "tier": "stalled" }, { "id": "msft-ie-2025-refocus", "company": "Microsoft", "partners": null, "country": "IE", "amount": null, "currency": null, "amountText": "no amount (strategy statement)", "horizon": "n/a", "horizonStart": null, "horizonEnd": null, "basis": "unspecified", "covers": "Microsoft VP said Dublin is 'pretty closed' to new customers and investment is being redirected to the Nordics over power constraints", "includesNonDC": false, "announced": "2025-07-03", "source": "https://bebeez.eu/2025/07/03/microsoft-shifting-data-center-focus-away-from-ireland-due-to-lack-of-power-availability-report/", "sourcePublisher": "BeBeez (repost of DCD citing Bisnow)", "sourceDate": "2025-07-03", "status": "paused", "statusEvidence": "Executive remarks at Bisnow DICE Ireland; not a formal company announcement.", "statusSource": "https://bebeez.eu/2025/07/03/microsoft-shifting-data-center-focus-away-from-ireland-due-to-lack-of-power-availability-report/", "statusSourceDate": "2025-07-03", "sites": "Dublin (Grange Castle DUB14/DUB15 approved 2021, with 170MW gas plant sought)", "mw": null, "supersedes": null, "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "countryName": "Ireland", "tier": "stalled" } ] }, "method": "Compiled from company newsrooms and reporting on 11 Oct 2026. Every row cites the page read; rows marked unchecked rely on search results or a secondary source because the primary page could not be opened.", "notFound": [ "Nvidia at GTC Paris (Jun 2025) / Mistral Compute in France. Not verified.", "Oracle UK $5bn (17 Mar 2025): oracle.com blocks our fetcher (403); the figure is confirmed by search of the release and coverage, so the row stays marked unchecked.", "Oracle Spain (Madrid region, reported ~$1bn 2024) and Oracle Italy. Not verified.", "Microsoft Spain Madrid (Feb 2024, reported $2.1bn / \u20ac1.95bn). Only a back-reference was opened, so the row is unchecked.", "Microsoft France \u20ac4bn. Primary (DCD, Microsoft FR) and TechRadar returned 403 or a truncated page, so the row is unchecked and uses W.Media.", "Microsoft Belgium, Austria (\u20ac1bn) and Greece (~\u20ac976m) pledges were all announced in 2020, outside the 2023-2026 window. Austria region reportedly live Aug 2025 and Greece Spata under construction early 2025 (search snippets).", "Microsoft Ireland, AWS Ireland, Google Ireland and Meta Ireland: no 2023-2026 country-level pledge found.", "AWS Sweden: no 2023-2026 pledge figure found (not searched in depth).", "Google Greece cloud region (announced Sep 2022, no amount): no 2026 status found.", "Google Italy and Poland: no 2023-2026 data-centre investment figure found (not searched in depth).", "Google France (Ch\u00e2teauroux/\u00c9trechet, 195ha land deal ~\u20ac58.5m, Google says it is 'exploring'): no investment pledge. Local councillors resigned Sep (year unconfirmed); public debate pending.", "Meta Denmark Odense/Esbjerg: no 2023-2026 pledge. Odense expansion was halted in Dec 2022 (outside the window).", "Meta Clonee: no 2023-2026 announcement found.", "Microsoft Netherlands: no specific cancellation or pause found. Bloomberg (Mar 2025) reported unnamed European lease cuts.", "Oracle Europe delays or cancellations: not searched (search budget exhausted). Oracle is under-checked compared with the others.", "AWS cancellations or delays in Europe outside Ireland: not searched in depth (search budget exhausted).", "Microsoft Aragon groundworks start date at Villamayor (DCD Spanish article, undated, returned 403).", "Stargate Norway / UK primary OpenAI pages (openai.com) returned 403. Used secondary sources." ], "caveats": [ "Pledges are not like-for-like: horizons range from a couple of years to 2040, some are floors ('more than'), some include offices, skills or cloud operations as well as data centres, and some restate earlier money. Totals here add current pledges only (raised pledges replace the earlier figure) and are an upper-bound sum of headlines, not spending.", "Converted to EUR at one ECB reference rate (stated) for comparison; companies announced in their own currency.", "Status is per pledge, from the latest public evidence (company region launches, permits, grid contracts, credible reporting). A pledge marked live may still have sites not yet built; 'unknown' means nothing public was found." ] }, "sovereign_cloud": { "title": "Sovereign cloud offers in Europe", "source": "Provider announcements, ANSSI SecNumCloud register, BSI C5, European Commission (hand-compiled, research/datasets/sovereign_cloud.json)", "sourceUrls": [ "https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/security/aws-european-sovereign-cloud-achieves-first-compliance-milestone-soc-2-and-c5-reports-plus-seven-iso-certifications", "https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/microsoft-strengthens-sovereign-cloud-capabilities-with-new-services/", "https://blogs.microsoft.com/eupolicy/2025/02/26/microsoft-completes-landmark-eu-data-boundary/", "https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/identity-security/google-advances-sovereignty-choice-and-security-in-the-cloud/", "https://cloud.ionos.de/", "https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/09579818-64a6-4dd5-9577-446ab6219113_en?filename=Cloud-Sovereignty-Framework.pdf", "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A52026PC0502", "https://messervices.cyber.gouv.fr/visas/catalogue-produits-services-profils-de-protection-sites-certifies-qualifies-agrees-anssi.pdf", "https://next.ink/260765/secnumcloud-bleu-vise-desormais-une-qualification-pour-la-fin-dannee/", "https://petri.com/azure-local-microsoft-365-local-ga-secure-offline-use/", "https://sovereignty.cispe.cloud/", "https://stackit.com/en/why-stackit/benefits/certificates", "https://www.bsi.bund.de/EN/Themen/Unternehmen-und-Organisationen/Informationen-und-Empfehlungen/Empfehlungen-nach-Angriffszielen/Cloud-Computing/Kriterienkatalog-C5/kriterienkatalog-c5_node.html", "https://www.iss.europa.eu/publications/briefs/technical-political-when-cloud-certification-scheme-divides-europe", "https://www.oracle.com/cloud/eu-sovereign-cloud/faq/", "https://www.protiviti.com/de-de/press-release-delos-cloud-partners-with-13-companies-for-market-entry", "https://www.scaleway.com/en/security-and-resilience/", "https://www.t-cloud-public.com/en", "https://www.t-systems.com/de/en/artificial-intelligence/solutions/industrial-ai-cloud", "https://www.t-systems.com/de/en/cloud-services/solutions/cloud-infrastructure/public-cloud/google-cloud-managed-services/google-sovereign-cloud" ], "asOf": "2026-10-11", "scope": "Offers marketed as sovereign or EU-only cloud in Europe (EU-27 plus UK, Norway, Switzerland, Iceland)", "offers": [ { "id": "aws-esc", "offer": "AWS European Sovereign Cloud", "provider": "Amazon (AWS)", "providerHq": "US", "usBacked": true, "partner": null, "operator": "New parent company with three German-incorporated GmbH subsidiaries, led by EU citizens. Day-to-day operations run by EU residents; AWS says it is moving to operation by EU citizens in the EU. Advisory board: 3 Amazon staff + 2 independent members, all EU citizens/residents.", "jurisdiction": "DE", "regions": "Brandenburg, Germany (eusc-de-east-1, partition aws-eusc). Planned sovereign Local Zones in Belgium, the Netherlands and Portugal (no dates on aws.eu as of 2026-10-11).", "status": "live", "launched": "2026-01-15", "announced": null, "certifications": "C5 Type 1 (basic + additional criteria), SOC 2 Type 1, ISO 27001:2022, 27017, 27018, 27701, 22301, 20000-1, 9001, covering 69 services (AWS Security Blog, 2026-03-10). Type 2 reports still pending.", "secNumCloud": "none", "c5": "attested", "eucs": "EUCS not adopted; no EUCS certificate possible yet.", "source": "https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/security/aws-european-sovereign-cloud-achieves-first-compliance-milestone-soc-2-and-c5-reports-plus-seven-iso-certifications", "sourceDate": "2026-03-10", "extraSources": [ "https://press.aboutamazon.com/aws/2026/1/aws-launches-aws-european-sovereign-cloud-and-announces-expansion-across-europe", "https://www.aws.eu/", "https://www.heise.de/en/news/AWS-European-Sovereign-Cloud-receives-first-compliance-certifications-11210793.html?view=print" ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "notes": "GA date: Amazon press page says 15 Jan 2026; the Business Wire release URL is dated 14 Jan. Investment: more than EUR 7.8bn in Germany (press release). heise (2026-03-13) notes the reports are Type 1 (point in time), and that whether the decoupled operation meets BSI requirements in practice has not been independently checked. SOC 2 controls are mapped to AWS's own framework (ESC-SRF). Original announcement date not verified here." }, { "id": "bleu", "offer": "Bleu: Cloud de Confiance (National Partner Cloud, France)", "provider": "Bleu SAS (Orange + Capgemini)", "providerHq": "EU", "usBacked": true, "partner": "Microsoft (technology licensor: Azure, Microsoft 365)", "operator": "Bleu SAS, French company owned 100% by Orange and Capgemini, operating independently of Microsoft.", "jurisdiction": "FR", "regions": "France", "status": "partly live", "launched": null, "announced": "2025-06-16", "certifications": "SecNumCloud: in qualification. J0 accepted Apr 2025, J1 about Nov 2025. Scope about 100 IaaS/PaaS/CaaS services, with Microsoft 365 SaaS to follow.", "secNumCloud": "in process", "c5": "n/a", "eucs": "EUCS not adopted.", "source": "https://next.ink/260765/secnumcloud-bleu-vise-desormais-une-qualification-pour-la-fin-dannee/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-09", "extraSources": [ "https://cyber.gouv.fr/prestataires-de-services-dinformatique-en-nuage-secnumcloud", "https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2025/06/16/announcing-comprehensive-sovereign-solutions-empowering-european-organizations/", "https://www.bleucloud.fr/" ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "notes": "DELAY: qualification first targeted for H1 2026, now 'end of year' 2026 (Next.ink, 9 Oct 2026). Listed on ANSSI's in-progress page (Bleu SAS, IaaS/PaaS/CaaS). Not in the ANSSI qualified catalogue of 15/09/2026. Bleu was set up as a company years before the Microsoft Sovereign Cloud launch; 'announced' here is the date Microsoft named it a National Partner Cloud. Bleu's own site describes its Azure and Microsoft 365 services as offered (read 11 Oct 2026) but gives no general-availability date; commercial activity began in Jan 2024 (Capgemini/Orange release). Set to 'partly live' by the same rule as T-Systems/Google: marketed as offered, but no general-availability date published.", "registerNames": [ "bleu" ], "registerCheck": true, "registerFile": "secnumcloud-inprogress-register-2026-10-11.html" }, { "id": "clarence-google", "offer": "Clarence (Google Cloud Dedicated partner, Belgium/Luxembourg)", "provider": "Clarence (Proximus-led)", "providerHq": "EU", "usBacked": true, "partner": "Google Cloud", "operator": "Clarence, named by Google as its Belgium/Luxembourg sovereign partner. Ownership details not verified.", "jurisdiction": "BE/LU", "regions": "Belgium, Luxembourg (sites not verified)", "status": "announced", "launched": null, "announced": "2025-05-21", "certifications": "none announced (none found)", "secNumCloud": "n/a", "c5": "unknown", "eucs": "EUCS not adopted.", "source": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/identity-security/google-advances-sovereignty-choice-and-security-in-the-cloud/", "sourceDate": "2025-05-21", "extraSources": [ "https://commission.europa.eu/news-and-media/news/commission-advances-cloud-sovereignty-through-strategic-procurement-2026-04-17_en" ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "notes": "In the EC's April 2026 sovereign-cloud tender, the Proximus consortium (with S3NS, Clarence and Mistral) reached SEAL-2, the minimum level. All the EU-only consortia scored SEAL-3. Google also names Minsait (Spain) and Telecom Italia (Italy) as sovereign partners; their status was not checked." }, { "id": "delos", "offer": "Delos Cloud (National Partner Cloud, Germany)", "provider": "Delos Cloud GmbH (SAP subsidiary)", "providerHq": "EU", "usBacked": true, "partner": "Microsoft (technology: Azure, Microsoft 365)", "operator": "Delos Cloud GmbH, a German SAP subsidiary, for the German public sector.", "jurisdiction": "DE", "regions": "Germany (sites not disclosed in sources opened)", "status": "announced", "launched": null, "announced": "2025-06-16", "certifications": "None confirmed. Microsoft says it is 'designed to meet' the BSI cloud platform requirements. No BSI test result found.", "secNumCloud": "n/a", "c5": "unknown", "eucs": "EUCS not adopted.", "source": "https://www.protiviti.com/de-de/press-release-delos-cloud-partners-with-13-companies-for-market-entry", "sourceDate": "2026-06-03", "extraSources": [ "https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/microsoft-strengthens-sovereign-cloud-capabilities-with-new-services/" ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "notes": "DELAY: in June 2026 Delos signed partners to support customers 'from market entry'. Its CEO called this a milestone 'on the way to full market readiness'. So as of June 2026 it had not fully entered the market. Earlier plans (unchecked, from search summaries) aimed for 2025. SAP's version of the release says 15 partners; the Protiviti copy says 13." }, { "id": "google-air-gapped", "offer": "Google Cloud Air-Gapped (Google Distributed Cloud air-gapped)", "provider": "Google Cloud", "providerHq": "US", "usBacked": true, "partner": "Can be operated by Google, the customer or a partner (e.g. T-Systems hosted option in Germany)", "operator": "Google, customer or partner. Fully disconnected.", "jurisdiction": "customer-chosen", "regions": "On premises / partner sites", "status": "partly live", "launched": null, "announced": "2025-05-21", "certifications": "Authorised in 2024 for US government Top Secret and Secret data (US, not EU). No European certification found.", "secNumCloud": "n/a", "c5": "unknown", "eucs": "EUCS not adopted.", "source": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/identity-security/google-advances-sovereignty-choice-and-security-in-the-cloud/", "sourceDate": "2025-05-21", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "notes": "'Partly live' means the product is available but no named European government deployment was verified. T-Systems' hosted sovereign option is built on it. 'Announced' is the date it was rebranded into the sovereign portfolio; the product existed before." }, { "id": "google-data-boundary", "offer": "Google Cloud Data Boundary (with User Data Shield)", "provider": "Google Cloud", "providerHq": "US", "usBacked": true, "partner": null, "operator": "Google (US parent). Customers set a data boundary (e.g. EU, or a single country for storage) through Assured Workloads, with optional external key management and Key Access Justifications.", "jurisdiction": "EU (customer-chosen boundary)", "regions": "Google Cloud European regions: Belgium (europe-west1, St. Ghislain), London, Frankfurt, Eemshaven, Zurich, Milan, Paris, Berlin, Turin, Madrid, Warsaw, Hamina, Stockholm. No Irish region.", "status": "live", "launched": null, "announced": "2025-05-21", "certifications": "No certification specific to the sovereign offer. Google says Google Cloud and Workspace have a C5:2020 attestation from an independent audit (type and period not stated on the page).", "secNumCloud": "none", "c5": "attested", "eucs": "EUCS not adopted.", "source": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/identity-security/google-advances-sovereignty-choice-and-security-in-the-cloud/", "sourceDate": "2025-05-21", "extraSources": [ "https://cloud.google.com/security/compliance/bsi-c5", "https://docs.cloud.google.com/compute/docs/regions-zones" ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "notes": "Described as 'available today' on 2025-05-21 (an upgrade of earlier Assured Workloads controls). User Data Shield (Mandiant security testing) was announced at the same time. Google remains a US company subject to US law (the KuppingerCole critique in search results was not opened)." }, { "id": "ms-eudb", "offer": "Microsoft EU Data Boundary", "provider": "Microsoft", "providerHq": "US", "usBacked": true, "partner": null, "operator": "Microsoft (US parent). This is a data-residency commitment, not a separate operating entity.", "jurisdiction": "EU/EFTA", "regions": "All Microsoft EU/EFTA datacentre regions (includes North Europe, Dublin).", "status": "live", "launched": "2025-02-26", "announced": null, "certifications": "No certification specific to the boundary. Azure/M365 hold global C5 reports (see ms-sovereign-public).", "secNumCloud": "none", "c5": "attested", "eucs": "EUCS not adopted.", "source": "https://blogs.microsoft.com/eupolicy/2025/02/26/microsoft-completes-landmark-eu-data-boundary/", "sourceDate": "2025-02-26", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "notes": "Three phases: Jan 2023 (customer data for core services), Jan 2024 (pseudonymised personal data), Feb 2025 (support/professional-services data). Exceptions: data may leave the boundary for 'limited security instances that require a coordinated global response'. Covers 'most' Azure services; some need customer action. C5 value refers to Microsoft's general Azure/M365 reports, not to the boundary itself." }, { "id": "ms-sovereign-private", "offer": "Microsoft Sovereign Private Cloud (Azure Local, Microsoft 365 Local, Foundry Local)", "provider": "Microsoft", "providerHq": "US", "usBacked": true, "partner": "Deployed by Microsoft-authorised partners", "operator": "Customer or partner, on customer-controlled hardware. Connected, partly connected or fully disconnected.", "jurisdiction": "customer-chosen", "regions": "On premises / customer sites", "status": "live", "launched": "2026-02-25", "announced": "2025-06-16", "certifications": "None named for the sovereign stack.", "secNumCloud": "n/a", "c5": "unknown", "eucs": "EUCS not adopted.", "source": "https://petri.com/azure-local-microsoft-365-local-ga-secure-offline-use/", "sourceDate": "2026-02-25", "extraSources": [ "https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/microsoft-strengthens-sovereign-cloud-capabilities-with-new-services/" ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "notes": "Microsoft 365 Local (connected) GA from Dec 2025. Petri (2026-02-25) reports Azure Local and Microsoft 365 Local disconnected as generally available. The 'launched' date is the Petri article date, not an official GA date. Foundry Local (on-prem AI) is available to qualified customers only." }, { "id": "ms-sovereign-public", "offer": "Microsoft Sovereign Public Cloud", "provider": "Microsoft", "providerHq": "US", "usBacked": true, "partner": null, "operator": "Microsoft (US parent). Runs in its existing European regions. Microsoft says data stays in Europe under European law, with European staff controlling operations and customer-managed encryption.", "jurisdiction": "EU", "regions": "All existing Microsoft European datacentre regions (includes North Europe, Dublin). No migration needed.", "status": "partly live", "launched": null, "announced": "2025-06-16", "certifications": "No certification specific to the sovereign offer. Microsoft Learn says Azure, Dynamics 365 and online services keep a combined C5 + SOC 2 Type 2 + CSA STAR report, and Microsoft 365 has a 'C5 Worldwide - C5 Type 2' report (page last updated 2025-03-21).", "secNumCloud": "none", "c5": "attested", "eucs": "EUCS not adopted.", "source": "https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/microsoft-strengthens-sovereign-cloud-capabilities-with-new-services/", "sourceDate": "2025-11-04", "extraSources": [ "https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2025/06/16/announcing-comprehensive-sovereign-solutions-empowering-european-organizations/", "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/compliance/regulatory/offering-c5-germany" ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "notes": "June 2025: preview, GA promised 'later in 2025'. Nov 2025 blog presents it as an existing offering (Sovereign Landing Zone available) but gives no formal GA date. 'Data Guardian' (EU-resident staff approve and monitor remote access, tamper-evident log) was still listed as upcoming with no date in Nov 2025. Status set to 'partly live' because of that gap. Controls are grouped in Microsoft's own Levels 1-3, which are not the same as the CADA or SEAL levels." }, { "id": "oracle-eusc", "offer": "Oracle EU Sovereign Cloud", "provider": "Oracle", "providerHq": "US", "usBacked": true, "partner": null, "operator": "Dedicated EU-incorporated Oracle legal entities that own the hardware and data-centre leases. Operations and support limited to EU-resident staff employed by those entities. Separate realm from Oracle's commercial cloud.", "jurisdiction": "DE/ES", "regions": "EU Sovereign Central (Frankfurt), EU Sovereign South (Madrid). Both shown as Live.", "status": "live", "launched": "2023-07-31", "announced": null, "certifications": "Oracle says the regions are included in its audit programmes (SOC 1/2/3, CSA STAR, PCI, HIPAA, C5, HDS, ENS, ISO 9001/20000-1/27001/27017/27018/27701) 'upon completion of the applicable third-party audits'. No dated C5 report verified.", "secNumCloud": "none", "c5": "unknown", "eucs": "EUCS not adopted.", "source": "https://www.oracle.com/cloud/eu-sovereign-cloud/faq/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "extraSources": [ "https://www.oracle.com/cloud/eu-sovereign-cloud/", "https://www.oracle.com/cloud/public-cloud-regions/", "https://docs.oracle.com/iaas/releasenotes/services/sovereigncloud/" ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "notes": "Available from 31 Jul 2023 per Oracle's release note (announced 20 Jun 2023). Same pricing as Oracle's public cloud. Oracle has no public cloud region in Ireland." }, { "id": "s3ns", "offer": "S3NS PREMI3NS (Trusted Cloud by S3NS)", "provider": "S3NS (Thales + Google Cloud)", "providerHq": "EU", "usBacked": true, "partner": "Google Cloud (technology); Thales (controlling shareholder per ANSSI listing 'Thales Cloud S\u00e9curis\u00e9')", "operator": "S3NS, a French-law company. ANSSI lists the qualified provider as 'Thales Cloud S\u00e9curis\u00e9'. Three data centres in France.", "jurisdiction": "FR", "regions": "France (3 data centres)", "status": "live", "launched": null, "announced": null, "certifications": "SecNumCloud 3.2 qualified, 2025-12-17 to 2028-12-17, for PaaS + CaaS + IaaS ('Cloud de confiance S3NS', ANSSI decision 2057).", "secNumCloud": "qualified", "c5": "n/a", "eucs": "EUCS not adopted.", "source": "https://messervices.cyber.gouv.fr/visas/catalogue-produits-services-profils-de-protection-sites-certifies-qualifies-agrees-anssi.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-09-15", "extraSources": [ "https://www.s3ns.io/en", "https://next.ink/260765/secnumcloud-bleu-vise-desormais-une-qualification-pour-la-fin-dannee/", "https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/identity-security/google-advances-sovereignty-choice-and-security-in-the-cloud/" ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "notes": "Still 'in preview' and only 'designed to meet' SecNumCloud in May 2025. Qualified in Dec 2025, 17 months after J0 (Jul 2024) per Next.ink. Per secondary reports it is the first SecNumCloud qualification covering IaaS, PaaS and CaaS together. This is the only US-hyperscaler-technology offer on the ANSSI qualified list. It is also part of the Proximus consortium that reached SEAL-2 in the EC's April 2026 tender.", "registerNames": [ "cloud de confiance s3ns" ], "registerCheck": true, "registerFile": "secnumcloud-register-2026-10-11.pdf" }, { "id": "tsystems-google", "offer": "T-Systems Sovereign Cloud powered by Google Cloud", "provider": "T-Systems (Deutsche Telekom) + Google Cloud", "providerHq": "EU", "usBacked": true, "partner": "Google Cloud", "operator": "T-Systems. 'Sovereign controls' level: operations by EU employees only, with the SOC outside the platform. 'Hosted cloud' level: dedicated infrastructure run by T-Systems on Google Distributed Cloud air-gapped, separate from Google Cloud and the internet.", "jurisdiction": "DE", "regions": "Germany (sites not stated)", "status": "partly live", "launched": null, "announced": null, "certifications": "None named on the product page.", "secNumCloud": "n/a", "c5": "unknown", "eucs": "EUCS not adopted.", "source": "https://www.t-systems.com/de/en/cloud-services/solutions/cloud-infrastructure/public-cloud/google-cloud-managed-services/google-sovereign-cloud", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "notes": "Marketed as a current product ('first of its kind on the German market'), but neither GA nor launch date is stated. Google's May 2025 blog listed Germany as the next market for Google Cloud Dedicated, with no date. Whether the Germany Dedicated (partner-operated) launch has happened is not verified. Set to 'partly live' by the same rule as Bleu: marketed as offered, but no general-availability date published." }, { "id": "cegedim", "offer": "Cegedim CegNumCloud Secured IaaS", "provider": "Cegedim (cegedim.cloud)", "providerHq": "EU", "usBacked": false, "partner": null, "operator": "Cegedim, French", "jurisdiction": "FR", "regions": "France", "status": "live", "launched": null, "announced": null, "certifications": "SecNumCloud IaaS qualified 2024-12-04 to 2027-12-04 (ANSSI decision 1951)", "secNumCloud": "qualified", "c5": "n/a", "eucs": "EUCS not adopted.", "source": "https://messervices.cyber.gouv.fr/visas/catalogue-produits-services-profils-de-protection-sites-certifies-qualifies-agrees-anssi.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-09-15", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "notes": "Health-data specialist. An S3-compatible object storage extension is on the in-progress list.", "registerNames": [ "cegedim" ], "registerCheck": true, "registerFile": "secnumcloud-register-2026-10-11.pdf" }, { "id": "cloud-temple", "offer": "Cloud Temple Secure Temple (IaaS) and PaaS OpenShift", "provider": "Cloud Temple", "providerHq": "EU", "usBacked": false, "partner": null, "operator": "Cloud Temple, French", "jurisdiction": "FR", "regions": "France region with three availability zones", "status": "live", "launched": null, "announced": null, "certifications": "SecNumCloud: PaaS OpenShift 2025-05-30 to 2028-05-30; IaaS Secure Temple (VMware IaaS, open-source IaaS, S3 object storage, HSM-KMS, bare metal) PaaS+IaaS 2026-07-31 to 2028-05-30. Also PAMS qualification (claimed on site), HDS, ISO 27001.", "secNumCloud": "qualified", "c5": "unknown", "eucs": "EUCS not adopted.", "source": "https://messervices.cyber.gouv.fr/visas/catalogue-produits-services-profils-de-protection-sites-certifies-qualifies-agrees-anssi.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-09-15", "extraSources": [ "https://www.cloud-temple.com/en/" ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "notes": "Also listed on ANSSI's in-progress page (VPC and VMI, PaaS/IaaS), probably for an extended scope.", "registerNames": [ "cloud temple" ], "registerCheck": true, "registerFile": "secnumcloud-register-2026-10-11.pdf" }, { "id": "telekom-industrial-ai-cloud", "offer": "Industrial AI Cloud (Deutsche Telekom + Nvidia)", "provider": "Deutsche Telekom / T-Systems", "providerHq": "EU", "usBacked": false, "partner": "NVIDIA (GPUs and AI software); SAP and Siemens integrate platforms", "operator": "Deutsche Telekom / T-Systems, in a Telekom data centre in Munich", "jurisdiction": "DE", "regions": "Munich", "status": "live", "launched": "2026-02", "announced": null, "certifications": "None named (claims of GDPR compliance and EU AI Act alignment only)", "secNumCloud": "none", "c5": "unknown", "eucs": "EUCS not adopted.", "source": "https://www.t-systems.com/de/en/artificial-intelligence/solutions/industrial-ai-cloud", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "notes": "Marketed as 'Europe's first sovereign AI and high-performance platform'. About 10,000 Nvidia GPUs (model not named). Customers since February 2026 (month only). usBacked is false because no US hyperscaler licenses the platform, but the compute hardware and much of the software are from Nvidia (US)." }, { "id": "t-cloud-public", "offer": "T Cloud Public (formerly Open Telekom Cloud)", "provider": "Deutsche Telekom / T-Systems", "providerHq": "EU", "usBacked": false, "partner": null, "operator": "Deutsche Telekom / T-Systems", "jurisdiction": "DE", "regions": "Twin-core region Biere/Magdeburg (DE); additional regions in the Netherlands; offerings in Switzerland", "status": "live", "launched": null, "announced": null, "certifications": "BSI C5:2020 Type II; ISO 27001, 27017, 27018; TISAX", "secNumCloud": "none", "c5": "attested", "eucs": "EUCS not adopted.", "source": "https://www.t-cloud-public.com/en", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "notes": "Renamed from Open Telekom Cloud in January 2026. Built on OpenStack. Huawei's earlier role in the stack is general knowledge and was not checked." }, { "id": "ionos", "offer": "IONOS Cloud", "provider": "IONOS (United Internet)", "providerHq": "EU", "usBacked": false, "partner": null, "operator": "IONOS, German company", "jurisdiction": "DE", "regions": "EU data centres (plus US and UK for some products); specific German sites not verified", "status": "live", "launched": null, "announced": null, "certifications": "Extended C5:2020 Type 1 attestation received 2026-05-28. C5 Type 2 in preparation. ISO 27001 on the basis of BSI IT-Grundschutz.", "secNumCloud": "none", "c5": "attested", "eucs": "EUCS not adopted.", "source": "https://cloud.ionos.de/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "notes": "Says it is NIS2-regulated as a digital infrastructure provider. The owner is United Internet (general knowledge, unchecked)." }, { "id": "numspot", "offer": "NumSpot cloud services platform", "provider": "NumSpot", "providerHq": "EU", "usBacked": false, "partner": null, "operator": "NumSpot, French. Shareholders: Banque des Territoires, Docaposte, Dassault Syst\u00e8mes, Bouygues Telecom.", "jurisdiction": "FR", "regions": "France (sites not stated)", "status": "live", "launched": null, "announced": null, "certifications": "SecNumCloud IaaS qualified 2026-07-31 to 2029-07-31 (ANSSI decision 3395)", "secNumCloud": "qualified", "c5": "n/a", "eucs": "EUCS not adopted.", "source": "https://messervices.cyber.gouv.fr/visas/catalogue-produits-services-profils-de-protection-sites-certifies-qualifies-agrees-anssi.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-09-15", "extraSources": [ "https://www.numspot.com/" ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "notes": "Still on ANSSI's in-progress page too. Underlying technology not stated on its site (some reports say Outscale; unchecked).", "registerNames": [ "numspot" ], "registerCheck": true, "registerFile": "secnumcloud-register-2026-10-11.pdf" }, { "id": "outscale", "offer": "3DS OUTSCALE IaaS Cloud on Demand", "provider": "OUTSCALE (Dassault Syst\u00e8mes)", "providerHq": "EU", "usBacked": false, "partner": null, "operator": "OUTSCALE, a Dassault Syst\u00e8mes brand, French", "jurisdiction": "FR", "regions": "France (SecNumCloud 3.2 region); other regions not verified", "status": "live", "launched": null, "announced": null, "certifications": "SecNumCloud IaaS qualified, current period 2023-11-30 to 2026-11-30 (ANSSI decision 2118). SOC 2 Type 2.", "secNumCloud": "qualified", "c5": "unknown", "eucs": "EUCS not adopted.", "source": "https://messervices.cyber.gouv.fr/visas/catalogue-produits-services-profils-de-protection-sites-certifies-qualifies-agrees-anssi.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-09-15", "extraSources": [ "https://en.outscale.com/" ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "notes": "WATCH: the current qualification expires on 2026-11-30, and no renewal had been verified as of 2026-10-11. OUTSCALE runs Mistral models and managed Kubernetes on its SecNumCloud 3.2 region.", "registerNames": [ "outscale" ], "registerCheck": true, "registerFile": "secnumcloud-register-2026-10-11.pdf" }, { "id": "ovhcloud", "offer": "OVHcloud SecNumCloud offers (Hosted Private Cloud VMware, Bare Metal Pod, SNC Cloud Platform)", "provider": "OVHcloud", "providerHq": "EU", "usBacked": false, "partner": null, "operator": "OVH SAS, French company", "jurisdiction": "FR", "regions": "France (Roubaix, Gravelines, Strasbourg named; SecNumCloud services in two newer data centres)", "status": "live", "launched": null, "announced": null, "certifications": "SecNumCloud (ANSSI catalogue 15/09/2026): Hosted Private Cloud powered by VMware IaaS 2023-12-28 to 2026-12-29; Bare Metal Pod IaaS 2025-03-24 to 2028-03-24; SNC Cloud Platform IaaS 2026-07-31 to 2029-07-31. C5: OVHcloud says its most recent certificate meets the catalogue (type and date not stated). ISO 27001.", "secNumCloud": "qualified", "c5": "attested", "eucs": "EUCS not adopted.", "source": "https://messervices.cyber.gouv.fr/visas/catalogue-produits-services-profils-de-protection-sites-certifies-qualifies-agrees-anssi.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-09-15", "extraSources": [ "https://www.ovhcloud.com/en/compliance/secnumcloud/", "https://www.ovhcloud.com/en/compliance/c5/", "https://cyber.gouv.fr/prestataires-de-services-dinformatique-en-nuage-secnumcloud" ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "notes": "OVHcloud says its VMware offer was first qualified in Dec 2020. The VMware qualification expires 2026-12-29, so renewal is due. SNC Cloud Platform still appears on ANSSI's in-progress list as IaaS+PaaS, most likely for the PaaS part. Reached SEAL-3 in the EC tender through the Post Telecom consortium (with Clever Cloud).", "registerNames": [ "snc cloud platform", "bare metal pod" ], "registerCheck": true, "registerFile": "secnumcloud-register-2026-10-11.pdf" }, { "id": "orange-cloud-avenue", "offer": "Orange Business Cloud Avenue SecNum", "provider": "Orange Business", "providerHq": "EU", "usBacked": false, "partner": null, "operator": "Orange Business Services, French", "jurisdiction": "FR", "regions": "France", "status": "live", "launched": null, "announced": null, "certifications": "SecNumCloud IaaS qualified 2025-07-11 to 2028-07-11 (ANSSI decision 1147)", "secNumCloud": "qualified", "c5": "n/a", "eucs": "EUCS not adopted.", "source": "https://messervices.cyber.gouv.fr/visas/catalogue-produits-services-profils-de-protection-sites-certifies-qualifies-agrees-anssi.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-09-15", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "notes": "A further Orange Business offer (Cloud Avenue SecNum Dynamic / Cloud Priv\u00e9 Virtuel) is on the in-progress page. Orange is also co-owner of Bleu.", "registerNames": [ "cloud avenue secnum" ], "registerCheck": true, "registerFile": "secnumcloud-register-2026-10-11.pdf" }, { "id": "stackit", "offer": "STACKIT", "provider": "STACKIT (Schwarz Group / Schwarz Digits)", "providerHq": "EU", "usBacked": false, "partner": null, "operator": "Schwarz Digits Cloud GmbH & Co. KG (Schwarz Group, owner of Lidl/Kaufland); no external investors", "jurisdiction": "DE", "regions": "Data centres DC01 Neckarsulm (DE), DC08 Ellhofen (DE), DC10 Ostermiething (AT). Homepage says seven European data centres, with more under construction.", "status": "live", "launched": null, "announced": null, "certifications": "C5 Type 2 (with ISAE 3000/SOC 2 and ISAE 3402) for listed products; ISO 27001, 27017, 27018; ISO 27001 on IT-Grundschutz (certificate file BSI-IGZ-0691-2025); TISAX L3; ISO 20000, 22301, 50001. No dates given on page.", "secNumCloud": "none", "c5": "attested", "eucs": "EUCS not adopted.", "source": "https://stackit.com/en/why-stackit/benefits/certificates", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "extraSources": [ "https://stackit.com/en/", "https://commission.europa.eu/news-and-media/news/commission-advances-cloud-sovereignty-through-strategic-procurement-2026-04-17_en" ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "notes": "Reached SEAL-3 in the EC sovereign-cloud tender (Apr 2026). Schwarz Group is also named as a Google Cloud sovereign partner in Germany (2024 partnership; scope not checked)." }, { "id": "scaleway", "offer": "Scaleway (incl. Scaleway SecNumCloud)", "provider": "Scaleway (Iliad Group)", "providerHq": "EU", "usBacked": false, "partner": null, "operator": "Scaleway SAS, French company", "jurisdiction": "FR", "regions": "4 multi-AZ regions in Europe (cities not given on pages opened)", "status": "live", "launched": null, "announced": null, "certifications": "ISO/IEC 27001:2022; HDS (health data hosting). SecNumCloud 'currently undergoing qualification'.", "secNumCloud": "in process", "c5": "unknown", "eucs": "EUCS not adopted.", "source": "https://www.scaleway.com/en/security-and-resilience/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "extraSources": [ "https://cyber.gouv.fr/prestataires-de-services-dinformatique-en-nuage-secnumcloud", "https://commission.europa.eu/news-and-media/news/commission-advances-cloud-sovereignty-through-strategic-procurement-2026-04-17_en" ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "notes": "On ANSSI's in-progress list (Scaleway SecNumCloud, IaaS+PaaS). Not in the qualified catalogue of 15/09/2026. A reader comment on Next.ink claims a J0 in Jan 2025 with an end-2025 target; that is unverified, but if true the target has slipped. Reached SEAL-3 in the EC tender (Apr 2026).", "registerNames": [ "scaleway" ], "registerCheck": true, "registerFile": "secnumcloud-inprogress-register-2026-10-11.html" }, { "id": "worldline", "offer": "Worldline Cloud Services: Secured IaaS", "provider": "Worldline", "providerHq": "EU", "usBacked": false, "partner": null, "operator": "Worldline, French", "jurisdiction": "FR", "regions": "France", "status": "live", "launched": null, "announced": null, "certifications": "SecNumCloud IaaS qualified 2025-03-24 to 2028-03-31 (ANSSI decision 561)", "secNumCloud": "qualified", "c5": "n/a", "eucs": "EUCS not adopted.", "source": "https://messervices.cyber.gouv.fr/visas/catalogue-produits-services-profils-de-protection-sites-certifies-qualifies-agrees-anssi.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-09-15", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "notes": "Payments company's cloud arm.", "registerNames": [ "worldline cloud services" ], "registerCheck": true, "registerFile": "secnumcloud-register-2026-10-11.pdf" } ], "frameworks": [ { "id": "cada", "name": "EU Cloud and AI Development Act (CADA)", "body": "European Commission", "date": "2026-06-03", "status": "proposal", "reference": "COM(2026) 502 final; procedure 2026/0138(COD); part of the Tech Sovereignty Package", "levels": [ { "level": "Level 1", "meaning": "Data is processed and stored on infrastructure located in the EU. Provider self-assesses (Art. 19). Minimum for all public procurement under Art. 30." }, { "level": "Level 2", "meaning": "Provider shows independence from non-EU countries and transparency over its software supply chain. Independent audit needed (Arts. 20-21)." }, { "level": "Level 3", "meaning": "Provider is owned and controlled from the EU and meets extra criteria such as staff citizenship. A provider from a non-EU country can qualify only if the Commission recognises that country (Art. 18). Independent audit." }, { "level": "Level 4", "meaning": "Full transparency and control over the software supply chain and no interference from a non-EU country. Meant for the most sensitive cases (e.g. defence). Independent audit." } ], "source": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A52026PC0502", "sourceDate": "2026-06-03", "extraSources": [ "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/cloud-and-ai-development-act", "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-proposes-tech-sovereignty-package-strengthen-europes-digital-autonomy-and-resilience" ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "notes": "Plain-English level wording is from the EC policy page; detailed criteria are in Annex II (not read). Art. 30: public buyers must procure at least Level 1, and Levels 2-4 where public order is relevant; member states have wide discretion over which level applies. Explanatory memorandum: aims to triple EU data-centre capacity in 5-7 years. Art. 13: member states must speed up permits in designated 'acceleration zones' (grid-connection permits excluded from the baseline permit, Recital 41). Still a proposal: Parliament and Council must agree it. Secondary reports say the Commission expects about 20% of contracts at Level 2, under 10% at Level 3 and about 1% at Level 4 (not verified in the text). US industry (CCIA) called it discriminatory (secondary)." }, { "id": "eucs", "name": "EUCS: EU Cybersecurity Certification Scheme for Cloud Services", "body": "ENISA, under the EU Cybersecurity Act; adopted by the Commission by implementing act", "date": null, "status": "not adopted (stalled)", "levels": [ { "level": "Basic", "meaning": "Minimises known basic risks; documentation inspection plus automated testing for known vulnerabilities." }, { "level": "Substantial", "meaning": "Guards against attackers with limited skills and resources; tests how controls work over a period." }, { "level": "High", "meaning": "Guards against well-resourced, state-of-the-art attackers; substantial-level assessment plus a penetration test. The disputed sovereignty criteria were proposed for this level ('high+')." } ], "source": "https://www.iss.europa.eu/publications/briefs/technical-political-when-cloud-certification-scheme-divides-europe", "sourceDate": "2025-11-03", "extraSources": [ "https://www.dutchncca.nl/eu-cybersecurity-certification/cloud-services", "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX%3A52026PC0502" ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "notes": "Sovereignty dispute: the Commission asked ENISA to add a sovereignty requirement (data immune from non-EU law; EU headquarters and majority EU ownership) at the high level. France, Italy, Spain and Germany supported it. Denmark, Estonia, Greece, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland and Sweden opposed it in a July 2022 non-paper, later joined by a 12-state coalition led by the Netherlands. The March 2024 draft dropped the requirement. The Council urged progress in Sept 2024. Still not adopted: the Dutch NCCA says it is 'waiting for final adoption', and the CADA memorandum (3 Jun 2026) says it 'has not yet been adopted' and that work will resume within the Cybersecurity Act revision. CADA moves sovereignty out of EUCS into its own four levels. A secondary source says the Cybersecurity Act recast was proposed on 20 Jan 2026 (unchecked)." }, { "id": "secnumcloud", "name": "SecNumCloud (current version 3.2)", "body": "ANSSI (France)", "date": null, "status": "in force (national qualification)", "levels": [ { "level": "Qualified", "meaning": "ANSSI has qualified the service (SaaS, PaaS, CaaS or IaaS) for up to 3 years, with annual surveillance audits. Version 3.2 includes immunity from non-EU law (ownership and control limits)." }, { "level": "In qualification", "meaning": "Provider has entered the process (milestones J0 = file accepted, J1 = evaluation strategy accepted) and agreed to be listed publicly." } ], "source": "https://messervices.cyber.gouv.fr/visas/catalogue-produits-services-profils-de-protection-sites-certifies-qualifies-agrees-anssi.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-09-15", "extraSources": [ "https://cyber.gouv.fr/prestataires-de-services-dinformatique-en-nuage-secnumcloud", "https://cyber.gouv.fr/offre-de-service/solutions-certifiees-et-qualifiees/services-de-securite-evalue/decouvrir-les-solutions-certifiees-qualifiees/" ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "notes": "ANSSI catalogue (updated 15/09/2026), section 3.3, lists 12 qualified providers. Eight offer IaaS/PaaS/CaaS: Cegedim, Cloud Temple, NumSpot, OVH, Orange Business Services, Outscale, Thales Cloud S\u00e9curis\u00e9 (S3NS) and Worldline. Four are SaaS only: Cloud Solutions (Wimi), Index Education (Pronote etc.), Oodrive and Whaller. In qualification (public list, no dates): Adista, Bleu, BLUE, Cegedim (extension), Cloud Temple, Ecritel, Free Pro, GIP Mipih, Interstis, NumSpot, KEYS (formerly NRB, Belgium), Orange Business, OVH, ITS Integra, Prolival/Tenexa, Scaleway, Scalingo. No AWS, Microsoft, Google or Oracle self-operated offer appears in either list. Expiring soon: Outscale IaaS (2026-11-30), OVH Hosted Private Cloud VMware (2026-12-29). The 'version 3.2' and immunity points are from provider pages and secondary sources; the ANSSI catalogue does not state versions.", "registerUrl": "https://messervices.cyber.gouv.fr/visas/catalogue-produits-services-profils-de-protection-sites-certifies-qualifies-agrees-anssi.pdf" }, { "id": "c5", "name": "C5: Cloud Computing Compliance Criteria Catalogue", "body": "BSI (Germany)", "date": null, "status": "in force (auditor attestation against BSI criteria)", "levels": [ { "level": "Type 1", "meaning": "Auditor checks that controls are suitably designed and in place at one point in time." }, { "level": "Type 2", "meaning": "Auditor also checks that controls actually worked over a past period. Stronger." }, { "level": "Basic vs additional criteria", "meaning": "The catalogue has basic criteria plus optional additional criteria for higher protection needs." } ], "source": "https://www.bsi.bund.de/EN/Themen/Unternehmen-und-Organisationen/Informationen-und-Empfehlungen/Empfehlungen-nach-Angriffszielen/Cloud-Computing/Kriterienkatalog-C5/kriterienkatalog-c5_node.html", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "notes": "First published 2016. BSI lists C5:2020 and C5:2026 ('completely revised in 2025/26'). More than 100 attestations granted. BSI does not pick auditors, does not check reports and does not publish a register. C5 has no ownership or jurisdiction test, so it is a security baseline, not a sovereignty label. Delos is going through a separate BSI review against the federal cloud-platform requirements (not C5). The BSI page does not use the Type 1/2 labels; the descriptions above are the usual ISAE 3000 meanings." }, { "id": "ec-sovereignty-framework", "name": "Cloud Sovereignty Framework (SEAL levels)", "body": "European Commission (DG DIGIT), for its own cloud procurement", "date": "2025-10", "status": "in use (EC procurement)", "version": "1.2.1 (Oct 2025)", "levels": [ { "level": "SEAL-0", "meaning": "No sovereignty: service, technology or operations under exclusive control of non-EU parties, governed entirely by non-EU law." }, { "level": "SEAL-1", "meaning": "Jurisdictional sovereignty: EU law formally applies but with limited practical enforceability; still under exclusive non-EU control." }, { "level": "SEAL-2", "meaning": "Data sovereignty: EU law applies and is enforceable, but material non-EU dependencies remain (indirect non-EU control). Minimum to bid in the EC tender." }, { "level": "SEAL-3", "meaning": "Digital resilience: EU law enforceable; EU actors have meaningful but not full influence; only marginal non-EU control." }, { "level": "SEAL-4", "meaning": "Full digital sovereignty: technology and operations under complete EU control, subject only to EU law, no critical non-EU dependencies (full EU supply chain, chips to software)." } ], "source": "https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/09579818-64a6-4dd5-9577-446ab6219113_en?filename=Cloud-Sovereignty-Framework.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-10", "extraSources": [ "https://commission.europa.eu/news-and-media/news/commission-advances-cloud-sovereignty-through-strategic-procurement-2026-04-17_en" ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "notes": "Eight objectives, with weights in the award score: SOV-1 Strategic 15%, SOV-2 Legal & Jurisdictional 10%, SOV-3 Data & AI 10%, SOV-4 Operational 15%, SOV-5 Supply Chain 20%, SOV-6 Technology 15%, SOV-7 Security & Compliance 10%, SOV-8 Environmental 5%. Bids that miss the minimum SEAL on any objective are excluded. Applied in the EC's up-to-EUR-180m, 6-year sovereign-cloud tender, awarded 17 Apr 2026: Post Telecom (with OVHcloud and Clever Cloud) SEAL-3, STACKIT SEAL-3, Scaleway SEAL-3, Proximus (with S3NS, Clarence, Mistral) SEAL-2. No hyperscaler bid in its own name won a lot. This is separate from CADA's four levels; CADA would replace it with a legal framework if adopted." }, { "id": "cispe-sovereign-resilient", "name": "CISPE Sovereign & Resilient Cloud Services certification", "body": "CISPE (Cloud Infrastructure Services Providers in Europe), industry association", "date": "2026-06-30", "status": "in use (voluntary industry badge)", "levels": [ { "level": "Sovereign", "meaning": "Control by design: service owned, governed and operated within the jurisdiction, so foreign authorities cannot legally or technically access, interfere with or shut it down." }, { "level": "Resilient", "meaning": "Control by capability: some non-sovereign elements, but the customer keeps control through its own encryption keys, portability, independent backups and the ability to switch providers." }, { "level": "Declared / Certified", "meaning": "Self-declared badge valid for 6 months, then an accredited third-party audit leads to the Certified badge." } ], "source": "https://sovereignty.cispe.cloud/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "extraSources": [ "https://www.cispe.cloud/four-european-operators-put-digital-sovereignty-to-the-test-etix-phocea-dc-thesee-datacenter-and-gigas-adopt-the-cispe-certification-framework/" ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "unchecked": false, "notes": "CISPE says the framework aligns with Gaia-X Level 3 and builds on SecNumCloud, NIS2, ISO 27001 and DORA. The 30 Jun 2026 release named early adopters ETIX, PHOCEA DC, Th\u00e9s\u00e9e Datacenter and Gigas. The CISPE pages opened do not mention the EC's SEAL scale, so 'SEAL' is an EC term, not a CISPE one. Launch date not stated; 2026-06-30 is the first-adopters release date. AWS is a CISPE member (general knowledge, unchecked)." } ], "dublinRegions": [ { "provider": "AWS", "region": "eu-west-1, Europe (Ireland)", "since": null, "sinceNote": "Not verified. Commonly given as Dec 2008 for EC2 in Europe (the brief said 2007; unchecked).", "source": "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/global-infrastructure/latest/regions/aws-regions.html", "notes": "3 AZs, enabled by default. The AWS European Sovereign Cloud has no Irish location; its planned Local Zones are in BE, NL and PT." }, { "provider": "Microsoft", "region": "North Europe (northeurope), Ireland; paired with West Europe (Netherlands)", "since": null, "sinceNote": "Not verified (unchecked: Dublin datacentre era about 2009-2010).", "source": "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/reliability/regions-list", "notes": "3 AZs. Covered by the EU Data Boundary and Sovereign Public Cloud, which run in existing EU regions. So Dublin is a Microsoft sovereign-offer region, but not a national partner cloud." }, { "provider": "Google", "region": "None. No Google Cloud region in Ireland.", "since": null, "source": "https://docs.cloud.google.com/compute/docs/regions-zones", "notes": "Google's European regions are St. Ghislain BE (europe-west1), London, Frankfurt, Eemshaven, Zurich, Milan, Paris, Berlin, Turin, Madrid, Warsaw, Hamina and Stockholm. Google does run its own data centres in Dublin (Profile Park; first opened 2012, second announced 2014), per https://datacenters.google/locations/dublin-ireland/, but these are not a public cloud region." }, { "provider": "Oracle", "region": "None. No OCI public region in Ireland.", "since": null, "source": "https://www.oracle.com/cloud/public-cloud-regions/", "notes": "EU OCI regions: Paris, Marseille, Frankfurt, Milan, Turin, Amsterdam, Jovanovac (RS), Madrid x2, Stockholm, Zurich, London, Newport. EU Sovereign Cloud: Frankfurt and Madrid only." } ], "irelandNotes": [ "Ireland was one of seven member states (with DK, EE, GR, NL, PL, SE) in the July 2022 non-paper opposing EUCS sovereignty requirements (EUISS brief, 2025-11-03).", "None of the sovereign-specific builds (AWS ESC, Oracle EU Sovereign Cloud, S3NS, Bleu, Delos, T-Systems/Google, STACKIT, T Cloud Public) has an Irish site. Irish relevance runs through the standard hyperscaler regions (AWS eu-west-1, Azure North Europe), which are in scope for Microsoft's EU Data Boundary and Sovereign Public Cloud and for Google/AWS data-residency controls.", "Under CADA, a Dublin region of a US-owned provider could reach Level 1 (EU location) and possibly Level 2. Level 3 needs EU ownership and control, or Commission recognition of the provider's home country (Art. 18) (our reading of the proposal)." ], "method": "Public sources only. Every row cites a URL opened on 2026-10-11 (WebFetch or direct download). SecNumCloud statuses come from the official ANSSI catalogue PDF (updated 15/09/2026) and the ANSSI in-progress page. C5 is an auditor attestation, not a BSI certificate; the BSI publishes no register of attested providers. Fields marked 'unknown' were not verified. The web-search budget ran out partway through, so a few gaps (listed in notFound) were not chased further.", "summary": { "offers": 24, "live": 22, "fullyLive": 18, "partlyLive": 4, "announced": 2, "notLive": 2, "usBacked": 12, "usBackedLive": 10, "usBackedFullyLive": 6, "europeanFullyLive": 12, "european": 12, "europeanLive": 12, "secNumCloudQualified": 8, "secNumCloudQualifiedUsBacked": 1, "c5": 8, "registerChecked": true, "registerFiles": { "secnumcloud": "secnumcloud-register-2026-10-11.pdf", "secnumcloud-inprogress": "secnumcloud-inprogress-register-2026-10-11.html" }, "registerMismatches": [] }, "notFound": [ "AWS European Sovereign Cloud original announcement date (Oct 2023?) and dates for the BE/NL/PT sovereign Local Zones: not verified.", "Oracle EU Sovereign Cloud launch date (commonly June 2023): official release URL not reachable; unchecked.", "Microsoft Data Guardian GA date and a formal GA date for Sovereign Public Cloud: not found.", "Bleu commercial availability date (as opposed to SecNumCloud qualification): not verified.", "Delos Cloud: no confirmed market-entry date or BSI review outcome; delos-cloud.de could not be reached (TLS error).", "Google Cloud Dedicated in Germany: launch status not verified; T-Systems product page gives no date. Status of Minsait (ES) and TIM (IT) Google sovereign partner offers not checked.", "Any European deployment of Google Distributed Cloud air-gapped beyond T-Systems' hosted option: not verified.", "IONOS and Scaleway region city lists: not shown on pages opened.", "Exact issue dates/types of OVHcloud and STACKIT C5 reports: not stated on their pages.", "AWS eu-west-1 and Azure North Europe launch years: no primary source reached.", "Cybersecurity Act recast (CSA2) date of 20 Jan 2026 and whether it reinstates EUCS sovereignty criteria: secondary source only.", "CADA Annex II detailed level criteria: not read (EUR-Lex text longer than the portion fetched).", "SAP's own sovereign offers (e.g. SAP Sovereign Cloud / EU AI Cloud): not researched because the web-search budget ran out.", "Web-search budget ran out mid-task; later checks used direct fetches of known first-party URLs only." ], "caveats": [ "'Sovereign' has no single legal meaning yet: the EU cybersecurity scheme for cloud (EUCS) is not adopted, and the Cloud and AI Development Act is a proposal. Offers are listed on their providers' own description, with the certifications they hold or have announced.", "US-backed means the underlying cloud technology is licensed from or run by a US hyperscaler, even where a European company operates it. That is a fact about the stack, not a judgement on the offer.", "Status is live when customers can buy and use the service in general availability; preview or announced otherwise." ] }, "eu_neoclouds": { "title": "European neoclouds: signed vs live capacity", "asOf": "2026-10-11", "source": "SEC EDGAR filings (Nscale S-1, Nebius), company releases and reputable press; SemiAnalysis ClusterMAX (paraphrased, linked)", "sourceUrls": [ "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/clustermax-30-the-industry-standard" ], "scope": "Neoclouds headquartered in Europe (EU-27 + UK, Norway, Switzerland, Iceland), plus the European sites of US-headquartered neoclouds", "summary": { "companies": 18, "europeHq": 14, "signedMwTotal": 3370, "liveMwTotal": 251, "gapCompanies": 2, "publishLiveCapacity": 3, "nscale": { "activeGpus": 25000, "contractedGpus": 461000, "activeTcvUsdBn": 2.6, "contractedTcvUsdBn": 103.4, "rpoUsdBn": 56.4, "activeItMw": 81, "contractedItMw": 1370, "europeItMw": 576, "asOf": "2026-08-31" }, "s1Cached": true }, "gap": [ { "name": "Crusoe (European sites)", "hq": "US", "hqRegion": "US", "signedMw": 6000, "signedBasis": "contracted", "liveMw": 1000, "liveSharePct": 16.7 }, { "name": "CoreWeave (European sites)", "hq": "US", "hqRegion": "US", "signedMw": 3700, "signedBasis": "contracted", "liveMw": 1500, "liveSharePct": 40.5 }, { "name": "Nebius", "hq": "NL", "hqRegion": "Europe", "signedMw": 2000, "signedBasis": "contracted", "liveMw": 170, "liveSharePct": 8.5 }, { "name": "Nscale", "hq": "GB", "hqRegion": "Europe", "signedMw": 1370, "signedBasis": "contracted", "liveMw": 81, "liveSharePct": 5.9 } ], "backlog": [ { "name": "Crusoe (European sites)", "backlogUsdBn": 140, "basis": "Company-stated total contracted value '$140B+' (not audited RPO), Sep 2026", "revenue": null }, { "name": "CoreWeave (European sites)", "backlogUsdBn": 103.7, "basis": "RPO per 10-Q, 30 Jun 2026 (company 'revenue backlog' ~$104bn, excl. >$25bn added early Q3)", "revenue": { "period": "Q2 2026", "usdM": 2575, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000362/coreweave2q26earningspress.htm" } }, { "name": "Nscale", "backlogUsdBn": 56.4, "basis": "RPO per S-1 condensed financial statements, 30 Jun 2026 (incl. $7.1bn significant financing component). Company TCV metric: $103.4bn active+contracted, of which $2.6bn active, at 31 Aug 2026", "revenue": { "period": "H1 2026 (six months to 30 Jun 2026)", "usdM": 140.6, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm" } }, { "name": "Nebius", "backlogUsdBn": 37.49, "basis": "RPO per unaudited condensed financial statements (6-K), 30 Jun 2026; letter also cites 'more than $40 billion of customer commitments'", "revenue": { "period": "Q2 2026 (group); H1 2026 $981.3m; AI cloud ARR $3.0bn end-Jun 2026", "usdM": 582.3, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926094568/tm2622968d1_ex99-2.htm" } }, { "name": "Cerebras (Europe)", "backlogUsdBn": 25.4, "basis": "RPO per 10-Q, 30 Jun 2026 (mostly OpenAI MRA)", "revenue": null } ], "companies": [ { "name": "Nscale", "hq": "GB", "hqRegion": "Europe", "listed": "S-1 filed (IPO pending)", "europeSites": [ { "site": "S-1 site 1 colocation", "country": "PT", "mw": 30, "mwKind": "live", "gpus": null, "status": "active", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18" }, { "site": "S-1 site 2 colocation", "country": "NO", "mw": 6, "mwKind": "live", "gpus": null, "status": "active", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18" }, { "site": "S-1 site 3 colocation", "country": "NO", "mw": 5, "mwKind": "live", "gpus": null, "status": "active", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18" }, { "site": "S-1 site 4 colocation", "country": "IS", "mw": 15, "mwKind": "live", "gpus": null, "status": "active", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18" }, { "site": "S-1 site 5 owned", "country": "NO", "mw": 25, "mwKind": "live", "gpus": null, "status": "active", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18" }, { "site": "S-1 site 6 colocation", "country": "NO", "mw": 9, "mwKind": "contracted", "gpus": null, "status": "contracted", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18" }, { "site": "S-1 site 7 colocation", "country": "GB", "mw": 20, "mwKind": "contracted", "gpus": null, "status": "contracted", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18" }, { "site": "S-1 site 8 colocation", "country": "IS", "mw": 16, "mwKind": "contracted", "gpus": null, "status": "contracted", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18" }, { "site": "S-1 site 13 owned", "country": "PT", "mw": 200, "mwKind": "contracted", "gpus": null, "status": "contracted", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18" }, { "site": "S-1 site 14 owned", "country": "GB", "mw": 50, "mwKind": "contracted", "gpus": null, "status": "contracted", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18" }, { "site": "S-1 site 15 owned", "country": "NO", "mw": 100, "mwKind": "contracted", "gpus": null, "status": "contracted", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18" }, { "site": "S-1 site 16 owned", "country": "NO", "mw": 100, "mwKind": "contracted", "gpus": null, "status": "contracted", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18" } ], "announcedMwEurope": 576, "announcedMwGlobal": 10000, "contractedMwGlobal": 1370, "liveMwGlobal": 81, "liveMwEurope": 81, "announcedGpus": 461000, "liveGpus": 25000, "backlogUsdBn": 56.4, "backlogBasis": "RPO per S-1 condensed financial statements, 30 Jun 2026 (incl. $7.1bn significant financing component). Company TCV metric: $103.4bn active+contracted, of which $2.6bn active, at 31 Aug 2026", "majorContracts": [ { "customer": "Microsoft", "valueUsdBn": 43.8, "detail": "Statements of work Sep 2025-Apr 2026, payments up to ~$43.8bn through Dec 2033, subject to delivery/availability", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18" }, { "customer": "Anthropic", "valueUsdBn": 44.6, "detail": "Anthropic Services Agreements 25 Aug 2026, up to ~$44.6bn, Vera Rubin NVL72 at Monarch Compute Campus (West Virginia, US); no binding financing commitments yet", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18" }, { "customer": "NVIDIA", "valueUsdBn": 1.2, "detail": "Master cloud services agreement Jul 2025: reserved GPU capacity in Iceland, UK and Norway, 12-48 month terms, $1.2bn aggregate", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18" }, { "customer": "Figure", "valueUsdBn": null, "detail": "Figure Services Agreement 24 Aug 2026: potential up to 100,000 Vera Rubin GPUs from H2 2027; value not stated", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18" }, { "customer": "OpenAI (Stargate UK)", "valueUsdBn": null, "detail": "Stargate UK announced 16 Sep 2025 with NVIDIA, Microsoft, OpenAI; OpenAI withdrew Apr 2026 (per S-1)", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18" } ], "fundingUsdBn": null, "fundingNote": "Not stated cumulatively in S-1. Equity: Series C $1.64bn (27 Mar 2026), earlier Series B and SAFEs. Debt facilities (commitments): GPU Financing $1.4bn (Feb 2026), revolver $900m, $725m senior term loan (Jul 2026), Macquarie Iceland $331.9m, Ward County GPU $1.85bn and North Carolina GPU $1.2bn (Aug 2026), Dell Financial Services leases ~$2.54bn, Sep 2026 subscription agreement min $3.1bn. Cash $1.5bn at 30 Jun 2026; debt carrying value $137.4m.", "revenueLatest": { "period": "H1 2026 (six months to 30 Jun 2026)", "usdM": 140.6, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm" }, "status": "Filed S-1 with SEC 18 Sep 2026 (no S-1/A on EDGAR as of 11 Oct 2026); 25k active GPUs vs 461k active+contracted; H1 2026 net loss $1,020.1m", "clusterMax": { "tier": "Unavailable (not yet tested)", "edition": "ClusterMAX 3.0", "paraphrase": "Not yet tested in 3.0 (also unavailable in 2.0); SemiAnalysis says Nscale's marketing of managed clusters and inference endpoints does not match what it offers.", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/clustermax-30-the-industry-standard", "date": "2026-09-23" }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "date": "2026-09-18", "what": "Form S-1: TCV, RPO, GPUs, sites table, contracts, financials, going concern" }, { "url": "https://clustermax.semianalysis.com/cloudreview/nscale", "date": "2025-11-06", "what": "ClusterMAX 2.0 review: Unavailable" }, { "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/clustermax-30-the-industry-standard", "date": "2026-09-23", "what": "ClusterMAX 3.0 free text" } ], "kind": "AI DC developer + GPU cloud (neocloud)", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Live MW = sum of IT capacity contracted at the five 'active' sites in the S-1 Facilities table (all in Europe: PT 30, NO 6+5+25, IS 15 = 81 IT MW); the S-1 does not state a single active-capacity MW figure. Contracted 1.37 GW includes active. Europe total 576 IT MW (active+contracted); remainder US 770 MW and Indonesia 24 MW. 10 GW is 'potential power capacity' (line of sight), mostly Monarch, West Virginia. Site names are not given in the table; mappings to Glomfjord/Kvandal/Sines are inferences." }, { "name": "Nebius", "hq": "NL", "hqRegion": "Europe", "listed": "NBIS (Nasdaq)", "europeSites": [ { "site": "Lappeenranta", "country": "FI", "mw": 310, "mwKind": "under construction", "gpus": null, "status": "first capacity 2027", "source": "https://nebius.com/newsroom/nebius-to-construct-310-mw-ai-factory-in-finland", "sourceDate": "2026-03-31" }, { "site": "near Lille", "country": "FR", "mw": 240, "mwKind": "under construction", "gpus": null, "status": "building (site town not named by Nebius)", "source": "https://nebius.com/newsroom/nebius-to-construct-310-mw-ai-factory-in-finland", "sourceDate": "2026-03-31" }, { "site": "M\u00e4nts\u00e4l\u00e4", "country": "FI", "mw": 75, "mwKind": "live", "gpus": null, "status": "expansion to 75 MW completed 2026", "source": "https://nebius.com/newsroom/nebius-to-construct-310-mw-ai-factory-in-finland", "sourceDate": "2026-03-31" }, { "site": "Paris (colocation)", "country": "FR", "mw": null, "mwKind": "live", "gpus": null, "status": "First colocation, agreement Jul 2024", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926052948/nbis-20251231x20f.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-04-30" }, { "site": "Keflavik (colocation)", "country": "IS", "mw": null, "mwKind": "live", "gpus": null, "status": "Agreement Dec 2024 for a cluster of 'thousands of GPUs'", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926052948/nbis-20251231x20f.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-04-30" }, { "site": "London (colocation)", "country": "GB", "mw": null, "mwKind": "live", "gpus": null, "status": "Contracts Nov 2025, Blackwell Ultra GPUs", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926052948/nbis-20251231x20f.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-04-30" }, { "site": "UK, 3 new deployments (unnamed)", "country": "GB", "mw": 65, "mwKind": "planned", "gpus": null, "status": "Combined UK deployments to reach 65 MW when fully ramped in 2027; ~GBP 1.7bn committed", "source": "https://nebius.com/newsroom/nebius-expands-in-uk-with-more-nvidia-powered-infrastructure-more-customers-and-more-cloud-capabilities-for-agentic-and-enterprise-ai", "sourceDate": "2026-06-08" }, { "site": "France, two new colocation sites (unnamed)", "country": "FR", "mw": null, "mwKind": "contracted", "gpus": null, "status": "Land and capacity secured Feb 2026", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926052948/nbis-20251231x20f.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-04-30" }, { "site": "Estonia (unnamed)", "country": "EE", "mw": null, "mwKind": "contracted", "gpus": null, "status": "Added to contracted footprint in Q2 2026", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926094568/tm2622968d1_ex99-2.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-12" }, { "site": "Finland, additional site (unnamed)", "country": "FI", "mw": null, "mwKind": "contracted", "gpus": null, "status": "Added to contracted footprint in Q2 2026", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926094568/tm2622968d1_ex99-2.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-12" }, { "site": "Spain (unnamed)", "country": "ES", "mw": null, "mwKind": "contracted", "gpus": null, "status": "Shown on Q2 2026 letter capacity map as new 2026 site", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926094568/tm2622968d1_ex99-2.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-12" } ], "announcedMwEurope": 690, "announcedMwGlobal": 5000, "contractedMwGlobal": 2000, "liveMwGlobal": 170, "liveMwEurope": null, "announcedGpus": null, "liveGpus": null, "backlogUsdBn": 37.49, "backlogBasis": "RPO per unaudited condensed financial statements (6-K), 30 Jun 2026; letter also cites 'more than $40 billion of customer commitments'", "majorContracts": [ { "customer": "Microsoft", "valueUsdBn": 17.4, "detail": "5-year dedicated GPU capacity at Vineland, New Jersey (US); TCV up to ~$17.4bn through 2031; all tranches delivered per Q2 2026 letter", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926052948/nbis-20251231x20f.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-04-30" }, { "customer": "Meta (2025)", "valueUsdBn": 2.9, "detail": "Cloud Infrastructure Services Agreement 1 Nov 2025, 5-year, two tranches delivered Nov 2025 and Feb 2026", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926052948/nbis-20251231x20f.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-04-30" }, { "customer": "Meta (2026)", "valueUsdBn": 27.0, "detail": "Infrastructure Services Agreement 13 Mar 2026, up to ~$27bn incl. $12bn of dedicated-cluster orders (deploy H1 2027) plus an unsold-capacity order", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926052948/nbis-20251231x20f.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-04-30" }, { "customer": "Reflection, Cohere and others (Q2 2026)", "valueUsdBn": null, "detail": "Four Q2 deals averaging >$1bn TCV each at $20-25m ACV per MW", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926094568/tm2622968d1_ex99-2.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-12" } ], "fundingUsdBn": null, "fundingNote": "Not stated cumulatively. Convertible notes: $4.16bn (Jun+Sep 2025), $4.34bn (Mar 2026, plus greenshoe), $5.0bn (priced 19 Aug 2026); public equity offering Sep 2025; NVIDIA pre-funded warrant ~$2bn (11 Mar 2026); ATM sales May-Jun 2026; first secured debt $775m (Jul 2026). Cash $8.04bn at 30 Jun 2026.", "revenueLatest": { "period": "Q2 2026 (group); H1 2026 $981.3m; AI cloud ARR $3.0bn end-Jun 2026", "usdM": 582.3, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926094568/tm2622968d1_ex99-2.htm" }, "status": "Listed AI cloud; 170 MW active power end-2025, >2 GW contracted Feb 2026, targeting 5 GW contracted by YE 2026 and >1 GW/year deployment from 2027", "clusterMax": { "tier": "Platinum", "edition": "ClusterMAX 3.0", "paraphrase": "Nebius moved up from Gold (2.0/2.1) to Platinum in 3.0, alongside CoreWeave.", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/clustermax-30-the-industry-standard", "date": "2026-09-23" }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926052948/nbis-20251231x20f.htm", "date": "2026-04-30", "what": "20-F FY2025: sites, contracted/active power definitions, Microsoft/Meta contracts" }, { "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926094568/tm2622968d1_ex99-2.htm", "date": "2026-08-12", "what": "Q2 2026 shareholder letter: revenue, ARR, 5 GW target, new sites" }, { "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926094844/nbis-20260812xex99d2.htm", "date": "2026-08-12", "what": "Q2 2026 financial statements: RPO $37.49bn, convertibles" }, { "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926094844/nbis-20260812xex99d1.htm", "date": "2026-08-12", "what": "Q2 2026 OFR: cash, liquidity sources" }, { "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926098924/tm2623617d1_ex99-1.htm", "date": "2026-08-19", "what": "$5.0bn convertible pricing" }, { "url": "https://nebius.com/newsroom/nebius-expands-in-uk-with-more-nvidia-powered-infrastructure-more-customers-and-more-cloud-capabilities-for-agentic-and-enterprise-ai", "date": "2026-06-08", "what": "UK 65 MW by 2027" }, { "url": "https://clustermax.semianalysis.com/cloudreview/nebius", "date": "2025-11-06", "what": "ClusterMAX 2.0: Gold" }, { "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/clustermax-30-the-industry-standard", "date": "2026-09-23", "what": "ClusterMAX 3.0: Platinum" }, { "url": "https://nebius.com/newsroom/nebius-to-construct-310-mw-ai-factory-in-finland", "date": "2026-03-31", "what": "Nebius newsroom: 310 MW Lappeenranta, 240 MW near Lille, M\u00e4nts\u00e4l\u00e4 75 MW" } ], "kind": "neocloud (full-stack AI cloud)", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Contracted power = secured by land and power commitments (20-F definition); active power = consumed by IT equipment and revenue-generating. Latest published active-power figure found is 170 MW at 31 Dec 2025; no Q2 2026 active MW found. Lappeenranta (310 MW), Bethune (240 MW) and Huuru (EE) site names/MW from the brief were NOT found in the 20-F or Q2 letter and are unverified. Mantsala expansion MW not verified. 5,000 MW is a YE2026 contracted target, not achieved." }, { "name": "CoreWeave (European sites)", "hq": "US", "hqRegion": "US", "listed": "CRWV (Nasdaq)", "europeSites": [ { "site": "United Kingdom (leased/licensed data centre space)", "country": "GB", "mw": null, "mwKind": "live", "gpus": null, "status": "Country listed in 10-K Item 2 Properties; site names/MW not disclosed", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000104/crwv-20251231.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-03-02" }, { "site": "Spain (leased/licensed data centre space)", "country": "ES", "mw": null, "mwKind": "live", "gpus": null, "status": "Country listed in 10-K Item 2 Properties; site names/MW not disclosed", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000104/crwv-20251231.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-03-02" }, { "site": "Sweden (leased/licensed data centre space)", "country": "SE", "mw": null, "mwKind": "live", "gpus": null, "status": "Country listed in 10-K Item 2 Properties; site names/MW not disclosed", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000104/crwv-20251231.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-03-02" }, { "site": "Norway (leased/licensed data centre space)", "country": "NO", "mw": null, "mwKind": "live", "gpus": null, "status": "Country listed in 10-K Item 2 Properties; site names/MW not disclosed", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000104/crwv-20251231.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-03-02" } ], "announcedMwEurope": null, "announcedMwGlobal": null, "contractedMwGlobal": 3700, "liveMwGlobal": 1500, "liveMwEurope": null, "announcedGpus": null, "liveGpus": null, "backlogUsdBn": 103.7, "backlogBasis": "RPO per 10-Q, 30 Jun 2026 (company 'revenue backlog' ~$104bn, excl. >$25bn added early Q3)", "majorContracts": [], "fundingUsdBn": null, "fundingNote": "Q2 2026: $3.1bn delayed-draw term loan; $1bn Jane Street strategic investment; >$10bn unsecured debt and convertibles incl. inaugural Eurobond.", "revenueLatest": { "period": "Q2 2026", "usdM": 2575, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000362/coreweave2q26earningspress.htm" }, "status": "Largest US neocloud; 1.5 GW active, ~3.7 GW contracted (Q2 2026); European footprint in UK, Spain, Sweden, Norway with no per-site MW disclosed", "clusterMax": { "tier": "Platinum", "edition": "ClusterMAX 3.0", "paraphrase": "CoreWeave remains Platinum; 3.0 notes its focus on long-term bare-metal contracts that still include networking, burn-in and day-two operations.", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/clustermax-30-the-industry-standard", "date": "2026-09-23" }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000362/coreweave2q26earningspress.htm", "date": "2026-08-11", "what": "Q2 2026 results: revenue, backlog, active/contracted power" }, { "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000366/crwv-20260630.htm", "date": "2026-08-12", "what": "10-Q: RPO $103.7bn" }, { "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000104/crwv-20251231.htm", "date": "2026-03-02", "what": "10-K: countries of data centres; 850+ MW active end-2025, 3.1 GW contracted" }, { "url": "https://clustermax.semianalysis.com/cloudreview/coreweave", "date": "2025-11-06", "what": "ClusterMAX 2.0: Platinum" }, { "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/clustermax-30-the-industry-standard", "date": "2026-09-23", "what": "ClusterMAX 3.0: Platinum" } ], "kind": "neocloud (US HQ, European sites only listed)", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Global MW figures are company totals, not Europe. Europe MW not disclosed in filings. UK GBP 2.5bn commitment, Crawley/London Docklands, Barcelona and specific Nordic partners from the brief are unverified here. Major contracts (OpenAI, Meta, Microsoft) not re-extracted in this pass." }, { "name": "Fluidstack", "hq": "US", "hqRegion": "US", "listed": null, "europeSites": [ { "site": "Bosquel, Somme (1 GW AI campus)", "country": "FR", "mw": 1000, "mwKind": "cancelled", "gpus": null, "status": "dropped Mar 2026; site now a SoftBank\u2013Sesterce JV", "source": "https://www.structureresearch.net/2026/04/08/fluidstack-withdraws-from-france-ai-factory-as-it-prioritises-the-us/", "sourceDate": "2026-04-08" } ], "announcedMwEurope": null, "announcedMwGlobal": null, "contractedMwGlobal": null, "liveMwGlobal": null, "liveMwEurope": null, "announcedGpus": null, "liveGpus": null, "backlogUsdBn": null, "backlogBasis": null, "majorContracts": [], "fundingUsdBn": null, "fundingNote": "Series A $830m, $7.5bn valuation, led by Situational Awareness (Jan 2026). Debt/backstops not verified.", "revenueLatest": null, "status": "Moved global HQ from London to New York (4 Dec 2025); $830m Series A at $7.5bn valuation (Jan 2026); building custom data centres for Anthropic in New York and Texas", "clusterMax": { "tier": "Unavailable (exited managed clusters)", "edition": "ClusterMAX 3.0", "paraphrase": "Fell from Gold in 2.0 to unavailable in 3.0 after moving to very large bare-metal TPU deployments.", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/clustermax-30-the-industry-standard", "date": "2026-09-23" }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.fluidstack.io/news/fluidstack-expands-u-s-investment-by-relocating-global-headquarters-to-new-york-city", "date": "2025-12-04", "what": "HQ relocation to NYC" }, { "url": "https://www.fluidstack.io/news/series-a-announcement", "date": "2026-07-20", "what": "Series A $830m / $7.5bn (round dated Jan 2026)" }, { "url": "https://clustermax.semianalysis.com/cloudreview/fluidstack", "date": "2025-11-06", "what": "ClusterMAX 2.0: Gold" }, { "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/clustermax-30-the-industry-standard", "date": "2026-09-23", "what": "ClusterMAX 3.0: Unavailable" }, { "url": "https://www.structureresearch.net/2026/04/08/fluidstack-withdraws-from-france-ai-factory-as-it-prioritises-the-us/", "date": "2026-04-08", "what": "Structure Research: Fluidstack withdraws from France" } ], "kind": "neocloud / AI DC developer", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Founded in London; company now describes New York as its global HQ, so hq set to US. No live European capacity verified. No MW, GPU, backlog figures found in public company releases." }, { "name": "Mistral Compute (Mistral AI)", "hq": "FR", "hqRegion": "Europe", "listed": null, "europeSites": [ { "site": "Bruy\u00e8res-le-Ch\u00e2tel (Eclairion site)", "country": "FR", "mw": 44, "mwKind": "under construction", "gpus": 13800, "status": "Q2 2026 target passed; go-live not confirmed", "source": "https://www.maddyness.com/2026/03/30/mistral-ai-securise-830-millions-de-dollars-en-dette-pour-exploiter-son-premier-centre-de-donnees-en-france/", "sourceDate": "2026-03-30" }, { "site": "Sweden (EcoDataCenter)", "country": "SE", "mw": 23, "mwKind": "planned", "gpus": null, "status": "announced Feb 2026 for 2027", "source": "https://www.maddyness.com/2026/03/30/mistral-ai-securise-830-millions-de-dollars-en-dette-pour-exploiter-son-premier-centre-de-donnees-en-france/", "sourceDate": "2026-03-30" } ], "announcedMwEurope": 67, "announcedMwGlobal": 1000, "contractedMwGlobal": null, "liveMwGlobal": null, "liveMwEurope": null, "announcedGpus": 13800, "liveGpus": null, "backlogUsdBn": null, "backlogBasis": null, "majorContracts": [], "fundingUsdBn": null, "fundingNote": "Equity: EUR 1.7bn (Sep 2025), EUR 3bn Series D at >EUR 21bn post-money led by Samsung (8 Sep 2026). Data-centre debt not verified. $830m of debt from a bank consortium for the Bruy\u00e8res-le-Ch\u00e2tel site (Maddyness, 30 Mar 2026).", "revenueLatest": null, "status": "Compute platform launched Jun 2025 ('tens of thousands of GPUs'); Aug 2026 plan of up to 1 GW by 2030 via enterprise coalition (European Compute Units); still onboarding first customers per SemiAnalysis", "clusterMax": { "tier": "Unavailable (not yet tested)", "edition": "ClusterMAX 3.0", "paraphrase": "Not yet tested; Mistral told SemiAnalysis it was still onboarding first customers in August 2026.", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/clustermax-30-the-industry-standard", "date": "2026-09-23" }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://mistral.ai/news/mistral-compute/", "date": "2025-06-11", "what": "Mistral Compute launch" }, { "url": "https://mistral.ai/news/regional-inference-open-models-new-compute/", "date": "2026-08-11", "what": "Up to 1 GW by 2030 (summary line)" }, { "url": "https://mistral.ai/news/mistral-makes-sovereign-open-weight-ai-to-frontier/", "date": "2026-09-08", "what": "EUR 3bn Series D" }, { "url": "https://www.maddyness.com/2026/03/30/mistral-ai-securise-830-millions-de-dollars-en-dette-pour-exploiter-son-premier-centre-de-donnees-en-france/", "date": "2026-03-30", "what": "Maddyness: $830m debt, 13,800 GB300, 44 MW" } ], "kind": "AI lab with sovereign GPU cloud", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "1 GW is a 2030 ambition stated in the page summary, not in the article body. Essonne/Bruyeres-le-Chatel site, 40 MW and 18,000 Grace Blackwell figures NOT found on Mistral pages fetched; unverified." }, { "name": "Sesterce", "hq": "FR", "hqRegion": "Europe", "listed": null, "europeSites": [ { "site": "Bosquel, Somme (SoftBank JV)", "country": "FR", "mw": 1000, "mwKind": "planned", "gpus": null, "status": "JV with SoftBank Group announced 1 Jun 2026", "source": "https://www.sesterce.com/newsroom/softbank-group-sesterce-1gw-ai-data-center-bosquel-france", "sourceDate": "2026-06-01" }, { "site": "Rovaltain (Valence area)", "country": "FR", "mw": 40, "mwKind": "planned", "gpus": null, "status": "Confirmed 40 MW cap", "source": "https://www.sesterce.com/newsroom/rovaltain-becomes-a-sesterce-campus", "sourceDate": "2026-10-06" }, { "site": "Jamsa (Kaipola paper mill)", "country": "FI", "mw": 200, "mwKind": "planned", "gpus": null, "status": "First phase 200 MW; planned investment >EUR 10bn", "source": "https://www.sesterce.com/newsroom/sesterce-plans-ai-campus-kaipola-jamsa-finland", "sourceDate": "2026-10-08" } ], "announcedMwEurope": 1240, "announcedMwGlobal": 1240, "contractedMwGlobal": null, "liveMwGlobal": null, "liveMwEurope": null, "announcedGpus": null, "liveGpus": null, "backlogUsdBn": null, "backlogBasis": null, "majorContracts": [], "fundingUsdBn": null, "fundingNote": null, "revenueLatest": null, "status": "Announced campuses (Bosquel 1 GW with SoftBank, Rovaltain 40 MW, Jamsa 200 MW phase 1); no live MW or GPU count published", "clusterMax": { "tier": "Unavailable (not yet tested)", "edition": "ClusterMAX 3.0", "paraphrase": "Not tested; a trial of its on-demand H100 offer turned out to be resold from a third-party marketplace.", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/clustermax-30-the-industry-standard", "date": "2026-09-23" }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.sesterce.com/newsroom/softbank-group-sesterce-1gw-ai-data-center-bosquel-france", "date": "2026-06-01", "what": "Bosquel 1 GW JV" }, { "url": "https://www.sesterce.com/newsroom/rovaltain-becomes-a-sesterce-campus", "date": "2026-10-06", "what": "Rovaltain 40 MW" }, { "url": "https://www.sesterce.com/newsroom/sesterce-plans-ai-campus-kaipola-jamsa-finland", "date": "2026-10-08", "what": "Jamsa 200 MW / EUR 10bn" }, { "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/clustermax-30-the-industry-standard", "date": "2026-09-23", "what": "ClusterMAX 3.0" } ], "kind": "neocloud / AI DC developer", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "All MW are planned; Bosquel is a JV figure (Sesterce share not stated). Jamsa image text mentions 600 MW vs 200 MW phase 1 - 200 used. EUR 1.8bn plan and 40,000 GPU target from the brief unverified." }, { "name": "Evroc", "hq": "SE", "hqRegion": "Europe", "listed": null, "europeSites": [ { "site": "Arlandastad (flagship)", "country": "SE", "mw": 18, "mwKind": "planned", "gpus": 16000, "status": "target H2 2026; no progress update found", "source": "https://evroc.com/news/evroc-flagship-datacenter-2025/", "sourceDate": "2025-02-03" }, { "site": "Mougins, near Cannes", "country": "FR", "mw": 96, "mwKind": "planned", "gpus": 50000, "status": "2025 target passed; no go-live found", "source": "https://evroc.com/news/evroc-mougins-datacenter", "sourceDate": "2025-02-10" } ], "announcedMwEurope": 114, "announcedMwGlobal": null, "contractedMwGlobal": null, "liveMwGlobal": null, "liveMwEurope": null, "announcedGpus": 10000, "liveGpus": null, "backlogUsdBn": null, "backlogBasis": null, "majorContracts": [], "fundingUsdBn": null, "fundingNote": null, "revenueLatest": null, "status": "Sovereign cloud live with customers (Swedish Armed Forces 'Combat Cloud', KPMG Sweden, Jun 2026); own data centres planned; partner sites in Paris, Stockholm, Frankfurt", "clusterMax": { "tier": "Unavailable", "edition": "ClusterMAX 2.0", "paraphrase": "SemiAnalysis lists planned sites but has not been able to test evroc's services.", "url": "https://clustermax.semianalysis.com/cloudreview/evroc", "date": "2025-11-06" }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://clustermax.semianalysis.com/cloudreview/evroc", "date": "2025-11-06", "what": "ClusterMAX 2.0 review: sites, up to 10,000 GB300 plan" }, { "url": "http://evroc.com/news/", "date": "2026-09-17", "what": "Newsroom: customers 2026" }, { "url": "https://evroc.com/news/evroc-flagship-datacenter-2025/", "date": "2025-02-03", "what": "evroc flagship release" }, { "url": "https://evroc.com/news/evroc-mougins-datacenter", "date": "2025-02-10", "what": "evroc Mougins release" } ], "kind": "sovereign AI cloud", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "10,000 = planned GB300 GPUs per SemiAnalysis page (Nov 2025). Mosas/Orebro and MW figures unverified; funding not found." }, { "name": "Polarise", "hq": "DE", "hqRegion": "Europe", "listed": null, "europeSites": [ { "site": "AI Factory Munich", "country": "DE", "mw": null, "mwKind": "live", "gpus": null, "status": "Deployed NVIDIA GPUs for Deutsche Telekom Industrial AI Cloud (testimonial)", "source": "https://www.polarise.eu/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11" }, { "site": "Sovereign AI Factory Frankfurt", "country": "DE", "mw": null, "mwKind": "live", "gpus": null, "status": "Listed AI factory; status not detailed", "source": "https://www.polarise.eu/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11" }, { "site": "AI Hub ONE Oslo", "country": "NO", "mw": null, "mwKind": "live", "gpus": null, "status": "Listed AI factory; status not detailed", "source": "https://www.polarise.eu/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11" }, { "site": "Prague Gateway (CRA), Jiloviste", "country": "CZ", "mw": 15, "mwKind": "planned", "gpus": null, "status": "15 MW reserved via letter of intent, 9 Sep 2026", "source": "https://www.polarise.eu/", "sourceDate": "2026-09-09" } ], "announcedMwEurope": null, "announcedMwGlobal": null, "contractedMwGlobal": null, "liveMwGlobal": null, "liveMwEurope": null, "announcedGpus": null, "liveGpus": null, "backlogUsdBn": null, "backlogBasis": null, "majorContracts": [], "fundingUsdBn": null, "fundingNote": "'High double-digit million-euro' debt financing from SWI Stoneweg Icona (18 Aug 2026); amount undisclosed.", "revenueLatest": null, "status": "German sovereign AI cloud; partner on Telekom's Munich Industrial AI Cloud; joining an EU AI Gigafactory bid consortium (Aug 2026)", "clusterMax": { "tier": null, "edition": null, "paraphrase": null, "url": null, "date": null }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.polarise.eu/", "date": "2026-10-11", "what": "Company site: sites, news items dated Aug-Sep 2026" } ], "kind": "sovereign AI cloud / AI factory operator", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "No MW or GPU counts for live sites published. Not mentioned in ClusterMAX free text." }, { "name": "Nebul", "hq": "NL", "hqRegion": "Europe", "listed": null, "europeSites": [], "announcedMwEurope": null, "announcedMwGlobal": null, "contractedMwGlobal": null, "liveMwGlobal": null, "liveMwEurope": null, "announcedGpus": null, "liveGpus": null, "backlogUsdBn": null, "backlogBasis": null, "majorContracts": [], "fundingUsdBn": null, "fundingNote": null, "revenueLatest": null, "status": "Dutch sovereign AI cloud (NVIDIA Elite Partner); 2025 Gartner Cool Vendor; no capacity figures published", "clusterMax": { "tier": null, "edition": null, "paraphrase": null, "url": null, "date": null }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://nebul.com/", "date": "2026-10-11", "what": "Company site" } ], "kind": "sovereign AI cloud", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "No sites, MW, GPUs or funding found in public pages fetched. Not in ClusterMAX free text." }, { "name": "Northern Data / Taiga Cloud (now Quake AI, RUM Group)", "hq": "DE", "hqRegion": "Europe", "listed": "RUM (Nasdaq, parent RUM Group Inc.)", "europeSites": [ { "site": "Norway (Northern Data NOR AS / ND Real Estate)", "country": "NO", "mw": null, "mwKind": "live", "gpus": null, "status": "Subsidiaries listed in RUM 10-Q", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830081/000121390026087311/ea0301267-10q_rumgroup.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-10" }, { "site": "Boden (Hydro66 Svenska AB)", "country": "SE", "mw": null, "mwKind": "live", "gpus": null, "status": "Subsidiary listed in RUM 10-Q", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830081/000121390026087311/ea0301267-10q_rumgroup.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-10" }, { "site": "Portugal (Taiga Cloud Portugal)", "country": "PT", "mw": null, "mwKind": "live", "gpus": null, "status": "Subsidiary listed in RUM 10-Q", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830081/000121390026087311/ea0301267-10q_rumgroup.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-10" } ], "announcedMwEurope": null, "announcedMwGlobal": 250, "contractedMwGlobal": null, "liveMwGlobal": null, "liveMwEurope": null, "announcedGpus": null, "liveGpus": 22000, "backlogUsdBn": null, "backlogBasis": null, "majorContracts": [ { "customer": "Together AI", "valueUsdBn": null, "detail": "Multi-year agreement to deploy HGX B300 GPU cloud capacity (Q2 2026)", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830081/000121390026087234/ea030115001ex99-1.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-10" } ], "fundingUsdBn": null, "fundingNote": "Acquisition by share exchange; Tether holds pre-funded warrants and a EUR 317.5m note; up to $200m Tether funding arrangement for a VAT matter.", "revenueLatest": { "period": "Q2 2026, Northern Data contribution from 17 Jun 2026 only", "usdM": 10.1, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830081/000121390026087234/ea030115001ex99-1.htm" }, "status": "Acquired by Rumble 17 Jun 2026 (85.2% of shares); parent renamed RUM Group; GPU business now Quake AI with ~22,000 H100/H200 at ~85% utilisation and ~250 MW unmonetised capacity targeted for 2027", "clusterMax": { "tier": null, "edition": null, "paraphrase": null, "url": null, "date": null }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830081/000121390026069733/ea0295081-8k_rumble.htm", "date": "2026-06-17", "what": "8-K: completion of Northern Data acquisition" }, { "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830081/000121390026087234/ea030115001ex99-1.htm", "date": "2026-08-10", "what": "Q2 2026 results: 22k GPUs, 250 MW, revenue" }, { "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830081/000121390026087311/ea0301267-10q_rumgroup.htm", "date": "2026-08-10", "what": "10-Q: subsidiaries, Tether arrangements" } ], "kind": "GPU cloud (part of US-listed group)", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Company HQ kept as DE (Northern Data AG); parent RUM Group is US-listed. 250 MW is 'targeted for 2027', location not specified. Per-site MW not disclosed. Not in ClusterMAX free text." }, { "name": "Verda (formerly DataCrunch)", "hq": "FI", "hqRegion": "Europe", "listed": null, "europeSites": [], "announcedMwEurope": null, "announcedMwGlobal": null, "contractedMwGlobal": null, "liveMwGlobal": null, "liveMwEurope": null, "announcedGpus": null, "liveGpus": null, "backlogUsdBn": null, "backlogBasis": null, "majorContracts": [], "fundingUsdBn": 0.45, "fundingNote": "Company-stated total funding 'over $450M (EUR 390M)' incl. Series B $189m (22 Sep 2026); mix of equity and debt not split.", "revenueLatest": null, "status": "Raised $189m (EUR 163m) Series B led by Emergence Capital (22 Sep 2026); total funding >$450m; offers GB300 NVL72, B300, B200, H200", "clusterMax": { "tier": "Bronze (company-stated)", "edition": "ClusterMAX 3.0", "paraphrase": "Company states it was rated Bronze; SemiAnalysis free text says its Instant Clusters changes appear meaningful but notes shared-filesystem locking problems.", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/clustermax-30-the-industry-standard", "date": "2026-09-23" }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://verda.com/", "date": "2026-10-11", "what": "Company site: funding, ClusterMAX 3.0 Bronze claim (25 Sep 2026)" }, { "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/clustermax-30-the-industry-standard", "date": "2026-09-23", "what": "ClusterMAX 3.0 free text" } ], "kind": "neocloud", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Bronze tier is company-stated; not confirmed in SemiAnalysis free text. Sites (Helsinki, Iceland), MW and GPU counts not found." }, { "name": "Gcore", "hq": "LU", "hqRegion": "Europe", "listed": null, "europeSites": [], "announcedMwEurope": null, "announcedMwGlobal": null, "contractedMwGlobal": null, "liveMwGlobal": null, "liveMwEurope": null, "announcedGpus": null, "liveGpus": null, "backlogUsdBn": null, "backlogBasis": null, "majorContracts": [], "fundingUsdBn": null, "fundingNote": null, "revenueLatest": null, "status": "Luxembourg edge/cloud provider with GPU cloud (Hopper GPU VMs Mar 2026); 50+ cloud locations, 210+ PoPs", "clusterMax": { "tier": "Silver", "edition": "ClusterMAX 2.0", "paraphrase": "Rated Silver in 2.0; 3.0 free text praises its attentiveness but states no new tier.", "url": "https://clustermax.semianalysis.com/cloudreview/gcore", "date": "2025-11-06" }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://gcore.com/about", "date": "2026-10-11", "what": "HQ Luxembourg, locations" }, { "url": "https://clustermax.semianalysis.com/cloudreview/gcore", "date": "2025-11-06", "what": "ClusterMAX 2.0: Silver" }, { "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/clustermax-30-the-industry-standard", "date": "2026-09-23", "what": "ClusterMAX 3.0 free text" } ], "kind": "GPU cloud (part of broader edge/cloud)", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "No GPU counts, MW, Sines site or funding figures verified." }, { "name": "Hyperstack (NexGen Cloud)", "hq": "GB", "hqRegion": "Europe", "listed": null, "europeSites": [], "announcedMwEurope": null, "announcedMwGlobal": null, "contractedMwGlobal": null, "liveMwGlobal": null, "liveMwEurope": null, "announcedGpus": null, "liveGpus": null, "backlogUsdBn": null, "backlogBasis": null, "majorContracts": [], "fundingUsdBn": null, "fundingNote": null, "revenueLatest": null, "status": "London-based GPU cloud with infrastructure in 'Europe and Canada'; offers H100/H200, B300, GB300 NVL72", "clusterMax": { "tier": null, "edition": "ClusterMAX 3.0", "paraphrase": "Test called a success but reviewers worried about the human support required; the section precedes the Participation Ribbon heading, so the tier is inferred.", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/clustermax-30-the-industry-standard", "date": "2026-09-23" }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.nexgencloud.com/", "date": "2026-10-11", "what": "Company site" }, { "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/clustermax-30-the-industry-standard", "date": "2026-09-23", "what": "ClusterMAX 3.0 free text" } ], "kind": "neocloud", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "No sites, MW, GPU counts or funding verified." }, { "name": "Scaleway (Iliad)", "hq": "FR", "hqRegion": "Europe", "listed": null, "europeSites": [], "announcedMwEurope": null, "announcedMwGlobal": null, "contractedMwGlobal": null, "liveMwGlobal": null, "liveMwEurope": null, "announcedGpus": null, "liveGpus": null, "backlogUsdBn": null, "backlogBasis": null, "majorContracts": [], "fundingUsdBn": null, "fundingNote": null, "revenueLatest": null, "status": "Iliad's cloud arm; Milan region (Mar 2026); EU Cloud III award (Apr 2026); AI Gigafactory bid consortium (May 2026); acquired Qarnot (Oct 2026)", "clusterMax": { "tier": "Unavailable (no capacity or declined testing)", "edition": "ClusterMAX 3.0", "paraphrase": "Silver in 2.0; in 3.0 it had no capacity to test or declined, and was reported to be shifting from Nvidia to AMD.", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/clustermax-30-the-industry-standard", "date": "2026-09-23" }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.scaleway.com/en/news/", "date": "2026-10-11", "what": "News list 2026" }, { "url": "https://clustermax.semianalysis.com/cloudreview/scaleway", "date": "2025-11-06", "what": "ClusterMAX 2.0: Silver" }, { "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/clustermax-30-the-industry-standard", "date": "2026-09-23", "what": "ClusterMAX 3.0" } ], "kind": "GPU cloud (part of broader cloud)", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "GPU count, MW, OpCore pipeline and Scaleway revenue not verified." }, { "name": "OVHcloud (GPU/AI part)", "hq": "FR", "hqRegion": "Europe", "listed": "OVH (Euronext Paris)", "europeSites": [], "announcedMwEurope": null, "announcedMwGlobal": null, "contractedMwGlobal": null, "liveMwGlobal": null, "liveMwEurope": null, "announcedGpus": null, "liveGpus": null, "backlogUsdBn": null, "backlogBasis": null, "majorContracts": [], "fundingUsdBn": null, "fundingNote": null, "revenueLatest": { "period": "Q3 FY2026 (Mar-May 2026), whole company, EUR m (Public Cloud EUR 65.6m)", "usdM": null, "source": "https://corporate.ovhcloud.com/sites/default/files/external_files/2026-06-25-ovhcloud-q3-fy26-pr-en-vdef.pdf" }, "status": "General cloud with GPU offers; Q3 FY2026 revenue EUR 289.6m (+6.9% LFL), Public Cloud +20%; FY2026 results due 20 Oct 2026; GPU revenue not disclosed", "clusterMax": { "tier": "Underperforming", "edition": "ClusterMAX 3.0", "paraphrase": "Rated underperforming in both 2.0 and 3.0; SemiAnalysis sees its general-purpose cloud as a large but slow-moving player in AI.", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/clustermax-30-the-industry-standard", "date": "2026-09-23" }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://corporate.ovhcloud.com/sites/default/files/external_files/2026-06-25-ovhcloud-q3-fy26-pr-en-vdef.pdf", "date": "2026-06-25", "what": "Q3 FY2026 revenue" }, { "url": "https://clustermax.semianalysis.com/cloudreview/ovhcloud", "date": "2025-11-06", "what": "ClusterMAX 2.0: Underperforming" }, { "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/clustermax-30-the-industry-standard", "date": "2026-09-23", "what": "ClusterMAX 3.0" } ], "kind": "GPU cloud (part of broader cloud)", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Revenue in EUR (EUR 289.6m), not converted; whole-company, not GPU. No GPU MW disclosed." }, { "name": "Crusoe (European sites)", "hq": "US", "hqRegion": "US", "listed": null, "europeSites": [], "announcedMwEurope": null, "announcedMwGlobal": null, "contractedMwGlobal": 6000, "liveMwGlobal": 1000, "liveMwEurope": null, "announcedGpus": null, "liveGpus": null, "backlogUsdBn": 140, "backlogBasis": "Company-stated total contracted value '$140B+' (not audited RPO), Sep 2026", "majorContracts": [], "fundingUsdBn": null, "fundingNote": "$3.9bn Series F initial close at $30.9bn post-money (17 Sep 2026); cumulative not stated.", "revenueLatest": null, "status": "US AI infrastructure developer/cloud; 6 GW+ gross contracted, 1 GW gross operational (Sep 2026); European (Iceland/Norway) sites not mentioned in 2026 releases", "clusterMax": { "tier": "Bronze", "edition": "ClusterMAX 3.0", "paraphrase": "Dropped from Gold in 2.0 to the bottom of Bronze in 3.0, citing unreliable clusters.", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/clustermax-30-the-industry-standard", "date": "2026-09-23" }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.crusoe.ai/resources/newsroom/crusoe-announces-series-f-funding", "date": "2026-09-17", "what": "Series F, contracted/operational GW, TCV" }, { "url": "https://clustermax.semianalysis.com/cloudreview/crusoe", "date": "2025-11-06", "what": "ClusterMAX 2.0: Gold" }, { "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/clustermax-30-the-industry-standard", "date": "2026-09-23", "what": "ClusterMAX 3.0: Bronze" } ], "kind": "AI DC developer + GPU cloud (US HQ)", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "MW are gross (not IT) and global. Iceland and Norway sites from the brief NOT verified in sources fetched; europeSites left empty." }, { "name": "Cerebras (Europe)", "hq": "US", "hqRegion": "US", "listed": "CBRS (Nasdaq)", "europeSites": [ { "site": "Europe (sites and operators not disclosed)", "country": "EU", "mw": 200, "mwKind": "planned", "gpus": null, "status": "target 200 MW by end-2027", "source": "https://w.media/cerebras-plans-to-expand-european-data-center-footprint-to-200-mw/", "sourceDate": "2026-07-13" } ], "announcedMwEurope": 200, "announcedMwGlobal": null, "contractedMwGlobal": 750, "liveMwGlobal": null, "liveMwEurope": null, "announcedGpus": null, "liveGpus": null, "backlogUsdBn": 25.4, "backlogBasis": "RPO per 10-Q, 30 Jun 2026 (mostly OpenAI MRA)", "majorContracts": [ { "customer": "OpenAI", "valueUsdBn": null, "detail": "MRA Dec 2025: 750 MW inference capacity committed, deployed 2026-2028; option for 1.25 GW more by 2030", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2021728/000162828026056357/cbrs-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-12" } ], "fundingUsdBn": null, "fundingNote": null, "revenueLatest": null, "status": "Listed chipmaker with inference cloud; no European data-centre site found in Q2 2026 10-Q", "clusterMax": { "tier": null, "edition": null, "paraphrase": null, "url": null, "date": null }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2021728/000162828026056357/cbrs-20260630.htm", "date": "2026-08-12", "what": "10-Q: OpenAI 750 MW, RPO $25.4bn" }, { "url": "https://w.media/cerebras-plans-to-expand-european-data-center-footprint-to-200-mw/", "date": "2026-07-13", "what": "W.Media: Cerebras targets 200 MW in Europe" } ], "kind": "AI chip + inference cloud (US HQ)", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Europe 200 MW target from the brief NOT verified; only a France subsidiary is mentioned (functional currency note). Include only if a European site is confirmed." }, { "name": "CloudCIX", "hq": "IE", "hqRegion": "Europe", "listed": null, "europeSites": [], "announcedMwEurope": null, "announcedMwGlobal": null, "contractedMwGlobal": null, "liveMwGlobal": null, "liveMwEurope": null, "announcedGpus": null, "liveGpus": null, "backlogUsdBn": null, "backlogBasis": null, "majorContracts": [], "fundingUsdBn": null, "fundingNote": null, "revenueLatest": null, "status": "Cork-based sovereign cloud platform (registered at Hollyhill, Cork; c/o Cork Internet eXchange); GPUs supported", "clusterMax": { "tier": null, "edition": null, "paraphrase": null, "url": null, "date": null }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.cloudcix.com/", "date": "2026-10-11", "what": "Company site" } ], "kind": "sovereign cloud with GPU", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "NVIDIA B200 deployment from the brief NOT verified; no GPU count or MW published on site." } ], "nscaleS1": { "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "filed": "2026-09-18", "findings": [ { "item": "Signed contract value (TCV)", "value": "$103.4bn active + contracted TCV at 31 Aug 2026 (vs $38.0bn at 31 Dec 2025)", "where": "Prospectus Summary / Business: 'approximately $2.6 billion of active and $103.4 billion of active and contracted TCV'", "vsPluginCapital": "$103.4bn confirmed, but it is TCV (company metric over full term), not audited backlog." }, { "item": "'$2.6bn live'", "value": "$2.6bn of ACTIVE TCV (total contract value of contracts on online, revenue-generating capacity), at 31 Aug 2026; $0.5bn at 31 Dec 2025", "where": "Prospectus Summary: '$2.6 billion of active ... TCV'", "vsPluginCapital": "Figure correct but unit is contract value (TCV), not MW and not annualised revenue run-rate." }, { "item": "RPO (audited backlog)", "value": "$56.4bn at 30 Jun 2026 incl. $7.1bn significant financing component; recognised over next 7 years. $34.5bn at 31 Dec 2025 (incl. $4.6bn)", "where": "Notes to condensed financial statements, 'Remaining Performance Obligations'", "vsPluginCapital": "Plugin Capital does not cite RPO; RPO is much lower than $103.4bn TCV (different date and basis)." }, { "item": "H1 2026 revenue", "value": "$140.6m (H1 2025: $10.4m); FY2025 $33.0m", "where": "Prospectus Summary: 'revenues of $140.6 million and $10.4 million'", "vsPluginCapital": "Confirmed." }, { "item": "Net loss", "value": "$1,020.1m for H1 2026 (net loss margin -726%); FY2025 $761.8m; accumulated deficit $1,860.9m", "where": "Risk Factors: 'net losses of $1,020.1 million for the six months'", "vsPluginCapital": "Not in Plugin Capital claim." }, { "item": "Adjusted EBITDA", "value": "$(199.2)m H1 2026", "where": "Summary financial data paragraph", "vsPluginCapital": "n/a" }, { "item": "Going concern", "value": "Management initially identified substantial doubt (reliance on uncommitted financing) but concluded its plan to defer/cancel capex alleviates it", "where": "Note 'Going Concern': 'initially raised substantial doubt'", "vsPluginCapital": "n/a" }, { "item": "GPUs", "value": "~25,000 active GPUs; 461,000 active and contracted GPUs (31 Aug 2026)", "where": "Prospectus Summary: 'approximately 25,000 active GPUs and 461,000'", "vsPluginCapital": "n/a" }, { "item": "Capacity (MW)", "value": "~1.37 GW active+contracted IT capacity (1 GW owned, 200 MW leased, 165 MW colocation); ~10 GW potential power capacity incl. Monarch (WV). Facilities table: 5 active sites = 81 IT MW (all in Europe); Europe total 576 IT MW", "where": "Prospectus Summary; Business - Facilities table 'IT Capacity Contracted (IT MW)'", "vsPluginCapital": "n/a" }, { "item": "Sites", "value": "5 active + 12 contracted sites: Portugal 30+200 MW, Norway 6+5+25+9+100+100, Iceland 15+16, UK 20+50, US 40+200+70+460, Indonesia 24. Named in text: Glomfjord (Norway), Kvandal/Stargate Norway (Aker JV rolled up Mar 2026), SIN02 Sines 200 MW (acquired Apr 2026), Monarch Compute Campus (West Virginia). Loughton not mentioned", "where": "Business - Facilities; 'Certain Relationships' (Aker JV)", "vsPluginCapital": "n/a" }, { "item": "Customers", "value": "Microsoft SOWs up to ~$43.8bn through Dec 2033; Anthropic up to ~$44.6bn (25 Aug 2026, financing not yet committed); NVIDIA MSA $1.2bn; Figure up to 100,000 Vera Rubin GPUs; largest customer 52% of H1 2026 revenue", "where": "Business - Customers; Risk Factors", "vsPluginCapital": "n/a" }, { "item": "OpenAI / Stargate UK", "value": "Stargate UK announced 16 Sep 2025; 'In April 2026, OpenAI withdrew from the Stargate UK partnership'", "where": "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions", "vsPluginCapital": "n/a" }, { "item": "Amendments", "value": "No S-1/A on EDGAR as of 11 Oct 2026 (prior confidential DRS 17 Feb 2026 and DRS/As 12 May, 26 Jun, 12 Aug 2026)", "where": "EDGAR filing index CIK 0002110365", "vsPluginCapital": "n/a" } ] }, "thirdParty": [], "caveats": [ "'Signed' and 'live' use each company's own definitions: Nscale's active vs contracted IT MW (S-1), Nebius's active vs contracted power (20-F; the two dates differ), and gross MW for Crusoe. CoreWeave and Crusoe are US-headquartered and their figures are global; they are shown as comparators.", "Most European GPU clouds publish no MW or GPU counts. A blank is a gap in disclosure, not zero.", "Nscale's S-1 facilities table gives country, type and IT MW but no site names; matching rows to Glomfjord, Kvandal or Sines is not attempted here.", "ClusterMAX ratings are SemiAnalysis's, paraphrased from the free sections of its posts with links; Verda's Bronze tier is as stated by the company." ] }, "eu_scorecard": { "title": "European AI Stack Index: country scorecard", "asOf": "2026-10-12", "source": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205 and Comext DS-045409; Ember yearly electricity data; national data-centre electricity figures (CSO, CBS, DESNZ, SDES, Elhub, Orkustofnun, energy agencies and published estimates); Ember Grids for data centres; EuroHPC JU", "profiles": [ { "slug": "ireland", "name": "Ireland", "iso2": "IE", "eu": true, "inScorecard": true, "population": { "v": 5484367, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "price": { "v": 0.1654, "p": "2026-S1", "k": "measured", "s": "price", "band": "IG", "r": 24, "n": 26 }, "wholesale": { "v": 135.1, "p": "2025-10 to 2026-09", "k": "measured", "s": "wholesale", "r": 25, "n": 27 }, "carbon": { "v": 263, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 22, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 47.7, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 27, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 47.7, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 19, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 6.82, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 37.4 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "dcShare": { "v": 23.2, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "url": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dcmec/datacentresmeteredelectricityconsumption2025/", "pub": "CSO (Ireland), MEC02", "basis": "share of all metered electricity consumption", "r": 1, "n": 15 }, "aiEnterprise": { "v": 19.6, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiEnt", "series": { "2021": 7.9, "2023": 8.0, "2024": 14.9, "2025": 19.6 }, "r": 15, "n": 28 }, "genAI": { "v": 44.9, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiInd", "work": 22.4, "private": 30.9, "education": 12.5, "r": 7, "n": 29 }, "top500": { "v": 6.7, "p": "2026/06", "k": "measured", "s": "top500", "systems": 2, "sharePct": 0.04, "r": 21, "n": 24 }, "top500PerM": { "v": 1.22, "p": "2026/06", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 20, "n": 24 }, "aiFactories": { "v": 0, "p": "2024-12 to 2025-10", "k": "measured", "s": "eurohpc" }, "serverImports": { "v": 14.6, "p": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "k": "measured", "s": "comext", "eur": 4332712156, "r": 2, "n": 27 }, "eedItMW": { "v": 315.92, "p": "2023", "k": "reported", "s": "eed", "sites": 18, "estimatedSites": 123, "pue": 1.18 }, "gridQueueGW": { "v": 6.0, "p": "2026-05-20", "k": "reported", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Data-Centre-Constrained-Area-Overview-May-2026.pdf", "pub": "EirGrid (TSO)", "expectedGW": 0.3, "label": "6.0 GW requested (data centres; EirGrid (TSO)); expected: EirGrid: room for 150-300 MW in the west" } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 37.7, "solar": 4.7, "hydro": 2.1, "nuclear": 0.0, "gas": 47.9, "coal": 1.5, "bioenergy": 3.3, "otherRenewables": 0.0, "otherFossil": 2.9 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 37.4, "generationTWh": 31.3, "netImportsTWh": 6.1, "priceSeries": [ { "p": "2022-S2", "v": 0.2882 }, { "p": "2023-S1", "v": 0.2128 }, { "p": "2023-S2", "v": 0.1779 }, { "p": "2024-S1", "v": 0.1633 }, { "p": "2024-S2", "v": 0.1759 }, { "p": "2025-S1", "v": 0.1927 }, { "p": "2025-S2", "v": 0.1592 }, { "p": "2026-S1", "v": 0.1654 } ], "leviesSharePct": 1.9, "wholesaleRank": 3, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": { "pct": 23.2, "year": 2025, "twh": 7.66, "basis": "share of all metered electricity consumption", "publisher": "CSO (Ireland), MEC02", "source": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dcmec/datacentresmeteredelectricityconsumption2025/", "kind": "measured", "note": "Read from the CSO MEC02 API (7,662 GWh of 32,987 GWh). Ember's 19% for 2024 divides by national demand instead." }, "eed": { "value": 315.92, "period": "2023", "sites": 18, "pue": 1.18, "estimatedSites": 123, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "forecasts": [], "queue": { "requestedGW": 6.0, "expectedGW": 0.3, "requestedLabel": "6.0 GW requested (data centres; EirGrid (TSO)); expected: EirGrid: room for 150-300 MW in the west", "asOf": "2026-05-20", "publisher": "EirGrid (TSO)", "source": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Data-Centre-Constrained-Area-Overview-May-2026.pdf", "kind": "reported" }, "queueRows": [ { "operator": "EirGrid (TSO)", "stage": "contracted", "requestedMW": 6000, "requestedNote": "further 6 GW of interest (market intelligence)", "asAt": "2026-05-20", "source": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Data-Centre-Constrained-Area-Overview-May-2026.pdf", "kind": "reported" } ], "restrictions": [ { "title": "CRU Direction CRU/21/124 on data-centre connections", "measureType": "connection rule", "status": "replaced", "start": "2021-11-23", "source": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU21124-CRU-Direction-to-the-System-Operators-related-to-Data-Centre-grid-connection-.pdf" }, { "title": "EirGrid de facto Dublin pause (no new agreements until 2028)", "measureType": "grid pause", "status": "replaced", "start": "2021-12", "source": "https://www.irishtimes.com/business/companies/eirgrid-reopens-door-for-data-centres-as-ida-chief-seeks-clarity-1.4763889" }, { "title": "CRU Large Energy Users connection policy (CRU2025236)", "measureType": "connection rule", "status": "active", "start": "2025-12-12", "source": "https://www.cru.ie/publications/28906/" }, { "title": "Judicial review of CRU data-centre connection policy", "measureType": "opposition", "status": "ongoing", "start": "2026-04-28", "source": "https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/2026/04/28/environmental-groups-granted-leave-to-challenge-data-centre-policy/" }, { "title": "EirGrid Data Centre Technical Assessment (implements CRU2025236)", "measureType": "connection rule", "status": "active", "start": "2026-05-20", "source": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Data-Centre-Technical-Assessment-May-2026.pdf" } ], "rules": [ { "rule": "Government principles for sustainable data centre development", "category": "renewable requirement", "status": "voluntary", "inForce": "2022-07", "source": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/publication-files/government-statement-on-the-role-of-data-centres-in-irelands-enterprise-strategy.pdf", "hard": false }, { "rule": "Data centre connection: on-site/local generation or storage matching demand", "category": "connection condition", "status": "in force", "inForce": "2025-12-12", "source": "https://www.cru.ie/about-us/news/the-cru-publishes-its-decision-on-new-electricity-connection-policy-for-data-centres/", "hard": true }, { "rule": "Data centre connection: 80% additional renewables", "category": "renewable requirement", "status": "in force", "inForce": "2025-12-12", "source": "https://www.cru.ie/about-us/news/the-cru-publishes-its-decision-on-new-electricity-connection-policy-for-data-centres/", "hard": true } ], "rulesTier": "power conditions", "euRules": 7 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [], "pledgeEvents": [ { "company": "Google", "amount": "no amount stated (72,400m2, 8 data halls, phase 3)", "date": "2024-08-27", "status": "refused", "source": "https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-41463928.html" }, { "company": "Microsoft", "amount": "no amount (strategy statement)", "date": "2025-07-03", "status": "paused", "source": "https://bebeez.eu/2025/07/03/microsoft-shifting-data-center-focus-away-from-ireland-due-to-lack-of-power-availability-report/" } ], "pledgeNote": "No country-level investment pledge for Ireland from Microsoft, AWS, Google, Meta, Oracle, OpenAI or Nvidia-linked ventures was found for 2023 to October 2026. The public record shows grid-constrained activity instead: South Dublin County Council refused Google's third-phase Grange Castle data centre on 27 August 2024, citing insufficient grid capacity (Irish Examiner), and a Microsoft executive said in July 2025 that Dublin was effectively closed to new projects and that investment was going to the Nordics because of power constraints (DCD via BeBeez).", "sovereign": [], "neoSites": [], "neoHq": [ { "name": "CloudCIX", "status": "Cork-based sovereign cloud platform (registered at Hollyhill, Cork; c/o Cork Internet eXchange); GPUs supported" } ] }, "compute": { "role": "Antenna", "factories": [], "antenna": { "name": "AIF IRL-Antenna", "status": "launched", "linkedFactories": [ "AI2F", "L-AI Factory" ], "source": "https://aifactory.ie/" }, "bids": [], "top500Best": null, "clusters": [], "epochSites": [] }, "chips": { "fabs": [ { "project": "Fab 34 (Leixlip)", "company": "Intel (Fab 34 joint venture with Apollo, which took 49% in 2024)", "category": "ireland", "aidEurM": null, "investmentEurM": 17000, "status": "operating", "source": "https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20240604172872/en/Intel-and-Apollo-Agree-to-Joint-Venture-Related-to-Intels-Fab-34-in-Ireland" }, { "project": "Project FANFARE (Raheen)", "company": "Analog Devices", "category": "ireland", "aidEurM": null, "investmentEurM": 630, "status": "under construction", "source": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/news-and-events/department-news/2023/june/202306091.html" } ], "fabsTotal": 2, "startups": [] }, "labs": [], "trade": { "serversEur": 4332712156, "serversYoyPct": 297.3, "serversRank": 2, "kitEur": 14285112235, "kitSharePct": 13.6, "kitRank": 2, "netEur": 6726726919, "netRank": 2, "window": [ "2025-08", "2026-07" ] } }, "headline": "Ireland ranks 7th of 29 European countries for highest share of people using generative AI (44.9%, 2025); its weakest is 25th of 27 for cheapest wholesale power (\u20ac135/MWh, 2025-10 to 2026-09). Data centres use about 23.2% of its electricity (CSO (Ireland), 2025). It hosts no EU AI Factory (role: Antenna).", "coverage": 15 }, { "slug": "germany", "name": "Germany", "iso2": "DE", "eu": true, "inScorecard": true, "population": { "v": 83491249, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "price": { "v": 0.1267, "p": "2026-S1", "k": "measured", "s": "price", "band": "IG", "r": 16, "n": 26 }, "wholesale": { "v": 104.4, "p": "2025-10 to 2026-09", "k": "measured", "s": "wholesale", "r": 13, "n": 27 }, "carbon": { "v": 334, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 27, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 58.5, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 24, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 58.5, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 13, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 6.19, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 516.5 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "dcShare": { "v": 3.9, "p": "2024", "k": "estimate", "url": "https://www.bitkom.org/Presse/Presseinformation/Rechenzentren-Deutschland-KI-treibt-Wachstum", "pub": "Bitkom/Borderstep, estimate (BDEW 2024 total)", "basis": "share of gross national electricity consumption: about 20 TWh (Bitkom/Borderstep model estimate) \u00f7 511.9 TWh (BDEW 2024, provisional); our arithmetic", "r": 4, "n": 15 }, "aiEnterprise": { "v": 26.0, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiEnt", "series": { "2021": 10.6, "2023": 11.6, "2024": 19.8, "2025": 26.0 }, "r": 9, "n": 28 }, "genAI": { "v": 32.2, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiInd", "work": 15.8, "private": 27.2, "education": 6.0, "r": 22, "n": 29 }, "top500": { "v": 1402.7, "p": "2026/06", "k": "measured", "s": "top500", "systems": 41, "sharePct": 7.49, "r": 2, "n": 24 }, "top500PerM": { "v": 16.8, "p": "2026/06", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 5, "n": 24 }, "gpu": { "v": 26050, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "epoch", "sharePct": 1.66, "r": 1, "n": 16 }, "gpuPerM": { "v": 312, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 8, "n": 16 }, "aiFactories": { "v": 2, "p": "2024-12 to 2025-10", "k": "measured", "s": "eurohpc", "r": 1, "n": 16 }, "serverImports": { "v": 8.9, "p": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "k": "measured", "s": "comext", "eur": 2640694550, "r": 3, "n": 27 }, "eedItMW": { "v": 1508.0, "p": "2025", "k": "reported", "s": "eed", "sites": 454, "estimatedSites": 456, "pue": 1.36 }, "pledgesEurBn": { "v": 28.1, "p": "current pledges", "k": "reported", "s": null, "count": 6, "visibleEurBn": 8.8, "stalledEurBn": 0.0 }, "gridQueueGW": { "v": 22.0, "p": "2025-07", "k": "reported", "url": "https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/data-centres-germany-planning-own-fossil-fuel-plants-citing-slow-grid-connections-report", "pub": "Brandenburg grid operator (unnamed)", "expectedGW": null, "label": "22.0 GW requested (data centres; Brandenburg grid operator (unnamed))" }, "chipsAidEurM": { "v": 7566.3, "p": "approved to date", "k": "reported", "s": null, "projects": 11 } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 26.6, "solar": 18.0, "hydro": 3.7, "nuclear": 0.0, "gas": 16.8, "coal": 21.0, "bioenergy": 10.1, "otherRenewables": 0.0, "otherFossil": 3.8 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 516.5, "generationTWh": 497.0, "netImportsTWh": 19.5, "priceSeries": [ { "p": "2022-S2", "v": 0.207 }, { "p": "2023-S1", "v": 0.1589 }, { "p": "2023-S2", "v": 0.1527 }, { "p": "2024-S1", "v": 0.1212 }, { "p": "2024-S2", "v": 0.139 }, { "p": "2025-S1", "v": 0.1338 }, { "p": "2025-S2", "v": 0.1307 }, { "p": "2026-S1", "v": 0.1267 } ], "leviesSharePct": 9.0, "wholesaleRank": 14, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": { "pct": 3.9, "year": 2024, "twh": 20, "basis": "share of gross national electricity consumption: about 20 TWh (Bitkom/Borderstep model estimate) \u00f7 511.9 TWh (BDEW 2024, provisional); our arithmetic", "publisher": "Bitkom/Borderstep, estimate (BDEW 2024 total)", "source": "https://www.bitkom.org/Presse/Presseinformation/Rechenzentren-Deutschland-KI-treibt-Wachstum", "kind": "estimate", "note": "The federal government also gives 'circa 20 TWh' a year (Bundestag hib, 10 Dec 2024). Bitkom projects 21.3 TWh for 2025. Germany's 2026 data-centre register covers 319 sites and gives no national total. Ember's 2024 estimate is 4% of demand." }, "eed": { "value": 1508.0, "period": "2025", "sites": 454, "pue": 1.36, "estimatedSites": 456, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "forecasts": [], "queue": { "requestedGW": 22.0, "expectedGW": null, "requestedLabel": "22.0 GW requested (data centres; Brandenburg grid operator (unnamed))", "asOf": "2025-07", "publisher": "Brandenburg grid operator (unnamed)", "source": "https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/data-centres-germany-planning-own-fossil-fuel-plants-citing-slow-grid-connections-report", "kind": "reported" }, "queueRows": [ { "operator": "Four TSOs (50Hertz, Amprion, TenneT, TransnetBW)", "stage": "requested", "requestedMW": 220000, "requestedNote": null, "asAt": "2025-12-31", "source": "https://www-docs.b-tu.de/wirtschaft/public/Energietag_2026/Vortr%C3%A4ge/Forum1_Jahns_50Hertz_Energietag_2026.pdf", "kind": "reported" }, { "operator": "Brandenburg grid operator (unnamed)", "stage": "requested", "requestedMW": 22000, "requestedNote": null, "asAt": "2025-07", "source": "https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/data-centres-germany-planning-own-fossil-fuel-plants-citing-slow-grid-connections-report", "kind": "reported" }, { "operator": "Mitnetz Strom (DSO, eastern Germany)", "stage": "reserved", "requestedMW": 16800, "requestedNote": null, "asAt": "2025-12-31", "source": "https://www.ingenieur.de/technik/fachbereiche/kuenstliche-intelligenz/zu-wenig-strom-fur-ki-wie-deutschland-jetzt-anschlusse-fur-rechenzentren-verteilt/", "kind": "reported" }, { "operator": "Stromnetz Berlin (DSO)", "stage": "requested", "requestedMW": 2300, "requestedNote": "about 2,300 MVA", "asAt": "2025", "source": "https://www.ingenieur.de/technik/fachbereiche/kuenstliche-intelligenz/zu-wenig-strom-fur-ki-wie-deutschland-jetzt-anschlusse-fur-rechenzentren-verteilt/", "kind": "reported" } ], "restrictions": [ { "title": "Brandenburg data-centre connection backlog", "measureType": "grid pause", "status": "ongoing", "start": "2022", "source": "https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/data-centres-germany-planning-own-fossil-fuel-plants-citing-slow-grid-connections-report" }, { "title": "Frankfurt data-centre concept (Rechenzentrumskonzept)", "measureType": "zoning", "status": "active", "start": "2022-06-09", "source": "https://www.dlapiper.com/en/insights/publications/2022/07/update-on-frankfurt-data-centre-masterplan" }, { "title": "Stromnetz Berlin allocation rounds (Repartierung)", "measureType": "connection rule", "status": "active", "start": "2025", "source": "https://www.ingenieur.de/technik/fachbereiche/kuenstliche-intelligenz/zu-wenig-strom-fur-ki-wie-deutschland-jetzt-anschlusse-fur-rechenzentren-verteilt/" }, { "title": "TSO maturity-based queue for large consumers (Reifegradverfahren)", "measureType": "connection rule", "status": "active", "start": "2026-04", "source": "https://www.ingenieur.de/technik/fachbereiche/kuenstliche-intelligenz/zu-wenig-strom-fur-ki-wie-deutschland-jetzt-anschlusse-fur-rechenzentren-verteilt/" }, { "title": "NRM pro-rata allocation of new grid capacity", "measureType": "connection rule", "status": "active", "start": "2026-10", "source": "https://www.ingenieur.de/technik/fachbereiche/kuenstliche-intelligenz/zu-wenig-strom-fur-ki-wie-deutschland-jetzt-anschlusse-fur-rechenzentren-verteilt/" } ], "rules": [ { "rule": "Renewable electricity 50%", "category": "renewable requirement", "status": "in force", "inForce": "2024-01-01", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/enefg/__11.html", "hard": true }, { "rule": "Customer energy-use disclosure (colocation)", "category": "reporting", "status": "in force", "inForce": "2024-01-01", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/enefg/BJNR1350B0023.html", "hard": false }, { "rule": "Annual information duty and federal data centre register", "category": "reporting", "status": "in force", "inForce": "2024-05-15", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/enefg/BJNR1350B0023.html", "hard": false }, { "rule": "Energy/environmental management system + certification", "category": "reporting", "status": "in force", "inForce": "2025-07-01", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/enefg/__12.html", "hard": false }, { "rule": "PUE limit for new data centres", "category": "hard efficiency limit", "status": "in force", "inForce": "2026-07-01", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/enefg/__11.html", "hard": true }, { "rule": "Energy reuse share (ERF) for new data centres", "category": "heat reuse", "status": "in force", "inForce": "2026-07-01", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/enefg/__11.html", "hard": true }, { "rule": "Renewable electricity 100%", "category": "renewable requirement", "status": "adopted, not yet applying", "inForce": "2027-01-01", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/enefg/__11.html", "hard": true }, { "rule": "PUE limit for existing data centres (2027)", "category": "hard efficiency limit", "status": "adopted, not yet applying", "inForce": "2027-07-01", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/enefg/__11.html", "hard": true }, { "rule": "PUE limit for existing data centres (2030)", "category": "hard efficiency limit", "status": "adopted, not yet applying", "inForce": "2030-07-01", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/enefg/__11.html", "hard": true } ], "rulesTier": "efficiency limits", "euRules": 7 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [ { "company": "Amazon (AWS)", "amount": "\u20ac7.8bn", "eurBn": 7.8, "date": "2024-05-15", "status": "live", "tier": "visible", 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foundry", "company": "X-FAB", "category": "first-of-a-kind aid", "aidEurM": 128, "investmentEurM": null, "status": "announced", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_25_3020" }, { "project": "Quantum-sensor chip metrology", "company": "QuantumDiamonds", "category": "first-of-a-kind aid", "aidEurM": 76, "investmentEurM": null, "status": "announced", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_26_1393" }, { "project": "Overlay and film metrology tool plant", "company": "KLA-Tencor MIE", "category": "first-of-a-kind aid", "aidEurM": 74.4, "investmentEurM": null, "status": "announced", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_26_1585" }, { "project": "SiC-Pro SiC source material", "company": "Zadient Materials Europe", "category": "first-of-a-kind aid", "aidEurM": 66, "investmentEurM": null, "status": "announced", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_26_1095" }, { "project": "Silicon drift detector plant", "company": "KETEK", "category": "first-of-a-kind aid", "aidEurM": 17.9, "investmentEurM": null, "status": "announced", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_26_1585" }, { "project": "Fab 29 megafab (Magdeburg)", "company": "Intel", "category": "fab (no Chips Act aid)", "aidEurM": null, "investmentEurM": 30000, "status": "cancelled", "source": "https://www.theregister.com/2025/07/25/intel_european_retreat/" } ], "fabsTotal": 14, "startups": [ { "company": "Q.ANT", "hq": "Stuttgart", "fundingUsdM": 80, "status": "shipping", "source": "https://qant.com/news/q-ant-takes-photonic-ai-computing-commercial-as-ais-power-demand-surges/" }, { "company": "Black Semiconductor", "hq": "Aachen", "fundingUsdM": 275, "status": "pre-silicon", "source": "https://www.eenewseurope.com/en/black-semi-raises-e250-million-for-graphene-pilot-wafer-fab" }, { "company": "Semron", "hq": "Dresden", "fundingUsdM": 7.9, "status": "pre-silicon", "source": "https://www.eenewseurope.com/en/edge-ai-startup-semron-raises-funds-for-memcapacitor-processing/" } ] }, "labs": [ { "name": "Helsing", "group": "European lab", "city": "Munich", "founded": 2021, "fundingUsdBn": 3.3, "valuationUsdBn": 18, "openWeights": "no", "source": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/07/13/helsing-fund-raise-defense-18-billion.html" }, { "name": "Black Forest Labs", "group": "European lab", "city": "Freiburg", "founded": 2024, "fundingUsdBn": 0.45, "valuationUsdBn": 3.25, "openWeights": "some", "source": "https://news.crunchbase.com/ai/image-generator-europe-unicorn-black-forest-labs-raise/" }, { "name": "DeepL", "group": "European lab", "city": "Cologne", "founded": 2017, "fundingUsdBn": null, "valuationUsdBn": 2, "openWeights": "no", "source": "https://techcrunch.com/2024/05/22/deepl-the-ai-language-translation-startup-nabs-300m-on-a-2b-valuation-to-focus-on-b2b-growth/" }, { "name": "Aleph Alpha", "group": "European lab", "city": "Heidelberg", "founded": 2019, "fundingUsdBn": 0.15, "valuationUsdBn": null, "openWeights": "some", "source": "https://www.reuters.com/legal/transactional/cohere-aleph-alpha-combine-target-enterprise-ai-market-2026-09-16/" } ], "trade": { "serversEur": 2640694550, "serversYoyPct": 31.3, "serversRank": 3, "kitEur": 8656251156, "kitSharePct": 8.3, "kitRank": 3, "netEur": 9610977658, "netRank": 1, "window": [ "2025-08", "2026-07" ] } }, "headline": "Germany ranks 1st of 16 European countries for most GPU-cluster compute (26,050 H100e, 2025-07); its weakest is 27th of 31 for lowest-carbon grid (334 gCO2e/kWh, 2025). Data centres use about 3.9% of its electricity (Bitkom/Borderstep, 2024, estimate). It hosts 2 EU AI Factories.", "coverage": 19 }, { "slug": "france", "name": "France", "iso2": "FR", "eu": true, "inScorecard": true, "population": { "v": 68720337, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "price": { "v": 0.0722, "p": "2026-S1", "k": "measured", "s": "price", "band": "IG", "r": 3, "n": 26 }, "wholesale": { "v": 76.7, "p": "2025-10 to 2026-09", "k": "measured", "s": "wholesale", "r": 5, "n": 27 }, "carbon": { "v": 41, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 5, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 94.9, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 6, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 26.6, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 27, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 6.99, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 480.6 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "dcShare": { "v": 1, "p": "2024", "k": "measured", "url": "https://www.statistiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/la-consommation-delectricite-des-data-centers-en-2024", "pub": "SDES, French ministry statistics service", "basis": "share of national electricity consumption; metered consumption of the 471 sites using over 1 GWh a year (4.3 TWh); SDES puts all sites at 4.3-6 TWh, 1-1.5%", "r": 14, "n": 15 }, "aiEnterprise": { "v": 18.2, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiEnt", "series": { "2021": 6.7, "2023": 5.9, "2024": 9.9, "2025": 18.2 }, "r": 16, "n": 28 }, "genAI": { "v": 37.5, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiInd", "work": 18.4, "private": 27.7, "education": 11.0, "r": 18, "n": 29 }, "top500": { "v": 317.1, "p": "2026/06", "k": "measured", "s": "top500", "systems": 21, "sharePct": 1.69, "r": 6, "n": 24 }, "top500PerM": { "v": 4.61, "p": "2026/06", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 14, "n": 24 }, "gpu": { "v": 18403, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "epoch", "sharePct": 1.17, "r": 3, "n": 16 }, "gpuPerM": { "v": 268, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 9, "n": 16 }, "aiFactories": { "v": 1, "p": "2024-12 to 2025-10", "k": "measured", "s": "eurohpc", "r": 4, "n": 16 }, "serverImports": { "v": 5.4, "p": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "k": "measured", "s": "comext", "eur": 1597831463, "r": 4, "n": 27 }, "eedItMW": { "v": 631.0, "p": "2024", "k": "reported", "s": "eed", "sites": 152, "estimatedSites": 264, "pue": 1.49 }, "pledgesEurBn": { "v": 5.2, "p": "current pledges", "k": "reported", "s": null, "count": 2, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 0.0 }, "gridQueueGW": { "v": 18.0, "p": "2026-05", "k": "reported", "url": "https://www.rte-france.com/bases-electricite/consommation-electricite/essor-data-centers-france", "pub": "RTE (TSO)", "expectedGW": null, "label": "18.0 GW reserved (data centres; RTE (TSO))" }, "chipsAidEurM": { "v": 2900, "p": "approved to date", "k": "reported", "s": null, "projects": 1 } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 8.8, "solar": 5.6, "hydro": 10.3, "nuclear": 68.3, "gas": 3.0, "coal": 0.3, "bioenergy": 1.8, "otherRenewables": 0.1, "otherFossil": 1.8 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 480.6, "generationTWh": 574.4, "netImportsTWh": -93.8, "priceSeries": [ { "p": "2022-S2", "v": 0.0888 }, { "p": "2023-S1", "v": 0.0806 }, { "p": "2023-S2", "v": 0.093 }, { "p": "2024-S1", "v": 0.0829 }, { "p": "2024-S2", "v": 0.0746 }, { "p": "2025-S1", "v": 0.0693 }, { "p": "2025-S2", "v": 0.0614 }, { "p": "2026-S1", "v": 0.0722 } ], "leviesSharePct": 1.0, "wholesaleRank": 23, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": { "pct": 1, "year": 2024, "twh": 4.3, "basis": "share of national electricity consumption; metered consumption of the 471 sites using over 1 GWh a year (4.3 TWh); SDES puts all sites at 4.3-6 TWh, 1-1.5%", "publisher": "SDES, French ministry statistics service", "source": "https://www.statistiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/la-consommation-delectricite-des-data-centers-en-2024", "kind": "measured", "note": "Value is the low end of SDES's 1-1.5% range, the end its measured 4.3 TWh supports; small sites would add up to 1.7 TWh. RTE's data-centre page (2026) estimates about 10 TWh, about 2%, and Ember's 2024 estimate is 2%: official sources disagree. Replaces Ember's 2% (12 Oct 2026)." }, "eed": { "value": 631.0, "period": "2024", "sites": 152, "pue": 1.49, "estimatedSites": 264, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "forecasts": [ { "year": 2030, "twhLow": 15, "twhHigh": 20, "sharePct": 3, "gw": null, "by": "RTE", "source": "https://www.rte-france.com/bases-electricite/consommation-electricite/essor-data-centers-france", "sourceDate": "2026-06-01", "kind": "estimate" }, { "year": 2035, "twhLow": 23, "twhHigh": 28, "sharePct": 4, "gw": null, "by": "RTE", "source": "https://www.rte-france.com/bases-electricite/consommation-electricite/essor-data-centers-france", "sourceDate": "2026-06-01", "kind": "estimate" } ], "queue": { "requestedGW": 18.0, "expectedGW": null, "requestedLabel": "18.0 GW reserved (data centres; RTE (TSO))", "asOf": "2026-05", "publisher": "RTE (TSO)", "source": "https://www.rte-france.com/bases-electricite/consommation-electricite/essor-data-centers-france", "kind": "reported" }, "queueRows": [ { "operator": "RTE (TSO)", "stage": "reserved", "requestedMW": null, "requestedNote": null, "asAt": "2026-05", "source": "https://www.rte-france.com/bases-electricite/consommation-electricite/essor-data-centers-france", "kind": "reported" }, { "operator": "RTE (via trade press)", "stage": "requested", "requestedMW": 28600, "requestedNote": null, "asAt": null, "source": "https://www.les-energies-renouvelables.eu/article/actualites/energies/votre-facture-electricite-finance-deja-les-data-centers-ia-voici-par-quel-canal-1417/", "kind": "reported" } ], "restrictions": [ { "title": "Marseille collective against port and Saint-Andr\u00e9 data centres", "measureType": "opposition", "status": "ongoing", "start": "2023", "source": "https://www.laquadrature.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2025/03/Enquete-publique-Segro-Logistics-Le-Nuage-etait-sous-nos-pieds-.pdf" }, { "title": "About fifteen local oppositions to data-centre projects", "measureType": "opposition", "status": "ongoing", "start": "2025-12", "source": "https://www.banquedesterritoires.fr/datacenters-une-quinzaine-de-projets-font-lobjet-de-contestation" } ], "rules": [ { "rule": "Reduced electricity excise for data centres, subject to eco-conditions", "category": "tax condition", "status": "in force", "inForce": "2019", "source": "https://www.senat.fr/enseance/2025-2026/138/Amdt_I-1981.html", "hard": false } ], "rulesTier": "reporting and incentives only", "euRules": 7 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [ { "company": "Amazon (AWS)", "amount": "more than \u20ac1.2bn (Amazon France total)", "eurBn": 1.2, "date": "2024-05-13", "status": "unknown", "tier": "no evidence yet", "source": "https://www.aboutamazon.eu/news/job-creation-and-investment/choose-france-summit-amazon-announces-plan-to-invest-more-than-1-2-billion-into-its-french-operations" }, { "company": "Microsoft", "amount": "\u20ac4bn", "eurBn": 4.0, "date": "2024-05-13", "status": "unknown", "tier": "no evidence yet", "source": "https://w.media/microsoft-announces-e-4-billion-investment-into-ai-in-france/" } ], "pledgeEvents": [], "pledgeNote": null, "sovereign": [ { "offer": "Bleu: Cloud de Confiance (National Partner Cloud, France)", "hq": "EU", "status": "partly live", "source": "https://next.ink/260765/secnumcloud-bleu-vise-desormais-une-qualification-pour-la-fin-dannee/" }, { "offer": "S3NS PREMI3NS (Trusted Cloud by S3NS)", "hq": "EU", "status": "live", "source": "https://messervices.cyber.gouv.fr/visas/catalogue-produits-services-profils-de-protection-sites-certifies-qualifies-agrees-anssi.pdf" }, { "offer": "Cegedim CegNumCloud Secured IaaS", "hq": "EU", "status": "live", "source": "https://messervices.cyber.gouv.fr/visas/catalogue-produits-services-profils-de-protection-sites-certifies-qualifies-agrees-anssi.pdf" }, { "offer": "Cloud Temple Secure Temple (IaaS) and PaaS OpenShift", "hq": "EU", "status": "live", "source": "https://messervices.cyber.gouv.fr/visas/catalogue-produits-services-profils-de-protection-sites-certifies-qualifies-agrees-anssi.pdf" }, { "offer": "NumSpot cloud services platform", "hq": "EU", "status": "live", "source": "https://messervices.cyber.gouv.fr/visas/catalogue-produits-services-profils-de-protection-sites-certifies-qualifies-agrees-anssi.pdf" }, { "offer": "3DS OUTSCALE IaaS Cloud on Demand", "hq": "EU", "status": "live", "source": "https://messervices.cyber.gouv.fr/visas/catalogue-produits-services-profils-de-protection-sites-certifies-qualifies-agrees-anssi.pdf" }, { "offer": "OVHcloud SecNumCloud offers (Hosted Private Cloud VMware, Bare Metal Pod, SNC Cloud Platform)", "hq": "EU", "status": "live", "source": "https://messervices.cyber.gouv.fr/visas/catalogue-produits-services-profils-de-protection-sites-certifies-qualifies-agrees-anssi.pdf" }, { "offer": "Orange Business Cloud Avenue SecNum", "hq": "EU", "status": "live", "source": "https://messervices.cyber.gouv.fr/visas/catalogue-produits-services-profils-de-protection-sites-certifies-qualifies-agrees-anssi.pdf" }, { "offer": "Scaleway (incl. Scaleway SecNumCloud)", "hq": "EU", "status": "live", "source": "https://www.scaleway.com/en/security-and-resilience/" }, { "offer": "Worldline Cloud Services: Secured IaaS", "hq": "EU", "status": "live", "source": "https://messervices.cyber.gouv.fr/visas/catalogue-produits-services-profils-de-protection-sites-certifies-qualifies-agrees-anssi.pdf" } ], "neoSites": [ { "company": "Nebius", "site": "near Lille", "mw": 240, "mwKind": "under construction", "status": "building (site town not named by Nebius)", "source": "https://nebius.com/newsroom/nebius-to-construct-310-mw-ai-factory-in-finland" }, { "company": "Nebius", "site": "Paris (colocation)", "mw": null, "mwKind": "live", "status": "First colocation, agreement Jul 2024", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926052948/nbis-20251231x20f.htm" }, { "company": "Nebius", "site": "France, two new colocation sites (unnamed)", "mw": null, "mwKind": "contracted", "status": "Land and capacity secured Feb 2026", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926052948/nbis-20251231x20f.htm" }, { "company": "Fluidstack", "site": "Bosquel, Somme (1 GW AI campus)", "mw": 1000, "mwKind": "cancelled", "status": "dropped Mar 2026; site now a SoftBank\u2013Sesterce JV", "source": "https://www.structureresearch.net/2026/04/08/fluidstack-withdraws-from-france-ai-factory-as-it-prioritises-the-us/" }, { "company": "Mistral Compute (Mistral AI)", "site": "Bruy\u00e8res-le-Ch\u00e2tel (Eclairion site)", "mw": 44, "mwKind": "under construction", "status": "Q2 2026 target passed; go-live not confirmed", "source": "https://www.maddyness.com/2026/03/30/mistral-ai-securise-830-millions-de-dollars-en-dette-pour-exploiter-son-premier-centre-de-donnees-en-france/" }, { "company": "Sesterce", "site": "Bosquel, Somme (SoftBank JV)", "mw": 1000, "mwKind": "planned", "status": "JV with SoftBank Group announced 1 Jun 2026", "source": 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"gpus": 13800, "status": "under construction", "source": "https://www.maddyness.com/2026/03/30/mistral-ai-securise-830-millions-de-dollars-en-dette-pour-exploiter-son-premier-centre-de-donnees-en-france/", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "Campus AI Fouju (MGX-Bpifrance-Mistral-Nvidia)", "mw": 1400, "gpus": null, "status": "under construction", "source": "https://www.actuia.com/acteur/mgx/", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "Fluidstack France 1 GW AI supercomputer", "mw": 1000, "gpus": null, "status": "cancelled", "source": "https://www.structureresearch.net/2026/04/08/fluidstack-withdraws-from-france-ai-factory-as-it-prioritises-the-us/", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "Brookfield Cambrai AI campus", "mw": 1000, "gpus": null, "status": "announced", "source": "https://www.maginative.com/article/brookfield-commits-eu20-billion-to-ai-infrastructure-in-france/", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "evroc Mougins", "mw": 96, "gpus": 50000, "status": "announced", "source": "https://evroc.com/news/evroc-mougins-datacenter", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "Cerebras Europe expansion", "mw": 200, "gpus": null, "status": "announced", "source": "https://w.media/cerebras-plans-to-expand-european-data-center-footprint-to-200-mw/", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "Alice Recoque", "mw": 24, "gpus": null, "status": "under construction", "source": "https://www.cea.fr/english/Pages/News/eviden-deliver-alice-recoque-new-european-exascale-supercomputer.aspx", "kind": "reported" } ], "epochSites": [] }, "chips": { "fabs": [ { "project": "Crolles 300mm FD-SOI fab", "company": "STMicroelectronics and GlobalFoundries", "category": "first-of-a-kind aid", "aidEurM": 2900, "investmentEurM": 7500, "status": "paused", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_2447" }, { "project": "FAMES pilot line", "company": "CEA-Leti (Chips JU)", "category": "pilot line", "aidEurM": null, "investmentEurM": 830, "status": "operating", "source": 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lab", "city": "Paris", "founded": 2023, "fundingUsdBn": 0.22, "valuationUsdBn": null, "openWeights": "some", "source": "https://techcrunch.com/2024/05/21/french-ai-startup-h-raises-220-million-seed-round/" }, { "name": "Meta FAIR Paris", "group": "US-owned lab in Europe", "city": "Paris", "founded": 2015, "fundingUsdBn": null, "valuationUsdBn": null, "openWeights": "some", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_AI" } ], "trade": { "serversEur": 1597831463, "serversYoyPct": 366.7, "serversRank": 4, "kitEur": 5833379382, "kitSharePct": 5.6, "kitRank": 6, "netEur": 5582076455, "netRank": 3, "window": [ "2025-08", "2026-07" ] } }, "headline": "France ranks 3rd of 26 European countries for cheapest big-user power (\u20ac0.072/kWh, H1 2026); its weakest is 18th of 29 for highest share of people using generative AI (37.5%, 2025). Data centres use about 1% of its electricity (SDES, 2024). It hosts 1 EU AI Factory.", "coverage": 19 }, { "slug": "netherlands", "name": "Netherlands", "iso2": "NL", "eu": true, "inScorecard": true, "population": { "v": 18087633, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "price": { "v": 0.1058, "p": "2026-S1", "k": "measured", "s": "price", "band": "IG", "r": 9, "n": 26 }, "wholesale": { "v": 103.2, "p": "2025-10 to 2026-09", "k": "measured", "s": "wholesale", "r": 12, "n": 27 }, "carbon": { "v": 254, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 20, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 54.2, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 25, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 51.2, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 17, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 6.69, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 121.0 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "dcShare": { "v": 4.6, "p": "2024", "k": "measured", "url": "https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2025/51/data-centres-consume-4-6-percent-of-the-netherlands-electricity", "pub": "CBS (Statistics Netherlands)", "basis": "share of total electricity consumption; provisional", "r": 2, "n": 15 }, "aiEnterprise": { "v": 33.2, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiEnt", "series": { "2021": 13.1, "2023": 14.1, "2024": 23.1, "2025": 33.2 }, "r": 6, "n": 28 }, "genAI": { "v": 44.7, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiInd", "work": 26.6, "private": 28.1, "education": 13.1, "r": 8, "n": 29 }, "top500": { "v": 291.3, "p": "2026/06", "k": "measured", "s": "top500", "systems": 7, "sharePct": 1.56, "r": 7, "n": 24 }, "top500PerM": { "v": 16.1, "p": "2026/06", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 6, "n": 24 }, "gpu": { "v": 947, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "epoch", "sharePct": 0.06, "r": 13, "n": 16 }, "gpuPerM": { "v": 52, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 13, "n": 16 }, "aiFactories": { "v": 1, "p": "2024-12 to 2025-10", "k": "measured", "s": "eurohpc", "r": 4, "n": 16 }, "serverImports": { "v": 56.5, "p": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "k": "measured", "s": "comext", "eur": 16714299249, "r": 1, "n": 27 }, "eedItMW": { "v": 1124.0, "p": "2025", "k": "reported", "s": "eed", "sites": 80, "estimatedSites": 192, "pue": 1.22 }, "pledgesEurBn": { "v": 3.5, "p": "current pledges", "k": "reported", "s": null, "count": 4, "visibleEurBn": 0.6, "stalledEurBn": 0.0 }, "gridQueueGW": { "v": 10.0, "p": "2026-06-30", "k": "reported", "url": "https://solarmagazine.nl/nieuws-zonne-energie/i44990/wachtlijst-teruglevering-bij-regionale-netbeheerders-krimpt-licht-maar-gevraagd-vermogen-stijgt-13-procent", "pub": "Regional DSOs (Netbeheer Nederland, LAN progress report)", "expectedGW": null, "label": "10.0 GW requested (all large consumers; Regional DSOs (Netbeheer Nederland, LAN progress report))" } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 25.0, "solar": 21.1, "hydro": 0.1, "nuclear": 3.0, "gas": 34.9, "coal": 7.1, "bioenergy": 5.1, "otherRenewables": -0.0, "otherFossil": 3.9 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 121.0, "generationTWh": 135.0, "netImportsTWh": -14.1, "priceSeries": [ { "p": "2022-S2", "v": 0.164 }, { "p": "2023-S1", "v": 0.2032 }, { "p": "2023-S2", "v": 0.1826 }, { "p": "2024-S1", "v": 0.1143 }, { "p": "2024-S2", "v": 0.1045 }, { "p": "2025-S1", "v": 0.1062 }, { "p": "2025-S2", "v": 0.0951 }, { "p": "2026-S1", "v": 0.1058 } ], "leviesSharePct": 3.4, "wholesaleRank": 16, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": { "pct": 4.6, "year": 2024, "twh": 5.1, "basis": "share of total electricity consumption; provisional", "publisher": "CBS (Statistics Netherlands)", "source": "https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2025/51/data-centres-consume-4-6-percent-of-the-netherlands-electricity", "kind": "measured", "note": "Counts connections whose main activity is a data centre; in-house data centres (universities, hospitals) are excluded. Ember's estimate for 2024 is 7%." }, "eed": { "value": 1124.0, "period": "2025", "sites": 80, "pue": 1.22, "estimatedSites": 192, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "forecasts": [], "queue": { "requestedGW": 10.0, "expectedGW": null, "requestedLabel": "10.0 GW requested (all large consumers; Regional DSOs (Netbeheer Nederland, LAN progress report))", "asOf": "2026-06-30", "publisher": "Regional DSOs (Netbeheer Nederland, LAN progress report)", "source": "https://solarmagazine.nl/nieuws-zonne-energie/i44990/wachtlijst-teruglevering-bij-regionale-netbeheerders-krimpt-licht-maar-gevraagd-vermogen-stijgt-13-procent", "kind": "reported" }, "queueRows": [ { "operator": "Regional DSOs (Netbeheer Nederland, LAN progress report)", "stage": "requested", "requestedMW": 9986, "requestedNote": null, "asAt": "2026-06-30", "source": "https://solarmagazine.nl/nieuws-zonne-energie/i44990/wachtlijst-teruglevering-bij-regionale-netbeheerders-krimpt-licht-maar-gevraagd-vermogen-stijgt-13-procent", "kind": "reported" } ], "restrictions": [ { "title": "Amsterdam/Haarlemmermeer one-year data-centre moratorium", "measureType": "moratorium", "status": "lifted", "start": "2019-07", "source": "https://www.stibbe.com/publications-and-insights/increasing-control-of-data-centre-locations" }, { "title": "Haarlemmermeer data-centre policy / umbrella zoning plan", "measureType": "zoning", "status": "active", "start": "2020", "source": "https://www.stibbe.com/publications-and-insights/increasing-control-of-data-centre-locations" }, { "title": "Amsterdam data-centre location policy 2020\u20132030", "measureType": "zoning", "status": "active", "start": "2020-12-17", "source": "https://www.stibbe.com/publications-and-insights/increasing-control-of-data-centre-locations" }, { "title": "Noord-Holland provincial data-centre strategy (draft)", "measureType": "zoning", "status": "proposed", "start": "2021-07", "source": "https://www.stibbe.com/publications-and-insights/increasing-control-of-data-centre-locations" }, { "title": "Temporary hold on new hyperscale data centres (voorbereidingsbesluit)", "measureType": "moratorium", "status": "replaced", "start": "2022-02", "source": "https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuws/2022/06/10/kabinet-beperkt-mogelijkheid-tot-vestiging-hyperscale-datacentra" }, { "title": "Meta hyperscale campus at Zeewolde", "measureType": "opposition", "status": "refused", "start": "2022-03", "source": "https://dutchnews.nl/2022/07/not-a-good-match-facebook-parent-drops-zeewolde-data-centre-plan" }, { "title": "National ban on new hyperscale data centres outside designated sites (Bkl amendment)", "measureType": "zoning", "status": "active", "start": "2024-01-01", "source": "https://www.gtlaw.com/en/insights/2024/3/challenges-in-the-dutch-data-center-market" }, { "title": "Parliamentary motion to halt large-scale data-centre construction", "measureType": "moratorium", "status": "proposed", "start": "2026-03", "source": "https://nltimes.nl/2026/03/29/permitted-large-data-centers-amsterdam-lelystad-move-ahead-despite-opposition" } ], "rules": [ { "rule": "Amsterdam: residual heat use compulsory; PUE below 1.2 (draft)", "category": "heat reuse", "status": "in force", "inForce": "2020-12-17", "source": "https://www.stibbe.com/publications-and-insights/increasing-control-of-data-centre-locations", "hard": false } ], "rulesTier": "reporting and incentives only", "euRules": 7 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [ { "company": "Amazon (AWS)", "amount": "more than \u20ac1.4bn (Amazon NL total)", "eurBn": 1.4, "date": "2025-10-27", "status": "unknown", "tier": "no evidence yet", "source": "https://www.retaildetail.eu/news/general/amazon-invests-1-4-billion-in-the-netherlands/" }, { "company": "Google", "amount": "\u20ac600m", "eurBn": 0.6, "date": "2023-12", "status": "live", "tier": "visible", "source": "https://www.googlecloudpresscorner.com/2025-11-18-Google-Opens-Data-Center-in-Winschoten-to-Help-Power-the-AI-Economy-in-The-Netherlands" }, { "company": "Google", "amount": "\u20ac600m", "eurBn": 0.6, "date": "2024-04-23", "status": "under construction", "tier": "building", "source": "https://blog.google/intl/nl-nl/google-nieuws/over-google/google-investeert-600-miljoen-in-een-nieuw-datacenter-in-groningen/" }, { "company": "Oracle", "amount": "$1bn (part of $3bn DE+NL)", "eurBn": 0.89, "date": "2025-07-15", "status": "unknown", "tier": "no evidence yet", "source": "https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/business/company-news/2025/07/15/oracle-to-invest-us3-billion-in-ai-cloud-expansion-in-germany-netherlands/" } ], "pledgeEvents": [], "pledgeNote": null, "sovereign": [], "neoSites": [], "neoHq": [ { "name": "Nebius", "status": "Listed AI cloud; 170 MW active power end-2025, >2 GW contracted Feb 2026, targeting 5 GW contracted by YE 2026 and >1 GW/year deployment from 2027" }, { "name": "Nebul", "status": "Dutch sovereign AI cloud (NVIDIA Elite Partner); 2025 Gartner Cool Vendor; no capacity figures published" } ] }, "compute": { "role": "AI Factory host", "factories": [ { "name": "NLAIF (Netherlands AI Factory)", "city": "Groningen (intended, per Dutch government 2025)", "status": "procuring", "gpuCount": null, "startDate": "2026", "source": "https://ted.europa.eu/en/notice/302251-2026/html" } ], "antenna": null, "bids": [], "top500Best": { "rank": 15, "system": "ISEG2", "site": "Nebius", "rmaxPF": 202.4, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180366" }, "clusters": [], "epochSites": [] }, "chips": { "fabs": [], "fabsTotal": 0, "startups": [ { "company": "Axelera AI", "hq": "Eindhoven", "fundingUsdM": 450, "status": "shipping", "source": "https://bits-chips.com/article/axelera-ai-raises-over-250m-on-global-commercial-growth/" }, { "company": "Euclyd", "hq": "Eindhoven", "fundingUsdM": 231, "status": "pre-silicon", "source": "https://bebeez.eu/2026/09/15/euclyd-raises-over-e200-million-to-break-the-ai-efficiency-wall/" }, { "company": "Innatera", "hq": "Delft", "fundingUsdM": 16.2, "status": "shipping", "source": "https://www.innatera.com/newsroom/innatera-unveils-pulsar-the-worlds-first-mass-market-neuromorphic-microcontroller-for-the-sensor-edge/" } ] }, "labs": [], "trade": { "serversEur": 16714299249, "serversYoyPct": 95.9, "serversRank": 1, "kitEur": 47805975022, "kitSharePct": 45.6, "kitRank": 1, "netEur": 5353463853, "netRank": 4, "window": [ "2025-08", "2026-07" ] } }, "headline": "The Netherlands ranks 6th of 28 European countries for highest share of businesses using AI (33.2%, 2025); its weakest is 13th of 16 for most GPU-cluster compute (947 H100e, 2025-07). Data centres use about 4.6% of its electricity (CBS (Statistics Netherlands), 2024). It hosts 1 EU AI Factory.", "coverage": 18 }, { "slug": "united-kingdom", "name": "United Kingdom", "iso2": "GB", "eu": false, "inScorecard": true, "population": { "v": 69487000, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "wholesale": { "v": 110.2, "p": "2025-10 to 2026-09", "k": "measured", "s": "wholesale", "r": 16, "n": 27 }, "carbon": { "v": 218, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 19, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 64.2, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 21, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 51.8, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 16, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 4.48, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 311.3 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "dcShare": { "v": 2, "p": "2024", "k": "measured", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/energy-trends-june-2026-special-feature-article-data-centre-electricity-consumption-in-great-britain-2020-to-2024", "pub": "DESNZ (UK), Energy Trends special article (Official Statistics in Development)", "basis": "share of electricity consumed from the grid in Great Britain (4.5 of 249.2 TWh); metered consumption of commercial data centres matched to meters", "r": 11, "n": 15 }, "top500": { "v": 447.7, "p": "2026/06", "k": "measured", "s": "top500", "systems": 11, "sharePct": 2.39, "r": 4, "n": 24 }, "top500PerM": { "v": 6.44, "p": "2026/06", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 12, "n": 24 }, "gpu": { "v": 7972, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "epoch", "sharePct": 0.51, "r": 7, "n": 16 }, "gpuPerM": { "v": 115, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 11, "n": 16 }, "pledgesEurBn": { "v": 62.5, "p": "current pledges", "k": "reported", "s": null, "count": 6, "visibleEurBn": 5.9, "stalledEurBn": 39.8 }, "gridQueueGW": { "v": 73.0, "p": "2025-06-30", "k": "reported", "url": "https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/consultation/proposed-data-centre-connection-reforms", "pub": "Ofgem / NESO", "expectedGW": 5.2, "label": "73.0 GW contracted (data centres; Ofgem / NESO); expected: NESO: 5.2 GW connected by 2030 (3.7-6.3)" } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 29.4, "solar": 6.6, "hydro": 1.8, "nuclear": 12.4, "gas": 31.4, "coal": 0.1, "bioenergy": 14.0, "otherRenewables": 0.0, "otherFossil": 4.4 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 311.3, "generationTWh": 293.4, "netImportsTWh": 17.9, "priceSeries": [], "leviesSharePct": null, "wholesaleRank": 12, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": { "pct": 2, "year": 2024, "twh": 4.5, "basis": "share of electricity consumed from the grid in Great Britain (4.5 of 249.2 TWh); metered consumption of commercial data centres matched to meters", "publisher": "DESNZ (UK), Energy Trends special article (Official Statistics in Development)", "source": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/energy-trends-june-2026-special-feature-article-data-centre-electricity-consumption-in-great-britain-2020-to-2024", "kind": "measured", "note": "Great Britain only (Northern Ireland excluded). Enterprise (in-house) data centres are excluded, so a lower bound. Ember's 2024 estimate for the UK is 4% of demand. Replaces Ember's 4% (12 Oct 2026)." }, "eed": null, "forecasts": [ { "year": 2030, "twhLow": 20, "twhHigh": 20, "sharePct": null, "gw": 5.2, "by": "NESO (FES 2025 ten-year forecast, 'just over 20 TWh')", "source": "https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/166090/html/", "sourceDate": "2026", "kind": "estimate" } ], "queue": { "requestedGW": 73.0, "expectedGW": 5.2, "requestedLabel": "73.0 GW contracted (data centres; Ofgem / NESO); expected: NESO: 5.2 GW connected by 2030 (3.7-6.3)", "asOf": "2025-06-30", "publisher": "Ofgem / NESO", "source": "https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/consultation/proposed-data-centre-connection-reforms", "kind": "reported" }, "queueRows": [ { "operator": "Ofgem / NESO", "stage": "contracted", "requestedMW": null, "requestedNote": null, "asAt": "2025-06-30", "source": "https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/consultation/proposed-data-centre-connection-reforms", "kind": "reported" }, { "operator": "NESO (system operator)", "stage": "expected", "requestedMW": 72800, "requestedNote": "about 72.8 GW of requests through to 2039", "asAt": null, "source": "https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/166090/html/", "kind": "estimate" } ], "restrictions": [ { "title": "Scottish Parliament motion to pause hyperscale data-centre decisions", "measureType": "moratorium", "status": "proposed", "start": "2026-09-16", "source": "https://www.euronews.com/2026/09/17/scotland-halts-new-hyperscale-ai-data-centre-approvals-amid-environmental-concerns" } ], "rules": [ { "rule": "Climate Change Agreement for data centres (energy improvement target)", "category": "tax condition", "status": "voluntary", "inForce": "2026-01-01", "source": "https://www.techuk.org/resource/data-centres-climate-change-agreement-target-periods-7-9-announced.html", "hard": false }, { "rule": "Data centre grid connection reforms", "category": "connection condition", "status": "proposed", "inForce": "not set", "source": "https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/consultation/proposed-data-centre-connection-reforms", "hard": false } ], "rulesTier": "proposals only", "euRules": 0 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [ { "company": "Amazon (AWS)", "amount": "up to \u00a38bn", "eurBn": 9.44, "date": "2024-09-10", "status": "unknown", "tier": "no evidence yet", "source": "https://www.uktech.news/cloud/race-to-build-british-data-centres-heats-up-as-aws-commits-8bn-over-5-years-20240911" }, { "company": "Google", "amount": "\u00a35bn", "eurBn": 5.9, "date": "2025-09-16", "status": "partly live", "tier": "visible", "source": "https://www.googlecloudpresscorner.com/2025-09-16-Google-Opens-Waltham-Cross-Data-Centre-as-Part-of-Two-year-GBP5-Billion-Investment-in-the-UK-to-Help-Power-its-AI-Economy" }, { "company": "Microsoft", "amount": "\u00a32.5bn ($3.2bn)", "eurBn": 2.95, "date": "2023-11-30", "status": "unknown", "tier": "no evidence yet", "source": "https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2023/11/30/uk-ai-skilling-security-datacenters-investment/" }, { "company": "Microsoft", "amount": "$30bn, incl. $15bn capex", "eurBn": 26.77, "date": "2025-09-16", "status": "delayed", "tier": "stalled", "source": "https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2025/09/16/microsoft-30-billion-uk-ai-future/" }, { "company": "Nvidia-linked", "amount": "up to GBP 11bn", "eurBn": 12.98, "date": "2025-09-16", "status": "delayed", "tier": "stalled", "source": "https://w.media/nvidia-to-scale-up-ai-infrastructure-in-uk-could-invest-up-to-11-billion-in-dcs/" }, { "company": "Oracle", "amount": "$5bn", "eurBn": 4.46, "date": "2025-03-17", "status": "unknown", "tier": "no evidence yet", "source": "https://www.oracle.com/uk/news/announcement/oracle-invest-five-billion-cloud-infrastructure-2025-03-17/" } ], "pledgeEvents": [], "pledgeNote": null, "sovereign": [], "neoSites": [ { "company": "Nscale", "site": "S-1 site 7 colocation", "mw": 20, "mwKind": "contracted", "status": "contracted", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm" }, { "company": "Nscale", "site": "S-1 site 14 owned", "mw": 50, "mwKind": "contracted", "status": "contracted", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm" }, { "company": "Nebius", "site": "London (colocation)", "mw": null, "mwKind": "live", "status": "Contracts Nov 2025, Blackwell Ultra GPUs", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926052948/nbis-20251231x20f.htm" }, { "company": "Nebius", "site": "UK, 3 new deployments (unnamed)", "mw": 65, "mwKind": "planned", "status": "Combined UK deployments to reach 65 MW when fully ramped in 2027; ~GBP 1.7bn committed", "source": "https://nebius.com/newsroom/nebius-expands-in-uk-with-more-nvidia-powered-infrastructure-more-customers-and-more-cloud-capabilities-for-agentic-and-enterprise-ai" }, { "company": "CoreWeave (European sites)", "site": "United Kingdom (leased/licensed data centre space)", "mw": null, "mwKind": "live", "status": "Country listed in 10-K Item 2 Properties; site names/MW not disclosed", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000104/crwv-20251231.htm" } ], "neoHq": [ { "name": "Nscale", "status": "Filed S-1 with SEC 18 Sep 2026 (no S-1/A on EDGAR as of 11 Oct 2026); 25k active GPUs vs 461k active+contracted; H1 2026 net loss $1,020.1m" }, { "name": "Hyperstack (NexGen Cloud)", "status": "London-based GPU cloud with infrastructure in 'Europe and Canada'; offers H100/H200, B300, GB300 NVL72" } ] }, "compute": { "role": "Antenna", "factories": [], "antenna": { "name": "UKAIFA", "status": "selected", "linkedFactories": [ "HammerHAI" ], "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-ai-factory-antennas-broaden-ai-factories-initiative-2025-10-13_en" }, "bids": [], "top500Best": { "rank": 13, "system": "Isambard-AI phase 2", "site": "University of Bristol", "rmaxPF": 216.5, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180388" }, "clusters": [ { "name": "Stargate UK", "mw": null, "gpus": 8000, "status": "paused", "source": "https://www.verdict.co.uk/openai-pauses-stargate-uk-over-regulation-and-energy-costs-report/", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "Nscale-Microsoft Loughton AI Campus", "mw": 50, "gpus": 23040, "status": "under construction", "source": "https://www.nscale.com/press-releases/nscale-microsoft-2025", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "QTS Blyth/Cambois campus (North East AI Growth Zone)", "mw": 1100, "gpus": null, "status": "announced", "source": "https://www.northeast-ca.gov.uk/news/finance-and-investment/north-east-england-set-for-billions-in-investment-and-thousands-of-jobs-through-new-ai-growth-zone", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "Culham AI Growth Zone", "mw": 100, "gpus": null, "status": "announced", "source": "https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/uk-ai-opportunities-action-plan-data-center/", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "Isambard-AI", "mw": 5, "gpus": 5448, "status": "operating", "source": "https://datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/uks-5mw-isambard-ai-supercomputer-goes-live-in-bristol", "kind": "reported" } ], "epochSites": [ { "name": "Google Waltham Cross", "owner": "Google", "mw": 88.0, "h100e": 123800, "chips": "TPU v6e" } ] }, "chips": { "fabs": [], "fabsTotal": 0, "startups": [ { "company": "Olix (OLIX Computing)", "hq": "London", "fundingUsdM": 532, "status": "pre-silicon", "source": "https://dealroom.co/news/142656-olix-raises-312m-at-3-3b-valuation-to-challenge-nvidia/" }, { "company": "Fractile", "hq": "London", "fundingUsdM": 235, "status": "pre-silicon", "source": "https://www.fractile.ai/news/fractile-raises-220m-to-build-the-next-generation-of-inference-hardware" }, { "company": "Graphcore", "hq": "Bristol", "fundingUsdM": null, "status": "acquired", "source": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/05/12/softbank-graphcore-ai-chip-investment.html" }, { "company": "Optalysys", "hq": "Leeds", "fundingUsdM": null, "status": "pre-silicon", "source": "https://optalysys.com/resource/optalysys-secures-23m-funding-to-advance-photonic-computing/" }, { "company": "Lumai", "hq": "Oxford", "fundingUsdM": 10, "status": "sampling", "source": "https://lumai.ai/resources/lumai-launches-the-worlds-first-optical-computing-system-for-real-time-billion-parameter-llm-inference" }, { "company": "Vaire Computing", "hq": "London", "fundingUsdM": 4.5, "status": "pre-silicon", "source": "https://techcrunch.com/2024/07/01/vaire-computing-raises-4-5m-for-reversible-computing-moonshot-which-could-drastically-reduce-energy-needs" }, { "company": "Salience Labs", "hq": "Oxford", "fundingUsdM": null, "status": "sampling", "source": "https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20250207290130/en/Salience-Labs-Closed-Series-A-Round-Led-by-Applied-Ventures-and-ICM-HPQC-Fund" } ] }, "labs": [ { "name": "Wayve", "group": "European lab", "city": "London", "founded": 2017, "fundingUsdBn": 2.8, "valuationUsdBn": 8.6, "openWeights": "no", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayve&oldid=1375460265" }, { "name": "ElevenLabs", "group": "European lab", "city": "London (also New York)", "founded": 2022, "fundingUsdBn": 0.78, "valuationUsdBn": 22, "openWeights": "no", "source": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/02/04/nvidia-backed-ai-startup-elevenlabs-11-billion-valuation.html" }, { "name": "Synthesia", "group": "European lab", "city": "London", "founded": 2017, "fundingUsdBn": 0.55, "valuationUsdBn": 4, "openWeights": "no", "source": "https://www.forbes.com/sites/rashishrivastava/2025/10/29/ai-video-startup-synthesia-valued-at-4-billion-in-new-200-million-raise/" }, { "name": "Stability AI", "group": "European lab", "city": "London", "founded": 2019, "fundingUsdBn": null, "valuationUsdBn": null, "openWeights": "some", "source": "https://techcrunch.com/2026/08/25/stability-ai-maker-of-image-generator-stable-diffusion-raises-76-million-in-fresh-funding/" }, { "name": "Google DeepMind", "group": "US-owned lab in Europe", "city": "London", "founded": 2010, "fundingUsdBn": null, "valuationUsdBn": null, "openWeights": "some", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_DeepMind" }, { "name": "Isomorphic Labs", "group": "US-owned lab in Europe", "city": "London", "founded": 2021, "fundingUsdBn": 0.6, "valuationUsdBn": null, "openWeights": "no", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphic_Labs" }, { "name": "Microsoft AI (London hub)", "group": "US-owned lab in Europe", "city": "London", "founded": 2024, "fundingUsdBn": null, "valuationUsdBn": null, "openWeights": "no", "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_AI" } ], "trade": null }, "headline": "The United Kingdom ranks 4th of 24 European countries for most TOP500 supercomputing power (447.7 PF, 2026/06); its weakest is 21st of 31 for highest clean-power share (64.2%, 2025). Data centres use about 2% of its electricity (DESNZ (UK), 2024). It is not an EU member, so it cannot host an EU AI Factory (role: Antenna).", "coverage": 12 }, { "slug": "italy", "name": "Italy", "iso2": "IT", "eu": true, "inScorecard": true, "population": { "v": 58915656, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "price": { "v": 0.1332, "p": "2026-S1", "k": "measured", "s": "price", "band": "IG", "r": 18, "n": 26 }, "wholesale": { "v": 137.6, "p": "2025-10 to 2026-09", "k": "measured", "s": "wholesale", "r": 26, "n": 27 }, "carbon": { "v": 284, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 24, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 48.8, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 26, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 48.8, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 18, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 5.31, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 312.6 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "dcShare": { "v": 1.9, "p": "2024", "k": "estimate", "url": "https://www.qualenergia.it/articoli/entro-2035-data-center-13-consumi/", "pub": "Politecnico di Milano Energy & Strategy, via QualEnergia", "basis": "share of national consumption (Politecnico di Milano Energy & Strategy estimate)", "r": 12, "n": 15 }, "aiEnterprise": { "v": 16.4, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiEnt", "series": { "2021": 6.2, "2023": 5.0, "2024": 8.2, "2025": 16.4 }, "r": 19, "n": 28 }, "genAI": { "v": 19.9, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiInd", "work": 8.0, "private": 12.8, "education": 6.4, "r": 28, "n": 29 }, "top500": { "v": 1450.0, "p": "2026/06", "k": "measured", "s": "top500", "systems": 18, "sharePct": 7.74, "r": 1, "n": 24 }, "top500PerM": { "v": 24.61, "p": "2026/06", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 4, "n": 24 }, "gpu": { "v": 8220, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "epoch", "sharePct": 0.52, "r": 6, "n": 16 }, "gpuPerM": { "v": 140, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 10, "n": 16 }, "aiFactories": { "v": 1, "p": "2024-12 to 2025-10", "k": "measured", "s": "eurohpc", "r": 4, "n": 16 }, "serverImports": { "v": 1.7, "p": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "k": "measured", "s": "comext", "eur": 499881302, "r": 8, "n": 27 }, "eedItMW": { "v": 132.0, "p": "2025", "k": "reported", "s": "eed", "sites": 42, "estimatedSites": 178, "pue": 1.43 }, "pledgesEurBn": { "v": 5.5, "p": "current pledges", "k": "reported", "s": null, "count": 2, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 0.0 }, "gridQueueGW": { "v": 100.0, "p": "2026-08-31", "k": "reported", "url": "https://www.milanofinanza.it/news/data-center-oltre-quota-100-gw-2718128", "pub": "Terna (TSO)", "expectedGW": 2.0, "label": "100.0 GW requested (data centres; Terna (TSO)); expected: Terna: 1.5-2 GW by ~2030" }, "chipsAidEurM": { "v": 3634.0, "p": "approved to date", "k": "reported", "s": null, "projects": 4 } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 8.1, "solar": 16.8, "hydro": 15.7, "nuclear": 0.0, "gas": 47.3, "coal": 1.3, "bioenergy": 5.9, "otherRenewables": 2.3, "otherFossil": 2.6 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 312.6, "generationTWh": 265.8, "netImportsTWh": 46.9, "priceSeries": [ { "p": "2022-S2", "v": 0.3236 }, { "p": "2023-S1", "v": 0.1837 }, { "p": "2023-S2", "v": 0.1368 }, { "p": "2024-S1", "v": 0.1136 }, { "p": "2024-S2", "v": 0.1343 }, { "p": "2025-S1", "v": 0.1207 }, { "p": "2025-S2", "v": 0.1168 }, { "p": "2026-S1", "v": 0.1332 } ], "leviesSharePct": 2.5, "wholesaleRank": 2, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": { "pct": 1.9, "year": 2024, "twh": 5.8, "basis": "share of national consumption (Politecnico di Milano Energy & Strategy estimate)", "publisher": "Politecnico di Milano Energy & Strategy, via QualEnergia", "source": "https://www.qualenergia.it/articoli/entro-2035-data-center-13-consumi/", "kind": "estimate", "note": "Other estimates are lower: about 3.9 TWh (about 1.3%) attributed to Terna in a WWF report (Jul 2026; Terna original not found). Range 1.3-1.9%. Terna's 2024 total is 312.3 TWh." }, "eed": { "value": 132.0, "period": "2025", "sites": 42, "pue": 1.43, "estimatedSites": 178, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "forecasts": [], "queue": { "requestedGW": 100.0, "expectedGW": 2.0, "requestedLabel": "100.0 GW requested (data centres; Terna (TSO)); expected: Terna: 1.5-2 GW by ~2030", "asOf": "2026-08-31", "publisher": "Terna (TSO)", "source": "https://www.milanofinanza.it/news/data-center-oltre-quota-100-gw-2718128", "kind": "reported" }, "queueRows": [ { "operator": "Terna (TSO)", "stage": "requested", "requestedMW": 100000, "requestedNote": "more than 100 GW", "asAt": "2026-08-31", "source": "https://www.milanofinanza.it/news/data-center-oltre-quota-100-gw-2718128", "kind": "reported" }, { "operator": "Terna (TSO)", "stage": "expected", "requestedMW": 82000, "requestedNote": "450 requests, just over 82 GW (Mar 2026)", "asAt": "2026-03-11", "source": "https://www.qualenergia.it/articoli/data-center-terna-82-gw-richieste-tanta-speculazione/", "kind": "estimate" }, { "operator": "Terna (TSO)", "stage": "contracted", "requestedMW": 66000, "requestedNote": "over 66 GW of transmission requests (Nov 2025)", "asAt": "2025-10-31", "source": "https://www.i-com.it/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Rassegna-stampa_Energ-IA-1.pdf", "kind": "reported" } ], "restrictions": [], "rules": [], "rulesTier": null, "euRules": 7 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [ { "company": "Amazon (AWS)", "amount": "more than \u20ac1.2bn", "eurBn": 1.2, "date": "2024-11-29", "status": "unknown", "tier": "no evidence yet", "source": "https://www.aboutamazon.eu/news/job-creation-and-investment/aws-invests-1-2-billion-to-expand-cloud-infrastructure-in-italy" }, { "company": "Microsoft", "amount": "\u20ac4.3bn", "eurBn": 4.3, "date": "2024-10-02", "status": "unknown", "tier": "no evidence yet", "source": "https://capitalfm.africa/microsoft-announces-4-3-bln-euros-investment-for-ai-cloud-based-data-centers-in-italy/" } ], "pledgeEvents": [], "pledgeNote": null, "sovereign": [], "neoSites": [], "neoHq": [] }, "compute": { "role": "AI Factory host", "factories": [ { "name": "IT4LIA", "city": "Bologna (DAMA Tecnopolo)", "status": "contracted", "gpuCount": null, "startDate": null, "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-signs-contract-boost-ai-capabilities-it4lia-ai-factory-2026-04-22_en" } ], "antenna": null, "bids": [], "top500Best": { "rank": 6, "system": "HPC7", "site": "Eni S.p.A.", "rmaxPF": 571.5, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180451" }, "clusters": [], "epochSites": [] }, "chips": { "fabs": [ { "project": "Silicon Carbide Campus", "company": "STMicroelectronics", "category": "first-of-a-kind aid", "aidEurM": 2000, "investmentEurM": 5000, "status": "under construction", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_24_2994" }, { "project": "Novara advanced packaging plant", "company": "Silicon Box", "category": "first-of-a-kind aid", "aidEurM": 1300, "investmentEurM": 3200, "status": "announced", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_24_6436" }, { "project": "SiC substrate plant", "company": "STMicroelectronics", "category": "first-of-a-kind aid", "aidEurM": 292.5, "investmentEurM": 730, "status": "announced", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_5970" }, { "project": "Glass photonic chip plant", "company": "Ephos", "category": "first-of-a-kind aid", "aidEurM": 41.5, "investmentEurM": null, "status": "announced", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/mex_25_1910" }, { "project": "WBG pilot line", "company": "CNR (Chips JU)", "category": "pilot line", "aidEurM": null, "investmentEurM": null, "status": "announced", "source": "https://optics.org/news/european-commission-gathers-first-five-pilot-lines-together-in-brussels" } ], "fabsTotal": 5, "startups": [] }, "labs": [], "trade": { "serversEur": 499881302, "serversYoyPct": 104.6, "serversRank": 8, "kitEur": 1969169856, "kitSharePct": 1.9, "kitRank": 8, "netEur": 4116839967, "netRank": 6, "window": [ "2025-08", "2026-07" ] } }, "headline": "Italy ranks 1st of 24 European countries for most TOP500 supercomputing power (1,450.0 PF, 2026/06); its weakest is 28th of 29 for highest share of people using generative AI (19.9%, 2025). Data centres use about 1.9% of its electricity (Politecnico di Milano Energy & Strategy, 2024, estimate). It hosts 1 EU AI Factory.", "coverage": 19 }, { "slug": "spain", "name": "Spain", "iso2": "ES", "eu": true, "inScorecard": true, "population": { "v": 49355143, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "price": { "v": 0.0777, "p": "2026-S1", "k": "measured", "s": "price", "band": "IG", "r": 4, "n": 26 }, "wholesale": { "v": 72.9, "p": "2025-10 to 2026-09", "k": "measured", "s": "wholesale", "r": 3, "n": 27 }, "carbon": { "v": 153, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 15, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 74.7, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 16, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 55.9, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 15, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 5.58, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 275.2 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "dcShare": { "v": 2.4, "p": "2024", "k": "estimate", "url": "https://www.energias-renovables.com/panorama/los-centros-de-datos-espaoles-consumiran-mas-20250109", "pub": "DNV, via Energ\u00edas Renovables (REE 2024 total)", "basis": "share of national demand: over 6 TWh (DNV estimate) \u00f7 248.8 TWh (REE 2024 demand); our arithmetic", "r": 8, "n": 15 }, "aiEnterprise": { "v": 20.3, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiEnt", "series": { "2021": 7.7, "2023": 9.2, "2024": 11.3, "2025": 20.3 }, "r": 14, "n": 28 }, "genAI": { "v": 37.9, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiInd", "work": 17.9, "private": 30.2, "education": 16.3, "r": 16, "n": 29 }, "top500": { "v": 221.9, "p": "2026/06", "k": "measured", "s": "top500", "systems": 3, "sharePct": 1.18, "r": 8, "n": 24 }, "top500PerM": { "v": 4.5, "p": "2026/06", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 15, "n": 24 }, "gpu": { "v": 4480, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "epoch", "sharePct": 0.28, "r": 10, "n": 16 }, "gpuPerM": { "v": 91, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 12, "n": 16 }, "aiFactories": { "v": 2, "p": "2024-12 to 2025-10", "k": "measured", "s": "eurohpc", "r": 1, "n": 16 }, "serverImports": { "v": 1.2, "p": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "k": "measured", "s": "comext", "eur": 358842748, "r": 9, "n": 27 }, "eedItMW": { "v": 103.0, "p": "2024", "k": "reported", "s": "eed", "sites": 38, "estimatedSites": 165, "pue": 1.57 }, "pledgesEurBn": { "v": 43.2, "p": "current pledges", "k": "reported", "s": null, "count": 4, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 0.8 }, "gridQueueGW": { "v": 6.3, "p": "2026-10-01", "k": "reported", "url": "https://www.ree.es/es/sala-de-prensa/actualidad/nota-de-prensa/2026/10/red-electrica-publica-el-mapa-de-capacidades-de-demanda-tipo-consumo", "pub": "Red El\u00e9ctrica (TSO)", "expectedGW": 2.9, "label": "6.3 GW granted (data centres; Red El\u00e9ctrica (TSO)); expected: SpainDC: 2.6-2.9 GW operating by 2030" } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 20.4, "solar": 21.9, "hydro": 11.4, "nuclear": 18.8, "gas": 21.5, "coal": 0.3, "bioenergy": 2.2, "otherRenewables": -0.0, "otherFossil": 3.5 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 275.2, "generationTWh": 288.0, "netImportsTWh": -12.8, "priceSeries": [ { "p": "2022-S2", "v": 0.2051 }, { "p": "2023-S1", "v": 0.1147 }, { "p": "2023-S2", "v": 0.1068 }, { "p": "2024-S1", "v": 0.0756 }, { "p": "2024-S2", "v": 0.0974 }, { "p": "2025-S1", "v": 0.0883 }, { "p": "2025-S2", "v": 0.0932 }, { "p": "2026-S1", "v": 0.0777 } ], "leviesSharePct": 3.9, "wholesaleRank": 25, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": { "pct": 2.4, "year": 2024, "twh": 6, "basis": "share of national demand: over 6 TWh (DNV estimate) \u00f7 248.8 TWh (REE 2024 demand); our arithmetic", "publisher": "DNV, via Energ\u00edas Renovables (REE 2024 total)", "source": "https://www.energias-renovables.com/panorama/los-centros-de-datos-espaoles-consumiran-mas-20250109", "kind": "estimate", "note": "Consultant estimate reported in the trade press; 'more than 6 TWh', so a lower bound. No INE, REE or CNMC figure." }, "eed": { "value": 103.0, "period": "2024", "sites": 38, "pue": 1.57, "estimatedSites": 165, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "forecasts": [], "queue": { "requestedGW": 6.3, "expectedGW": 2.9, "requestedLabel": "6.3 GW granted (data centres; Red El\u00e9ctrica (TSO)); expected: SpainDC: 2.6-2.9 GW operating by 2030", "asOf": "2026-10-01", "publisher": "Red El\u00e9ctrica (TSO)", "source": "https://www.ree.es/es/sala-de-prensa/actualidad/nota-de-prensa/2026/10/red-electrica-publica-el-mapa-de-capacidades-de-demanda-tipo-consumo", "kind": "reported" }, "queueRows": [ { "operator": "Red El\u00e9ctrica (TSO)", "stage": "granted", "requestedMW": null, "requestedNote": null, "asAt": "2026-10-01", "source": "https://www.ree.es/es/sala-de-prensa/actualidad/nota-de-prensa/2026/10/red-electrica-publica-el-mapa-de-capacidades-de-demanda-tipo-consumo", "kind": "reported" }, { "operator": "MITECO draft decree / SpainDC", "stage": "expected", "requestedMW": null, "requestedNote": null, "asAt": null, "source": "https://fundacionrenovables.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Alegaciones-centros-de-datos_Fundacion-Renovables_vf.pdf", "kind": "estimate" } ], "restrictions": [ { "title": "'No es sequ\u00eda, es saqueo' campaign against Aragon data centres", "measureType": "opposition", "status": "ongoing", "start": "2025-09-10", "source": "https://www.eldiario.es/aragon/economia/arranca-campana-implantacion-centros-datos-aragon-no-sequia-saqueo_1_12592997.html" }, { "title": "Court challenge to fast-track (PIGA) approval of Amazon campuses", "measureType": "opposition", "status": "ongoing", "start": "2026-01", "source": "https://www.renewableenergymagazine.com/panorama/arag-n-escenario-del-primer-juicio-en-20260121" }, { "title": "Draft royal decree on data centres (80% additional renewables)", "measureType": "connection rule", "status": "proposed", "start": "2026-08-25", "source": "https://www.pv-magazine.com/2026/08/26/espana-exigira-a-los-centros-de-datos-un-80-de-renovables-adicionales-y-datos-bajo-control-europeo/" } ], "rules": [ { "rule": "EED data centre reporting via ReportENER", "category": "reporting", "status": "in force", "inForce": "2024-09-15", "source": "https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/energia/eficiencia/centros-de-datos.html", "hard": false }, { "rule": "Draft royal decree: 80% additional renewables, hourly matching", "category": "renewable requirement", "status": "draft", "inForce": "not set", "source": "https://www.pv-magazine.com/2026/08/26/espana-exigira-a-los-centros-de-datos-un-80-de-renovables-adicionales-y-datos-bajo-control-europeo/", "hard": true }, { "rule": "Draft royal decree: top EU label class for energy and water", "category": "hard efficiency limit", "status": "draft", "inForce": "not set", "source": "https://www.pv-magazine.com/2026/08/26/espana-exigira-a-los-centros-de-datos-un-80-de-renovables-adicionales-y-datos-bajo-control-europeo/", "hard": true } ], "rulesTier": "reporting and incentives only", "euRules": 7 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [ { "company": "Amazon (AWS)", "amount": "\u20ac33.7bn (new \u20ac18bn + \u20ac15.7bn from 2024)", "eurBn": 33.7, "date": "2026-03-02", "status": "announced", "tier": "no evidence yet", "source": "https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/gobierno/news/Paginas/2026/20260302-wmc-amazon-investment.aspx" }, { "company": "Meta", "amount": "\u20ac750m+ (mayor) / ~\u20ac1bn (other officials); Meta has not published a figure", "eurBn": 0.75, "date": "2025-10", "status": "delayed", "tier": "stalled", "source": "https://www.eldiario.es/castilla-la-mancha/provincias/toledo/page-anuncia-llegada-definitiva-centro-datos-meta-talavera-reina_1_13416975.html" }, { "company": "Microsoft", "amount": "EUR 2.1bn (as back-referenced by Reuters via Gulf News)", "eurBn": 2.1, "date": "2024-02", "status": "unknown", "tier": "no evidence yet", "source": "https://gulfnews.com/business/markets/microsoft-to-invest-716-billion-in-new-data-centres-in-northeastern-spain-1.103109450" }, { "company": "Microsoft", "amount": "\u20ac6.69bn", "eurBn": 6.69, "date": "2024-06-14", "status": "permitted", "tier": "progressing", "source": "https://gulfnews.com/business/markets/microsoft-to-invest-716-billion-in-new-data-centres-in-northeastern-spain-1.103109450" } ], "pledgeEvents": [], "pledgeNote": null, "sovereign": [ { "offer": "Oracle EU Sovereign Cloud", "hq": "US", "status": "live", "source": "https://www.oracle.com/cloud/eu-sovereign-cloud/faq/" } ], "neoSites": [ { "company": "Nebius", "site": "Spain (unnamed)", "mw": null, "mwKind": "contracted", "status": "Shown on Q2 2026 letter capacity map as new 2026 site", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926094568/tm2622968d1_ex99-2.htm" }, { "company": "CoreWeave (European sites)", "site": "Spain (leased/licensed data centre space)", "mw": null, "mwKind": "live", "status": "Country listed in 10-K Item 2 Properties; site names/MW not disclosed", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000104/crwv-20251231.htm" } ], "neoHq": [] }, "compute": { "role": "AI Factory host", "factories": [ { "name": "BSC AI Factory", "city": "Barcelona", "status": "contracted", "gpuCount": null, "startDate": null, "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/contract-signed-boost-marenostrum-5s-ai-capabilities-2026-01-26_en" }, { "name": "1HealthAI (One-Health AI Factory)", "city": "Santiago de Compostela (A Sionlla industrial park)", "status": "selected", "gpuCount": null, "startDate": null, "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/spain-1health-ai_en" } ], "antenna": null, "bids": [], "top500Best": { "rank": 16, "system": "MareNostrum 5 ACC", "site": "EuroHPC/BSC", "rmaxPF": 175.3, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180238" }, "clusters": [], "epochSites": [] }, "chips": { "fabs": [ { "project": "PIXEurope pilot line", "company": "ICFO (Chips JU)", "category": "pilot line", "aidEurM": null, "investmentEurM": null, "status": "announced", "source": "https://optics.org/news/european-commission-gathers-first-five-pilot-lines-together-in-brussels" } ], "fabsTotal": 1, "startups": [ { "company": "Openchip & Software Technologies", "hq": "Barcelona", "fundingUsdM": 133, "status": "sampling", "source": "https://digital.gob.es/comunicacion/notas-prensa/mtdfp/2026/06/sett-invierte-en-openchip-para-impulsar-el-diseno-de-chips-de-al" }, { "company": "Semidynamics", "hq": "Barcelona", "fundingUsdM": null, "status": "taped out", "source": "https://semidynamics.com/newsroom/press-releases/post/semidynamics-secures-a-strategic-investment-to-advance-memory-centric-ai-inference-chips" } ] }, "labs": [], "trade": { "serversEur": 358842748, "serversYoyPct": 122.0, "serversRank": 9, "kitEur": 1881899742, "kitSharePct": 1.8, "kitRank": 9, "netEur": 3970797144, "netRank": 8, "window": [ "2025-08", "2026-07" ] } }, "headline": "Spain ranks 3rd of 27 European countries for cheapest wholesale power (\u20ac73/MWh, 2025-10 to 2026-09); its weakest is 10th of 16 for most GPU-cluster compute (4,480 H100e, 2025-07). Data centres use about 2.4% of its electricity (DNV, 2024, estimate). It hosts 2 EU AI Factories.", "coverage": 18 }, { "slug": "sweden", "name": "Sweden", "iso2": "SE", "eu": true, "inScorecard": true, "population": { "v": 10596620, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "price": { "v": 0.0881, "p": "2026-S1", "k": "measured", "s": "price", "band": "IG", "r": 6, "n": 26 }, "wholesale": { "v": 64.4, "p": "2025-10 to 2026-09", "k": "measured", "s": "wholesale", "r": 2, "n": 27 }, "carbon": { "v": 35, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 3, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 98.8, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 3, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 71.4, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 10, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 12.88, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 136.5 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "dcShare": { "v": 2.1, "p": "2022", "k": "estimate", "url": "https://energimyndigheten.a-w2m.se/Arkitektkopia/GetTemplateResource/121?id=51ec083b3b4e4c3894c84361df275f12&res=adb01eaccc884d5a9fa3ed24d67fbd6c&lr=False&fn=ER+2023_04+WEBB.pdf&elp=portal&elt=t&eloid=51ec083b3b4e4c3894c84361df275f12", "pub": "Swedish Energy Agency (RISE), ER 2023:04", "basis": "share of demand: midpoint of 2.8-3.2 TWh (RISE for the Swedish Energy Agency, crypto excluded) \u00f7 Ember 2022 demand 139.8 TWh; our arithmetic (range 2.0-2.3%)", "r": 10, "n": 15 }, "aiEnterprise": { "v": 35.0, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiEnt", "series": { "2021": 9.9, "2023": 10.4, "2024": 25.1, "2025": 35.0 }, "r": 3, "n": 28 }, "genAI": { "v": 42.0, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiInd", "work": 21.0, "private": 33.7, "education": 11.0, "r": 12, "n": 29 }, "top500": { "v": 133.8, "p": "2026/06", "k": "measured", "s": "top500", "systems": 9, "sharePct": 0.71, "r": 9, "n": 24 }, "top500PerM": { "v": 12.63, "p": "2026/06", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 8, "n": 24 }, "gpu": { "v": 4932, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "epoch", "sharePct": 0.31, "r": 9, "n": 16 }, "gpuPerM": { "v": 465, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 6, "n": 16 }, "aiFactories": { "v": 1, "p": "2024-12 to 2025-10", "k": "measured", "s": "eurohpc", "r": 4, "n": 16 }, "serverImports": { "v": 1.8, "p": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "k": "measured", "s": "comext", "eur": 518776632, "r": 7, "n": 27 }, "eedItMW": { "v": 699.0, "p": "2025", "k": "reported", "s": "eed", "sites": 71, "estimatedSites": 103, "pue": 1.23 }, "pledgesEurBn": { "v": 3.0, "p": "current pledges", "k": "reported", "s": null, "count": 1, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 0.0 }, "gridQueueGW": { "v": 7.5, "p": "2026-06", "k": "reported", "url": "https://www.wsp.com/sv-se/nyheter/2026/wsp-i-almedalen-datacenter-vaxer-men-utan-nationell-kompass", "pub": "Svenska kraftn\u00e4t (TSO)", "expectedGW": null, "label": "7.5 GW requested (all large loads (said in a data-centre context); Svenska kraftn\u00e4t (TSO))" } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 22.8, "solar": 2.6, "hydro": 40.1, "nuclear": 27.4, "gas": 0.1, "coal": 0.0, "bioenergy": 5.9, "otherRenewables": 0.0, "otherFossil": 1.2 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 136.5, "generationTWh": 170.2, "netImportsTWh": -33.7, "priceSeries": [ { "p": "2022-S2", "v": 0.1076 }, { "p": "2023-S1", "v": 0.0802 }, { "p": "2023-S2", "v": 0.0655 }, { "p": "2024-S1", "v": 0.0652 }, { "p": "2024-S2", "v": 0.0559 }, { "p": "2025-S1", "v": 0.0567 }, { "p": "2025-S2", "v": 0.0644 }, { "p": "2026-S1", "v": 0.0881 } ], "leviesSharePct": 0.8, "wholesaleRank": 26, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": { "pct": 2.1, "year": 2022, "twh": 3.0, "basis": "share of demand: midpoint of 2.8-3.2 TWh (RISE for the Swedish Energy Agency, crypto excluded) \u00f7 Ember 2022 demand 139.8 TWh; our arithmetic (range 2.0-2.3%)", "publisher": "Swedish Energy Agency (RISE), ER 2023:04", "source": "https://energimyndigheten.a-w2m.se/Arkitektkopia/GetTemplateResource/121?id=51ec083b3b4e4c3894c84361df275f12&res=adb01eaccc884d5a9fa3ed24d67fbd6c&lr=False&fn=ER+2023_04+WEBB.pdf&elp=portal&elt=t&eloid=51ec083b3b4e4c3894c84361df275f12", "kind": "estimate", "note": "Crypto mining adds about 1-1.5 TWh (same report). Svenskt N\u00e4ringsliv (Apr 2026, a business lobby citing RISE via the press) puts 2024 at about 2.9% of about 135 TWh; with the agency's 136 TWh, 3-4 TWh would be 2.2-2.9%. No official statistic." }, "eed": { "value": 699.0, "period": "2025", "sites": 71, "pue": 1.23, "estimatedSites": 103, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "forecasts": [], "queue": { "requestedGW": 7.5, "expectedGW": null, "requestedLabel": "7.5 GW requested (all large loads (said in a data-centre context); Svenska kraftn\u00e4t (TSO))", "asOf": "2026-06", "publisher": "Svenska kraftn\u00e4t (TSO)", "source": "https://www.wsp.com/sv-se/nyheter/2026/wsp-i-almedalen-datacenter-vaxer-men-utan-nationell-kompass", "kind": "reported" }, "queueRows": [ { "operator": "Svenska kraftn\u00e4t (TSO)", "stage": "requested", "requestedMW": 7500, "requestedNote": null, "asAt": "2026-06", "source": "https://www.wsp.com/sv-se/nyheter/2026/wsp-i-almedalen-datacenter-vaxer-men-utan-nationell-kompass", "kind": "reported" } ], "restrictions": [ { "title": "Removal of reduced electricity tax for data centres", "measureType": "tax", "status": "active", "start": "2023-07-01", "source": "https://techsverige.se/app/uploads/2024/01/2024-01-22-TechSverige-remissvar-energipolitiska-mal.pdf" } ], "rules": [ { "rule": "Data centres pay the general electricity tax (reduced rate withdrawn)", "category": "tax condition", "status": "in force", "inForce": "2023", "source": "https://www.ibfd.org/sites/default/files/2025-08/27082025-european-direct-taxation-of-ai-data-mining-centers-or-the-lack-thereof.pdf", "hard": false }, { "rule": "Data centre energy performance disclosure", "category": "reporting", "status": "in force", "inForce": "2025-07-01", "source": "https://www.energimyndigheten.se/en/climate/climate/data-centre-energy-performance-reporting/", "hard": false }, { "rule": "Waste heat use for data centres >1 MW", "category": "heat reuse", "status": "proposed", "inForce": "not set", "source": "https://www.energimyndigheten.se/en/climate/climate/data-centre-energy-performance-reporting/", "hard": false } ], "rulesTier": "reporting and incentives only", "euRules": 7 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [ { "company": "Microsoft", "amount": "SEK 33.7bn", "eurBn": 3.02, "date": "2024-06-03", "status": "unknown", "tier": "no evidence yet", "source": "https://www.thelocal.se/20240603/microsoft-to-invest-over-33-billion-kronor-in-ai-tech-in-sweden" } ], "pledgeEvents": [], "pledgeNote": null, "sovereign": [], "neoSites": [ { "company": "CoreWeave (European sites)", "site": "Sweden (leased/licensed data centre space)", "mw": null, "mwKind": "live", "status": "Country listed in 10-K Item 2 Properties; site names/MW not disclosed", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000104/crwv-20251231.htm" }, { "company": "Mistral Compute (Mistral AI)", "site": "Sweden (EcoDataCenter)", "mw": 23, "mwKind": "planned", "status": "announced Feb 2026 for 2027", "source": "https://www.maddyness.com/2026/03/30/mistral-ai-securise-830-millions-de-dollars-en-dette-pour-exploiter-son-premier-centre-de-donnees-en-france/" }, { "company": "Evroc", "site": "Arlandastad (flagship)", "mw": 18, "mwKind": "planned", "status": "target H2 2026; no progress update found", "source": "https://evroc.com/news/evroc-flagship-datacenter-2025/" }, { "company": "Northern Data / Taiga Cloud (now Quake AI, RUM Group)", "site": "Boden (Hydro66 Svenska AB)", "mw": null, "mwKind": "live", "status": "Subsidiary listed in RUM 10-Q", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830081/000121390026087311/ea0301267-10q_rumgroup.htm" } ], "neoHq": [ { "name": "Evroc", "status": "Sovereign cloud live with customers (Swedish Armed Forces 'Combat Cloud', KPMG Sweden, Jun 2026); own data centres planned; partner sites in Paris, Stockholm, Frankfurt" } ] }, "compute": { "role": "AI Factory host", "factories": [ { "name": "MIMER (now 'Sweden AI Factory')", "city": "Linkoping", "status": "contracted", "gpuCount": null, "startDate": null, "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-signs-contract-deploy-new-ai-optimised-supercomputer-sweden-2026-04-21_en" } ], "antenna": null, "bids": [], "top500Best": { "rank": 42, "system": "Arrhenius GPU", "site": "EuroHPC/NAISS (National Academic Infrastructure for Super\u00adcomputing in Sweden)", "rmaxPF": 66.82, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180457" }, "clusters": [ { "name": "Mistral / EcoDataCenter Sweden", "mw": 23, "gpus": null, "status": "announced", "source": "https://www.maddyness.com/2026/03/30/mistral-ai-securise-830-millions-de-dollars-en-dette-pour-exploiter-son-premier-centre-de-donnees-en-france/", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "Brookfield Str\u00e4ngn\u00e4s AI centre", "mw": 750, "gpus": null, "status": "announced", "source": "https://seekingalpha.com/pr/20125772-brookfield-to-advance-ai-infrastructure-in-sweden-through-sek-95-billion-investment", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "evroc Arlandastad", "mw": 18, "gpus": 16000, "status": "announced", "source": "https://evroc.com/news/evroc-flagship-datacenter-2025/", "kind": "reported" } ], "epochSites": [ { "name": "EcoDataCenter 2", "owner": "Mistral AI", "mw": 0.0, "h100e": 0, "chips": null } ] }, "chips": { "fabs": [], "fabsTotal": 0, "startups": [] }, "labs": [], "trade": { "serversEur": 518776632, "serversYoyPct": 435.3, "serversRank": 7, "kitEur": 1163404808, "kitSharePct": 1.1, "kitRank": 10, "netEur": 4324125145, "netRank": 5, "window": [ "2025-08", "2026-07" ] } }, "headline": "Sweden ranks 2nd of 27 European countries for cheapest wholesale power (\u20ac64/MWh, 2025-10 to 2026-09); its weakest is 9th of 16 for most GPU-cluster compute (4,932 H100e, 2025-07). Data centres use about 2.1% of its electricity (Swedish Energy Agency (RISE), 2022, estimate). It hosts 1 EU AI Factory.", "coverage": 18 }, { "slug": "norway", "name": "Norway", "iso2": "NO", "eu": false, "inScorecard": true, "population": { "v": 5610870, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "price": { "v": 0.0502, "p": "2026-S1", "k": "measured", "s": "price", "band": "IG", "r": 1, "n": 26 }, "wholesale": { "v": 84.8, "p": "2025-10 to 2026-09", "k": "measured", "s": "wholesale", "r": 7, "n": 27 }, "carbon": { "v": 28, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 1, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 99.0, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 2, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 99.0, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 2, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 24.61, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 138.1 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "dcShare": { "v": 2.26, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "url": "https://data.elhub.no/download/publications/elhub_analyse_hvordan_bruker_datasentre_strom_202609.pdf", "pub": "Elhub, Statnett's national metering datahub", "basis": "metered consumption at metering points under industry code 63.100 (data processing and hosting), as a share of total Norwegian consumption including grid losses", "r": 9, "n": 15 }, "aiEnterprise": { "v": 28.9, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiEnt", "series": { "2021": 10.8, "2023": 9.2, "2024": 20.8, "2025": 28.9 }, "r": 8, "n": 28 }, "genAI": { "v": 56.3, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiInd", "work": 35.4, "private": 47.3, "education": 14.2, "r": 1, "n": 29 }, "top500": { "v": 41.5, "p": "2026/06", "k": "measured", "s": "top500", "systems": 8, "sharePct": 0.22, "r": 14, "n": 24 }, "top500PerM": { "v": 7.4, "p": "2026/06", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 11, "n": 24 }, "gpu": { "v": 20480, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "epoch", "sharePct": 1.3, "r": 2, "n": 16 }, "gpuPerM": { "v": 3650, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 2, "n": 16 }, "pledgesEurBn": { "v": 6.1, "p": "current pledges", "k": "reported", "s": null, "count": 2, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 0.0 }, "gridQueueGW": { "v": 9.8, "p": "2025-05-08", "k": "reported", "url": "https://www.stortinget.no/globalassets/pdf/dokumentserien/2024-2025/dok15-202425-2086-vedlegg.pdf", "pub": "Statnett (TSO)", "expectedGW": null, "label": "9.8 GW requested (data centres; Statnett (TSO))" } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 8.4, "solar": 0.3, "hydro": 90.0, "nuclear": 0.0, "gas": 0.6, "coal": 0.0, "bioenergy": 0.1, "otherRenewables": 0.1, "otherFossil": 0.4 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 138.1, "generationTWh": 160.9, "netImportsTWh": -22.8, "priceSeries": [ { "p": "2022-S2", "v": 0.0638 }, { "p": "2023-S1", "v": 0.0515 }, { "p": "2023-S2", "v": 0.0424 }, { "p": "2024-S1", "v": 0.0451 }, { "p": "2024-S2", "v": 0.0377 }, { "p": "2025-S1", "v": 0.0394 }, { "p": "2025-S2", "v": 0.0408 }, { "p": "2026-S1", "v": 0.0502 } ], "leviesSharePct": 0.0, "wholesaleRank": 21, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": { "pct": 2.26, "year": 2025, "twh": 3.14, "basis": "metered consumption at metering points under industry code 63.100 (data processing and hosting), as a share of total Norwegian consumption including grid losses", "publisher": "Elhub, Statnett's national metering datahub", "source": "https://data.elhub.no/download/publications/elhub_analyse_hvordan_bruker_datasentre_strom_202609.pdf", "kind": "measured", "note": "Series: 0.82 TWh (2022), 1.36 (2023), 1.97 (2024), 3.14 (2025). Includes crypto miners registered under the code; the code can also miss data centres. NVE's method note (Aug 2026) cites 3.3 TWh from Elhub for 2025. Replaces the industry figure of about 1% of 2023 production (via Ember)." }, "eed": null, "forecasts": [], "queue": { "requestedGW": 9.8, "expectedGW": null, "requestedLabel": "9.8 GW requested (data centres; Statnett (TSO))", "asOf": "2025-05-08", "publisher": "Statnett (TSO)", "source": "https://www.stortinget.no/globalassets/pdf/dokumentserien/2024-2025/dok15-202425-2086-vedlegg.pdf", "kind": "reported" }, "queueRows": [ { "operator": "Statnett (TSO)", "stage": "reserved", "requestedMW": 9829, "requestedNote": null, "asAt": "2025-05-08", "source": "https://www.stortinget.no/globalassets/pdf/dokumentserien/2024-2025/dok15-202425-2086-vedlegg.pdf", "kind": "reported" }, { "operator": "Statnett (via Argus)", "stage": "reserved", "requestedMW": null, "requestedNote": null, "asAt": "2026-03", "source": "https://www.argusmedia.com/news-and-insights/latest-market-news/2806298-nordic-data-centres-to-support-power-demand-growth", "kind": "reported" } ], "restrictions": [ { "title": "Data-centre registration duty (ekomloven \u00a73-7)", "measureType": "registration", "status": "active", "start": "2025-01-01", "source": "https://nkom.no/datasenter/registreringsplikt" }, { "title": "Storting push for ban on crypto-mining data centres", "measureType": "moratorium", "status": "proposed", "start": "2026-02-24", "source": "https://www.stortinget.no/no/Saker-og-publikasjoner/Publikasjoner/Innstillinger/Stortinget/2025-2026/inns-202526-140s/?all=true" } ], "rules": [ { "rule": "Data centres pay the general electricity tax (reduced rate withdrawn)", "category": "tax condition", "status": "in force", "inForce": "2023", "source": "https://www.ibfd.org/sites/default/files/2025-08/27082025-european-direct-taxation-of-ai-data-mining-centers-or-the-lack-thereof.pdf", "hard": false }, { "rule": "Data centre registration duty", "category": "reporting", "status": "in force", "inForce": "2025-01", "source": "https://nkom.no/datasenter/registreringsplikt", "hard": false }, { "rule": "Stricter surplus heat requirements for data centres (Energy Act)", "category": "heat reuse", "status": "draft", "inForce": "not set", "source": "https://www.stortinget.no/no/Saker-og-publikasjoner/Publikasjoner/Innstillinger/Stortinget/2025-2026/inns-202526-140s/?all=true", "hard": false } ], "rulesTier": "reporting and incentives only", "euRules": 0 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [ { "company": "Google", "amount": "\u20ac600m", "eurBn": 0.6, "date": "2024-02-13", "status": "under construction", "tier": "building", "source": "https://itpro.com/infrastructure/data-centres/google-breaks-ground-on-its-first-norwegian-data-center-as-tech-giant-targets-99-carbon-free-operations" }, { "company": "Microsoft", "amount": "~$6.2bn (5-year compute contract)", "eurBn": 5.53, "date": "2025-09-17", "status": "unknown", "tier": "no evidence yet", "source": "https://news.microsoft.com/source/emea/features/the-port-town-in-norway-emerging-as-an-ai-hub/" } ], "pledgeEvents": [], "pledgeNote": null, "sovereign": [], "neoSites": [ { "company": "Nscale", "site": "S-1 site 2 colocation", "mw": 6, "mwKind": "live", "status": "active", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm" }, { "company": "Nscale", "site": "S-1 site 3 colocation", "mw": 5, "mwKind": "live", "status": "active", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm" }, { "company": "Nscale", "site": "S-1 site 5 owned", "mw": 25, "mwKind": "live", "status": "active", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm" }, { "company": "Nscale", "site": "S-1 site 6 colocation", "mw": 9, "mwKind": "contracted", "status": "contracted", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm" }, { "company": "Nscale", "site": "S-1 site 15 owned", "mw": 100, "mwKind": "contracted", "status": "contracted", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm" }, { "company": "Nscale", "site": "S-1 site 16 owned", "mw": 100, "mwKind": "contracted", "status": "contracted", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm" }, { "company": "CoreWeave (European sites)", "site": "Norway (leased/licensed data centre space)", "mw": null, "mwKind": "live", "status": "Country listed in 10-K Item 2 Properties; site names/MW not disclosed", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000104/crwv-20251231.htm" }, { "company": "Polarise", "site": "AI Hub ONE Oslo", "mw": null, "mwKind": "live", "status": "Listed AI factory; status not detailed", "source": "https://www.polarise.eu/" }, { "company": "Northern Data / Taiga Cloud (now Quake AI, RUM Group)", "site": "Norway (Northern Data NOR AS / ND Real Estate)", "mw": null, "mwKind": "live", "status": "Subsidiaries listed in RUM 10-Q", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830081/000121390026087311/ea0301267-10q_rumgroup.htm" } ], "neoHq": [] }, "compute": { "role": "LUMI AI Factory partner", "factories": [], "antenna": null, "bids": [], "top500Best": null, "clusters": [ { "name": "Stargate Norway / Aker-Nscale Narvik campus", "mw": 230, "gpus": 52000, "status": "under construction", "source": "https://www.nscale.com/press-releases/nscale-microsoft-2025", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "Microsoft-Nscale Narvik Rubin expansion", "mw": null, "gpus": 30000, "status": "announced", "source": "https://amcham.no/microsoft-contracts-30000-gpus-from-nscale-at-norway-data-center-as-openai-drops-out-of-latest-stargate/", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "Cerebras Europe expansion", "mw": 200, "gpus": null, "status": "announced", "source": "https://w.media/cerebras-plans-to-expand-european-data-center-footprint-to-200-mw/", "kind": "reported" } ], "epochSites": [ { "name": "CoreWeave Norway", "owner": "CoreWeave", "mw": 42.0, "h100e": 50773, "chips": "B200" }, { "name": "Microsoft Narvik Norway", "owner": "Nscale", "mw": 0.0, "h100e": 0, "chips": null } ] }, "chips": { "fabs": [], "fabsTotal": 0, "startups": [] }, "labs": [], "trade": null }, "headline": "Norway ranks 1st of 31 European countries for lowest-carbon grid (28 gCO2e/kWh, 2025); its weakest is 14th of 24 for most TOP500 supercomputing power (41.5 PF, 2026/06). Data centres use about 2.26% of its electricity (Elhub, 2025). It is not an EU member, so it cannot host an EU AI Factory (role: LUMI AI Factory partner).", "coverage": 15 }, { "slug": "denmark", "name": "Denmark", "iso2": "DK", "eu": true, "inScorecard": true, "population": { "v": 6009169, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "price": { "v": 0.1246, "p": "2026-S1", "k": "measured", "s": "price", "band": "IG", "r": 14, "n": 26 }, "wholesale": { "v": 102.1, "p": "2025-10 to 2026-09", "k": "measured", "s": "wholesale", "r": 11, "n": 27 }, "carbon": { "v": 100, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 8, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 94.2, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 7, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 94.2, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 3, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 6.97, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 41.9 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "dcShare": { "v": 2.8, "p": "2024", "k": "estimate", "url": "https://www.kefm.dk/Media/639189372477417134/Klimastatus%20og%20-fremskrivning%202026%20-%20Del%201.pdf", "pub": "Danish Energy Agency, Klimastatus og -fremskrivning 2026 (consultation draft)", "basis": "share of total consumption including grid losses: about 1.1 TWh \u00f7 40 TWh (both Danish Energy Agency, 2024 base of its projection); our arithmetic, 2.75%", "r": 7, "n": 15 }, "aiEnterprise": { "v": 42.0, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiEnt", "series": { "2021": 23.9, "2023": 15.2, "2024": 27.6, "2025": 42.0 }, "r": 1, "n": 28 }, "genAI": { "v": 48.4, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiInd", "work": 27.2, "private": 34.8, "education": 17.9, "r": 2, "n": 29 }, "top500": { "v": 66.6, "p": "2026/06", "k": "measured", "s": "top500", "systems": 1, "sharePct": 0.36, "r": 12, "n": 24 }, "top500PerM": { "v": 11.08, "p": "2026/06", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 9, "n": 24 }, "gpu": { "v": 3032, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "epoch", "sharePct": 0.19, "r": 11, "n": 16 }, "gpuPerM": { "v": 505, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 5, "n": 16 }, "aiFactories": { "v": 0, "p": "2024-12 to 2025-10", "k": "measured", "s": "eurohpc" }, "serverImports": { "v": 0.4, "p": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "k": "measured", "s": "comext", "eur": 113235211, "r": 13, "n": 27 }, "eedItMW": { "v": 319.0, "p": "2025", "k": "reported", "s": "eed", "sites": 26, "estimatedSites": 58, "pue": 1.17 }, "pledgesEurBn": { "v": 2.7, "p": "current pledges", "k": "reported", "s": null, "count": 1, "visibleEurBn": 2.7, "stalledEurBn": 0.0 }, "gridQueueGW": { "v": 17.0, "p": "2026-01-31", "k": "reported", "url": "https://ing.dk/artikel/data-centres-desperate-electricity-how-much-capacity-they-need-energinet", "pub": "Energinet (TSO)", "expectedGW": null, "label": "17.0 GW requested (data centres; Energinet (TSO))" } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 58.8, "solar": 13.2, "hydro": 0.1, "nuclear": 0.0, "gas": 0.3, "coal": 0.5, "bioenergy": 22.1, "otherRenewables": 0.0, "otherFossil": 5.0 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 41.9, "generationTWh": 34.5, "netImportsTWh": 7.4, "priceSeries": [ { "p": "2022-S2", "v": 0.2554 }, { "p": "2023-S1", "v": 0.1146 }, { "p": "2023-S2", "v": 0.1062 }, { "p": "2024-S1", "v": 0.098 }, { "p": "2024-S2", "v": 0.1136 }, { "p": "2025-S1", "v": 0.117 }, { "p": "2025-S2", "v": 0.1115 }, { "p": "2026-S1", "v": 0.1246 } ], "leviesSharePct": 0.9, "wholesaleRank": 17, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": { "pct": 2.8, "year": 2024, "twh": 1.1, "basis": "share of total consumption including grid losses: about 1.1 TWh \u00f7 40 TWh (both Danish Energy Agency, 2024 base of its projection); our arithmetic, 2.75%", "publisher": "Danish Energy Agency, Klimastatus og -fremskrivning 2026 (consultation draft)", "source": "https://www.kefm.dk/Media/639189372477417134/Klimastatus%20og%20-fremskrivning%202026%20-%20Del%201.pdf", "kind": "estimate", "note": "The 1.1 TWh is not explicitly dated; the section compares 2024 with 2030 (4.6 TWh). The agency's KF26 assumptions note says data centres rose from about 0% to about 3% of Danish use in five years. An industry report's '7% in 2024' is not found in any agency source. Statistics Denmark publishes no series." }, "eed": { "value": 319.0, "period": "2025", "sites": 26, "pue": 1.17, "estimatedSites": 58, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "forecasts": [], "queue": { "requestedGW": 17.0, "expectedGW": null, "requestedLabel": "17.0 GW requested (data centres; Energinet (TSO))", "asOf": "2026-01-31", "publisher": "Energinet (TSO)", "source": "https://ing.dk/artikel/data-centres-desperate-electricity-how-much-capacity-they-need-energinet", "kind": "reported" }, "queueRows": [ { "operator": "Energinet (TSO)", "stage": "requested", "requestedMW": 17000, "requestedNote": "14 GW transmission + 3 GW distribution", "asAt": "2026-01-31", "source": "https://ing.dk/artikel/data-centres-desperate-electricity-how-much-capacity-they-need-energinet", "kind": "reported" }, { "operator": "Energinet (TSO)", "stage": "requested", "requestedMW": 60000, "requestedNote": null, "asAt": "2026-03-05", "source": "https://ing.dk/artikel/electrical-grid-reaching-its-limits-energinet-puts-all-new-connections-hold", "kind": "reported" } ], "restrictions": [ { "title": "Energinet pause on new grid connection agreements", "measureType": "grid pause", "status": "ongoing", "start": "2026-03-02", "source": "https://ing.dk/artikel/electrical-grid-reaching-its-limits-energinet-puts-all-new-connections-hold" }, { "title": "Emergency grid-access law (data centres in the lowest priority tier)", "measureType": "connection rule", "status": "active", "start": "2026-10-12", "source": "https://bebeez.eu/2026/10/07/danish-parliament-adopts-emergency-plan-for-electricity-grid-puts-data-centers-at-the-back-of-queue/" } ], "rules": [ { "rule": "Surplus-heat price cap abolished (cost-based pricing instead)", "category": "heat reuse", "status": "in force", "inForce": "2025-07-01", "source": "https://ens.dk/ansvarsomraader/varme/overskudsvarme", "hard": false }, { "rule": "Surplus heat cost-benefit analysis for data centres >1 MW", "category": "heat reuse", "status": "in force", "inForce": "2025-10-11", "source": "https://ens.dk/ansvarsomraader/varme/overskudsvarme", "hard": false } ], "rulesTier": "reporting and incentives only", "euRules": 7 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [ { "company": "Microsoft", "amount": "$3bn (2023-2027); West Denmark region 'multi-billion', undisclosed", "eurBn": 2.68, "date": "2025-12-12", "status": "partly live", "tier": "visible", "source": "https://news.microsoft.com/source/emea/features/accelerating-europes-digital-future-microsoft-announces-plans-for-a-new-datacenter-region-in-west-denmark" } ], "pledgeEvents": [], "pledgeNote": null, "sovereign": [], "neoSites": [], "neoHq": [] }, "compute": { "role": "LUMI AI Factory partner", "factories": [], "antenna": null, "bids": [], "top500Best": { "rank": 43, "system": "Gefion", "site": "Danish Centre for AI Innovation", "rmaxPF": 66.59, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180299" }, "clusters": [], "epochSites": [] }, "chips": { "fabs": [], "fabsTotal": 0, "startups": [] }, "labs": [], "trade": { "serversEur": 113235211, "serversYoyPct": 25.1, "serversRank": 13, "kitEur": 535662436, "kitSharePct": 0.5, "kitRank": 13, "netEur": 769548117, "netRank": 13, "window": [ "2025-08", "2026-07" ] } }, "headline": "Denmark ranks 1st of 28 European countries for highest share of businesses using AI (42.0%, 2025); its weakest is 11th of 16 for most GPU-cluster compute (3,032 H100e, 2025-07). Data centres use about 2.8% of its electricity (Danish Energy Agency, 2024, estimate). It hosts no EU AI Factory (role: LUMI AI Factory partner).", "coverage": 18 }, { "slug": "finland", "name": "Finland", "iso2": "FI", "eu": true, "inScorecard": true, "population": { "v": 5646436, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "price": { "v": 0.0793, "p": "2026-S1", "k": "measured", "s": "price", "band": "IF", "r": 5, "n": 26 }, "wholesale": { "v": 56.4, "p": "2025-10 to 2026-09", "k": "measured", "s": "wholesale", "r": 1, "n": 27 }, "carbon": { "v": 57, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 6, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 96.4, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 5, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 56.5, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 14, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 15.55, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 87.8 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "dcShare": { "v": 1.9, "p": "2024", "k": "estimate", "url": "https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/bitstreams/908eb6e7-d2c0-4592-99bc-196998db717b/download", "pub": "Finnish Government, national data-centre roadmap (rapporteur's report 2025:94)", "basis": "share of total consumption: about 1.6 TWh (government roadmap, 'just under 2%') \u00f7 82.7 TWh (Statistics Finland 2024); our arithmetic", "r": 12, "n": 15 }, "aiEnterprise": { "v": 37.8, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiEnt", "series": { "2021": 15.8, "2023": 15.1, "2024": 24.4, "2025": 37.8 }, "r": 2, "n": 28 }, "genAI": { "v": 46.3, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiInd", "work": 25.1, "private": 30.3, "education": 11.4, "r": 6, "n": 29 }, "top500": { "v": 424.6, "p": "2026/06", "k": "measured", "s": "top500", "systems": 5, "sharePct": 2.27, "r": 5, "n": 24 }, "top500PerM": { "v": 75.2, "p": "2026/06", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 1, "n": 24 }, "gpu": { "v": 11846, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "epoch", "sharePct": 0.75, "r": 5, "n": 16 }, "gpuPerM": { "v": 2098, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 3, "n": 16 }, "aiFactories": { "v": 1, "p": "2024-12 to 2025-10", "k": "measured", "s": "eurohpc", "r": 4, "n": 16 }, "serverImports": { "v": 3.0, "p": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "k": "measured", "s": "comext", "eur": 892691291, "r": 6, "n": 27 }, "eedItMW": { "v": 307.0, "p": "2024", "k": "reported", "s": "eed", "sites": 28, "estimatedSites": 72, "pue": 1.16 }, "pledgesEurBn": { "v": 14.0, "p": "current pledges", "k": "reported", "s": null, "count": 2, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 13.0 }, "gridQueueGW": { "v": 3.0, "p": "2026-06-30", "k": "reported", "url": "https://www.fingrid.fi/en/news/news/2026/fingrid-groups-half-year-report-1.1.30.6.2026/", "pub": "Fingrid (TSO)", "expectedGW": null, "label": "3.0 GW contracted (data centres; Fingrid (TSO))" } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 27.4, "solar": 1.2, "hydro": 15.2, "nuclear": 39.9, "gas": 1.1, "coal": 0.2, "bioenergy": 12.6, "otherRenewables": 0.1, "otherFossil": 2.3 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 87.8, "generationTWh": 82.2, "netImportsTWh": 5.6, "priceSeries": [ { "p": "2021-S1", "v": 0.053 }, { "p": "2021-S2", "v": 0.0843 }, { "p": "2022-S1", "v": 0.0875 }, { "p": "2022-S2", "v": 0.143 } ], "leviesSharePct": 1.4, "wholesaleRank": 27, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": { "pct": 1.9, "year": 2024, "twh": 1.6, "basis": "share of total consumption: about 1.6 TWh (government roadmap, 'just under 2%') \u00f7 82.7 TWh (Statistics Finland 2024); our arithmetic", "publisher": "Finnish Government, national data-centre roadmap (rapporteur's report 2025:94)", "source": "https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/bitstreams/908eb6e7-d2c0-4592-99bc-196998db717b/download", "kind": "estimate", "note": "Uncited in the report; probably from the industry body (FDCA). Finnish Energy says exact figures are not available ('about 2%'). No official metered statistic." }, "eed": { "value": 307.0, "period": "2024", "sites": 28, "pue": 1.16, "estimatedSites": 72, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "forecasts": [], "queue": { "requestedGW": 3.0, "expectedGW": null, "requestedLabel": "3.0 GW contracted (data centres; Fingrid (TSO))", "asOf": "2026-06-30", "publisher": "Fingrid (TSO)", "source": "https://www.fingrid.fi/en/news/news/2026/fingrid-groups-half-year-report-1.1.30.6.2026/", "kind": "reported" }, "queueRows": [ { "operator": "Fingrid (TSO)", "stage": "contracted", "requestedMW": null, "requestedNote": null, "asAt": "2026-06-30", "source": "https://www.fingrid.fi/en/news/news/2026/fingrid-groups-half-year-report-1.1.30.6.2026/", "kind": "reported" } ], "restrictions": [ { "title": "Data centres moved to the general electricity tax class", "measureType": "tax", "status": "proposed", "start": "2026-07-01", "source": "https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/-/government-safeguards-finland-s-competitiveness-in-attracting-data-centre-investments" } ], "rules": [ { "rule": "Data centres moved from electricity tax class II to class I", "category": "tax condition", "status": "proposed", "inForce": "2026-07-01", "source": "https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/-/government-safeguards-finland-s-competitiveness-in-attracting-data-centre-investments", "hard": false } ], "rulesTier": "proposals only", "euRules": 7 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [ { "company": "Google", "amount": "\u20ac1bn", "eurBn": 1.0, "date": "2024-05-20", "status": "unknown", "tier": "no evidence yet", "source": "https://businessfinland.fi/en/News/news/2024/google-announced-an-expansion-of-its-hamina-data-center" }, { "company": "Google", "amount": "at least \u20ac13bn", "eurBn": 13.0, "date": "2026-09-09", "status": "paused", "tier": "stalled", "source": "https://www.euronews.com/2026/09/09/google-to-invest-13bn-in-finnish-ai-data-centres-its-biggest-european-push-yet" } ], "pledgeEvents": [], "pledgeNote": null, "sovereign": [], "neoSites": [ { "company": "Nebius", "site": "Lappeenranta", "mw": 310, "mwKind": "under construction", "status": "first capacity 2027", "source": "https://nebius.com/newsroom/nebius-to-construct-310-mw-ai-factory-in-finland" }, { "company": "Nebius", "site": "M\u00e4nts\u00e4l\u00e4", "mw": 75, "mwKind": "live", "status": "expansion to 75 MW completed 2026", "source": "https://nebius.com/newsroom/nebius-to-construct-310-mw-ai-factory-in-finland" }, { "company": "Nebius", "site": "Finland, additional site (unnamed)", "mw": null, "mwKind": "contracted", "status": "Added to contracted footprint in Q2 2026", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926094568/tm2622968d1_ex99-2.htm" }, { "company": "Sesterce", "site": "Jamsa (Kaipola paper mill)", "mw": 200, "mwKind": "planned", "status": "First phase 200 MW; planned investment >EUR 10bn", "source": "https://www.sesterce.com/newsroom/sesterce-plans-ai-campus-kaipola-jamsa-finland" } ], "neoHq": [ { "name": "Verda (formerly DataCrunch)", "status": "Raised $189m (EUR 163m) Series B led by Emergence Capital (22 Sep 2026); total funding >$450m; offers GB300 NVL72, B300, B200, H200" } ] }, "compute": { "role": "AI Factory host", "factories": [ { "name": "LUMI AI Factory", "city": "Kajaani", "status": "contracted", "gpuCount": null, "startDate": "2027", "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-signs-contract-deploy-lumi-ai-supercomputer-2026-08-31_en" } ], "antenna": null, "bids": [], "top500Best": { "rank": 11, "system": "LUMI", "site": "EuroHPC/CSC", "rmaxPF": 379.7, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180048" }, "clusters": [ { "name": "Nebius Lappeenranta AI factory", "mw": 310, "gpus": null, "status": "under construction", "source": "https://nebius.com/newsroom/nebius-to-construct-310-mw-ai-factory-in-finland", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "Nebius M\u00e4nts\u00e4l\u00e4", "mw": 75, "gpus": null, "status": "operating", "source": "https://nebius.com/newsroom/nebius-to-construct-310-mw-ai-factory-in-finland", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "Google Finland expansion", "mw": null, "gpus": null, "status": "announced", "source": "https://euronews.com/business/2026/09/09/google-to-invest-13bn-in-finnish-ai-data-centres-its-biggest-european-push-yet", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "Sesterce J\u00e4ms\u00e4 AI campus", "mw": 200, "gpus": null, "status": "announced", "source": "https://thenextweb.com/news/sesterce-10b-ai-data-centre-finland-jamsa", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "Cerebras Europe expansion", "mw": 200, "gpus": null, "status": "announced", "source": "https://w.media/cerebras-plans-to-expand-european-data-center-footprint-to-200-mw/", "kind": "reported" } ], "epochSites": [ { "name": "Nebius Mantsala", "owner": "Nebius", "mw": 75.0, "h100e": 48528, "chips": "H100,B300,H200" } ] }, "chips": { "fabs": [], "fabsTotal": 0, "startups": [] }, "labs": [], "trade": { "serversEur": 892691291, "serversYoyPct": 516.6, "serversRank": 6, "kitEur": 1159026474, "kitSharePct": 1.1, "kitRank": 11, "netEur": 2916568221, "netRank": 9, "window": [ "2025-08", "2026-07" ] } }, "headline": "Finland ranks 1st of 27 European countries for cheapest wholesale power (\u20ac56/MWh, 2025-10 to 2026-09); its weakest is 5th of 16 for most GPU-cluster compute (11,846 H100e, 2025-07). Data centres use about 1.9% of its electricity (Finnish Government, 2024, estimate). It hosts 1 EU AI Factory.", "coverage": 18 }, { "slug": "belgium", "name": "Belgium", "iso2": "BE", "eu": true, "inScorecard": true, "population": { "v": 11941781, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "price": { "v": 0.1014, "p": "2026-S1", "k": "measured", "s": "price", "band": "IG", "r": 8, "n": 26 }, "wholesale": { "v": 101.1, "p": "2025-10 to 2026-09", "k": "measured", "s": "wholesale", "r": 10, "n": 27 }, "carbon": { "v": 151, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 14, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 72.1, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 18, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 38.6, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 23, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 7.16, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 85.5 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "dcShare": { "v": 4, "p": "2024", "k": "estimate", "url": "https://www.brusselstimes.com/1605432/by-2035-data-centres-could-consume-10-of-belgian-electricity", "pub": "BCG, Belgium: the power of compute (via The Brussels Times)", "basis": "share of national electricity consumption (BCG estimate; year read from 'last year' in a May 2025 report)", "r": 3, "n": 15 }, "aiEnterprise": { "v": 34.5, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiEnt", "series": { "2021": 10.3, "2023": 13.8, "2024": 24.7, "2025": 34.5 }, "r": 4, "n": 28 }, "genAI": { "v": 42.0, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiInd", "work": 20.8, "private": 33.5, "education": 10.3, "r": 12, "n": 29 }, "top500": { "v": 11.0, "p": "2026/06", "k": "measured", "s": "top500", "systems": 2, "sharePct": 0.06, "r": 17, "n": 24 }, "top500PerM": { "v": 0.92, "p": "2026/06", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 21, "n": 24 }, "aiFactories": { "v": 0, "p": "2024-12 to 2025-10", "k": "measured", "s": "eurohpc" }, "serverImports": { "v": 1.2, "p": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "k": "measured", "s": "comext", "eur": 356616457, "r": 9, "n": 27 }, "eedItMW": { "v": 341.0, "p": "2025", "k": "reported", "s": "eed", "sites": 19, "estimatedSites": 48, "pue": 1.14 }, "pledgesEurBn": { "v": 5.0, "p": "current pledges", "k": "reported", "s": null, "count": 1, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 0.0 }, "chipsAidEurM": { "v": 1400, "p": "approved to date", "k": "reported", "s": null, "projects": 1 } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 18.6, "solar": 14.5, "hydro": 0.4, "nuclear": 33.5, "gas": 20.8, "coal": 0.0, "bioenergy": 5.1, "otherRenewables": 0.0, "otherFossil": 7.1 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 85.5, "generationTWh": 72.1, "netImportsTWh": 13.4, "priceSeries": [ { "p": "2022-S2", "v": 0.2251 }, { "p": "2023-S1", "v": 0.1392 }, { "p": "2023-S2", "v": 0.1046 }, { "p": "2024-S1", "v": 0.0778 }, { "p": "2024-S2", "v": 0.0894 }, { "p": "2025-S1", "v": 0.0982 }, { "p": "2025-S2", "v": 0.092 }, { "p": "2026-S1", "v": 0.1014 } ], "leviesSharePct": 6.8, "wholesaleRank": 18, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": { "pct": 4, "year": 2024, "twh": 3.2, "basis": "share of national electricity consumption (BCG estimate; year read from 'last year' in a May 2025 report)", "publisher": "BCG, Belgium: the power of compute (via The Brussels Times)", "source": "https://www.brusselstimes.com/1605432/by-2035-data-centres-could-consume-10-of-belgian-electricity", "kind": "estimate", "note": "BCG's own page: https://www.bcg.com/publications/2025/belgium-the-power-of-compute-the-effects-of-data-center-growth-on-belgiums-energy-system ('could rise from 3 TWh today'). No Statbel or Elia figure. Year inferred." }, "eed": { "value": 341.0, "period": "2025", "sites": 19, "pue": 1.14, "estimatedSites": 48, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "forecasts": [], "queue": null, "queueRows": [ { "operator": "Elia (TSO)", "stage": "requested", "requestedMW": null, "requestedNote": null, "asAt": null, "source": "https://www.silicon.co.uk/cloud/ai/belgium-power-ai-627144", "kind": "reported" } ], "restrictions": [ { "title": "Elia data-centre category with maximum allocation", "measureType": "connection rule", "status": "active", "start": "2025-09-05", "source": "https://www.mondaq.com/climate-change/1773772/navigating-the-legal-framework-for-data-centre-development-in-belgium" }, { "title": "CREG connection code amendments (use it or lose it)", "measureType": "connection rule", "status": "active", "start": "2026-01-29", "source": "https://www.mondaq.com/climate-change/1773772/navigating-the-legal-framework-for-data-centre-development-in-belgium" } ], "rules": [], "rulesTier": null, "euRules": 7 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [ { "company": "Google", "amount": "\u20ac5bn", "eurBn": 5.0, "date": "2025-10-08", "status": "unknown", "tier": "no evidence yet", "source": "https://www.googlecloudpresscorner.com/2025-10-07-Google-Announces-New-EUR5-Billion-AI-Infrastructure-Investment-in-Belgium-through-2027" } ], "pledgeEvents": [], "pledgeNote": null, "sovereign": [ { "offer": "Clarence (Google Cloud Dedicated partner, Belgium/Luxembourg)", "hq": "EU", "status": "announced", "source": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/identity-security/google-advances-sovereignty-choice-and-security-in-the-cloud/" } ], "neoSites": [], "neoHq": [] }, "compute": { "role": "Antenna", "factories": [], "antenna": { "name": "BE-AIFA", "status": "selected", "linkedFactories": [ "LUMI AI Factory", "JAIF" ], "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-ai-factory-antennas-broaden-ai-factories-initiative-2025-10-13_en" }, "bids": [], "top500Best": null, "clusters": [], "epochSites": [] }, "chips": { "fabs": [ { "project": "NanoIC pilot line", "company": "imec (Chips JU)", "category": "pilot line", "aidEurM": 1400, "investmentEurM": 2500, "status": "operating", "source": "https://www.hpcwire.com/aiwire/2026/02/09/eu-invests-e700m-in-newly-opened-nanoic-europes-largest-chips-act-pilot-line/" } ], "fabsTotal": 1, "startups": [ { "company": "Vertical Compute", "hq": "Louvain-la-Neuve", "fundingUsdM": 21.6, "status": "pre-silicon", "source": "https://eejournal.com/industry_news/vertical-compute-a-new-imec-spin-off-raises-e20-million-to-revolutionize-the-future-of-ai-computing" } ] }, "labs": [], "trade": { "serversEur": 356616457, "serversYoyPct": 7.2, "serversRank": 10, "kitEur": 1050216905, "kitSharePct": 1.0, "kitRank": 12, "netEur": 1292985761, "netRank": 11, "window": [ "2025-08", "2026-07" ] } }, "headline": "Belgium ranks 4th of 28 European countries for highest share of businesses using AI (34.5%, 2025); its weakest is 17th of 24 for most TOP500 supercomputing power (11.0 PF, 2026/06). Data centres use about 4% of its electricity (BCG, 2024, estimate). It hosts no EU AI Factory (role: Antenna).", "coverage": 16 }, { "slug": "poland", "name": "Poland", "iso2": "PL", "eu": true, "inScorecard": true, "population": { "v": 36435861, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "price": { "v": 0.1844, "p": "2026-S1", "k": "measured", "s": "price", "band": "IG", "r": 25, "n": 26 }, "wholesale": { "v": 117.1, "p": "2025-10 to 2026-09", "k": "measured", "s": "wholesale", "r": 18, "n": 27 }, "carbon": { "v": 591, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 31, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 31.2, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 29, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 31.2, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 26, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 4.77, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 173.7 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "dcShare": { "v": 1, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "url": "https://wbj.pl/pses-network-development-plan-important-reference-about-data-center-growth-potential-in-poland/post/148794", "pub": "Warsaw Business Journal (article on the Polish Data Center Association and PSE's plan)", "basis": "share of national consumption: 1.7-1.8 TWh from about 200 MW installed, against about 175 TWh ('roughly 1%'); unattributed estimate", "r": 14, "n": 15 }, "aiEnterprise": { "v": 8.4, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiEnt", "series": { "2021": 2.9, "2023": 3.7, "2024": 5.9, "2025": 8.4 }, "r": 27, "n": 28 }, "genAI": { "v": 22.7, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiInd", "work": 8.4, "private": 19.1, "education": 4.6, "r": 26, "n": 29 }, "top500": { "v": 71.9, "p": "2026/06", "k": "measured", "s": "top500", "systems": 8, "sharePct": 0.38, "r": 11, "n": 24 }, "top500PerM": { "v": 1.97, "p": "2026/06", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 18, "n": 24 }, "gpu": { "v": 1237, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "epoch", "sharePct": 0.08, "r": 12, "n": 16 }, "gpuPerM": { "v": 34, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 15, "n": 16 }, "aiFactories": { "v": 2, "p": "2024-12 to 2025-10", "k": "measured", "s": "eurohpc", "r": 1, "n": 16 }, "serverImports": { "v": 0.5, "p": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "k": "measured", "s": "comext", "eur": 157091856, "r": 12, "n": 27 }, "eedItMW": { "v": 124.0, "p": "2025", "k": "reported", "s": "eed", "sites": 44, "estimatedSites": 87, "pue": 1.39 }, "pledgesEurBn": { "v": 0.6, "p": "current pledges", "k": "reported", "s": null, "count": 1, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 0.0 } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 13.9, "solar": 11.3, "hydro": 1.0, "nuclear": 0.0, "gas": 14.4, "coal": 50.6, "bioenergy": 4.9, "otherRenewables": 0.2, "otherFossil": 3.9 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 173.7, "generationTWh": 172.7, "netImportsTWh": 0.9, "priceSeries": [ { "p": "2022-S2", "v": 0.177 }, { "p": "2023-S1", "v": 0.2166 }, { "p": "2023-S2", "v": 0.1997 }, { "p": "2024-S1", "v": 0.1612 }, { "p": "2024-S2", "v": 0.1856 }, { "p": "2025-S1", "v": 0.1707 }, { "p": "2025-S2", "v": 0.1716 }, { "p": "2026-S1", "v": 0.1844 } ], "leviesSharePct": 37.8, "wholesaleRank": 10, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": { "pct": 1, "year": 2025, "twh": 1.75, "basis": "share of national consumption: 1.7-1.8 TWh from about 200 MW installed, against about 175 TWh ('roughly 1%'); unattributed estimate", "publisher": "Warsaw Business Journal (article on the Polish Data Center Association and PSE's plan)", "source": "https://wbj.pl/pses-network-development-plan-important-reference-about-data-center-growth-potential-in-poland/post/148794", "kind": "estimate", "note": "Weak: the press gives no named author for the estimate (same figures in itwiz.pl, 10 Feb 2026). Year is 'currently', read as 2025. EU reporting covers 277 GWh from 36 of 87 sites (a floor)." }, "eed": { "value": 124.0, "period": "2025", "sites": 44, "pue": 1.39, "estimatedSites": 87, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "forecasts": [], "queue": null, "queueRows": [], "restrictions": [], "rules": [], "rulesTier": null, "euRules": 7 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [ { "company": "Microsoft", "amount": "PLN 2.8bn", "eurBn": 0.64, "date": "2025-02-17", "status": "unknown", "tier": "no evidence yet", "source": "https://news.microsoft.com/pl-pl/2025/02/17/microsoft-announces-a-pln-2-8-billion-investment-in-cloud-and-ai-infrastructure-skilling-and-cybersecurity-in-poland/" } ], "pledgeEvents": [], "pledgeNote": null, "sovereign": [], "neoSites": [], "neoHq": [] }, "compute": { "role": "AI Factory host", "factories": [ { "name": "PIAST AI Factory", "city": "Poznan", "status": "selected", "gpuCount": null, "startDate": null, "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/ai-factories/poland_en" }, { "name": "Gaia AI Factory", "city": "Krakow", "status": "selected", "gpuCount": null, "startDate": null, "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/poland-gaia-ai-factory_en" } ], "antenna": null, "bids": [], "top500Best": null, "clusters": [], "epochSites": [] }, "chips": { "fabs": [ { "project": "Assembly and test plant (Mi\u0119kinia/Wroc\u0142aw)", "company": "Intel", "category": "fab (no Chips Act aid)", "aidEurM": null, "investmentEurM": null, "status": "cancelled", "source": "https://www.theregister.com/2025/07/25/intel_european_retreat/" } ], "fabsTotal": 1, "startups": [] }, "labs": [], "trade": { "serversEur": 157091856, "serversYoyPct": 56.9, "serversRank": 12, "kitEur": 5321533500, "kitSharePct": 5.1, "kitRank": 7, "netEur": 4045751346, "netRank": 7, "window": [ "2025-08", "2026-07" ] } }, "headline": "Poland ranks 11th of 24 European countries for most TOP500 supercomputing power (71.9 PF, 2026/06); its weakest is 31st of 31 for lowest-carbon grid (591 gCO2e/kWh, 2025). Data centres use about 1% of its electricity (Warsaw Business Journal (article on the Polish Data Center Association and PSE's plan), 2025, estimate). It hosts 2 EU AI Factories.", "coverage": 17 }, { "slug": "portugal", "name": "Portugal", "iso2": "PT", "eu": true, "inScorecard": true, "population": { "v": 10804871, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "price": { "v": 0.0666, "p": "2026-S1", "k": "measured", "s": "price", "band": "IG", "r": 2, "n": 26 }, "wholesale": { "v": 73.0, "p": "2025-10 to 2026-09", "k": "measured", "s": "wholesale", "r": 4, "n": 27 }, "carbon": { "v": 128, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 11, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 80.9, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 11, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 80.9, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 6, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 5.59, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 60.4 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "aiEnterprise": { "v": 11.5, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiEnt", "series": { "2021": 7.2, "2023": 7.9, "2024": 8.6, "2025": 11.5 }, "r": 22, "n": 28 }, "genAI": { "v": 38.7, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiInd", "work": 19.9, "private": 33.2, "education": 14.5, "r": 15, "n": 29 }, "top500": { "v": 4.0, "p": "2026/06", "k": "measured", "s": "top500", "systems": 1, "sharePct": 0.02, "r": 23, "n": 24 }, "top500PerM": { "v": 0.37, "p": "2026/06", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 23, "n": 24 }, "aiFactories": { "v": 0, "p": "2024-12 to 2025-10", "k": "measured", "s": "eurohpc" }, "serverImports": { "v": 0.0, "p": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "k": "measured", "s": "comext", "eur": 8327961, "r": 20, "n": 27 }, "eedItMW": { "v": 12.0, "p": "2024", "k": "reported", "s": "eed", "sites": 8, "estimatedSites": 42, "pue": 1.58 }, "pledgesEurBn": { "v": 8.9, "p": "current pledges", "k": "reported", "s": null, "count": 1, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 0.0 } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 26.8, "solar": 17.3, "hydro": 29.7, "nuclear": 0.0, "gas": 16.5, "coal": 0.0, "bioenergy": 6.6, "otherRenewables": 0.4, "otherFossil": 2.6 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 60.4, "generationTWh": 51.1, "netImportsTWh": 9.3, "priceSeries": [ { "p": "2022-S2", "v": 0.1655 }, { "p": "2023-S1", "v": 0.0484 }, { "p": "2023-S2", "v": 0.0774 }, { "p": "2024-S1", "v": 0.0646 }, { "p": "2024-S2", "v": 0.1 }, { "p": "2025-S1", "v": 0.0982 }, { "p": "2025-S2", "v": 0.0896 }, { "p": "2026-S1", "v": 0.0666 } ], "leviesSharePct": 3.9, "wholesaleRank": 24, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": null, "eed": { "value": 12.0, "period": "2024", "sites": 8, "pue": 1.58, "estimatedSites": 42, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "forecasts": [], "queue": null, "queueRows": [], "restrictions": [], "rules": [], "rulesTier": null, "euRules": 7 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [ { "company": "Microsoft", "amount": "$10bn ('more than ten billion dollars' per ECO News)", "eurBn": 8.92, "date": "2025-11-11", "status": "unknown", "tier": "no evidence yet", "source": "https://econews.pt/?p=45764" } ], "pledgeEvents": [], "pledgeNote": null, "sovereign": [], "neoSites": [ { "company": "Nscale", "site": "S-1 site 1 colocation", "mw": 30, "mwKind": "live", "status": "active", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm" }, { "company": "Nscale", "site": "S-1 site 13 owned", "mw": 200, "mwKind": "contracted", "status": "contracted", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm" }, { "company": "Northern Data / Taiga Cloud (now Quake AI, RUM Group)", "site": "Portugal (Taiga Cloud Portugal)", "mw": null, "mwKind": "live", "status": "Subsidiary listed in RUM 10-Q", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830081/000121390026087311/ea0301267-10q_rumgroup.htm" } ], "neoHq": [] }, "compute": { "role": "AI Factory consortium partner", "factories": [], "antenna": null, "bids": [ { "name": "Portuguese public-private consortium", "leads": "incl. Altice Portugal and NOS (reported)", "mw": null, "status": "EoI reported", "source": "https://www.lightreading.com/ai-machine-learning/eu-defers-formal-call-for-ai-gigafactories-to-early-2026", "kind": "reported" } ], "top500Best": null, "clusters": [ { "name": "Start Campus Sines (Nscale/Microsoft)", "mw": 1200, "gpus": 12600, "status": "under construction", "source": "https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/deals/microsoft-to-rent-nscale-ai-data-center-capacity-in-portugal", "kind": "reported" } ], "epochSites": [ { "name": "Start Campus Sines Data Campus", "owner": "Nscale", "mw": 33.0, "h100e": 31834, "chips": "B300" } ] }, "chips": { "fabs": [], "fabsTotal": 0, "startups": [] }, "labs": [], "trade": { "serversEur": 8327961, "serversYoyPct": -12.9, "serversRank": 21, "kitEur": 177256519, "kitSharePct": 0.2, "kitRank": 19, "netEur": 1391317766, "netRank": 10, "window": [ "2025-08", "2026-07" ] } }, "headline": "Portugal ranks 2nd of 26 European countries for cheapest big-user power (\u20ac0.067/kWh, H1 2026); its weakest is 23rd of 24 for most TOP500 supercomputing power (4.0 PF, 2026/06). Its data centres reported 12 MW of IT capacity to the EU for 2024 (8 of an estimated 42 sites). It hosts no EU AI Factory (role: AI Factory consortium partner).", "coverage": 14 }, { "slug": "austria", "name": "Austria", "iso2": "AT", "eu": true, "inScorecard": true, "population": { "v": 9208163, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "price": { "v": 0.134, "p": "2026-S1", "k": "measured", "s": "price", "band": "IG", "r": 19, "n": 26 }, "wholesale": { "v": 119.7, "p": "2025-10 to 2026-09", "k": "measured", "s": "wholesale", "r": 21, "n": 27 }, "carbon": { "v": 117, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 9, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 83.6, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 10, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 83.6, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 5, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 8.39, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 77.3 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "aiEnterprise": { "v": 29.9, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiEnt", "series": { "2021": 8.8, "2023": 10.8, "2024": 20.3, "2025": 29.9 }, "r": 7, "n": 28 }, "genAI": { "v": 39.4, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiInd", "work": 21.2, "private": 31.6, "education": 14.3, "r": 14, "n": 29 }, "top500": { "v": 47.8, "p": "2026/06", "k": "measured", "s": "top500", "systems": 3, "sharePct": 0.26, "r": 13, "n": 24 }, "top500PerM": { "v": 5.19, "p": "2026/06", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 13, "n": 24 }, "aiFactories": { "v": 1, "p": "2024-12 to 2025-10", "k": "measured", "s": "eurohpc", "r": 4, "n": 16 }, "serverImports": { "v": 0.1, "p": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "k": "measured", "s": "comext", "eur": 39304571, "r": 16, "n": 27 }, "eedItMW": { "v": 72.0, "p": "2025", "k": "reported", "s": "eed", "sites": 25, "estimatedSites": 47, "pue": 1.44 }, "chipsAidEurM": { "v": 227, "p": "approved to date", "k": "reported", "s": null, "projects": 1 } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 11.4, "solar": 14.1, "hydro": 51.9, "nuclear": 0.0, "gas": 11.9, "coal": 0.0, "bioenergy": 6.3, "otherRenewables": 0.0, "otherFossil": 4.5 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 77.3, "generationTWh": 73.2, "netImportsTWh": 4.1, "priceSeries": [ { "p": "2022-S2", "v": 0.2094 }, { "p": "2023-S1", "v": 0.1968 }, { "p": "2023-S2", "v": 0.1739 }, { "p": "2024-S1", "v": 0.135 }, { "p": "2024-S2", "v": 0.1428 }, { "p": "2025-S1", "v": 0.1426 }, { "p": "2025-S2", "v": 0.1405 }, { "p": "2026-S1", "v": 0.134 } ], "leviesSharePct": 12.5, "wholesaleRank": 7, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": null, "eed": { "value": 72.0, "period": "2025", "sites": 25, "pue": 1.44, "estimatedSites": 47, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "forecasts": [], "queue": null, "queueRows": [], "restrictions": [], "rules": [], "rulesTier": null, "euRules": 7 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [], "pledgeEvents": [], "pledgeNote": null, "sovereign": [], "neoSites": [], "neoHq": [] }, "compute": { "role": "AI Factory host", "factories": [ { "name": "AI:AT (AI Factory Austria)", "city": "Vienna", "status": "procuring", "gpuCount": null, "startDate": null, "source": "https://ted.europa.eu/en/notice/219609-2026/html" } ], "antenna": null, "bids": [], "top500Best": { "rank": 75, "system": "MUSICA Phase 1", "site": "MUSICA", "rmaxPF": 31.84, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180310" }, "clusters": [], "epochSites": [] }, "chips": { "fabs": [ { "project": "Premst\u00e4tten integrated wafer fab", "company": "ams OSRAM", "category": "first-of-a-kind aid", "aidEurM": 227, "investmentEurM": 567, "status": "announced", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_25_589" } ], "fabsTotal": 1, "startups": [] }, "labs": [], "trade": { "serversEur": 39304571, "serversYoyPct": 6.0, "serversRank": 16, "kitEur": 353435222, "kitSharePct": 0.3, "kitRank": 15, "netEur": 1023083651, "netRank": 12, "window": [ "2025-08", "2026-07" ] } }, "headline": "Austria ranks 7th of 28 European countries for highest share of businesses using AI (29.9%, 2025); its weakest is 21st of 27 for cheapest wholesale power (\u20ac120/MWh, 2025-10 to 2026-09). Its data centres reported 72 MW of IT capacity to the EU for 2025 (25 of an estimated 47 sites). It hosts 1 EU AI Factory.", "coverage": 14 }, { "slug": "czechia", "name": "Czechia", "iso2": "CZ", "eu": true, "inScorecard": true, "population": { "v": 10886878, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "price": { "v": 0.1649, "p": "2026-S1", "k": "measured", "s": "price", "band": "IF", "r": 23, "n": 26 }, "wholesale": { "v": 112.5, "p": "2025-10 to 2026-09", "k": "measured", "s": "wholesale", "r": 17, "n": 27 }, "carbon": { "v": 401, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 28, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 59.2, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 23, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 16.8, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 30, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 6.25, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 68.0 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "aiEnterprise": { "v": 17.6, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiEnt", "series": { "2021": 4.5, "2023": 5.9, "2024": 11.3, "2025": 17.6 }, "r": 18, "n": 28 }, "genAI": { "v": 35.4, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiInd", "work": 13.6, "private": 28.4, "education": 8.4, "r": 20, "n": 29 }, "top500": { "v": 18.0, "p": "2026/06", "k": "measured", "s": "top500", "systems": 3, "sharePct": 0.1, "r": 16, "n": 24 }, "top500PerM": { "v": 1.65, "p": "2026/06", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 19, "n": 24 }, "gpu": { "v": 182, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "epoch", "sharePct": 0.01, "r": 15, "n": 16 }, "gpuPerM": { "v": 17, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 16, "n": 16 }, "aiFactories": { "v": 1, "p": "2024-12 to 2025-10", "k": "measured", "s": "eurohpc", "r": 4, "n": 16 }, "serverImports": { "v": 3.3, "p": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "k": "measured", "s": "comext", "eur": 971429384, "r": 5, "n": 27 }, "eedItMW": { "v": 4.0, "p": "2024", "k": "reported", "s": "eed", "sites": 4, "estimatedSites": 50, "pue": 1.36 }, "chipsAidEurM": { "v": 450, "p": "approved to date", "k": "reported", "s": null, "projects": 1 } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 0.8, "solar": 5.8, "hydro": 2.3, "nuclear": 42.4, "gas": 5.4, "coal": 35.2, "bioenergy": 8.0, "otherRenewables": -0.1, "otherFossil": 0.2 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 68.0, "generationTWh": 75.4, "netImportsTWh": -7.4, "priceSeries": [], "leviesSharePct": 6.9, "wholesaleRank": 11, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": null, "eed": { "value": 4.0, "period": "2024", "sites": 4, "pue": 1.36, "estimatedSites": 50, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "forecasts": [], "queue": null, "queueRows": [], "restrictions": [], "rules": [], "rulesTier": null, "euRules": 7 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [], "pledgeEvents": [], "pledgeNote": null, "sovereign": [], "neoSites": [ { "company": "Polarise", "site": "Prague Gateway (CRA), Jiloviste", "mw": 15, "mwKind": "planned", "status": "15 MW reserved via letter of intent, 9 Sep 2026", "source": "https://www.polarise.eu/" } ], "neoHq": [] }, "compute": { "role": "AI Factory host", "factories": [ { "name": "CZAI (Czech AI Factory)", "city": "Ostrava", "status": "selected", "gpuCount": null, "startDate": null, "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/czechia_en" } ], "antenna": null, "bids": [], "top500Best": null, "clusters": [], "epochSites": [] }, "chips": { "fabs": [ { "project": "Ro\u017enov integrated SiC fab", "company": "onsemi", "category": "first-of-a-kind aid", "aidEurM": 450, "investmentEurM": 1640, "status": "announced", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_25_2757" } ], "fabsTotal": 1, "startups": [] }, "labs": [], "trade": { "serversEur": 971429384, "serversYoyPct": 1.5, "serversRank": 5, "kitEur": 6975631224, "kitSharePct": 6.7, "kitRank": 4, "netEur": -4011205007, "netRank": 26, "window": [ "2025-08", "2026-07" ] } }, "headline": "Czechia's best rank is 17th of 27 European countries, for cheapest wholesale power (\u20ac112/MWh, 2025-10 to 2026-09); its weakest is 15th of 16 for most GPU-cluster compute (182 H100e, 2025-07). Its data centres reported 4 MW of IT capacity to the EU for 2024 (4 of an estimated 50 sites). It hosts 1 EU AI Factory.", "coverage": 16 }, { "slug": "switzerland", "name": "Switzerland", "iso2": "CH", "eu": false, "inScorecard": true, "population": { "v": 9092436, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "carbon": { "v": 39, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 4, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 97.7, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 4, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 67.8, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 11, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 7.17, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 65.2 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "dcShare": { "v": 3.6, "p": "2024", "k": "estimate", "url": "https://www.admin.ch/de/newnsb/GV-_d7OgIlqjfQDGZqbkN", "pub": "Swiss Federal Office of Energy (EnergieSchweiz study), released by the Federal Council", "basis": "share of Swiss final electricity consumption (2.1 of 57.5 TWh); survey-based study, server rooms excluded", "r": 5, "n": 15 }, "genAI": { "v": 47.0, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiInd", "work": 34.4, "private": 40.9, "education": 20.7, "r": 3, "n": 29 }, "top500": { "v": 450.3, "p": "2026/06", "k": "measured", "s": "top500", "systems": 3, "sharePct": 2.4, "r": 3, "n": 24 }, "top500PerM": { "v": 49.52, "p": "2026/06", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 2, "n": 24 }, "gpu": { "v": 17236, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "epoch", "sharePct": 1.1, "r": 4, "n": 16 }, "gpuPerM": { "v": 1896, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 4, "n": 16 }, "pledgesEurBn": { "v": 0.4, "p": "current pledges", "k": "reported", "s": null, "count": 1, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 0.0 } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 0.2, "solar": 12.1, "hydro": 52.3, "nuclear": 29.9, "gas": 0.4, "coal": null, "bioenergy": 1.6, "otherRenewables": 1.6, "otherFossil": 1.9 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 65.2, "generationTWh": 65.0, "netImportsTWh": 0.2, "priceSeries": [], "leviesSharePct": null, "wholesaleRank": null, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": { "pct": 3.6, "year": 2024, "twh": 2.1, "basis": "share of Swiss final electricity consumption (2.1 of 57.5 TWh); survey-based study, server rooms excluded", "publisher": "Swiss Federal Office of Energy (EnergieSchweiz study), released by the Federal Council", "source": "https://www.admin.ch/de/newnsb/GV-_d7OgIlqjfQDGZqbkN", "kind": "estimate", "note": "Consumption rose 18% from 2019 to 2024 on the same scope (1.77 TWh, 3.1% in 2019). Projection 2.5-3.2 TWh by 2030." }, "eed": null, "forecasts": [], "queue": null, "queueRows": [], "restrictions": [], "rules": [], "rulesTier": null, "euRules": 0 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [ { "company": "Microsoft", "amount": "$400m", "eurBn": 0.36, "date": "2025-06-03", "status": "unknown", "tier": "no evidence yet", "source": "https://www.iamexpat.ch/expat-info/swiss-news/microsoft-invest-400-million-ai-expansion-switzerland" } ], "pledgeEvents": [], "pledgeNote": null, "sovereign": [], "neoSites": [], "neoHq": [] }, "compute": { "role": "Antenna", "factories": [], "antenna": { "name": "HEARTS", "status": "selected", "linkedFactories": [ "LUMI AI Factory", "BSC AI Factory", "MIMER", "IT4LIA" ], "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-ai-factory-antennas-broaden-ai-factories-initiative-2025-10-13_en" }, "bids": [], "top500Best": { "rank": 10, "system": "Alps", "site": "Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (CSCS)", "rmaxPF": 434.9, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180259" }, "clusters": [], "epochSites": [] }, "chips": { "fabs": [], "fabsTotal": 0, "startups": [] }, "labs": [], "trade": null }, "headline": "Switzerland ranks 3rd of 29 European countries for highest share of people using generative AI (47.0%, 2025); its weakest is 4th of 16 for most GPU-cluster compute (17,236 H100e, 2025-07). Data centres use about 3.6% of its electricity (Swiss Federal Office of Energy (EnergieSchweiz study), 2024, estimate). It is not an EU member, so it cannot host an EU AI Factory (role: Antenna).", "coverage": 11 }, { "slug": "iceland", "name": "Iceland", "iso2": "IS", "eu": false, "inScorecard": true, "population": { "v": 392404, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "carbon": { "v": 28, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 1, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 100.0, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 1, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 100.0, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 1, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 46.64, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 18.3 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "dcShare": { "v": 3.09, "p": "2024", "k": "measured", "url": "https://vefskrar.orkustofnun.is/Talnaefni/ROS-3-2026_Notkunarflokkar_2024.xlsx", "pub": "Orkustofnun, Iceland's energy authority, ROS-3-2026 Raforkunotkun 2024", "basis": "metered deliveries to end users, category 1644 'Gagnaver' (data centres): 587.8 GWh of 19,029 GWh delivered", "r": 6, "n": 15 }, "top500": { "v": 10.5, "p": "2026/06", "k": "measured", "s": "top500", "systems": 1, "sharePct": 0.06, "r": 18, "n": 24 }, "top500PerM": { "v": 26.76, "p": "2026/06", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 3, "n": 24 }, "gpu": { "v": 5240, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "epoch", "sharePct": 0.33, "r": 8, "n": 16 }, "gpuPerM": { "v": 13354, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 1, "n": 16 } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 0.0, "solar": 0.1, "hydro": 71.2, "nuclear": 0.0, "gas": 0.0, "coal": 0.0, "bioenergy": 0.0, "otherRenewables": 28.7, "otherFossil": 0.0 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 18.3, "generationTWh": 18.3, "netImportsTWh": 0.0, "priceSeries": [], "leviesSharePct": null, "wholesaleRank": null, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": { "pct": 3.09, "year": 2024, "twh": 0.588, "basis": "metered deliveries to end users, category 1644 'Gagnaver' (data centres): 587.8 GWh of 19,029 GWh delivered", "publisher": "Orkustofnun, Iceland's energy authority, ROS-3-2026 Raforkunotkun 2024", "source": "https://vefskrar.orkustofnun.is/Talnaefni/ROS-3-2026_Notkunarflokkar_2024.xlsx", "kind": "measured", "note": "Includes crypto mining. 2023 was 1,062.6 GWh (5.41%; ROS-4-2026), so use fell about 45% in 2024. Total excludes transmission losses. Share is our arithmetic from the same sheet." }, "eed": null, "forecasts": [], "queue": null, "queueRows": [], "restrictions": [], "rules": [], "rulesTier": null, "euRules": 0 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [], "pledgeEvents": [], "pledgeNote": null, "sovereign": [], "neoSites": [ { "company": "Nscale", "site": "S-1 site 4 colocation", "mw": 15, "mwKind": "live", "status": "active", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm" }, { "company": "Nscale", "site": "S-1 site 8 colocation", "mw": 16, "mwKind": "contracted", "status": "contracted", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm" }, { "company": "Nebius", "site": "Keflavik (colocation)", "mw": null, "mwKind": "live", "status": "Agreement Dec 2024 for a cluster of 'thousands of GPUs'", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926052948/nbis-20251231x20f.htm" } ], "neoHq": [] }, "compute": { "role": "Antenna", "factories": [], "antenna": { "name": "AIFA-ICE", "status": "selected", "linkedFactories": [ "LUMI AI Factory" ], "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-ai-factory-antennas-broaden-ai-factories-initiative-2025-10-13_en" }, "bids": [], "top500Best": null, "clusters": [], "epochSites": [ { "name": "Nscale Keflavik", "owner": "Nscale", "mw": 5.1, "h100e": 5821, "chips": "B300" } ] }, "chips": { "fabs": [], "fabsTotal": 0, "startups": [] }, "labs": [], "trade": null }, "headline": "Iceland ranks 1st of 31 European countries for lowest-carbon grid (28 gCO2e/kWh, 2025); its weakest is 18th of 24 for most TOP500 supercomputing power (10.5 PF, 2026/06). Data centres use about 3.09% of its electricity (Orkustofnun, 2024). It is not an EU member, so it cannot host an EU AI Factory (role: Antenna).", "coverage": 9 }, { "slug": "bulgaria", "name": "Bulgaria", "iso2": "BG", "eu": true, "inScorecard": false, "population": { "v": 6433302, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "price": { "v": 0.1145, "p": "2026-S1", "k": "measured", "s": "price", "band": "IG", "r": 12, "n": 26 }, "wholesale": { "v": 118.6, "p": "2025-10 to 2026-09", "k": "measured", "s": "wholesale", "r": 20, "n": 27 }, "carbon": { "v": 275, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 23, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 71.9, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 19, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 32.9, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 25, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 5.72, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 36.8 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "aiEnterprise": { "v": 8.6, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiEnt", "series": { "2021": 3.3, "2023": 3.6, "2024": 6.5, "2025": 8.6 }, "r": 26, "n": 28 }, "genAI": { "v": 22.5, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiInd", "work": 8.4, "private": 20.1, "education": 5.2, "r": 27, "n": 29 }, "top500": { "v": 4.5, "p": "2026/06", "k": "measured", "s": "top500", "systems": 1, "sharePct": 0.02, "r": 22, "n": 24 }, "top500PerM": { "v": 0.7, "p": "2026/06", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 22, "n": 24 }, "aiFactories": { "v": 1, "p": "2024-12 to 2025-10", "k": "measured", "s": "eurohpc", "r": 4, "n": 16 }, "serverImports": { "v": 0.1, "p": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "k": "measured", "s": "comext", "eur": 22412249, "r": 16, "n": 27 }, "eedItMW": { "v": 4.0, "p": "2024", "k": "reported", "s": "eed", "sites": 3, "estimatedSites": 30, "pue": 1.45 } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 3.5, "solar": 18.2, "hydro": 6.7, "nuclear": 39.0, "gas": 4.9, "coal": 22.5, "bioenergy": 4.4, "otherRenewables": 0.0, "otherFossil": 0.7 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 36.8, "generationTWh": 38.1, "netImportsTWh": -1.3, "priceSeries": [ { "p": "2022-S2", "v": 0.1463 }, { "p": "2023-S1", "v": 0.1121 }, { "p": "2023-S2", "v": 0.1079 }, { "p": "2024-S1", "v": 0.088 }, { "p": "2024-S2", "v": 0.1255 }, { "p": "2025-S1", "v": 0.1035 }, { "p": "2025-S2", "v": 0.1135 }, { "p": "2026-S1", "v": 0.1145 } ], "leviesSharePct": 1.0, "wholesaleRank": 8, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": null, "eed": { "value": 4.0, "period": "2024", "sites": 3, "pue": 1.45, "estimatedSites": 30, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "forecasts": [], "queue": null, "queueRows": [], "restrictions": [], "rules": [], "rulesTier": null, "euRules": 7 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [], "pledgeEvents": [], "pledgeNote": null, "sovereign": [], "neoSites": [], "neoHq": [] }, "compute": { "role": "AI Factory host", "factories": [ { "name": "BRAIN++", "city": "Sofia", "status": "procuring", "gpuCount": null, "startDate": null, "source": "https://ted.europa.eu/en/notice/606744-2026/html" } ], "antenna": null, "bids": [], "top500Best": null, "clusters": [], "epochSites": [] }, "chips": { "fabs": [], "fabsTotal": 0, "startups": [] }, "labs": [], "trade": { "serversEur": 22412249, "serversYoyPct": 106.5, "serversRank": 18, "kitEur": 91331330, "kitSharePct": 0.1, "kitRank": 21, "netEur": 290493876, "netRank": 15, "window": [ "2025-08", "2026-07" ] } }, "headline": "Bulgaria ranks 12th of 26 European countries for cheapest big-user power (\u20ac0.115/kWh, H1 2026); its weakest is 27th of 29 for highest share of people using generative AI (22.5%, 2025). Its data centres reported 4 MW of IT capacity to the EU for 2024 (3 of an estimated 30 sites). It hosts 1 EU AI Factory.", "coverage": 13 }, { "slug": "croatia", "name": "Croatia", "iso2": "HR", "eu": true, "inScorecard": false, "population": { "v": 3876200, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "wholesale": { "v": 121.7, "p": "2025-10 to 2026-09", "k": "measured", "s": "wholesale", "r": 22, "n": 27 }, "carbon": { "v": 158, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 16, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 76.4, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 14, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 76.4, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 8, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 5.16, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 20.0 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "aiEnterprise": { "v": 15.2, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiEnt", "series": { "2021": 8.7, "2023": 7.9, "2024": 11.8, "2025": 15.2 }, "r": 20, "n": 28 }, "genAI": { "v": 27.5, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiInd", "work": 9.0, "private": 24.7, "education": 13.4, "r": 25, "n": 29 }, "aiFactories": { "v": 0, "p": "2024-12 to 2025-10", "k": "measured", "s": "eurohpc" }, "serverImports": { "v": 0.0, "p": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "k": "measured", "s": "comext", "eur": 7418659, "r": 20, "n": 27 }, "eedItMW": { "v": 0.88, "p": "2023", "k": "reported", "s": "eed", "sites": 1, "estimatedSites": 19, "pue": 1.38 } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 21.2, "solar": 8.9, "hydro": 39.3, "nuclear": 0.0, "gas": 18.7, "coal": 5.0, "bioenergy": 6.8, "otherRenewables": 0.1, "otherFossil": -0.0 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 20.0, "generationTWh": 14.7, "netImportsTWh": 5.3, "priceSeries": [], "leviesSharePct": null, "wholesaleRank": 6, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": null, "eed": { "value": 0.88, "period": "2023", "sites": 1, "pue": 1.38, "estimatedSites": 19, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "forecasts": [], "queue": null, "queueRows": [], "restrictions": [], "rules": [], "rulesTier": null, "euRules": 7 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [], "pledgeEvents": [], "pledgeNote": null, "sovereign": [], "neoSites": [], "neoHq": [] }, "compute": { "role": "none", "factories": [], "antenna": null, "bids": [], "top500Best": null, "clusters": [], "epochSites": [] }, "chips": { "fabs": [], "fabsTotal": 0, "startups": [] }, "labs": [], "trade": { "serversEur": 7418659, "serversYoyPct": 32.8, "serversRank": 23, "kitEur": 35123385, "kitSharePct": 0.0, "kitRank": 25, "netEur": 241414919, "netRank": 18, "window": [ "2025-08", "2026-07" ] } }, "headline": "Croatia ranks 14th of 31 European countries for highest clean-power share (76.4%, 2025); its weakest is 25th of 29 for highest share of people using generative AI (27.5%, 2025). Its data centres reported 1 MW of IT capacity to the EU for 2023 (1 of an estimated 19 sites). It hosts no EU AI Factory (role: none).", "coverage": 10 }, { "slug": "cyprus", "name": "Cyprus", "iso2": "CY", "eu": true, "inScorecard": false, "population": { "v": 1370754, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "price": { "v": 0.2094, "p": "2025-S1", "k": "measured", "s": "price", "band": "IG", "r": 26, "n": 26 }, "carbon": { "v": 505, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 30, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 25.1, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 30, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 25.1, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 28, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 4.23, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 5.8 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "aiEnterprise": { "v": 9.3, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiEnt", "series": { "2021": 2.6, "2023": 4.7, "2024": 7.9, "2025": 9.3 }, "r": 24, "n": 28 }, "genAI": { "v": 44.2, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiInd", "work": 22.6, "private": 43.3, "education": 14.5, "r": 9, "n": 29 }, "aiFactories": { "v": 0, "p": "2024-12 to 2025-10", "k": "measured", "s": "eurohpc" }, "serverImports": { "v": 0.0, "p": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "k": "measured", "s": "comext", "eur": 7446927, "r": 20, "n": 27 } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 3.6, "solar": 20.6, "hydro": 0.0, "nuclear": 0.0, "gas": 0.0, "coal": 0.0, "bioenergy": 0.9, "otherRenewables": 0.0, "otherFossil": 74.9 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 5.8, "generationTWh": 5.8, "netImportsTWh": 0.0, "priceSeries": [ { "p": "2022-S2", "v": 0.2857 }, { "p": "2023-S1", "v": 0.2538 }, { "p": "2023-S2", "v": 0.244 }, { "p": "2025-S1", "v": 0.2094 } ], "leviesSharePct": 31.2, "wholesaleRank": null, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": null, "eed": null, "forecasts": [], "queue": null, "queueRows": [], "restrictions": [], "rules": [], "rulesTier": null, "euRules": 7 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [], "pledgeEvents": [], "pledgeNote": null, "sovereign": [], "neoSites": [], "neoHq": [] }, "compute": { "role": "Antenna", "factories": [], "antenna": { "name": "Pharos-CY", "status": "selected", "linkedFactories": [ "Pharos" ], "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-ai-factory-antennas-broaden-ai-factories-initiative-2025-10-13_en" }, "bids": [], "top500Best": null, "clusters": [], "epochSites": [] }, "chips": { "fabs": [], "fabsTotal": 0, "startups": [] }, "labs": [], "trade": { "serversEur": 7446927, "serversYoyPct": 60.6, "serversRank": 22, "kitEur": 20574046, "kitSharePct": 0.0, "kitRank": 26, "netEur": 82558837, "netRank": 21, "window": [ "2025-08", "2026-07" ] } }, "headline": "Cyprus ranks 9th of 29 European countries for highest share of people using generative AI (44.2%, 2025); its weakest is 26th of 26 for cheapest big-user power (\u20ac0.209/kWh, H1 2025). It publishes no data-centre electricity figure that we could find. It hosts no EU AI Factory (role: Antenna).", "coverage": 9 }, { "slug": "estonia", "name": "Estonia", "iso2": "EE", "eu": true, "inScorecard": false, "population": { "v": 1366475, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "price": { "v": 0.1565, "p": "2026-S1", "k": "measured", "s": "price", "band": "IF", "r": 21, "n": 26 }, "wholesale": { "v": 82.1, "p": "2025-10 to 2026-09", "k": "measured", "s": "wholesale", "r": 6, "n": 27 }, "carbon": { "v": 319, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 25, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 59.8, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 22, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 59.8, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 12, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 6.44, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 8.8 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "aiEnterprise": { "v": 23.4, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiEnt", "series": { "2021": 2.8, "2023": 5.2, "2024": 13.9, "2025": 23.4 }, "r": 10, "n": 28 }, "genAI": { "v": 46.6, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiInd", "work": 25.1, "private": 37.5, "education": 15.4, "r": 4, "n": 29 }, "aiFactories": { "v": 0, "p": "2024-12 to 2025-10", "k": "measured", "s": "eurohpc" }, "serverImports": { "v": 0.0, "p": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "k": "measured", "s": "comext", "eur": 6434577, "r": 20, "n": 27 }, "eedItMW": { "v": 1.0, "p": "2024", "k": "reported", "s": "eed", "sites": 3, "estimatedSites": 12, "pue": 1.7 } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 18.6, "solar": 19.0, "hydro": 0.5, "nuclear": 0.0, "gas": 1.3, "coal": 0.0, "bioenergy": 21.8, "otherRenewables": -0.0, "otherFossil": 38.9 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 8.8, "generationTWh": 6.1, "netImportsTWh": 2.7, "priceSeries": [], "leviesSharePct": 8.8, "wholesaleRank": 22, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": null, "eed": { "value": 1.0, "period": "2024", "sites": 3, "pue": 1.7, "estimatedSites": 12, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "forecasts": [], "queue": null, "queueRows": [], "restrictions": [], "rules": [], "rulesTier": null, "euRules": 7 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [], "pledgeEvents": [], "pledgeNote": null, "sovereign": [], "neoSites": [ { "company": "Nebius", "site": "Estonia (unnamed)", "mw": null, "mwKind": "contracted", "status": "Added to contracted footprint in Q2 2026", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926094568/tm2622968d1_ex99-2.htm" } ], "neoHq": [] }, "compute": { "role": "LUMI AI Factory partner", "factories": [], "antenna": null, "bids": [], "top500Best": null, "clusters": [], "epochSites": [] }, "chips": { "fabs": [], "fabsTotal": 0, "startups": [] }, "labs": [], "trade": { "serversEur": 6434577, "serversYoyPct": -44.1, "serversRank": 24, "kitEur": 66342050, "kitSharePct": 0.1, "kitRank": 23, "netEur": -238134789, "netRank": 25, "window": [ "2025-08", "2026-07" ] } }, "headline": "Estonia ranks 4th of 29 European countries for highest share of people using generative AI (46.6%, 2025); its weakest is 21st of 26 for cheapest big-user power (\u20ac0.157/kWh, H1 2026). Its data centres reported 1 MW of IT capacity to the EU for 2024 (3 of an estimated 12 sites). It hosts no EU AI Factory (role: LUMI AI Factory partner).", "coverage": 11 }, { "slug": "greece", "name": "Greece", "iso2": "GR", "eu": true, "inScorecard": false, "population": { "v": 10413962, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "price": { "v": 0.113, "p": "2026-S1", "k": "measured", "s": "price", "band": "IG", "r": 11, "n": 26 }, "wholesale": { "v": 106.9, "p": "2025-10 to 2026-09", "k": "measured", "s": "wholesale", "r": 15, "n": 27 }, "carbon": { "v": 325, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 26, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 47.7, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 27, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 47.7, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 19, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 5.27, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 54.9 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "aiEnterprise": { "v": 8.9, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiEnt", "series": { "2021": 2.6, "2023": 4.0, "2024": 9.8, "2025": 8.9 }, "r": 25, "n": 28 }, "genAI": { "v": 44.1, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiInd", "work": 16.1, "private": 40.9, "education": 11.2, "r": 10, "n": 29 }, "top500": { "v": 85.7, "p": "2026/06", "k": "measured", "s": "top500", "systems": 1, "sharePct": 0.46, "r": 10, "n": 24 }, "top500PerM": { "v": 8.23, "p": "2026/06", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 10, "n": 24 }, "aiFactories": { "v": 1, "p": "2024-12 to 2025-10", "k": "measured", "s": "eurohpc", "r": 4, "n": 16 }, "serverImports": { "v": 0.2, "p": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "k": "measured", "s": "comext", "eur": 70876960, "r": 14, "n": 27 }, "eedItMW": { "v": 3.0, "p": "2024", "k": "reported", "s": "eed", "sites": 5, "estimatedSites": 20, "pue": 1.54 } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 20.9, "solar": 19.7, "hydro": 5.9, "nuclear": 0.0, "gas": 40.3, "coal": 4.7, "bioenergy": 1.2, "otherRenewables": 0.0, "otherFossil": 7.2 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 54.9, "generationTWh": 57.9, "netImportsTWh": -3.0, "priceSeries": [ { "p": "2022-S2", "v": 0.0943 }, { "p": "2023-S1", "v": 0.1001 }, { "p": "2023-S2", "v": 0.1 }, { "p": "2024-S1", "v": 0.1022 }, { "p": "2024-S2", "v": 0.112 }, { "p": "2025-S1", "v": 0.1368 }, { "p": "2025-S2", "v": 0.1094 }, { "p": "2026-S1", "v": 0.113 } ], "leviesSharePct": 3.5, "wholesaleRank": 13, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": null, "eed": { "value": 3.0, "period": "2024", "sites": 5, "pue": 1.54, "estimatedSites": 20, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "forecasts": [], "queue": null, "queueRows": [], "restrictions": [], "rules": [], "rulesTier": null, "euRules": 7 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [], "pledgeEvents": [], "pledgeNote": null, "sovereign": [], "neoSites": [], "neoHq": [] }, "compute": { "role": "AI Factory host", "factories": [ { "name": "Pharos", "city": "Athens (system at Lavrion, Attica)", "status": "operating", "gpuCount": null, "startDate": "2026-06", "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/two-new-eurohpc-systems-join-top500-jupiter-remains-among-worlds-fastest-supercomputers-2026-06-23_en" } ], "antenna": null, "bids": [], "top500Best": { "rank": 31, "system": "DAEDALUS", "site": "EuroHPC/GRNET (National Infrastructures for Research and Technology)", "rmaxPF": 85.69, "url": "https://top500.org/system/180450" }, "clusters": [], "epochSites": [] }, "chips": { "fabs": [], "fabsTotal": 0, "startups": [] }, "labs": [], "trade": { "serversEur": 70876960, "serversYoyPct": 9.7, "serversRank": 14, "kitEur": 214505426, "kitSharePct": 0.2, "kitRank": 17, "netEur": 469481285, "netRank": 14, "window": [ "2025-08", "2026-07" ] } }, "headline": "Greece ranks 10th of 29 European countries for highest share of people using generative AI (44.1%, 2025); its weakest is 25th of 28 for highest share of businesses using AI (8.9%, 2025). Its data centres reported 3 MW of IT capacity to the EU for 2024 (5 of an estimated 20 sites). It hosts 1 EU AI Factory.", "coverage": 13 }, { "slug": "hungary", "name": "Hungary", "iso2": "HU", "eu": true, "inScorecard": false, "population": { "v": 9514251, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "price": { "v": 0.1581, "p": "2026-S1", "k": "measured", "s": "price", "band": "IG", "r": 22, "n": 26 }, "wholesale": { "v": 127.0, "p": "2025-10 to 2026-09", "k": "measured", "s": "wholesale", "r": 24, "n": 27 }, "carbon": { "v": 163, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 17, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 75.3, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 15, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 35.2, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 24, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 5.17, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 49.2 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "aiEnterprise": { "v": 10.4, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiEnt", "series": { "2021": 3.0, "2023": 3.7, "2024": 7.4, "2025": 10.4 }, "r": 23, "n": 28 }, "genAI": { "v": 29.6, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiInd", "work": 14.9, "private": 20.8, "education": 8.3, "r": 24, "n": 29 }, "top500": { "v": 3.1, "p": "2026/06", "k": "measured", "s": "top500", "systems": 1, "sharePct": 0.02, "r": 24, "n": 24 }, "top500PerM": { "v": 0.33, "p": "2026/06", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 24, "n": 24 }, "aiFactories": { "v": 0, "p": "2024-12 to 2025-10", "k": "measured", "s": "eurohpc" }, "serverImports": { "v": 0.6, "p": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "k": "measured", "s": "comext", "eur": 170442831, "r": 11, "n": 27 }, "eedItMW": { "v": 7.0, "p": "2024", "k": "reported", "s": "eed", "sites": 7, "estimatedSites": 19, "pue": 1.57 } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 1.5, "solar": 27.1, "hydro": 0.6, "nuclear": 40.1, "gas": 20.3, "coal": 3.4, "bioenergy": 6.0, "otherRenewables": 0.1, "otherFossil": 1.0 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 49.2, "generationTWh": 40.2, "netImportsTWh": 9.0, "priceSeries": [ { "p": "2022-S2", "v": 0.3198 }, { "p": "2023-S1", "v": 0.209 }, { "p": "2023-S2", "v": 0.1919 }, { "p": "2024-S1", "v": 0.1415 }, { "p": "2024-S2", "v": 0.1814 }, { "p": "2025-S1", "v": 0.159 }, { "p": "2025-S2", "v": 0.1585 }, { "p": "2026-S1", "v": 0.1581 } ], "leviesSharePct": 10.6, "wholesaleRank": 4, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": null, "eed": { "value": 7.0, "period": "2024", "sites": 7, "pue": 1.57, "estimatedSites": 19, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "forecasts": [], "queue": null, "queueRows": [], "restrictions": [], "rules": [], "rulesTier": null, "euRules": 7 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [], "pledgeEvents": [], "pledgeNote": null, "sovereign": [], "neoSites": [], "neoHq": [] }, "compute": { "role": "Antenna", "factories": [], "antenna": { "name": "HunAIFA", "status": "selected", "linkedFactories": [ "JAIF" ], "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-ai-factory-antennas-broaden-ai-factories-initiative-2025-10-13_en" }, "bids": [], "top500Best": null, "clusters": [], "epochSites": [] }, "chips": { "fabs": [], "fabsTotal": 0, "startups": [] }, "labs": [], "trade": { "serversEur": 170442831, "serversYoyPct": 81.4, "serversRank": 11, "kitEur": 6054954952, "kitSharePct": 5.8, "kitRank": 5, "netEur": -4135808017, "netRank": 27, "window": [ "2025-08", "2026-07" ] } }, "headline": "Hungary ranks 15th of 31 European countries for highest clean-power share (75.3%, 2025); its weakest is 24th of 24 for most TOP500 supercomputing power (3.1 PF, 2026/06). Its data centres reported 7 MW of IT capacity to the EU for 2024 (7 of an estimated 19 sites). It hosts no EU AI Factory (role: Antenna).", "coverage": 13 }, { "slug": "latvia", "name": "Latvia", "iso2": "LV", "eu": true, "inScorecard": false, "population": { "v": 1847785, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "price": { "v": 0.1066, "p": "2026-S1", "k": "measured", "s": "price", "band": "IF", "r": 10, "n": 26 }, "wholesale": { "v": 98.1, "p": "2025-10 to 2026-09", "k": "measured", "s": "wholesale", "r": 8, "n": 27 }, "carbon": { "v": 135, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 12, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 73.5, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 17, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 73.5, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 9, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 4.11, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 7.6 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "aiEnterprise": { "v": 12.2, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiEnt", "series": { "2021": 3.7, "2023": 4.5, "2024": 8.8, "2025": 12.2 }, "r": 21, "n": 28 }, "genAI": { "v": 33.4, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiInd", "work": 14.7, "private": 26.6, "education": 7.8, "r": 21, "n": 29 }, "aiFactories": { "v": 0, "p": "2024-12 to 2025-10", "k": "measured", "s": "eurohpc" }, "serverImports": { "v": 0.0, "p": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "k": "measured", "s": "comext", "eur": 3205214, "r": 20, "n": 27 }, "eedItMW": { "v": 0.7, "p": "2023", "k": "reported", "s": "eed", "sites": 1, "estimatedSites": 25, "pue": 1.4 } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 3.5, "solar": 13.2, "hydro": 47.5, "nuclear": 0.0, "gas": 26.5, "coal": 0.0, "bioenergy": 9.3, "otherRenewables": 0.0, "otherFossil": 0.0 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 7.6, "generationTWh": 6.2, "netImportsTWh": 1.4, "priceSeries": [], "leviesSharePct": 1.2, "wholesaleRank": 20, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": null, "eed": { "value": 0.7, "period": "2023", "sites": 1, "pue": 1.4, "estimatedSites": 25, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "forecasts": [], "queue": null, "queueRows": [], "restrictions": [], "rules": [], "rulesTier": null, "euRules": 7 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [], "pledgeEvents": [], "pledgeNote": null, "sovereign": [], "neoSites": [], "neoHq": [] }, "compute": { "role": "Antenna", "factories": [], "antenna": { "name": "AIFA-LAT", "status": "selected", "linkedFactories": [ "LUMI AI Factory" ], "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-ai-factory-antennas-broaden-ai-factories-initiative-2025-10-13_en" }, "bids": [], "top500Best": null, "clusters": [], "epochSites": [] }, "chips": { "fabs": [], "fabsTotal": 0, "startups": [] }, "labs": [], "trade": { "serversEur": 3205214, "serversYoyPct": 59.1, "serversRank": 25, "kitEur": 183884459, "kitSharePct": 0.2, "kitRank": 18, "netEur": -167435822, "netRank": 24, "window": [ "2025-08", "2026-07" ] } }, "headline": "Latvia ranks 8th of 27 European countries for cheapest wholesale power (\u20ac98/MWh, 2025-10 to 2026-09); its weakest is 21st of 28 for highest share of businesses using AI (12.2%, 2025). Its data centres reported 1 MW of IT capacity to the EU for 2023 (1 of an estimated 25 sites). It hosts no EU AI Factory (role: Antenna).", "coverage": 11 }, { "slug": "lithuania", "name": "Lithuania", "iso2": "LT", "eu": true, "inScorecard": false, "population": { "v": 2888774, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "price": { "v": 0.1188, "p": "2026-S1", "k": "measured", "s": "price", "band": "IF", "r": 13, "n": 26 }, "wholesale": { "v": 99.1, "p": "2025-10 to 2026-09", "k": "measured", "s": "wholesale", "r": 9, "n": 27 }, "carbon": { "v": 138, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 13, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 77.7, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 13, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 77.7, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 7, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 4.29, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 12.4 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "aiEnterprise": { "v": 21.3, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiEnt", "series": { "2021": 4.5, "2023": 4.9, "2024": 8.8, "2025": 21.3 }, "r": 13, "n": 28 }, "genAI": { "v": 36.9, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiInd", "work": 18.8, "private": 32.4, "education": 9.0, "r": 19, "n": 29 }, "aiFactories": { "v": 1, "p": "2024-12 to 2025-10", "k": "measured", "s": "eurohpc", "r": 4, "n": 16 }, "serverImports": { "v": 0.0, "p": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "k": "measured", "s": "comext", "eur": 2600888, "r": 20, "n": 27 }, "eedItMW": { "v": 2.0, "p": "2024", "k": "reported", "s": "eed", "sites": 3, "estimatedSites": 18, "pue": 1.3 } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 45.0, "solar": 18.7, "hydro": 3.9, "nuclear": 0.0, "gas": 16.4, "coal": 0.0, "bioenergy": 10.2, "otherRenewables": 0.0, "otherFossil": 5.9 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 12.4, "generationTWh": 8.8, "netImportsTWh": 3.6, "priceSeries": [ { "p": "2021-S2", "v": 0.0787 }, { "p": "2022-S1", "v": 0.0721 }, { "p": "2022-S2", "v": 0.1623 } ], "leviesSharePct": 0.0, "wholesaleRank": 19, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": null, "eed": { "value": 2.0, "period": "2024", "sites": 3, "pue": 1.3, "estimatedSites": 18, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "forecasts": [], "queue": null, "queueRows": [], "restrictions": [], "rules": [], "rulesTier": null, "euRules": 7 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [], "pledgeEvents": [], "pledgeNote": null, "sovereign": [], "neoSites": [], "neoHq": [] }, "compute": { "role": "AI Factory host", "factories": [ { "name": "LitAI Factory", "city": "Vilnius", "status": "selected", "gpuCount": null, "startDate": null, "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/lithuania_en" } ], "antenna": null, "bids": [], "top500Best": null, "clusters": [], "epochSites": [] }, "chips": { "fabs": [], "fabsTotal": 0, "startups": [] }, "labs": [], "trade": { "serversEur": 2600888, "serversYoyPct": 41.8, "serversRank": 26, "kitEur": 154975181, "kitSharePct": 0.1, "kitRank": 20, "netEur": 69283425, "netRank": 22, "window": [ "2025-08", "2026-07" ] } }, "headline": "Lithuania ranks 9th of 27 European countries for cheapest wholesale power (\u20ac99/MWh, 2025-10 to 2026-09); its weakest is 19th of 29 for highest share of people using generative AI (36.9%, 2025). Its data centres reported 2 MW of IT capacity to the EU for 2024 (3 of an estimated 18 sites). It hosts 1 EU AI Factory.", "coverage": 11 }, { "slug": "luxembourg", "name": "Luxembourg", "iso2": "LU", "eu": true, "inScorecard": false, "population": { "v": 686970, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "wholesale": { "v": 104.4, "p": "2025-10 to 2026-09", "k": "measured", "s": "wholesale", "r": 13, "n": 27 }, "carbon": { "v": 118, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 10, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 91.5, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 8, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 91.5, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 4, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 9.46, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 6.5 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "aiEnterprise": { "v": 33.6, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiEnt", "series": { "2021": 13.0, "2023": 14.4, "2024": 23.7, "2025": 33.6 }, "r": 5, "n": 28 }, "genAI": { "v": 42.5, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiInd", "work": 24.9, "private": 35.7, "education": 12.2, "r": 11, "n": 29 }, "top500": { "v": 10.5, "p": "2026/06", "k": "measured", "s": "top500", "systems": 1, "sharePct": 0.06, "r": 18, "n": 24 }, "top500PerM": { "v": 15.28, "p": "2026/06", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 7, "n": 24 }, "gpu": { "v": 252, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "epoch", "sharePct": 0.02, "r": 14, "n": 16 }, "gpuPerM": { "v": 367, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 7, "n": 16 }, "aiFactories": { "v": 1, "p": "2024-12 to 2025-10", "k": "measured", "s": "eurohpc", "r": 4, "n": 16 }, "serverImports": { "v": 0.0, "p": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "k": "measured", "s": "comext", "eur": 9910767, "r": 20, "n": 27 }, "eedItMW": { "v": 52.0, "p": "2025", "k": "reported", "s": "eed", "sites": 9, "estimatedSites": 14, "pue": 1.32 } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 29.9, "solar": 30.9, "hydro": 4.8, "nuclear": 0.0, "gas": 4.1, "coal": 0.0, "bioenergy": 25.9, "otherRenewables": 0.0, "otherFossil": 4.4 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 6.5, "generationTWh": 1.6, "netImportsTWh": 4.9, "priceSeries": [], "leviesSharePct": null, "wholesaleRank": 15, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": null, "eed": { "value": 52.0, "period": "2025", "sites": 9, "pue": 1.32, "estimatedSites": 14, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "forecasts": [], "queue": null, "queueRows": [], "restrictions": [], "rules": [], "rulesTier": null, "euRules": 7 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [], "pledgeEvents": [], "pledgeNote": null, "sovereign": [ { "offer": "Clarence (Google Cloud Dedicated partner, Belgium/Luxembourg)", "hq": "EU", "status": "announced", "source": "https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/identity-security/google-advances-sovereignty-choice-and-security-in-the-cloud/" } ], "neoSites": [], "neoHq": [ { "name": "Gcore", "status": "Luxembourg edge/cloud provider with GPU cloud (Hopper GPU VMs Mar 2026); 50+ cloud locations, 210+ PoPs" } ] }, "compute": { "role": "AI Factory host", "factories": [ { "name": "L-AI Factory (Luxembourg AI Factory)", "city": "Bissen and Bettembourg", "status": "contracted", "gpuCount": 1008, "startDate": null, "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-signs-contract-meluxina-ai-new-ai-optimised-supercomputer-luxembourg-ai-factory-2026-07-22_en" } ], "antenna": null, "bids": [], "top500Best": null, "clusters": [], "epochSites": [] }, "chips": { "fabs": [], "fabsTotal": 0, "startups": [] }, "labs": [], "trade": { "serversEur": 9910767, "serversYoyPct": 1362.1, "serversRank": 20, "kitEur": 37803885, "kitSharePct": 0.0, "kitRank": 24, "netEur": 151664858, "netRank": 19, "window": [ "2025-08", "2026-07" ] } }, "headline": "Luxembourg ranks 5th of 28 European countries for highest share of businesses using AI (33.6%, 2025); its weakest is 14th of 16 for most GPU-cluster compute (252 H100e, 2025-07). Its data centres reported 52 MW of IT capacity to the EU for 2025 (9 of an estimated 14 sites). It hosts 1 EU AI Factory.", "coverage": 14 }, { "slug": "malta", "name": "Malta", "iso2": "MT", "eu": true, "inScorecard": false, "population": { "v": 579704, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "price": { "v": 0.0969, "p": "2026-S1", "k": "measured", "s": "price", "band": "IF", "r": 7, "n": 26 }, "carbon": { "v": 483, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 29, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 16.5, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 31, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 16.5, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 31, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 5.69, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 3.3 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "aiEnterprise": { "v": 21.5, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiEnt", "series": { "2021": 10.2, "2023": 13.2, "2024": 17.3, "2025": 21.5 }, "r": 12, "n": 28 }, "genAI": { "v": 46.5, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiInd", "work": 29.5, "private": 37.2, "education": 20.2, "r": 5, "n": 29 }, "aiFactories": { "v": 0, "p": "2024-12 to 2025-10", "k": "measured", "s": "eurohpc" }, "serverImports": { "v": 0.0, "p": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "k": "measured", "s": "comext", "eur": 2133980, "r": 20, "n": 27 }, "eedItMW": { "v": 0.64, "p": "2023", "k": "reported", "s": "eed", "sites": 1, "estimatedSites": 8, "pue": 1.4 } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 0.0, "solar": 15.9, "hydro": 0.0, "nuclear": 0.0, "gas": 82.7, "coal": 0.0, "bioenergy": 0.5, "otherRenewables": 0.0, "otherFossil": 0.8 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 3.3, "generationTWh": 2.2, "netImportsTWh": 1.0, "priceSeries": [], "leviesSharePct": 1.6, "wholesaleRank": null, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": null, "eed": { "value": 0.64, "period": "2023", "sites": 1, "pue": 1.4, "estimatedSites": 8, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "forecasts": [], "queue": null, "queueRows": [], "restrictions": [], "rules": [], "rulesTier": null, "euRules": 7 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [], "pledgeEvents": [], "pledgeNote": null, "sovereign": [], "neoSites": [], "neoHq": [] }, "compute": { "role": "Antenna", "factories": [], "antenna": { "name": "CALYPSO", "status": "selected", "linkedFactories": [ "Pharos" ], "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-ai-factory-antennas-broaden-ai-factories-initiative-2025-10-13_en" }, "bids": [], "top500Best": null, "clusters": [], "epochSites": [] }, "chips": { "fabs": [], "fabsTotal": 0, "startups": [] }, "labs": [], "trade": { "serversEur": 2133980, "serversYoyPct": 60.1, "serversRank": 27, "kitEur": 9295254, "kitSharePct": 0.0, "kitRank": 27, "netEur": 27795781, "netRank": 23, "window": [ "2025-08", "2026-07" ] } }, "headline": "Malta ranks 5th of 29 European countries for highest share of people using generative AI (46.5%, 2025); its weakest is 31st of 31 for highest clean-power share (16.5%, 2025). Its data centres reported 1 MW of IT capacity to the EU for 2023 (1 of an estimated 8 sites). It hosts no EU AI Factory (role: Antenna).", "coverage": 10 }, { "slug": "romania", "name": "Romania", "iso2": "RO", "eu": true, "inScorecard": false, "population": { "v": 19020271, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "price": { "v": 0.1299, "p": "2026-S1", "k": "measured", "s": "price", "band": "IG", "r": 17, "n": 26 }, "wholesale": { "v": 124.6, "p": "2025-10 to 2026-09", "k": "measured", "s": "wholesale", "r": 23, "n": 27 }, "carbon": { "v": 259, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 21, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 67.6, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 20, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 47.1, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 21, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 2.82, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 53.6 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "aiEnterprise": { "v": 5.2, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiEnt", "series": { "2021": 1.4, "2023": 1.5, "2024": 3.1, "2025": 5.2 }, "r": 28, "n": 28 }, "genAI": { "v": 17.8, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiInd", "work": 5.2, "private": 14.8, "education": 3.4, "r": 29, "n": 29 }, "aiFactories": { "v": 1, "p": "2024-12 to 2025-10", "k": "measured", "s": "eurohpc", "r": 4, "n": 16 }, "serverImports": { "v": 0.2, "p": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "k": "measured", "s": "comext", "eur": 51876582, "r": 14, "n": 27 } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 12.0, "solar": 9.9, "hydro": 24.2, "nuclear": 20.5, "gas": 16.9, "coal": 15.1, "bioenergy": 1.0, "otherRenewables": 0.0, "otherFossil": 0.4 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 53.6, "generationTWh": 49.9, "netImportsTWh": 3.7, "priceSeries": [ { "p": "2022-S2", "v": 0.2136 }, { "p": "2023-S1", "v": 0.1461 }, { "p": "2023-S2", "v": 0.1468 }, { "p": "2024-S1", "v": 0.1155 }, { "p": "2024-S2", "v": 0.1252 }, { "p": "2025-S1", "v": 0.1296 }, { "p": "2025-S2", "v": 0.133 }, { "p": "2026-S1", "v": 0.1299 } ], "leviesSharePct": 7.5, "wholesaleRank": 5, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": null, "eed": null, "forecasts": [], "queue": null, "queueRows": [], "restrictions": [], "rules": [], "rulesTier": null, "euRules": 7 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [], "pledgeEvents": [], "pledgeNote": null, "sovereign": [], "neoSites": [], "neoHq": [] }, "compute": { "role": "AI Factory host", "factories": [ { "name": "RO AI Factory", "city": "Bucharest", "status": "selected", "gpuCount": null, "startDate": null, "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/romania_en" } ], "antenna": null, "bids": [], "top500Best": null, "clusters": [], "epochSites": [] }, "chips": { "fabs": [], "fabsTotal": 0, "startups": [] }, "labs": [], "trade": { "serversEur": 51876582, "serversYoyPct": 45.5, "serversRank": 15, "kitEur": 489890973, "kitSharePct": 0.5, "kitRank": 14, "netEur": 289301818, "netRank": 16, "window": [ "2025-08", "2026-07" ] } }, "headline": "Romania's best rank is 20th of 31 European countries, for highest clean-power share (67.6%, 2025); its weakest is 28th of 28 for highest share of businesses using AI (5.2%, 2025). It publishes no data-centre electricity figure that we could find. It hosts 1 EU AI Factory.", "coverage": 10 }, { "slug": "slovakia", "name": "Slovakia", "iso2": "SK", "eu": true, "inScorecard": false, "population": { "v": 5413813, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "price": { "v": 0.1408, "p": "2026-S1", "k": "measured", "s": "price", "band": "IG", "r": 20, "n": 26 }, "wholesale": { "v": 118.5, "p": "2025-10 to 2026-09", "k": "measured", "s": "wholesale", "r": 19, "n": 27 }, "carbon": { "v": 95, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 7, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 85.1, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 9, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 18.7, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 29, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 4.93, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 26.7 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "aiEnterprise": { "v": 18.0, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiEnt", "series": { "2021": 5.2, "2023": 7.0, "2024": 10.8, "2025": 18.0 }, "r": 17, "n": 28 }, "genAI": { "v": 30.8, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiInd", "work": 10.9, "private": 25.4, "education": 9.1, "r": 23, "n": 29 }, "top500": { "v": 24.1, "p": "2026/06", "k": "measured", "s": "top500", "systems": 2, "sharePct": 0.13, "r": 15, "n": 24 }, "top500PerM": { "v": 4.45, "p": "2026/06", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 16, "n": 24 }, "aiFactories": { "v": 0, "p": "2024-12 to 2025-10", "k": "measured", "s": "eurohpc" }, "serverImports": { "v": 0.1, "p": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "k": "measured", "s": "comext", "eur": 28191835, "r": 16, "n": 27 } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 0.0, "solar": 2.5, "hydro": 10.8, "nuclear": 66.4, "gas": 11.3, "coal": 1.1, "bioenergy": 5.4, "otherRenewables": 0.0, "otherFossil": 2.5 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 26.7, "generationTWh": 29.1, "netImportsTWh": -2.4, "priceSeries": [ { "p": "2022-S2", "v": 0.2476 }, { "p": "2023-S1", "v": 0.2197 }, { "p": "2023-S2", "v": 0.1897 }, { "p": "2024-S1", "v": 0.1326 }, { "p": "2024-S2", "v": 0.1524 }, { "p": "2025-S1", "v": 0.1418 }, { "p": "2025-S2", "v": 0.1411 }, { "p": "2026-S1", "v": 0.1408 } ], "leviesSharePct": 5.7, "wholesaleRank": 9, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": null, "eed": null, "forecasts": [], "queue": null, "queueRows": [], "restrictions": [], "rules": [], "rulesTier": null, "euRules": 7 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [], "pledgeEvents": [], "pledgeNote": null, "sovereign": [], "neoSites": [], "neoHq": [] }, "compute": { "role": "Antenna", "factories": [], "antenna": { "name": "SKAIAT", "status": "selected", "linkedFactories": [ "AI:AT" ], "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-ju-selects-ai-factory-antennas-broaden-ai-factories-initiative-2025-10-13_en" }, "bids": [], "top500Best": null, "clusters": [], "epochSites": [] }, "chips": { "fabs": [], "fabsTotal": 0, "startups": [] }, "labs": [], "trade": { "serversEur": 28191835, "serversYoyPct": 65.4, "serversRank": 17, "kitEur": 237396661, "kitSharePct": 0.2, "kitRank": 16, "netEur": 257241883, "netRank": 17, "window": [ "2025-08", "2026-07" ] } }, "headline": "Slovakia ranks 7th of 31 European countries for lowest-carbon grid (95 gCO2e/kWh, 2025); its weakest is 23rd of 29 for highest share of people using generative AI (30.8%, 2025). It publishes no data-centre electricity figure that we could find. It hosts no EU AI Factory (role: Antenna).", "coverage": 12 }, { "slug": "slovenia", "name": "Slovenia", "iso2": "SI", "eu": true, "inScorecard": false, "population": { "v": 2130986, "p": "2025" }, "m": { "price": { "v": 0.1247, "p": "2026-S1", "k": "measured", "s": "price", "band": "IF", "r": 15, "n": 26 }, "wholesale": { "v": 138.5, "p": "2025-10 to 2026-09", "k": "measured", "s": "wholesale", "r": 27, "n": 27 }, "carbon": { "v": 188, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 18, "n": 31 }, "clean": { "v": 78.4, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 12, "n": 31 }, "renewables": { "v": 39.3, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "ember", "r": 22, "n": 31 }, "demandPerCap": { "v": 6.8, "p": "2025", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "note": "Ember demand 14.5 TWh \u00f7 World Bank population 2025" }, "aiEnterprise": { "v": 21.6, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiEnt", "series": { "2021": 11.7, "2023": 11.4, "2024": 20.9, "2025": 21.6 }, "r": 11, "n": 28 }, "genAI": { "v": 37.6, "p": "2025", "k": "measured", "s": "aiInd", "work": 15.2, "private": 31.2, "education": 9.2, "r": 17, "n": 29 }, "top500": { "v": 6.9, "p": "2026/06", "k": "measured", "s": "top500", "systems": 2, "sharePct": 0.04, "r": 20, "n": 24 }, "top500PerM": { "v": 3.24, "p": "2026/06", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 17, "n": 24 }, "gpu": { "v": 76, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "epoch", "sharePct": 0.0, "r": 16, "n": 16 }, "gpuPerM": { "v": 36, "p": "2025-07", "k": "estimate", "s": "ours", "r": 14, "n": 16 }, "aiFactories": { "v": 1, "p": "2024-12 to 2025-10", "k": "measured", "s": "eurohpc", "r": 4, "n": 16 }, "serverImports": { "v": 0.1, "p": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "k": "measured", "s": "comext", "eur": 15541383, "r": 16, "n": 27 } }, "L": { "power": { "mix": { "wind": 0.1, "solar": 10.1, "hydro": 27.3, "nuclear": 39.0, "gas": 6.4, "coal": 15.4, "bioenergy": 1.9, "otherRenewables": 0.0, "otherFossil": -0.1 }, "year": 2025, "demandTWh": 14.5, "generationTWh": 15.0, "netImportsTWh": -0.5, "priceSeries": [], "leviesSharePct": 3.6, "wholesaleRank": 1, "wholesaleN": 27 }, "dc": { "dcShare": null, "eed": null, "forecasts": [], "queue": null, "queueRows": [], "restrictions": [], "rules": [], "rulesTier": null, "euRules": 7 }, "cloud": { "pledges": [], "pledgeEvents": [], "pledgeNote": null, "sovereign": [], "neoSites": [], "neoHq": [] }, "compute": { "role": "AI Factory host", "factories": [ { "name": "SLAIF (Slovenian AI Factory)", "city": "Maribor", "status": "selected", "gpuCount": null, "startDate": null, "source": "https://comite255.europa.eu/documents/d/endorse/lilit_axner_2026-01-15_eurohpc-ai-factories" } ], "antenna": null, "bids": [], "top500Best": null, "clusters": [], "epochSites": [] }, "chips": { "fabs": [], "fabsTotal": 0, "startups": [] }, "labs": [], "trade": { "serversEur": 15541383, "serversYoyPct": 0.7, "serversRank": 19, "kitEur": 81804402, "kitSharePct": 0.1, "kitRank": 22, "netEur": 130231128, "netRank": 20, "window": [ "2025-08", "2026-07" ] } }, "headline": "Slovenia ranks 12th of 31 European countries for highest clean-power share (78.4%, 2025); its weakest is 16th of 16 for most GPU-cluster compute (76 H100e, 2025-07). It publishes no data-centre electricity figure that we could find. It hosts 1 EU AI Factory.", "coverage": 14 } ], "profileMeta": { "countries": 31, "metrics": [ { "key": "price", "label": "Electricity price for the largest users", "unit": "\u20ac/kWh", "rankBy": "low", "n": 26 }, { "key": "wholesale", "label": "Wholesale power price, last 12 months", "unit": "\u20ac/MWh", "rankBy": "low", "n": 27 }, { "key": "carbon", "label": "Grid carbon intensity", "unit": "gCO2e/kWh", "rankBy": "low", "n": 31 }, { "key": "clean", "label": "Clean power share of generation", "unit": "%", "rankBy": "high", "n": 31 }, { "key": "renewables", "label": "Renewables share of generation", "unit": "%", "rankBy": "high", "n": 31 }, { "key": "dcShare", "label": "Data centres' share of electricity", "unit": "%", "rankBy": "high", "n": 15 }, { "key": "aiEnterprise", "label": "Businesses using AI", "unit": "% of firms", "rankBy": "high", "n": 28 }, { "key": "genAI", "label": "People using generative AI", "unit": "% of people 16-74", "rankBy": "high", "n": 29 }, { "key": "top500", "label": "TOP500 supercomputing power", "unit": "PF Rmax", "rankBy": "high", "n": 24 }, { "key": "gpu", "label": "GPU-cluster compute", "unit": "H100-equivalents", "rankBy": "high", "n": 16 }, { "key": "aiFactories", "label": "EU AI Factories hosted", "unit": "count", "rankBy": "high", "n": 16 }, { "key": "serverImports", "label": "Share of EU-27 extra-EU server imports", "unit": "%", "rankBy": "high", "n": 27 }, { "key": "demandPerCap", "label": "Electricity demand per person", "unit": "MWh", "rankBy": null, "n": null }, { "key": "top500PerM", "label": "TOP500 power per million people", "unit": "PF", "rankBy": "high", "n": 24 }, { "key": "gpuPerM", "label": "GPU-cluster compute per million people", "unit": "H100e", "rankBy": "high", "n": 16 }, { "key": "eedItMW", "label": "IT capacity reported to the EU", "unit": "MW", "rankBy": null, "n": null }, { "key": "pledgesEurBn", "label": "Hyperscaler pledges (current)", "unit": "\u20acbn", "rankBy": null, "n": null }, { "key": "gridQueueGW", "label": "Data-centre grid requests", "unit": "GW", "rankBy": null, "n": null }, { "key": "chipsAidEurM", "label": "Chips Act state aid approved", "unit": "\u20acm", "rankBy": null, "n": null } ], "sources": { "price": [ "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en" ], "ember": [ "Ember yearly electricity data (CC BY 4.0)", "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/" ], "wholesale": [ "Ember European wholesale prices (via StackPath eu_power_prices)", "https://ember-energy.org/data/european-wholesale-electricity-price-data/" ], "aiEnt": [ "Eurostat isoc_eb_ai", "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_eb_ai/default/table?lang=en" ], "aiInd": [ "Eurostat isoc_ai_iaiu", "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_ai_iaiu/default/table?lang=en" ], "top500": [ "TOP500, June 2026 list (via eu_compute)", "https://top500.org/lists/top500/2026/06/" ], "epoch": [ "Epoch AI GPU clusters (CC BY 4.0, via global_context)", "https://epoch.ai/data/gpu-clusters" ], "epochDc": [ "Epoch AI frontier data centres (CC BY 4.0)", "https://epoch.ai/data/data-centers" ], "eurohpc": [ "EuroHPC JU (via eu_ai_factories)", "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/ai-factories_en" ], "comext": [ "Eurostat Comext DS-045409", "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/" ], "eed": [ "EU EED data-centre dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" ], "wb": [ "World Bank SP.POP.TOTL (CC BY 4.0)", "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL" ], "eia": [ "US EIA Electric Power Monthly Table 5.3 and ECB rates (via eu_power_prices)", "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_5_03" ], "ours": [ "StackPath arithmetic on the sources named", null ] }, "bench": { "price": { "eu": { "v": 0.1096, "p": "2025-S2", "s": "price", "k": "measured", "series": [ { "p": "2022-S1", "v": 0.1644 }, { "p": "2022-S2", "v": 0.1933 }, { "p": "2023-S1", "v": 0.1447 }, { "p": "2023-S2", "v": 0.1321 }, { "p": "2024-S1", "v": 0.1067 }, { "p": "2024-S2", "v": 0.1187 }, { "p": "2025-S1", "v": 0.113 }, { "p": "2025-S2", "v": 0.1096 } ] }, "us": { "v": 0.0763, "p": "2025", "s": "eia", "k": "measured", "note": "US average for all industrial customers (not a 150 GWh+ band), converted at the ECB annual rate" } }, "carbon": { "eu": { "v": 211, "p": "2025", "s": "ember", "k": "measured" }, "us": { "v": 384, "p": "2025", "s": "ember", "k": "measured" } }, "clean": { "eu": { "v": 71.0, "p": "2025", "s": "ember", "k": "measured" }, "us": { "v": 43.0, "p": "2025", "s": "ember", "k": "measured" } }, "renewables": { "eu": { "v": 47.7, "p": "2025", "s": "ember", "k": "measured" }, "us": { "v": 25.6, "p": "2025", "s": "ember", "k": "measured" } }, "dcShare": { "eu": { "v": 3, "p": "2024", "k": "estimate", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/06/Report-Grids-for-data-centres-in-Europe-PDF.pdf", "pub": "Ember (Europe, estimate)" }, "us": { "v": 4.4, "p": "2023", "k": "estimate", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-releases-new-report-evaluating-increase-electricity-demand-data-centers", "pub": "LBNL via US DOE (estimate)" } }, "aiEnterprise": { "eu": { "v": 19.9, "p": "2025", "s": "aiEnt", "k": "measured", "series": { "2021": 7.7, "2023": 8.1, "2024": 13.5, "2025": 19.9 } }, "us": null }, "genAI": { "eu": { "v": 32.7, "p": "2025", "s": "aiInd", "k": "measured", "work": 15.4, "private": 25.5, "education": 9.3 }, "us": null }, "demandPerCap": { "eu": { "v": 6.15, "p": "2025", "s": "ours", "k": "estimate" }, "us": { "v": 13.26, "p": "2025", "s": "ours", "k": "estimate" } }, "top500PerM": { "eu": { "v": 10.2, "p": "2026/06", "s": "ours", "k": "estimate" }, "us": { "v": 20.57, "p": "2026/06", "s": "ours", "k": "estimate" } }, "gpuPerM": { "eu": { "v": 177, "p": "2025-07", "s": "ours", "k": "estimate" }, "us": { "v": 3660, "p": "2025-07", "s": "ours", "k": "estimate" } } }, "totals": { "top500EuPF": 4602.2, "top500UsPF": 7031.4, "gpuEuH100e": 79657, "gpuUsH100e": 1251044, "popEu": { "v": 451127411, "p": "2025" }, "popUs": { "v": 341784857, "p": "2025" } }, "headlineKeys": [ "price", "wholesale", "carbon", "clean", "aiEnterprise", "genAI", "top500", "gpu" ], "aiAdoption": { "entFile": "eurostat-isoc_eb_ai-2026-10-11.json", "entUpdated": "2026-06-15T11:00:00+0200", "indFile": "eurostat-isoc_ai_iaiu-2026-10-11.json", "indUpdated": "2026-06-05T11:00:00+0200" }, "scope": "All 31 countries of Europe as this site defines it: EU-27 plus the UK, Norway, Switzerland and Iceland.", "notes": [ "Ranks are among the European countries with a figure (competition ranking; ties share a rank). n differs by measure.", "Per-person figures divide by World Bank population (latest year) and are our arithmetic.", "US comparisons use the nearest comparable public figure; where none exists the cell is blank, not estimated.", "Eurostat AI-use surveys cover the EU, Norway and (for generative AI) Switzerland; there is no comparable official US series.", "GPU-cluster compute is Epoch AI's database of known clusters (H100-equivalents), which Epoch says covers part of the world's AI compute; absence means none recorded, not none built." ] }, "sourceUrl": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en", "sourceUrls": [ "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en", "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/", "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/ai-factories_en" ], "scope": "18 countries from Europe (EU-27 plus UK, Norway, Switzerland and Iceland): the largest data-centre markets and the countries with EU AI Factories or large pledges.", "indicators": [ { "key": "dcSharePct", "label": "Data centres' share of electricity", "unit": "%", "better": null, "rankBy": "high", "rankNote": "1 = highest share (a measure of exposure, not of success)", "kind": "measured / estimate", "n": 15 }, { "key": "industrialPrice", "label": "Electricity price for the largest users", "unit": "\u20ac/kWh", "better": "low", "rankBy": "low", "rankNote": "1 = cheapest", "kind": "measured", "n": 15 }, { "key": "carbonIntensity", "label": "Grid carbon intensity", "unit": "gCO2e/kWh", "better": "low", "rankBy": "low", "rankNote": "1 = lowest carbon", "kind": "measured", "n": 18 }, { "key": "renewablesPct", "label": "Renewables share of generation", "unit": "%", "better": "high", "rankBy": "high", "rankNote": "1 = highest share", "kind": "measured", "n": 18 }, { "key": "cleanPct", "label": "Clean (renewables + nuclear) share of generation", "unit": "%", "better": "high", "rankBy": "high", "rankNote": "1 = highest share", "kind": "measured", "n": 18 }, { "key": "aiFactories", "label": "EU AI Factories hosted", "unit": "count", "better": "high", "rankBy": "high", "rankNote": "1 = most; EU members only can host", "kind": "measured", "n": 10 }, { "key": "serverImportsSharePct", "label": "Share of EU-27 extra-EU server imports", "unit": "%", "better": null, "rankBy": "high", "rankNote": "1 = largest share; EU members only", "kind": "measured", "n": 14 }, { "key": "pledges", "label": "Hyperscaler pledges (current, EUR bn)", "unit": "\u20acbn", "better": null, "rankBy": null, "rankNote": "not ranked: pledges differ in horizon, currency and scope", "kind": "reported" }, { "key": "eedItMW", "label": "Data-centre IT capacity reported to the EU (EED)", "unit": "MW", "better": null, "rankBy": null, "rankNote": "not ranked: reporting coverage differs widely by country", "kind": "reported" }, { "key": "gridQueueGW", "label": "Data-centre grid requests", "unit": "GW", "better": null, "rankBy": null, "rankNote": "not ranked: queue definitions differ by country", "kind": "reported" } ], "countries": [ { "slug": "ireland", "name": "Ireland", "iso2": "IE", "eu": true, "indicators": { "dcSharePct": { "value": 23.2, "period": "2025", "twh": 7.66, "basis": "share of all metered electricity consumption", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dcmec/datacentresmeteredelectricityconsumption2025/", "publisher": "CSO (Ireland), MEC02", "note": "Read from the CSO MEC02 API (7,662 GWh of 32,987 GWh). Ember's 19% for 2024 divides by national demand instead." }, "industrialPrice": { "value": 0.1654, "period": "2026-S1", "band": "IG", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en", "publisher": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "series": [ { "period": "2023-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.1779 }, { "period": "2024-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.1633 }, { "period": "2024-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.1759 }, { "period": "2025-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.1927 }, { "period": "2025-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.1592 }, { "period": "2026-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.1654 } ] }, "carbonIntensity": { "value": 263, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "renewablesPct": { "value": 47.7, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "cleanPct": { "value": 47.7, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "aiFactories": { "value": 0, "names": [], "role": "Antenna", "kind": "measured", "source": "eu_ai_factories", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU" }, "serverImportsSharePct": { "value": 14.6, "eur": 4332712156, "period": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/", "publisher": "Eurostat Comext (HS 847150, extra-EU imports)" }, "pledges": { "value": null, "unit": "EUR bn", "count": 0, "visibleEurBn": null, "stalledEurBn": null, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "Company announcements (via eu_pledges)" }, "eedItMW": { "value": 315.92, "period": "2023", "sites": 18, "pue": 1.18, "estimatedSites": 123, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "gridQueueGW": { "value": 6.0, "expectedGW": 0.3, "label": "6.0 GW requested (data centres; EirGrid (TSO)); expected: EirGrid: room for 150-300 MW in the west", "period": "2026-05-20", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Data-Centre-Constrained-Area-Overview-May-2026.pdf", "publisher": "EirGrid (TSO)" }, "demandTWh": { "value": 37.4, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" } }, "sources": [ { "label": "CSO (Ireland), MEC02", "url": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dcmec/datacentresmeteredelectricityconsumption2025/" }, { "label": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, { "label": "EirGrid (TSO)", "url": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Data-Centre-Constrained-Area-Overview-May-2026.pdf" }, { "label": "Ember", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/" }, { "label": "EuroHPC JU", "url": "eu_ai_factories" }, { "label": "Eurostat Comext (HS 847150, extra-EU imports)", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/" }, { "label": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en" } ], "ranks": { "dcSharePct": 1, "industrialPrice": 14, "carbonIntensity": 14, "renewablesPct": 14, "cleanPct": 17, "aiFactories": null, "serverImportsSharePct": 2 }, "rankOf": { "dcSharePct": 15, "industrialPrice": 15, "carbonIntensity": 18, "renewablesPct": 18, "cleanPct": 18, "aiFactories": 10, "serverImportsSharePct": 14 } }, { "slug": "germany", "name": "Germany", "iso2": "DE", "eu": true, "indicators": { "dcSharePct": { "value": 3.9, "period": "2024", "twh": 20, "basis": "share of gross national electricity consumption: about 20 TWh (Bitkom/Borderstep model estimate) \u00f7 511.9 TWh (BDEW 2024, provisional); our arithmetic", "kind": "estimate", "source": "https://www.bitkom.org/Presse/Presseinformation/Rechenzentren-Deutschland-KI-treibt-Wachstum", "publisher": "Bitkom/Borderstep, estimate (BDEW 2024 total)", "note": "The federal government also gives 'circa 20 TWh' a year (Bundestag hib, 10 Dec 2024). Bitkom projects 21.3 TWh for 2025. Germany's 2026 data-centre register covers 319 sites and gives no national total. Ember's 2024 estimate is 4% of demand." }, "industrialPrice": { "value": 0.1267, "period": "2026-S1", "band": "IG", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en", "publisher": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "series": [ { "period": "2023-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.1527 }, { "period": "2024-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.1212 }, { "period": "2024-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.139 }, { "period": "2025-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.1338 }, { "period": "2025-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.1307 }, { "period": "2026-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.1267 } ] }, "carbonIntensity": { "value": 334, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "renewablesPct": { "value": 58.5, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "cleanPct": { "value": 58.5, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "aiFactories": { "value": 2, "names": [ "HammerHAI", "JAIF (JUPITER AI Factory)" ], "role": "AI Factory host", "kind": "measured", "source": "eu_ai_factories", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU" }, "serverImportsSharePct": { "value": 8.9, "eur": 2640694550, "period": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/", "publisher": "Eurostat Comext (HS 847150, extra-EU imports)" }, "pledges": { "value": 28.1, "unit": "EUR bn", "count": 6, "visibleEurBn": 8.8, "stalledEurBn": 0.0, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "Company announcements (via eu_pledges)" }, "eedItMW": { "value": 1508.0, "period": "2025", "sites": 454, "pue": 1.36, "estimatedSites": 456, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "gridQueueGW": { "value": 22.0, "expectedGW": null, "label": "22.0 GW requested (data centres; Brandenburg grid operator (unnamed))", "period": "2025-07", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/data-centres-germany-planning-own-fossil-fuel-plants-citing-slow-grid-connections-report", "publisher": "Brandenburg grid operator (unnamed)" }, "demandTWh": { "value": 516.5, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" } }, "sources": [ { "label": "Bitkom/Borderstep, estimate (BDEW 2024 total)", "url": "https://www.bitkom.org/Presse/Presseinformation/Rechenzentren-Deutschland-KI-treibt-Wachstum" }, { "label": "Brandenburg grid operator (unnamed)", "url": "https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/data-centres-germany-planning-own-fossil-fuel-plants-citing-slow-grid-connections-report" }, { "label": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, { "label": "Ember", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/" }, { "label": "EuroHPC JU", "url": "eu_ai_factories" }, { "label": "Eurostat Comext (HS 847150, extra-EU imports)", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/" }, { "label": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en" } ], "ranks": { "dcSharePct": 4, "industrialPrice": 10, "carbonIntensity": 16, "renewablesPct": 8, "cleanPct": 14, "aiFactories": 1, "serverImportsSharePct": 3 }, "rankOf": { "dcSharePct": 15, "industrialPrice": 15, "carbonIntensity": 18, "renewablesPct": 18, "cleanPct": 18, "aiFactories": 10, "serverImportsSharePct": 14 } }, { "slug": "france", "name": "France", "iso2": "FR", "eu": true, "indicators": { "dcSharePct": { "value": 1, "period": "2024", "twh": 4.3, "basis": "share of national electricity consumption; metered consumption of the 471 sites using over 1 GWh a year (4.3 TWh); SDES puts all sites at 4.3-6 TWh, 1-1.5%", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://www.statistiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/la-consommation-delectricite-des-data-centers-en-2024", "publisher": "SDES, French ministry statistics service", "note": "Value is the low end of SDES's 1-1.5% range, the end its measured 4.3 TWh supports; small sites would add up to 1.7 TWh. RTE's data-centre page (2026) estimates about 10 TWh, about 2%, and Ember's 2024 estimate is 2%: official sources disagree. Replaces Ember's 2% (12 Oct 2026)." }, "industrialPrice": { "value": 0.0722, "period": "2026-S1", "band": "IG", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en", "publisher": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "series": [ { "period": "2023-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.093 }, { "period": "2024-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.0829 }, { "period": "2024-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.0746 }, { "period": "2025-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.0693 }, { "period": "2025-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.0614 }, { "period": "2026-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.0722 } ] }, "carbonIntensity": { "value": 41, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "renewablesPct": { "value": 26.6, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "cleanPct": { "value": 94.9, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "aiFactories": { "value": 1, "names": [ "AI2F (AI Factory France)" ], "role": "AI Factory host", "kind": "measured", "source": "eu_ai_factories", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU" }, "serverImportsSharePct": { "value": 5.4, "eur": 1597831463, "period": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/", "publisher": "Eurostat Comext (HS 847150, extra-EU imports)" }, "pledges": { "value": 5.2, "unit": "EUR bn", "count": 2, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 0.0, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "Company announcements (via eu_pledges)" }, "eedItMW": { "value": 631.0, "period": "2024", "sites": 152, "pue": 1.49, "estimatedSites": 264, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "gridQueueGW": { "value": 18.0, "expectedGW": null, "label": "18.0 GW reserved (data centres; RTE (TSO))", "period": "2026-05", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.rte-france.com/bases-electricite/consommation-electricite/essor-data-centers-france", "publisher": "RTE (TSO)" }, "demandTWh": { "value": 480.6, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" } }, "sources": [ { "label": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, { "label": "Ember", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/" }, { "label": "EuroHPC JU", "url": "eu_ai_factories" }, { "label": "Eurostat Comext (HS 847150, extra-EU imports)", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/" }, { "label": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en" }, { "label": "RTE (TSO)", "url": "https://www.rte-france.com/bases-electricite/consommation-electricite/essor-data-centers-france" }, { "label": "SDES, French ministry statistics service", "url": "https://www.statistiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/la-consommation-delectricite-des-data-centers-en-2024" } ], "ranks": { "dcSharePct": 14, "industrialPrice": 3, "carbonIntensity": 5, "renewablesPct": 17, "cleanPct": 6, "aiFactories": 4, "serverImportsSharePct": 4 }, "rankOf": { "dcSharePct": 15, "industrialPrice": 15, "carbonIntensity": 18, "renewablesPct": 18, "cleanPct": 18, "aiFactories": 10, "serverImportsSharePct": 14 } }, { "slug": "netherlands", "name": "Netherlands", "iso2": "NL", "eu": true, "indicators": { "dcSharePct": { "value": 4.6, "period": "2024", "twh": 5.1, "basis": "share of total electricity consumption; provisional", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2025/51/data-centres-consume-4-6-percent-of-the-netherlands-electricity", "publisher": "CBS (Statistics Netherlands)", "note": "Counts connections whose main activity is a data centre; in-house data centres (universities, hospitals) are excluded. Ember's estimate for 2024 is 7%." }, "industrialPrice": { "value": 0.1058, "period": "2026-S1", "band": "IG", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en", "publisher": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "series": [ { "period": "2023-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.1826 }, { "period": "2024-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.1143 }, { "period": "2024-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.1045 }, { "period": "2025-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.1062 }, { "period": "2025-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.0951 }, { "period": "2026-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.1058 } ] }, "carbonIntensity": { "value": 254, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "renewablesPct": { "value": 51.2, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "cleanPct": { "value": 54.2, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "aiFactories": { "value": 1, "names": [ "NLAIF (Netherlands AI Factory)" ], "role": "AI Factory host", "kind": "measured", "source": "eu_ai_factories", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU" }, "serverImportsSharePct": { "value": 56.5, "eur": 16714299249, "period": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/", "publisher": "Eurostat Comext (HS 847150, extra-EU imports)" }, "pledges": { "value": 3.5, "unit": "EUR bn", "count": 4, "visibleEurBn": 0.6, "stalledEurBn": 0.0, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "Company announcements (via eu_pledges)" }, "eedItMW": { "value": 1124.0, "period": "2025", "sites": 80, "pue": 1.22, "estimatedSites": 192, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "gridQueueGW": { "value": 10.0, "expectedGW": null, "label": "10.0 GW requested (all large consumers; Regional DSOs (Netbeheer Nederland, LAN progress report))", "period": "2026-06-30", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://solarmagazine.nl/nieuws-zonne-energie/i44990/wachtlijst-teruglevering-bij-regionale-netbeheerders-krimpt-licht-maar-gevraagd-vermogen-stijgt-13-procent", "publisher": "Regional DSOs (Netbeheer Nederland, LAN progress report)" }, "demandTWh": { "value": 121.0, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" } }, "sources": [ { "label": "CBS (Statistics Netherlands)", "url": "https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2025/51/data-centres-consume-4-6-percent-of-the-netherlands-electricity" }, { "label": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, { "label": "Ember", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/" }, { "label": "EuroHPC JU", "url": "eu_ai_factories" }, { "label": "Eurostat Comext (HS 847150, extra-EU imports)", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/" }, { "label": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en" }, { "label": "Regional DSOs (Netbeheer Nederland, LAN progress report)", "url": "https://solarmagazine.nl/nieuws-zonne-energie/i44990/wachtlijst-teruglevering-bij-regionale-netbeheerders-krimpt-licht-maar-gevraagd-vermogen-stijgt-13-procent" } ], "ranks": { "dcSharePct": 2, "industrialPrice": 8, "carbonIntensity": 13, "renewablesPct": 12, "cleanPct": 15, "aiFactories": 4, "serverImportsSharePct": 1 }, "rankOf": { "dcSharePct": 15, "industrialPrice": 15, "carbonIntensity": 18, "renewablesPct": 18, "cleanPct": 18, "aiFactories": 10, "serverImportsSharePct": 14 } }, { "slug": "united-kingdom", "name": "United Kingdom", "iso2": "GB", "eu": false, "indicators": { "dcSharePct": { "value": 2, "period": "2024", "twh": 4.5, "basis": "share of electricity consumed from the grid in Great Britain (4.5 of 249.2 TWh); metered consumption of commercial data centres matched to meters", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/energy-trends-june-2026-special-feature-article-data-centre-electricity-consumption-in-great-britain-2020-to-2024", "publisher": "DESNZ (UK), Energy Trends special article (Official Statistics in Development)", "note": "Great Britain only (Northern Ireland excluded). Enterprise (in-house) data centres are excluded, so a lower bound. Ember's 2024 estimate for the UK is 4% of demand. Replaces Ember's 4% (12 Oct 2026)." }, "industrialPrice": null, "carbonIntensity": { "value": 218, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "renewablesPct": { "value": 51.8, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "cleanPct": { "value": 64.2, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "aiFactories": { "value": null, "names": [], "role": "Antenna", "kind": "measured", "source": "eu_ai_factories", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU" }, "serverImportsSharePct": null, "pledges": { "value": 62.5, "unit": "EUR bn", "count": 6, "visibleEurBn": 5.9, "stalledEurBn": 39.8, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "Company announcements (via eu_pledges)" }, "eedItMW": null, "gridQueueGW": { "value": 73.0, "expectedGW": 5.2, "label": "73.0 GW contracted (data centres; Ofgem / NESO); expected: NESO: 5.2 GW connected by 2030 (3.7-6.3)", "period": "2025-06-30", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/consultation/proposed-data-centre-connection-reforms", "publisher": "Ofgem / NESO" }, "demandTWh": { "value": 311.3, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" } }, "sources": [ { "label": "DESNZ (UK), Energy Trends special article (Official Statistics in Development)", "url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/energy-trends-june-2026-special-feature-article-data-centre-electricity-consumption-in-great-britain-2020-to-2024" }, { "label": "Ember", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/" }, { "label": "EuroHPC JU", "url": "eu_ai_factories" }, { "label": "Ofgem / NESO", "url": "https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/consultation/proposed-data-centre-connection-reforms" } ], "ranks": { "dcSharePct": 11, "industrialPrice": null, "carbonIntensity": 12, "renewablesPct": 11, "cleanPct": 12, "aiFactories": null, "serverImportsSharePct": null }, "rankOf": { "dcSharePct": 15, "industrialPrice": 15, "carbonIntensity": 18, "renewablesPct": 18, "cleanPct": 18, "aiFactories": 10, "serverImportsSharePct": 14 } }, { "slug": "italy", "name": "Italy", "iso2": "IT", "eu": true, "indicators": { "dcSharePct": { "value": 1.9, "period": "2024", "twh": 5.8, "basis": "share of national consumption (Politecnico di Milano Energy & Strategy estimate)", "kind": "estimate", "source": "https://www.qualenergia.it/articoli/entro-2035-data-center-13-consumi/", "publisher": "Politecnico di Milano Energy & Strategy, via QualEnergia", "note": "Other estimates are lower: about 3.9 TWh (about 1.3%) attributed to Terna in a WWF report (Jul 2026; Terna original not found). Range 1.3-1.9%. Terna's 2024 total is 312.3 TWh." }, "industrialPrice": { "value": 0.1332, "period": "2026-S1", "band": "IG", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en", "publisher": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "series": [ { "period": "2023-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.1368 }, { "period": "2024-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.1136 }, { "period": "2024-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.1343 }, { "period": "2025-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.1207 }, { "period": "2025-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.1168 }, { "period": "2026-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.1332 } ] }, "carbonIntensity": { "value": 284, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "renewablesPct": { "value": 48.8, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "cleanPct": { "value": 48.8, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "aiFactories": { "value": 1, "names": [ "IT4LIA" ], "role": "AI Factory host", "kind": "measured", "source": "eu_ai_factories", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU" }, "serverImportsSharePct": { "value": 1.7, "eur": 499881302, "period": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/", "publisher": "Eurostat Comext (HS 847150, extra-EU imports)" }, "pledges": { "value": 5.5, "unit": "EUR bn", "count": 2, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 0.0, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "Company announcements (via eu_pledges)" }, "eedItMW": { "value": 132.0, "period": "2025", "sites": 42, "pue": 1.43, "estimatedSites": 178, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "gridQueueGW": { "value": 100.0, "expectedGW": 2.0, "label": "100.0 GW requested (data centres; Terna (TSO)); expected: Terna: 1.5-2 GW by ~2030", "period": "2026-08-31", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.milanofinanza.it/news/data-center-oltre-quota-100-gw-2718128", "publisher": "Terna (TSO)" }, "demandTWh": { "value": 312.6, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" } }, "sources": [ { "label": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, { "label": "Ember", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/" }, { "label": "EuroHPC JU", "url": "eu_ai_factories" }, { "label": "Eurostat Comext (HS 847150, extra-EU imports)", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/" }, { "label": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en" }, { "label": "Politecnico di Milano Energy & Strategy, via QualEnergia", "url": "https://www.qualenergia.it/articoli/entro-2035-data-center-13-consumi/" }, { "label": "Terna (TSO)", "url": "https://www.milanofinanza.it/news/data-center-oltre-quota-100-gw-2718128" } ], "ranks": { "dcSharePct": 12, "industrialPrice": 11, "carbonIntensity": 15, "renewablesPct": 13, "cleanPct": 16, "aiFactories": 4, "serverImportsSharePct": 8 }, "rankOf": { "dcSharePct": 15, "industrialPrice": 15, "carbonIntensity": 18, "renewablesPct": 18, "cleanPct": 18, "aiFactories": 10, "serverImportsSharePct": 14 } }, { "slug": "spain", "name": "Spain", "iso2": "ES", "eu": true, "indicators": { "dcSharePct": { "value": 2.4, "period": "2024", "twh": 6, "basis": "share of national demand: over 6 TWh (DNV estimate) \u00f7 248.8 TWh (REE 2024 demand); our arithmetic", "kind": "estimate", "source": "https://www.energias-renovables.com/panorama/los-centros-de-datos-espaoles-consumiran-mas-20250109", "publisher": "DNV, via Energ\u00edas Renovables (REE 2024 total)", "note": "Consultant estimate reported in the trade press; 'more than 6 TWh', so a lower bound. No INE, REE or CNMC figure." }, "industrialPrice": { "value": 0.0777, "period": "2026-S1", "band": "IG", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en", "publisher": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "series": [ { "period": "2023-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.1068 }, { "period": "2024-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.0756 }, { "period": "2024-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.0974 }, { "period": "2025-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.0883 }, { "period": "2025-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.0932 }, { "period": "2026-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.0777 } ] }, "carbonIntensity": { "value": 153, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "renewablesPct": { "value": 55.9, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "cleanPct": { "value": 74.7, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "aiFactories": { "value": 2, "names": [ "BSC AI Factory", "1HealthAI (One-Health AI Factory)" ], "role": "AI Factory host", "kind": "measured", "source": "eu_ai_factories", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU" }, "serverImportsSharePct": { "value": 1.2, "eur": 358842748, "period": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/", "publisher": "Eurostat Comext (HS 847150, extra-EU imports)" }, "pledges": { "value": 43.2, "unit": "EUR bn", "count": 4, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 0.8, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "Company announcements (via eu_pledges)" }, "eedItMW": { "value": 103.0, "period": "2024", "sites": 38, "pue": 1.57, "estimatedSites": 165, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "gridQueueGW": { "value": 6.3, "expectedGW": 2.9, "label": "6.3 GW granted (data centres; Red El\u00e9ctrica (TSO)); expected: SpainDC: 2.6-2.9 GW operating by 2030", "period": "2026-10-01", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.ree.es/es/sala-de-prensa/actualidad/nota-de-prensa/2026/10/red-electrica-publica-el-mapa-de-capacidades-de-demanda-tipo-consumo", "publisher": "Red El\u00e9ctrica (TSO)" }, "demandTWh": { "value": 275.2, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" } }, "sources": [ { "label": "DNV, via Energ\u00edas Renovables (REE 2024 total)", "url": "https://www.energias-renovables.com/panorama/los-centros-de-datos-espaoles-consumiran-mas-20250109" }, { "label": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, { "label": "Ember", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/" }, { "label": "EuroHPC JU", "url": "eu_ai_factories" }, { "label": "Eurostat Comext (HS 847150, extra-EU imports)", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/" }, { "label": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en" }, { "label": "Red El\u00e9ctrica (TSO)", "url": "https://www.ree.es/es/sala-de-prensa/actualidad/nota-de-prensa/2026/10/red-electrica-publica-el-mapa-de-capacidades-de-demanda-tipo-consumo" } ], "ranks": { "dcSharePct": 8, "industrialPrice": 4, "carbonIntensity": 11, "renewablesPct": 10, "cleanPct": 10, "aiFactories": 1, "serverImportsSharePct": 9 }, "rankOf": { "dcSharePct": 15, "industrialPrice": 15, "carbonIntensity": 18, "renewablesPct": 18, "cleanPct": 18, "aiFactories": 10, "serverImportsSharePct": 14 } }, { "slug": "sweden", "name": "Sweden", "iso2": "SE", "eu": true, "indicators": { "dcSharePct": { "value": 2.1, "period": "2022", "twh": 3.0, "basis": "share of demand: midpoint of 2.8-3.2 TWh (RISE for the Swedish Energy Agency, crypto excluded) \u00f7 Ember 2022 demand 139.8 TWh; our arithmetic (range 2.0-2.3%)", "kind": "estimate", "source": "https://energimyndigheten.a-w2m.se/Arkitektkopia/GetTemplateResource/121?id=51ec083b3b4e4c3894c84361df275f12&res=adb01eaccc884d5a9fa3ed24d67fbd6c&lr=False&fn=ER+2023_04+WEBB.pdf&elp=portal&elt=t&eloid=51ec083b3b4e4c3894c84361df275f12", "publisher": "Swedish Energy Agency (RISE), ER 2023:04", "note": "Crypto mining adds about 1-1.5 TWh (same report). Svenskt N\u00e4ringsliv (Apr 2026, a business lobby citing RISE via the press) puts 2024 at about 2.9% of about 135 TWh; with the agency's 136 TWh, 3-4 TWh would be 2.2-2.9%. No official statistic." }, "industrialPrice": { "value": 0.0881, "period": "2026-S1", "band": "IG", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en", "publisher": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "series": [ { "period": "2023-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.0655 }, { "period": "2024-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.0652 }, { "period": "2024-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.0559 }, { "period": "2025-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.0567 }, { "period": "2025-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.0644 }, { "period": "2026-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.0881 } ] }, "carbonIntensity": { "value": 35, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "renewablesPct": { "value": 71.4, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "cleanPct": { "value": 98.8, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "aiFactories": { "value": 1, "names": [ "MIMER (now 'Sweden AI Factory')" ], "role": "AI Factory host", "kind": "measured", "source": "eu_ai_factories", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU" }, "serverImportsSharePct": { "value": 1.8, "eur": 518776632, "period": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/", "publisher": "Eurostat Comext (HS 847150, extra-EU imports)" }, "pledges": { "value": 3.0, "unit": "EUR bn", "count": 1, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 0.0, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "Company announcements (via eu_pledges)" }, "eedItMW": { "value": 699.0, "period": "2025", "sites": 71, "pue": 1.23, "estimatedSites": 103, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "gridQueueGW": { "value": 7.5, "expectedGW": null, "label": "7.5 GW requested (all large loads (said in a data-centre context); Svenska kraftn\u00e4t (TSO))", "period": "2026-06", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.wsp.com/sv-se/nyheter/2026/wsp-i-almedalen-datacenter-vaxer-men-utan-nationell-kompass", "publisher": "Svenska kraftn\u00e4t (TSO)" }, "demandTWh": { "value": 136.5, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" } }, "sources": [ { "label": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, { "label": "Ember", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/" }, { "label": "EuroHPC JU", "url": "eu_ai_factories" }, { "label": "Eurostat Comext (HS 847150, extra-EU imports)", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/" }, { "label": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en" }, { "label": "Svenska kraftn\u00e4t (TSO)", "url": "https://www.wsp.com/sv-se/nyheter/2026/wsp-i-almedalen-datacenter-vaxer-men-utan-nationell-kompass" }, { "label": "Swedish Energy Agency (RISE), ER 2023:04", "url": "https://energimyndigheten.a-w2m.se/Arkitektkopia/GetTemplateResource/121?id=51ec083b3b4e4c3894c84361df275f12&res=adb01eaccc884d5a9fa3ed24d67fbd6c&lr=False&fn=ER+2023_04+WEBB.pdf&elp=portal&elt=t&eloid=51ec083b3b4e4c3894c84361df275f12" } ], "ranks": { "dcSharePct": 10, "industrialPrice": 6, "carbonIntensity": 3, "renewablesPct": 6, "cleanPct": 3, "aiFactories": 4, "serverImportsSharePct": 7 }, "rankOf": { "dcSharePct": 15, "industrialPrice": 15, "carbonIntensity": 18, "renewablesPct": 18, "cleanPct": 18, "aiFactories": 10, "serverImportsSharePct": 14 } }, { "slug": "norway", "name": "Norway", "iso2": "NO", "eu": false, "indicators": { "dcSharePct": { "value": 2.26, "period": "2025", "twh": 3.14, "basis": "metered consumption at metering points under industry code 63.100 (data processing and hosting), as a share of total Norwegian consumption including grid losses", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://data.elhub.no/download/publications/elhub_analyse_hvordan_bruker_datasentre_strom_202609.pdf", "publisher": "Elhub, Statnett's national metering datahub", "note": "Series: 0.82 TWh (2022), 1.36 (2023), 1.97 (2024), 3.14 (2025). Includes crypto miners registered under the code; the code can also miss data centres. NVE's method note (Aug 2026) cites 3.3 TWh from Elhub for 2025. Replaces the industry figure of about 1% of 2023 production (via Ember)." }, "industrialPrice": { "value": 0.0502, "period": "2026-S1", "band": "IG", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en", "publisher": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "series": [ { "period": "2023-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.0424 }, { "period": "2024-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.0451 }, { "period": "2024-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.0377 }, { "period": "2025-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.0394 }, { "period": "2025-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.0408 }, { "period": "2026-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.0502 } ] }, "carbonIntensity": { "value": 28, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "renewablesPct": { "value": 99.0, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "cleanPct": { "value": 99.0, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "aiFactories": { "value": null, "names": [], "role": "LUMI AI Factory partner", "kind": "measured", "source": "eu_ai_factories", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU" }, "serverImportsSharePct": null, "pledges": { "value": 6.1, "unit": "EUR bn", "count": 2, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 0.0, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "Company announcements (via eu_pledges)" }, "eedItMW": null, "gridQueueGW": { "value": 9.8, "expectedGW": null, "label": "9.8 GW requested (data centres; Statnett (TSO))", "period": "2025-05-08", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.stortinget.no/globalassets/pdf/dokumentserien/2024-2025/dok15-202425-2086-vedlegg.pdf", "publisher": "Statnett (TSO)" }, "demandTWh": { "value": 138.1, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" } }, "sources": [ { "label": "Elhub, Statnett's national metering datahub", "url": "https://data.elhub.no/download/publications/elhub_analyse_hvordan_bruker_datasentre_strom_202609.pdf" }, { "label": "Ember", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/" }, { "label": "EuroHPC JU", "url": "eu_ai_factories" }, { "label": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en" }, { "label": "Statnett (TSO)", "url": "https://www.stortinget.no/globalassets/pdf/dokumentserien/2024-2025/dok15-202425-2086-vedlegg.pdf" } ], "ranks": { "dcSharePct": 9, "industrialPrice": 1, "carbonIntensity": 1, "renewablesPct": 2, "cleanPct": 2, "aiFactories": null, "serverImportsSharePct": null }, "rankOf": { "dcSharePct": 15, "industrialPrice": 15, "carbonIntensity": 18, "renewablesPct": 18, "cleanPct": 18, "aiFactories": 10, "serverImportsSharePct": 14 } }, { "slug": "denmark", "name": "Denmark", "iso2": "DK", "eu": true, "indicators": { "dcSharePct": { "value": 2.8, "period": "2024", "twh": 1.1, "basis": "share of total consumption including grid losses: about 1.1 TWh \u00f7 40 TWh (both Danish Energy Agency, 2024 base of its projection); our arithmetic, 2.75%", "kind": "estimate", "source": "https://www.kefm.dk/Media/639189372477417134/Klimastatus%20og%20-fremskrivning%202026%20-%20Del%201.pdf", "publisher": "Danish Energy Agency, Klimastatus og -fremskrivning 2026 (consultation draft)", "note": "The 1.1 TWh is not explicitly dated; the section compares 2024 with 2030 (4.6 TWh). The agency's KF26 assumptions note says data centres rose from about 0% to about 3% of Danish use in five years. An industry report's '7% in 2024' is not found in any agency source. Statistics Denmark publishes no series." }, "industrialPrice": { "value": 0.1246, "period": "2026-S1", "band": "IG", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en", "publisher": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "series": [ { "period": "2023-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.1062 }, { "period": "2024-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.098 }, { "period": "2024-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.1136 }, { "period": "2025-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.117 }, { "period": "2025-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.1115 }, { "period": "2026-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.1246 } ] }, "carbonIntensity": { "value": 100, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "renewablesPct": { "value": 94.2, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "cleanPct": { "value": 94.2, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "aiFactories": { "value": 0, "names": [], "role": "LUMI AI Factory partner", "kind": "measured", "source": "eu_ai_factories", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU" }, "serverImportsSharePct": { "value": 0.4, "eur": 113235211, "period": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/", "publisher": "Eurostat Comext (HS 847150, extra-EU imports)" }, "pledges": { "value": 2.7, "unit": "EUR bn", "count": 1, "visibleEurBn": 2.7, "stalledEurBn": 0.0, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "Company announcements (via eu_pledges)" }, "eedItMW": { "value": 319.0, "period": "2025", "sites": 26, "pue": 1.17, "estimatedSites": 58, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "gridQueueGW": { "value": 17.0, "expectedGW": null, "label": "17.0 GW requested (data centres; Energinet (TSO))", "period": "2026-01-31", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://ing.dk/artikel/data-centres-desperate-electricity-how-much-capacity-they-need-energinet", "publisher": "Energinet (TSO)" }, "demandTWh": { "value": 41.9, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" } }, "sources": [ { "label": "Danish Energy Agency, Klimastatus og -fremskrivning 2026 (consultation draft)", "url": "https://www.kefm.dk/Media/639189372477417134/Klimastatus%20og%20-fremskrivning%202026%20-%20Del%201.pdf" }, { "label": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, { "label": "Ember", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/" }, { "label": "Energinet (TSO)", "url": "https://ing.dk/artikel/data-centres-desperate-electricity-how-much-capacity-they-need-energinet" }, { "label": "EuroHPC JU", "url": "eu_ai_factories" }, { "label": "Eurostat Comext (HS 847150, extra-EU imports)", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/" }, { "label": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en" } ], "ranks": { "dcSharePct": 7, "industrialPrice": 9, "carbonIntensity": 7, "renewablesPct": 3, "cleanPct": 7, "aiFactories": null, "serverImportsSharePct": 12 }, "rankOf": { "dcSharePct": 15, "industrialPrice": 15, "carbonIntensity": 18, "renewablesPct": 18, "cleanPct": 18, "aiFactories": 10, "serverImportsSharePct": 14 } }, { "slug": "finland", "name": "Finland", "iso2": "FI", "eu": true, "indicators": { "dcSharePct": { "value": 1.9, "period": "2024", "twh": 1.6, "basis": "share of total consumption: about 1.6 TWh (government roadmap, 'just under 2%') \u00f7 82.7 TWh (Statistics Finland 2024); our arithmetic", "kind": "estimate", "source": "https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/bitstreams/908eb6e7-d2c0-4592-99bc-196998db717b/download", "publisher": "Finnish Government, national data-centre roadmap (rapporteur's report 2025:94)", "note": "Uncited in the report; probably from the industry body (FDCA). Finnish Energy says exact figures are not available ('about 2%'). No official metered statistic." }, "industrialPrice": { "value": 0.0793, "period": "2026-S1", "band": "IF", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en", "publisher": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "series": [ { "period": "2021-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.053 }, { "period": "2021-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.0843 }, { "period": "2022-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.0875 }, { "period": "2022-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.143 } ] }, "carbonIntensity": { "value": 57, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "renewablesPct": { "value": 56.5, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "cleanPct": { "value": 96.4, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "aiFactories": { "value": 1, "names": [ "LUMI AI Factory" ], "role": "AI Factory host", "kind": "measured", "source": "eu_ai_factories", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU" }, "serverImportsSharePct": { "value": 3.0, "eur": 892691291, "period": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/", "publisher": "Eurostat Comext (HS 847150, extra-EU imports)" }, "pledges": { "value": 14.0, "unit": "EUR bn", "count": 2, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 13.0, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "Company announcements (via eu_pledges)" }, "eedItMW": { "value": 307.0, "period": "2024", "sites": 28, "pue": 1.16, "estimatedSites": 72, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "gridQueueGW": { "value": 3.0, "expectedGW": null, "label": "3.0 GW contracted (data centres; Fingrid (TSO))", "period": "2026-06-30", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.fingrid.fi/en/news/news/2026/fingrid-groups-half-year-report-1.1.30.6.2026/", "publisher": "Fingrid (TSO)" }, "demandTWh": { "value": 87.8, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" } }, "sources": [ { "label": "Finnish Government, national data-centre roadmap (rapporteur's report 2025:94)", "url": "https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/bitstreams/908eb6e7-d2c0-4592-99bc-196998db717b/download" }, { "label": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, { "label": "Ember", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/" }, { "label": "EuroHPC JU", "url": "eu_ai_factories" }, { "label": "Eurostat Comext (HS 847150, extra-EU imports)", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/" }, { "label": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en" }, { "label": "Fingrid (TSO)", "url": "https://www.fingrid.fi/en/news/news/2026/fingrid-groups-half-year-report-1.1.30.6.2026/" } ], "ranks": { "dcSharePct": 12, "industrialPrice": 5, "carbonIntensity": 6, "renewablesPct": 9, "cleanPct": 5, "aiFactories": 4, "serverImportsSharePct": 6 }, "rankOf": { "dcSharePct": 15, "industrialPrice": 15, "carbonIntensity": 18, "renewablesPct": 18, "cleanPct": 18, "aiFactories": 10, "serverImportsSharePct": 14 } }, { "slug": "belgium", "name": "Belgium", "iso2": "BE", "eu": true, "indicators": { "dcSharePct": { "value": 4, "period": "2024", "twh": 3.2, "basis": "share of national electricity consumption (BCG estimate; year read from 'last year' in a May 2025 report)", "kind": "estimate", "source": "https://www.brusselstimes.com/1605432/by-2035-data-centres-could-consume-10-of-belgian-electricity", "publisher": "BCG, Belgium: the power of compute (via The Brussels Times)", "note": "BCG's own page: https://www.bcg.com/publications/2025/belgium-the-power-of-compute-the-effects-of-data-center-growth-on-belgiums-energy-system ('could rise from 3 TWh today'). No Statbel or Elia figure. Year inferred." }, "industrialPrice": { "value": 0.1014, "period": "2026-S1", "band": "IG", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en", "publisher": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "series": [ { "period": "2023-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.1046 }, { "period": "2024-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.0778 }, { "period": "2024-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.0894 }, { "period": "2025-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.0982 }, { "period": "2025-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.092 }, { "period": "2026-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.1014 } ] }, "carbonIntensity": { "value": 151, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "renewablesPct": { "value": 38.6, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "cleanPct": { "value": 72.1, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "aiFactories": { "value": 0, "names": [], "role": "Antenna", "kind": "measured", "source": "eu_ai_factories", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU" }, "serverImportsSharePct": { "value": 1.2, "eur": 356616457, "period": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/", "publisher": "Eurostat Comext (HS 847150, extra-EU imports)" }, "pledges": { "value": 5.0, "unit": "EUR bn", "count": 1, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 0.0, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "Company announcements (via eu_pledges)" }, "eedItMW": { "value": 341.0, "period": "2025", "sites": 19, "pue": 1.14, "estimatedSites": 48, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "gridQueueGW": null, "demandTWh": { "value": 85.5, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" } }, "sources": [ { "label": "BCG, Belgium: the power of compute (via The Brussels Times)", "url": "https://www.brusselstimes.com/1605432/by-2035-data-centres-could-consume-10-of-belgian-electricity" }, { "label": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, { "label": "Ember", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/" }, { "label": "EuroHPC JU", "url": "eu_ai_factories" }, { "label": "Eurostat Comext (HS 847150, extra-EU imports)", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/" }, { "label": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en" } ], "ranks": { "dcSharePct": 3, "industrialPrice": 7, "carbonIntensity": 10, "renewablesPct": 15, "cleanPct": 11, "aiFactories": null, "serverImportsSharePct": 9 }, "rankOf": { "dcSharePct": 15, "industrialPrice": 15, "carbonIntensity": 18, "renewablesPct": 18, "cleanPct": 18, "aiFactories": 10, "serverImportsSharePct": 14 } }, { "slug": "poland", "name": "Poland", "iso2": "PL", "eu": true, "indicators": { "dcSharePct": { "value": 1, "period": "2025", "twh": 1.75, "basis": "share of national consumption: 1.7-1.8 TWh from about 200 MW installed, against about 175 TWh ('roughly 1%'); unattributed estimate", "kind": "estimate", "source": "https://wbj.pl/pses-network-development-plan-important-reference-about-data-center-growth-potential-in-poland/post/148794", "publisher": "Warsaw Business Journal (article on the Polish Data Center Association and PSE's plan)", "note": "Weak: the press gives no named author for the estimate (same figures in itwiz.pl, 10 Feb 2026). Year is 'currently', read as 2025. EU reporting covers 277 GWh from 36 of 87 sites (a floor)." }, "industrialPrice": { "value": 0.1844, "period": "2026-S1", "band": "IG", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en", "publisher": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "series": [ { "period": "2023-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.1997 }, { "period": "2024-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.1612 }, { "period": "2024-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.1856 }, { "period": "2025-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.1707 }, { "period": "2025-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.1716 }, { "period": "2026-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.1844 } ] }, "carbonIntensity": { "value": 591, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "renewablesPct": { "value": 31.2, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "cleanPct": { "value": 31.2, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "aiFactories": { "value": 2, "names": [ "PIAST AI Factory", "Gaia AI Factory" ], "role": "AI Factory host", "kind": "measured", "source": "eu_ai_factories", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU" }, "serverImportsSharePct": { "value": 0.5, "eur": 157091856, "period": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/", "publisher": "Eurostat Comext (HS 847150, extra-EU imports)" }, "pledges": { "value": 0.6, "unit": "EUR bn", "count": 1, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 0.0, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "Company announcements (via eu_pledges)" }, "eedItMW": { "value": 124.0, "period": "2025", "sites": 44, "pue": 1.39, "estimatedSites": 87, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "gridQueueGW": null, "demandTWh": { "value": 173.7, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" } }, "sources": [ { "label": "Warsaw Business Journal (article on the Polish Data Center Association and PSE's plan)", "url": "https://wbj.pl/pses-network-development-plan-important-reference-about-data-center-growth-potential-in-poland/post/148794" }, { "label": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, { "label": "Ember", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/" }, { "label": "EuroHPC JU", "url": "eu_ai_factories" }, { "label": "Eurostat Comext (HS 847150, extra-EU imports)", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/" }, { "label": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en" } ], "ranks": { "dcSharePct": 14, "industrialPrice": 15, "carbonIntensity": 18, "renewablesPct": 16, "cleanPct": 18, "aiFactories": 1, "serverImportsSharePct": 11 }, "rankOf": { "dcSharePct": 15, "industrialPrice": 15, "carbonIntensity": 18, "renewablesPct": 18, "cleanPct": 18, "aiFactories": 10, "serverImportsSharePct": 14 } }, { "slug": "portugal", "name": "Portugal", "iso2": "PT", "eu": true, "indicators": { "dcSharePct": null, "industrialPrice": { "value": 0.0666, "period": "2026-S1", "band": "IG", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en", "publisher": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "series": [ { "period": "2023-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.0774 }, { "period": "2024-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.0646 }, { "period": "2024-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.1 }, { "period": "2025-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.0982 }, { "period": "2025-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.0896 }, { "period": "2026-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.0666 } ] }, "carbonIntensity": { "value": 128, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "renewablesPct": { "value": 80.9, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "cleanPct": { "value": 80.9, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "aiFactories": { "value": 0, "names": [], "role": "AI Factory consortium partner", "kind": "measured", "source": "eu_ai_factories", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU" }, "serverImportsSharePct": { "value": 0.0, "eur": 8327961, "period": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/", "publisher": "Eurostat Comext (HS 847150, extra-EU imports)" }, "pledges": { "value": 8.9, "unit": "EUR bn", "count": 1, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 0.0, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "Company announcements (via eu_pledges)" }, "eedItMW": { "value": 12.0, "period": "2024", "sites": 8, "pue": 1.58, "estimatedSites": 42, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "gridQueueGW": null, "demandTWh": { "value": 60.4, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" } }, "sources": [ { "label": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, { "label": "Ember", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/" }, { "label": "EuroHPC JU", "url": "eu_ai_factories" }, { "label": "Eurostat Comext (HS 847150, extra-EU imports)", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/" }, { "label": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en" } ], "ranks": { "dcSharePct": null, "industrialPrice": 2, "carbonIntensity": 9, "renewablesPct": 5, "cleanPct": 9, "aiFactories": null, "serverImportsSharePct": 14 }, "rankOf": { "dcSharePct": 15, "industrialPrice": 15, "carbonIntensity": 18, "renewablesPct": 18, "cleanPct": 18, "aiFactories": 10, "serverImportsSharePct": 14 } }, { "slug": "austria", "name": "Austria", "iso2": "AT", "eu": true, "indicators": { "dcSharePct": null, "industrialPrice": { "value": 0.134, "period": "2026-S1", "band": "IG", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en", "publisher": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "series": [ { "period": "2023-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.1739 }, { "period": "2024-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.135 }, { "period": "2024-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.1428 }, { "period": "2025-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.1426 }, { "period": "2025-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.1405 }, { "period": "2026-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.134 } ] }, "carbonIntensity": { "value": 117, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "renewablesPct": { "value": 83.6, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "cleanPct": { "value": 83.6, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "aiFactories": { "value": 1, "names": [ "AI:AT (AI Factory Austria)" ], "role": "AI Factory host", "kind": "measured", "source": "eu_ai_factories", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU" }, "serverImportsSharePct": { "value": 0.1, "eur": 39304571, "period": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/", "publisher": "Eurostat Comext (HS 847150, extra-EU imports)" }, "pledges": { "value": null, "unit": "EUR bn", "count": 0, "visibleEurBn": null, "stalledEurBn": null, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "Company announcements (via eu_pledges)" }, "eedItMW": { "value": 72.0, "period": "2025", "sites": 25, "pue": 1.44, "estimatedSites": 47, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "gridQueueGW": null, "demandTWh": { "value": 77.3, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" } }, "sources": [ { "label": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, { "label": "Ember", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/" }, { "label": "EuroHPC JU", "url": "eu_ai_factories" }, { "label": "Eurostat Comext (HS 847150, extra-EU imports)", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/" }, { "label": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en" } ], "ranks": { "dcSharePct": null, "industrialPrice": 12, "carbonIntensity": 8, "renewablesPct": 4, "cleanPct": 8, "aiFactories": 4, "serverImportsSharePct": 13 }, "rankOf": { "dcSharePct": 15, "industrialPrice": 15, "carbonIntensity": 18, "renewablesPct": 18, "cleanPct": 18, "aiFactories": 10, "serverImportsSharePct": 14 } }, { "slug": "czechia", "name": "Czechia", "iso2": "CZ", "eu": true, "indicators": { "dcSharePct": null, "industrialPrice": { "value": 0.1649, "period": "2026-S1", "band": "IF", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en", "publisher": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "series": [] }, "carbonIntensity": { "value": 401, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "renewablesPct": { "value": 16.8, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "cleanPct": { "value": 59.2, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "aiFactories": { "value": 1, "names": [ "CZAI (Czech AI Factory)" ], "role": "AI Factory host", "kind": "measured", "source": "eu_ai_factories", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU" }, "serverImportsSharePct": { "value": 3.3, "eur": 971429384, "period": "2025-08 to 2026-07", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/", "publisher": "Eurostat Comext (HS 847150, extra-EU imports)" }, "pledges": { "value": null, "unit": "EUR bn", "count": 0, "visibleEurBn": null, "stalledEurBn": null, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "Company announcements (via eu_pledges)" }, "eedItMW": { "value": 4.0, "period": "2024", "sites": 4, "pue": 1.36, "estimatedSites": 50, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "source": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, "gridQueueGW": null, "demandTWh": { "value": 68.0, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" } }, "sources": [ { "label": "EU EED dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en" }, { "label": "Ember", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/" }, { "label": "EuroHPC JU", "url": "eu_ai_factories" }, { "label": "Eurostat Comext (HS 847150, extra-EU imports)", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/" }, { "label": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en" } ], "ranks": { "dcSharePct": null, "industrialPrice": 13, "carbonIntensity": 17, "renewablesPct": 18, "cleanPct": 13, "aiFactories": 4, "serverImportsSharePct": 5 }, "rankOf": { "dcSharePct": 15, "industrialPrice": 15, "carbonIntensity": 18, "renewablesPct": 18, "cleanPct": 18, "aiFactories": 10, "serverImportsSharePct": 14 } }, { "slug": "switzerland", "name": "Switzerland", "iso2": "CH", "eu": false, "indicators": { "dcSharePct": { "value": 3.6, "period": "2024", "twh": 2.1, "basis": "share of Swiss final electricity consumption (2.1 of 57.5 TWh); survey-based study, server rooms excluded", "kind": "estimate", "source": "https://www.admin.ch/de/newnsb/GV-_d7OgIlqjfQDGZqbkN", "publisher": "Swiss Federal Office of Energy (EnergieSchweiz study), released by the Federal Council", "note": "Consumption rose 18% from 2019 to 2024 on the same scope (1.77 TWh, 3.1% in 2019). Projection 2.5-3.2 TWh by 2030." }, "industrialPrice": null, "carbonIntensity": { "value": 39, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "renewablesPct": { "value": 67.8, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "cleanPct": { "value": 97.7, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "aiFactories": { "value": null, "names": [], "role": "Antenna", "kind": "measured", "source": "eu_ai_factories", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU" }, "serverImportsSharePct": null, "pledges": { "value": 0.4, "unit": "EUR bn", "count": 1, "visibleEurBn": 0.0, "stalledEurBn": 0.0, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "Company announcements (via eu_pledges)" }, "eedItMW": null, "gridQueueGW": null, "demandTWh": { "value": 65.2, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" } }, "sources": [ { "label": "Ember", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/" }, { "label": "EuroHPC JU", "url": "eu_ai_factories" }, { "label": "Swiss Federal Office of Energy (EnergieSchweiz study), released by the Federal Council", "url": "https://www.admin.ch/de/newnsb/GV-_d7OgIlqjfQDGZqbkN" } ], "ranks": { "dcSharePct": 5, "industrialPrice": null, "carbonIntensity": 4, "renewablesPct": 7, "cleanPct": 4, "aiFactories": null, "serverImportsSharePct": null }, "rankOf": { "dcSharePct": 15, "industrialPrice": 15, "carbonIntensity": 18, "renewablesPct": 18, "cleanPct": 18, "aiFactories": 10, "serverImportsSharePct": 14 } }, { "slug": "iceland", "name": "Iceland", "iso2": "IS", "eu": false, "indicators": { "dcSharePct": { "value": 3.09, "period": "2024", "twh": 0.588, "basis": "metered deliveries to end users, category 1644 'Gagnaver' (data centres): 587.8 GWh of 19,029 GWh delivered", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://vefskrar.orkustofnun.is/Talnaefni/ROS-3-2026_Notkunarflokkar_2024.xlsx", "publisher": "Orkustofnun, Iceland's energy authority, ROS-3-2026 Raforkunotkun 2024", "note": "Includes crypto mining. 2023 was 1,062.6 GWh (5.41%; ROS-4-2026), so use fell about 45% in 2024. Total excludes transmission losses. Share is our arithmetic from the same sheet." }, "industrialPrice": null, "carbonIntensity": { "value": 28, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "renewablesPct": { "value": 100.0, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "cleanPct": { "value": 100.0, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" }, "aiFactories": { "value": null, "names": [], "role": "Antenna", "kind": "measured", "source": "eu_ai_factories", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU" }, "serverImportsSharePct": null, "pledges": { "value": null, "unit": "EUR bn", "count": 0, "visibleEurBn": null, "stalledEurBn": null, "kind": "reported", "publisher": "Company announcements (via eu_pledges)" }, "eedItMW": null, "gridQueueGW": null, "demandTWh": { "value": 18.3, "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "publisher": "Ember" } }, "sources": [ { "label": "Orkustofnun, Iceland's energy authority, ROS-3-2026 Raforkunotkun 2024", "url": "https://vefskrar.orkustofnun.is/Talnaefni/ROS-3-2026_Notkunarflokkar_2024.xlsx" }, { "label": "Ember", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/" }, { "label": "EuroHPC JU", "url": "eu_ai_factories" } ], "ranks": { "dcSharePct": 6, "industrialPrice": null, "carbonIntensity": 1, "renewablesPct": 1, "cleanPct": 1, "aiFactories": null, "serverImportsSharePct": null }, "rankOf": { "dcSharePct": 15, "industrialPrice": 15, "carbonIntensity": 18, "renewablesPct": 18, "cleanPct": 18, "aiFactories": 10, "serverImportsSharePct": 14 } } ], "europe": { "industrialPrice": { "eurPerKWh": 0.1096, "band": "IG", "period": "2025-S2", "series": [ { "period": "2021-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.0719 }, { "period": "2021-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.1129 }, { "period": "2022-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.1644 }, { "period": "2022-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.1933 }, { "period": "2023-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.1447 }, { "period": "2023-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.1321 }, { "period": "2024-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.1067 }, { "period": "2024-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.1187 }, { "period": "2025-S1", "eurPerKWh": 0.113 }, { "period": "2025-S2", "eurPerKWh": 0.1096 } ] }, "ember": { "year": 2025, "carbonIntensity": 211, "renewablesPct": 47.7, "cleanPct": 71.0, "demandTWh": 2774.5, "generationTWh": 2798.5, "mix": { "wind": 17.1, "solar": 13.1, "hydro": 11.6, "nuclear": 23.3, "gas": 16.7, "coal": 9.2, "bioenergy": 5.6, "otherRenewables": 0.3, "otherFossil": 3.1 }, "netImportsTWh": -24.0 }, "emberEurope": { "year": 2025, "carbonIntensity": 284, "renewablesPct": 41.5, "cleanPct": 61.0, "demandTWh": 5111.4, "generationTWh": 5111.4, "mix": { "wind": 12.3, "solar": 8.7, "hydro": 16.0, "nuclear": 19.5, "gas": 23.9, "coal": 12.8, "bioenergy": 4.1, "otherRenewables": 0.5, "otherFossil": 2.3 }, "netImportsTWh": null }, "dcShare": { "year": 2024, "pct": 3, "twh": 96, "publisher": "Ember", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/06/Report-Grids-for-data-centres-in-Europe-PDF.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-06-19", "kind": "estimate", "checked": "2026-10-11", "forecast": { "2030": 168, "2035": 236 } }, "serverImportsEu27Eur": 29600227683, "serverImportsWindow": [ "2025-08", "2026-07" ] }, "pulls": { "eurostat": { "file": "eurostat-nrg_pc_205-2026-10-12.json", "updated": "2026-10-09T11:00:00+0200" }, "ember": "ember-yearly-2026-10-11.csv", "comext": "comext-847150-eu27-2026-10-12.json" }, "enrichedFrom": [ { "dataset": "europe_ai", "field": "comparators.dataCentreElectricityShare.irelandCSO", "for": "dcSharePct (IE)" }, { "dataset": "eu_dc_capacity", "field": "shares (where the seed has no figure)", "for": "dcSharePct" }, { "dataset": "eu_dc_capacity", "field": "rows.eedItMW", "for": "eedItMW" }, { "dataset": "eu_ai_factories", "field": "factories", "for": "aiFactories" }, { "dataset": "eu_pledges", "field": "rows (current pledges) and byCountry", "for": "pledges" }, { "dataset": "eu_grid_queues", "field": "countries (queueMW, expectedMW)", "for": "gridQueueGW" }, { "dataset": "eu_dc_restrictions", "field": "rows by country", "for": "restrictions (country pages)" }, { "dataset": "eu_power_prices", "field": "wholesale.rows, rows (levies), summary.usLatest", "for": "profiles" }, { "dataset": "eu_compute", "field": "top500.countries, top500.europeSystems, clusters, epochDataCenters.europeSites", "for": "profiles" }, { "dataset": "global_context", "field": "clusters.europeByCountry, clusters.byBloc, clusters.totalH100e", "for": "profiles (gpu)" }, { "dataset": "eu_ai_factories", "field": "factories, antennas, consortia (gigafactory bids)", "for": "profiles" }, { "dataset": "eu_dc_rules", "field": "rows, jurisdictions", "for": "profiles (energy rules)" }, { "dataset": "sovereign_cloud", "field": "offers (by jurisdiction)", "for": "profiles" }, { "dataset": "eu_neoclouds", "field": "companies[].europeSites, companies[].hq", "for": "profiles" }, { "dataset": "eu_chips, eu_ai_chip_startups, eu_ai_labs", "field": "rows / labs by country", "for": "profiles" }, { "dataset": "eu_hardware_imports", "field": "countries (servers, kit)", "for": "profiles (trade)" } ], "summary": { "countries": 18, "priceLatestPeriod": "2026-S1", "cheapest": { "name": "Norway", "eurPerKWh": 0.0502 }, "dearest": { "name": "Poland", "eurPerKWh": 0.1844 }, "priceSpreadX": 3.7, "ireland": { "dcSharePct": { "value": 23.2, "rank": 1, "of": 15 }, "industrialPrice": { "value": 0.1654, "rank": 14, "of": 15 }, "carbonIntensity": { "value": 263, "rank": 14, "of": 18 }, "renewablesPct": { "value": 47.7, "rank": 14, "of": 18 }, "cleanPct": { "value": 47.7, "rank": 17, "of": 18 }, "aiFactories": { "value": 0, "rank": null, "of": 10 }, "serverImportsSharePct": { "value": 14.6, "rank": 2, "of": 14 } }, "aiFactoryHostsInScorecard": 10, "noAiFactory": [ "Ireland", "Denmark", "Belgium", "Portugal" ] }, "method": "Each indicator is shown as published, with its period and source, and ranked among the countries that have a figure (competition ranking: ties share a rank). No composite score: combining price, carbon, grid and AI investment needs weights, and any weights are judgement. Data-centre shares mix national statistics and published estimates with different denominators, so they are indicative across countries.", "caveats": [ "Eurostat prices are national averages for band IG (150 GWh a year or more), excluding VAT and recoverable taxes; large contracts vary. Finland's band IG is confidential, so band IF (70-150 GWh) is used. The UK, Switzerland and Iceland are not reported.", "EU-27 average price for 2026-S1 is not yet published; the EU figure shown is the latest available.", "Ember carbon intensity is lifecycle and generation-based; it ignores imports.", "Server imports are customs flows into each member state from outside the EU (HS 847150), not machines installed there; the Netherlands is the EU's main port of entry.", "Only EU member states can host EU AI Factories; partner countries (UK, Norway, Switzerland, Iceland) take part through antennas or consortia.", "Data-centre shares: FR, GB, IE, IS, NL, NO are measured (national statistics or metering data); the rest are published estimates, some converted to a share with a stated national total (our arithmetic). Bases and years differ; 16 of the 31 countries have no credible figure. EU Energy Efficiency Directive reports are floors and are not used." ] }, "eu_claims": { "title": "Claims about Europe's AI stack, checked", "asOf": "2026-10-11", "source": "Hand-checked claims (research/datasets/eu_claims.json) with Eurostat nrg_pc_205, US EIA Table 5.3 and ECB rates", "sourceUrl": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en", "sourceUrls": [ "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_5_3", "https://data.ecb.europa.eu/data/datasets/EXR", "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en" ], "claims": [ { "id": "semianalysis-handcuffed", "claim": "Europe is effectively locked out of the AI data-centre race on power: electricity is dear, generation is hard to add and Europe will not build gigawatt-scale AI clusters.", "quote": "effectively handcuffed by geopolitical realities", "claimant": "SemiAnalysis (Dylan Patel, Daniel Nishball, Jeremie Eliahou Ontiveros)", "outlet": "SemiAnalysis newsletter, 'AI Datacenter Energy Dilemma \u2013 Race for AI Datacenter Space' (free section)", "date": "2024-03-13", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/ai-datacenter-energy-dilemma-race", "appearanceChecked": "2026-10-11", "verdict": "mostly accurate", "verdictNote": "Right about prices and grid queues in the big hubs; too sweeping for Europe as a whole.", "evidence": [ { "text": "In H1 2026 the largest European users (band IG, over 150 GWh a year) paid more than the US industrial average in 12 of 15 countries we track; Norway, Portugal and France paid less. Ireland paid 2.2\u00d7 the US average.", "source": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205; US EIA Electric Power Monthly Table 5.3; ECB euro reference rates", "sourceUrl": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en", "sourceDate": "2026-10-09", "kind": "estimate", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "text": "The EU-average big-user price was 1.4\u00d7 the US industrial average in H2 2025, down from about 2.3\u00d7 in 2022.", "source": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205; EIA Table 5.3; ECB", "sourceUrl": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en", "sourceDate": "2026-10-09", "kind": "estimate", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "text": "Grid queues back the constraint: data-centre connection requests to Italy's Terna passed 100 GW at 31 Aug 2026, and Denmark's Energinet paused new grid agreements in March 2026 with about 14 GW of data centres in its queue.", "source": "QualEnergia (16 Sep 2026); CNBC (4 May 2026)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.qualenergia.it/pro/articoli-pro/connessioni-meno-richieste-rinnovabili-mentre-data-center-superano-100-gw/", "sourceDate": "2026-09-16", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "text": "The 'no gigawatt clusters' part has dated: Nscale's S-1 reports about 1.37 GW of active and contracted capacity, in a footprint it describes as concentrated in low-cost power regions such as Norway and Portugal; only a small part is live (25,000 of 461,000 GPUs active at 31 Aug 2026).", "source": "Nscale Ltd, Form S-1, SEC EDGAR", "sourceUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" } ], "whyItMatters": "It is the most-cited framing of Europe's power position by the most-read AI-infrastructure analyst; the price data say it holds for Ireland, Germany and Italy but not for the Nordics, France or Iberia.", "related": [ "/europe/scorecard", "/europe/electricity-prices", "/europe/grid-queues" ], "rating": 4 }, { "id": "semianalysis-2022-tariffs", "claim": "In 2022 European industrial power cost nearly three times the US level: about $0.18/kWh for the EU average, $0.211 for Ireland and $0.235 for the UK, against $0.083 in the US.", "quote": null, "claimant": "SemiAnalysis", "outlet": "SemiAnalysis newsletter, 'AI Datacenter Energy Dilemma' (free section)", "date": "2024-03-13", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/ai-datacenter-energy-dilemma-race", "appearanceChecked": "2026-10-11", "verdict": "mostly accurate", "verdictNote": "True for Ireland and the UK; the EU average was nearer 2.3 times. The gap has since narrowed.", "evidence": [ { "text": "By SemiAnalysis's own figures the ratios are 2.2\u00d7 (EU), 2.5\u00d7 (Ireland) and 2.8\u00d7 (UK), so 'nearly triple' fits the UK best.", "source": "SemiAnalysis (figures as published); our arithmetic", "sourceUrl": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/ai-datacenter-energy-dilemma-race", "sourceDate": "2024-03-13", "kind": "estimate", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "text": "Eurostat's 2022 average for Ireland's largest users was \u20ac0.259/kWh (about $0.273 at the ECB's 2022 rate), 3.3\u00d7 the US industrial average of 8.32 US cents. The EU average was \u20ac0.179 (about $0.188), 2.3\u00d7.", "source": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205 (band IG, excl. VAT, mean of 2022-S1 and 2022-S2); EIA Table 5.3; ECB annual 2022 rate", "sourceUrl": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en", "sourceDate": "2026-10-09", "kind": "estimate", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "text": "In H1 2026 Ireland's big-user price was \u20ac0.165/kWh, 2.2\u00d7 the US average of about \u20ac0.076 (US 8.89 cents at 1.167 $/\u20ac).", "source": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205; EIA Table 5.3 (Jan\u2013Jun 2026); ECB monthly rates", "sourceUrl": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_5_3", "sourceDate": "2026-09", "kind": "estimate", "checked": "2026-10-11" } ], "whyItMatters": "The 2022 figures came from the gas-price shock year; quoting them in 2026 overstates today's gap for most countries, though Ireland's is still more than double.", "related": [ "/europe/electricity-prices", "/power", "/europe/scorecard" ], "rating": 4 }, { "id": "europe2031-five-percent", "claim": "Europe hosts about 5% of the world's AI compute and the United States about 80%.", "quote": "Europe hosts only five per cent of the world's total AI compute", "claimant": "Arq Foundation, Europe 2031 scenario (Daan Juijn and others)", "outlet": "europe2031.ai", "date": "2026-06-11", "url": "https://europe2031.ai/", "appearanceChecked": "2026-10-11", "verdict": "mostly accurate", "verdictNote": "Europe's ~5% matches independent estimates; 80% for the US is at the high end.", "evidence": [ { "text": "Europe 2031's own compute forecast puts Europe at about 2 GW of AI compute at end-2026, roughly 5% of the world, down from 6\u20137% in early 2025.", "source": "Europe 2031, compute forecast", "sourceUrl": "https://europe2031.ai/compute-forecast/", "sourceDate": "2026-06-11", "kind": "estimate", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "text": "Epoch AI put the US at about three-quarters of global GPU-cluster performance and China at 15% as of May 2025.", "source": "Epoch AI, 'The US hosts the majority of GPU cluster performance'", "sourceUrl": "https://epoch.ai/data-insights/ai-supercomputers-performance-share-by-country", "sourceDate": "2025-06-05", "kind": "estimate", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "text": "Bruegel's September 2026 brief, built on the same Europe 2031 database, puts EU operational AI compute at about 2 GW in 2026, nearly 5% of global capacity.", "source": "Bruegel Policy Brief 18/2026", "sourceUrl": "https://www.bruegel.org/policy-brief/how-can-europe-address-its-pressing-ai-compute-infrastructure-shortfall", "sourceDate": "2026-09-10", "kind": "reported", "checked": null } ], "whyItMatters": "It is the number most quoted in the EU's compute debate (the gigafactory tender, CADA); both shares are modelled estimates, not counts, and Europe has no official register of AI chips installed.", "related": [ "/europe/compute", "/europe/ai-factories", "/global" ], "rating": 4 }, { "id": "three-us-labs", "claim": "Each of three US AI labs has more compute than all of Europe combined.", "quote": null, "claimant": "Social-media summaries of the Europe 2031 scenario", "outlet": "X and Digg posts, June 2026 (not located again; the scenario text does not contain the line)", "date": "2026-06", "url": "https://europe2031.ai/", "appearanceChecked": "2026-10-11", "verdict": "can't be tested", "verdictNote": "Not in the Europe 2031 text we read, and no public dataset gives each lab's total compute.", "evidence": [ { "text": "The Europe 2031 scenario compares countries and single sites (the largest US AI supercomputer at 1,250 MW against Europe's largest at 83 MW), not individual labs against Europe.", "source": "Europe 2031 scenario text", "sourceUrl": "https://europe2031.ai/", "sourceDate": "2026-06-11", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "text": "Labs rent compute from several clouds and do not publish totals, so a lab-versus-continent comparison rests on private estimates.", "source": "StackPath reading", "sourceUrl": null, "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "inference", "checked": "2026-10-11" } ], "whyItMatters": "Single-site comparisons (1,250 MW vs 83 MW) are checkable; the lab version travels further but cannot be tested.", "related": [ "/europe/compute", "/europe/scorecard" ], "rating": 0 }, { "id": "asml-zero-europe", "claim": "ASML sold nothing in Europe in the first half of 2026: Europe's share of its sales fell to 0%.", "quote": "We are not selling anything in Europe at all", "claimant": "Frank Heemskerk, ASML (global public affairs), reported by ANP/NL Times and DCD", "outlet": "NL Times (ANP)", "date": "2026-09-22", "url": "https://nltimes.nl/2026/09/22/asml-currently-sells-chipmaking-machines-europe-executive-says", "appearanceChecked": "2026-10-11", "verdict": "mostly accurate", "verdictNote": "True of new systems: ASML's region split shows no EMEA slice in Q1 or Q2 2026. Total sales to EMEA, including service, were 2.2%.", "evidence": [ { "text": "ASML's Q2 2026 results presentation splits net system sales by ship-to region: South Korea 43%, Taiwan 30%, China 14%, US 9%, Japan 4% in Q2, and no EMEA slice in Q1 or Q2 2026.", "source": "ASML Q2 2026 investor presentation (SEC Form 6-K, Exhibit 99.2, slide 8)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/937966/000162828026048235/", "sourceDate": "2026-07-15", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "text": "Total net sales to customers in EMEA (Europe, Middle East and Africa) were \u20ac407.1m of \u20ac18,093.4m in H1 2026 (2.2%), against \u20ac314.2m of \u20ac15,433.2m in H1 2025 (2.0%); this includes service and upgrades of installed machines.", "source": "ASML Statutory Interim Report H1 2026, note on net sales by geographic region (SEC Form 6-K)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/937966/000162828026048235/", "sourceDate": "2026-07-15", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11" } ], "whyItMatters": "Europe makes the machines that make AI chips but is not building new leading-edge fabs; EMEA also includes Israel and other non-European customers.", "related": [ "/europe/chips", "/europe/ai-chip-startups" ], "rating": 4 }, { "id": "ireland-23-percent", "claim": "Data centres use 23% of Ireland's electricity.", "quote": null, "claimant": "Widely reported from the CSO's 2025 release (e.g. TechRadar, Data Centre Review, FactCheckNI)", "outlet": "Data Centre Review", "date": "2026-07", "url": "https://datacentrereview.com/2026/07/data-centres-consumed-23-of-irelands-electricity-in-2025/", "appearanceChecked": null, "verdict": "accurate", "verdictNote": "23% of metered electricity consumption in 2025, per the CSO.", "evidence": [ { "text": "Data centres used 7,663 GWh in 2025, 23% of total metered electricity consumption, up from 5% in 2015 (CSO, Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2025, released 7 Jul 2026).", "source": "CSO", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dcmec/datacentresmeteredelectricityconsumption2025/keyfindings/", "sourceDate": "2026-07-07", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "text": "Ember's 19% for 2024 divides by national electricity demand rather than metered consumption, so the two figures differ by method, not by error.", "source": "Ember, Grids for data centres in Europe", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/06/Report-Grids-for-data-centres-in-Europe-PDF.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-06-19", "kind": "estimate", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "text": "No other European country comes close in our scorecard: the Netherlands' official figure is 4.6% (2024).", "source": "CBS", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2025/51/data-centres-consume-4-6-percent-of-the-netherlands-electricity", "sourceDate": "2025-12-15", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11" } ], "whyItMatters": "It is the single most-quoted Irish number; quote it as metered consumption and say which year.", "related": [ "/data-centres", "/power", "/europe/countries/ireland" ], "rating": 5 }, { "id": "nscale-signed-vs-live", "claim": "Nscale has $103.4bn of contracts signed but only $2.6bn live.", "quote": null, "claimant": "Plugin Capital, 'The global neocloud top 20'", "outlet": "plugin-capital.com", "date": "2026-09-30", "url": "https://plugin-capital.com/2026/09/30/the-global-neocloud-top-20-a-2026-deep-dive-comparative-study/", "appearanceChecked": null, "verdict": "accurate", "verdictNote": "Both figures are in Nscale's S-1, as total contract value at 31 Aug 2026.", "evidence": [ { "text": "Nscale's S-1 reports about $2.6bn of active and $103.4bn of active and contracted total contract value (TCV) under take-or-pay contracts at 31 Aug 2026, up from $0.5bn and $38.0bn at end-2025. TCV counts revenue over the full contract term (weighted average about 5.7 years).", "source": "Nscale Ltd, Form S-1", "sourceUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "text": "The same filing gives about 25,000 active GPUs against 461,000 active and contracted, 1.37 GW of active and contracted capacity, and revenue of $140.6m in H1 2026.", "source": "Nscale Ltd, Form S-1", "sourceUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "text": "Management says reliance on uncommitted financing initially raised substantial doubt about the company continuing as a going concern, and that its plan to defer capex alleviates it.", "source": "Nscale Ltd, Form S-1, notes to the financial statements", "sourceUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" } ], "whyItMatters": "Europe's best-funded neocloud is about 2.5% live by contract value; 'announced versus delivered' is the gap to watch across European AI capacity.", "related": [ "/europe/neoclouds", "/europe/compute" ], "rating": 5 }, { "id": "gigafactory-100k", "claim": "Each EU AI gigafactory will house at least 100,000 cutting-edge AI chips.", "quote": "at least 100,000 cutting-edge AI chips", "claimant": "The Next Web (Alina Maria Stan)", "outlet": "TNW", "date": "2026-07-30", "url": "https://thenextweb.com/news/eu-ai-gigafactories-call-30bn", "appearanceChecked": "2026-10-11", "verdict": "misleading", "verdictNote": "The tender sets a relative floor, not 100,000 chips; 'around 100,000' was the Commission's 2025 aim.", "evidence": [ { "text": "The EuroHPC call for tenders requires each gigafactory to integrate at least three to four times the most advanced AI processors in the most powerful European AI factories; it names no chip count.", "source": "EuroHPC JU, call for tenders EUROHPC-2026-CEI-AIGF-01", "sourceUrl": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/call-tenders-selection-artificial-intelligence-gigafactory-consortia-and-establishment-ai_en", "sourceDate": "2026-07-30", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-03" }, { "text": "The 100,000 figure comes from the Commission's InvestAI launch (Feb 2025): around 100,000 latest-generation chips, about four times the AI factories then being built.", "source": "European Commission IP/25/467", "sourceUrl": "https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_25_467", "sourceDate": "2025-02-11", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-03" }, { "text": "Bloomberg reported in June 2026 that the first-phase tender asks for smaller builds (four sites of at least 25,000 GPUs and three of at least 40,000); the public tender page does not confirm those numbers.", "source": "Bloomberg (headline facts only, paywalled)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-06-18/europe-scales-down-ai-ambitions-with-smaller-data-center-tender", "sourceDate": "2026-06-18", "kind": "reported", "checked": null } ], "whyItMatters": "Three published sizes for the same programme; bids close on 3 Dec 2026, and only the tender documents bind.", "related": [ "/europe/ai-factories", "/europe/calendar" ], "rating": 2 }, { "id": "stl-42bn", "claim": "About $42bn of European data-centre investment has been delayed or cancelled by local opposition (against about $77bn in the US).", "quote": null, "claimant": "STL Partners, as reported by CNBC", "outlet": "CNBC, 'How U.S. data center backlash is spreading across Europe and Asia'", "date": "2026-10-03", "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/10/03/data-center-backlash-europe-asia-africa.html", "appearanceChecked": null, "verdict": "can't be tested", "verdictNote": "A modelled estimate from a paid dataset; no public project list to check it against.", "evidence": [ { "text": "We could not open CNBC's page (access refused on 11 Oct 2026); the figure is as recorded in our research notes from the same week.", "source": "StackPath research notes", "sourceUrl": null, "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "checked": null }, { "text": "The European Data Centre Monitor counts '70+' projects rejected or restricted in early 2026 but publishes no list, method or totals in euros, and does not mention the $42bn.", "source": "European Data Centre Monitor", "sourceUrl": "https://eudcmonitor.com/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" } ], "whyItMatters": "Opposition is real and rising, but this dollar figure can't be traced to named projects; our restrictions tracker counts measures instead.", "related": [ "/europe/data-centre-restrictions", "/europe/data-centre-rules" ], "rating": 0 } ], "counts": { "accurate": 2, "mostly accurate": 4, "misleading": 1, "wrong": 0, "can't be tested": 2 }, "priceCheck": { "us2022": "8.32", "ie2022Eur": "0.259", "ie2022Usd": "0.273", "ie2022Ratio": "3.3", "eu2022Eur": "0.179", "eu2022Usd": "0.188", "eu2022Ratio": "2.3", "ieH1Eur": "0.165", "ieH1Ratio": "2.2", "usH1Eur": "0.076", "usH1Cents": "8.89", "fxH1": "1.167", "pricedN": "15", "aboveUs": "12", "euS2Ratio": "1.4", "esUpdated": "2026-10-09", "latestHalf": "2026-S1", "euHalf": "2025-S2", "belowUsNames": "Norway, Portugal and France" }, "method": "Each claim is traced to where it first appeared, paraphrased, and tested against primary data (filings, official statistics, tender documents). Verdicts: accurate (the data support it as stated); mostly accurate (right in substance, wrong or dated in a detail); misleading (the numbers exist but the framing gives a false impression); wrong (the data contradict it); can't be tested (no public data settle it). Price ratios are our arithmetic: Eurostat band IG excluding VAT, converted at ECB average rates, against the US EIA industrial average.", "caveats": [ "US EIA industrial prices average all industrial customers, while Eurostat band IG covers only the largest users (150 GWh a year or more), who pay less than smaller ones; the ratios are therefore, if anything, conservative about Europe's gap (our inference).", "Claims are checked as of the date shown; verdicts can change when new data are published." ], "checkedOn": "2026-10-11" }, "eu_calendar": { "title": "Europe's AI stack: decisions and data releases calendar", "asOf": "2026-10-12", "source": "Hand-compiled from official timetables and notices (EuroHPC/TED, EUR-Lex, CRU, EirGrid, SEMO, CSO, Ofgem, SEC filings, company IR pages)", "sourceUrl": "https://ted.europa.eu/en/notice/674672-2026", "events": [ { "id": "chips-act-2", "date": "2026-06-01", "dateText": "June 2026", "certainty": "reported", "event": "Commission proposes the Chips Act 2.0", "why": "Sets the next round of EU support for fabs after Intel's Magdeburg cancellation; Parliament and Council positions are next, with no date set.", "updates": [ "/europe/chips" ], "region": "EU", "topic": "chips", "source": "European Commission, European Chips Act policy page (updated 11 Sep 2026)", "sourceUrl": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-chips-act", "sourceDate": "2026-09-11", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "precision": "month", "status": "done" }, { "id": "cada-proposal", "date": "2026-06-03", "dateText": "3 Jun 2026", "certainty": "reported", "event": "Cloud and AI Development Act (CADA) proposal and impact assessment adopted", "why": "The EU's main lever on data-centre permitting and public-sector cloud; Parliament and Council positions are next, with no date set.", "updates": [ "/europe/data-centre-rules", "/europe/sovereign-cloud" ], "region": "EU", "topic": "policy", "source": "European Commission, Study on cloud and AI development in the EU (says the impact assessment was adopted 3 Jun 2026)", "sourceUrl": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/study-cloud-and-ai-development-eu", "sourceDate": "2026-08-11", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "status": "done" }, { "id": "top500-jun-2026", "date": "2026-06-23", "dateText": "23 Jun 2026", "certainty": "confirmed", "event": "TOP500, June 2026 list (ISC 2026, Hamburg)", "why": "LineShine (Shenzhen) debuted at number one; JUPITER (J\u00fclich) is Europe's highest at number five.", "updates": [ "/europe/compute" ], "region": "global", "topic": "compute", "source": "TOP500", "sourceUrl": "https://top500.org/", "sourceDate": "2026-06-23", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "status": "done" }, { "id": "cso-mec02-2025", "date": "2026-07-07", "dateText": "7 Jul 2026", "certainty": "confirmed", "event": "CSO: data centres used 23% of Ireland's metered electricity in 2025", "why": "The most-quoted Irish number, now 7,663 GWh a year.", "updates": [ "/data-centres", "/power", "/europe/scorecard" ], "region": "IE", "topic": "data", "source": "CSO, Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2025", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dcmec/datacentresmeteredelectricityconsumption2025/", "sourceDate": "2026-07-07", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "status": "done" }, { "id": "asml-q2-2026", "date": "2026-07-15", "dateText": "15 Jul 2026", "certainty": "confirmed", "event": "ASML Q2 2026 results: no EMEA slice in system sales", "why": "The basis of the 'ASML sells nothing in Europe' headline; see claims checked.", "updates": [ "/europe/claims-checked", "/europe/chips" ], "region": "EU", "topic": "chips", "source": "ASML Q2 2026 results (SEC Form 6-K)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/937966/000162828026048235/", "sourceDate": "2026-07-15", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "status": "done" }, { "id": "ofgem-dc-consult", "date": "2026-07-29", "dateText": "29 Jul 2026", "certainty": "confirmed", "event": "Ofgem consults on data-centre connection reforms (closed 16 Sep 2026)", "why": "Great Britain's queue rules for data centres; Ofgem lists it as closed, awaiting decision, with no date given.", "updates": [ "/europe/grid-queues", "/europe/countries/united-kingdom" ], "region": "GB", "topic": "grid", "source": "Ofgem, Proposed data centre connection reforms", "sourceUrl": "https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/consultation/proposed-data-centre-connection-reforms", "sourceDate": "2026-07-29", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "status": "done" }, { "id": "aigf-call-open", "date": "2026-07-30", "dateText": "30 Jul 2026", "certainty": "confirmed", "event": "EuroHPC opens the AI Gigafactories call for tenders", "why": "Up to seven gigafactories, about \u20ac10bn of public money and \u20ac20bn private expected.", "updates": [ "/europe/ai-factories" ], "region": "EU", "topic": "compute", "source": "EuroHPC JU, AI Gigafactories call", "sourceUrl": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/call-tenders-selection-artificial-intelligence-gigafactory-consortia-and-establishment-ai_en", "sourceDate": "2026-07-30", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "status": "done" }, { "id": "de-register", "date": "2026-08-14", "dateText": "14 Aug 2026", "certainty": "reported", "event": "Germany publishes its data-centre energy-efficiency register (319 sites)", "why": "The first official facility-level data on German data centres.", "updates": [ "/europe/germany-data-centres", "/europe/countries/germany" ], "region": "DE", "topic": "data", "source": "Umweltbundesamt, Rechenzentrumsregister", "sourceUrl": "https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/themen/rechenzentrumsregister-daten-widerlegen-hohe", "sourceDate": "2026-09-21", "checked": null, "kind": "reported", "status": "done" }, { "id": "dc-rating-act", "date": "2026-09-21", "dateText": "21 Sep 2026", "certainty": "reported", "event": "Commission puts forward the EU data-centre sustainability rating scheme (delegated act under the Energy Efficiency Directive)", "why": "Sources differ on whether it was adopted or only proposed; a two-month scrutiny by Parliament and Council follows.", "updates": [ "/europe/data-centre-rules" ], "region": "EU", "topic": "policy", "source": "Latham & Watkins (25 Sep 2026); draft first published for feedback 27 Mar 2026", "sourceUrl": "https://www.lw.com/en/insights/european-commission-proposes-mandatory-sustainability-label-for-data-centres", "sourceDate": "2026-09-25", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "status": "done" }, { "id": "mpid345-approved", "date": "2026-09-22", "dateText": "22 Sep 2026", "certainty": "confirmed", "event": "CRU approves Grid Code change MPID 345 (fault ride-through for demand) (CRU2026145)", "why": "Data centres must ride through grid faults or accept a cap on non-compliant demand.", "updates": [ "/power", "/ireland/firm-power-gap" ], "region": "IE", "topic": "grid", "source": "CRU2026145c, letter of direction", "sourceUrl": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2026145c_MPID_345_Letter_of_Direction_from_CRU_to_GCRP_Chair.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-09-22", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "status": "done" }, { "id": "aigf-deadline-moved", "date": "2026-10-01", "dateText": "1 Oct 2026", "certainty": "confirmed", "event": "TED change notice moves the AI Gigafactory bid deadline from 12 Nov to 3 Dec 2026", "why": "Some sources still quote 12 Nov; the change notice (674672-2026) is the binding date.", "updates": [ "/europe/ai-factories" ], "region": "EU", "topic": "compute", "source": "TED change notice 674672-2026", "sourceUrl": "https://ted.europa.eu/en/notice/674672-2026", "sourceDate": "2026-10-01", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "status": "done" }, { "id": "eurostat-2026s1", "date": "2026-10-09", "dateText": "9 Oct 2026", "certainty": "confirmed", "event": "Eurostat publishes H1 2026 non-household electricity prices (nrg_pc_205)", "why": "Updates the big-user price on the scorecard; the EU-27 average for H1 2026 was not yet in.", "updates": [ "/europe/scorecard", "/europe/electricity-prices" ], "region": "EU", "topic": "prices", "source": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205 (API 'updated' stamp)", "sourceUrl": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en", "sourceDate": "2026-10-09", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "status": "done" }, { "id": "mpid345-in-force", "date": "2026-10-27", "dateText": "27 Oct 2026", "certainty": "confirmed", "event": "Grid Code MPID 345 in force in Ireland", "why": "Existing data centres get 24-month derogations and per-site caps; non-compliant demand risks being curtailed.", "updates": [ "/power", "/ireland/firm-power-gap", "/data-centres" ], "region": "IE", "topic": "grid", "source": "CRU2026145c: the Grid Code is deemed amended five weeks from the decision letter", "sourceUrl": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2026145c_MPID_345_Letter_of_Direction_from_CRU_to_GCRP_Chair.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-09-22", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "status": "next 30 days" }, { "id": "msft-q1-fy27", "date": "2026-10-28", "dateText": "28 Oct 2026", "certainty": "scheduled", "event": "Microsoft FY27 Q1 earnings", "why": "Updates hyperscaler capex; Microsoft's filings carry no Ireland line.", "updates": [ "/global/hyperscaler-capex" ], "region": "global", "topic": "capex", "source": "Microsoft Investor Relations", "sourceUrl": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/investor/events/fy-2027/earnings-fy-2027-q1", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "status": "next 30 days" }, { "id": "ress6-final-qual", "date": "2026-10-28", "dateText": "28 Oct 2026", "certainty": "scheduled", "event": "RESS 6: final qualification decisions", "why": "Sets which Irish onshore wind and solar projects can bid.", "updates": [ "/power" ], "region": "IE", "topic": "renewables", "source": "EirGrid, RESS 6 Auction Timetable v1.2", "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-6-Final-Auction-Timetable-R6AT-V1.2.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-09-25", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "status": "next 30 days" }, { "id": "hyperscaler-q3", "date": "2026-10-31", "dateText": "late Oct 2026", "certainty": "expected", "event": "Alphabet, Amazon and Meta Q3 2026 earnings", "why": "Updates hyperscaler capex; dates not yet posted on the investor pages we read on 11 Oct.", "updates": [ "/global/hyperscaler-capex" ], "region": "global", "topic": "capex", "source": "Company investor relations pages (no date posted on 11 Oct 2026); late-October pattern of past years", "sourceUrl": "https://abc.xyz/investor/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "estimate", "precision": "month", "status": "next 30 days" }, { "id": "t4-prov-qual", "date": "2026-11-04", "dateText": "4 Nov 2026", "certainty": "scheduled", "event": "2030/31 T-4 capacity auction: provisional qualification results", "why": "Shows how much new gas plant, some of it linked to data centres, is bidding for Irish capacity contracts.", "updates": [ "/power" ], "region": "IE", "topic": "capacity", "source": "SEMO, 2030/31 T-4 Capacity Auction Timetable", "sourceUrl": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-06/CAT3031T-4%20-%202030%202031%20T-4%20Capacity%20Auction%20Timetable.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-06", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "status": "next 30 days" }, { "id": "aigf-deadline-original", "date": "2026-11-12", "dateText": "12 Nov 2026", "certainty": "moved", "event": "Original AI Gigafactory bid deadline (superseded)", "why": "Moved to 3 Dec 2026 by TED change notice 674672-2026; still quoted in some coverage.", "updates": [ "/europe/ai-factories" ], "region": "EU", "topic": "compute", "source": "TED contract notice 529135-2026", "sourceUrl": "https://ted.europa.eu/en/notice/529135-2026", "sourceDate": "2026-07-30", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "status": "moved" }, { "id": "ress6-bids", "date": "2026-11-12", "dateText": "12 Nov 2026", "certainty": "scheduled", "event": "RESS 6 onshore auction: bids close", "why": "Contracted RESS projects can't count toward a data centre's 80% renewables test in Ireland.", "updates": [ "/power" ], "region": "IE", "topic": "renewables", "source": "EirGrid, RESS 6 Auction Timetable v1.2", "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-6-Final-Auction-Timetable-R6AT-V1.2.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-09-25", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "status": "upcoming" }, { "id": "top500-nov-2026", "date": "2026-11-16", "dateText": "16 Nov 2026 (expected)", "certainty": "expected", "event": "TOP500, November 2026 list at SC26 (Chicago, 15\u201320 Nov)", "why": "Shows whether JUPITER and Europe's new EuroHPC systems keep their places; the list is usually released on the conference's Monday.", "updates": [ "/europe/compute" ], "region": "global", "topic": "compute", "source": "SC26 conference site (dates); release day by past pattern", "sourceUrl": "https://sc26.supercomputing.org/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "estimate", "status": "upcoming" }, { "id": "dc-rating-scrutiny", "date": "2026-11-21", "dateText": "about 21 Nov 2026", "certainty": "estimate", "event": "End of the two-month scrutiny of the data-centre rating act (if transmitted on 21 Sep)", "why": "If neither Parliament nor Council objects, the rating scheme enters into force 20 days after publication.", "updates": [ "/europe/data-centre-rules" ], "region": "EU", "topic": "policy", "source": "Latham & Watkins (two-month scrutiny); date is our arithmetic", "sourceUrl": "https://www.lw.com/en/insights/european-commission-proposes-mandatory-sustainability-label-for-data-centres", "sourceDate": "2026-09-25", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "estimate", "status": "upcoming" }, { "id": "ress6-prov", "date": "2026-11-25", "dateText": "25 Nov 2026", "certainty": "scheduled", "event": "RESS 6 provisional results", "why": "First read on how much new Irish renewable supply is contracted.", "updates": [ "/power" ], "region": "IE", "topic": "renewables", "source": "EirGrid, RESS 6 Auction Timetable v1.2", "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-6-Final-Auction-Timetable-R6AT-V1.2.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-09-25", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "status": "upcoming" }, { "id": "aigf-deadline", "date": "2026-12-03", "dateText": "3 Dec 2026, 17:00 CET", "certainty": "confirmed", "event": "AI Gigafactory bids due (EuroHPC, EUROHPC/2026/OP/0008)", "why": "Decides which countries bid for up to seven EU gigafactories; Ireland's role is a \u20ac10m compute-buyer stake in a French-led bid.", "updates": [ "/europe/ai-factories", "/europe/countries/ireland" ], "region": "EU", "topic": "compute", "source": "TED change notice 674672-2026; EU Funding & Tenders portal", "sourceUrl": "https://ted.europa.eu/en/notice/674672-2026", "sourceDate": "2026-10-01", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "status": "upcoming" }, { "id": "ress6-final", "date": "2026-12-09", "dateText": "9 Dec 2026", "certainty": "scheduled", "event": "RESS 6 final auction results", "why": "Fixes the state-backed renewables that data centres can't use for their 80% test.", "updates": [ "/power", "/ireland/firm-power-gap" ], "region": "IE", "topic": "renewables", "source": "EirGrid, RESS 6 Auction Timetable v1.2", "sourceUrl": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/RESS-6-Final-Auction-Timetable-R6AT-V1.2.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-09-25", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "status": "upcoming" }, { "id": "dc-min-standards", "date": "2026-12-14", "dateText": "14 Dec 2026", "certainty": "confirmed", "event": "Consultation on EU minimum performance standards for data centres closes", "why": "The step after rating: minimum standards could bar the least efficient sites.", "updates": [ "/europe/data-centre-rules" ], "region": "EU", "topic": "policy", "source": "Latham & Watkins", "sourceUrl": "https://www.lw.com/en/insights/european-commission-proposes-mandatory-sustainability-label-for-data-centres", "sourceDate": "2026-09-25", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "status": "upcoming" }, { "id": "oracle-q2-fy27", "date": "2026-12-15", "dateText": "mid-Dec 2026", "certainty": "expected", "event": "Oracle FY27 Q2 earnings", "why": "Oracle's capex and remaining performance obligations, the biggest AI-cloud backlog among the five.", "updates": [ "/global/hyperscaler-capex" ], "region": "global", "topic": "capex", "source": "Oracle investor relations; mid-December pattern of past years", "sourceUrl": "https://investor.oracle.com/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "checked": null, "kind": "estimate", "precision": "month", "status": "upcoming" }, { "id": "hyperscaler-q4", "date": "2027-02-01", "dateText": "late Jan / early Feb 2027", "certainty": "expected", "event": "Microsoft, Alphabet, Amazon and Meta Q4 2026 earnings and 2027 capex guidance", "why": "Full-year 2026 capex and the first 2027 guidance.", "updates": [ "/global/hyperscaler-capex" ], "region": "global", "topic": "capex", "source": "Company investor relations; past pattern", "sourceUrl": "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/investor", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "checked": null, "kind": "estimate", "precision": "month", "status": "upcoming" }, { "id": "aigf-selection", "date": "2027-02-15", "dateText": "early 2027", "certainty": "expected", "event": "AI Gigafactories selected", "why": "Sites must be operating within 18 months of selection.", "updates": [ "/europe/ai-factories" ], "region": "EU", "topic": "compute", "source": "EuroHPC JU, AI Gigafactories call", "sourceUrl": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/call-tenders-selection-artificial-intelligence-gigafactory-consortia-and-establishment-ai_en", "sourceDate": "2026-07-30", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "estimate", "precision": "quarter", "status": "upcoming" }, { "id": "t4-final-qual", "date": "2027-03-03", "dateText": "3 Mar 2027", "certainty": "scheduled", "event": "2030/31 T-4 capacity auction: final qualification", "why": "", "updates": [ "/power" ], "region": "IE", "topic": "capacity", "source": "SEMO, 2030/31 T-4 Capacity Auction Timetable", "sourceUrl": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-06/CAT3031T-4%20-%202030%202031%20T-4%20Capacity%20Auction%20Timetable.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-06", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "status": "upcoming" }, { "id": "t4-auction", "date": "2027-03-25", "dateText": "25 Mar 2027", "certainty": "scheduled", "event": "2030/31 T-4 capacity auction runs", "why": "Whether enough firm power is contracted for Ireland's 2030 demand, data centres included.", "updates": [ "/power", "/ireland/firm-power-gap" ], "region": "IE", "topic": "capacity", "source": "SEMO, 2030/31 T-4 Capacity Auction Timetable", "sourceUrl": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-06/CAT3031T-4%20-%202030%202031%20T-4%20Capacity%20Auction%20Timetable.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-06", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "status": "upcoming" }, { "id": "eurostat-2026s2", "date": "2027-04-30", "dateText": "spring 2027", "certainty": "expected", "event": "Eurostat H2 2026 electricity prices for big users", "why": "Next scorecard price update; H1 2026 data appeared on 9 Oct 2026, so H2 data usually follows in spring.", "updates": [ "/europe/scorecard", "/europe/electricity-prices" ], "region": "EU", "topic": "prices", "source": "Eurostat release pattern (our inference)", "sourceUrl": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en", "sourceDate": "2026-10-09", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "estimate", "precision": "quarter", "status": "upcoming" }, { "id": "eed-report-2027", "date": "2027-05-15", "dateText": "15 May 2027", "certainty": "confirmed", "event": "EU data-centre reporting deadline (Energy Efficiency Directive)", "why": "Operators of data centres of 500 kW or more report energy, PUE, water and renewables to the EU database each year by 15 May.", "updates": [ "/europe/data-centre-rules", "/europe/data-centre-capacity" ], "region": "EU", "topic": "data", "source": "Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/1364, Article 3", "sourceUrl": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_del/2024/1364/oj/eng", "sourceDate": "2024-05-14", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "status": "upcoming" }, { "id": "asml-cmd", "date": "2027-06-10", "dateText": "10 Jun 2027", "certainty": "scheduled", "event": "ASML Capital Markets Day", "why": "ASML updates its longer-term views, including where demand for its machines comes from.", "updates": [ "/europe/chips" ], "region": "EU", "topic": "chips", "source": "ASML Q2 2026 investor presentation (SEC Form 6-K)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/937966/000162828026048235/", "sourceDate": "2026-07-15", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "status": "upcoming" }, { "id": "top500-jun-2027", "date": "2027-06-21", "dateText": "June 2027", "certainty": "expected", "event": "TOP500, June 2027 list at ISC 2027", "why": "", "updates": [ "/europe/compute" ], "region": "global", "topic": "compute", "source": "TOP500 twice-yearly pattern; ISC 2027 dates not confirmed", "sourceUrl": "https://top500.org/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "checked": null, "kind": "estimate", "precision": "month", "status": "upcoming" }, { "id": "cso-mec02-2026", "date": "2027-07-07", "dateText": "early Jul 2027", "certainty": "expected", "event": "CSO: data-centre electricity use in 2026", "why": "Ireland's headline share; 2025 was 23%.", "updates": [ "/data-centres", "/power", "/europe/scorecard" ], "region": "IE", "topic": "data", "source": "CSO release pattern (2025 data published 7 Jul 2026)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dcmec/datacentresmeteredelectricityconsumption2025/", "sourceDate": "2026-07-07", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "estimate", "precision": "month", "status": "upcoming" }, { "id": "dc-labels", "date": "2027-08-15", "dateText": "15 Aug 2027", "certainty": "scheduled", "event": "First EU data-centre sustainability labels generated", "why": "The EU database issues electronic labels each year; whether they are published per site is not yet clear.", "updates": [ "/europe/data-centre-rules" ], "region": "EU", "topic": "policy", "source": "Latham & Watkins; Philip Lee (draft act)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.lw.com/en/insights/european-commission-proposes-mandatory-sustainability-label-for-data-centres", "sourceDate": "2026-09-25", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "status": "upcoming" }, { "id": "chips-cada-colegislators", "date": null, "dateText": "no date set", "certainty": "pending", "event": "Parliament and Council positions on the Chips Act 2.0 and CADA", "why": "Whether sovereignty preferences in cloud procurement survive the co-legislators.", "updates": [ "/europe/data-centre-rules", "/europe/chips", "/europe/sovereign-cloud" ], "region": "EU", "topic": "policy", "source": "European Commission policy pages", "sourceUrl": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-chips-act", "sourceDate": "2026-09-11", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "status": "pending" }, { "id": "ofgem-decision", "date": null, "dateText": "no date set", "certainty": "pending", "event": "Ofgem decision on data-centre connection reforms", "why": "Decides how Great Britain's data-centre queue is cut down.", "updates": [ "/europe/grid-queues", "/europe/countries/united-kingdom" ], "region": "GB", "topic": "grid", "source": "Ofgem consultation page: 'Closed (awaiting decision)'", "sourceUrl": "https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/consultation/proposed-data-centre-connection-reforms", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "status": "pending" }, { "id": "terna-monthly", "date": null, "dateText": "monthly", "certainty": "recurring", "event": "Terna Econnextion: data-centre connection requests in Italy", "why": "Italy's requests passed 100 GW at 31 Aug 2026 (reported mid-September); each month adds a data point.", "updates": [ "/europe/grid-queues", "/europe/countries/italy" ], "region": "IT", "topic": "grid", "source": "QualEnergia, reporting Terna data", "sourceUrl": "https://www.qualenergia.it/pro/articoli-pro/connessioni-meno-richieste-rinnovabili-mentre-data-center-superano-100-gw/", "sourceDate": "2026-09-16", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "status": "ongoing" } ], "summary": { "events": 39, "done": 12, "upcoming": 23, "next30": 5, "nextEvent": { "id": "mpid345-in-force", "date": "2026-10-27", "dateText": "27 Oct 2026", "certainty": "confirmed", "event": "Grid Code MPID 345 in force in Ireland", "why": "Existing data centres get 24-month derogations and per-site caps; non-compliant demand risks being curtailed.", "updates": [ "/power", "/ireland/firm-power-gap", "/data-centres" ], "region": "IE", "topic": "grid", "source": "CRU2026145c: the Grid Code is deemed amended five weeks from the decision letter", "sourceUrl": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2026145c_MPID_345_Letter_of_Direction_from_CRU_to_GCRP_Chair.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-09-22", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "status": "next 30 days" }, "confirmedUpcoming": 14 }, "notes": [], "method": "Dates are the official ones where a notice or timetable exists (confirmed or scheduled). 'Expected' dates follow a publisher's past pattern or an announced window; 'estimate' is our arithmetic. Past events stay listed and are marked done.", "caveats": [ "Company earnings dates are posted a few weeks ahead; until then they are expected, not confirmed.", "EU legislative steps after a Commission proposal have no fixed dates." ] }, "eu_dc_restrictions": { "title": "Data-centre restrictions in Europe", "asOf": "2026-10-11", "source": "Hand-compiled by StackPath from regulators, governments, councils, TSOs and press (see each row's source)", "sourceUrl": null, "rows": [ { "id": "be-elia-dc-category", "place": "Belgium (transmission grid)", "country": "Belgium", "cc": "BE", "measureType": "connection rule", "title": "Elia data-centre category with maximum allocation", "start": "2025-09-05", "end": null, "status": "active", "restricts": "Puts data centres in a separate grid-capacity category subject to a maximum allocation, with curtailable 'flexible' connections.", "detail": "Data-centre requests are up ninefold since 2022, and capacity reserved for 2034 is more than double the 8 TWh in grid plans. No cap figure has been published. The minister says the 2028\u20132038 federal grid plan (expected May 2027) will address it.", "source": "https://www.mondaq.com/climate-change/1773772/navigating-the-legal-framework-for-data-centre-development-in-belgium", "sourceDate": "2026-04-15", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Sources conflict on status: A&O Shearman (Apr 2026) says it was already introduced as a short-term measure dated 5 Sep 2025, while Silicon UK (23 Oct 2025) says Elia was still 'considering' it. On 18 Sep 2026 VRT corrected its '8x' story: 8x is reserved capacity, and expected DC use is almost 8 TWh by 2034 (3.2 TWh today, about 4%). No Flanders, Wallonia or Brussels zoning restriction was found." }, { "id": "be-creg-connection-code-2026", "place": "Belgium", "country": "Belgium", "cc": "BE", "measureType": "connection rule", "title": "CREG connection code amendments (use it or lose it)", "start": "2026-01-29", "end": null, "status": "active", "restricts": "Tightens grid queue rules: binding deadlines, seriousness filters, use-it-or-lose-it, and limits on how long capacity can be reserved.", "detail": "Described as a first step, with a possible move to 'first ready, first served'.", "source": "https://www.mondaq.com/climate-change/1773772/navigating-the-legal-framework-for-data-centre-development-in-belgium", "sourceDate": "2026-04-15", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Not data-centre-specific. The CREG decision text was not read." }, { "id": "dk-energinet-pause", "place": "Denmark (national)", "country": "Denmark", "cc": "DK", "measureType": "grid pause", "title": "Energinet pause on new grid connection agreements", "start": "2026-03-02", "end": null, "status": "ongoing", "restricts": "No new grid connection agreements could be signed for projects without one; existing agreements are unaffected.", "detail": "The queue is about 60 GW against peak demand of about 7 GW, with data centres about 14 GW of it. The pause lasts at least three months, until an overview and new capacity measures are in place.", "source": "https://ing.dk/artikel/electrical-grid-reaching-its-limits-energinet-puts-all-new-connections-hold", "sourceDate": "2026-03-05", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "2 Mar 2026 is the date of Energinet's release (announcement), linked from ing.dk. The 14 GW figure is from oenergetice.cz only; The Next Web (4 May 2026) gives no DC share. Current status is unclear: an aggregator snippet says it was extended to autumn (unchecked)." }, { "id": "dk-emergency-grid-law", "place": "Denmark (national)", "country": "Denmark", "cc": "DK", "measureType": "connection rule", "title": "Emergency grid-access law (data centres in the lowest priority tier)", "start": "2026-10-12", "end": null, "status": "active", "restricts": "Replaces first come, first served with four priority tiers, putting very large consumers such as data centres last; DC applications could be refused.", "detail": "Adopted by the Folketing on 1 Oct 2026, in force 12 Oct 2026 (per the climate ministry, as reported). Replaces first come, first served with four priority categories; large data centres fall 'in principle' in category 4, the lowest, unless linked to critical societal functions. Applications can be refused if capacity is short.", "source": "https://bebeez.eu/2026/10/07/danish-parliament-adopts-emergency-plan-for-electricity-grid-puts-data-centers-at-the-back-of-queue/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-07", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Republished DatacenterDynamics report citing the Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities; Folketing record not read. Bill introduced 20-21 Aug 2026 (Enerdata, https://www.enerdata.net/publications/daily-energy-news/denmark-introduces-emergency-law-reform-grid-access.html)." }, { "id": "fi-dc-electricity-tax", "place": "Finland (national)", "country": "Finland", "cc": "FI", "measureType": "tax", "title": "Data centres moved to the general electricity tax class", "start": "2026-07-01", "end": null, "status": "proposed", "restricts": "Data-centre electricity would pay the general electricity tax rate instead of the reduced industrial rate.", "detail": "Government bill HE 156/2025 (submitted 23 Oct 2025) moves data centres from tax class II (0.05 c/kWh) to class I (2.24 c/kWh) from 1 Jul 2026; a replacement subsidy scheme was planned for autumn 2026.", "source": "https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/-/government-safeguards-finland-s-competitiveness-in-attracting-data-centre-investments", "sourceDate": "2025-10-23", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Final parliamentary vote not confirmed in this check (Finlex not read); if enacted it applies from 1 Jul 2026. Rates as reported by Bloomberg Tax and the government." }, { "id": "fr-marseille-collective", "place": "Marseille", "country": "France", "cc": "FR", "measureType": "opposition", "title": "Marseille collective against port and Saint-Andr\u00e9 data centres", "start": "2023", "end": null, "status": "ongoing", "restricts": "Objections to Digital Realty's MRS5 and a Segro Logistics data-centre project in public inquiries.", "detail": "The collective (La Quadrature du Net, Technopolice, Gammares) argues port data centres take electricity that could power ship shore connections and buses; MRS5 is put at 241 GWh a year.", "source": "https://www.laquadrature.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2025/03/Enquete-publique-Segro-Logistics-Le-Nuage-etait-sous-nos-pieds-.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-03", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Start year conflicts (2023 per the collective, 2024 per a 2026 article). Read via search summaries; the objection PDF itself was not read in full." }, { "id": "fr-opposition-map", "place": "France (national map)", "country": "France", "cc": "FR", "measureType": "opposition", "title": "About fifteen local oppositions to data-centre projects", "start": "2025-12", "end": null, "status": "ongoing", "restricts": "Petitions, collectives, public meetings and inquiry submissions against data-centre projects.", "detail": "Mapped by the Marseille collective 'Le nuage \u00e9tait sous nos pieds' (Dec 2025) alongside 46 projects in progress (27 announced, 11 in review, 8 under construction). Objections: energy (about 10 GW of connection requests), land take, opaque siting.", "source": "https://www.banquedesterritoires.fr/datacenters-une-quinzaine-de-projets-font-lobjet-de-contestation", "sourceDate": "2026-01-14", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "The article names no refused or abandoned project." }, { "id": "de-brandenburg-queue", "place": "Brandenburg (around Berlin)", "country": "Germany", "cc": "DE", "measureType": "grid pause", "title": "Brandenburg data-centre connection backlog", "start": "2022", "end": null, "status": "ongoing", "restricts": "No formal pause, but connection capacity falls far short of data-centre demand around Berlin.", "detail": "The local grid operator has had 170 data-centre enquiries totalling 22 GW since 2022, and only two 100 MW centres are connected. Google cancelled Mittenwalde citing grid problems. Mitnetz: 90 requests for 16.8 GW, of which 9 projects (about 1.4 GW) were firmly reserved (end 2025).", "source": "https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/data-centres-germany-planning-own-fossil-fuel-plants-citing-slow-grid-connections-report", "sourceDate": "2025-07-25", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Clean Energy Wire does not name the operator. Attribution to E.DIS (20\u2013320 MW each; whole grid only 2,400 MW) is from a German-press search snippet (unchecked). Mitnetz figures are from ingenieur.de (8 Oct 2026). No formal E.DIS refusal of a data centre was found." }, { "id": "de-frankfurt-concept", "place": "Frankfurt am Main", "country": "Germany", "cc": "DE", "measureType": "zoning", "title": "Frankfurt data-centre concept (Rechenzentrumskonzept)", "start": "2022-06-09", "end": null, "status": "active", "restricts": "Limits colocation and cloud data centres to designated areas and excludes them from all other commercial zones.", "detail": "Suitable areas are Sossenheim, R\u00f6delheim, Griesheim, Gallus, Ostend, Fechenheim and Seckbach, plus 'restricted suitable' areas. Designated areas are meant to cover a 75 ha need by 2030.", "source": "https://www.dlapiper.com/en/insights/publications/2022/07/update-on-frankfurt-data-centre-masterplan", "sourceDate": "2022-07-25", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "unchecked: Dec 2024 development plan No. 946 that excluded Global Switch land (snippet of DCD only)." }, { "id": "de-berlin-stromnetz-allocation", "place": "Berlin", "country": "Germany", "cc": "DE", "measureType": "connection rule", "title": "Stromnetz Berlin allocation rounds (Repartierung)", "start": "2025", "end": null, "status": "active", "restricts": "Rations connection capacity for large consumers (over 3.5 MVA, not only data centres) in allocation rounds.", "detail": "2025 round: 70 requests for about 2,300 MVA against 365 MVA available. 37 got capacity and 10 eligible applicants got none. The second 2026 round is postponed; until 2024 requests were handled in order of receipt.", "source": "https://www.ingenieur.de/technik/fachbereiche/kuenstliche-intelligenz/zu-wenig-strom-fur-ki-wie-deutschland-jetzt-anschlusse-fur-rechenzentren-verteilt/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-08", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "No Berlin planning restriction on data centres found; berlin.de only links to the allocation procedure. A search snippet gave about 2.8 GW of pending DC requests (unchecked)." }, { "id": "de-tso-reifegrad", "place": "Germany (transmission grid)", "country": "Germany", "cc": "DE", "measureType": "connection rule", "title": "TSO maturity-based queue for large consumers (Reifegradverfahren)", "start": "2026-04", "end": null, "status": "active", "restricts": "Ranks scarce large-load connections by project maturity instead of filing date.", "detail": "Introduced by the four German TSOs in April 2026. The federal data-centre strategy speaks of an application backlog ('Antragsstau').", "source": "https://www.ingenieur.de/technik/fachbereiche/kuenstliche-intelligenz/zu-wenig-strom-fur-ki-wie-deutschland-jetzt-anschlusse-fur-rechenzentren-verteilt/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-08", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Not data-centre-specific. TSO primary documents not read." }, { "id": "de-frankfurt-nrm-prorata", "place": "Frankfurt am Main", "country": "Germany", "cc": "DE", "measureType": "connection rule", "title": "NRM pro-rata allocation of new grid capacity", "start": "2026-10", "end": "mid-2030s", "status": "active", "restricts": "Rations new grid connection capacity among applicants instead of first come, first served.", "detail": "New capacity from 3.5 MW is allocated pro rata (from 1 MW in local bottleneck areas). NRM expects limits until the mid-2030s. Mainova and TenneT plan about 1,000 MW of extra supply.", "source": "https://www.ingenieur.de/technik/fachbereiche/kuenstliche-intelligenz/zu-wenig-strom-fur-ki-wie-deutschland-jetzt-anschlusse-fur-rechenzentren-verteilt/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-08", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Start date not stated in the source; the start shown is the month it was reported." }, { "id": "ie-cru-21-124", "place": "Ireland (national; bites in Dublin)", "country": "Ireland", "cc": "IE", "measureType": "connection rule", "title": "CRU Direction CRU/21/124 on data-centre connections", "start": "2021-11-23", "end": "2025-12-12", "status": "replaced", "restricts": "Grid operators could make a connection offer to a data centre only if it fit the needs of the electricity system, judged against set criteria.", "detail": "The criteria were location (constrained or unconstrained area), on-site dispatchable generation or storage at least equal to demand, and ability to cut demand on request. Superseded by CRU2025236 for new applications; applications already in process stay under 21/124.", "source": "https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU21124-CRU-Direction-to-the-System-Operators-related-to-Data-Centre-grid-connection-.pdf", "sourceDate": "2021-11-23", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Direction PDF read for the site's Irish policy dataset (extra.policy, cached 2026-10-03). Superseded for new applications by CRU2025236 (CRU page, 12 Dec 2025). CRU said a moratorium was not appropriate; law firms and press called the effect a de facto moratorium." }, { "id": "ie-eirgrid-dublin-2028", "place": "Greater Dublin", "country": "Ireland", "cc": "IE", "measureType": "grid pause", "title": "EirGrid de facto Dublin pause (no new agreements until 2028)", "start": "2021-12", "end": "2025-12", "status": "replaced", "restricts": "No new data-centre grid connection agreements in the greater Dublin area.", "detail": "EirGrid had said it would not sign connection agreements for new Dublin data centres until at least 2028. After IDA chief Martin Shanahan intervened, it said it would assess applications 'case by case'.", "source": "https://www.irishtimes.com/business/companies/eirgrid-reopens-door-for-data-centres-as-ida-chief-seeks-clarity-1.4763889", "sourceDate": "2021-12-26", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Sources conflict: the 2028 line was softened to 'case by case' within days, but later DCD reporting (snippet only) said a de facto moratorium returned. The Irish Times (28 Jul 2026) says the State lifted 'an effective moratorium in place since 2021' 'last December' through the CRU decision. The original Business Post scoop and DCD returned 403. The 'replaced' end date rests on that Irish Times framing; Greater Dublin is still treated as constrained." }, { "id": "ie-cru-2025236", "place": "Ireland (national)", "country": "Ireland", "cc": "IE", "measureType": "connection rule", "title": "CRU Large Energy Users connection policy (CRU2025236)", "start": "2025-12-12", "end": null, "status": "active", "restricts": "New data-centre connections must bring their own dispatchable generation or storage and buy additional Irish renewable power.", "detail": "At 10 MVA or more: dispatchable on-site or nearby generation and/or storage matching Maximum Import Capacity (MIC), taking part in the SEM. At 1\u201310 MVA: an autoproducer covering 100% of MIC on a de-rated basis. At 1 MVA or more: at least 80% of annual demand from additional renewable generation in the State, on a six-year glide path. Under 1 MVA: exempt.", "source": "https://www.cru.ie/publications/28906/", "sourceDate": "2025-12-12", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "The thresholds come from Arthur Cox (16 Dec 2025, arthurcox.com/knowledge/new-connection-policy-for-data-centres-in-ireland/). Despite its title, it applies only to data centres. Fossil fuels are allowed for the first six years (Irish Times, 28 Apr 2026)." }, { "id": "ie-cru-policy-challenge", "place": "Ireland (national)", "country": "Ireland", "cc": "IE", "measureType": "opposition", "title": "Judicial review of CRU data-centre connection policy", "start": "2026-04-28", "end": null, "status": "ongoing", "restricts": "Seeks to overturn the CRU connection rules on climate-law grounds.", "detail": "The High Court granted leave to Friends of the Irish Environment, Friends of the Earth Ireland and ClientEarth. They argue the rules raise emissions and lock in fossil fuels. Data centres use about 22% of Irish electricity.", "source": "https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/2026/04/28/environmental-groups-granted-leave-to-challenge-data-centre-policy/", "sourceDate": "2026-04-28", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Hearing date and outcome unknown. The Irish Times confirmed on 28 Jul 2026 that the challenge was still pending." }, { "id": "ie-eirgrid-dc-assessment-2026", "place": "Ireland (constrained areas, incl. Dublin)", "country": "Ireland", "cc": "IE", "measureType": "connection rule", "title": "EirGrid Data Centre Technical Assessment (implements CRU2025236)", "start": "2026-05-20", "end": null, "status": "active", "restricts": "Ends any data-centre application found to sit in a constrained part of the grid.", "detail": "An area counts as constrained if the project overloads any equipment by more than 1 MW, breaches voltage, frequency or stability standards, or exceeds short-circuit levels. 'If an application is determined to be in a constrained area then the application process will be terminated.'", "source": "https://www.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Data-Centre-Technical-Assessment-May-2026.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-05-20", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "The PDF is revision R1 dated 20/05/2026. Philip Lee (search snippet) also gives 20 May 2026 for EirGrid's DCCOPP v3, which replaces DCCOPP v2 and the 21/124 criteria; the DCCOPP v3 document itself was not read." }, { "id": "nl-ams-hmm-moratorium-2019", "place": "Amsterdam and Haarlemmermeer", "country": "Netherlands", "cc": "NL", "measureType": "moratorium", "title": "Amsterdam/Haarlemmermeer one-year data-centre moratorium", "start": "2019-07", "end": "2020", "status": "lifted", "restricts": "Suspended permits for new data centres in both municipalities.", "detail": "Ended when both councils adopted growth-cap policies (Amsterdam's on 17 Dec 2020).", "source": "https://www.stibbe.com/publications-and-insights/increasing-control-of-data-centre-locations", "sourceDate": "2021-08-26", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "unchecked: start date. Dutch Data Centers (snippet) says the decision was 11 June 2019, while DCD (snippet) says the announcement was 12 July 2019. Both primary pages failed (404/403). Stibbe confirms only the follow-on policies." }, { "id": "nl-haarlemmermeer-policy", "place": "Haarlemmermeer", "country": "Netherlands", "cc": "NL", "measureType": "zoning", "title": "Haarlemmermeer data-centre policy / umbrella zoning plan", "start": "2020", "end": "2030", "status": "active", "restricts": "Caps new data-centre capacity and allows it only on four business parks.", "detail": "Capped at 550 MVA to 2030 at Polanenpark, Schiphol-Rijk, Schiphol Trade Park and Corneliahoeve. No new space after 2030; sites above 80 MVA need their own 150 kV station; at least 75% of unbuilt area unpaved.", "source": "https://www.stibbe.com/publications-and-insights/increasing-control-of-data-centre-locations", "sourceDate": "2021-08-26", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "The brief's 750 MW figure conflicts with Stibbe: a search snippet says 750 MVA was the 2020 proposal, while Stibbe gives 550 MVA as adopted. The adoption date was not verified; '2020' is approximate." }, { "id": "nl-amsterdam-policy-2020", "place": "Amsterdam", "country": "Netherlands", "cc": "NL", "measureType": "zoning", "title": "Amsterdam data-centre location policy 2020\u20132030", "start": "2020-12-17", "end": "2030", "status": "active", "restricts": "Caps data-centre growth and limits new sites to preferred clusters.", "detail": "Allows at most 670 MVA of growth to 2030 (67 MVA a year), in Science Park, Amstel III-West, Port/Port City and part of Schinkelkwartier. Draft PUE below 1.2, mandatory residual-heat supply, and a 150 kV station above 80 MVA.", "source": "https://www.stibbe.com/publications-and-insights/increasing-control-of-data-centre-locations", "sourceDate": "2021-08-26", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "GT Law (Mar 2024) describes a later draft umbrella zoning plan and a first revision, not yet in force. A DCByte snippet says that draft sets 350 MVA to 2030 (unchecked)." }, { "id": "nl-noord-holland-strategy", "place": "Noord-Holland province", "country": "Netherlands", "cc": "NL", "measureType": "zoning", "title": "Noord-Holland provincial data-centre strategy (draft)", "start": "2021-07", "end": null, "status": "proposed", "restricts": "Would allow large data centres (2,000 m\u00b2 or more and 5 MVA or more) only on designated sites in Amsterdam, Haarlemmermeer, Diemen and Hollands Kroon.", "detail": "Sites above 80 MVA would need their own TenneT-connected station. The 57 existing large data centres are largely unaffected.", "source": "https://www.stibbe.com/publications-and-insights/increasing-control-of-data-centre-locations", "sourceDate": "2021-08-26", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "unchecked: whether and when it was adopted (final version expected end 2021). oenergetice.cz mentions a North Holland 'moratorium' with no date." }, { "id": "nl-hyperscale-prep-2022", "place": "Netherlands (national, excl. Hollands Kroon / Het Hogeland / Zeewolde)", "country": "Netherlands", "cc": "NL", "measureType": "moratorium", "title": "Temporary hold on new hyperscale data centres (voorbereidingsbesluit)", "start": "2022-02", "end": null, "status": "replaced", "restricts": "Building applications for new hyperscale data centres were held back while permanent rules were drafted.", "detail": "Minister De Jonge announced the restriction in February 2022, and the cabinet approved the permanent draft decree on 10 June 2022.", "source": "https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuws/2022/06/10/kabinet-beperkt-mogelijkheid-tot-vestiging-hyperscale-datacentra", "sourceDate": "2022-06-10", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "unchecked: the 16 Feb 2022 date, nine-month duration and Zeewolde carve-out come from search snippets of officielebekendmakingen.nl and were not read. Replaced by the permanent rule (row nl-hyperscale-national)." }, { "id": "nl-zeewolde-meta", "place": "Zeewolde, Flevoland", "country": "Netherlands", "cc": "NL", "measureType": "opposition", "title": "Meta hyperscale campus at Zeewolde", "start": "2022-03", "end": "2022-07-01", "status": "refused", "restricts": "Local and national opposition stopped Meta's hyperscale campus on farmland.", "detail": "The council rezoned at the end of December 2021. In March 2022 an opposition party won an absolute local majority, senators pressed the cabinet, the land sale was held, and Meta put the plan on hold. Meta dropped it in July 2022; energy use was put at a city of 460,000 people.", "source": "https://dutchnews.nl/2022/07/not-a-good-match-facebook-parent-drops-zeewolde-data-centre-plan", "sourceDate": "2022-07-01", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Withdrawn by the developer rather than formally refused. unchecked: a Sept 2023 Council of State ruling annulling the zoning plan (snippet only)." }, { "id": "nl-hyperscale-national", "place": "Netherlands (national)", "country": "Netherlands", "cc": "NL", "measureType": "zoning", "title": "National ban on new hyperscale data centres outside designated sites (Bkl amendment)", "start": "2024-01-01", "end": null, "status": "active", "restricts": "Municipalities may not zone for new hyperscale data centres (over 10 ha with 70 MW or more) except at designated sites.", "detail": "The exempt sites are Eemshaven (Het Hogeland) and Agriport A7 (Hollands Kroon); the cabinet's June 2022 draft named Agriport A7 and B1. The rule covers only new facilities; those permitted before it took effect are exempt.", "source": "https://www.gtlaw.com/en/insights/2024/3/challenges-in-the-dutch-data-center-market", "sourceDate": "2024-03-04", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Sources conflict: NL Times (29 Mar 2026) dates the cap to 2022 and lists three areas, including 'the Schiphol region', which the law firm and the 2022 Rijksoverheid page do not. The consolidated Bkl text was not read." }, { "id": "nl-tk-motion-2026", "place": "Netherlands (national)", "country": "Netherlands", "cc": "NL", "measureType": "moratorium", "title": "Parliamentary motion to halt large-scale data-centre construction", "start": "2026-03", "end": null, "status": "proposed", "restricts": "Asks the government to stop construction of large-scale data centres.", "detail": "At least seven hyperscale projects, including Microsoft in Amsterdam and Lelystad, go ahead because their permits came first. Four more depend on whether Minister Boekholt-O'Sullivan acts on the motion. Four future hyperscales are approved in Haarlemmermeer.", "source": "https://nltimes.nl/2026/03/29/permitted-large-data-centers-amsterdam-lelystad-move-ahead-despite-opposition", "sourceDate": "2026-03-29", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Motion number, sponsors and exact vote date are not given. Government follow-up is unknown." }, { "id": "no-dc-registration", "place": "Norway (national)", "country": "Norway", "cc": "NO", "measureType": "registration", "title": "Data-centre registration duty (ekomloven \u00a73-7)", "start": "2025-01-01", "end": null, "status": "active", "restricts": "Data-centre operators must register with the authorities (Nkom) before starting operations; it is a notification, not a permit.", "detail": "Applies to commercial operators and to own-use sites above a power threshold. 88 were registered by 5 Jan 2026 (54 commercial, 34 internal); at 8 of them, 30\u2013100% of power goes to crypto mining.", "source": "https://nkom.no/datasenter/registreringsplikt", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Legal basis: LOV-2024-12-13-76 \u00a73-7 (lovdata). Counts are from Stortinget Innst. 140 S (2025\u20132026). The Nkom page has no visible date, so sourceDate is the access date. The power threshold value was not found. Electricity-tax changes for Norwegian DCs were not verified." }, { "id": "no-crypto-dc-ban", "place": "Norway (national)", "country": "Norway", "cc": "NO", "measureType": "moratorium", "title": "Storting push for ban on crypto-mining data centres", "start": "2026-02-24", "end": null, "status": "proposed", "restricts": "Asks the government to propose a ban on data centres for cryptocurrency and to assess the societal benefit of DC projects.", "detail": "Committee majority recommendation (Innst. 140 S). Minority proposals for a national data-centre concession scheme were not adopted.", "source": "https://www.stortinget.no/no/Saker-og-publikasjoner/Publikasjoner/Innstillinger/Stortinget/2025-2026/inns-202526-140s/?all=true", "sourceDate": "2026-02-24", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "The plenary vote date and the government's response were not checked. The committee notes the government missed the deadline set by an earlier 2023\u201324 resolution (no. 718) on a crypto ban." }, { "id": "es-aragon-campaign", "place": "Aragon (Zaragoza and campus sites)", "country": "Spain", "cc": "ES", "measureType": "opposition", "title": "'No es sequ\u00eda, es saqueo' campaign against Aragon data centres", "start": "2025-09-10", "end": null, "status": "ongoing", "restricts": "Campaign by citizen platforms and environmental groups against new campuses over water and power use.", "detail": "Launched 10 Sep 2025 with a march in Zaragoza on 27 Sep 2025; objections focus on water from the Ebro basin, electricity prices and fast-track regional permits (PIGA).", "source": "https://www.eldiario.es/aragon/economia/arranca-campana-implantacion-centros-datos-aragon-no-sequia-saqueo_1_12592997.html", "sourceDate": "2025-09-10", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Read via search summary; sourceDate is the campaign launch date given in the article." }, { "id": "es-aragon-piga-lawsuit", "place": "Aragon", "country": "Spain", "cc": "ES", "measureType": "opposition", "title": "Court challenge to fast-track (PIGA) approval of Amazon campuses", "start": "2026-01", "end": null, "status": "ongoing", "restricts": "Seeks to annul the regional fast-track designation for AWS data-centre expansion.", "detail": "Ecologistas en Acci\u00f3n's challenge is described as Spain's first lawsuit against a major data-centre development; a separate challenge was filed in Villanueva de G\u00e1llego.", "source": "https://www.renewableenergymagazine.com/panorama/arag-n-escenario-del-primer-juicio-en-20260121", "sourceDate": "2026-01-21", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Read via search summary only; outcome unknown. AWS and Microsoft said their Aragon plans were unchanged." }, { "id": "es-dc-royal-decree-draft", "place": "Spain (national)", "country": "Spain", "cc": "ES", "measureType": "connection rule", "title": "Draft royal decree on data centres (80% additional renewables)", "start": "2026-08-25", "end": null, "status": "proposed", "restricts": "Data centres of 1 MW or more would need 80% renewable supply with matching new capacity, and EU-based operators.", "detail": "Each new MW of demand must be matched by 1 MW of new renewables commissioned no more than 18 months before operations; at least 80% must be matched hour by hour. Data must stay under EU control and facilities must reach Category A efficiency. Projects already in permitting get six months to comply.", "source": "https://www.pv-magazine.com/2026/08/26/espana-exigira-a-los-centros-de-datos-un-80-de-renovables-adicionales-y-datos-bajo-control-europeo/", "sourceDate": "2026-08-26", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "On 25 Aug the Council of Ministers approved urgent processing of the draft; it is not in force. Whether this relates to 'RDL 7/2026' is unchecked." }, { "id": "se-dc-energy-tax", "place": "Sweden (national)", "country": "Sweden", "cc": "SE", "measureType": "tax", "title": "Removal of reduced electricity tax for data centres", "start": "2023-07-01", "end": null, "status": "active", "restricts": "Data centres pay the full electricity energy tax instead of the reduced industrial rate.", "detail": "Proposed in the 2023 budget bill and in force from 1 Jul 2023, ending a regime in place since 2017. Industry (TechSverige) is lobbying to restore it.", "source": "https://techsverige.se/app/uploads/2024/01/2024-01-22-TechSverige-remissvar-energipolitiska-mal.pdf", "sourceDate": "2024-01-22", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "The rate change from SEK 0.006 to 0.36/kWh (about +6,000%) is from search snippets only (unchecked). No Stockholm connection restriction was verified." }, { "id": "uk-scotland-hyperscale-pause", "place": "Scotland", "country": "United Kingdom", "cc": "GB", "measureType": "moratorium", "title": "Scottish Parliament motion to pause hyperscale data-centre decisions", "start": "2026-09-16", "end": null, "status": "proposed", "restricts": "Calls for no planning or consent decisions on hyperscale data-centre applications until national guidance is published.", "detail": "Motion passed by the Scottish Parliament on 16 Sep 2026; guidance due within 12 months, a draft by end-2026. More than 20 large facilities are proposed in Scotland.", "source": "https://www.euronews.com/2026/09/17/scotland-halts-new-hyperscale-ai-data-centre-approvals-amid-environmental-concerns", "sourceDate": "2026-09-17", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Whether the motion binds councils or ministers is not stated; we class it as proposed until the Scottish Government acts. The '14 schemes / 2.4 GW' figure in earlier secondary sources was not verified. Petition PE2233 (moratorium) is before the Public Petitions Committee." } ], "byCountry": [ { "country": "Netherlands", "cc": "NL", "active": 5, "activeTypes": [ "moratorium", "zoning" ], "ended": 2, "opposition": 1, "total": 8 }, { "country": "Germany", "cc": "DE", "active": 5, "activeTypes": [ "connection rule", "grid pause", "zoning" ], "ended": 0, "opposition": 0, "total": 5 }, { "country": "Ireland", "cc": "IE", "active": 2, "activeTypes": [ "connection rule" ], "ended": 2, "opposition": 1, "total": 5 }, { "country": "Belgium", "cc": "BE", "active": 2, "activeTypes": [ "connection rule" ], "ended": 0, "opposition": 0, "total": 2 }, { "country": "Denmark", "cc": "DK", "active": 2, "activeTypes": [ "connection rule", "grid pause" ], "ended": 0, "opposition": 0, "total": 2 }, { "country": "Norway", "cc": "NO", "active": 2, "activeTypes": [ "moratorium", "registration" ], "ended": 0, "opposition": 0, "total": 2 }, { "country": "Spain", "cc": "ES", "active": 1, "activeTypes": [ "connection rule" ], "ended": 0, "opposition": 2, "total": 3 }, { "country": "Finland", "cc": "FI", "active": 1, "activeTypes": [ "tax" ], "ended": 0, "opposition": 0, "total": 1 }, { "country": "Sweden", "cc": "SE", "active": 1, "activeTypes": [ "tax" ], "ended": 0, "opposition": 0, "total": 1 }, { "country": "United Kingdom", "cc": "GB", "active": 1, "activeTypes": [ "moratorium" ], "ended": 0, "opposition": 0, "total": 1 }, { "country": "France", "cc": "FR", "active": 0, "activeTypes": [], "ended": 0, "opposition": 2, "total": 2 } ], "summary": { "rows": 32, "countries": 11, "liveRestrictions": 22, "liveCountries": 10, "liveByType": { "connection rule": 9, "grid pause": 2, "tax": 2, "zoning": 5, "moratorium": 3, "registration": 1 }, "endedRestrictions": 4, "oppositionCases": 6, "ireland": { "country": "Ireland", "cc": "IE", "active": 2, "activeTypes": [ "connection rule" ], "ended": 2, "opposition": 1, "total": 5 } }, "context": { "cnbc": { "title": "How U.S. data center backlash is spreading across Europe and Asia", "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/10/03/data-center-backlash-europe-asia-africa.html", "date": "3 Oct 2026", "europeUsdBn": 42, "usUsdBn": 77, "says": "Reported STL Partners' estimate that public backlash has stalled or cancelled roughly $42bn of European data-centre investment, against about $77bn in the US, and cited Scotland's pause, Denmark's grid law and Spain's renewables draft.", "ours": "STL's method and time period are not public, so the figure can't be checked or broken down by country. CNBC's page blocked our reader; the figures are as given in two same-day write-ups of the article (AI Weekly, n8nlab). Our tracker counts measures with a source each, not dollars." }, "monitor": { "title": "eudcmonitor.com", "url": "https://eudcmonitor.com/", "date": "checked 11 Oct 2026", "says": "Describes itself as a nonpartisan research project tracking opposition to data centres; claims more than 70 projects were rejected or restricted in early 2026 (January to April, more than in all of 2025) and expects a record year. Its project list sits behind a paid quarterly report.", "ours": "Who runs the Monitor is not disclosed and its list is not public, so its count can't be reconciled with ours. Our opposition rows are fewer because we include only cases with a public source we could read." }, "semianalysis": { "title": "Everyone Says Datacenter Moratoriums Are Killing the US Buildout. We disagree", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/everyone-says-datacenter-moratoriums", "date": "15 Sep 2026", "says": "Mapped more than 300 local moratoriums and bans across US states and argued that counting them overstates the damage: a moratorium only delays a project when the parcel is covered, the project still needs the blocked approval and the timing overlaps. On its free figures, about 20 GW sits inside restricted areas but only about 1.5 GW is directly delayed, mostly by three projects.", "ours": "Europe's pattern is different: fewer measures, but several are national or grid-wide (Ireland's connection rule, the Dutch hyperscale limit, Denmark's priority law), so a single rule can reach every project in a country. Whether European restrictions delay capacity in the way SemiAnalysis measures for the US is not yet measurable from public data; grid queues are the better test (see grid queues in Europe)." } }, "caveats": [ "Compiled by hand from public sources read on 11 Oct 2026; some rows rest on secondary reports or search summaries, as each row's note says.", "Coverage is uneven: no verified restriction rows yet for Italy, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Switzerland or Iceland, and UK local refusals are not yet tracked.", "Status labels are ours: live = in force, ongoing or formally proposed; ended = lifted, replaced, expired, refused or withdrawn." ] }, "eu_dc_rules": { "title": "Data-centre energy rules in Europe", "asOf": "2026-10-11", "source": "Hand-compiled by StackPath from EUR-Lex, the European Commission, national legislation and regulators (see each row's source)", "sourceUrl": null, "rows": [ { "id": "eu-2024-1364-reporting-scheme", "jurisdiction": "EU", "country": "European Union", "rule": "EU data centre database and KPI reporting (rating scheme phase 1)", "instrument": "Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/1364", "category": "reporting", "threshold": "\u2265500 kW IT; annual report by 15 May covering the previous calendar year", "appliesTo": "data centres \u2265500 kW IT", "inForce": "2024", "status": "in force", "detail": "Operators report KPIs (energy, IT energy, water, waste heat, renewables etc.) by 15 Sep 2024, then 15 May 2025 and every year after, either via a national scheme or straight to the EU database. Data is published only in aggregate at Member State and EU level (Art 5, Annex IV); individual site data is confidential.", "source": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_del/2024/1364/oj/eng", "sourceDate": "2024-03-14", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Adopted 14 Mar 2024, published in OJ 17 May 2024, in force 20 days later (about 6 Jun 2024, my calculation). C(2026)3472 amends it, e.g. Member States must confirm by 15 Aug each year from 2026 that reporting is complete.", "hard": false }, { "id": "eu-eed-art12-reporting", "jurisdiction": "EU", "country": "European Union", "rule": "Data centre public reporting duty", "instrument": "Directive (EU) 2023/1791 (EED recast), Art 12(1)-(3) + Annex VII", "category": "reporting", "threshold": "installed IT power demand \u2265500 kW", "appliesTo": "owners/operators of data centres \u2265500 kW IT (defence/civil-protection exempt)", "inForce": "2024-05-15", "status": "in force", "detail": "By 15 May 2024 and every year after, Member States must require operators to make the Annex VII information public. The Commission keeps a European database that is public only in aggregate (Art 12(3)). Art 12(4) only encourages sites \u22651 MW to follow the EU Code of Conduct.", "source": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32023L1791", "sourceDate": "2023-09-13", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "General transposition deadline 11 Oct 2025 (Art 36). Spain's MITECO says its transposition is still in progress.", "hard": false }, { "id": "eu-eed-art26-waste-heat", "jurisdiction": "EU", "country": "European Union", "rule": "Waste heat use by data centres >1 MW", "instrument": "Directive (EU) 2023/1791, Art 26(6)", "category": "heat reuse", "threshold": "total rated energy input >1 MW", "appliesTo": "data centres with total rated energy input >1 MW", "inForce": "2025-10-11", "status": "in force", "detail": "Member States must ensure these data centres use their waste heat or other waste-heat recovery, unless they show it is not technically or economically feasible under the Art 26(7) assessment.", "source": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32023L1791", "sourceDate": "2023-09-13", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Applies through national transposition (deadline 11 Oct 2025). Threshold is total rated energy input, not IT load. Sweden is still at proposal stage (see SE row).", "hard": false }, { "id": "eu-eed-art11-ems", "jurisdiction": "EU", "country": "European Union", "rule": "Energy management system / energy audit", "instrument": "Directive (EU) 2023/1791, Art 11(1)-(2)", "category": "reporting", "threshold": ">85 TJ/yr energy use \u2192 energy management system; >10 TJ/yr \u2192 energy audit", "appliesTo": "all enterprises, including data centre operators, above the consumption thresholds", "inForce": "2025-10-11", "status": "in force", "detail": "Enterprises using more than 85 TJ a year on average over three years must run an energy management system; those above 10 TJ without one must have an energy audit.", "source": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32023L1791", "sourceDate": "2023-09-13", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Not specific to data centres. Category is nearest fit. inForce is the transposition deadline (my reading of Art 36).", "hard": false }, { "id": "eu-rating-scheme-ms-completeness", "jurisdiction": "EU", "country": "European Union", "rule": "Member State confirmation that reporting is complete", "instrument": "C(2026) 3472, Art 5(2)(a) amending Reg. 2024/1364 Art 3", "category": "reporting", "threshold": "confirmation by 15 Aug each year", "appliesTo": "Member States (national reporting completeness)", "inForce": "2026", "status": "adopted, not yet applying", "detail": "Member States must say by 15 Aug each year whether data centre reporting in their territory is complete. If they don't, labels stay valid until reporting is complete, and at the latest until 31 Dec.", "source": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=PI_COM%3AC%282026%293472", "sourceDate": "2026-09-21", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "The text says 'in 2026 and every year thereafter', but the act is not in force until after scrutiny, so it may in practice start in 2027.", "hard": false }, { "id": "eu-rating-scheme-label", "jurisdiction": "EU", "country": "European Union", "rule": "EU data centre sustainability rating label (A-G)", "instrument": "Commission Delegated Regulation C(2026) 3472 final, supplementing Directive 2023/1791 and amending 2024/1364", "category": "label", "threshold": "PUE A \u22641.15, B \u22641.25, C \u22641.35, D \u22641.5, E \u22641.7, F \u22641.9, G >1.9; WUE A \u22640.1, B \u22640.2, C \u22640.4, D \u22640.6, E \u22640.8, F \u22641.0, G >1.0", "appliesTo": "data centres \u2265500 kW IT (labels generated from data already reported)", "inForce": "2027-08-15", "status": "adopted, not yet applying", "detail": "Labels are generated automatically each year from 15 Aug 2027 and are valid one year. They show PUE and WUE classes, the low-emission energy split (renewables/nuclear by on-site, PPA, guarantee of origin, and whether from new capacity), plus grid-flexibility and waste-heat-ready flags.", "source": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=PI_COM%3AC%282026%293472", "sourceDate": "2026-09-21", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Adopted by the Commission 21 Sep 2026. Now in a 2-month Parliament/Council scrutiny period and enters into force 20 days after OJ publication. Press release IP/26/1667 says 'proposed' but also 'delegated act adopted by the Commission'; COM(2026)500 says 'has been adopted'.", "hard": false }, { "id": "eu-minimum-performance-standards", "jurisdiction": "EU", "country": "European Union", "rule": "Minimum performance standards for data centres", "instrument": "Call for evidence and public consultation (Have your say initiative 19293); EED Art 12(5)", "category": "hard efficiency limit", "threshold": "not set; the Commission report cites PUE 1.5 and WUE 0.4 as recommended baselines", "appliesTo": "new or retrofitted EU data centres, with a timeframe for existing sites (indicative)", "inForce": "not set", "status": "draft", "detail": "Consultation on minimum standards for energy efficiency, water use, waste-heat reuse and grid services, possibly as PUE/WUE/REF thresholds. Closes 14 Dec 2026; an impact assessment follows.", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/19293-Data-centres-in-Europe-minimum-performance-standards_en", "sourceDate": "2026-09-21", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "No legal text yet. Details come from IP/26/1667 and COM(2026)500. I did not fetch the Have your say page itself.", "hard": true }, { "id": "dk-heat-price-cap-removed", "jurisdiction": "DK", "country": "Denmark", "rule": "Surplus-heat price cap abolished (cost-based pricing instead)", "instrument": "Heat Supply Act (varmeforsyningsloven); political agreement of 17 Jan 2025", "category": "heat reuse", "threshold": "fixed price ceiling removed; price must not exceed necessary costs", "appliesTo": "data centres selling surplus heat to district heating", "inForce": "2025-07-01", "status": "in force", "detail": "The fixed upper limit on surplus-heat prices was abolished on 1 Jul 2025. Surplus heat a data centre supplies directly is outside the Act's price regulation, but heat from heat pumps that raise its temperature is covered.", "source": "https://ens.dk/ansvarsomraader/varme/overskudsvarme", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "An internal note says Denmark abolished its surplus-heat tax for certified businesses in Jan 2022; not checked today.", "hard": false }, { "id": "dk-waste-heat-cba", "jurisdiction": "DK", "country": "Denmark", "rule": "Surplus heat cost-benefit analysis for data centres >1 MW", "instrument": "Danish transposition of EED Art 26 (Danish Energy Agency rules)", "category": "heat reuse", "threshold": ">1 MW", "appliesTo": "data centres >1 MW being built or substantially renovated", "inForce": "2025-10-11", "status": "in force", "detail": "Before building or a major renovation, data centres over 1 MW must prepare a cost-benefit analysis of using their surplus heat (e.g. in district heating). The Danish Energy Agency must approve it before a surplus-heat project can be applied for.", "source": "https://ens.dk/ansvarsomraader/varme/overskudsvarme", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Exact legal instrument (bekendtg\u00f8relse number) not identified. sourceDate is the date I accessed the page.", "hard": false }, { "id": "fi-electricity-tax-class", "jurisdiction": "FI", "country": "Finland", "rule": "Data centres moved from electricity tax class II to class I", "instrument": "Government bill HE 156/2025 amending the Act on Excise Duty on Electricity and Certain Fuels (1260/1996)", "category": "tax condition", "threshold": "class II 0.05 c/kWh \u2192 class I 2.24 c/kWh", "appliesTo": "data centres", "inForce": "2026-07-01", "status": "proposed", "detail": "Moves data-centre electricity from tax class II to the general class I from 1 Jul 2026 (bill submitted 23 Oct 2025); a replacement subsidy scheme was planned for autumn 2026.", "source": "https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/-/government-safeguards-finland-s-competitiveness-in-attracting-data-centre-investments", "sourceDate": "2025-10-23", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Final vote not confirmed in this check (Finlex not read). The April 2025 consultation draft had 1 Jan 2026.", "hard": false }, { "id": "fr-excise-eco-conditions", "jurisdiction": "FR", "country": "France", "rule": "Reduced electricity excise for data centres, subject to eco-conditions", "instrument": "Code des impositions sur les biens et services, art. L.312-70 (and L.312-64); finance bill 2026 art. 18", "category": "tax condition", "threshold": "consumption above 1 GWh/yr; eco-conditionality criteria (energy management, good-practice code)", "appliesTo": "data centres", "inForce": "2019", "status": "in force", "detail": "Data centres get a reduced electricity excise above 1 GWh a year if they meet eco-conditionality criteria. The 2026 finance bill (art. 18) proposed raising the data-centre rate to EUR 10/MWh; Senate amendments to soften it were rejected on 26 Nov 2025.", "source": "https://www.senat.fr/enseance/2025-2026/138/Amdt_I-1981.html", "sourceDate": "2025-11-26", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Rates conflict across sources (EUR 0.5, 10 and 12/MWh cited); the final 2026 finance law and the exact conditions (ISO 50001, EU Code of Conduct, proposed PUE/WUE limits per Uptime Institute) were not read in the statute. 2019 start is from Uptime Institute (unchecked).", "hard": false }, { "id": "de-enefg-renewables-50", "jurisdiction": "DE", "country": "Germany", "rule": "Renewable electricity 50%", "instrument": "EnEfG 2023, \u00a711(5)", "category": "renewable requirement", "threshold": "50% renewable electricity (balance-sheet basis)", "appliesTo": "data centre operators (\u2265300 kW)", "inForce": "2024-01-01", "status": "in force", "detail": "From 1 Jan 2024 operators must cover 50% of data centre electricity with renewable electricity on a balance-sheet basis.", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/enefg/__11.html", "sourceDate": "2023-11-13", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "", "hard": true }, { "id": "de-enefg-customer-info", "jurisdiction": "DE", "country": "Germany", "rule": "Customer energy-use disclosure (colocation)", "instrument": "EnEfG 2023, \u00a715", "category": "reporting", "threshold": "annual per-customer energy use", "appliesTo": "data centres serving third-party customers", "inForce": "2024-01-01", "status": "in force", "detail": "Operators must tell each customer once a year how much energy is directly attributable to that customer.", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/enefg/BJNR1350B0023.html", "sourceDate": "2023-11-13", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "", "hard": false }, { "id": "de-enefg-register", "jurisdiction": "DE", "country": "Germany", "rule": "Annual information duty and federal data centre register", "instrument": "EnEfG 2023, \u00a713-\u00a714 + Anlage 3", "category": "reporting", "threshold": "annual by 31 March (previous year); first reports 15 May 2024 (\u2265500 kW) and 1 Jul 2025 (smaller sites)", "appliesTo": "data centres \u2265300 kW", "inForce": "2024-05-15", "status": "in force", "detail": "Operators publish and send to the federal government: size, postcode, connected load, electricity use, renewable share, waste heat, PUE, reuse share, WUE and more. The federal register passes this to the EU database and went public on 14 Aug 2026.", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/enefg/BJNR1350B0023.html", "sourceDate": "2023-11-13", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "\u00a720(2) as summarised says '200 to under 500 kW' for the second wave, which does not match the 300 kW definition; I did not check the exact wording. Launch date 14 Aug 2026 from UBA.", "hard": false }, { "id": "de-enefg-ems", "jurisdiction": "DE", "country": "Germany", "rule": "Energy/environmental management system + certification", "instrument": "EnEfG 2023, \u00a712", "category": "reporting", "threshold": "management system by 1 Jul 2025; validation/certification from 1 Jan 2026 at \u22651 MW non-redundant (\u2265300 kW public); IT operators \u2265500 kW (300 kW public)", "appliesTo": "data centre operators and IT operators", "inForce": "2025-07-01", "status": "in force", "detail": "Operators must run an energy or environmental management system with continuous metering of key components and improvement measures. Validation or certification is required from 2026 above the thresholds.", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/enefg/__12.html", "sourceDate": "2023-11-13", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Exempt if the site feeds \u226550% of reused energy into a heat network and uses \u22647.5 GWh a year; also exempt if closing before 1 Jul 2027.", "hard": false }, { "id": "de-enefg-pue-new", "jurisdiction": "DE", "country": "Germany", "rule": "PUE limit for new data centres", "instrument": "EnEfG 2023, \u00a711(2) Nr. 1", "category": "hard efficiency limit", "threshold": "PUE \u22641.2", "appliesTo": "data centres \u2265300 kW starting operation from 1 Jul 2026", "inForce": "2026-07-01", "status": "in force", "detail": "New data centres must permanently reach an annual-average PUE of 1.2 or better, at the latest two years after commissioning. Electricity used only to upgrade waste heat is excluded.", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/enefg/__11.html", "sourceDate": "2023-11-13", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Start date of 1 Jul 2026 confirmed.", "hard": true }, { "id": "de-enefg-erf-new", "jurisdiction": "DE", "country": "Germany", "rule": "Energy reuse share (ERF) for new data centres", "instrument": "EnEfG 2023, \u00a711(2)-(3)", "category": "heat reuse", "threshold": "reused energy (DIN EN 50600-4-6) \u226510% (starting from 1 Jul 2026), \u226515% (from 1 Jul 2027), \u226520% (from 1 Jul 2028)", "appliesTo": "data centres \u2265300 kW starting operation from 1 Jul 2026", "inForce": "2026-07-01", "status": "in force", "detail": "New sites must reach the reuse share within two years of commissioning. Exempt if: a later event outside the operator's control lowers the share; there is an agreement with a municipality or heat-network operator to comply within ten years; or a nearby heat network declines a cost-based offer within six months.", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/enefg/__11.html", "sourceDate": "2023-11-13", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "The 15% and 20% steps apply by commissioning date, not as a rising target for one site.", "hard": true }, { "id": "de-enefg-renewables-100", "jurisdiction": "DE", "country": "Germany", "rule": "Renewable electricity 100%", "instrument": "EnEfG 2023, \u00a711(5)", "category": "renewable requirement", "threshold": "100% renewable electricity (balance-sheet basis)", "appliesTo": "data centre operators (\u2265300 kW)", "inForce": "2027-01-01", "status": "adopted, not yet applying", "detail": "From 1 Jan 2027 data centre electricity must be 100% covered by renewable electricity on a balance-sheet basis.", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/enefg/__11.html", "sourceDate": "2023-11-13", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "UBA (21 Sep 2026): about 80% of listed sites already report 100%.", "hard": true }, { "id": "de-enefg-pue-existing-2027", "jurisdiction": "DE", "country": "Germany", "rule": "PUE limit for existing data centres (2027)", "instrument": "Energieeffizienzgesetz (EnEfG) 2023, \u00a711(1) Nr. 1", "category": "hard efficiency limit", "threshold": "PUE \u22641.5 (annual average)", "appliesTo": "data centres \u2265300 kW non-redundant nominal connected load that started operating before 1 Jul 2026", "inForce": "2027-07-01", "status": "adopted, not yet applying", "detail": "Existing data centres must permanently reach an annual-average PUE of 1.5 or better from 1 Jul 2027.", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/enefg/__11.html", "sourceDate": "2023-11-13", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "300 kW threshold is from \u00a73 Nr. 24. Fines up to \u20ac100,000 (\u00a719(2)). gesetze-im-internet shows no amendment line; I could not confirm whether 2025/26 amendments are planned.", "hard": true }, { "id": "de-enefg-pue-existing-2030", "jurisdiction": "DE", "country": "Germany", "rule": "PUE limit for existing data centres (2030)", "instrument": "EnEfG 2023, \u00a711(1) Nr. 2", "category": "hard efficiency limit", "threshold": "PUE \u22641.3 (annual average)", "appliesTo": "data centres \u2265300 kW that started operating before 1 Jul 2026", "inForce": "2030-07-01", "status": "adopted, not yet applying", "detail": "From 1 Jul 2030 existing data centres must reach an annual-average PUE of 1.3 or better.", "source": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/enefg/__11.html", "sourceDate": "2023-11-13", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "UBA (21 Sep 2026): about 40% of register sites already meet 1.3.", "hard": true }, { "id": "ie-gov-statement-2022", "jurisdiction": "IE", "country": "Ireland", "rule": "Government principles for sustainable data centre development", "instrument": "Government Statement on the Role of Data Centres in Ireland's Enterprise Strategy (Jul 2022)", "category": "renewable requirement", "threshold": "non-binding preferences (renewables additionality, grid efficiency, co-location with renewables/storage, decarbonised by design)", "appliesTo": "new data centre developments (guides energy, enterprise and planning decisions)", "inForce": "2022-07", "status": "voluntary", "detail": "The Government states a preference for developments that use the grid efficiently, show additional renewables in Ireland, co-locate with renewables or storage, and have a net-zero pathway. It supports waste-heat use (e.g. Tallaght District Heating).", "source": "https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/publications/publication-files/government-statement-on-the-role-of-data-centres-in-irelands-enterprise-strategy.pdf", "sourceDate": "2022-07", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Policy preference, not a legal requirement. I found no updated statement. LEAP (13 Jan 2026) on enterprise.gov.ie sets no data-centre conditions. Ireland's EED Art 12 transposition: unchecked.", "hard": false }, { "id": "ie-cru-lec-onsite-generation", "jurisdiction": "IE", "country": "Ireland", "rule": "Data centre connection: on-site/local generation or storage matching demand", "instrument": "CRU2025236 Large Energy User connection policy decision", "category": "connection condition", "threshold": "generation and/or storage capacity matching the requested maximum import demand", "appliesTo": "new data centre grid connections", "inForce": "2025-12-12", "status": "in force", "detail": "New data centres must provide on-site or nearby generation and/or storage matching their requested maximum import. It must take part in the wholesale electricity market to support system adequacy. System operators were to publish the connection process by 31 Mar 2026.", "source": "https://www.cru.ie/about-us/news/the-cru-publishes-its-decision-on-new-electricity-connection-policy-for-data-centres/", "sourceDate": "2025-12-12", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "The CRU page says 'storage capacity', not 'dispatchable'. Decision PDF: https://cruie-live-96ca64acab2247eca8a850a7e54b-5b34f62.divio-media.com/documents/CRU2025236_Large_Energy_User_connection_policy_decision_paper.pdf (not read in full).", "hard": true }, { "id": "ie-cru-lec-80pct-renewables", "jurisdiction": "IE", "country": "Ireland", "rule": "Data centre connection: 80% additional renewables", "instrument": "CRU2025236 Large Energy User connection policy decision", "category": "renewable requirement", "threshold": "\u226580% of annual demand from additional renewables generating in the Republic of Ireland; 6-year glide path", "appliesTo": "new data centre grid connections", "inForce": "2025-12-12", "status": "in force", "detail": "Developers must present a credible plan to EirGrid/ESB Networks for new renewable projects in Ireland covering at least 80% of annual demand, with six years for them to start generating. Capacity under REFIT, RESS or ORESS does not count.", "source": "https://www.cru.ie/about-us/news/the-cru-publishes-its-decision-on-new-electricity-connection-policy-for-data-centres/", "sourceDate": "2025-12-12", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Annual matching, not hourly. PPAs are not mentioned on the news page.", "hard": true }, { "id": "nl-amsterdam-heat-pue", "jurisdiction": "NL", "country": "Netherlands", "rule": "Amsterdam: residual heat use compulsory; PUE below 1.2 (draft)", "instrument": "Amsterdam data-centre location policy 2020-2030 (adopted 17 Dec 2020)", "category": "heat reuse", "threshold": "heat-network connection at plot boundary; draft PUE <1.2", "appliesTo": "new data centres in Amsterdam", "inForce": "2020-12-17", "status": "in force", "detail": "Residual heat use is compulsory and new sites need a technical connection at the plot boundary; a PUE below 1.2 was set in draft. The Dutch minister said no national PUE requirement would be set for now.", "source": "https://www.stibbe.com/publications-and-insights/increasing-control-of-data-centre-locations", "sourceDate": "2021-08-26", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Municipal, not national. Law-firm summary (2021); whether the PUE draft was adopted in the later umbrella zoning plan is unchecked, so the PUE part is not counted as a hard limit.", "hard": false }, { "id": "no-electricity-tax", "jurisdiction": "NO", "country": "Norway", "rule": "Data centres pay the general electricity tax (reduced rate withdrawn)", "instrument": "Norwegian electricity tax (reduced rate withdrawn 2023)", "category": "tax condition", "threshold": "general rate (\u22481.3 euro cents/kWh)", "appliesTo": "data centres", "inForce": "2023", "status": "in force", "detail": "Norway withdrew the reduced electricity tax for data centres in 2023; they now pay the general rate.", "source": "https://www.ibfd.org/sites/default/files/2025-08/27082025-european-direct-taxation-of-ai-data-mining-centers-or-the-lack-thereof.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-08-20", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Secondary source.", "hard": false }, { "id": "no-registration", "jurisdiction": "NO", "country": "Norway", "rule": "Data centre registration duty", "instrument": "Electronic Communications Act (ekomloven), Nkom registration", "category": "reporting", "threshold": "subscribed electrical power above a threshold (value not stated on page), or providing data centre services for payment", "appliesTo": "data centre operators", "inForce": "2025-01", "status": "in force", "detail": "Operators must register electronically with Nkom before operating. It is a registration duty, not a licence, and is used for supervision and the sector fee. No energy or heat requirements.", "source": "https://nkom.no/datasenter/registreringsplikt", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "An internal note says the threshold is 0.5 MW; unchecked today. sourceDate is the date I accessed the page.", "hard": false }, { "id": "no-surplus-heat-proposal", "jurisdiction": "NO", "country": "Norway", "rule": "Stricter surplus heat requirements for data centres (Energy Act)", "instrument": "Proposed amendments to the Energy Act (energiloven), out for consultation", "category": "heat reuse", "threshold": "not stated", "appliesTo": "data centres", "inForce": "not set", "status": "draft", "detail": "A Storting committee recommendation notes the government has consulted on Energy Act amendments on surplus heat with stricter requirements for data centres. The committee also asked the government to assess data centres' social benefit, and several parties want a national concession system studied by end-2026.", "source": "https://www.stortinget.no/no/Saker-og-publikasjoner/Publikasjoner/Innstillinger/Stortinget/2025-2026/inns-202526-140s/?all=true", "sourceDate": "2026-02-24", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Consultation text and thresholds not seen (regjeringen.no returned 403). The 'energiutredning' >2 MW rule is unchecked.", "hard": false }, { "id": "es-eed-reporting", "jurisdiction": "ES", "country": "Spain", "rule": "EED data centre reporting via ReportENER", "instrument": "Directive 2023/1791 Art 12 + Reg. 2024/1364 (Spanish transposition in progress)", "category": "reporting", "threshold": "IT \u2265500 kW; 15 May yearly", "appliesTo": "data centres \u2265500 kW IT", "inForce": "2024-09-15", "status": "in force", "detail": "MITECO tells operators to register with ReportENER and report KPIs to the EU database by 15 Sep 2024 and then 15 May each year.", "source": "https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/energia/eficiencia/centros-de-datos.html", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "MITECO says national transposition of the EED is still in progress. sourceDate is the date I accessed the page.", "hard": false }, { "id": "es-draft-rd-renewables", "jurisdiction": "ES", "country": "Spain", "rule": "Draft royal decree: 80% additional renewables, hourly matching", "instrument": "Draft Real Decreto on data centres (urgent processing approved by the Council of Ministers 25 Aug 2026)", "category": "renewable requirement", "threshold": "\u226580% renewable, matched every hour; 1 MW of new renewables per new MW, commissioned \u226418 months before operation", "appliesTo": "data centres \u22651 MW", "inForce": "not set", "status": "draft", "detail": "Compliance is tested to obtain or keep grid access; non-compliance can mean higher charges and loss of access. Projects already in permitting get six months to comply. The 80% may be revised once renewables pass 90% of Spain's mix.", "source": "https://www.pv-magazine.com/2026/08/26/espana-exigira-a-los-centros-de-datos-un-80-de-renovables-adicionales-y-datos-bajo-control-europeo/", "sourceDate": "2026-08-26", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Secondary source (pv magazine). MITECO confirms the draft and its hearings (prior consultation 1-19 Jul 2024; hearing 8 Aug-15 Sep 2025; second hearing 27 Aug-10 Sep 2026) but its page does not describe the renewable terms. Draft also has EU-establishment and data-location rules.", "hard": true }, { "id": "es-draft-rd-label-a", "jurisdiction": "ES", "country": "Spain", "rule": "Draft royal decree: top EU label class for energy and water", "instrument": "Draft Real Decreto on data centres", "category": "hard efficiency limit", "threshold": "Category A for PUE and WUE under the EU rating scheme (once it applies)", "appliesTo": "data centres \u22651 MW", "inForce": "not set", "status": "draft", "detail": "Instead of national PUE/WUE limits, the draft requires the highest EU label class for energy and water efficiency (PUE \u22641.15 and WUE \u22640.1 under C(2026)3472).", "source": "https://www.pv-magazine.com/2026/08/26/espana-exigira-a-los-centros-de-datos-un-80-de-renovables-adicionales-y-datos-bajo-control-europeo/", "sourceDate": "2026-08-26", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Secondary source. Linking 'Category A' to the C(2026)3472 thresholds is my inference.", "hard": true }, { "id": "se-electricity-tax", "jurisdiction": "SE", "country": "Sweden", "rule": "Data centres pay the general electricity tax (reduced rate withdrawn)", "instrument": "Swedish energy tax law (reduced rate withdrawn mid-2023)", "category": "tax condition", "threshold": "data centres now pay the general rate (\u22484.0 euro cents/kWh in 2025)", "appliesTo": "data centres", "inForce": "2023", "status": "in force", "detail": "Sweden applied the EU-minimum electricity tax to data centres from 2017 and removed the reduced rate from mid-2023.", "source": "https://www.ibfd.org/sites/default/files/2025-08/27082025-european-direct-taxation-of-ai-data-mining-centers-or-the-lack-thereof.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-08-20", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Secondary source (IBFD, EU Tax Focus); primary Skatteverket text not checked.", "hard": false }, { "id": "se-act-2025-570-reporting", "jurisdiction": "SE", "country": "Sweden", "rule": "Data centre energy performance disclosure", "instrument": "Act (2025:570) on disclosure of information on the energy performance of data centres", "category": "reporting", "threshold": "installed IT power demand \u2265500 kW; notify the Energy Agency by 27 Apr 2026; report by 15 May 2026", "appliesTo": "data centres \u2265500 kW IT (security-sensitive sites exempt)", "inForce": "2025-07-01", "status": "in force", "detail": "Transposes EED Art 12. Operators notify Energimyndigheten and report 2025 data to the EU database. Individual data is confidential under the Secrecy Act; only aggregates are published.", "source": "https://www.energimyndigheten.se/en/climate/climate/data-centre-energy-performance-reporting/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "sourceDate is the date I accessed the page.", "hard": false }, { "id": "se-waste-heat-proposal", "jurisdiction": "SE", "country": "Sweden", "rule": "Waste heat use for data centres >1 MW", "instrument": "Proposed amendment to Act (2013:268) (EED Art 26(6) transposition)", "category": "heat reuse", "threshold": "total energy supply >1 MW", "appliesTo": "data centres >1 MW", "inForce": "not set", "status": "proposed", "detail": "Would require data centres above 1 MW to use waste heat or other recovery unless shown technically or economically infeasible. Consultation ran until 4 Nov 2025.", "source": "https://www.energimyndigheten.se/en/climate/climate/data-centre-energy-performance-reporting/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Whether it has since been enacted: unchecked.", "hard": false }, { "id": "uk-cca-data-centres", "jurisdiction": "GB", "country": "United Kingdom", "rule": "Climate Change Agreement for data centres (energy improvement target)", "instrument": "Climate Change Agreements scheme, target periods 7-9 (DESNZ; administered by techUK)", "category": "tax condition", "threshold": "14.5% energy improvement vs 2022 baseline by end-2030", "appliesTo": "data centres that join the scheme", "inForce": "2026-01-01", "status": "voluntary", "detail": "Sites in the voluntary scheme get reduced Climate Change Levy rates in return for meeting the sector target; the extended scheme runs to 31 Dec 2030, first target period from 1 Jan 2026.", "source": "https://www.techuk.org/resource/data-centres-climate-change-agreement-target-periods-7-9-announced.html", "sourceDate": "2025-10-16", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "The levy-discount link is from techUK's CCA pages (search summary); the 2025-10-16 page gives only the target.", "hard": false }, { "id": "uk-ofgem-dc-connection-reform", "jurisdiction": "GB", "country": "United Kingdom", "rule": "Data centre grid connection reforms", "instrument": "Ofgem consultation 'Proposed data centre connection reforms'", "category": "connection condition", "threshold": "commitment fee from accepting an offer until connection; queue milestones (credible end user, long-lead equipment, financial/technical capability)", "appliesTo": "data centre demand connections", "inForce": "not set", "status": "proposed", "detail": "Published 29 Jul 2026 and closed in mid-Sep 2026, awaiting decision. No efficiency, flexibility or renewable conditions are proposed.", "source": "https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/consultation/proposed-data-centre-connection-reforms", "sourceDate": "2026-07-29", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Page lists the closing date as 17 Sep 2026 (one reading says 16 Sep). jurisdiction 'GB' is the ISO code for the UK. CCA PUE targets and AI Growth Zones are unchecked. CNI designation (12 Sep 2024) carries no energy duties.", "hard": false } ], "jurisdictions": [ { "country": "Germany", "jurisdiction": "DE", "tier": "efficiency limits", "hard": [ "Renewable electricity 50%", "PUE limit for new data centres", "Energy reuse share (ERF) for new data centres", "Renewable electricity 100%", "PUE limit for existing data centres (2027)", "PUE limit for existing data centres (2030)" ], "hardCategories": [ "hard efficiency limit", "heat reuse", "renewable requirement" ], "categories": [ "hard efficiency limit", "heat reuse", "renewable requirement", "reporting" ], "rules": 9, "binding": 9 }, { "country": "Ireland", "jurisdiction": "IE", "tier": "power conditions", "hard": [ "Data centre connection: on-site/local generation or storage matching demand", "Data centre connection: 80% additional renewables" ], "hardCategories": [ "connection condition", "renewable requirement" ], "categories": [ "connection condition", "renewable requirement" ], "rules": 3, "binding": 2 }, { "country": "Denmark", "jurisdiction": "DK", "tier": "reporting and incentives only", "hard": [], "hardCategories": [], "categories": [ "heat reuse" ], "rules": 2, "binding": 2 }, { "country": "France", "jurisdiction": "FR", "tier": "reporting and incentives only", "hard": [], "hardCategories": [], "categories": [ "tax condition" ], "rules": 1, "binding": 1 }, { "country": "Netherlands", "jurisdiction": "NL", "tier": "reporting and incentives only", "hard": [], "hardCategories": [], "categories": [ "heat reuse" ], "rules": 1, "binding": 1 }, { "country": "Norway", "jurisdiction": "NO", "tier": "reporting and incentives only", "hard": [], "hardCategories": [], "categories": [ "reporting", "tax condition" ], "rules": 3, "binding": 2 }, { "country": "Spain", "jurisdiction": "ES", "tier": "reporting and incentives only", "hard": [], "hardCategories": [], "categories": [ "reporting" ], "rules": 3, "binding": 1 }, { "country": "Sweden", "jurisdiction": "SE", "tier": "reporting and incentives only", "hard": [], "hardCategories": [], "categories": [ "reporting", "tax condition" ], "rules": 3, "binding": 2 }, { "country": "Finland", "jurisdiction": "FI", "tier": "proposals only", "hard": [], "hardCategories": [], "categories": [], "rules": 1, "binding": 0 }, { "country": "United Kingdom", "jurisdiction": "GB", "tier": "proposals only", "hard": [], "hardCategories": [], "categories": [], "rules": 2, "binding": 0 } ], "summary": { "rows": 35, "countries": 10, "efficiencyLimitCountries": [ "Germany" ], "powerConditionCountries": [ "Ireland" ], "hardLimitCountries": [ "Germany", "Ireland" ], "reportingOnlyCountries": [ "Denmark", "France", "Netherlands", "Norway", "Spain", "Sweden" ], "proposalsOnlyCountries": [ "Finland", "United Kingdom" ], "proposedHard": [ { "country": "European Union", "rule": "Minimum performance standards for data centres", "status": "draft" }, { "country": "Spain", "rule": "Draft royal decree: 80% additional renewables, hourly matching", "status": "draft" }, { "country": "Spain", "rule": "Draft royal decree: top EU label class for energy and water", "status": "draft" } ], "tiers": { "efficiency limits": 1, "power conditions": 1, "reporting and incentives only": 6, "proposals only": 2 }, "byCategory": { "reporting": 10, "heat reuse": 5, "label": 1, "tax condition": 3, "renewable requirement": 3, "hard efficiency limit": 3, "connection condition": 1 }, "euRows": 7 }, "context": { "headline": "Germany caps PUE at 1.2 for new sites from July 2026; Ireland requires own power and 80% renewables instead.", "ratingScheme": { "lead": "Rating scheme: adopted by the Commission, not yet in force.", "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52026DC0500", "date": "21 Sep 2026", "text": "On 21 Sep 2026 the Commission adopted Delegated Regulation C(2026) 3472, which sets the EU A\u2013G data-centre label (energy class from PUE: A \u22641.15 to G >1.9; water class from WUE). Its press release (IP/26/1667) says it 'proposed' the scheme, but the same release and the Commission's report COM(2026) 500 call it adopted. It now sits in a two-month scrutiny period in which Parliament or Council can object but not amend; it enters into force 20 days after publication in the Official Journal. First labels are due by 15 Aug 2027. Law-firm notes calling it a proposal echo the press-release wording.", "faq": "The EU A\u2013G rating label (Delegated Regulation C(2026) 3472) was adopted by the Commission on 21 Sep 2026 and is in a two-month scrutiny period; it grades sites but sets no minimum. A consultation on minimum performance standards runs to 14 Dec 2026." }, "eed": { "url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52026DC0500", "date": "21 Sep 2026", "pue": 1.36, "pueNote": "681 reporting sites, first period (COM(2026) 500)", "text": "What the EU has published so far is aggregate only. The Commission's report COM(2026) 500 counts 770 data centres in the first reporting period, about 36% of those required to report; weighted average PUE 1.36 (681 sites), WUE 0.58 litres/kWh, renewable energy factor 0.86, and about 1.8% of waste heat reused (67 sites). Six member states reported no sites.", "faq": "Only in aggregate. Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/1364 keeps site data confidential and publishes country and EU totals. The Commission's first report (COM(2026) 500, 21 Sep 2026) covers 770 sites, about 36% of those required, with a weighted average PUE of 1.36. Germany is the exception: its national register publishes site-level data." }, "germany": { "title": "Germany is the only country with PUE caps in law, and most registered sites already pass the 2027 one", "url": "https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/themen/rechenzentrumsregister-daten-widerlegen-hohe", "date": "2026-09-21", "sourceLabel": "Umweltbundesamt analysis of the data-centre register (21 Sep 2026); EnEfG \u00a711", "text": "The Energy Efficiency Act (EnEfG, 2023) requires new data centres of 300 kW or more that start operating from 1 Jul 2026 to reach a PUE of 1.2 within two years and reuse 10\u201320% of their energy; existing sites must reach 1.5 by July 2027 and 1.3 by July 2030, and all must buy 100% renewable electricity on a balance-sheet basis from 2027. The federal register went public on 14 Aug 2026. The Umweltbundesamt's first analysis (21 Sep 2026) found about 70% of the 319 sites with data already meet PUE 1.5, about 40% meet 1.3 and about 80% report 100% renewable electricity, with average utilisation of about 35% of connected capacity and weak data quality.", "faq": "Germany's Energy Efficiency Act caps PUE at 1.2 for new data centres (from July 2026), 1.5 for existing ones from July 2027 and 1.3 from July 2030, with heat-reuse and renewable quotas." } }, "caveats": [ "Compiled by hand from EUR-Lex, the Commission, national legislation, regulators and law-firm summaries read on 11 Oct 2026; secondary sources are flagged in each row's note.", "Not yet researched or not verified: Austria, Belgium, Italy, Poland, Switzerland and Iceland national rules; national transpositions of EED Articles 12 and 26 outside Germany, Spain, Sweden and Denmark.", "'Hard' marks a binding numeric threshold a site must meet (PUE cap, heat-reuse share, renewable share, generation sized to demand). Reporting duties, tax conditions and voluntary schemes are not counted as hard." ] }, "de_dc_register": { "title": "Germany's data-centre register (RZReg)", "asOf": "2026-10-11", "source": "Energieeffizienzregister f\u00fcr Rechenzentren (RZReg), BMWE/BAFA: annual-report export and anonymised statistics API; Umweltbundesamt analysis 21 Sep 2026; EnEfG", "sourceUrl": "https://rechenzentrumsregister.bund.de/de/", "sourceUrls": [ "https://rechenzentrumsregister.bund.de/de/", "https://rechenzentrumsregister.bund.de/api/portal-d/datacenters/export/download", "https://rechenzentrumsregister.bund.de/de/statistic/", "https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/themen/rechenzentrumsregister-daten-widerlegen-hohe", "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/enefg/__11.html" ], "licence": "No reuse licence stated on the register; aggregates only, with a link to the register's own download.", "rawFiles": [ "data/raw/de_dc_register/datacenters-export-2026-10-11.xlsx", "data/raw/de_dc_register/statistics-2026-10-11.json" ], "summary": { "reportingYear": 2025, "reporting": 485.0, "published": 319, "publishedPct": 66.0, "itLoadMW": 1539.0, "energyGWh": 7225.0, "energyTWh": 7.2, "pueAvg": 1.6, "refAvgPct": 90.0, "large10MWplus": 39.0, "frankfurt60": { "area": "60", "count": 55.0, "countAtLeast": 55.0, "large10MWplus": 12.0, "colocation": 42.0, "itLoadMW": 401.0, "energyGWh": 1969.0, "pueAvg": 1.63 }, "hesseShareOfLarge": 77.0 }, "years": [ { "year": 2023, "count": 361.0, "countsBySize": { "under 500 kW": 70.0, "500 kW-1 MW": 67.0, "1-5 MW": 112.0, "5-10 MW": 87.0, "10-50 MW": 25.0 }, "countsByType": { "enterprise": 152.0, "colocationWithHosting": 22.0, "hosting": 35.0, "colocation": 129.0, "hostingWithColocation": 23.0 }, "countsByCategory": { "bundesverwaltung": 3.0, "landesverwaltung": 13.0, "kommunale_verwaltung": 5.0, "hochschule": 22.0, "forschungseinrichtung": 15.0, "privatwirtschaftlich": 250.0, "sonstige": 53.0 }, "itLoadMW": 1207.0, "energyGWh": 5331.0, "pueAvg": 1.82, "refAvgPct": 83.0, "erfAvgPct": null, "pueBySize": { "under 500 kW": 1.72, "500 kW-1 MW": 3.08, "1-5 MW": 1.46, "5-10 MW": 1.5, "10-50 MW": 1.41 }, "itLoadAvgKWBySize": { "under 500 kW": 291.0, "500 kW-1 MW": 736.0, "1-5 MW": 1340.0, "5-10 MW": 4706.0, "10-50 MW": 23114.0 }, "energyGWhBySize": { "under 500 kW": 161.0, "500 kW-1 MW": 318.0, "1-5 MW": 885.0, "5-10 MW": 1867.0, "10-50 MW": 2100.0 } }, { "year": 2024, "count": 478.0, "countsBySize": { "under 500 kW": 143.0, "500 kW-1 MW": 92.0, "1-5 MW": 113.0, "5-10 MW": 97.0, "10-50 MW": 33.0 }, "countsByType": { "enterprise": 241.0, "colocationWithHosting": 26.0, "hosting": 43.0, "colocation": 144.0, "hostingWithColocation": 24.0 }, "countsByCategory": { "bundesverwaltung": 4.0, "landesverwaltung": 18.0, "kommunale_verwaltung": 7.0, "hochschule": 36.0, "forschungseinrichtung": 22.0, "privatwirtschaftlich": 312.0, "sonstige": 79.0 }, "itLoadMW": 1420.0, "energyGWh": 6230.0, "pueAvg": 1.59, "refAvgPct": 87.0, "erfAvgPct": null, "pueBySize": { "under 500 kW": 1.73, "500 kW-1 MW": 1.64, "1-5 MW": 1.4, "5-10 MW": 1.49, "10-50 MW": 1.77 }, "itLoadAvgKWBySize": { "under 500 kW": 290.0, "500 kW-1 MW": 697.0, "1-5 MW": 1333.0, "5-10 MW": 4632.0, "10-50 MW": 21662.0 }, "energyGWhBySize": { "under 500 kW": 294.0, "500 kW-1 MW": 366.0, "1-5 MW": 906.0, "5-10 MW": 1963.0, "10-50 MW": 2701.0 } }, { "year": 2025, "count": 485.0, "countsBySize": { "under 500 kW": 141.0, "500 kW-1 MW": 94.0, "1-5 MW": 115.0, "5-10 MW": 96.0, "10-50 MW": 39.0 }, "countsByType": { "enterprise": 228.0, "colocationWithHosting": 23.0, "hosting": 48.0, "colocation": 158.0, "hostingWithColocation": 28.0 }, "countsByCategory": { "bundesverwaltung": 4.0, "landesverwaltung": 15.0, "kommunale_verwaltung": 4.0, "hochschule": 30.0, "forschungseinrichtung": 21.0, "privatwirtschaftlich": 329.0, "sonstige": 82.0 }, "itLoadMW": 1539.0, "energyGWh": 7225.0, "pueAvg": 1.6, "refAvgPct": 90.0, "erfAvgPct": 2.2, "pueBySize": { "under 500 kW": 1.69, "500 kW-1 MW": 1.61, "1-5 MW": 1.46, "5-10 MW": 1.69, "10-50 MW": 1.38 }, "itLoadAvgKWBySize": { "under 500 kW": 285.0, "500 kW-1 MW": 692.0, "1-5 MW": 1341.0, "5-10 MW": 4745.0, "10-50 MW": 21121.0 }, "energyGWhBySize": { "under 500 kW": 478.0, "500 kW-1 MW": 352.0, "1-5 MW": 922.0, "5-10 MW": 2054.0, "10-50 MW": 3420.0 } } ], "byState": [ { "code": "06", "state": "Hessen", "stateEn": "Hesse", "year": 2025, "count": 102.0, "countAtLeast": 102.0, "countSuppressedClasses": [], "itLoadMW": 914.0, "energyGWh": 4467.0, "energyGWhAtLeast": 4467.0, "pueAvg": 1.55, "refAvgPct": 91.0, "large10MWplus": 30.0 }, { "code": "09", "state": "Bayern", "stateEn": "Bavaria", "year": 2025, "count": 92.0, "countAtLeast": 92.0, "countSuppressedClasses": [ "10-50 MW" ], "itLoadMW": null, "energyGWh": null, "energyGWhAtLeast": 616.0, "pueAvg": null, "refAvgPct": null, "large10MWplus": null }, { "code": "05", "state": "Nordrhein-Westfalen", "stateEn": "North Rhine-Westphalia", "year": 2025, "count": 84.0, "countAtLeast": 84.0, "countSuppressedClasses": [ "10-50 MW" ], "itLoadMW": null, "energyGWh": null, "energyGWhAtLeast": 436.0, "pueAvg": null, "refAvgPct": null, "large10MWplus": null }, { "code": "01", "state": "Schleswig-Holstein", "stateEn": "Schleswig-Holstein", "year": 2025, "count": null, "itLoadMW": null, "energyGWh": null, "pueAvg": null, "refAvgPct": null, "note": "no data or too few sites to publish" }, { "code": "02", "state": "Hamburg", "stateEn": "Hamburg", "year": 2025, "count": null, "countAtLeast": 20.0, "countSuppressedClasses": [ "10-50 MW" ], "itLoadMW": null, "energyGWh": null, "energyGWhAtLeast": 109.0, "pueAvg": null, "refAvgPct": null, "large10MWplus": null }, { "code": "03", "state": "Niedersachsen", "stateEn": "Lower Saxony", "year": 2025, "count": null, "countAtLeast": 25.0, "countSuppressedClasses": [ "10-50 MW" ], "itLoadMW": null, "energyGWh": null, "energyGWhAtLeast": 144.0, "pueAvg": null, "refAvgPct": null, "large10MWplus": null }, { "code": "04", "state": "Bremen", "stateEn": "Bremen", "year": 2025, "count": null, "itLoadMW": null, "energyGWh": null, "pueAvg": null, "refAvgPct": null, "note": "no data or too few sites to publish" }, { "code": "07", "state": "Rheinland-Pfalz", "stateEn": "Rhineland-Palatinate", "year": 2025, "count": null, "countAtLeast": 8.0, "countSuppressedClasses": [ "500 kW-1 MW", "1-5 MW", "5-10 MW", "10-50 MW" ], "itLoadMW": null, "energyGWh": null, "energyGWhAtLeast": 8.0, "pueAvg": null, "refAvgPct": null, "large10MWplus": null }, { "code": "08", "state": "Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg", "stateEn": "Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg", "year": 2025, "count": null, "countAtLeast": 60.0, "countSuppressedClasses": [ "10-50 MW" ], "itLoadMW": null, "energyGWh": null, "energyGWhAtLeast": 420.0, "pueAvg": null, "refAvgPct": null, "large10MWplus": null }, { "code": "10", "state": "Saarland", "stateEn": "Saarland", "year": 2025, "count": null, "itLoadMW": null, "energyGWh": null, "pueAvg": null, "refAvgPct": null, "note": "no data or too few sites to publish" }, { "code": "11", "state": "Berlin", "stateEn": "Berlin", "year": 2025, "count": null, "countAtLeast": 21.0, "countSuppressedClasses": [ "500 kW-1 MW", "10-50 MW" ], "itLoadMW": null, "energyGWh": null, "energyGWhAtLeast": 80.0, "pueAvg": null, "refAvgPct": null, "large10MWplus": null }, { "code": "12", "state": "Brandenburg", "stateEn": "Brandenburg", "year": 2025, "count": null, "countAtLeast": 12.0, "countSuppressedClasses": [ "1-5 MW", "5-10 MW" ], "itLoadMW": null, "energyGWh": null, "energyGWhAtLeast": 174.0, "pueAvg": null, "refAvgPct": null, "large10MWplus": 4.0 }, { "code": "13", "state": "Mecklenburg-Vorpommern", "stateEn": "Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania", "year": 2025, "count": null, "itLoadMW": null, "energyGWh": null, "pueAvg": null, "refAvgPct": null, "note": "no data or too few sites to publish" }, { "code": "14", "state": "Sachsen", "stateEn": "Saxony", "year": 2025, "count": null, "countAtLeast": 34.0, "countSuppressedClasses": [ "5-10 MW", "10-50 MW" ], "itLoadMW": null, "energyGWh": null, "energyGWhAtLeast": 245.0, "pueAvg": null, "refAvgPct": null, "large10MWplus": null }, { "code": "15", "state": "Sachsen-Anhalt", "stateEn": "Saxony-Anhalt", "year": 2025, "count": null, "itLoadMW": null, "energyGWh": null, "pueAvg": null, "refAvgPct": null, "note": "no data or too few sites to publish" }, { "code": "16", "state": "Th\u00fcringen", "stateEn": "Thuringia", "year": 2025, "count": null, "itLoadMW": null, "energyGWh": null, "pueAvg": null, "refAvgPct": null, "note": "no data or too few sites to publish" } ], "postal": [ { "area": "60", "count": 55.0, "countAtLeast": 55.0, "large10MWplus": 12.0, "colocation": 42.0, "itLoadMW": 401.0, "energyGWh": 1969.0, "pueAvg": 1.63 }, { "area": "63", "count": null, "countAtLeast": 6.0, "large10MWplus": 3.0, "colocation": 3.0, "itLoadMW": null, "energyGWh": null, "pueAvg": null }, { "area": "65", "count": null, "countAtLeast": 29.0, "large10MWplus": 14.0, "colocation": 20.0, "itLoadMW": null, "energyGWh": null, "pueAvg": null }, { "area": "10", "count": null, "countAtLeast": 8.0, "large10MWplus": null, "colocation": null, "itLoadMW": null, "energyGWh": null, "pueAvg": null }, { "area": "12", "count": null, "countAtLeast": 6.0, "large10MWplus": null, "colocation": 5.0, "itLoadMW": null, "energyGWh": null, "pueAvg": null }, { "area": "80", "count": null, "countAtLeast": 13.0, "large10MWplus": null, "colocation": 5.0, "itLoadMW": null, "energyGWh": null, "pueAvg": null }, { "area": "85", "count": null, "countAtLeast": 18.0, "large10MWplus": null, "colocation": 5.0, "itLoadMW": null, "energyGWh": null, "pueAvg": null }, { "area": "40", "count": null, "countAtLeast": 13.0, "large10MWplus": null, "colocation": 9.0, "itLoadMW": null, "energyGWh": null, "pueAvg": null }, { "area": "70", "count": null, "countAtLeast": 16.0, "large10MWplus": null, "colocation": 4.0, "itLoadMW": null, "energyGWh": null, "pueAvg": null }, { "area": "90", "count": null, "countAtLeast": 24.0, "large10MWplus": null, "colocation": 4.0, "itLoadMW": null, "energyGWh": null, "pueAvg": null } ], "published": { "rows": 319, "operators": 165, "itLoadMW": 534.0, "itLoadMissing": 18, "energyGWh": 2594.0, "pueMedian": 1.4, "pueCount": 319, "pueAtOrBelow1_3": 116, "pueAtOrBelow1_5": 211, "pue2plus": 26, "pueBands": [ { "band": "1.0-1.2", "count": 61 }, { "band": "1.2-1.3", "count": 49 }, { "band": "1.3-1.5", "count": 92 }, { "band": "1.5-2.0", "count": 91 }, { "band": "2.0 and over", "count": 26 } ], "ref100": 254, "refCount": 319, "erfPositive": 41, "wasteHeatReleasedGWh": 1999.0, "wasteHeatReusedGWh": 49.8, "wasteHeatReusedPct": 2.5, "frankfurt60Rows": 14, "bySize": { "under 500 kW": 99, "500 kW-1 MW": 63, "1-5 MW": 135, "5-10 MW": 14, "10-50 MW": 8 }, "topOperators": [ { "operator": "Vantage Data Centers Germany GmbH", "sites": 6, "itLoadMW": 64.0, "energyGWh": 358.4 }, { "operator": "Hetzner Online GmbH", "sites": 26, "itLoadMW": 31.2, "energyGWh": 266.2 }, { "operator": "T-Systems International GmbH", "sites": 4, "itLoadMW": 22.6, "energyGWh": 119.6 }, { "operator": "noris network AG", "sites": 4, "itLoadMW": 11.6, "energyGWh": 83.8 }, { "operator": "SAP SE", "sites": 4, "itLoadMW": 27.6, "energyGWh": 68.9 }, { "operator": "Robert Bosch GmbH", "sites": 5, "itLoadMW": 7.2, "energyGWh": 63.6 }, { "operator": "Iron Mountain (Deutschland) Data Centre 2 GmbH", "sites": 1, "itLoadMW": 9.8, "energyGWh": 62.0 }, { "operator": "Atruvia AG", "sites": 5, "itLoadMW": 20.6, "energyGWh": 56.0 }, { "operator": "Amadeus GmbH", "sites": 1, "itLoadMW": 8.0, "energyGWh": 51.3 }, { "operator": "Vodafone Group Services GmbH", "sites": 1, "itLoadMW": 12.0, "energyGWh": 50.9 }, { "operator": "maincubes one GmbH", "sites": 1, "itLoadMW": 6.0, "energyGWh": 45.9 }, { "operator": "Leibniz Rechenzentrum der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften", "sites": 1, "itLoadMW": 9.2, "energyGWh": 44.8 }, { "operator": "NorthC Deutschland GMBH", "sites": 7, "itLoadMW": 14.0, "energyGWh": 41.2 }, { "operator": "Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH", "sites": 1, "itLoadMW": 1.6, "energyGWh": 40.1 }, { "operator": "Kyndryl Deutschland GmbH", "sites": 3, "itLoadMW": 3.9, "energyGWh": 39.8 } ], "presenceCheck": [ { "operator": "Amazon", "sitesOnPlatform": 0 }, { "operator": "AWS", "sitesOnPlatform": 0 }, { "operator": "Microsoft", "sitesOnPlatform": 0 }, { "operator": "Google", "sitesOnPlatform": 0 }, { "operator": "Meta", "sitesOnPlatform": 0 }, { "operator": "Oracle", "sitesOnPlatform": 0 }, { "operator": "Apple", "sitesOnPlatform": 0 }, { "operator": "Equinix", "sitesOnPlatform": 0 }, { "operator": "Digital Realty", "sitesOnPlatform": 0 }, { "operator": "Interxion", "sitesOnPlatform": 0 }, { "operator": "NTT Global Data Centers", "sitesOnPlatform": 0 }, { "operator": "e-shelter", "sitesOnPlatform": 0 }, { "operator": "CyrusOne", "sitesOnPlatform": 0 }, { "operator": "Global Switch", "sitesOnPlatform": 0 }, { "operator": "Telehouse", "sitesOnPlatform": 1 }, { "operator": "Data4", "sitesOnPlatform": 0 }, { "operator": "STACK", "sitesOnPlatform": 0 }, { "operator": "Vantage", "sitesOnPlatform": 6 }, { "operator": "Yondr", "sitesOnPlatform": 1 }, { "operator": "maincubes", "sitesOnPlatform": 2 }, { "operator": "Hetzner", "sitesOnPlatform": 26 }, { "operator": "IONOS", "sitesOnPlatform": 0 }, { "operator": "T-Systems", "sitesOnPlatform": 4 }, { "operator": "SAP", "sitesOnPlatform": 4 } ] }, "uba": { "url": "https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/themen/rechenzentrumsregister-daten-widerlegen-hohe", "date": "2026-09-21", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "title": "Rechenzentrumsregister: Daten widerlegen hohe Rechtsanforderungen (Umweltbundesamt)", "findings": [ { "k": "utilisation", "v": "about 35%", "text": "Average load relative to electrical connection capacity." }, { "k": "pue15", "v": "about 70%", "text": "Already meet PUE 1.5, binding from July 2027." }, { "k": "pue13", "v": "about 40%", "text": "Already meet PUE 1.3, binding from July 2030 for these sites." }, { "k": "pue2", "v": "just under 7%", "text": "Report a PUE of 2.0 or worse." }, { "k": "ref100", "v": "80%", "text": "Cover 100% of electricity with renewables on paper (obligation from 1 Jan 2027)." }, { "k": "itload", "v": "12%", "text": "Reports where IT load equals or exceeds total connection load (data-quality flag)." }, { "k": "heat", "v": "4%", "text": "Reports with more heat output than electricity input (data-quality flag)." } ] }, "enefg": { "url": "https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/enefg/__11.html", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "rules": [ "Data centres with at least 300 kW non-redundant connected load report each year to the register and publish the information in Annex 3 (\u00a7 13 EnEfG); publication can be on the platform or elsewhere.", "PUE of 1.5 or better from 1 July 2027 for existing data centres, 1.3 or better from 1 July 2030 (\u00a7 11 EnEfG; per UBA's 21 Sep 2026 analysis).", "100% of electricity from renewables on a balance-sheet basis from 1 January 2027 (\u00a7 11 EnEfG; UBA).", "Waste-heat reuse targets for new data centres (\u00a7 11 EnEfG); not measured here beyond the ERF field." ] }, "caveats": [ "Two populations: the anonymised statistics cover every data centre that reported for the year (485 for 2025); the annual-report table covers only those that chose to publish on the platform (319).", "The register publishes size-class averages for connected IT load and PUE, so national IT load and the average PUE here are our arithmetic (class count x class average, summed); energy use is the sum the register publishes per size class.", "Size classes are the register's (by IT connected load; the top class is 10-50 MW and no larger class appears). The register's class averages of IT load sit below some class floors (e.g. 4.7 MW for the 5-10 MW class), which suggests missing values are averaged in; treat the IT-load total as approximate.", "Values suppressed for anonymity ('VnV') are left blank; a Land total is blank when any class is suppressed.", "Postal area 60 is Frankfurt am Main; the wider Rhine-Main cluster spreads into 61, 63 and 65.", "The 300 kW reporting threshold excludes small server rooms; Bitkom and Borderstep estimate national data-centre use above what the register covers (not compiled here).", "UBA flags data-quality issues in the reports (12% with IT load at or above total load; 4% with more heat than electricity)." ] }, "eu_grid_queues": { "title": "Data-centre grid queues in Europe", "asOf": "2026-10-11", "source": "TSO, regulator and ministry publications and press reports citing them (Terna, Ofgem, NESO, Red El\u00e9ctrica, RTE, 50Hertz, Mitnetz, Stromnetz Berlin, Netbeheer Nederland, Elia, Statnett, Fingrid, Energinet, Svenska kraftn\u00e4t, EirGrid); Ember", "sourceUrl": "https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/consultation/proposed-data-centre-connection-reforms", "method": "Hand-compiled from cached public documents; each figure keeps the operator's own definition and is assigned a queue stage. Quotes are re-checked against the cached text on every build. Totals across countries mix stages and are labelled as our arithmetic.", "summary": { "matchedCountries": [ "Italy", "Great Britain", "Spain" ], "matchedQueueMW": 179329, "matchedExpectedMW": 10100, "matchedExpectedPct": 5.6, "matchedOneIn": 18, "dcQueueTotalMW": 255158, "dcQueueCountries": 9, "europeAvgDcLoadGW": 11.0, "dcQueueVsAvgLoad": 23.0, "italyRequestedMW": 100000, "italyAsAt": "2026-08-31", "italyExpectedLowMW": 1500, "italyExpectedHighMW": 2000, "italyGrowth": { "fromMW": 30000, "fromAsAt": "2024-12-31", "toMW": 100000, "toAsAt": "2026-08-31" }, "gbQueueMW": 73000, "gbPeakMW": 45000, "gbExpectedMW": 5200, "spainGrantedMW": 6329, "spainConnectedMW": 0, "irelandContractedMW": 2000, "irelandInterestMW": 6000, "irelandRoomLowMW": 150, "irelandRoomHighMW": 300, "brandenburgRequestedMW": 22000, "brandenburgConnectedMW": 100, "emberWait": "7-10 (up to 13); about 3 in Italy", "quotesChecked": 32, "quotesTotal": 32 }, "rows": [ { "id": "it-terna-aug26", "country": "Italy", "iso": "IT", "operator": "Terna (TSO)", "headline": true, "loads": "data centres", "scope": "transmission connection requests (Terna's national count)", "stage": "requested", "requestedMW": 100000, "requestedNote": "more than 100 GW", "asAt": "2026-08-31", "definition": "Connection requests to the national grid from data-centre projects, cumulative, as counted by Terna (Econnextion). Distribution-level requests come on top.", "source": "https://www.milanofinanza.it/news/data-center-oltre-quota-100-gw-2718128", "sourceTitle": "MF Milano Finanza, citing Terna data at 31 Aug 2026", "sourceDate": "2026-09-23", "kind": "reported", "cache": "mf-italy-100gw", "quote": "le domande di connessione alla rete elettrica hanno superato i 100 Gigawatt, 6 in pi\u00f9 rispetto al dato di luglio", "quoteVerified": true }, { "id": "it-terna-expected", "country": "Italy", "iso": "IT", "operator": "Terna (TSO)", "loads": "data centres", "scope": "Terna's expectation of what gets built", "stage": "expected", "requestedMW": 82000, "requestedNote": "450 requests, just over 82 GW (Mar 2026)", "expectedLowMW": 1500, "expectedHighMW": 2000, "expectedYear": 2030, "asAt": "2026-03-11", "definition": "Terna's head of territorial planning (Mauro Caprabianca), speaking on 11 Mar 2026: 1.5-2 GW realistically built by about 2030; he called 82 GW 'unrealistic'.", "source": "https://www.qualenergia.it/articoli/data-center-terna-82-gw-richieste-tanta-speculazione/", "sourceTitle": "QualEnergia, 'Data center. Terna: 82 GW di richieste ma con tanta speculazione'", "sourceDate": "2026-03-17", "kind": "estimate", "cache": "qe-82gw", "quote": "ci aspettiamo di poter realizzare 1,5-2 GW verso il 2030", "quoteVerified": true }, { "id": "it-terna-oct25", "country": "Italy", "iso": "IT", "operator": "Terna (TSO)", "loads": "data centres", "scope": "transmission; projects with a signed connection contract", "stage": "contracted", "requestedMW": 66000, "requestedNote": "over 66 GW of transmission requests (Nov 2025)", "contractedMW": 1530, "projects": 14, "expectedLowMW": 2000, "expectedHighMW": 3000, "expectedYear": "2028-2030", "asAt": "2025-10-31", "definition": "14 authorised projects with signed connection contracts (all in Lombardy), 1.53 GW, from Terna's Econnextion data at 31 Oct 2025; Terna then expected 2-3 GW to be built in 2028-2030.", "source": "https://www.i-com.it/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Rassegna-stampa_Energ-IA-1.pdf", "sourceTitle": "I-Com press review, reprinting Staffetta Quotidiana (13 Nov 2025) and QualEnergia (18 Nov 2025)", "sourceDate": "2025-11-18", "kind": "reported", "cache": "icom-rassegna", "quote": "Quelli autorizzati, che hanno gi\u00e0 firmato un contratto di connessione con il Tso, sono 14, valgono 1,53 GW", "quoteVerified": true }, { "id": "gb-ofgem", "country": "Great Britain", "iso": "GB", "operator": "Ofgem / NESO", "headline": true, "loads": "data centres", "scope": "contracted offers in the demand connection queue (transmission and distribution), June 2025 data", "stage": "contracted", "contractedMW": 73000, "contractedNote": "about 73 GW, about 315 projects", "projects": 315, "peakMW": 45000, "asAt": "2025-06-30", "definition": "Data centres' share of contracted demand in GB's connection queue (125 GW in total, up from 41 GW in Nov 2024). Peak GB demand in 2025 was 45 GW.", "source": "https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/consultation/proposed-data-centre-connection-reforms", "sourceTitle": "Ofgem, Consultation 'Curate \u2013 Demand Connections Reform' (PDF)", "sourceDate": "2026-07-29", "kind": "reported", "cache": "ofgem-curate", "quote": "approximately 73 GW of the total demand queue are data centres, comprising around 315 data centre projects", "quoteVerified": true }, { "id": "gb-neso", "country": "Great Britain", "iso": "GB", "operator": "NESO (system operator)", "loads": "data centres", "scope": "NESO ten-year forecast of connected capacity", "stage": "expected", "requestedMW": 72800, "requestedNote": "about 72.8 GW of requests through to 2039", "expectedLowMW": 3700, "expectedHighMW": 6300, "expectedCentralMW": 5200, "expectedYear": 2030, "definition": "NESO's FES 2025 ten-year forecast: about 5.2 GW of data centres connected by 2030 (range 3.7-6.3 GW), just over 20 TWh a year.", "source": "https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/166090/html/", "sourceTitle": "NESO written evidence DCU0081 to the Environmental Audit Committee", "sourceDate": "2026", "kind": "estimate", "cache": "neso-dcu0081", "quote": "Current NESO analysis points to around 5.2 GW of connected capacity and just over 20 TWh of demand by 2030", "quoteVerified": true }, { "id": "es-ree", "country": "Spain", "iso": "ES", "operator": "Red El\u00e9ctrica (TSO)", "headline": true, "loads": "data centres", "scope": "access capacity granted on the transmission network", "stage": "granted", "grantedMW": 6329, "connectedMW": 0, "asAt": "2026-10-01", "definition": "Demand access capacity granted to data centres on the transmission grid: 6,329 MW, 34.2% of all granted demand access; none in service yet.", "source": "https://www.ree.es/es/sala-de-prensa/actualidad/nota-de-prensa/2026/10/red-electrica-publica-el-mapa-de-capacidades-de-demanda-tipo-consumo", "sourceTitle": "Red El\u00e9ctrica press release, demand capacity map by type of consumer", "sourceDate": "2026-10-01", "kind": "reported", "cache": "ree-demand-map", "quote": "con 6.329 MW concedidos (el 34,2% del total), pero ninguno a\u00fan puesto en servicio", "quoteVerified": true }, { "id": "es-expected", "country": "Spain", "iso": "ES", "operator": "MITECO draft decree / SpainDC", "loads": "data centres", "scope": "granted access, transmission plus distribution; industry expectation of operating capacity", "stage": "expected", "grantedMW": 12000, "grantedNote": "more than 6 GW on transmission since RDL 8/2023 plus about 6 GW on distribution since 2020", "expectedLowMW": 2600, "expectedHighMW": 2900, "expectedYear": 2030, "definition": "The draft royal decree's preamble counts about 12 GW of access granted; the industry association SpainDC expects 2.6-2.9 GW operating by 2030 (both as quoted by Fundaci\u00f3n Renovables).", "source": "https://fundacionrenovables.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Alegaciones-centros-de-datos_Fundacion-Renovables_vf.pdf", "sourceTitle": "Fundaci\u00f3n Renovables, submission on the draft data-centre decree", "sourceDate": "2026-09", "kind": "estimate", "cache": "fr-alegaciones", "quote": "la patronal SpainDC estima que estar\u00e1n operativos entre 2,6 y 2,9 GW", "quoteVerified": true }, { "id": "fr-rte", "country": "France", "iso": "FR", "operator": "RTE (TSO)", "headline": true, "loads": "data centres", "scope": "capacity reserved by RTE (signed connection requests)", "stage": "reserved", "reservedMW": 18000, "projects": 80, "asAt": "2026-05", "definition": "RTE had reserved nearly 18 GW for about 80 data-centre projects by May 2026 (about 5 GW, some 40 projects, at end-2024). Data centres use about 10 TWh today; RTE expects 15-20 TWh in 2030. Connected sites use on average 20% of the power they requested.", "source": "https://www.rte-france.com/bases-electricite/consommation-electricite/essor-data-centers-france", "sourceTitle": "RTE, 'L'essor des data centers en France'", "sourceDate": "2026-06-01", "kind": "reported", "cache": "rte-dc", "quote": "En mai 2026, RTE avait r\u00e9serv\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 18 GW de capacit\u00e9, pour environ 80 projets.", "quoteVerified": true }, { "id": "fr-press", "country": "France", "iso": "FR", "operator": "RTE (via trade press)", "loads": "data centres", "scope": "cumulative connection requests; firm commitments", "stage": "requested", "requestedMW": 28600, "contractedMW": 5800, "definition": "Trade press: 28.6 GW of cumulative requests, 5.8 GW with firm connection commitments. Not stated on RTE's own page.", "source": "https://www.les-energies-renouvelables.eu/article/actualites/energies/votre-facture-electricite-finance-deja-les-data-centers-ia-voici-par-quel-canal-1417/", "sourceTitle": "Les \u00c9nergies Renouvelables", "sourceDate": "2026-07-28", "kind": "reported", "cache": "ler-fr-286", "quote": "Les demandes cumul\u00e9es, elles, atteignent 28,6 GW , dont 5,8 GW font d\u00e9j\u00e0 l\u2019objet d\u2019engagements fermes", "quoteVerified": true }, { "id": "de-tsos", "country": "Germany", "iso": "DE", "operator": "Four TSOs (50Hertz, Amprion, TenneT, TransnetBW)", "loads": "all large consumers and storage", "scope": "transmission connection applications", "stage": "requested", "requestedMW": 220000, "asAt": "2025-12-31", "definition": "Applications to connect consumers and battery storage to the transmission grid, all four TSOs: 220 GW at end-2025, up from 15 GW at end-2022. Not data centres alone.", "source": "https://www-docs.b-tu.de/wirtschaft/public/Energietag_2026/Vortr%C3%A4ge/Forum1_Jahns_50Hertz_Energietag_2026.pdf", "sourceTitle": "50Hertz presentation, Brandenburger Energietag", "sourceDate": "2026-05-29", "kind": "reported", "cache": "hertz-slides", "quote": "Stand heute liegen bereits Antr\u00e4ge in Summe von 220 GW bei", "quoteVerified": true }, { "id": "de-brandenburg", "country": "Germany", "iso": "DE", "operator": "Brandenburg grid operator (unnamed)", "headline": true, "loads": "data centres", "scope": "enquiries since 2022 in Brandenburg", "stage": "requested", "requestedMW": 22000, "projects": 170, "connectedMW": 100, "asAt": "2025-07", "definition": "170 data-centre enquiries totalling 22 GW since 2022; two data centres (100 MW) connected.", "source": "https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/data-centres-germany-planning-own-fossil-fuel-plants-citing-slow-grid-connections-report", "sourceTitle": "Clean Energy Wire, citing Tagesspiegel Background", "sourceDate": "2025-07-25", "kind": "reported", "cache": "cew-brandenburg", "quote": "has received 170 enquiries from data centres with a total capacity of 22 GW since 2022", "quoteVerified": true }, { "id": "de-mitnetz", "country": "Germany", "iso": "DE", "operator": "Mitnetz Strom (DSO, eastern Germany)", "loads": "data centres", "scope": "connection requests at end-2025; firmly reserved", "stage": "reserved", "requestedMW": 16800, "projects": 90, "reservedMW": 1400, "asAt": "2025-12-31", "definition": "90 data-centre requests totalling 16.8 GW; nine projects (about 1.4 GW) firmly reserved. The network spans parts of Brandenburg, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia, so it may overlap the Brandenburg figure.", "source": "https://www.ingenieur.de/technik/fachbereiche/kuenstliche-intelligenz/zu-wenig-strom-fur-ki-wie-deutschland-jetzt-anschlusse-fur-rechenzentren-verteilt/", "sourceTitle": "ingenieur.de, citing Mitnetz Strom", "sourceDate": "2026-10-08", "kind": "reported", "cache": "ingenieur-mitnetz", "quote": "Ende 2025 lagen dem Netzbetreiber 90 Anschlussanfragen f\u00fcr Datacenter mit einer Gesamtleistung von 16,8 GW vor.", "quoteVerified": true }, { "id": "de-berlin", "country": "Germany", "iso": "DE", "operator": "Stromnetz Berlin (DSO)", "loads": "all large consumers", "scope": "2025 allocation round", "stage": "requested", "requestedMW": 2300, "requestedNote": "about 2,300 MVA", "reservedMW": 365, "reservedNote": "365 MVA available in three areas", "projects": 70, "asAt": "2025", "definition": "70 connection requests totalling about 2,300 MVA against 365 MVA of available capacity in Stromnetz Berlin's 2025 allocation round (MVA, roughly MW).", "source": "https://www.ingenieur.de/technik/fachbereiche/kuenstliche-intelligenz/zu-wenig-strom-fur-ki-wie-deutschland-jetzt-anschlusse-fur-rechenzentren-verteilt/", "sourceTitle": "ingenieur.de, citing Stromnetz Berlin", "sourceDate": "2026-10-08", "kind": "reported", "cache": "ingenieur-mitnetz", "quote": "Im Zuteilungsverfahren 2025 lagen Stromnetz Berlin 70 Anschlussanfragen mit zusammen rund 2300 MVA vor.", "quoteVerified": true }, { "id": "nl-dso", "country": "Netherlands", "iso": "NL", "operator": "Regional DSOs (Netbeheer Nederland, LAN progress report)", "headline": true, "loads": "all large consumers", "scope": "offtake waiting list, regional distribution networks (TenneT's list is separate)", "stage": "requested", "requestedMW": 9986, "projects": 15498, "asAt": "2026-06-30", "definition": "Waiting list for offtake capacity at the regional grid operators: 15,498 requests for 9,986 MW at end-June 2026 (9,305 MW at end-2025). All large consumers, not data centres alone.", "source": "https://solarmagazine.nl/nieuws-zonne-energie/i44990/wachtlijst-teruglevering-bij-regionale-netbeheerders-krimpt-licht-maar-gevraagd-vermogen-stijgt-13-procent", "sourceTitle": "Solar Magazine, citing the national grid-congestion programme's progress report", "sourceDate": "2026-10-06", "kind": "reported", "cache": "solarmag-nl", "quote": "het gevraagde vermogen steeg van 9.305 naar 9.986 megawatt", "quoteVerified": true }, { "id": "be-elia", "country": "Belgium", "iso": "BE", "operator": "Elia (TSO)", "headline": true, "loads": "data centres", "scope": "requests and reserved capacity for 2034 (energy, not MW)", "stage": "requested", "definition": "Data-centre requests up ninefold since 2022; capacity reserved for 2034 is more than double the 8 TWh in grid development plans. Elia proposed a separate, capped data-centre category. No MW figure published in the source.", "source": "https://www.silicon.co.uk/cloud/ai/belgium-power-ai-627144", "sourceTitle": "Silicon UK, reporting Reuters", "sourceDate": "2025-10-23", "kind": "reported", "cache": "silicon-elia", "quote": "In Belgium requests from data centre operators have risen ninefold since 2022", "quoteVerified": true }, { "id": "no-statnett", "country": "Norway", "iso": "NO", "operator": "Statnett (TSO)", "headline": true, "loads": "data centres", "scope": "active offtake cases on the transmission grid", "stage": "reserved", "requestedMW": 9829, "reservedMW": 2362, "queuedMW": 4210, "asAt": "2025-05-08", "definition": "Data-centre cases: 9,829 MW of 28,188 MW of all active offtake cases; 2,362 MW reserved, 4,210 MW in the capacity queue, 3,257 MW not yet assessed.", "source": "https://www.stortinget.no/globalassets/pdf/dokumentserien/2024-2025/dok15-202425-2086-vedlegg.pdf", "sourceTitle": "Minister's answer to Storting question 2086", "sourceDate": "2025-05-08", "kind": "reported", "cache": "storting-no", "quote": "hvorav 9 829 MW er saker knyttet til datasentre. Av disse er 2 362 MW reservert", "quoteVerified": true }, { "id": "no-argus", "country": "Norway", "iso": "NO", "operator": "Statnett (via Argus)", "loads": "data centres", "scope": "reserved and queued", "stage": "reserved", "reservedMW": 3500, "queuedMW": 5400, "asAt": "2026-03", "definition": "Argus: reserved data-centre capacity has grown to 3.5 GW and the capacity queue to 5.4 GW (not directly attributed to a Statnett publication).", "source": "https://www.argusmedia.com/news-and-insights/latest-market-news/2806298-nordic-data-centres-to-support-power-demand-growth", "sourceTitle": "Argus Media", "sourceDate": "2026-03-26", "kind": "reported", "cache": "argus-nordic", "quote": "reserved capacity for data centres has grown to 3.5GW and its capacity queue to 5.4GW", "quoteVerified": true }, { "id": "fi-fingrid", "country": "Finland", "iso": "FI", "operator": "Fingrid (TSO)", "headline": true, "loads": "data centres", "scope": "projects with signed connection agreements", "stage": "contracted", "contractedMW": 3000, "contractedNote": "over three gigawatts", "asAt": "2026-06-30", "definition": "Planned capacity of data-centre projects with signed connection agreements by end-June 2026: over 3 GW (per project developers).", "source": "https://www.fingrid.fi/en/news/news/2026/fingrid-groups-half-year-report-1.1.30.6.2026/", "sourceTitle": "Fingrid half-year report 1.1.-30.6.2026", "sourceDate": "2026-07-23", "kind": "reported", "cache": "fingrid-h1-2026", "quote": "the planned total capacity of data centre projects that have signed connection agreements by the end of June was over three gigawatts", "quoteVerified": true }, { "id": "dk-energinet", "country": "Denmark", "iso": "DK", "operator": "Energinet (TSO)", "headline": true, "loads": "data centres", "scope": "requested capacity, transmission (plus 3 GW distribution)", "stage": "requested", "requestedMW": 17000, "requestedNote": "14 GW transmission + 3 GW distribution", "peakMW": 7000, "asAt": "2026-01-31", "definition": "Data centres accounted for 14 GW of requested transmission capacity (about 40% of the queue) and 3 GW of distribution capacity at end-January 2026. Energinet paused new connection agreements in March 2026, with about 60 GW queued against a maximum consumption of about 7 GW.", "source": "https://ing.dk/artikel/data-centres-desperate-electricity-how-much-capacity-they-need-energinet", "sourceTitle": "Ingeni\u00f8ren, citing Energinet", "sourceDate": "2026-04-16", "kind": "reported", "cache": "ingdk-dc", "quote": "data centres accounted for 14 GW of requested capacity in the transmission grid", "quoteVerified": true }, { "id": "dk-pause", "country": "Denmark", "iso": "DK", "operator": "Energinet (TSO)", "loads": "all large loads", "scope": "whole connection queue; pause on new agreements", "stage": "requested", "requestedMW": 60000, "peakMW": 7000, "asAt": "2026-03-05", "definition": "Projects in the queue would together consume about 60 GW; Denmark's maximum consumption is about 7 GW. No new connection agreements signed during the pause.", "source": "https://ing.dk/artikel/electrical-grid-reaching-its-limits-energinet-puts-all-new-connections-hold", "sourceTitle": "Ingeni\u00f8ren", "sourceDate": "2026-03-05", "kind": "reported", "cache": "ingdk-pause", "quote": "will collectively consume around 60 GW of electricity", "quoteVerified": true }, { "id": "se-svk", "country": "Sweden", "iso": "SE", "operator": "Svenska kraftn\u00e4t (TSO)", "headline": true, "loads": "all large loads (said in a data-centre context)", "scope": "applications to connect to the transmission grid", "stage": "requested", "requestedMW": 7500, "peakMW": 25500, "peakNote": "winter peak 25,000-26,000 MW", "asAt": "2026-06", "definition": "Svenska kraftn\u00e4t's chief strategist: about 7,500 MW wants to connect to the transmission grid, against a winter peak of 25-26 GW. Not stated to be data centres only.", "source": "https://www.wsp.com/sv-se/nyheter/2026/wsp-i-almedalen-datacenter-vaxer-men-utan-nationell-kompass", "sourceTitle": "WSP, Almedalen panel report", "sourceDate": "2026-06-24", "kind": "reported", "cache": "wsp-se", "quote": "runt 7 500 megawatt som vill komma in till stamn\u00e4tet", "quoteVerified": true }, { "id": "ie-eirgrid", "country": "Ireland", "iso": "IE", "operator": "EirGrid (TSO)", "headline": true, "loads": "data centres", "scope": "contracted; further interest; near-term room outside Dublin", "stage": "contracted", "contractedMW": 2000, "requestedMW": 6000, "requestedNote": "further 6 GW of interest (market intelligence)", "expectedLowMW": 150, "expectedHighMW": 300, "expectedNote": "room for new data centres on the 220 kV network around Galway, Limerick and Cork", "asAt": "2026-05-20", "definition": "2 GW of data centres contracted, mostly around Dublin; a market-intelligence exercise found interest in a further 6 GW, which would double the system peak; a desktop study found room for 150-300 MW of new data centres in the west. Dublin is constrained.", "source": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Data-Centre-Constrained-Area-Overview-May-2026.pdf", "sourceTitle": "EirGrid, Data Centre Constrained Area Overview (R1)", "sourceDate": "2026-05-20", "kind": "reported", "cache": "eirgrid-cao", "quote": "identified that there was a continued interest in the development of a further 6 GW of data centre demand in Ireland", "quoteVerified": true }, { "id": "eu-ember-wait", "country": "Europe (FLAP-D hubs)", "iso": "EU", "operator": "Ember (think tank)", "loads": "data centres", "scope": "average wait for a grid connection", "stage": "wait", "waitYears": "7-10 (up to 13); about 3 in Italy", "definition": "Average time to connect a data centre in established hubs (Frankfurt, London, Amsterdam, Paris, Dublin): 7-10 years, up to 13; about three years in Italy.", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/latest-updates/grids-set-to-block-or-unlock-economic-opportunities-in-europes-ai-race/", "sourceTitle": "Ember press release, 'Grids for data centres'", "sourceDate": "2025-06-19", "kind": "estimate", "cache": "ember-press", "quote": "In established hubs, connection to the grid takes an average of 7-10 years, with some facilities waiting up to 13 years to connect", "quoteVerified": true } ], "countries": [ { "country": "Italy", "iso": "IT", "operator": "Terna (TSO)", "loads": "data centres", "queueMW": 100000, "queueStage": "requested", "reservedMW": null, "connectedMW": null, "expectedMW": 2000, "expectedNote": "Terna: 1.5-2 GW by ~2030", "peakMW": null, "asAt": "2026-08-31", "sourceDate": "2026-09-23", "source": "https://www.milanofinanza.it/news/data-center-oltre-quota-100-gw-2718128", "dcSpecific": true }, { "country": "Great Britain", "iso": "GB", "operator": "Ofgem / NESO", "loads": "data centres", "queueMW": 73000, "queueStage": "contracted", "reservedMW": 73000, "connectedMW": null, "expectedMW": 5200, "expectedNote": "NESO: 5.2 GW connected by 2030 (3.7-6.3)", "peakMW": 45000, "asAt": "2025-06-30", "sourceDate": "2026-07-29", "source": "https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/consultation/proposed-data-centre-connection-reforms", "dcSpecific": true }, { "country": "Spain", "iso": "ES", "operator": "Red El\u00e9ctrica (TSO)", "loads": "data centres", "queueMW": 6329, "queueStage": "granted", "reservedMW": 6329, "connectedMW": 0, "expectedMW": 2900, "expectedNote": "SpainDC: 2.6-2.9 GW operating by 2030", "peakMW": null, "asAt": "2026-10-01", "sourceDate": "2026-10-01", "source": "https://www.ree.es/es/sala-de-prensa/actualidad/nota-de-prensa/2026/10/red-electrica-publica-el-mapa-de-capacidades-de-demanda-tipo-consumo", "dcSpecific": true }, { "country": "France", "iso": "FR", "operator": "RTE (TSO)", "loads": "data centres", "queueMW": 18000, "queueStage": "reserved", "reservedMW": 18000, "connectedMW": null, "expectedMW": null, "expectedNote": null, "peakMW": null, "asAt": "2026-05", "sourceDate": "2026-06-01", "source": "https://www.rte-france.com/bases-electricite/consommation-electricite/essor-data-centers-france", "dcSpecific": true }, { "country": "Germany", "iso": "DE", "operator": "Brandenburg grid operator (unnamed)", "loads": "data centres", "queueMW": 22000, "queueStage": "requested", "reservedMW": null, "connectedMW": 100, "expectedMW": null, "expectedNote": null, "peakMW": null, "asAt": "2025-07", "sourceDate": "2025-07-25", "source": "https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/data-centres-germany-planning-own-fossil-fuel-plants-citing-slow-grid-connections-report", "dcSpecific": true }, { "country": "Netherlands", "iso": "NL", "operator": "Regional DSOs (Netbeheer Nederland, LAN progress report)", "loads": "all large consumers", "queueMW": 9986, "queueStage": "requested", "reservedMW": null, "connectedMW": null, "expectedMW": null, "expectedNote": null, "peakMW": null, "asAt": "2026-06-30", "sourceDate": "2026-10-06", "source": "https://solarmagazine.nl/nieuws-zonne-energie/i44990/wachtlijst-teruglevering-bij-regionale-netbeheerders-krimpt-licht-maar-gevraagd-vermogen-stijgt-13-procent", "dcSpecific": false }, { "country": "Belgium", "iso": "BE", "operator": "Elia (TSO)", "loads": "data centres", "queueMW": null, "queueStage": null, "reservedMW": null, "connectedMW": null, "expectedMW": null, "expectedNote": null, "peakMW": null, "asAt": null, "sourceDate": "2025-10-23", "source": "https://www.silicon.co.uk/cloud/ai/belgium-power-ai-627144", "dcSpecific": true }, { "country": "Norway", "iso": "NO", "operator": "Statnett (TSO)", "loads": "data centres", "queueMW": 9829, "queueStage": "requested", "reservedMW": 2362, "connectedMW": null, "expectedMW": null, "expectedNote": null, "peakMW": null, "asAt": "2025-05-08", "sourceDate": "2025-05-08", "source": "https://www.stortinget.no/globalassets/pdf/dokumentserien/2024-2025/dok15-202425-2086-vedlegg.pdf", "dcSpecific": true }, { "country": "Finland", "iso": "FI", "operator": "Fingrid (TSO)", "loads": "data centres", "queueMW": 3000, "queueStage": "contracted", "reservedMW": 3000, "connectedMW": null, "expectedMW": null, "expectedNote": null, "peakMW": null, "asAt": "2026-06-30", "sourceDate": "2026-07-23", "source": "https://www.fingrid.fi/en/news/news/2026/fingrid-groups-half-year-report-1.1.30.6.2026/", "dcSpecific": true }, { "country": "Denmark", "iso": "DK", "operator": "Energinet (TSO)", "loads": "data centres", "queueMW": 17000, "queueStage": "requested", "reservedMW": null, "connectedMW": null, "expectedMW": null, "expectedNote": null, "peakMW": 7000, "asAt": "2026-01-31", "sourceDate": "2026-04-16", "source": "https://ing.dk/artikel/data-centres-desperate-electricity-how-much-capacity-they-need-energinet", "dcSpecific": true }, { "country": "Sweden", "iso": "SE", "operator": "Svenska kraftn\u00e4t (TSO)", "loads": "all large loads (said in a data-centre context)", "queueMW": 7500, "queueStage": "requested", "reservedMW": null, "connectedMW": null, "expectedMW": null, "expectedNote": null, "peakMW": 25500, "asAt": "2026-06", "sourceDate": "2026-06-24", "source": "https://www.wsp.com/sv-se/nyheter/2026/wsp-i-almedalen-datacenter-vaxer-men-utan-nationell-kompass", "dcSpecific": false }, { "country": "Ireland", "iso": "IE", "operator": "EirGrid (TSO)", "loads": "data centres", "queueMW": 6000, "queueStage": "requested", "reservedMW": 2000, "connectedMW": null, "expectedMW": 300, "expectedNote": "EirGrid: room for 150-300 MW in the west", "peakMW": null, "asAt": "2026-05-20", "sourceDate": "2026-05-20", "source": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Data-Centre-Constrained-Area-Overview-May-2026.pdf", "dcSpecific": true } ], "matched": [ { "country": "Italy", "queueMW": 100000, "queueStage": "requested", "expectedLowMW": 1500, "expectedHighMW": 2000, "expectedMW": 2000, "expectedBasis": "Terna, Mar 2026", "expectedYear": 2030, "expectedPct": 2.0 }, { "country": "Great Britain", "queueMW": 73000, "queueStage": "contracted offers in the queue", "expectedLowMW": 3700, "expectedHighMW": 6300, "expectedMW": 5200, "expectedBasis": "NESO forecast", "expectedYear": 2030, "expectedPct": 7.1 }, { "country": "Spain", "queueMW": 6329, "queueStage": "granted (transmission)", "expectedLowMW": 2600, "expectedHighMW": 2900, "expectedMW": 2900, "expectedBasis": "SpainDC estimate", "expectedYear": 2030, "expectedPct": 45.8 } ], "peakComparison": [ { "country": "Great Britain", "id": "gb-ofgem", "queueMW": 73000, "peakMW": 45000, "loads": "data centres", "ratio": 1.62 }, { "country": "Denmark", "id": "dk-energinet", "queueMW": 17000, "peakMW": 7000, "loads": "data centres", "ratio": 2.43 }, { "country": "Denmark", "id": "dk-pause", "queueMW": 60000, "peakMW": 7000, "loads": "all large loads", "ratio": 8.57 }, { "country": "Sweden", "id": "se-svk", "queueMW": 7500, "peakMW": 25500, "loads": "all large loads (said in a data-centre context)", "ratio": 0.29 } ], "italyTrend": [ { "asAt": "2024-12-31", "requestedMW": 30000, "source": "https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/06/Report-Grids-for-data-centres-in-Europe-PDF.pdf", "sourceTitle": "Ember, Grids for data centres in Europe (Jun 2025)", "cache": "europe_ai:ember-grids-for-data-centres-2025-06", "quote": "the capacity of data centre projects in the queue stood at a staggering 30 GW", "quoteVerified": true }, { "asAt": "2025-08", "requestedMW": 55000, "source": "https://en.ilsole24ore.com/art/data-centre-boom-projects-italy-342-network-connection-requests-AHoTueJC", "sourceTitle": "Il Sole 24 Ore, 26 Aug 2025", "cache": "sole-55gw", "quote": "the current total stands at 55 gigawatts across 342 projects", "quoteVerified": true }, { "asAt": "2025-11", "requestedMW": 66000, "source": "https://www.i-com.it/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Rassegna-stampa_Energ-IA-1.pdf", "sourceTitle": "Staffetta Quotidiana, 13 Nov 2025 (I-Com reprint)", "cache": "icom-rassegna", "quote": "Abbiamo superato i 66 GW di richieste connessione di", "quoteVerified": true }, { "asAt": "2026-03", "requestedMW": 82000, "source": "https://www.qualenergia.it/articoli/data-center-terna-82-gw-richieste-tanta-speculazione/", "sourceTitle": "QualEnergia, 17 Mar 2026", "cache": "qe-82gw", "quote": "per poco pi\u00f9 di 82 GW complessivi", "quoteVerified": true }, { "asAt": "2026-07-31", "requestedMW": 95860, "source": "https://www.milanofinanza.it/news/data-center-non-solo-lombardia-2714600", "sourceTitle": "MF Milano Finanza, 19 Aug 2026", "cache": "mf-italy-jul", "quote": "una percentuale pari al 47% circa dei 95,86 Gw cumulati in tutta Italia", "quoteVerified": true }, { "asAt": "2026-08-31", "requestedMW": 100000, "source": "https://www.milanofinanza.it/news/data-center-oltre-quota-100-gw-2718128", "sourceTitle": "MF Milano Finanza, 23 Sep 2026", "cache": "mf-italy-100gw", "quote": "hanno superato i 100 Gigawatt", "quoteVerified": true } ], "italyRegions": { "asAt": "2026-08-31", "source": "https://www.milanofinanza.it/news/data-center-oltre-quota-100-gw-2718128", "cache": "mf-italy-100gw", "quote": "con 296 domande per 47,3 Gw", "rows": [ { "region": "Lombardy (Milan area)", "requests": 296, "MW": 47300 }, { "region": "Piedmont", "requests": 71, "MW": 14500 }, { "region": "Lazio", "requests": 45, "MW": 12450 }, { "region": "Puglia", "requests": 30, "MW": 8280 }, { "region": "Emilia-Romagna", "requests": 41, "MW": 6140 }, { "region": "Veneto", "requests": 24, "MW": 5540 } ], "note": "MF labels the 47.3 GW 'Milan and its hinterland'; it matches Lombardy's 44.96 GW at 31 Jul 2026 plus August's growth, so it is probably all of Lombardy." }, "semianalysis": [ { "title": "Stop Saying Half of 2026 US Datacenter Capacity Is Canceled", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/stop-saying-half-of-2026-us-datacenter", "date": "2026-06-18", "cache": "sa-cancelled", "free": "Argues the 'half cancelled' claim rests on a flawed denominator and that its own forecasts barely moved; the free section notes the US large-load queue now exceeds a terawatt and that ERCOT alone was assessing more than 410 GW of large-load requests (over 87% data centres) against a peak of about 85 GW.", "quote": "over 87% of them from datacenters", "quoteVerified": true }, { "title": "Everyone Says Datacenter Moratoriums Are Killing the US Buildout. We Mapped All 300 of Them", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/everyone-says-datacenter-moratoriums", "date": "2026-09-15", "cache": "sa-moratoriums", "free": "Maps about 300 local US moratoriums and bans: about 20 GW sits inside restricted boundaries but only about 1.5 GW is actually delayed, about 2.3 GW nationwide including New York's executive order.", "quote": "Only 1,525 MW is directly delayed", "quoteVerified": true }, { "title": "$12B of US ratepayers' money wasted on a modeling mistake and PJM wants to do it again", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/12b-of-us-ratepayers-money-wasted", "date": "2026-08-16", "cache": "sa-pjm", "free": "Argues PJM's reserve modelling under-credits existing plant in winter, so its capacity auctions bought too much at too high a price: about $6.7B too much for 2025/26 and $4.9B for 2026/27 by its calculation.", "quote": "better modeling would have resulted in $6.7B of savings", "quoteVerified": true } ], "quoteProblems": [], "caveats": [ "Stages differ by country: requests (Italy, Denmark, Brandenburg), contracted offers (Great Britain, Finland, Ireland), reserved or granted capacity (France, Norway, Spain). A sum across countries is an order of magnitude, not a like-for-like total.", "Italy's national figures are Terna's transmission requests; distribution-level projects come on top. Earlier lower counts for the same period (e.g. 46 GW) reflect narrower scopes; we found no primary source for 46 GW.", "Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden publish whole-queue figures (all large consumers and storage), not data centres alone; they are shown but left out of the data-centre totals.", "Mitnetz's 16.8 GW may overlap Brandenburg's 22 GW (Mitnetz serves part of Brandenburg), so only Brandenburg is counted in the total.", "Ireland's 150-300 MW is EirGrid's estimate of room for new data centres in the west, not a forecast of what will connect; Ireland is therefore not in the requested-vs-expected comparison.", "Expected-build figures are forecasts: a Terna planning head's estimate (Italy), NESO's ten-year forecast (GB) and the industry association SpainDC's estimate quoted in a submission (Spain).", "Europe's average data-centre load (~11.0 GW) is our arithmetic from Ember/ICIS's 96 TWh for 2024 divided by 8,760 hours." ] }, "eu_dc_capacity": { "title": "Data-centre electricity use by country in Europe", "asOf": "2026-10-11", "source": "EU EED data-centre reporting (Commission dashboard, updated 25 Sep 2026; first technical report, Jul 2025); Eurostat nrg_cb_e; CSO; RTE; Ember (ICIS data); IEA via COM(2026) 500; Germany's RZReg", "sourceUrl": "https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/83be4c3e-5c79-11f0-a9d0-01aa75ed71a1/language-en", "sourceUrls": { "eedDashboard": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t", "eedReport": "https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/83be4c3e-5c79-11f0-a9d0-01aa75ed71a1/language-en", "eurostat": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_cb_e/default/table", "ember": "https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/06/Report-Grids-for-data-centres-in-Europe-PDF.pdf", "commission": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52026DC0500" }, "licence": "EED technical report CC BY 4.0; Commission dashboard and Eurostat reusable with attribution; Ember CC BY 4.0.", "summary": { "leader": "Ireland", "ieSharePct": 23.2, "ieShareYear": 2025, "ieGWh": 7663, "ieEmber": 19, "nextHighest": "Netherlands", "nextHighestPct": 7, "ieTimesNext": 3.3, "europeTWh2024": 96, "europeTWh2030": 168, "europeTWh2035": 236, "europeSharePct": 3, "euTWh2024Iea": 68, "flapd2024": 62, "flapd2035": 51, "eed2025": { "countries": 11, "sites": 773, "energyTWh": 20.7, "itGW": 4.4, "pue": 1.27, "wue": 0.51, "ref": 0.84, "erf": 0.0236 }, "eedFirst": { "estimated": 2161, "reported": 770, "reportedPct": 36, "itMW": 3738.86, "gwh": 14088.0 }, "eedAbsent": [ "IE", "RO", "SK", "SI" ], "ieEedFirstGWh": 1411.76, "ieEedFirstSites": 18, "ieEedEstimatedSites": 123, "nlFloorPct": 5.1, "nlFloorPeriod": 2025, "topFloor": [ { "country": "Netherlands", "pct": 5.1, "period": 2025 }, { "country": "Ireland", "pct": 4.1, "period": 2023 }, { "country": "Denmark", "pct": 3.4, "period": 2025 }, { "country": "Belgium", "pct": 2.6, "period": 2025 }, { "country": "Luxembourg", "pct": 2.6, "period": 2025 } ], "electricityYear": 2025 }, "rows": [ { "iso": "AT", "country": "Austria", "sharePct": null, "shareYear": null, "shareBasis": null, "shareSource": null, "shareKind": null, "emberShare2024": null, "eedReportedGWh": 396.0, "eedPeriod": 2025, "eedSource": "EED dashboard 2025", "eedSites": 25, "eedItMW": 72.0, "eedPue": 1.44, "eedRef": 0.83, "eedEstimatedSites": 47, "eedFirstPeriodReported": 11, "eedFirstPeriodCoveragePct": 23, "eedFirstPeriodGWh": 111.1, "eedFirstPeriodItMW": 16.14, "eedFirstPeriodPue": 1.5, "electricityGWh": 66481.0, "electricityYear": 2025, "eedFloorSharePct": 0.6, "inDashboard": true }, { "iso": "BE", "country": "Belgium", "sharePct": null, "shareYear": null, "shareBasis": null, "shareSource": null, "shareKind": null, "emberShare2024": null, "eedReportedGWh": 1986.0, "eedPeriod": 2025, "eedSource": "EED dashboard 2025", "eedSites": 19, "eedItMW": 341.0, "eedPue": 1.14, "eedRef": 1.0, "eedEstimatedSites": 48, "eedFirstPeriodReported": 16, "eedFirstPeriodCoveragePct": 33, 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national electricity demand in France", "ember": true, "cache": "europe_ai:ember-grids-for-data-centres-2025-06", "quoteVerified": true }, { "iso": "FR", "country": "France", "year": 2026, "sharePct": 2, "twh": 10, "basis": "RTE estimate (Jun 2026): about 10 TWh, about 2% of French electricity use", "source": "https://www.rte-france.com/bases-electricite/consommation-electricite/essor-data-centers-france", "sourceTitle": "RTE, L'essor des data centers en France", "sourceDate": "2026-06-01", "kind": "estimate", "checked": "2026-10-11", "quote": "La consommation de ces centres de donn\u00e9es est estim\u00e9e \u00e0 environ 10 TWh", "official": true, "cache": "eu_grid_queues:rte-dc", "quoteVerified": true }, { "iso": "NO", "country": "Norway", "year": 2023, "sharePct": 1, "twh": 1.54, "basis": "Norwegian Data Centre Industry report (~1% of power production), as used by Ember", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/06/Report-Grids-for-data-centres-in-Europe-PDF.pdf", "sourceTitle": "Ember, Grids for data centres in Europe (methodology)", "sourceDate": "2025-06-19", "kind": "estimate", "checked": "2026-10-11", "quote": "consumption of data centres was calculated to be 1540 GWh", "cache": "europe_ai:ember-grids-for-data-centres-2025-06", "quoteVerified": true } ], "europe": { "ember": { "twh2024": 96, "twh2030": 168, "twh2035": 236, "sharePct2024": 3, "flapdShare2024": 62, "flapdShare2030": 55, "flapdShare2035": 51, "scope": "EU-27, UK, Norway, Switzerland", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/06/Report-Grids-for-data-centres-in-Europe-PDF.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-06-19", "kind": "estimate", "checked": "2026-10-11", "quote": "European data centres consumed an estimated 96 TWh of electricity in 2024", "note": "Ember uses ICIS data and notes a lack of official statistics on data centres in Europe.", "cache": "europe_ai:ember-grids-for-data-centres-2025-06", "quoteVerified": true }, "commission": { "twh2024": 68, "twh2030": 114, "sharePct2030": 3.2, "scope": "EU-27 (IEA estimate cited by the Commission)", "source": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52026DC0500", "sourceTitle": "COM(2026) 500, report on the energy efficiency of data centres in the EU", "sourceDate": "2026-09-21", "kind": "estimate", "checked": "2026-10-11", "quote": "In 2024, data centres in the EU consumed 68 TWh of electricity.", "cache": "com-2026-500", "quoteVerified": true }, "growthText": { "text": "Ember expects data-centre demand in Sweden, Norway and Denmark to triple by 2030, and in Austria, Greece, Finland, Hungary, Italy, Portugal and Slovakia to rise three to five times by 2035 compared with 2024.", "source": "https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/06/Report-Grids-for-data-centres-in-Europe-PDF.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-06-19", "kind": "estimate", "checked": "2026-10-11" } }, "forecasts": [ { "iso": "FR", "country": "France", "year": 2030, "twhLow": 15, "twhHigh": 20, "sharePct": 3, "by": "RTE", "source": "https://www.rte-france.com/bases-electricite/consommation-electricite/essor-data-centers-france", "sourceDate": "2026-06-01", "kind": "estimate", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "iso": "FR", "country": "France", "year": 2035, "twhLow": 23, "twhHigh": 28, "sharePct": 4, "by": "RTE", "source": "https://www.rte-france.com/bases-electricite/consommation-electricite/essor-data-centers-france", "sourceDate": "2026-06-01", "kind": "estimate", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "iso": "GB", "country": "Great Britain", "year": 2030, "twhLow": 20, "twhHigh": 20, "gw": 5.2, "by": "NESO (FES 2025 ten-year forecast, 'just over 20 TWh')", "source": "https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/166090/html/", "sourceDate": "2026", "kind": "estimate", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "iso": "EU", "country": "EU-27", "year": 2030, "twhLow": 114, "twhHigh": 114, "sharePct": 3.2, "by": "IEA via European Commission", "source": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52026DC0500", "sourceDate": "2026-09-21", "kind": "estimate", "checked": "2026-10-11" } ], "eedDashboard": { "source": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t", "sourceTitle": "European Commission, EED data-centre dashboard (Qlik Sense), Data > Country table", "sourceDate": "2026-09-25", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "method": "Read in a browser on 11 Oct 2026 (the dashboard is a JavaScript app with no download); every row of the country table for all reporting periods was transcribed; raw copy data/raw/eu_dc_capacity/eed-dashboard-country-2026-10-11.txt.", "headline2025": { "countries": 11, "sites": 773, "energyTWh": 20.7, "itGW": 4.4, "pue": 1.27, "wue": 0.51, "ref": 0.84, "erf": 0.0236 }, "absent": [ "IE", "RO", "SK", "SI" ] }, "eedDashboardRows": [ { "period": 2023, "iso": "AT", "country": "Austria", "sites": 9, "kWh": 109262292.0, "itKW": 11339.0, "waterM3": 5441.0, "pue": 1.5, "wue": 0.073, "ref": 0.57, "erf": 0.0008 }, { "period": 2024, "iso": "AT", "country": "Austria", "sites": 18, "kWh": 183838478.0, "itKW": 34403.0, "waterM3": 44423.0, "pue": 1.73, "wue": 0.364, "ref": 0.83, "erf": 0.0088 }, { "period": 2025, "iso": "AT", "country": "Austria", "sites": 25, "kWh": 395735313.0, "itKW": 72194.0, "waterM3": 48905.0, "pue": 1.44, "wue": 0.189, "ref": 0.83, "erf": 0.0303 }, { "period": 2023, "iso": "BE", "country": "Belgium", "sites": 13, "kWh": 1086668088.0, "itKW": 229519.0, "waterM3": 1280508.0, "pue": 1.15, "wue": 1.306, "ref": 0.95, "erf": 0.0 }, { "period": 2024, "iso": "BE", "country": "Belgium", "sites": 16, "kWh": 1537800464.0, "itKW": 322995.0, "waterM3": 1926216.0, "pue": 1.13, "wue": 1.357, "ref": 1.0, "erf": 0.0 }, { "period": 2025, "iso": "BE", "country": "Belgium", "sites": 19, "kWh": 1985909379.0, "itKW": 341124.0, "waterM3": 2640407.0, "pue": 1.14, "wue": 1.442, "ref": 1.0, "erf": 0.0 }, { "period": 2023, "iso": "BG", "country": "Bulgaria", "sites": 2, "kWh": null, "itKW": null, "waterM3": null, "pue": null, "wue": null, "ref": null, "erf": null }, { "period": 2024, "iso": "BG", "country": "Bulgaria", "sites": 3, "kWh": 24287031.0, "itKW": 4056.0, "waterM3": 5589.0, "pue": 1.45, "wue": 0.304, "ref": 1.0, "erf": 0.0 }, { "period": 2024, "iso": "CY", "country": "Cyprus", "sites": 2, "kWh": null, "itKW": null, "waterM3": null, "pue": null, "wue": null, "ref": null, "erf": null }, { "period": 2025, "iso": "CY", "country": "Cyprus", "sites": 2, "kWh": null, "itKW": null, "waterM3": null, "pue": null, "wue": null, "ref": null, "erf": null }, { "period": 2024, "iso": "CZ", "country": "Czechia", "sites": 4, "kWh": 32494346.0, "itKW": 3513.0, "waterM3": 3406.0, "pue": 1.36, "wue": 0.142, "ref": 0.16, "erf": 0.0 }, { "period": 2023, "iso": "DE", "country": "Germany", "sites": 314, "kWh": 4541247323.0, "itKW": 2439629.0, "waterM3": 1809386.0, "pue": 1.39, "wue": 0.551, "ref": 0.89, "erf": 0.0077 }, { "period": 2024, "iso": "DE", "country": "Germany", "sites": 370, "kWh": 5263203631.0, "itKW": 2562186.0, "waterM3": 1855446.0, "pue": 1.38, "wue": 0.486, "ref": 0.93, "erf": 0.0093 }, { "period": 2025, "iso": "DE", "country": "Germany", "sites": 454, "kWh": 6860127574.0, "itKW": 1507805.0, "waterM3": 2002822.0, "pue": 1.36, "wue": 0.399, "ref": 0.84, "erf": 0.0268 }, { "period": 2023, "iso": "DK", "country": "Denmark", "sites": 14, "kWh": 720850282.0, "itKW": 185888.0, "waterM3": 328713.0, "pue": 1.17, "wue": 0.546, "ref": 0.97, "erf": 0.1755 }, { "period": 2024, "iso": "DK", "country": "Denmark", "sites": 17, "kWh": 748469103.0, "itKW": 192047.0, "waterM3": 362000.0, "pue": 1.17, "wue": 0.571, "ref": 1.0, "erf": 0.19 }, { "period": 2025, "iso": "DK", "country": "Denmark", "sites": 26, "kWh": 1175470177.0, "itKW": 318838.0, "waterM3": 676983.0, "pue": 1.17, "wue": 0.674, "ref": 1.0, "erf": 0.1475 }, { "period": 2024, "iso": "EE", "country": "Estonia", "sites": 3, "kWh": 14254934.0, "itKW": 1470.0, "waterM3": 7000.0, "pue": 1.7, "wue": 0.891, "ref": 1.0, "erf": 0.0709 }, { "period": 2023, "iso": "ES", "country": "Spain", "sites": 31, "kWh": 531703257.0, "itKW": 86189.0, "waterM3": 200651.0, "pue": 1.66, "wue": 0.61, "ref": 0.92, "erf": 0.0016 }, { "period": 2024, "iso": "ES", "country": "Spain", "sites": 38, "kWh": 624137430.0, "itKW": 103294.0, "waterM3": 188460.0, "pue": 1.57, "wue": 0.47, "ref": 1.0, "erf": 0.001 }, { "period": 2023, "iso": "FI", "country": "Finland", "sites": 23, "kWh": 1083698387.0, "itKW": 181634.0, "waterM3": 4449.0, "pue": 1.17, "wue": 0.007, "ref": 1.0, "erf": 0.0669 }, { "period": 2024, "iso": "FI", "country": "Finland", "sites": 28, "kWh": 1376153412.0, "itKW": 307379.0, "waterM3": 7405.0, "pue": 1.16, "wue": 0.009, "ref": 0.99, "erf": 0.0743 }, { "period": 2023, "iso": "FR", "country": "France", "sites": 121, "kWh": 2531543522.0, "itKW": 512918.0, "waterM3": 398954.0, "pue": 1.51, "wue": 0.217, "ref": 0.79, "erf": 0.0021 }, { "period": 2024, "iso": "FR", "country": "France", "sites": 152, "kWh": 3165058135.0, "itKW": 631295.0, "waterM3": 583331.0, "pue": 1.49, "wue": 0.263, "ref": 0.8, "erf": 0.0044 }, { "period": 2023, "iso": "GR", "country": "Greece", "sites": 4, "kWh": 22981471.0, "itKW": 2676.0, "waterM3": 4114.0, "pue": 1.46, "wue": 0.266, "ref": 1.0, "erf": 0.0 }, { "period": 2024, "iso": "GR", "country": "Greece", "sites": 5, "kWh": 32138090.0, "itKW": 3294.0, "waterM3": 5606.0, "pue": 1.54, "wue": 0.252, "ref": 1.0, "erf": 0.0 }, { "period": 2023, "iso": "HR", "country": "Croatia", "sites": 1, "kWh": null, "itKW": null, "waterM3": null, "pue": null, "wue": null, "ref": null, "erf": null }, { "period": 2024, "iso": "HR", "country": "Croatia", "sites": 1, "kWh": null, "itKW": null, "waterM3": null, "pue": null, "wue": null, "ref": null, "erf": null }, { "period": 2023, "iso": "HU", "country": "Hungary", "sites": 4, "kWh": 21759974.0, "itKW": 2525.0, "waterM3": 0.0, "pue": 1.67, "wue": 0.0, "ref": 0.3, "erf": 0.0171 }, { "period": 2024, "iso": "HU", "country": "Hungary", "sites": 7, "kWh": 86730017.0, "itKW": 7311.0, "waterM3": 30.0, "pue": 1.57, "wue": 0.001, "ref": 0.26, "erf": 0.0043 }, { "period": 2023, "iso": "IT", "country": "Italy", "sites": 19, "kWh": 289449701.0, "itKW": 78116.0, "waterM3": 77906.0, "pue": 1.5, "wue": 0.399, "ref": 0.77, "erf": 0.0144 }, { "period": 2024, "iso": "IT", "country": "Italy", "sites": 33, "kWh": 634857393.0, "itKW": 113348.0, "waterM3": 105824.0, "pue": 1.52, "wue": 0.235, "ref": 0.84, "erf": 0.0062 }, { "period": 2025, "iso": "IT", "country": "Italy", "sites": 42, "kWh": 863562045.0, "itKW": 131900.0, "waterM3": 103340.0, "pue": 1.43, "wue": 0.158, "ref": 0.88, "erf": 0.0031 }, { "period": 2023, "iso": "LT", "country": "Lithuania", "sites": 3, "kWh": 17995498.0, "itKW": 2299.0, "waterM3": 0.0, "pue": 1.28, "wue": 0.0, "ref": 0.81, "erf": 0.0 }, { "period": 2024, "iso": "LT", "country": "Lithuania", "sites": 3, "kWh": 17335581.0, "itKW": 2265.0, "waterM3": 285.0, "pue": 1.3, "wue": 0.022, "ref": 1.0, "erf": 0.0 }, { "period": 2023, "iso": "LU", "country": "Luxembourg", "sites": 2, "kWh": null, "itKW": null, "waterM3": null, "pue": null, "wue": null, "ref": null, "erf": null }, { "period": 2024, "iso": "LU", "country": "Luxembourg", "sites": 10, "kWh": 156213634.0, "itKW": 51994.0, "waterM3": 44770.0, "pue": 1.35, "wue": 0.395, "ref": 0.62, "erf": 0.0008 }, { "period": 2025, "iso": "LU", "country": "Luxembourg", "sites": 9, "kWh": 155679123.0, "itKW": 52108.0, "waterM3": 37678.0, "pue": 1.32, "wue": 0.31, "ref": 0.57, "erf": 0.0009 }, { "period": 2023, "iso": "LV", "country": "Latvia", "sites": 1, "kWh": null, "itKW": null, "waterM3": null, "pue": null, "wue": null, "ref": null, "erf": null }, { "period": 2023, "iso": "MT", "country": "Malta", "sites": 1, "kWh": null, "itKW": null, "waterM3": null, "pue": null, "wue": null, "ref": null, "erf": null }, { "period": 2024, "iso": "MT", "country": "Malta", "sites": 1, "kWh": null, "itKW": null, "waterM3": null, "pue": null, "wue": null, "ref": null, "erf": null }, { "period": 2025, "iso": "MT", "country": "Malta", "sites": 1, "kWh": null, "itKW": null, "waterM3": null, "pue": null, "wue": null, "ref": null, "erf": null }, { "period": 2023, "iso": "NL", "country": "Netherlands", "sites": 44, "kWh": 523385668.0, "itKW": 91562.0, "waterM3": 201666.0, "pue": 1.4, "wue": 0.538, "ref": 0.8, "erf": 0.0256 }, { "period": 2024, "iso": "NL", "country": "Netherlands", "sites": 61, "kWh": 876283779.0, "itKW": 123666.0, "waterM3": 522357.0, "pue": 1.44, "wue": 0.877, "ref": 0.64, "erf": 0.025 }, { "period": 2025, "iso": "NL", "country": "Netherlands", "sites": 80, "kWh": 5676653044.0, "itKW": 1123739.0, "waterM3": 3074477.0, "pue": 1.22, "wue": 0.642, "ref": 0.79, "erf": 0.0028 }, { "period": 2023, "iso": "PL", "country": "Poland", "sites": 27, "kWh": 260140126.0, "itKW": 48756.0, "waterM3": 12503.0, "pue": 1.53, "wue": 0.077, "ref": 0.62, "erf": 0.0 }, { "period": 2024, "iso": "PL", "country": "Poland", "sites": 39, "kWh": 428014222.0, "itKW": 79891.0, "waterM3": 35375.0, "pue": 1.46, "wue": 0.128, "ref": 0.59, "erf": 0.0106 }, { "period": 2025, "iso": "PL", "country": "Poland", "sites": 44, "kWh": 638911680.0, "itKW": 124297.0, "waterM3": 28011.0, "pue": 1.39, "wue": 0.068, "ref": 0.69, "erf": 0.0117 }, { "period": 2023, "iso": "PT", "country": "Portugal", "sites": 7, "kWh": 70211626.0, "itKW": 10502.0, "waterM3": 31860.0, "pue": 1.63, "wue": 0.735, "ref": 0.25, "erf": 0.0 }, { "period": 2024, "iso": "PT", "country": "Portugal", "sites": 8, "kWh": 78706362.0, "itKW": 11509.0, "waterM3": 27030.0, "pue": 1.58, "wue": 0.552, "ref": 0.5, "erf": 0.0 }, { "period": 2023, "iso": "SE", "country": "Sweden", "sites": 6, "kWh": 436110009.0, "itKW": 115500.0, "waterM3": 42485.0, "pue": 1.2, "wue": 0.116, "ref": 0.26, "erf": 0.0 }, { "period": 2024, "iso": "SE", "country": "Sweden", "sites": 10, "kWh": 1141754643.0, "itKW": 350045.0, "waterM3": 43465.0, "pue": 1.14, "wue": 0.044, "ref": 0.98, "erf": 0.0 }, { "period": 2025, "iso": "SE", "country": "Sweden", "sites": 71, "kWh": 2929710530.0, "itKW": 698748.0, "waterM3": 140204.0, "pue": 1.23, "wue": 0.059, "ref": 0.81, "erf": 0.0318 } ], "quoteProblems": [], "caveats": [ "There is no official, complete per-country series of data-centre electricity use in Europe. National shares here mix measures: Ireland's CSO figure is metered consumption; Ember's are ICIS estimates of share of national demand; RTE's is its own estimate.", "EED reporting covers only sites of 500 kW IT or more that reported (about 36% of an estimated 2,161 in the first period); several member states are missing or partial, so the 'reported share' column is a floor, not an estimate of the real share.", "Ireland does not appear in the Commission's EED dashboard in any reporting period, though the first technical report counts 18 Irish sites (1,412 GWh, 2023 period).", "Dashboard year-on-year changes mostly reflect which sites reported, not growth (e.g. the Netherlands' reported energy rose from 0.9 TWh for 2024 to 5.7 TWh for 2025). The dashboard's IT power for Germany falls from 2.6 GW (2024) to 1.5 GW (2025) while sites and energy rise, which suggests reporting or unit changes.", "Reported share = EED-reported data-centre energy / Eurostat final electricity consumption (2025); our arithmetic, mixing a 2023-2025 numerator with one denominator year.", "Ember's 2024 per-country shares are given in its text for five countries only; its underlying ICIS data are paid." ] }, "eu_ai_labs": { "title": "European AI labs: funding, models and compute", "asOf": "2026-10-11", "source": "Hand-compiled from company releases and free press (research/datasets/eu_ai_labs.json); Epoch AI 'Data on AI companies' (CC BY 4.0)", "sourceUrls": [ "https://epoch.ai/data/ai-companies" ], "labs": [ { "name": "Mistral AI", "group": "European lab", "hqCity": "Paris", "hqCountry": "FR", "founded": 2023, "focus": "LLMs (text, code, vision, speech)", "totalFundingUsdBn": 6.49, "totalKind": "reported", "totalNote": "Total equity funding in Epoch AI's AI-companies data (CC BY 4.0), which tracks every Mistral round from the 2023 seed to the Sept 2026 Series D. Excludes the $830m data-centre debt (Mar 2026).", "lastRound": { "date": "2026-09", "stage": "Series D", "amount": "\u20ac3bn", "amountUsdBn": 3.46, "lead": "Samsung Electronics (co-leads: Scaleup Europe Fund managed by EQT; PSG Equity)" }, "valuationUsdBn": 24, "valuationNote": "Mistral states a post-money valuation of 'more than \u20ac21 billion'; Epoch AI records $24bn. Another report gives 'nearly \u20ac25bn'.", "flagshipModels": [ "Mistral Large 4 (preview, Oct 2026)", "Mistral Medium 3.5", "Mistral Large 3", "Mistral Small 4", "Devstral 2", "Voxtral" ], "openWeights": "some", "openWeightsNote": "Large 3 and Small 4 under Apache 2.0; Medium 3.5 under a modified MIT licence; Large 4 weights due end-October 2026 (Artificial Analysis, 6 Oct 2026).", "compute": "44 MW site at Bruy\u00e8res-le-Ch\u00e2tel south of Paris, over 13,000 Nvidia chips, financed with $830m (\u20ac750m) of debt from seven banks (Euronews, 30 Mar 2026). Another report: 40 MW in Essonne, scalable to 100 MW, about 18,000 Blackwell GPUs (Let's Data Science, 28 May 2026). Targets: 200 MW across Europe by 2027; up to 1.4 GW in France before 2030 with Nvidia and MGX, per French media (Euronews). Sweden: $1.4bn (\u20ac1.2bn) AI-infrastructure investment (Euronews). A third report gives 96 MW / 1.4 GW (Tech-Insider; not re-checked). Microsoft signed a multibillion-dollar agreement in July 2026 to use part of Mistral's European capacity (Microsoft, 21 Jul 2026, via Wikipedia).", "computeMw": { "low": 40, "high": 44, "target2027": 200, "note": "Sources conflict on the first site (40 MW vs 44 MW); both shown." }, "sources": [ { "url": "https://mistral.ai/news/mistral-makes-sovereign-open-weight-ai-to-frontier/", "publisher": "Mistral AI", "date": "2026-09", "supports": "Series D amount, lead, investors, valuation >\u20ac21bn" }, { "url": "https://epoch.ai/data/ai-companies", "publisher": "Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0)", "date": "2026-10", "supports": "total equity $6.49bn; Series D $3.46bn, closed 2026-09-15, $24bn" }, { "url": "https://euronews.com/next/2026/03/30/europe-needs-ai-cloud-infrastructure-mistral-raises-830m-for-data-centre-near-paris", "publisher": "Euronews", "date": "2026-03-30", "supports": "$830m debt, 44 MW, >13,000 Nvidia chips, 200 MW by 2027, 1.4 GW before 2030, Sweden $1.4bn" }, { "url": "https://letsdatascience.com/news/mistral-builds-european-ai-cloud-with-nvidia-e6a7c2aa", "publisher": "Let's Data Science", "date": "2026-05-28", "supports": "40 MW Essonne scalable to 100 MW, ~18,000 Blackwell GPUs" }, { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistral_AI", "publisher": "Wikipedia (index to cited sources)", "date": "2026-10", "supports": "model list and licences; Microsoft agreement Jul 2026" } ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "Helsing", "group": "European lab", "hqCity": "Munich", "hqCountry": "DE", "founded": 2021, "focus": "Defence AI (software, drones, autonomous aircraft)", "totalFundingUsdBn": 3.3, "totalKind": "estimate", "totalNote": "Our sum: \u20ac1.37bn raised to June 2025 (\u2248$1.5bn at $1.10/\u20ac) plus $1.8bn in July 2026.", "lastRound": { "date": "2026-07", "stage": "Growth round", "amount": "$1.8bn", "amountUsdBn": 1.8, "lead": null, "leadNote": "Investors named include JPMorgan Chase, Lightspeed and Iconiq; lead not stated in the coverage we read." }, "valuationUsdBn": 18, "valuationNote": "$18bn (CNBC, 13 Jul 2026). Previous: about \u20ac12bn (June 2025, \u20ac600m Series D led by Prima Materia).", "flagshipModels": [ "Lura (acoustic AI)", "Altra (reconnaissance-strike software)", "Centaur (AI pilot)", "HX-2 strike drone" ], "openWeights": "no", "openWeightsNote": "No open-weight releases found.", "compute": null, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/07/13/helsing-fund-raise-defense-18-billion.html", "publisher": "CNBC", "date": "2026-07-13", "supports": "$1.8bn at $18bn" }, { "url": "https://tech.eu/2026/05/21/ai-10-companies-that-raised-the-most-in-2025", "publisher": "tech.eu", "date": "2026-05-21", "supports": "\u20ac600m Series D at ~\u20ac12bn (2025)" }, { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsing_(company)", "publisher": "Wikipedia (index to cited sources)", "date": "2026-10", "supports": "rounds to June 2025, \u20ac1.37bn total; products" } ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "Wayve", "group": "European lab", "hqCity": "London", "hqCountry": "GB", "founded": 2017, "focus": "Embodied AI for driving", "totalFundingUsdBn": 2.8, "totalKind": "estimate", "totalNote": "Our sum: about $1.3bn raised to the 2024 Series C plus $1.5bn reported for the 2026 Series D ($1.2bn announced).", "lastRound": { "date": "2026-02", "stage": "Series D", "amount": "$1.2bn announced; $1.5bn reported later", "amountUsdBn": 1.5, "lead": null, "leadNote": "Investors named include Mercedes-Benz, Stellantis, Nissan, Uber, Microsoft and Nvidia; lead not clearly stated." }, "valuationUsdBn": 8.6, "valuationNote": "$8.6bn post-money (Feb 2026).", "flagshipModels": [ "Wayve AI Driver (embodied AI)" ], "openWeights": "no", "openWeightsNote": "No open-weight releases found.", "compute": "Trains on Microsoft Azure; Nvidia Orin in vehicles.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayve&oldid=1375460265", "publisher": "Wikipedia (index to cited sources)", "date": "2026-09-17", "supports": "rounds, valuation, compute partners" } ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "ElevenLabs", "group": "European lab", "hqCity": "London (also New York)", "hqCountry": "GB", "founded": 2022, "focus": "Speech and audio models", "totalFundingUsdBn": 0.78, "totalKind": "estimate", "totalNote": "Our sum of disclosed primary rounds ($2m + $19m + $80m + $180m + $500m); excludes employee tender offers.", "lastRound": { "date": "2026-02", "stage": "Series D", "amount": "$500m", "amountUsdBn": 0.5, "lead": "Sequoia Capital" }, "valuationUsdBn": 22, "valuationNote": "$11bn at the Feb 2026 round; $22bn in a Sept 2026 employee tender offer (Reuters, 30 Sep 2026).", "flagshipModels": [ "Eleven v3 (text-to-speech)", "Scribe (speech-to-text)", "Eleven Music" ], "openWeights": "no", "openWeightsNote": "Models are proprietary.", "compute": null, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/02/04/nvidia-backed-ai-startup-elevenlabs-11-billion-valuation.html", "publisher": "CNBC", "date": "2026-02-04", "supports": "$500m at $11bn" }, { "url": "https://sifted.eu/articles/elevenlabs-raises-500m-series-d-led-by-sequoia", "publisher": "Sifted", "date": "2026-02", "supports": "Series D led by Sequoia" }, { "url": "https://www.reuters.com/legal/transactional/elevenlabs-valuation-doubles-22-billion-surging-ai-voice-agent-demand-2026-09-30/", "publisher": "Reuters", "date": "2026-09-30", "supports": "$22bn tender valuation" }, { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ElevenLabs", "publisher": "Wikipedia (index to cited sources)", "date": "2026-10", "supports": "HQ, round history" } ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "Synthesia", "group": "European lab", "hqCity": "London", "hqCountry": "GB", "founded": 2017, "focus": "AI video avatars", "totalFundingUsdBn": 0.55, "totalKind": "estimate", "totalNote": "Our sum of disclosed rounds (seed to Series E, plus Adobe's \u00a310m).", "lastRound": { "date": "2025-10", "stage": "Series E", "amount": "$200m", "amountUsdBn": 0.2, "lead": "GV", "leadNote": "The Guardian dates a $4bn round to January 2026; sources differ on the date." }, "valuationUsdBn": 4, "valuationNote": "$4bn.", "flagshipModels": [ "Synthesia 3.0 avatars", "Express-Voice" ], "openWeights": "no", "openWeightsNote": "No open-weight releases found.", "compute": null, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.forbes.com/sites/rashishrivastava/2025/10/29/ai-video-startup-synthesia-valued-at-4-billion-in-new-200-million-raise/", "publisher": "Forbes", "date": "2025-10-29", "supports": "$200m at $4bn" }, { "url": "https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2026/jan/26/uk-ai-startup-synthesia-almost-doubles-valuation-4bn-funding-round-corporate-video-avatars", "publisher": "The Guardian", "date": "2026-01-26", "supports": "$4bn round dated Jan 2026" }, { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesia_(company)", "publisher": "Wikipedia (index to cited sources)", "date": "2026-10", "supports": "round history" } ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "Black Forest Labs", "group": "European lab", "hqCity": "Freiburg", "hqCountry": "DE", "founded": 2024, "focus": "Image and video generation (FLUX)", "totalFundingUsdBn": 0.45, "totalKind": "reported", "totalNote": "$450m total per Crunchbase data quoted by Crunchbase News (1 Dec 2025). Wikipedia instead describes a $450m round at end-2025; the figures don't reconcile.", "lastRound": { "date": "2025-12", "stage": "Series B", "amount": "$300m", "amountUsdBn": 0.3, "lead": "Salesforce Ventures and AMP (Anjney Midha), co-leads" }, "valuationUsdBn": 3.25, "valuationNote": "$3.25bn (Dec 2025).", "flagshipModels": [ "FLUX.3 (video)", "FLUX.2 (Pro, Flex, Dev, Klein)" ], "openWeights": "some", "openWeightsNote": "FLUX.2 Klein 4B and FLUX.1 schnell under Apache 2.0; Dev models under a non-commercial licence; Pro models API-only.", "compute": null, "sources": [ { "url": "https://news.crunchbase.com/ai/image-generator-europe-unicorn-black-forest-labs-raise/", "publisher": "Crunchbase News", "date": "2025-12-01", "supports": "$300m at $3.25bn, co-leads, $450m total" }, { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Forest_Labs", "publisher": "Wikipedia (index to cited sources)", "date": "2026-10", "supports": "models and licences" } ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "DeepL", "group": "European lab", "hqCity": "Cologne", "hqCountry": "DE", "founded": 2017, "focus": "Translation and writing models", "totalFundingUsdBn": null, "totalKind": null, "totalNote": "No total found in free sources.", "lastRound": { "date": "2024-05", "stage": "Series C", "amount": "$300m", "amountUsdBn": 0.3, "lead": null }, "valuationUsdBn": 2, "valuationNote": "$2bn (May 2024).", "flagshipModels": [ "DeepL Translator (own LLM, Jul 2024)", "DeepL Write", "DeepL Voice", "DeepL Agent" ], "openWeights": "no", "openWeightsNote": "Proprietary.", "compute": "Nvidia DGX SuperPOD (GB200) at EcoDataCenter, Falun, Sweden (2025); earlier a 5.1 PF system at Verne Global, Iceland (2017).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2024/05/22/deepl-the-ai-language-translation-startup-nabs-300m-on-a-2b-valuation-to-focus-on-b2b-growth/", "publisher": "TechCrunch", "date": "2024-05-22", "supports": "$300m at $2bn" }, { "url": "https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/deepl-deploys-nvidia-dgx-superpod-at-ecodatacenter-in-falun-sweden/", "publisher": "DCD", "date": "2025-06-14", "supports": "Falun SuperPOD" } ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "H Company", "group": "European lab", "hqCity": "Paris", "hqCountry": "FR", "founded": 2023, "focus": "Agents and computer-use models", "totalFundingUsdBn": 0.22, "totalKind": "reported", "totalNote": "$220m seed (May 2024); no later round found.", "lastRound": { "date": "2024-05", "stage": "Seed", "amount": "$220m", "amountUsdBn": 0.22, "lead": null, "leadNote": "Backers include Accel, Bpifrance, Eric Schmidt, Amazon, Samsung, UiPath, Xavier Niel; no single lead." }, "valuationUsdBn": null, "valuationNote": null, "flagshipModels": [ "Holo4 (27B dense, 35B MoE)", "Runner H" ], "openWeights": "some", "openWeightsNote": "Holo-1 and Holo4 published on Hugging Face.", "compute": null, "sources": [ { "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2024/05/21/french-ai-startup-h-raises-220-million-seed-round/", "publisher": "TechCrunch", "date": "2024-05-21", "supports": "$220m seed" }, { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H_(company)", "publisher": "Wikipedia (index to cited sources)", "date": "2026-10-06", "supports": "models" } ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "Stability AI", "group": "European lab", "hqCity": "London", "hqCountry": "GB", "founded": 2019, "focus": "Image, audio, video and 3D generation", "totalFundingUsdBn": null, "totalKind": null, "totalNote": "No reliable total in free sources; known rounds include $101m (2022), a 2024 recapitalisation (amount not disclosed in what we read) and $76m (2026).", "lastRound": { "date": "2026-08", "stage": "Series B", "amount": "$76m", "amountUsdBn": 0.076, "lead": null, "leadNote": "Investors: Universal Music Group, Sony Music, Warner Music, Electronic Arts, AMD Ventures, Pacific Alliance Ventures." }, "valuationUsdBn": null, "valuationNote": "About $1bn in Oct 2022; no current figure found.", "flagshipModels": [ "Stable Diffusion 3.5", "Stable Audio 2.5", "Stable Video Diffusion" ], "openWeights": "some", "openWeightsNote": "Stable Diffusion released with weights available under Stability's licences.", "compute": null, "sources": [ { "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2026/08/25/stability-ai-maker-of-image-generator-stable-diffusion-raises-76-million-in-fresh-funding/", "publisher": "TechCrunch", "date": "2026-08-25", "supports": "$76m Series B" }, { "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2022/10/17/stability-ai-the-startup-behind-stable-diffusion-raises-101m/", "publisher": "TechCrunch", "date": "2022-10-17", "supports": "$101m (2022)" } ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "Aleph Alpha", "group": "European lab", "hqCity": "Heidelberg", "hqCountry": "DE", "founded": 2019, "focus": "LLMs for enterprise and government (merging with Cohere)", "totalFundingUsdBn": 0.15, "totalKind": "estimate", "totalNote": "Announced as 'more than $500m' in Nov 2023, but trade press found about \u20ac110m was equity (the rest research grants and order commitments). Our figure: \u20ac5.3m seed + \u20ac23m Series A + ~\u20ac110m equity \u2248 $0.15bn.", "lastRound": { "date": "2023-11", "stage": "Series B", "amount": "announced >$500m; ~\u20ac110m equity", "amountUsdBn": 0.12, "lead": "Schwarz Group and Dieter Schwarz Foundation (co-leads)" }, "valuationUsdBn": null, "valuationNote": "Definitive agreement to combine with Cohere (Toronto) signed 16 Sep 2026, HQs in Berlin and Toronto; a combined value of about $20bn was reported from an anonymous source (NYT, Apr 2026). Closing expected later in 2026.", "flagshipModels": [ "Kolibri (open weights, Oct 2026)", "Pharia-1-LLM", "Luminous" ], "openWeights": "some", "openWeightsNote": "Kolibri released under Apache 2.0 (Oct 2026).", "compute": "Trains on HPE systems (2022 announcement).", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.reuters.com/legal/transactional/cohere-aleph-alpha-combine-target-enterprise-ai-market-2026-09-16/", "publisher": "Reuters", "date": "2026-09-16", "supports": "Cohere combination" }, { "url": "https://www.capital.de/wirtschaft-politik/aleph-alpha--die-aufgeblasene-500-millionen-finanzierung-der-ki-hoffnung-34864132.html", "publisher": "Capital", "date": "2024-07-09", "supports": "~\u20ac110m equity of the 2023 round" }, { "url": "https://aleph-alpha.com/en/blog/kolibri-has-landed-a-sovereign-open-weight-model/", "publisher": "Aleph Alpha", "date": "2026-10-03", "supports": "Kolibri open weights" }, { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleph_Alpha", "publisher": "Wikipedia (index to cited sources)", "date": "2026-10-04", "supports": "round history" } ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "Poolside", "group": "US-HQ lab with a European office", "hqCity": "San Francisco (Paris office)", "hqCountry": "US", "founded": 2023, "focus": "Code models", "totalFundingUsdBn": 0.63, "totalKind": "estimate", "totalNote": "Our sum of disclosed rounds ($26m + $100m + $500m), plus up to $1bn committed by Nvidia in Oct 2025 (not included).", "lastRound": { "date": "2025-10", "stage": "Strategic (Nvidia)", "amount": "up to $1bn", "amountUsdBn": 1.0, "lead": "Nvidia" }, "valuationUsdBn": 12, "valuationNote": "$12bn reported (Oct 2025); $3bn at the Oct 2024 Series B.", "flagshipModels": [ "Laguna S 2.1 (118B)", "Laguna XS 2.1" ], "openWeights": "yes", "openWeightsNote": "Laguna S 2.1 released under the OpenMDW licence (Jul 2026).", "compute": "Project Horizon: a 2 GW AI campus in Pecos County, Texas, with CoreWeave; first phase started Oct 2025.", "note": "Often described as Paris-based in French press since 2023; Bloomberg (Oct 2025) gives its HQ as San Francisco. We count it as US and show Europe's figures with and without it.", "sources": [ { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolside_AI", "publisher": "Wikipedia (index to Bloomberg, Fortune, Forbes citations)", "date": "2026-10", "supports": "HQ, rounds, models, Project Horizon" } ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "Google DeepMind", "group": "US-owned lab in Europe", "hqCity": "London", "hqCountry": "GB", "founded": 2010, "focus": "Frontier models and science", "parent": "Alphabet (US); acquired 2014 for a reported $400\u2013650m", "totalFundingUsdBn": null, "totalKind": null, "totalNote": "Funded by parent.", "lastRound": null, "valuationUsdBn": null, "valuationNote": null, "flagshipModels": [ "Gemini (proprietary)", "Gemma (open weights)" ], "openWeights": "some", "openWeightsNote": "Gemma family open weights; Gemini proprietary.", "compute": "Parent's data centres (not split by country).", "staff": "about 6,000 (2025)", "sources": [ { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_DeepMind", "publisher": "Wikipedia (index to cited sources)", "date": "2026-10", "supports": "HQ, parent, acquisition, models, headcount" } ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "Isomorphic Labs", "group": "US-owned lab in Europe", "hqCity": "London", "hqCountry": "GB", "founded": 2021, "focus": "AI drug discovery", "parent": "Alphabet (US)", "totalFundingUsdBn": 0.6, "totalKind": "reported", "totalNote": "First external round; otherwise funded by parent.", "lastRound": { "date": "2025-04", "stage": "First external round", "amount": "$600m", "amountUsdBn": 0.6, "lead": "Thrive Capital" }, "valuationUsdBn": null, "valuationNote": null, "flagshipModels": [ "AlphaFold 3 (with Google DeepMind)", "Drug Design Engine" ], "openWeights": "no", "openWeightsNote": "AlphaFold 3 free on the AlphaFold server for non-commercial research; weights status not stated in what we read.", "compute": null, "sources": [ { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphic_Labs", "publisher": "Wikipedia (index to cited sources)", "date": "2026-10", "supports": "HQ, parent, $600m round" } ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "Microsoft AI (London hub)", "group": "US-owned lab in Europe", "hqCity": "London", "hqCountry": "GB", "founded": 2024, "focus": "Frontier and consumer models", "parent": "Microsoft (US); hub opened 7 Apr 2024", "totalFundingUsdBn": null, "totalKind": null, "totalNote": "Funded by parent.", "lastRound": null, "valuationUsdBn": null, "valuationNote": null, "flagshipModels": [ "MAI-1-preview", "MAI-Voice-1", "MAI-Image-2.5" ], "openWeights": "no", "openWeightsNote": "No open-weight releases found.", "compute": "Parent's data centres (not split by country).", "staff": null, "sources": [ { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_AI", "publisher": "Wikipedia (index to cited sources)", "date": "2026-10", "supports": "London hub, models" } ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported" }, { "name": "Meta FAIR Paris", "group": "US-owned lab in Europe", "hqCity": "Paris", "hqCountry": "FR", "founded": 2015, "focus": "AI research", "parent": "Meta (US); Paris lab opened June 2015", "totalFundingUsdBn": null, "totalKind": null, "totalNote": "Funded by parent.", "lastRound": null, "valuationUsdBn": null, "valuationNote": null, "flagshipModels": [ "Llama (open weights, restricted licence)", "Muse Spark (Meta Superintelligence Labs)" ], "openWeights": "some", "openWeightsNote": "Llama weights published under Meta's licence (Epoch: 'open weights, restricted use'); Muse models proprietary.", "compute": "Parent's data centres (not split by country).", "staff": null, "sources": [ { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_AI", "publisher": "Wikipedia (index to TechCrunch, 2 Jun 2015)", "date": "2026-10", "supports": "Paris lab, models" } ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported" } ], "epochCompanies": [ { "name": "OpenAI", "region": "US", "totalEquityUsdBn": 182.75, "roundsTracked": 15, "lastRound": { "date": "2026-03-31", "label": "852B March 2026", "equityUsdBn": 12.0, "source": "https://openai.com/index/accelerating-the-next-phase-ai/" }, "valuationUsdBn": 852.0, "valuationDate": "2026-03-31" }, { "name": "Anthropic", "region": "US", "totalEquityUsdBn": 139.4, "roundsTracked": 14, "lastRound": { "date": "2026-05-28", "label": "May 2026 965B Series H", "equityUsdBn": 65.0, "source": "\thttps://www.anthropic.com/news/series-h" }, "valuationUsdBn": 965.0, "valuationDate": "2026-05-28" }, { "name": "xAI", "region": "US", "totalEquityUsdBn": 37.0, "roundsTracked": 5, "lastRound": { "date": "2026-01-06", "label": "Jan 2026 20B Series E", "equityUsdBn": 20.0, "source": "https://x.ai/news/series-e" }, "valuationUsdBn": 230.0, "valuationDate": "2026-01-06" }, { "name": "DeepSeek", "region": "China", "totalEquityUsdBn": 7.5, "roundsTracked": 1, "lastRound": { "date": "2026-06-16", "label": "DeepSeek June 2026", "equityUsdBn": 7.5, "source": "https://www.wsj.com/tech/ai/deepseek-becomes-chinas-most-valuable-ai-startup-after-over-7-4-billion-fundraise-78ef64c0" }, "valuationUsdBn": 50.0, "valuationDate": "2026-06-16" }, { "name": "Mistral AI", "region": "Europe", "totalEquityUsdBn": 6.49, "roundsTracked": 6, "lastRound": { "date": "2026-09-15", "label": "Mistral Series D", "equityUsdBn": 3.46, "source": "https://mistral.ai/news/mistral-makes-sovereign-open-weight-ai-to-frontier/" }, "valuationUsdBn": 24.0, "valuationDate": "2026-09-15" }, { "name": "MiniMax", "region": "China", "totalEquityUsdBn": 0.62, "roundsTracked": 2, "lastRound": { "date": "2026-03-31", "label": "MiniMax Q1", "equityUsdBn": 0.0, "source": "https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/0100.HK/" }, "valuationUsdBn": 37.2, "valuationDate": "2026-03-31" }, { "name": "Z.ai (Zhipu)", "region": "China", "totalEquityUsdBn": 0.56, "roundsTracked": 2, "lastRound": { "date": "2026-03-31", "label": "Z.ai Q1", "equityUsdBn": 0.0, "source": "https://www.reuters.com/markets/companies/2513.HK/profile/" }, "valuationUsdBn": 39.4, "valuationDate": "2026-03-31" } ], "comparators": [ { "metric": "European AI companies, funding raised in 2025", "region": "Europe", "value": 5.3, "unit": "EUR bn (over)", "year": 2025, "source": "https://tech.eu/2026/05/21/ai-10-companies-that-raised-the-most-in-2025", "publisher": "tech.eu", "sourceDate": "2026-05-21", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "note": "tech.eu's count of European AI companies; methods differ from the AI Index." }, { "metric": "Private AI investment, 2025", "region": "US", "value": 285.9, "unit": "USD bn", "year": 2025, "source": "https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2026-ai-index-report", "publisher": "Stanford HAI AI Index 2026", "sourceDate": "2026", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported" }, { "metric": "Private AI investment, 2025", "region": "China", "value": 12.4, "unit": "USD bn", "year": 2025, "source": "https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2026-ai-index-report", "publisher": "Stanford HAI AI Index 2026", "sourceDate": "2026", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "note": "AI Index notes private figures likely understate China because of government guidance funds." }, { "metric": "Private AI investment, 2024", "region": "UK", "value": 4.5, "unit": "USD bn", "year": 2024, "source": "https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2025-ai-index-report", "publisher": "Stanford HAI AI Index 2025", "sourceDate": "2025-04", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported" }, { "metric": "European AI-chip startups, funding Jan to mid-Apr 2026", "region": "Europe", "value": 0.8, "unit": "USD bn", "year": 2026, "source": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/04/17/nvidia-rivals-chip-market-funding-ai-asml-euclyd.html", "publisher": "CNBC, citing Dealroom", "sourceDate": "2026-04-17", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "note": "US counterparts: $4.7bn over the same period." } ], "notListed": "OpenAI and Anthropic have European offices (e.g. Dublin, London, Paris, Munich); we did not verify what research, if any, is done there, so they are not listed as labs. Photoroom (Paris) and Kyutai (Paris) are candidates for the next update; their figures were not verified this round.", "summary": { "europeanLabs": 10, "europeanLabsWithTotal": 8, "europeTotalUsdBn": 14.7, "usTop3TotalUsdBn": 359.1, "usLabs": [ "OpenAI", "Anthropic", "xAI" ], "chinaTrackedTotalUsdBn": 8.7, "ratioUsToEurope": 24.4, "biggestUsRound": { "company": "OpenAI", "label": "840B Feb 2026", "date": "2026-02-27", "equityUsdBn": 110.0, "source": "https://openai.com/index/scaling-ai-for-everyone/" }, "mistral": { "name": "Mistral AI", "region": "Europe", "totalEquityUsdBn": 6.49, "roundsTracked": 6, "lastRound": { "date": "2026-09-15", "label": "Mistral Series D", "equityUsdBn": 3.46, "source": "https://mistral.ai/news/mistral-makes-sovereign-open-weight-ai-to-frontier/" }, "valuationUsdBn": 24.0, "valuationDate": "2026-09-15" }, "openWeightsEuropean": 5 }, "caveats": [ "European totals add each company's reported equity funding (or our sum of disclosed rounds, marked as an estimate). Two labs (DeepL, Stability AI) have no reliable total and count as zero, so the European figure is a floor.", "US and Chinese totals are Epoch AI's tracked equity rounds. Epoch tracks only Z.ai's and MiniMax's 2026 IPOs, not earlier private rounds, so the Chinese totals understate what those labs raised.", "Labs owned by US groups but based in Europe (Google DeepMind, Isomorphic Labs, Microsoft AI London, Meta FAIR Paris) are listed with the same fields and excluded from both the European and US totals; their parents fund them.", "Poolside is counted as US-headquartered (San Francisco, per Bloomberg) and excluded from European totals; it has a Paris office.", "Valuations are as reported at the last priced round or tender offer and are not market prices." ] }, "global_context": { "title": "The AI race across the stack: US, China, Europe, Ireland", "asOf": "2026-10-11", "source": "Epoch AI (GPU clusters, AI data centres, AI chip owners; CC BY 4.0) plus hand-checked headlines (IEA, Stanford AI Index, ECA, EuroHPC, CNBC/Dealroom)", "sourceUrls": [ "https://epoch.ai/data/gpu_clusters.csv", "https://epoch.ai/data/data_centers/data_centers.csv", "https://epoch.ai/data/ai_chip_owners_cumulative_by_designer.csv" ], "clusters": { "pulled": "2026-10-11", "clusters": 460, "lastOperational": "2025-07-22", "totalH100e": 1573244, "byBloc": { "US": 79.52, "Europe": 8.3, "China": 6.98, "Other": 2.83, "Unattributed": 1.73, "Gulf": 0.64 }, "europeByCountry": [ { "country": "Germany", "sharePct": 1.66, "h100e": 26050 }, { "country": "Norway", "sharePct": 1.3, "h100e": 20480 }, { "country": "France", "sharePct": 1.17, "h100e": 18403 }, { "country": "Switzerland", "sharePct": 1.1, "h100e": 17236 }, { "country": "Finland", "sharePct": 0.75, "h100e": 11846 }, { "country": "Italy", "sharePct": 0.52, "h100e": 8220 }, { "country": "United Kingdom", "sharePct": 0.51, "h100e": 7972 }, { "country": "Iceland", "sharePct": 0.33, "h100e": 5240 }, { "country": "Sweden", "sharePct": 0.31, "h100e": 4932 }, { "country": "Spain", "sharePct": 0.28, "h100e": 4480 }, { "country": "Denmark", "sharePct": 0.19, "h100e": 3032 }, { "country": "Poland", "sharePct": 0.08, "h100e": 1237 }, { "country": "Netherlands", "sharePct": 0.06, "h100e": 947 }, { "country": "Luxembourg", "sharePct": 0.02, "h100e": 252 }, { "country": "Czechia", "sharePct": 0.01, "h100e": 182 }, { "country": "Slovenia", "sharePct": 0.0, "h100e": 76 } ], "ireland": 0.0 }, "datacentres": { "pulled": "2026-10-11", "sites": 93, "byBloc": [ { "bloc": "US", "sites": 77, "mw": 11851, "mwSharePct": 85.7, "h100e": 12622038 }, { "bloc": "Other", "sites": 4, "mw": 1008, "mwSharePct": 7.3, "h100e": 1195350 }, { "bloc": "China", "sites": 4, "mw": 731, "mwSharePct": 5.3, "h100e": 320440 }, { "bloc": "Europe", "sites": 7, "mw": 243, "mwSharePct": 1.8, "h100e": 260756 }, { "bloc": "Gulf", "sites": 1, "mw": 0, "mwSharePct": 0.0, "h100e": 0 } ], "europeSites": [ { "name": "Google Waltham Cross", "country": "United Kingdom", "mw": 88, "owner": "Google" }, { "name": "Nebius Mantsala", "country": "Finland", "mw": 75, "owner": "Nebius" }, { "name": "CoreWeave Norway", "country": "Norway", "mw": 42, "owner": "CoreWeave" }, { "name": "Start Campus Sines Data Campus", "country": "Portugal", "mw": 33, "owner": "Nscale" }, { "name": "Nscale Keflavik", "country": "Iceland", "mw": 5, "owner": "Nscale" }, { "name": "EcoDataCenter 2", "country": "Sweden", "mw": 0, "owner": "Mistral AI" }, { "name": "Microsoft Narvik Norway", "country": "Norway", "mw": 0, "owner": "Nscale" } ], "irelandSites": 0 }, "chips": { "pulled": "2026-10-11", "quarterEnd": "2025-12-31", "totalH100e": 20926382, "byDesigner": [ { "designer": "Nvidia", "h100e": 14113216, "sharePct": 67.4, "bloc": "US" }, { "designer": "Google", "h100e": 3812878, "sharePct": 18.2, "bloc": "US" }, { "designer": "AMD", "h100e": 1236668, "sharePct": 5.9, "bloc": "US" }, { "designer": "Amazon", "h100e": 1020727, "sharePct": 4.9, "bloc": "US" }, { "designer": "Huawei", "h100e": 707968, "sharePct": 3.4, "bloc": "China" }, { "designer": "Cambricon", "h100e": 34925, "sharePct": 0.2, "bloc": "China" } ], "chinaDesignedPct": 3.6, "chinaOwnedPct": 8.7, "europeDesignedPct": 0.0 }, "items": [ { "layer": "power", "metric": "Data-centre electricity use, world", "region": "World", "value": 415, "unit": "TWh", "period": "2024", "kind": "reported", "note": "About 1.5% of world electricity.", "source": "https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/executive-summary", "publisher": "IEA, Energy and AI", "sourceDate": "2025-04", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "layer": "power", "metric": "Share of world data-centre electricity", "region": "US", "value": 45, "unit": "%", "period": "2024", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/executive-summary", "publisher": "IEA, Energy and AI", "sourceDate": "2025-04", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "layer": "power", "metric": "Share of world data-centre electricity", "region": "China", "value": 25, "unit": "%", "period": "2024", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/executive-summary", "publisher": "IEA, Energy and AI", "sourceDate": "2025-04", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "layer": "power", "metric": "Share of world data-centre electricity", "region": "Europe", "value": 15, "unit": "%", "period": "2024", "kind": "reported", "note": "IEA's Europe region.", "source": "https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/executive-summary", "publisher": "IEA, Energy and AI", "sourceDate": "2025-04", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "layer": "power", "metric": "Data-centre electricity use, world, 2030 base case", "region": "World", "value": 945, "unit": "TWh", "period": "2030", "kind": "projection", "source": "https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/executive-summary", "publisher": "IEA, Energy and AI", "sourceDate": "2025-04", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "layer": "power", "metric": "Data-centre electricity growth to 2030", "region": "US", "value": 240, "unit": "TWh increase (+130%)", "period": "2024-2030", "kind": "projection", "source": "https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/energy-demand-from-ai", "publisher": "IEA, Energy and AI", "sourceDate": "2025-04", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "layer": "power", "metric": "Data-centre electricity growth to 2030", "region": "China", "value": 175, "unit": "TWh increase (+170%)", "period": "2024-2030", "kind": "projection", "source": "https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/energy-demand-from-ai", "publisher": "IEA, Energy and AI", "sourceDate": "2025-04", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "layer": "power", "metric": "Data-centre electricity growth to 2030", "region": "Europe", "value": 45, "unit": "TWh increase (more than; +70%)", "period": "2024-2030", "kind": "projection", "source": "https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/energy-demand-from-ai", "publisher": "IEA, Energy and AI", "sourceDate": "2025-04", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "layer": "compute", "metric": "Share of GPU-cluster computing performance", "region": "US", "value": 75, "unit": "% (about three-quarters)", "period": "May 2025", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://epoch.ai/data-insights/ai-supercomputers-performance-share-by-country", "publisher": "Epoch AI", "sourceDate": "2025-06-05", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "layer": "compute", "metric": "Share of GPU-cluster computing performance", "region": "China", "value": 15, "unit": "%", "period": "May 2025", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://epoch.ai/data-insights/ai-supercomputers-performance-share-by-country", "publisher": "Epoch AI", "sourceDate": "2025-06-05", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "layer": "money", "metric": "Private AI investment", "region": "US", "value": 285.9, "unit": "USD bn", "period": "2025", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2026-ai-index-report", "publisher": "Stanford HAI, AI Index 2026", "sourceDate": "2026", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "layer": "money", "metric": "Private AI investment", "region": "China", "value": 12.4, "unit": "USD bn", "period": "2025", "kind": "reported", "note": "The AI Index says private figures likely understate China because of government guidance funds.", "source": "https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2026-ai-index-report", "publisher": "Stanford HAI, AI Index 2026", "sourceDate": "2026", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "layer": "money", "metric": "Private AI investment", "region": "UK", "value": 4.5, "unit": "USD bn", "period": "2024", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2025-ai-index-report", "publisher": "Stanford HAI, AI Index 2025", "sourceDate": "2025-04", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "layer": "money", "metric": "Funding raised by European AI companies", "region": "Europe", "value": 5.3, "unit": "EUR bn (over)", "period": "2025", "kind": "reported", "note": "tech.eu's count; not the same method as the AI Index.", "source": "https://tech.eu/2026/05/21/ai-10-companies-that-raised-the-most-in-2025", "publisher": "tech.eu", "sourceDate": "2026-05-21", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "layer": "models", "metric": "Notable AI models", "region": "US", "value": 40, "unit": "models", "period": "2024", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2025-ai-index-report", "publisher": "Stanford HAI, AI Index 2025", "sourceDate": "2025-04", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "layer": "models", "metric": "Notable AI models", "region": "China", "value": 15, "unit": "models", "period": "2024", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2025-ai-index-report", "publisher": "Stanford HAI, AI Index 2025", "sourceDate": "2025-04", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "layer": "models", "metric": "Notable AI models", "region": "Europe", "value": 3, "unit": "models", "period": "2024", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2025-ai-index-report", "publisher": "Stanford HAI, AI Index 2025", "sourceDate": "2025-04", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "layer": "chips", "metric": "EU share of the global chip market value chain, projected", "region": "Europe", "value": 11.7, "unit": "% by 2030 (target 20%)", "period": "2030", "kind": "projection", "note": "EU only. The European Court of Auditors calls the Chips Act 'very unlikely to be sufficient' to reach the 20% Digital Decade target.", "source": "https://www.eca.europa.eu/en/publications/SR-2025-12", "publisher": "European Court of Auditors, Special report 12/2025", "sourceDate": "2025-04", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "layer": "chips", "metric": "EU share of world microchip production", "region": "Europe", "value": 10, "unit": "% (approximately)", "period": "2013", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.eca.europa.eu/en/publications/SR-2025-12", "publisher": "European Court of Auditors, Special report 12/2025", "sourceDate": "2025-04", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "layer": "chips", "metric": "AI-chip startup funding", "region": "Europe", "value": 0.8, "unit": "USD bn", "period": "Jan to mid-Apr 2026", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/04/17/nvidia-rivals-chip-market-funding-ai-asml-euclyd.html", "publisher": "CNBC, citing Dealroom", "sourceDate": "2026-04-17", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "layer": "chips", "metric": "AI-chip startup funding", "region": "US", "value": 4.7, "unit": "USD bn", "period": "Jan to mid-Apr 2026", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/04/17/nvidia-rivals-chip-market-funding-ai-asml-euclyd.html", "publisher": "CNBC, citing Dealroom", "sourceDate": "2026-04-17", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "layer": "public", "metric": "AI Gigafactories call: public funding", "region": "Europe", "value": 10, "unit": "EUR bn (plus about \u20ac20bn private expected)", "period": "call published 30 Jul 2026; deadline 3 Dec 2026", "kind": "reported", "note": "Up to 7 gigafactories; selection early 2027. Deadline moved from 12 Nov to 3 Dec 2026 (TED 674672-2026).", "source": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-joint-undertaking-launches-ai-gigafactories-call-2026-07-30_en", "publisher": "EuroHPC JU", "sourceDate": "2026-07-30", "checked": "2026-10-10 (europe_ai pipeline cache)" }, { "layer": "public", "metric": "Ireland's AI Gigafactories commitment", "region": "Ireland", "value": 10, "unit": "EUR m (as a compute buyer with France; Antenna, not a host)", "period": "2026", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-further-and-higher-education-research-innovation-and-science/press-releases/minister-lawless-announces-irelands-participation-in-europes-high-performance-computing-ai-gigafactories-initiative/", "publisher": "DFHERIS (gov.ie)", "sourceDate": "2026-07-30", "checked": "2026-10-10 (europe_ai pipeline cache)" } ], "semianalysis": [ { "title": "AI Datacenter Energy Dilemma \u2013 Race for AI Datacenter Space", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/ai-datacenter-energy-dilemma-race", "date": "2024-03-13", "paraphrase": "Argued that the IEA's Electricity 2024 projection (about 90 TWh of AI data-centre demand by 2026) was too low, that the US could add power flexibly, and that Europe would struggle to add generation for AI data centres because of geopolitics and structural limits on power. It cited 2022 industrial tariffs with Ireland near triple the US level.", "quote": "effectively handcuffed", "access": "Paid post; the Europe passage is in the free section (checked 11 Oct 2026)." }, { "title": "Beijing Will Not Pace the Frontier: China's Speed-First AI Safety Regime", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/beijing-will-not-pace-the-frontier", "date": "2026-10-08", "paraphrase": "Argues that China's AI safety approach is speed-first: Beijing has become more explicit about frontier risks, but its rules target applications and outputs rather than frontier model development, and growth has come before safety. It uses the EU AI Act's 10^25 FLOP threshold as a yardstick.", "quote": null, "access": "Paid post; paraphrased from the free section before the paywall (checked 11 Oct 2026)." } ], "caveats": [ "Epoch's GPU-cluster data covers clusters operating to mid-2025 and an estimated 10\u201320% of world GPU-cluster performance; Chinese entries are partly anonymised, so China's share is understated in our sum. Epoch's own published shares (US about 75%, China 15%) are shown alongside.", "Epoch's AI data-centre database tracks the largest AI sites (mostly in the US) by satellite and permits; it is not a census, and a site missing from it is not proof there is none.", "Chip-owner figures are Epoch model estimates (median) of cumulative AI-chip capacity in H100-equivalents; owners outside the named hyperscalers and China are pooled as 'Other', so Europe can't be split out.", "IEA figures are 2024 estimates and 2030 base-case projections; Europe is the IEA's own regional definition." ] }, "model_rankings": { "title": "AI model rankings with a European lens", "asOf": "2026-10-12", "source": "OpenRouter rankings (CC BY 4.0); Arena leaderboard dataset (CC BY 4.0); Epoch AI models database (CC BY 4.0)", "sourceUrls": [ "https://openrouter.ai/rankings", "https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmarena-ai/leaderboard-dataset", "https://epoch.ai/data/ai-models", 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62934, "licence": "Proprietary" }, { "model": "claude-opus-5-max", "org": "anthropic", "region": "US", "rank": 14, "score": 1489, "ci": [ 1485, 1494 ], "votes": 30569, "licence": "Proprietary" }, { "model": "muse-spark", "org": "meta", "region": "US", "rank": 15, "score": 1489, "ci": [ 1483, 1495 ], "votes": 14168, "licence": "Proprietary" } ], "bestByRegion": { "US": { "model": "gemini-4-argon-high", "org": "google", "region": "US", "rank": 1, "score": 1525, "ci": [ 1517, 1534 ], "votes": 4892, "licence": "Proprietary" }, "China": { "model": "kimi-k3-max", "org": "moonshot", "region": "China", "rank": 16, "score": 1488, "ci": [ 1483, 1493 ], "votes": 30351, "licence": "Kimi K3 license" }, "Europe": { "model": "mistral-large-4", "org": "mistral", "region": "Europe", "rank": 115, "score": 1429, "ci": [ 1420, 1439 ], "votes": 4179, "licence": "Proprietary" }, "Other": { "model": "solar-pro4", "org": "upstage", "region": "Other", "rank": 182, "score": 1386, "ci": [ 1381, 1392 ], "votes": 18407, "licence": "Proprietary" }, "Community / unknown": { "model": "trinity-large-preview", "org": "", "region": "Community / unknown", "rank": 189, "score": 1379, "ci": [ 1374, 1383 ], "votes": 31298, "licence": "Apache 2.0" } }, "topCounts": { "10": { "US": 10 }, "50": { "US": 40, "China": 10 } }, "history": [ { "quarter": "2024-Q3", "date": "2024-09-27", "leader": "o1-preview", "leaderOrg": "openai", "leaderScore": 1309, "bestEurope": "mistral-large-2407", "bestEuropeRank": 16, "europeGap": 81, "bestChina": "qwen2.5-72b-instruct", "bestChinaRank": 18, "chinaGap": 89 }, { "quarter": "2024-Q4", "date": "2024-12-30", "leader": "o1-2024-12-17", "leaderOrg": "openai", "leaderScore": 1328, "bestEurope": "mistral-large-2407", "bestEuropeRank": 24, "europeGap": 97, "bestChina": "deepseek-v3", "bestChinaRank": 4, "chinaGap": 54 }, { "quarter": "2025-Q1", "date": "2025-03-30", "leader": "chatgpt-4o-latest-20250326", "leaderOrg": "openai", "leaderScore": 1359, "bestEurope": "mistral-large-2407", "bestEuropeRank": 46, "europeGap": 127, "bestChina": "deepseek-v3-0324", "bestChinaRank": 5, "chinaGap": 40 }, { "quarter": "2025-Q2", "date": "2025-06-24", "leader": "gemini-2.5-pro", "leaderOrg": "google", "leaderScore": 1467, "bestEurope": "mistral-medium-2505", "bestEuropeRank": 19, "europeGap": 86, "bestChina": "deepseek-r1-0528", "bestChinaRank": 7, "chinaGap": 54 }, { "quarter": "2025-Q3", "date": "2025-09-30", "leader": "gemini-2.5-pro", "leaderOrg": "google", "leaderScore": 1453, "bestEurope": "mistral-medium-2508", "bestEuropeRank": 27, "europeGap": 45, "bestChina": "qwen3-max-preview", "bestChinaRank": 8, "chinaGap": 20 }, { "quarter": "2025-Q4", "date": "2025-12-30", "leader": "gemini-3-pro", "leaderOrg": "google", "leaderScore": 1490, "bestEurope": "mistral-large-3", "bestEuropeRank": 41, "europeGap": 75, "bestChina": "ernie-5.0-preview-1203", "bestChinaRank": 11, "chinaGap": 43 }, { "quarter": "2026-Q1", "date": "2026-03-31", "leader": "claude-opus-4-6-thinking", "leaderOrg": "anthropic", "leaderScore": 1504, "bestEurope": "mistral-large-3", "bestEuropeRank": 69, "europeGap": 88, "bestChina": "qwen3.5-max-preview", "bestChinaRank": 14, "chinaGap": 37 }, { "quarter": "2026-Q2", "date": "2026-06-25", "leader": "claude-fable-5", "leaderOrg": "anthropic", "leaderScore": 1508, "bestEurope": "mistral-medium-3.5", "bestEuropeRank": 78, "europeGap": 81, "bestChina": "qwen3.7-max-preview", "bestChinaRank": 16, "chinaGap": 33 }, { "quarter": "2026-Q3", "date": "2026-09-30", "leader": "gemini-4-argon-high", "leaderOrg": "google", "leaderScore": 1525, "bestEurope": "mistral-medium-3.5", "bestEuropeRank": 112, "europeGap": 98, "bestChina": "kimi-k3-max", "bestChinaRank": 17, "chinaGap": 37 }, { "quarter": "2026-Q4", "date": "2026-10-08", "leader": "gemini-4-argon-high", "leaderOrg": "google", "leaderScore": 1525, "bestEurope": "mistral-large-4", "bestEuropeRank": 115, "europeGap": 96, "bestChina": "kimi-k3-max", "bestChinaRank": 16, "chinaGap": 37 } ], "licence": "CC BY 4.0 (dataset card, huggingface.co/datasets/lmarena-ai/leaderboard-dataset)" }, "epoch": { "pulled": "2026-10-12", "over1e25": [ { "model": "GPT-4 (Mar 2023)", "org": "OpenAI", "country": "United States of America", "bloc": "US", "date": "2023-03-15", "flop": 2.1e+25, "confidence": "Likely", "access": "API access" }, { "model": "GPT-4 (Jun 2023)", "org": "OpenAI", "country": "United States of America", "bloc": "US", "date": "2023-06-13", "flop": 2.1e+25, "confidence": "Likely", "access": "API access" }, { "model": "Inflection-2", "org": "Inflection AI", "country": "United States of America", "bloc": "US", "date": "2023-11-22", "flop": 1.001e+25, "confidence": "Confident", "access": "Hosted access (no API)" }, { "model": "Gemini 1.0 Ultra", "org": "Google DeepMind", "country": "United States of America", "bloc": "US", "date": "2023-12-06", "flop": 5.0000000001e+25, "confidence": "Speculative", "access": "API access" }, { "model": "Aramco Metabrain AI", "org": "Saudi Aramco", "country": "Saudi Arabia", "bloc": "Other", "date": "2024-03-04", "flop": 1.05e+25, "confidence": "Likely", "access": "Unreleased" }, { "model": "Nemotron-4 340B", "org": "Nvidia", "country": "United States of America", "bloc": "US", "date": "2024-06-14", "flop": 1.8e+25, "confidence": "Confident", "access": "Open weights (unrestricted)" }, { "model": "Claude 3.5 Sonnet", "org": "Anthropic", "country": "United States of America", "bloc": "US", "date": "2024-06-20", "flop": 2.700000000000001e+25, "confidence": "Speculative", "access": "API access" }, { "model": "Llama 3.1-405B", "org": "Meta AI", "country": "United States of America", "bloc": "US", "date": "2024-07-23", "flop": 3.8e+25, "confidence": "Confident", "access": "Open weights (restricted use)" }, { "model": "Grok-2", "org": "xAI", "country": "United States of America", "bloc": "US", "date": "2024-08-13", "flop": 2.96e+25, "confidence": "Confident", "access": "API access" }, { "model": "Doubao-pro", "org": "ByteDance", "country": "China", "bloc": "China", "date": "2024-10-28", "flop": 2.505e+25, "confidence": "Likely", "access": "API access" }, { "model": "Grok 3", "org": "xAI", "country": "United States of America", "bloc": "US", "date": "2025-02-17", "flop": 3.5e+26, "confidence": "Likely", "access": "API access" }, { "model": "Claude 3.7 Sonnet", "org": "Anthropic", "country": "United States of America", "bloc": "US", "date": "2025-02-24", "flop": 3.35e+25, "confidence": "Likely", "access": "API access" }, { "model": "GPT-4.5", "org": "OpenAI", "country": "United States of America", "bloc": "US", "date": "2025-02-27", "flop": 3.8e+26, "confidence": "Likely", "access": "API access" }, { "model": "Llama Nemotron Ultra 253B", "org": "Nvidia", "country": "United States of America", "bloc": "US", "date": "2025-03-18", "flop": 3.911001e+25, "confidence": "Likely", "access": "Open weights (restricted use)" }, { "model": "Llama 4 Behemoth (preview)", "org": "Meta AI", "country": "United States of America", "bloc": "US", "date": "2025-04-05", "flop": 5.18400000000001e+25, "confidence": "Likely", "access": "Unreleased" }, { "model": "Pangu Ultra", "org": "Huawei", "country": "China", "bloc": "China", "date": "2025-04-10", "flop": 1.0692e+25, "confidence": "Confident", "access": "Hosted access (no API)" }, { "model": "Grok 4", "org": "xAI", "country": "United States of America", "bloc": "US", "date": "2025-07-09", "flop": 5.0000000000001e+26, "confidence": "Speculative", "access": "API access" }, { "model": "GPT-5", "org": "OpenAI", "country": "United States of America", "bloc": "US", "date": "2025-08-07", "flop": 6.6e+25, "confidence": "Speculative", "access": "API access" }, { "model": "Qwen3-Max", "org": "Alibaba", "country": "China", "bloc": "China", "date": "2025-09-05", "flop": 1.512e+25, "confidence": "Speculative", "access": "API access" }, { "model": "Composer 2", "org": "Cursor", "country": "United States of America", "bloc": "US", "date": "2026-03-19", "flop": 2.32e+25, "confidence": "Confident", "access": "API access" }, { "model": "Composer 2.5", "org": "Cursor", "country": "United States of America", "bloc": "US", "date": "2026-05-18", "flop": 3.87e+25, "confidence": "Likely", "access": "API access" }, { "model": "LongCat-2.0", "org": "Meituan Inc", "country": "China", "bloc": "China", "date": "2026-06-29", "flop": 1.008e+25, "confidence": "Likely", "access": "Open weights (unrestricted)" }, { "model": "Inkling", "org": "Thinking Machines", "country": "United States of America", "bloc": "US", "date": "2026-07-15", "flop": 1.1e+25, "confidence": "Likely", "access": "Open weights (unrestricted)" }, { "model": "Kimi K3", "org": "Moonshot", "country": "China", "bloc": "China", "date": "2026-07-16", "flop": 2.0001e+25, "confidence": "Speculative", "access": "Open weights (non-commercial)" }, { "model": "GPT-6 Astra", "org": "OpenAI", "country": "United States of America", "bloc": "US", "date": "2026-09-03", "flop": 1.0001e+27, "confidence": "Likely", "access": "API access" } ], "over1e25ByBloc": { "US": 19, "Other": 1, "China": 5 }, "over1e25Total": 25, "largestEuropean": [ { "model": "Apertus 70B", "org": "ETH Zurich,Ecole Polytechnique F\u00b4ed\u00b4erale de Lausanne (EPFL),Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (CSCS),Swisscom", "date": "2025-09-02", "flop": 6.74e+24 }, { "model": "Mixtral 8x22B", "org": "Mistral AI", "date": "2024-04-17", "flop": 2.34e+24 }, { "model": "Chameleon-34B", "org": "Facebook AI Research", "date": "2024-05-16", "flop": 1.6453571041e+24 }, { "model": "Mistral Small 3", "org": "Mistral AI", "date": "2025-01-30", "flop": 1.152e+24 }, { "model": "Lapa LLM", "org": "Ukrainian Catholic University,Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute,AGH University of Krakow,Lviv Polytechnic", "date": "2025-10-25", "flop": 8.64e+23 } ], "notableByYear": [ { "year": "2018", "US": 27, "Europe": 10, "Other": 5, "China": 1 }, { "year": "2019", "US": 56, "Europe": 22, "Other": 6, "China": 6 }, { "year": "2020", "China": 8, "Other": 5, "US": 37, "Europe": 13 }, { "year": "2021", "China": 21, "Europe": 24, "US": 54, "Other": 8 }, { "year": "2022", "US": 68, "Europe": 17, "Other": 12, "China": 12 }, { "year": "2023", "China": 24, "US": 86, "Other": 18, "Europe": 17 }, { "year": "2024", "US": 57, "China": 32, "Other": 9, "Europe": 8 }, { "year": "2025", "Other": 10, "China": 35, "US": 64, "Europe": 2 }, { "year": "2026", "US": 49, "China": 29, "Unknown": 1, "Other": 6 } ], "rows": 3626, "licence": "CC BY 4.0" }, "headlines": { "artificialAnalysis": { "kind": "reported", "licenceNote": "Artificial Analysis requires attribution and its redistribution terms are unclear, so we show a few headline scores with a link, not its table.", "indexVersion": "v4.3.2", "rows": [ { "model": "Mistral Large 4 (preview)", "lab": "Mistral AI", "region": "Europe", "score": 38, "note": "Ranked 64th of 225 models compared; weights due end-October 2026, so listed as proprietary for now.", "source": "https://artificialanalysis.ai/articles/mistral-large-4-france-ai", "sourceDate": "2026-10-06", "checked": "2026-10-11", "alsoCheckedAt": "https://www.unite.ai/benchmark-firm-gives-mistral-large-4-preview-a-38-intelligence-score/" }, { "model": "Claude Opus 5.5 (Max)", "lab": "Anthropic", "region": "US", "score": 57.6, "note": "Highest Intelligence Index score among the models shown on OpenRouter's benchmark view, which republishes Artificial Analysis scores; models not on OpenRouter are not in that view.", "source": "https://openrouter.ai/rankings#benchmarks", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "model": "Qwen3.8 Max", "lab": "Alibaba (Qwen)", "region": "China", "score": 53.4, "note": "Highest-scoring Chinese model in the same OpenRouter benchmark view.", "source": "https://openrouter.ai/rankings#benchmarks", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "model": "Mistral Large 3", "lab": "Mistral AI", "region": "Europe", "score": 9.3, "note": "Mistral's previous flagship, same view, for scale of the jump.", "source": "https://openrouter.ai/rankings#benchmarks", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "checked": "2026-10-11" } ] }, "interface": { "kind": "reported", "text": "Interface counted 36 models above 10^25 FLOP by October 2025: 28 from US labs, and Europe's only two were Mistral models. It also put about 95% of commercially available AI compute in the hands of US or Chinese firms.", "source": "https://interface-eu.org/publications/ai-gigafactories", "sourceDate": "2025-10-22", "checked": "unchecked: taken from our research notes (11 Oct 2026), not re-read this session" }, "aiIndex": [ { "metric": "Notable AI models, 2024", "US": 40, "China": 15, "Europe": 3, "source": "https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2025-ai-index-report", "publisher": "Stanford HAI, AI Index 2025", "sourceDate": "2025-04", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported" }, { "metric": "Private AI investment, 2025 (USD bn)", "US": 285.9, "China": 12.4, "Europe": null, "source": "https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2026-ai-index-report", "publisher": "Stanford HAI, AI Index 2026", "sourceDate": "2026", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported" }, { "metric": "Private AI investment, 2024 (USD bn)", "US": 109.1, "China": 9.3, "UK": 4.5, "source": "https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2025-ai-index-report", "publisher": "Stanford HAI, AI Index 2025", "sourceDate": "2025-04", "checked": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported" } ] }, "authorRegion": [ { "slug": "openai", "name": "OpenAI", "hq": "San Francisco, US", "region": "US", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "anthropic", "name": "Anthropic", "hq": "San Francisco, US", "region": "US", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "google", "name": "Google (Alphabet)", "hq": "Mountain View, US (Google DeepMind: London, owned by Alphabet)", "region": "US", "hqBasis": "checked: Wikipedia Google DeepMind page, 11 Oct 2026", "hqSource": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_DeepMind" }, { "slug": "meta", "name": "Meta", "hq": "Menlo Park, US", "region": "US", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "meta-llama", "name": "Meta (Llama)", "hq": "Menlo Park, US", "region": "US", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "x-ai", "name": "xAI", "hq": "US", "region": "US", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "xai", "name": "xAI", "hq": "US", "region": "US", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "nvidia", "name": "Nvidia", "hq": "Santa Clara, US", "region": "US", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "amazon", "name": "Amazon", "hq": "Seattle, US", "region": "US", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "microsoft", "name": "Microsoft", "hq": "Redmond, US", "region": "US", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "thinkingmachines", "name": "Thinking Machines", "hq": "San Francisco, US", "region": "US", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "thinky", "name": "Thinking Machines", "hq": "San Francisco, US", "region": "US", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "poolside", "name": "Poolside", "hq": "San Francisco, US (Paris office)", "region": "US", "hqBasis": "checked: Wikipedia Poolside AI page citing Bloomberg 15 Oct 2025", "hqSource": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolside_AI" }, { "slug": "perplexity", "name": "Perplexity", "hq": "San Francisco, US", "region": "US", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "inception", "name": "Inception", "hq": "US", "region": "US", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "inception-ai", "name": "Inception", "hq": "US", "region": "US", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "liquid", "name": "Liquid AI", "hq": "Cambridge MA, US", "region": "US", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "ibm-granite", "name": "IBM", "hq": "Armonk, US", "region": "US", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "ibm", "name": "IBM", "hq": "Armonk, US", "region": "US", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "allenai", "name": "Allen Institute for AI", "hq": "Seattle, US", "region": "US", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "arcee-ai", "name": "Arcee AI", "hq": "US", "region": "US", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "nousresearch", "name": "Nous Research", "hq": "US", "region": "US", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "voyageai", "name": "Voyage AI (MongoDB)", "hq": "US", "region": "US", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "cloudflare", "name": "Cloudflare", "hq": "San Francisco, US", "region": "US", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "togethercomputer", "name": "Together AI", "hq": "San Francisco, US", "region": "US", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "fireworks", "name": "Fireworks AI", "hq": "US", "region": "US", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "writer", "name": "Writer", "hq": "San Francisco, US", "region": "US", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "deepseek", "name": "DeepSeek", "hq": "Hangzhou, China", "region": "China", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "z-ai", "name": "Z.ai (Zhipu)", "hq": "Beijing, China", "region": "China", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "zai", "name": "Z.ai (Zhipu)", "hq": "Beijing, China", "region": "China", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "xiaomi", "name": "Xiaomi", "hq": "Beijing, China", "region": "China", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "tencent", "name": "Tencent", "hq": "Shenzhen, China", "region": "China", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "stepfun", "name": "StepFun", "hq": "Shanghai, China", "region": "China", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "qwen", "name": "Qwen (Alibaba)", "hq": "Hangzhou, China", "region": "China", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "alibaba", "name": "Alibaba", "hq": "Hangzhou, China", "region": "China", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "moonshotai", "name": "Moonshot AI", "hq": "Beijing, China", "region": "China", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "moonshot", "name": "Moonshot AI", "hq": "Beijing, China", "region": "China", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "minimax", "name": "MiniMax", "hq": "Shanghai, China", "region": "China", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "inclusionai", "name": "inclusionAI (Ant Group)", "hq": "Hangzhou, China", "region": "China", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "ant-group", "name": "Ant Group", "hq": "Hangzhou, China", "region": "China", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "bytedance", "name": "ByteDance", "hq": "Beijing, China", "region": "China", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "bytedance-seed", "name": "ByteDance Seed", "hq": "Beijing, China", "region": "China", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "baidu", "name": "Baidu", "hq": "Beijing, China", "region": "China", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "meituan", "name": "Meituan", "hq": "Beijing, China", "region": "China", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "baai", "name": "BAAI", "hq": "Beijing, China", "region": "China", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "kwaipilot", "name": "Kuaishou (KwaiPilot)", "hq": "Beijing, China", "region": "China", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "dots-studio", "name": "rednote (dots)", "hq": "Shanghai, China", "region": "China", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "mistralai", "name": "Mistral AI", "hq": "Paris, France", "region": "Europe", "hqBasis": "checked: Wikipedia Mistral AI page, 11 Oct 2026", "hqSource": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistral_AI" }, { "slug": "mistral", "name": "Mistral AI", "hq": "Paris, France", "region": "Europe", "hqBasis": "checked: Wikipedia Mistral AI page, 11 Oct 2026", "hqSource": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistral_AI" }, { "slug": "black-forest-labs", "name": "Black Forest Labs", "hq": "Freiburg, Germany", "region": "Europe", "hqBasis": "checked: Wikipedia Black Forest Labs page, 11 Oct 2026", "hqSource": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Forest_Labs" }, { "slug": "elevenlabs", "name": "ElevenLabs", "hq": "London, UK (also New York)", "region": "Europe", "hqBasis": "checked: Wikipedia ElevenLabs infobox, 11 Oct 2026", "hqSource": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ElevenLabs" }, { "slug": "tngtech", "name": "TNG Technology Consulting", "hq": "Unterf\u00f6hring, Germany", "region": "Europe", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "upstage", "name": "Upstage", "hq": "South Korea", "region": "Other", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "cohere", "name": "Cohere", "hq": "Toronto, Canada", "region": "Other", "hqBasis": "checked: Reuters 16 Sep 2026 via Wikipedia Aleph Alpha page" }, { "slug": "sakana", "name": "Sakana AI", "hq": "Tokyo, Japan", "region": "Other", "hqBasis": "unchecked" }, { "slug": "stealth", "name": "Stealth (unnamed) models", "hq": "undisclosed", "region": "Undisclosed", "hqBasis": "OpenRouter lists these without a developer" }, { "slug": "openrouter", "name": "OpenRouter-listed stealth/router models", "hq": "undisclosed", "region": "Undisclosed", "hqBasis": "no developer named" } ], "summary": { "europeTokenSharePctMonth": 0.26, "europeTokenSharePctMonthWithPoolside": 1.05, "usTokenSharePctMonth": 29.18, "chinaTokenSharePctMonth": 58.76, "undisclosedPctMonth": 10.67, "arenaLeader": { "model": "gemini-4-argon-high", "org": "google", "region": "US", "rank": 1, "score": 1525, "ci": [ 1517, 1534 ], "votes": 4892, "licence": "Proprietary" }, "arenaBestEurope": { "model": "mistral-large-4", "org": "mistral", "region": "Europe", "rank": 115, "score": 1429, "ci": [ 1420, 1439 ], "votes": 4179, "licence": "Proprietary" }, "arenaBestChina": { "model": "kimi-k3-max", "org": "moonshot", "region": "China", "rank": 16, "score": 1488, "ci": [ 1483, 1493 ], "votes": 30351, "licence": "Kimi K3 license" }, "arenaEuropeGap": 96, "aaEurope": 38, "aaLeader": 57.6, "epochOver1e25": { "US": 19, "Other": 1, "China": 5 }, "epochOver1e25Total": 25 }, "caveats": [ "OpenRouter is one router: it over-represents developers and price-sensitive API traffic, and excludes first-party apps (ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude.ai, Le Chat) and direct API use. Token share is not market share, revenue share or user share.", "Tokens count prompt plus completion. Cheap models used in agent loops pile up tokens fast, which favours low-price models.", "OpenRouter's public models view lists the models active in the period (about 600\u2013700). Authors are mapped to a bloc by HQ of the developing company (parent for subsidiaries); stealth models with no named developer are shown as Undisclosed.", "Arena scores are human-preference votes (Bradley\u2013Terry ratings with style control). Ranks with overlapping confidence intervals are statistical ties; ratings are not comparable across snapshots, so the history compares gaps within each snapshot.", "Epoch counts only models with a published training-compute estimate; many frontier models (including recent Gemini, Claude and Mistral flagships) have none, so the 10^25 FLOP count is a floor.", "Artificial Analysis scores are headline figures only (its redistribution terms are unclear)." ] }, "eu_vs_us": { "title": "Europe vs the US across the AI stack", "asOf": "2026-10-12", "source": "StackPath compilation of published StackPath datasets, Eurostat, US Census Bureau and hand-checked sources", "sourceUrls": [ "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-chips-act", "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_ai_iaiu/default/table?lang=en", "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_eb_ai/default/table?lang=en", "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en", "https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/06/Report-Grids-for-data-centres-in-Europe-PDF.pdf", "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "https://epoch.ai/data-insights/ai-supercomputers-performance-share-by-country", "https://epoch.ai/data/ai-chip-owners", "https://epoch.ai/data/ai-companies", "https://epoch.ai/data/ai-models", "https://epoch.ai/data/data-centers", "https://epoch.ai/data/notable-ai-models", "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/RPSGENAIUSAGESHAREALL", "https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2026-ai-index-report", "https://huggingface.co/datasets/Anthropic/EconomicIndex", "https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmarena-ai/leaderboard-dataset", "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/stop-saying-half-of-2026-us-datacenter", "https://openrouter.ai/models", "https://openrouter.ai/rankings", "https://prices.azure.com/api/retail/prices", "https://stackpath.ie/europe/data-centre-grid-queues", "https://stackpath.ie/europe/hyperscaler-investment", "https://stackpath.ie/europe/neoclouds", "https://stackpath.ie/global/ai-compute-commitments", "https://stackpath.ie/global/where-ai-can-plug-in", "https://tech.eu/2026/05/21/ai-10-companies-that-raised-the-most-in-2025", "https://top500.org/lists/top500/2026/06/", "https://www.asml.com/en/products/euv-lithography-systems", "https://www.census.gov/construction/c30/xlsx/privsatime.xlsx", "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/downloads/National.xlsx", "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/04/17/nvidia-rivals-chip-market-funding-ai-asml-euclyd.html", "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dcmec/datacentresmeteredelectricityconsumption2025/", "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_5_3", "https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2025-383-european-firms-show-resilience-invest-in-green-transition-and-match-us-companies-in-adopting-ai-technologies-new-eib-survey-shows", "https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-releases-new-report-evaluating-increase-electricity-demand-data-centers", "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-joint-undertaking-launches-ai-gigafactories-call-2026-07-30_en", "https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-26-109121.pdf", "https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/energy-demand-from-ai", "https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/executive-summary", "https://www.pjm.com/-/media/DotCom/markets-ops/rpm/rpm-auction-info/2028-2029/2028-2029-bra-results-report.pdf", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581026000075/nvda-20260726.htm", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "https://www.sec.gov/edgar/search/", "https://www.sec.gov/edgar/sec-api-documentation", "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-04/PCAR2930T-4%20report.pdf" ], "scope": "Europe = EU-27 plus UK, Norway, Switzerland and Iceland unless a row's scope says otherwise", "layers": [ { "key": "chips", "label": "Chips" }, { "key": "compute", "label": "Compute" }, { "key": "dc", "label": "Data-centre capacity" }, { "key": "price", "label": "Power price" }, { "key": "grid", "label": "Grid access" }, { "key": "capex", "label": "Capex and investment" }, { "key": "neoclouds", "label": "Neoclouds" }, { "key": "models", "label": "Labs and models" }, { "key": "funding", "label": "Funding" }, { "key": "adoption", "label": "Adoption" }, { "key": "policy", "label": "Policy and public money" } ], "headlineIds": [ "chips-designer", "compute-gpu-share", "dc-electricity", "price-large-users", "grid-queue", "capex-assets", "neocloud-live", "models-notable", "funding-labs", "adoption-firms-genai", "policy-chip-aid" ], "rows": [ { "id": "chips-designer", "layer": "chips", "headline": true, "from": "global_context", "metric": "Share of the world's installed AI-chip capacity, by the home of the chip's designer", "unit": "% of H100-equivalents", "europe": 0.0, "us": 96.4, "china": 3.6, "ireland": null, "irelandText": "No Irish designer in the data", "better": "higher", "period": "cumulative to 2025-12-31", "scope": "Europe = no European designer appears (Epoch names Nvidia, Google, AMD, Amazon, Huawei, Cambricon)", "sources": [ { "label": "Epoch AI, AI chip owners (CC BY 4.0)", "url": "https://epoch.ai/data/ai-chip-owners", "date": "2026-10-11" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "estimate", "likeForLike": true, "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Epoch's model estimates of cumulative capacity. ASML, Europe's chip champion, makes the lithography machines, not the AI chips.", "deeper": [ "/europe/ai-chip-startups", "/europe/chips-act", "/global/ai-supply-chain" ], "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.0, "position": "far behind" }, { "id": "chips-startup-funding", "layer": "chips", "headline": false, "from": "eu_ai_chip_startups", "metric": "AI-chip startup funding, January to mid-April 2026", "unit": "$bn", "europe": 0.8, "us": 4.7, "china": null, "ireland": null, "better": "higher", "period": "Jan to mid-Apr 2026", "scope": "Dealroom's Europe", "sources": [ { "label": "CNBC, citing Dealroom", "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2026/04/17/nvidia-rivals-chip-market-funding-ai-asml-euclyd.html", "date": "2026-04-17" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-04-17", "kind": "reported", "likeForLike": true, "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Headline only; Dealroom data are not republishable. Our own sum of confirmed European 2026 rounds reached about $1.4bn by 11 Oct.", "deeper": [ "/europe/ai-chip-startups" ], "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.1702, "position": "far behind" }, { "id": "chips-euv", "layer": "chips", "headline": false, "from": null, "metric": "Makers of EUV lithography machines (the tools that print leading-edge chips)", "unit": "companies", "europe": 1, "us": 0, "china": 0, "ireland": null, "europeText": "1 (ASML, Netherlands)", "usText": "none", "chinaText": "none", "better": "higher", "period": "2026", "scope": "Netherlands", "sources": [ { "label": "ASML, EUV lithography systems", "url": "https://www.asml.com/en/products/euv-lithography-systems", "date": "2026-10-11" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "likeForLike": true, "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "ASML describes EUV as technology unique to ASML. A company's statement, not an independent market count. ASML guided about 60 low-NA EUV tools for 2026 (Q2 2026 call, unchecked here).", "deeper": [ "/europe/chips-act", "/global/ai-supply-chain" ], "fallback": false, "ratio": null, "position": "n/a" }, { "id": "chips-nvidia-billing", "layer": "chips", "from": "ai_suppliers", "metric": "Nvidia revenue billed to customers outside the US, Taiwan, China and Singapore ('other countries', all of Europe included) vs billed in the US", "unit": "$bn", "europe": 1.282, "us": 60.074, "china": 7.88, "ireland": null, "europeText": "\u2264$1.282bn ('other countries', all of Europe included)", "better": null, "period": "quarter to 2026-Q2 (calendar-aligned)", "scope": "Upper bound for Europe: 'other countries' also covers the rest of the world outside the named markets", "sources": [ { "label": "Nvidia 10-Q, Q2 FY2027", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581026000075/nvda-20260726.htm", "date": "2026-08-26" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-08-26", "kind": "measured", "likeForLike": false, "note": "Billing location, not where the chips end up: chips bought by US clouds for European regions are billed in the US. So this understates Europe's use, and overstates nothing about Europe's own buying.", "deeper": [ "/global/ai-supplier-revenue", "/global/nvidia-data-center-revenue" ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "headline": false, "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.0213, "position": "n/a" }, { "id": "policy-chip-aid", "layer": "policy", "headline": true, "from": "eu_chips", "metric": "Public money committed to chip plants: EU state aid approved vs US CHIPS Act direct funding awarded", "unit": "\u20acbn", "europe": 14.8, "us": 28.1, "china": null, "ireland": null, "irelandText": "Intel Leixlip and Analog Devices Limerick: aid amounts not disclosed", "better": "higher", "period": "EU: 18 decisions to Jul 2026 \u00b7 US: 49 projects to Apr 2026", "scope": "EU-27", "sources": [ { "label": "European Commission, Chips Act (18 first-of-a-kind decisions)", "url": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-chips-act", "date": "2026-09-11" }, { "label": "GAO-26-109121, Semiconductors (Aug 2026)", "url": "https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-26-109121.pdf", "date": "2026-08" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-08", "kind": "reported", "likeForLike": false, "checked": "2026-10-11", "usNative": { "value": 31.5, "unit": "$bn", "text": "$31.5bn awarded to 49 projects across 24 companies; $13.1bn (42%) disbursed by April 2026 (GAO, Aug 2026)" }, "note": "Not like-for-like: EU figure is state aid approved by the Commission (about \u20ac0.9bn of it in a plant now producing); US figure is CHIPS Act direct funding awarded. US dollars converted at the ECB rate.", "deeper": [ "/europe/chips-act" ], "europeText": "\u20ac14.8bn approved (18 decisions; \u20ac0.9bn in a plant producing today)", "usText": "\u20ac28.1bn ($31.5bn awarded, 49 projects; $13.1bn disbursed by Apr 2026)", "fx": { "usdPerEur": 1.1206, "date": "2026-10-09" }, "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.5267, "position": "behind" }, { "id": "compute-gpu-share", "layer": "compute", "headline": true, "from": "eu_compute", "metric": "Share of the world's GPU-cluster computing power", "unit": "% of world", "europe": 6.6, "us": 74.5, "china": 14.1, "ireland": 0.0, "irelandText": "0: no Irish cluster in Epoch's data", "better": "higher", "period": "May 2025", "scope": "EU-27 (4.8%) plus Norway (1.8%), as Epoch publishes them; the UK, Switzerland and Iceland sit in Epoch's 'Other'", "sources": [ { "label": "Epoch AI, AI supercomputer performance share by country", "url": "https://epoch.ai/data-insights/ai-supercomputers-performance-share-by-country", "date": "2025-06-05" } ], "sourceDate": "2025-06-05", "kind": "reported", "likeForLike": true, "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Epoch's published shares. Our own sums of Epoch's cluster file give Europe 8.3\u20139.8% and the US 73\u201380%, so the ratio sits between about 1:11 and 1:7.5 depending on method. Epoch now calls the cluster file deprecated (latest cluster mid-2025).", "deeper": [ "/europe/ai-compute", "/global/ai-compute-race", "/global/ai-compute-added" ], "oursEuropePct": [ 9.8, 8.3 ], "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.0886, "position": "far behind" }, { "id": "compute-top500", "layer": "compute", "headline": false, "from": "eu_compute", "metric": "Share of TOP500 supercomputer performance (Rmax)", "unit": "% of list", "europe": 29.6, "us": 37.5, "china": 12.7, "ireland": null, "irelandText": "2 systems, best #381", "better": "higher", "period": "2026/06 list", "scope": "EU-27 + UK, Norway, Switzerland, Iceland", "sources": [ { "label": "TOP500, June 2026", "url": "https://top500.org/lists/top500/2026/06/", "date": "2026-06" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-06", "kind": "measured", "likeForLike": true, "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "TOP500 counts systems whose owners submit a benchmark, mostly public science machines. Most private AI clusters never submit, so this flatters Europe's public HPC.", "deeper": [ "/europe/ai-compute" ], "europeText": "29.6% (155 systems)", "usText": "37.5% (161 systems)", "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.7893, "position": "close" }, { "id": "compute-ai-sites", "layer": "compute", "headline": false, "from": "world_power", "metric": "Power of the large AI data centres Epoch tracks, operating now", "unit": "MW", "europe": 310, "us": 15180, "china": 850, "ireland": 0, "irelandText": "0 sites listed", "better": "higher", "period": "Epoch pull, 2026-10-11", "scope": "Europe = EU-27, UK, NO, CH, IS; 7 European sites of 93", "sources": [ { "label": "Epoch AI, data centres and timelines (CC BY 4.0)", "url": "https://epoch.ai/data/data-centers", "date": "2026-10-11" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "estimate", "likeForLike": true, "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Method: each site's power on its latest dated timeline row, summed (as on /global/where-ai-can-plug-in). Epoch's 'current power' column, used on /global/ai-compute-race, gives lower totals (US 11.9 GW, Europe 243 MW); the ratio is about 1:49 on both. Epoch covers the US more fully; a missing site is not proof none exists.", "deeper": [ "/global/where-ai-can-plug-in", "/europe/ai-compute", "/global/ai-compute-race" ], "method": "Epoch AI: sum of each site's power on its latest timeline row dated on or before the pull (StackPath world_power method)", "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.0204, "position": "far behind" }, { "id": "compute-ai-sites-planned", "layer": "compute", "from": "world_power", "metric": "Power of the large AI data centres Epoch tracks, at full planned build-out", "unit": "MW", "europe": 850, "us": 43410, "china": 1940, "ireland": 0, "europeText": "850 MW (1.7%)", "usText": "43,410 MW (88.6% of the tracked total)", "better": "higher", "period": "Epoch pull, 2026-10-11", "scope": "Europe = EU-27, UK, NO, CH, IS", "sources": [ { "label": "Epoch AI, data centres and timelines (CC BY 4.0)", "url": "https://epoch.ai/data/data-centers", "date": "2026-10-11" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "estimate", "likeForLike": true, "note": "The planned gap (about 1:50) is no narrower than today's: Europe's pipeline of very large AI sites is not catching up. Epoch covers the US more fully.", "deeper": [ "/global/where-ai-can-plug-in", "/europe/ai-compute" ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "headline": false, "method": "Epoch AI: sum of each site's power on its latest timeline row dated on or before the pull (StackPath world_power method)", "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.0196, "position": "far behind" }, { "id": "dc-electricity", "layer": "dc", "headline": true, "from": "global_context", "metric": "Share of the world's data-centre electricity use", "unit": "% of 415 TWh", "europe": 15, "us": 45, "china": 25, "ireland": null, "irelandText": "7.7 TWh, 23.2% of metered electricity (CSO, 2025)", "better": null, "period": "2024", "scope": "IEA's Europe region", "sources": [ { "label": "IEA, Energy and AI", "url": "https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/executive-summary", "date": "2025-04" } ], "sourceDate": "2025-04", "kind": "estimate", "likeForLike": true, "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Same source both sides. Most of Europe's data-centre load is cloud and enterprise IT, not AI training, so this ratio flatters Europe's AI position.", "deeper": [ "/europe/data-centre-capacity", "/us/data-centre-construction" ], "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.3333, "position": "n/a" }, { "id": "dc-growth", "layer": "dc", "headline": false, "from": "global_context", "metric": "Projected growth in data-centre electricity use, 2024 to 2030 (IEA base case)", "unit": "TWh added", "europe": 45, "us": 240, "china": 175, "ireland": null, "better": null, "period": "2024\u20132030", "scope": "IEA's Europe region ('more than 45 TWh')", "sources": [ { "label": "IEA, Energy and AI: energy demand from AI", "url": "https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai/energy-demand-from-ai", "date": "2025-04" } ], "sourceDate": "2025-04", "kind": "forecast", "likeForLike": true, "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "A projection. The gap on growth (about 1:5) is wider than the gap on today's use (1:3): the US is pulling away.", "deeper": [ "/europe/data-centre-capacity" ], "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.1875, "position": "n/a" }, { "id": "dc-share-national", "layer": "dc", "headline": false, "from": "eu_dc_capacity", "metric": "Data centres' share of national electricity use", "unit": "%", "europe": 3, "us": 4.4, "china": null, "ireland": 23.2, "europeText": "3% (96 TWh, 2024)", "usText": "4.4% (176 TWh, 2023)", "irelandText": "23.2% (7.7 TWh, 2025)", "better": null, "period": "Europe 2024 \u00b7 US 2023 \u00b7 Ireland 2025", "scope": "Ember's Europe: EU-27, UK, Norway, Switzerland", "sources": [ { "label": "Ember, Grids for data centres in Europe", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/06/Report-Grids-for-data-centres-in-Europe-PDF.pdf", "date": "2025-06-19" }, { "label": "US DOE / LBNL, 2024 US Data Center Energy Usage Report", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-releases-new-report-evaluating-increase-electricity-demand-data-centers", "date": "2024-12-20" }, { "label": "CSO, Data centres metered electricity consumption 2025", "url": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dcmec/datacentresmeteredelectricityconsumption2025/", "date": "2026-07-07" } ], "sourceDate": "2025-06-19", "kind": "estimate", "likeForLike": false, "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Different estimators and years. DOE/LBNL projects the US share at 6.7\u201312% by 2028. Ireland's share is the highest of any country with a figure.", "deeper": [ "/europe/data-centre-capacity" ], "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.6818, "position": "n/a" }, { "id": "dc-construction", "layer": "dc", "headline": false, "from": "us_dc_construction", "metric": "Spending on building data centres (private construction put in place, annual rate)", "unit": "$bn a year", "europe": null, "us": 85.0, "china": null, "ireland": null, "europeText": "no official series", "irelandText": "no official series (see planning data)", "better": null, "period": "Aug 2026 (preliminary)", "scope": "US only", "sources": [ { "label": "US Census Bureau, Construction Spending (C30), via StackPath us_dc_construction", "url": "https://www.census.gov/construction/c30/xlsx/privsatime.xlsx", "date": "2026-10-01" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-10-01", "kind": "measured", "likeForLike": false, "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "The US measures data-centre construction monthly; no European statistics office publishes an equivalent. That absence is itself a finding.", "deeper": [ "/us/data-centre-construction" ], "usText": "$85.0bn a year, up 73.2% in a year; 11.0% of private nonresidential building", "fallback": false, "ratio": null, "position": "n/a" }, { "id": "price-large-users", "layer": "price", "headline": true, "from": "eu_power_prices", "metric": "Electricity price for large industrial users", "unit": "\u20ac/kWh", "europe": 0.1113, "us": 0.0763, "china": null, "ireland": 0.1759, "better": "lower", "period": "2025 (annual)", "scope": "EU-27, Eurostat band IG (\u2265150 GWh a year), excl. VAT and recoverable taxes; US = EIA average for all industrial customers", "sources": [ { "label": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en", "date": "2026-10-09" }, { "label": "EIA Electric Power Monthly, table 5.3", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_5_3", "date": "2026-09" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-10-09", "kind": "calculated", "likeForLike": false, "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "The US figure averages all industrial customers, including smaller ones that pay more than the largest, so the gap for the very largest users is probably wider than shown. Converted at the ECB annual rate.", "deeper": [ "/europe/electricity-prices-for-data-centres" ], "fallback": false, "ratio": 1.4587, "position": "behind" }, { "id": "price-cheapest", "layer": "price", "headline": false, "from": "eu_power_prices", "metric": "Cheapest European large-user power price vs the US industrial average", "unit": "\u20ac/kWh", "europe": 0.0408, "us": 0.0763, "china": null, "ireland": 0.1592, "europeText": "\u20ac0.041 (Norway)", "better": "lower", "period": "Europe 2025-S2 \u00b7 US 2025", "scope": "Norway (band IG)", "sources": [ { "label": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en", "date": "2026-10-09" }, { "label": "EIA Electric Power Monthly, table 5.3", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.php?t=epmt_5_3", "date": "2026-09" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-10-09", "kind": "calculated", "likeForLike": false, "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Norway, France and Sweden paid less than the US industrial average. Europe's dearest, Poland, paid \u20ac0.172: the average hides a 4\u00d7 spread.", "deeper": [ "/europe/electricity-prices-for-data-centres", "/europe/scorecard" ], "belowUs": [ "Norway", "France", "Sweden" ], "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.5347, "position": "ahead" }, { "id": "price-capacity", "layer": "price", "from": "world_power", "metric": "Capacity-market price (paid to all cleared capacity, not just new plants): Ireland's market (SEM) vs PJM, the largest US market", "unit": "$/MW-day", "europe": null, "us": 325.0, "ireland": 434.59, "europeText": "no Europe-wide market", "usText": "$325 (PJM BRA 2028/29, at the cap)", "irelandText": "$435 (SEM T-4 2029/30, provisional)", "better": "lower", "noRatio": true, "period": "auctions of Mar and Jul 2026", "scope": "Ireland and Northern Ireland (SEM) vs PJM (13 US states + DC)", "sources": [ { "label": "SEMO, T-4 2029/30 auction report", "url": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-04/PCAR2930T-4%20report.pdf", "date": "2026-04-14" }, { "label": "PJM, 2028/29 BRA results", "url": "https://www.pjm.com/-/media/DotCom/markets-ops/rpm/rpm-auction-info/2028-2029/2028-2029-bra-results-report.pdf", "date": "2026-07-14" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-07-14", "kind": "calculated", "likeForLike": false, "note": "Ireland's provisional T-4 price is about 1.3\u00d7 PJM's price, but PJM's $325 is a cap: uncapped it would have cleared at about $555, above Ireland. Delivery years differ and the two markets derate capacity differently, so this is indicative only. Ireland, not Europe, so no Europe ratio.", "deeper": [ "/us/power-crunch", "/ireland/capacity-market-delivery" ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "headline": false, "fallback": false, "ratio": null, "position": "n/a" }, { "id": "grid-queue", "layer": "grid", "headline": true, "from": "eu_grid_queues", "metric": "Data-centre and large-load demand waiting for a grid connection", "unit": "GW", "europe": 255, "us": 1000, "china": null, "ireland": 6.0, "usText": "more than 1,000 GW (large loads)", "europeText": "about 255 GW (9 countries)", "irelandText": "about 6 GW of interest; 2 GW contracted", "better": null, "period": "Europe Aug\u2013Oct 2026 \u00b7 US Jun 2026", "scope": "Europe = 9 countries with a published figure; stages mixed", "sources": [ { "label": "StackPath, data-centre grid queues in Europe", "url": "https://stackpath.ie/europe/data-centre-grid-queues", "date": "2026-10-11" }, { "label": "SemiAnalysis, Stop Saying Half of 2026 US Datacenter Capacity Is Canceled (free section)", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/stop-saying-half-of-2026-us-datacenter", "date": "2026-06-18" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-06-18", "kind": "reported", "likeForLike": false, "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "A queue measures appetite, not access, and most of it will never connect. A bigger queue is neither good nor bad. The US figure is a free-section headline; the European one is our sum of operators' own counts.", "deeper": [ "/europe/data-centre-grid-queues" ], "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.255, "position": "n/a" }, { "id": "grid-queue-vs-peak", "layer": "grid", "headline": false, "from": "eu_grid_queues", "metric": "Data-centre queue as a multiple of the grid's peak demand", "unit": "\u00d7 peak", "europe": 1.62, "us": 4.82, "china": null, "ireland": null, "europeText": "1.62\u00d7 (Great Britain: 73 GW vs 45 GW peak)", "usText": "4.8\u00d7 (ERCOT, Texas: 410 GW vs about 85 GW peak)", "better": null, "period": "2026", "scope": "Great Britain vs ERCOT (Texas)", "sources": [ { "label": "Ofgem via StackPath grid queues", "url": "https://stackpath.ie/europe/data-centre-grid-queues", "date": "2026-10-11" }, { "label": "SemiAnalysis (free section)", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/stop-saying-half-of-2026-us-datacenter", "date": "2026-06-18" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-06-18", "kind": "calculated", "likeForLike": false, "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Our arithmetic. Denmark's data-centre queue is 2.4\u00d7 its peak. The ERCOT figure covers all large loads, over 87% of them data centres.", "deeper": [ "/europe/data-centre-grid-queues" ], "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.3361, "position": "n/a" }, { "id": "grid-added", "layer": "grid", "from": "world_power", "metric": "Generating capacity added to the grid in a year (all sources, net of closures)", "unit": "GW", "europe": 74.1, "us": 39.4, "china": 533.3, "ireland": 1.6, "better": "higher", "period": "Europe 2024/2025 \u00b7 US 2025 \u00b7 Ireland 2024", "scope": "Europe = EU-27, UK, NO, CH, IS (latest year each country has)", "sources": [ { "label": "Ember yearly electricity data (CC BY 4.0)", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "date": "2026-10-11" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "calculated", "likeForLike": true, "note": "Nameplate capacity, mostly solar and wind in Europe, so it overstates firm power for data centres. Europe's grid is growing; its connections for large loads are not keeping pace.", "deeper": [ "/global/where-ai-can-plug-in", "/global/china-power-build" ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "headline": false, "fallback": false, "ratio": 1.8807, "position": "ahead" }, { "id": "grid-ghost", "layer": "grid", "from": "world_power", "metric": "Ghost-load ratio: large loads requested per unit connected or expected", "unit": "\u00d7", "europe": 14.0, "us": 53.3, "ireland": 6.9, "europeText": "14.0\u00d7 (Great Britain: 73 GW vs 5.2 GW expected by about 2030)", "usText": "53.3\u00d7 (Texas: 474 GW vs 8.9 GW approved to energise)", "irelandText": "6.9\u00d7 (6 GW of interest vs 0.87 GW average load)", "better": null, "period": "2025\u20132026", "scope": "Great Britain vs Texas (ERCOT); Italy is 50\u00d7", "sources": [ { "label": "StackPath world power dataset (ERCOT via Utility Dive; Ofgem/NESO; EirGrid; CSO)", "url": "https://stackpath.ie/global/where-ai-can-plug-in", "date": "2026-10-11" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "calculated", "likeForLike": false, "note": "Our arithmetic on each operator's own stages, which differ. A high ratio means more of the queue is speculative.", "deeper": [ "/global/where-ai-can-plug-in", "/us/power-crunch", "/europe/data-centre-grid-queues" ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "headline": false, "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.2627, "position": "n/a" }, { "id": "capex-assets", "layer": "capex", "headline": true, "from": "global_capex", "metric": "Big US clouds' long-lived assets outside the US vs inside it (an upper bound for Europe)", "unit": "$bn", "europe": 295.6, "us": 771.8, "china": null, "ireland": null, "europeText": "\u2264$296bn (all non-US)", "irelandText": "not named in any 10-K since Microsoft's FY2023 ($16.4bn)", "better": "higher", "period": "latest 10-K or 10-Q (2025-12-31 to 2026-06-30)", "scope": "Microsoft, Alphabet, Meta, Oracle (Amazon gives no split); 'Europe' here is all of the world outside the US", "sources": [ { "label": "SEC EDGAR 10-K filings", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/edgar/search/", "date": "2026-10-11" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-06-30", "kind": "measured", "likeForLike": false, "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Upper bound: the non-US figure includes Asia and the rest of the world as well as Europe. Definitions of long-lived assets differ by company.", "deeper": [ "/global/hyperscaler-capex", "/europe/hyperscaler-investment", "/global/who-pays-for-ai" ], "usText": "$772bn", "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.383, "position": "behind" }, { "id": "capex-pledges", "layer": "capex", "headline": false, "from": "eu_pledges", "metric": "Hyperscaler and AI investment pledged to Europe since 2023, and how much is visibly built", "unit": "\u20acbn", "europe": 188.8, "us": null, "china": null, "ireland": 0, "europeText": "\u20ac189bn pledged; \u20ac18bn in pledges with a live site", "usText": "five US hyperscalers' cash capex: $566bn in the four quarters to 2026-Q2 (global)", "usCapexTtmUsdBn": 566, "usCapexTo": "2026-Q2", "irelandText": "no country-level pledge", "better": null, "period": "2023 to Oct 2026", "scope": "14 European countries", "sources": [ { "label": "StackPath pledge-vs-build ledger", "url": "https://stackpath.ie/europe/hyperscaler-investment", "date": "2026-10-11" }, { "label": "SEC EDGAR XBRL", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/edgar/sec-api-documentation", "date": "2026-10-11" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "likeForLike": false, "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Multi-year pledges are not comparable with one year of global capex, so no ratio is shown.", "deeper": [ "/europe/hyperscaler-investment", "/global/hyperscaler-capex" ], "fallback": false, "ratio": null, "position": "n/a" }, { "id": "capex-bonds", "layer": "capex", "from": "global_capital", "metric": "Public bonds sold by Amazon, Alphabet, Meta and Oracle: raised in euros and sterling vs in dollars", "unit": "$bn", "europe": 55.6, "us": 250.2, "europeText": "$56bn in euros and sterling (17% of $326bn)", "usText": "$250bn in dollars", "better": null, "period": "2025-01-31 to 2026-09-11, 21 prospectuses", "scope": "Currency of issue, not where the money is spent", "sources": [ { "label": "SEC EDGAR 424B prospectuses", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/edgar/search/", "date": "2026-10-11" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "calculated", "likeForLike": false, "note": "European savers lend to the US build: about a sixth of these bonds were sold in euros or sterling. Converted at ECB rates on the day.", "deeper": [ "/global/who-pays-for-ai" ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "headline": false, "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.2222, "position": "n/a" }, { "id": "neocloud-live", "layer": "neoclouds", "headline": true, "from": "eu_neoclouds", "metric": "Live power at the two largest neoclouds headquartered in each region, company-wide", "unit": "MW", "europe": 251, "us": 2500, "china": null, "ireland": null, "europeText": "251 MW (Nebius 170, Nscale 81)", "usText": "2,500 MW (CoreWeave 1,500, Crusoe 1,000)", "irelandText": "no neocloud site", "better": "higher", "period": "latest filing or release, Dec 2025 to Sep 2026", "scope": "European-HQ vs US-HQ GPU clouds", "sources": [ { "label": "Nscale S-1 (18 Sep 2026)", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "date": "2026-09-18" }, { "label": "StackPath neocloud dataset (Nebius, CoreWeave, Crusoe filings and releases)", "url": "https://stackpath.ie/europe/neoclouds", "date": "2026-10-11" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-09-18", "kind": "reported", "likeForLike": false, "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Definitions and dates differ across companies (IT MW vs gross MW).", "deeper": [ "/europe/neoclouds" ], "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.1004, "position": "far behind" }, { "id": "neocloud-live-share", "layer": "neoclouds", "headline": false, "from": "eu_neoclouds", "metric": "Share of contracted power that is live, same four neoclouds", "unit": "% of contracted MW", "europe": 7.4, "us": 25.8, "china": null, "ireland": null, "better": "higher", "period": "as above", "scope": "Nebius + Nscale vs CoreWeave + Crusoe", "sources": [ { "label": "StackPath neocloud dataset", "url": "https://stackpath.ie/europe/neoclouds", "date": "2026-10-11" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-09-18", "kind": "calculated", "likeForLike": false, "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Our arithmetic. Europe's two have signed far more than they run; that is also true, less so, of their US peers.", "deeper": [ "/europe/neoclouds" ], "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.2868, "position": "behind" }, { "id": "gpu-rent-premium", "layer": "neoclouds", "from": "gpu_prices", "metric": "Price to rent the same GPU machine in a European cloud region, vs the cheapest US region", "unit": "\u00d7 US price", "europe": 1.3, "us": 1.0, "ireland": 1.2, "europeText": "+30% (median of 42 European region prices at AWS, Azure, CoreWeave)", "usText": "cheapest US region = 1", "irelandText": "+20% (Azure H200, Dublin); AWS lists no B200, B300, H100, H200 in Dublin", "better": "lower", "period": "list prices, 2026-10-11", "scope": "Same provider, same machine", "sources": [ { "label": "AWS price files, Azure Retail Prices API, CoreWeave pricing", "url": "https://prices.azure.com/api/retail/prices", "date": "2026-10-11" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "likeForLike": true, "note": "CoreWeave prices Europe and North America the same; the premium is at the US hyperscalers.", "deeper": [ "/global/gpu-prices" ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "headline": false, "fallback": false, "ratio": 1.3, "position": "close" }, { "id": "models-notable", "layer": "models", "headline": true, "from": "model_rankings", "metric": "Notable AI models released in the year, by developer's home", "unit": "models", "europe": 2, "us": 64, "china": 35, "ireland": null, "better": "higher", "period": "2025", "scope": "Europe as defined; a joint model counts for each bloc", "sources": [ { "label": "Epoch AI, notable AI models (CC BY 4.0)", "url": "https://epoch.ai/data/notable-ai-models", "date": "2026-10-11" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "likeForLike": true, "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Epoch's notability criteria. Europe had 17 in 2023 and 8 in 2024: the count is falling.", "deeper": [ "/global/ai-model-rankings", "/europe/ai-labs", "/global/ai-lab-economics" ], "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.0312, "position": "far behind" }, { "id": "models-1e25", "layer": "models", "headline": false, "from": "model_rankings", "metric": "Models trained with more than 10^25 FLOP (the EU AI Act's systemic-risk line), published estimates", "unit": "models", "europe": 0, "us": 19, "china": 5, "ireland": 0, "better": "higher", "period": "Epoch pull, Oct 2026", "scope": "Europe as defined", "sources": [ { "label": "Epoch AI, AI models (CC BY 4.0)", "url": "https://epoch.ai/data/ai-models", "date": "2026-10-11" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "estimate", "likeForLike": true, "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Only models with a published compute estimate count. The largest European estimate is Apertus 70B (Switzerland), 6.7\u00d710^24 FLOP.", "deeper": [ "/global/ai-model-rankings" ], "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.0, "position": "far behind" }, { "id": "models-tokens", "layer": "models", "headline": false, "from": "model_rankings", "metric": "Share of tokens routed through OpenRouter, last 30 days", "unit": "% of tokens", "europe": 0.26, "us": 29.18, "china": 58.76, "ireland": null, "better": "higher", "period": "30 days to 2026-10-11", "scope": "developer's home", "sources": [ { "label": "OpenRouter rankings (CC BY 4.0)", "url": "https://openrouter.ai/rankings", "date": "2026-10-11" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "likeForLike": true, "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "One router, skewed to developers and open-weight models; it under-counts direct use of OpenAI, Anthropic and Google.", "deeper": [ "/global/ai-model-rankings" ], "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.0089, "position": "far behind" }, { "id": "models-arena", "layer": "models", "headline": false, "from": "model_rankings", "metric": "Best model's rank on the Arena text leaderboard", "unit": "rank", "europe": 115, "us": 1, "china": 16, "ireland": null, "europeText": "#115 (mistral-large-4)", "usText": "#1 (gemini-4-argon-high)", "chinaText": "#16 (kimi-k3-max)", "better": "lower", "period": "Arena, 2026-10-08", "scope": "developer's home", "sources": [ { "label": "Arena leaderboard dataset (CC BY 4.0)", "url": "https://huggingface.co/datasets/lmarena-ai/leaderboard-dataset", "date": "2026-10-08" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-10-08", "kind": "measured", "likeForLike": true, "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "A rank is not a ratio, so it is not on the scoreboard. Europe's best model was 96 Arena points behind #1.", "noRatio": true, "deeper": [ "/global/ai-model-rankings" ], "fallback": false, "ratio": null, "position": "n/a" }, { "id": "models-revenue", "layer": "models", "from": "ai_labs_economics", "metric": "Annualised revenue (run-rate) of the leading AI labs", "unit": "$bn", "europe": 1.0, "us": 125.24, "china": 4.4, "ireland": null, "europeText": "$1bn (Mistral AI)", "usText": "$125.24bn (OpenAI, Anthropic, xAI)", "chinaText": "$4.4bn (4 labs)", "better": "higher", "period": "latest run-rate, mid to late 2026", "scope": "labs Epoch AI tracks", "sources": [ { "label": "Epoch AI, AI companies (CC BY 4.0), company statements and press", "url": "https://epoch.ai/data/ai-companies", "date": "2026-10-11" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "likeForLike": true, "note": "Run-rates are company-stated or press-reported, not audited revenue. The revenue gap (about 1:125) is wider than the funding gap (1:24).", "deeper": [ "/global/ai-lab-economics", "/global/ai-revenue-gap" ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "headline": false, "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.008, "position": "far behind" }, { "id": "models-compute-deals", "layer": "models", "from": "ai_compute_commitments", "metric": "Compute capacity the labs have contracted (GW), Europe's lab vs OpenAI and Anthropic", "unit": "GW", "europe": 1.4, "us": 36.3, "europeText": "1.4 GW (Mistral AI, 2 deals, $0.83bn)", "usText": "36.3 GW (OpenAI 25.5, Anthropic 10.8; $955bn)", "better": "higher", "period": "deals to Oct 2026", "scope": "Mistral AI vs OpenAI + Anthropic", "sources": [ { "label": "StackPath compute-commitments ledger (SEC filings and company releases)", "url": "https://stackpath.ie/global/ai-compute-commitments", "date": "2026-10-11" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "likeForLike": true, "note": "Contracted, not running. Mistral's figure includes its own 1.4 GW plan.", "deeper": [ "/global/ai-compute-commitments" ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "headline": false, "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.0386, "position": "far behind" }, { "id": "models-token-price", "layer": "models", "from": "token_prices", "metric": "Median list price of each bloc's flagship models, per million output tokens", "unit": "$ per million tokens", "europe": 2.09, "us": 31.0, "china": 7.74, "better": null, "period": "OpenRouter list prices, 2026-10-11", "scope": "flagship of each lab: Mistral (Europe); OpenAI, Anthropic, Google, xAI (US); DeepSeek, Moonshot (China)", "sources": [ { "label": "OpenRouter models API", "url": "https://openrouter.ai/models", "date": "2026-10-11" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "likeForLike": true, "note": "Cheaper is not simply better: the price partly reflects capability. Europe's flagship sells at a fraction of the US price.", "deeper": [ "/global/ai-token-prices" ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "headline": false, "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.0674, "position": "n/a" }, { "id": "funding-labs", "layer": "funding", "headline": true, "from": "eu_ai_labs", "metric": "Total equity raised by AI labs: 10 European labs vs OpenAI, Anthropic and xAI", "unit": "$bn", "europe": 14.7, "us": 359.1, "china": 8.7, "ireland": null, "irelandText": "no lab headquartered in Ireland", "better": "higher", "period": "to Oct 2026", "scope": "10 European labs; China = DeepSeek, Z.ai, MiniMax (understated)", "sources": [ { "label": "Epoch AI, AI companies (CC BY 4.0), company releases and press", "url": "https://epoch.ai/data/ai-companies", "date": "2026-10-11" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "likeForLike": false, "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Ten European labs against three US labs. OpenAI's single Feb 2026 round ($110bn) was more than seven times all ten European labs' lifetime funding.", "deeper": [ "/europe/ai-labs", "/global/ai-lab-economics", "/global/who-pays-for-ai" ], "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.0409, "position": "far behind" }, { "id": "funding-private", "layer": "funding", "headline": false, "from": "global_context", "metric": "Private money into AI companies in 2025", "unit": "$bn", "europe": 6.0, "us": 285.9, "china": 12.4, "ireland": null, "europeText": "over \u20ac5.3bn (tech.eu count)", "better": "higher", "period": "2025", "scope": "tech.eu's European AI companies; US and China from the Stanford AI Index", "sources": [ { "label": "Stanford HAI, AI Index 2026", "url": "https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2026-ai-index-report", "date": "2026" }, { "label": "tech.eu, the AI companies that raised the most in 2025", "url": "https://tech.eu/2026/05/21/ai-10-companies-that-raised-the-most-in-2025", "date": "2026-05-21" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-05-21", "kind": "reported", "likeForLike": false, "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Different methods: the AI Index counts all private AI investment; tech.eu counts funding rounds by European AI companies. The ratio is indicative only. Euro converted at the ECB 2025 average.", "deeper": [ "/global/who-pays-for-ai", "/europe/ai-labs" ], "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.021, "position": "far behind" }, { "id": "adoption-firms-genai", "layer": "adoption", "headline": true, "from": "ai_adoption", "metric": "Firms using generative AI (same survey on both sides)", "unit": "% of firms", "europe": 37, "us": 36, "china": null, "ireland": null, "better": "higher", "period": "2025 survey", "scope": "EU-27 firms vs US firms, EIB Investment Survey", "sources": [ { "label": "EIB Investment Survey 2025 (press release)", "url": "https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2025-383-european-firms-show-resilience-invest-in-green-transition-and-match-us-companies-in-adopting-ai-technologies-new-eib-survey-shows", "date": "2025-10-14" } ], "sourceDate": "2025-10-14", "kind": "measured", "likeForLike": true, "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "The only like-for-like adoption measure we found. Depth differs: 81% of US AI-using firms use it in more than two activities, against 55% in the EU.", "deeper": [ "/global/ai-adoption" ], "fallback": false, "ratio": 1.0278, "position": "close" }, { "id": "adoption-depth", "layer": "adoption", "headline": false, "from": "ai_adoption", "metric": "AI-using firms that use it in more than two activities", "unit": "% of AI-using firms", "europe": 55, "us": 81, "china": null, "ireland": null, "better": "higher", "period": "2025 survey", "scope": "EU-27 vs US, EIB Investment Survey", "sources": [ { "label": "EIB Investment Survey 2025 (press release)", "url": "https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2025-383-european-firms-show-resilience-invest-in-green-transition-and-match-us-companies-in-adopting-ai-technologies-new-eib-survey-shows", "date": "2025-10-14" } ], "sourceDate": "2025-10-14", "kind": "measured", "likeForLike": true, "checked": "2026-10-11", "deeper": [ "/global/ai-adoption" ], "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.679, "position": "behind" }, { "id": "adoption-firms-official", "layer": "adoption", "headline": false, "from": "ai_adoption", "metric": "Firms using AI, official statistics", "unit": "% of firms", "europe": 19.95, "us": 23.8, "china": null, "ireland": 19.64, "better": "higher", "period": "EU 2025 \u00b7 US 2026-09-07 to 2026-09-20", "scope": "EU-27 firms with 10+ staff (Eurostat) vs all US employer firms, last two weeks (Census BTOS)", "sources": [ { "label": "Eurostat isoc_eb_ai", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_eb_ai/default/table?lang=en", "date": "2026-06-15" }, { "label": "US Census Bureau, Business Trends and Outlook Survey", "url": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/downloads/National.xlsx", "date": "2026-10-08" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-10-08", "kind": "measured", "likeForLike": false, "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Not like-for-like. Eurostat leaves out firms with fewer than 10 staff, which use AI less, so it flatters the EU. The US question was reworded in Nov 2025: the old wording last read 10.0%, the new one first read 17.3%.", "deeper": [ "/global/ai-adoption" ], "irelandText": "19.6% (15 of 28 European countries)", "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.8382, "position": "close" }, { "id": "adoption-people", "layer": "adoption", "headline": false, "from": "ai_adoption", "metric": "Adults who use generative AI", "unit": "% of adults", "europe": 32.66, "us": 61.8, "china": null, "ireland": 44.93, "better": "higher", "period": "EU 2025 \u00b7 US 2026-Q2", "scope": "EU-27, ages 16\u201374, used in the last 3 months (Eurostat) vs US ages 18\u201364, any use (Real-Time Population Survey)", "sources": [ { "label": "Eurostat isoc_ai_iaiu", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_ai_iaiu/default/table?lang=en", "date": "2026-06-05" }, { "label": "Real-Time Population Survey (Bick, Blandin, Deming) via FRED RPSGENAIUSAGESHAREALL", "url": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/RPSGENAIUSAGESHAREALL", "date": "2026-Q2" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-06-05", "kind": "measured", "likeForLike": false, "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Not like-for-like: different ages, recall windows and survey methods, and a year apart. The US tracker leaves out over-64s, who use AI less.", "deeper": [ "/global/ai-adoption" ], "irelandText": "44.9% (7 of 29 European countries)", "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.5285, "position": "behind" }, { "id": "adoption-claude-index", "layer": "adoption", "from": "ai_usage", "metric": "Claude use per working-age person (Anthropic usage index; 1 = use in line with population)", "unit": "index", "europe": 2.68, "us": 3.87, "ireland": 3.23, "europeText": "2.68 (31 countries; 21.6% of all Claude.ai use)", "usText": "3.87 (20.16% of use)", "irelandText": "3.23 (#18 of 121)", "better": "higher", "period": "2026-05 (Anthropic Economic Index, release_2026_06_26)", "scope": "Europe = 31 countries; index computed by us from each country's share and index", "sources": [ { "label": "Anthropic Economic Index (Hugging Face)", "url": "https://huggingface.co/datasets/Anthropic/EconomicIndex", "date": "2026-06-26" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-06-26", "kind": "calculated", "likeForLike": true, "note": "One product only. Europe as a whole uses Claude more than the US does, but less per person; France, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Norway are above the US.", "deeper": [ "/global/ai-usage" ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "headline": false, "fallback": false, "ratio": 0.6925, "position": "behind" }, { "id": "policy-gigafactories", "layer": "policy", "headline": false, "from": "global_context", "metric": "EU public money for AI gigafactories", "unit": "\u20acbn", "europe": 10, "us": null, "china": null, "ireland": 0.01, "europeText": "\u20ac10bn public (plus about \u20ac20bn private expected), up to 7 sites", "usText": "no comparable federal programme found", "irelandText": "\u20ac10m, as a buyer with France, not a host", "better": null, "period": "call published 30 Jul 2026; deadline 3 Dec 2026", "scope": "EuroHPC", "sources": [ { "label": "EuroHPC JU, AI gigafactories call", "url": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/eurohpc-joint-undertaking-launches-ai-gigafactories-call-2026-07-30_en", "date": "2026-07-30" } ], "sourceDate": "2026-07-30", "kind": "reported", "likeForLike": false, "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Europe builds public AI compute; in the US the build is private. We did not search for every US federal compute programme, so 'none found' is not a full census.", "deeper": [ "/europe/ai-gigafactories" ], "fallback": false, "ratio": null, "position": "n/a" } ], "ladder": [ "adoption-firms-genai", "adoption-claude-index", "dc-electricity", "price-large-users", "compute-top500", "policy-chip-aid", "compute-gpu-share", "neocloud-live", "funding-labs", "models-notable", "compute-ai-sites", "models-tokens", "models-revenue", "chips-designer" ], "summary": { "lead": { "id": "compute-gpu-share", "ratio": 0.0886, "oneIn": 11, "europe": 6.6, "us": 74.5, "oursEuropePct": [ 9.8, 8.3 ] }, "rows": 41, "headlines": 11, "fromDatasets": 40, "fallbacks": [], "ahead": [ "price-cheapest", "grid-added" ], "close": [ "compute-top500", "gpu-rent-premium", "adoption-firms-genai", "adoption-firms-official" ], "behind": [ "policy-chip-aid", "price-large-users", "capex-assets", "neocloud-live-share", "adoption-depth", "adoption-people", "adoption-claude-index" ], "farBehind": [ "chips-designer", "chips-startup-funding", "compute-gpu-share", "compute-ai-sites", "compute-ai-sites-planned", "neocloud-live", "models-notable", "models-1e25", "models-tokens", "models-revenue", "models-compute-deals", "funding-labs", "funding-private" ], "headlineMedianRatio": 0.255 }, "pulls": { "eurostatFirms": { "year": "2025", "eu": 19.95, "ie": 19.64, "ieRank": 14, "n": 27, "high": { "geo": "DK", "pct": 42.03 }, "low": { "geo": "RO", "pct": 5.21 }, "updated": "2026-06-15T11:00:00+0200", "file": "eurostat-isoc_eb_ai-2026-10-11.json" }, "eurostatPeople": { "year": "2025", "eu": 32.66, "ie": 44.93, "ieRank": 5, "n": 27, "high": { "geo": "DK", "pct": 48.44 }, "low": { "geo": "RO", "pct": 17.76 }, "updated": "2026-06-05T11:00:00+0200", "file": "eurostat-isoc_ai_iaiu-2026-10-11.json" }, "btos": { "latest": { "period": "202620", "pct": 23.8, "refStart": "2026-09-07", "refEnd": "2026-09-20", "published": "2026-10-08" }, "question": "In the last two weeks, did this business use Artificial Intelligence (AI) in any of its business functions? (Examples of AI: machine learning, natural language processing, virtual agents, voice recognition, etc.)", "file": "census-btos-national-2026-10-11.xlsx", "series": [ { "period": "202620", "pct": 23.8 }, { "period": "202619", "pct": 23.8 }, { "period": "202618", "pct": 23.2 }, { "period": "202617", "pct": 22.4 }, { "period": "202616", "pct": 21.8 }, { "period": "202615", "pct": 21.5 }, { "period": "202614", "pct": 21.7 }, { "period": "202613", "pct": 20.6 }, { "period": "202612", "pct": 20.6 }, { "period": "202611", "pct": 20.6 }, { "period": "202610", "pct": 19.5 }, { "period": "202609", "pct": 19.8 } ] }, "c30": { "month": "Aug-26p", "usdBn": 84.95, "yearAgoMonth": "Aug-25", "yearAgoUsdBn": 49.05, "yoyPct": 73.2, "file": "census-c30-privsatime-2026-10-11.xlsx", "series": [ { "month": "Aug-23", "usdBn": 20.5 }, { "month": "Sep-23", "usdBn": 21.29 }, { "month": "Oct-23", "usdBn": 23.72 }, { "month": "Nov-23", "usdBn": 23.86 }, { "month": "Dec-23", "usdBn": 24.24 }, { "month": "Jan-24", "usdBn": 26.41 }, { "month": "Feb-24", "usdBn": 28.32 }, { "month": "Mar-24", "usdBn": 30.17 }, { "month": "Apr-24", "usdBn": 28.07 }, { "month": "May-24", "usdBn": 32.27 }, { "month": "Jun-24", "usdBn": 35.3 }, { "month": "Jul-24", "usdBn": 36.12 }, { "month": "Aug-24", "usdBn": 36.67 }, { "month": "Sep-24", "usdBn": 37.58 }, { "month": "Oct-24", "usdBn": 40.05 }, { "month": "Nov-24", "usdBn": 40.95 }, { "month": "Dec-24", "usdBn": 44.7 }, { "month": "Jan-25", "usdBn": 45.34 }, { "month": "Feb-25", "usdBn": 46.41 }, { "month": "Mar-25", "usdBn": 46.59 }, { "month": "Apr-25", "usdBn": 52.82 }, { "month": "May-25", "usdBn": 48.21 }, { "month": "Jun-25", "usdBn": 46.85 }, { "month": "Jul-25", "usdBn": 47.81 }, { "month": "Aug-25", "usdBn": 49.05 }, { "month": "Sep-25", "usdBn": 50.7 }, { "month": "Oct-25", "usdBn": 54.26 }, { "month": "Nov-25", "usdBn": 53.04 }, { "month": "Dec-25", "usdBn": 55.46 }, { "month": "Jan-26", "usdBn": 56.21 }, { "month": "Feb-26", "usdBn": 57.36 }, { "month": "Mar-26", "usdBn": 58.12 }, { "month": "Apr-26", "usdBn": 61.86 }, { "month": "May-26", "usdBn": 65.69 }, { "month": "Jun-26r", "usdBn": 72.69 }, { "month": "Jul-26r", "usdBn": 79.01 }, { "month": "Aug-26p", "usdBn": 84.95 } ] } }, "datasetsRead": [ "ai_adoption", "ai_compute_commitments", "ai_labs_economics", "ai_suppliers", "ai_usage", "eu_ai_chip_startups", "eu_ai_labs", "eu_chips", "eu_compute", "eu_dc_capacity", "eu_grid_queues", "eu_neoclouds", "eu_pledges", "eu_power_prices", "europe_ai", "global_capex", "global_capital", "global_context", "gpu_prices", "model_rankings", "token_prices", "us_dc_construction", "world_power" ], "epochMethod": "Large AI sites (rows compute-ai-sites, compute-ai-sites-planned) use world_power's method: the sum of each site's power on its latest Epoch timeline row dated on or before the pull. global_context's 'Current power' column gives lower totals (US 11.9 GW); the Europe/US ratio is about 1:49 either way.", "fx": { "usdPerEur": 1.1206, "date": "2026-10-09", "usdPerEur2025Avg": 1.1293 }, "caveats": [ "Ratios are Europe divided by the US. Where lower is better (power prices, Arena rank), a ratio above 1 means Europe is worse.", "Rows marked not like-for-like compare different measures, scopes or years; their ratios are indicative only.", "Europe's scope varies by source (EU-27, Epoch's EU-27 plus Norway, IEA's Europe); each row names it.", "Values come from other StackPath datasets where they are published; otherwise from the hand-checked research file, flagged as a fallback." ] }, "ai_labs_economics": { "title": "AI lab economics: revenue, valuations, margins and compute", "asOf": "2026-10-11", "source": "Epoch AI 'Data on AI companies' (CC BY 4.0) with each original publisher credited; SEC EDGAR filings of SpaceX, Microsoft, Amazon, Cerebras and CoreWeave; hand-compiled research (research/datasets/ai_labs_economics.json)", "sourceUrls": [ "https://epoch.ai/data/ai-companies", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1181412/000162828026052535/spcx-20260630.htm", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312526323660/msft-20260630.htm", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872426000026/amzn-20260630.htm", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2021728/000162828026056357/cbrs-20260630.htm", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000366/crwv-20260630.htm" ], "epoch": { "pulled": "2026-10-11", "url": "https://epoch.ai/data/ai-companies", "licence": "CC BY 4.0", "credit": "Epoch AI, 'Data on AI companies', epoch.ai/data/ai-companies" }, "labs": [ { "name": "OpenAI", "epoch": "OpenAI", "region": "US", "hq": "San Francisco", "status": "Private (public benefit corporation since Oct 2025)", "disclosure": "No public audited accounts. Revenue figures are company statements or press reports; Microsoft's 10-K gives what OpenAI paid Microsoft.", "europe": "EU entity in Dublin (unchecked)", "runRates": [ { "date": "2023-03-01", "usdBn": 0.2, "type": "Annualized run rate", "confidence": "Likely", "basis": "press report", "reportDate": "2023-05-04", "source": "https://www.theinformation.com/articles/openais-losses-doubled-to-540-million-as-it-developed-chatgpt?rc=9mzoog", "outlet": "The Information" }, { "date": "2023-08-29", "usdBn": 1.0, "type": "Annualized run rate", "confidence": "Likely", "basis": "press report", "reportDate": "2023-08-29", "source": "https://www.theinformation.com/articles/openai-passes-1-billion-revenue-pace-as-big-companies-boost-ai-spending?rc=4ylmkj", "outlet": "The Information" }, { "date": "2023-10-10", "usdBn": 1.3, "type": "Annualized run rate", "confidence": "Likely", "basis": "press report", "reportDate": "2023-10-12", "source": "https://www.theinformation.com/articles/openais-revenue-crossed-1-3-billion-annualized-rate-ceo-tells-staff?rc=9mzoog", "outlet": "The Information" }, { "date": "2023-12-30", "usdBn": 1.6, "type": "Annualized run rate", "confidence": "Confident", "basis": "press report", "reportDate": "2023-12-30", "source": "https://www.theinformation.com/articles/openais-annualized-revenue-tops-1-6-billion-as-customers-shrug-off-ceo-drama?rc=9mzoog", "outlet": "The Information" }, { "date": "2023-12-31", "usdBn": 2.0, "type": "Annualized run rate", "confidence": "Likely", "basis": "press report", "reportDate": "2024-02-09", "source": "https://www.ft.com/content/81ac0e78-5b9b-43c2-b135-d11c47480119", "outlet": "Financial Times" }, { "date": "2024-06-12", "usdBn": 3.4, "type": "Annualized run rate", "confidence": "Likely", "basis": "press report", "reportDate": "2024-06-12", "source": "https://www.theinformation.com/articles/openais-annualized-revenue-doubles-to-3-4-billion-since-late-2023?rc=9mzoog", 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496.0 }, "cerebras": { "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2021728/000162828026056357/cbrs-20260630.htm", "filed": "2026-08-12", "rpoUsdBn": 25.4, "openaiRevenueQ2UsdM": 56.8, "openaiRevenueH1UsdM": 74.4 }, "coreweave": { "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000366/crwv-20260630.htm", "filed": "2026-08-12", "customerAPctQ2": 36, "customerAPctQ2Prior": 71, "customerBPctQ2": 26 } }, "perGw": [ { "lab": "OpenAI", "period": "2023", "gw": 0.2, "revenueUsdBn": 2, "revenueBasis": "annualised revenue (ARR) at year end, as stated", "gwBasis": "compute available at year end, as stated", "source": "https://openai.com/index/a-business-that-scales-with-the-value-of-intelligence/", "outlet": "OpenAI (CFO Sarah Friar)", "sourceDate": "2026-01-18", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "usdBnPerGw": 10.0 }, { "lab": "OpenAI", "period": "2024", "gw": 0.6, "revenueUsdBn": 6, "revenueBasis": "annualised revenue (ARR) at year end, as stated", "gwBasis": "compute available at year end, as stated", "source": "https://openai.com/index/a-business-that-scales-with-the-value-of-intelligence/", "outlet": "OpenAI (CFO Sarah Friar)", "sourceDate": "2026-01-18", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "usdBnPerGw": 10.0 }, { "lab": "OpenAI", "period": "2025", "gw": 1.9, "revenueUsdBn": 20, "revenueBasis": "annualised revenue (ARR) at year end, as stated ('$20bn+')", "gwBasis": "compute available at year end, as stated", "source": "https://openai.com/index/a-business-that-scales-with-the-value-of-intelligence/", "outlet": "OpenAI (CFO Sarah Friar)", "sourceDate": "2026-01-18", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "usdBnPerGw": 10.5 }, { "lab": "xAI (SpaceX AI segment)", "period": "2025-Q2", "gw": 0.4, "revenueUsdBn": 2.95, "revenueBasis": "quarterly segment revenue \u00d7 4 (includes X advertising and compute rented to others)", "gwBasis": "nameplate compute draw at quarter end", "usdBnPerGw": 7.4, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1181412/000162828026052535/spcx-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-04", "kind": "estimate", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "lab": "xAI (SpaceX AI segment)", "period": "2026-Q2", "gw": 1.4, "revenueUsdBn": 10.24, "revenueBasis": "quarterly segment revenue \u00d7 4 (includes X advertising and compute rented to others)", "gwBasis": "nameplate compute draw at quarter end", "usdBnPerGw": 7.3, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1181412/000162828026052535/spcx-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-04", "kind": "estimate", "checked": "2026-10-11" } ], "microsoftVsOpenai": { "window": "2025-07-01 to 2026-06-30", "microsoftRevenueFromOpenaiUsdBn": 24.1, "openaiRevenueEstimateUsdBn": 20.7, "openaiH2_2025EstimateUsdBn": 7.8, "openaiH2_2025ReportedUsdBn": 8.7, "method": "Daily OpenAI run-rate linearly interpolated between Epoch AI's dated reports, summed over Microsoft's fiscal year. Cross-check: the same method gives the H2 2025 figure shown against the reported 2025 total minus H1 2025." }, "regions": { "US": { "usdBn": 125.24, "labs": [ "OpenAI", "Anthropic", "xAI" ] }, "Europe": { "usdBn": 1.0, "labs": [ "Mistral AI" ] }, "Canada": { "usdBn": 0.24, "labs": [ "Cohere" ] }, "China": { "usdBn": 4.4, "labs": [ "DeepSeek", "Moonshot AI", "Z.ai (Zhipu)", "MiniMax" ] } }, "margins": [ { "lab": "OpenAI", "metric": "Adjusted gross margin (company-defined)", "period": "2025", "display": "33%, down from 40% in 2024; target was 46%", "source": "https://the-decoder.com/openai-adds-111-billion-to-its-cash-burn-forecast-as-ai-costs-spiral-beyond-projections/", "outlet": "The Information, via The Decoder", "sourceDate": "2026-02", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "What OpenAI told investors; inference costs reportedly rose about fourfold in 2025." }, { "lab": "Anthropic", "metric": "Adjusted operating income (company-defined)", "period": "Q2 2026", "display": "Positive, on revenue of more than $11.5bn", "source": "https://news.bgov.com/artificial-intelligence/anthropic-revenue-surges-to-over-11-5-billion-in-second-quarter", "outlet": "Bloomberg", "sourceDate": "2026-08-14", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "From documents seen by Bloomberg; figures could be revised." }, { "lab": "MiniMax", "metric": "Gross margin; loss", "period": "H1 2026", "display": "Gross margin 17.9% (12.1% a year earlier); net loss $358.0m on revenue of $116.6m", "source": "https://www.minimax.io/news/minimax-announces-first-half-2026-financial-results-1787744160", "outlet": "MiniMax interim results", "sourceDate": "2026-08-26", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Unaudited interim results of a Hong Kong-listed company; adjusted net loss $293.0m." }, { "lab": "Z.ai (Zhipu)", "metric": "Loss", "period": "H1 2026", "display": "Net loss of about RMB2.0bn on revenue of RMB953.9m", "source": "https://www.thestandard.com.hk/finance/article/341440/Chinas-Zhipu-AI-revenue-quintuples-in-first-half-loss-narrows", "outlet": "The Standard (Hong Kong)", "sourceDate": "2026-08-31", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Interim results of a Hong Kong-listed company, as reported." } ], "views": [ { "who": "SemiAnalysis", "topic": "per-gw", "title": "SpaceX 10GW in 2027 \u2013 why it's real", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/spacex-10gw-in-2027-why-its-real", "date": "7 Aug 2026", "paraphrase": "The free section argues that OpenAI and Anthropic can earn more than $100bn of revenue a year per GW when selling API inference on Nvidia GB300 clusters, against roughly $12bn per GW a year of rental cost at $3 per GPU-hour, and expects SpaceX to reach about 2 GW by end-2026 and about 10 GW by end-2027.", "ours": "Whole-company figures are an order of magnitude lower: about $7bn per GW for xAI (10-Q) and about $10\u201311bn per GW for OpenAI (CFO). The two measure different things: theirs is the best case for paid inference on the newest chips; ours divides all revenue by all compute, including training and free users. SpaceX reported 1.4 GW at 30 June; the 10-Q for 30 September (due early November) tests the 2 GW path.", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "who": "SemiAnalysis", "topic": "margin", "title": "AI Value Capture: the shift to model\u2026", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/ai-value-capture-the-shift-to-model", "date": "1 May 2026", "paraphrase": "The free section says Anthropic's annualised revenue rose from about $9bn to more than $44bn and that the gross margin on its inference infrastructure rose from about 38% to over 70%, so that the labs, not the chipmakers, now capture most of the value.", "ours": "No filing tests Anthropic's margin until its accounts are public. The one US lab with filed numbers, xAI, had a 57% segment gross margin in Q2 2026, up from 25% a year earlier, helped by renting its compute to others (10-Q). Press reports put OpenAI's company-defined adjusted gross margin at 33% for 2025.", "checked": "2026-10-11" } ], "cahn": { "title": "AI's $1.5T Question", "url": "https://dcahn.substack.com/p/ais-15t-question", "date": "8 Jul 2026", "dateLabel": "July 2026", "requiredUsdBn": 1500, "paraphrase": "Cahn takes Nvidia's projected data-centre run-rate revenue, doubles it to get total data-centre capex (chips are about half the cost) and doubles it again so the hyperscaler and the AI product company can share a 50% margin. The result, about $1.5tn, is the lifetime revenue end customers must pay to justify one year of capex. He cross-checks it with 2026 hyperscaler data-centre capex of roughly $750bn, doubled, and puts the total requirement since ChatGPT's launch at about $3tn. He expects the GPU-based version to understate future needs, as it leaves out custom chips and rising memory and building costs.", "inputUsdBn": 750, "checked": "2026-10-11", "prior": { "title": "AI's $600B Question", "url": "https://www.sequoiacap.com/article/ais-600b-question/", "date": "20 Jun 2024", "paraphrase": "The first version: Nvidia's run-rate revenue forecast \u00d7 2 for the rest of the data centre (energy, buildings, generators) \u00d7 2 for a 50% end-user margin gave $600bn of annual AI revenue needed. Even with generous assumptions about the big tech companies' new AI revenue, he found a gap that had grown from $125bn to $500bn. The series went $200bn (2023), $600bn (2024), $840bn (2025) and $1.5tn (2026)." } }, "definitions": [], "summary": { "leader": "Anthropic", "leaderRunRate": { "date": "2026-07-31", "usdBn": 65.0, "type": "Annualized run rate", "confidence": "Likely", "basis": "press report", "reportDate": "2026-08-17", "source": "https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-08-17/anthropic-revenue-run-rate-surpasses-65-billion-ahead-of-ipo", "outlet": "Bloomberg" }, "second": "OpenAI", "secondRunRate": { "date": "2026-09-30", "usdBn": 50.0, "type": "Annualized run rate", "confidence": "Likely", "basis": "press report", "reportDate": "2026-09-08", "source": "https://www.ft.com/content/b66a9858-f8fb-46cb-b506-44bfe26fca2a?syn-25a6b1a6=1", "outlet": "Financial Times" }, "trackedRunRateUsdBn": 130.9 }, "caveats": [ "Run-rates are the latest month (or week) \u00d7 12, as stated by each company or reported by the press; Epoch AI marks each as company disclosure or media report, and we keep that label. None is audited.", "OpenAI and Anthropic may count revenue from cloud partners (Azure, Bedrock, Vertex) differently (gross or net), so their run-rates are not strictly comparable.", "xAI is reported as SpaceX's AI segment, which also contains X (advertising and subscriptions) and, from 2026, compute rented to other companies. Epoch's earlier xAI figures are for xAI alone and are not comparable with the segment.", "Valuation multiples divide a post-money valuation by the latest run-rate reported before the round. Post-money valuations are set by the last investors and are not market prices; for the Hong Kong-listed labs we use Epoch's market value." ] }, "ai_compute_commitments": { "title": "AI-lab compute commitments from filings and releases", "asOf": "2026-10-11", "source": "Counterparty SEC filings (EDGAR), company releases and press reports, hand-compiled with a verbatim quote for every SEC row (research/datasets/ai_compute_commitments.json)", "sourceUrls": [ "https://about.fb.com/news/2025/10/meta-blue-owl-capital-develop-hyperion-data-center/", "https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2025/11/18/microsoft-nvidia-and-anthropic-announce-strategic-partnerships/", "https://investor.nvidia.com/news/press-release-details/2025/OpenAI-and-NVIDIA-Announce-Strategic-Partnership-to-Deploy-10-Gigawatts-of-NVIDIA-Systems/", "https://openai.com/index/building-the-compute-infrastructure-for-the-intelligence-age/", "https://openai.com/index/five-new-stargate-sites/", "https://openai.com/index/openai-and-broadcom-announce-strategic-collaboration/", "https://techcrunch.com/2025/11/06/sam-altman-says-openai-has-20b-arr-and-about-1-4-trillion-in-data-center-commitments/", "https://www.anthropic.com/news/anthropic-invests-50-billion-in-american-ai-infrastructure", "https://www.anthropic.com/news/expanding-our-use-of-google-cloud-tpus-and-services", "https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/business/2025/08/22/meta-signs-over-us10-billion-cloud-deal-with-google-source-says-2/", "https://www.coreweave.com/news/coreweave-expands-agreement-with-openai-by-up-to-6-5b", "https://www.gide.com/en/news-insights/gide-advises-mistral-ai-on-its-first-financing-amounting-to-approximately-usd-830-million", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872426000026/amzn-20260630.htm", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581026000075/nvda-20260726.htm", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1181412/000162828026036936/spaceexplorationtechnologi.htm", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1181412/000162828026052535/spcx-20260630.htm", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000162828026050705/meta-20260630.htm", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465925109806/tm2530882d1_ex99-1.htm", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1730168/000119312526144028/d87999d8k.htm", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1730168/000173016826000080/avgo-20260802.htm", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962825000050/crwv-20250925.htm", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000366/crwv-20260630.htm", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2021728/000162828026056357/cbrs-20260630.htm", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2488/000000248826000123/amd-20260627.htm", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312525256321/msft-20250930.htm", "https://www.storyboard18.com/digital/meta-signs-multi-billion-dollar-ai-chip-rental-deal-with-google-90907.htm", "https://www.wam.ae/en/article/bjr4hhb-mgx-bpifrance-mistral-ai-nvidia-launch-joint" ], "deals": [ { "id": "openai-azure-250", "lab": "OpenAI", "counterparty": "Microsoft (Azure)", "category": "cloud contract", "what": "Incremental Azure services purchase, signed with the October 2025 recapitalisation", "usdBn": 250, "valueQualifier": "", "gw": null, "years": null, "start": null, "announced": "2025-10-28", "status": "contracted", "sourceType": "sec-filing", "filingKey": "msft-10q-2025-09", "quote": "OpenAI has contracted to purchase an incremental $ 250 billion of Azure services", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312525256321/msft-20250930.htm", "sourceDate": "2025-10-29", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "notes": "Term not stated. Microsoft also gave up its right of first refusal on OpenAI's compute.", "quoteVerified": true, "filingUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312525256321/msft-20250930.htm" }, { "id": "openai-aws-38", "lab": "OpenAI", "counterparty": "Amazon (AWS)", "category": "cloud contract", "what": "Original multi-year AWS commitment (Nov 2025)", "usdBn": 38, "valueQualifier": "", "gw": null, "years": null, "start": null, "announced": "2025-11-03", "status": "contracted", "sourceType": "sec-filing", "filingKey": "amzn-10q-2026-06", "quote": "expansion of the existing $ 38.0 billion multi-year commitment and commercial arrangement with OpenAI", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872426000026/amzn-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-07-31", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "quoteVerified": true, "filingUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872426000026/amzn-20260630.htm" }, { "id": "openai-aws-100", "lab": "OpenAI", "counterparty": "Amazon (AWS)", "category": "cloud contract", "what": "Expansion of the AWS commitment, including AWS chips (Trainium)", "usdBn": 100, "valueQualifier": "", "gw": null, "years": 8, "start": "2026", "announced": "2026-Q1", "status": "contracted", "sourceType": "sec-filing", "filingKey": "amzn-10q-2026-06", "quote": "by $ 100.0 billion over 8.0 years, which includes contractual obligations related to the performance of AWS chips", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872426000026/amzn-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-07-31", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "quoteVerified": true, "filingUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872426000026/amzn-20260630.htm" }, { "id": "anthropic-aws-100", "lab": "Anthropic", "counterparty": "Amazon (AWS)", "category": "cloud contract", "what": "Expansion of the AWS commitment, including Trainium chips", "usdBn": 100, "valueQualifier": "more than", "gw": 5, "years": 10, "start": "2026", "announced": "2026-04-20", "status": "contracted", "sourceType": "sec-filing", "filingKey": "amzn-10q-2026-06", "quote": "AWS and Anthropic announced an expansion of the strategic collaboration and existing multi-year commitment by more than $ 100.0 billion over 10.0 years", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872426000026/amzn-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-07-31", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "gwQualifier": "up to", "gwSource": { "label": "Anthropic, 20 Apr 2026", "url": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/anthropic-amazon-compute", "date": "2026-04-20", "type": "company-release" }, "notes": "GW from Anthropic's release (up to 5 GW, nearly 1 GW by end-2026), not the 10-Q. Amazon invested $5bn and may invest up to $20bn more.", "quoteVerified": true, "filingUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872426000026/amzn-20260630.htm" }, { "id": "anthropic-aws-facility", "lab": "Anthropic", "counterparty": "Amazon (financing)", "category": "financing", "what": "Funding facility that opens as AWS delivers compute milestones; $5bn already used for Series H shares", "usdBn": 20, "valueQualifier": "up to", "gw": null, "years": null, "start": "2026", "announced": "2026-Q2", "status": "contracted", "sourceType": "sec-filing", "filingKey": "amzn-10q-2026-06", "quote": "an aggregate facility not to exceed $ 20.0 billion", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872426000026/amzn-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-07-31", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "excludeFromTotals": true, "quoteVerified": true, "filingUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872426000026/amzn-20260630.htm" }, { "id": "openai-amazon-equity", "lab": "OpenAI", "counterparty": "Amazon (investment)", "category": "investment", "what": "Series C preferred stock: $15bn invested plus a $35bn commitment (fully funded after June 2026)", "usdBn": 50, "valueQualifier": "", "gw": null, "years": null, "start": "2026", "announced": "2026-Q1", "status": "contracted", "sourceType": "sec-filing", "filingKey": "amzn-10q-2026-06", "quote": "with an aggregate purchase price of $ 35.0 billion", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872426000026/amzn-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-07-31", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "excludeFromTotals": true, "quoteVerified": true, "filingUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872426000026/amzn-20260630.htm" }, { "id": "openai-nvidia-ports", "lab": "OpenAI", "counterparty": "Nvidia (lease guarantee)", "category": "lease guarantee", "what": "Guarantees on SB Energy's PORTS campus, Pike County, Ohio: 20-year leases to an OpenAI affiliate, nine phases, Nvidia hardware only", "usdBn": 105, "valueQualifier": "up to", "gw": 4.25, "gwQualifier": "about", "years": 20, "start": "FY2029", "announced": "2026-08", "status": "contracted", "sourceType": "sec-filing", "filingKey": "nvda-10q-2026-07", "quote": "guarantees, capped at a total of $ 105 billion", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581026000075/nvda-20260726.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-26", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "excludeUsdFromTotals": true, "notes": "A guarantee of OpenAI's lease and power payments, not a purchase: the 4.25 GW counts towards OpenAI's capacity, the $105bn does not count towards its spending. Nvidia holds an option on ~3.8 GW more.", "quoteVerified": true, "filingUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581026000075/nvda-20260726.htm" }, { "id": "openai-coreweave-6.5", "lab": "OpenAI", "counterparty": "CoreWeave", "category": "neocloud contract", "what": "Order form under the May 2025 master services agreement", "usdBn": 6.5, "valueQualifier": "up to", "gw": null, "years": 6, "start": "2025", "announced": "2025-09", "status": "contracted", "sourceType": "sec-filing", "filingKey": "crwv-10q-2026-06", "quote": "OpenAI committed to pay us up to approximately $6.5 billion through May 31, 2031", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000366/crwv-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-12", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "quoteVerified": true, "filingUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000366/crwv-20260630.htm" }, { "id": "meta-coreweave-21", "lab": "Meta", "counterparty": "CoreWeave", "category": "neocloud contract", "what": "Order form for new capacity to Dec 2032, plus an exercised option to Apr 2032", "usdBn": 21, "valueQualifier": "up to", "gw": null, "years": 6, "start": "2026", "announced": "2026-03", "status": "contracted", "sourceType": "sec-filing", "filingKey": "crwv-10q-2026-06", "quote": "initially committed to pay us up to approximately $21.0 billion", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000366/crwv-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-12", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "notes": "Adds to the Sep 2025 order (up to $14.2bn): it includes exercising an option under 'a previous order form'. CoreWeave told Bloomberg its Meta total is about $35bn (press).", "quoteVerified": true, "filingUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000366/crwv-20260630.htm" }, { "id": "openai-cerebras-750", "lab": "OpenAI", "counterparty": "Cerebras", "category": "inference capacity", "what": "750 MW of inference capacity OpenAI must buy over 3\u20134 years (extendable to 5); OpenAI also lent Cerebras ~$1bn", "usdBn": 20, "valueQualifier": "more than", "gw": 0.75, "gwQualifier": "", "years": 4, "start": "2026", "announced": "2025-12", "status": "partly live", "sourceType": "sec-filing", "filingKey": "cbrs-10q-2026-06", "quote": "to provide 750 MW of AI inference compute capacity that OpenAI is contractually committed to purchase", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2021728/000162828026056357/cbrs-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-12", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "notes": "Value from Cerebras's Q1 2026 results release, filed as an 8-K (23 Jun 2026). Cerebras's $25.4bn backlog is 'significantly' OpenAI; it booked $56.8m of OpenAI revenue in Q2 2026. Option on 1.25 GW more (up to 2 GW in all) by end-2030. OpenAI also lent Cerebras ~$1bn.", "usdSource": { "label": "Cerebras Q1 2026 results (8-K exhibit)", "filingKey": "cbrs-8k-2026-06", "quote": "750MW valued at more than $20 billion", "date": "2026-06-23", "type": "sec-filing", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2021728/000162828026044941/cbrsannouncesfinancialresu.htm", "quoteVerified": true }, "quoteVerified": true, "filingUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2021728/000162828026056357/cbrs-20260630.htm" }, { "id": "openai-amd-6gw", "lab": "OpenAI", "counterparty": "AMD", "category": "chips", "what": "Multi-year agreement to deploy AMD Instinct GPUs (first GW on MI450); warrant for up to 160m AMD shares", "usdBn": null, "valueQualifier": "", "gw": 6, "gwQualifier": "up to", "years": null, "start": "2026-H2", "announced": "2025-10-06", "status": "contracted", "sourceType": "sec-filing", "filingKey": "amd-10q-2026-06", "quote": "each customer intends to deploy up to 6 gigawatts of AMD data center GPUs", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2488/000000248826000123/amd-20260627.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-05", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "notes": "No warrant shares had vested by 27 Jun 2026.", "quoteVerified": true, "filingUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2488/000000248826000123/amd-20260627.htm" }, { "id": "meta-amd-6gw", "lab": "Meta", "counterparty": "AMD", "category": "chips", "what": "Multi-year agreement to deploy AMD Instinct GPUs; warrant for up to 160m AMD shares", "usdBn": null, "valueQualifier": "", "gw": 6, "gwQualifier": "up to", "years": null, "start": null, "announced": "2026-02", "status": "contracted", "sourceType": "sec-filing", "filingKey": "amd-10q-2026-06", "quote": "In October 2025 and February 2026, we entered into multi-year agreements with OpenAI OpCo, LLC (OpenAI) and Meta Platforms, Inc. (Meta), respectively", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2488/000000248826000123/amd-20260627.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-05", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "quoteVerified": true, "filingUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2488/000000248826000123/amd-20260627.htm" }, { "id": "unnamed-broadcom-xpv", "lab": "Unnamed lab", "counterparty": "Broadcom (AI XPV platform)", "category": "financed capacity", "what": "First tranche of Broadcom's financing platform for its custom accelerators: a financial partner buys the racks and leases capacity to one customer", "usdBn": 35, "valueQualifier": "", "gw": 1, "gwQualifier": "more than", "years": null, "start": "2026", "announced": "2026-06", "status": "contracted", "sourceType": "sec-filing", "filingKey": "avgo-10q-2026-08", "quote": "initial tranche of $35 billion led by a financial partner to facilitate the deployment of more than 1 gigawatt", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1730168/000173016826000080/avgo-20260802.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-10", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "excludeFromTotals": true, "notes": "Customer not named in the filing. Broadcom says the platform is meant to enable more than 20 GW for 'the leading frontier AI labs' through 2028. Probably overlaps the OpenAI and Anthropic Broadcom deals below, so kept out of totals.", "quoteVerified": true, "filingUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1730168/000173016826000080/avgo-20260802.htm" }, { "id": "meta-noncancelable", "lab": "Meta", "counterparty": "Various (third-party cloud, servers, data centres)", "category": "company-wide total", "what": "Non-cancelable contractual commitments at 30 Jun 2026, 'mostly' third-party cloud capacity and infrastructure; separately $279bn of leases not yet commenced", "usdBn": 349.31, "valueQualifier": "", "gw": null, "years": null, "start": "2026", "announced": "2026-07-30", "status": "contracted", "sourceType": "sec-filing", "filingKey": "meta-10q-2026-06", "quote": "we had $ 349.31 billion of non-cancelable contractual commitments", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000162828026050705/meta-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-07-30", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "excludeFromTotals": true, "notes": "Includes the CoreWeave and other cloud deals, and non-AI items; not a lab-only figure.", "quoteVerified": true, "filingUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000162828026050705/meta-20260630.htm" }, { "id": "xai-cloud-customer", "lab": "Unnamed lab", "counterparty": "SpaceX / xAI (compute rental)", "category": "compute rental", "what": "xAI began renting its compute to outside customers in 2026; ~$1.6bn of new Q2 revenue. One unnamed AI-segment customer was 19.5% of SpaceX's Q2 revenue", "usdBn": null, "valueQualifier": "", "gw": null, "years": null, "start": "2026", "announced": "2026-08-04", "status": "live", "sourceType": "sec-filing", "filingKey": "spcx-10q-2026-06", "quote": "an increase in AI infrastructure revenue of $1,600 million as we began to offer cloud services to customers", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1181412/000162828026052535/spcx-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-04", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "notes": "The 10-Q does not name the customer. SpaceX's S-1 (20 May 2026) names Anthropic as a cloud-services customer (row below); that Customer B is Anthropic is consistent with this but is our inference.", "excludeFromTotals": true, "quoteVerified": true, "filingUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1181412/000162828026052535/spcx-20260630.htm" }, { "id": "anthropic-spacex-colossus", "lab": "Anthropic", "counterparty": "SpaceX / xAI (Colossus)", "category": "cloud contract", "what": "Cloud Services Agreements for capacity across Colossus and Colossus II, Memphis: $1.25bn a month through May 2029, ramping at a reduced fee in May\u2013June 2026", "usdBn": 45, "valueQualifier": "about", "gw": 0.3, "gwQualifier": "more than", "gwSource": { "label": "Anthropic, 6 May 2026", "url": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/higher-limits-spacex", "date": "2026-05-06", "type": "company-release" }, "years": 3, "start": "2026", "announced": "2026-05-06", "status": "live", "sourceType": "sec-filing", "filingKey": "spcx-s1-2026-05", "quote": "the customer has agreed to pay us $1.25 billion per month through May 2029", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1181412/000162828026036936/spaceexplorationtechnologi.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-05-20", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "notes": "Value is our arithmetic: $1.25bn \u00d7 36 months, before the reduced ramp fee. Either side can end it on 90 days' notice, so it is less firm than the other contracts. GW: Anthropic says Colossus 1 alone is more than 300 MW (over 220,000 Nvidia GPUs).", "quoteVerified": true, "filingUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1181412/000162828026036936/spaceexplorationtechnologi.htm" }, { "id": "anthropic-broadcom-tpu", "lab": "Anthropic", "counterparty": "Broadcom / Google (TPU)", "category": "chips", "what": "Access through Broadcom to next-generation TPU capacity from 2027, part of 'multiple gigawatts' committed by Anthropic", "usdBn": null, "valueQualifier": "", "gw": 3.5, "gwQualifier": "about", "years": null, "start": "2027", "announced": "2026-04-06", "status": "contracted", "sourceType": "sec-filing", "filingKey": "avgo-8k-2026-04", "quote": "will access through Broadcom approximately 3.5 gigawatts", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1730168/000119312526144028/d87999d8k.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-04-06", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "notes": "Broadcom adds that Anthropic's use 'is dependent on Anthropic's continued commercial success'. Anthropic's later posts (6 and 28 May 2026) describe five gigawatts of next-generation TPU capacity.", "quoteVerified": true, "filingUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1730168/000119312526144028/d87999d8k.htm" }, { "id": "anthropic-google-tpu-2025", "lab": "Anthropic", "counterparty": "Google Cloud (TPU)", "category": "cloud contract", "what": "Up to one million TPUs, 'tens of billions of dollars'", "usdBn": null, "valueQualifier": "", "gw": 1, "gwQualifier": "more than", "years": null, "start": "2026", "announced": "2025-10-23", "status": "partly live", "sourceType": "company-release", "source": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/expanding-our-use-of-google-cloud-tpus-and-services", "sourceDate": "2025-10-23", "quote": "expected to bring well over a gigawatt of capacity online in 2026", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "quoteVerified": null }, { "id": "anthropic-azure-30", "lab": "Anthropic", "counterparty": "Microsoft (Azure)", "category": "cloud contract", "what": "Azure compute on Nvidia Grace Blackwell and Vera Rubin systems", "usdBn": 30, "valueQualifier": "", "gw": 1, "gwQualifier": "up to", "years": null, "start": "2026", "announced": "2025-11-18", "status": "contracted", "sourceType": "company-release", "source": "https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2025/11/18/microsoft-nvidia-and-anthropic-announce-strategic-partnerships/", "sourceDate": "2025-11-18", "quote": "committed to purchase $30 billion of Azure compute capacity", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "quoteVerified": null }, { "id": "anthropic-msft-nvda-equity", "lab": "Anthropic", "counterparty": "Microsoft and Nvidia (investment)", "category": "investment", "what": "Nvidia to invest up to $10bn and Microsoft up to $5bn in Anthropic", "usdBn": 15, "valueQualifier": "up to", "gw": null, "years": null, "start": "2025", "announced": "2025-11-18", "status": "announced", "sourceType": "company-release", "source": "https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2025/11/18/microsoft-nvidia-and-anthropic-announce-strategic-partnerships/", "sourceDate": "2025-11-18", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "excludeFromTotals": true, "quoteVerified": null }, { "id": "anthropic-fluidstack-50", "lab": "Anthropic", "counterparty": "Fluidstack (own data centres)", "category": "own build", "what": "Anthropic's own US data centres in Texas and New York, built with Fluidstack, coming online through 2026", "usdBn": 50, "valueQualifier": "", "gw": null, "years": null, "start": "2026", "announced": "2025-11-12", "status": "under construction", "sourceType": "company-release", "source": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/anthropic-invests-50-billion-in-american-ai-infrastructure", "sourceDate": "2025-11-12", "quote": "a $50 billion investment in American computing infrastructure", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "quoteVerified": null }, { "id": "openai-oracle-300", "lab": "OpenAI", "counterparty": "Oracle (OCI / Stargate)", "category": "cloud contract", "what": "Stargate partnership with Oracle; includes 4.5 GW of additional US capacity agreed in July 2025", "usdBn": 300, "valueQualifier": "more than", "gw": 4.5, "gwQualifier": "", "years": 5, "start": "2027", "announced": "2025-09-23", "status": "contracted", "sourceType": "company-release", "source": "https://openai.com/index/five-new-stargate-sites/", "sourceDate": "2025-09-23", "quote": "a partnership that exceeds $300 billion between the two companies over the next five years", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "notes": "Oracle's filings do not name OpenAI; its backlog was $664bn at 31 Aug 2026 (10-Q). Start year 2027 is from the Wall Street Journal (press). Bloomberg reported in Mar 2026 that a planned 600 MW expansion at Abilene, Texas was dropped (press).", "quoteVerified": null }, { "id": "openai-broadcom-10gw", "lab": "OpenAI", "counterparty": "Broadcom", "category": "chips", "what": "OpenAI-designed accelerators and networking racks; term sheet signed", "usdBn": null, "valueQualifier": "", "gw": 10, "gwQualifier": "", "years": 4, "start": "2026-H2", "announced": "2025-10-13", "status": "announced", "sourceType": "company-release", "source": "https://openai.com/index/openai-and-broadcom-announce-strategic-collaboration/", "sourceDate": "2025-10-13", "quote": "targeted to start in the second half of 2026, to complete by end of 2029", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "quoteVerified": null }, { "id": "openai-nvidia-10gw", "lab": "OpenAI", "counterparty": "Nvidia", "category": "chips", "what": "Letter of intent for at least 10 GW of Nvidia systems, with Nvidia to invest up to $100bn as each GW deploys", "usdBn": 100, "valueQualifier": "up to", "gw": 10, "gwQualifier": "at least", "years": null, "start": "2026-H2", "announced": "2025-09-22", "status": "shelved", "sourceType": "company-release", "source": "https://investor.nvidia.com/news/press-release-details/2025/OpenAI-and-NVIDIA-Announce-Strategic-Partnership-to-Deploy-10-Gigawatts-of-NVIDIA-Systems/", "sourceDate": "2025-09-22", "quote": "NVIDIA intends to invest up to $100 billion in OpenAI", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "excludeFromTotals": true, "notes": "Never became a definitive agreement (Nvidia CFO, Dec 2025, via Fortune). Press reported in Feb 2026 that a $30bn Nvidia equity stake in OpenAI's funding round replaced it. Not counted.", "quoteVerified": null }, { "id": "openai-coreweave-early", "lab": "OpenAI", "counterparty": "CoreWeave", "category": "neocloud contract", "what": "Earlier order forms: up to $11.9bn (Mar 2025) and up to $4bn (May 2025)", "usdBn": 15.9, "valueQualifier": "up to", "gw": null, "years": 5, "start": "2025", "announced": "2025-03-10", "status": "live", "sourceType": "company-release", "source": "https://www.coreweave.com/news/coreweave-expands-agreement-with-openai-by-up-to-6-5b", "sourceDate": "2025-09-25", "quote": "brings the total contract value with OpenAI up to approximately $22.4 billion", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "notes": "$22.4bn total less the $6.5bn order in the 10-Q row above (our arithmetic).", "quoteVerified": null }, { "id": "openai-aggregate-1.4tn", "lab": "OpenAI", "counterparty": "All suppliers (company-wide)", "category": "company-wide total", "what": "Sam Altman: about $1.4tn of data-centre commitments over the next eight years", "usdBn": 1400, "valueQualifier": "about", "gw": null, "years": 8, "start": "2025", "announced": "2025-11-06", "status": "announced", "sourceType": "press", "source": "https://techcrunch.com/2025/11/06/sam-altman-says-openai-has-20b-arr-and-about-1-4-trillion-in-data-center-commitments/", "sourceDate": "2025-11-06", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "excludeFromTotals": true, "notes": "Press report of a post on X. CNBC (20 Feb 2026, unnamed sources) later reported a target of about $600bn of compute spending by 2030.", "quoteVerified": null }, { "id": "openai-aggregate-10gw", "lab": "OpenAI", "counterparty": "All suppliers (company-wide)", "category": "company-wide total", "what": "OpenAI says it has passed 10 GW of US AI infrastructure secured (contracted, not operating); ~1.9 GW was running at end-2025", "usdBn": null, "valueQualifier": "", "gw": 10, "gwQualifier": "more than", "years": null, "start": null, "announced": "2026-04-29", "status": "contracted", "sourceType": "company-release", "source": "https://openai.com/index/building-the-compute-infrastructure-for-the-intelligence-age/", "sourceDate": "2026-04-29", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "excludeFromTotals": true, "quoteVerified": null }, { "id": "meta-coreweave-14.2", "lab": "Meta", "counterparty": "CoreWeave", "category": "neocloud contract", "what": "Order form for capacity to Dec 2031, option to expand through 2032", "usdBn": 14.2, "valueQualifier": "up to", "gw": null, "years": 6, "start": "2025", "announced": "2025-09-30", "status": "live", "sourceType": "sec-filing", "filingKey": "crwv-8k-2025-09", "quote": "up to approximately $14.2 billion through December 14, 2031", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962825000050/crwv-20250925.htm", "sourceDate": "2025-09-30", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "quoteVerified": true, "filingUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962825000050/crwv-20250925.htm" }, { "id": "meta-nebius-3", "lab": "Meta", "counterparty": "Nebius", "category": "neocloud contract", "what": "AI infrastructure for Meta over five years", "usdBn": 3, "valueQualifier": "about", "gw": null, "years": 5, "start": "2025", "announced": "2025-11-11", "status": "contracted", "sourceType": "sec-filing", "filingKey": "nbis-6k-2025-11", "quote": "new agreement to deliver AI infrastructure to Meta valued at approximately $3 billion over 5 years", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465925109806/tm2530882d1_ex99-1.htm", "sourceDate": "2025-11-11", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "notes": "Nebius is Amsterdam-based; see /europe/neoclouds.", "quoteVerified": true, "filingUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465925109806/tm2530882d1_ex99-1.htm" }, { "id": "meta-google-cloud-10", "lab": "Meta", "counterparty": "Google Cloud", "category": "cloud contract", "what": "Cloud computing deal over six years", "usdBn": 10, "valueQualifier": "more than", "gw": null, "years": 6, "start": "2025", "announced": "2025-08-21", "status": "contracted", "sourceType": "press", "source": "https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/business/2025/08/22/meta-signs-over-us10-billion-cloud-deal-with-google-source-says-2/", "sourceDate": "2025-08-22", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "notes": "Reported by The Information and Reuters from an unnamed source; not confirmed by either company.", "quoteVerified": null }, { "id": "meta-google-tpu", "lab": "Meta", "counterparty": "Google Cloud (TPU)", "category": "cloud contract", "what": "Multi-year rental of Google TPUs, 'multi-billion dollar'", "usdBn": null, "valueQualifier": "", "gw": null, "years": null, "start": "2026", "announced": "2026-02-27", "status": "announced", "sourceType": "press", "source": "https://www.storyboard18.com/digital/meta-signs-multi-billion-dollar-ai-chip-rental-deal-with-google-90907.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-02-27", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "notes": "Reported by The Information; no company confirmation and no value.", "quoteVerified": null }, { "id": "meta-hyperion-jv", "lab": "Meta", "counterparty": "Blue Owl (Hyperion JV)", "category": "financed own build", "what": "Joint venture to build the Hyperion data centre, Louisiana: Blue Owl funds 80%, Meta 20%; Meta leases it back", "usdBn": 27, "valueQualifier": "about", "gw": null, "years": 20, "start": "2025", "announced": "2025-10-21", "status": "under construction", "sourceType": "company-release", "source": "https://about.fb.com/news/2025/10/meta-blue-owl-capital-develop-hyperion-data-center/", "sourceDate": "2025-10-21", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "excludeFromTotals": true, "notes": "Development cost, not a compute purchase: four-year leases with a residual-value guarantee. Not counted.", "quoteVerified": null }, { "id": "mistral-paris-campus", "lab": "Mistral AI", "counterparty": "MGX, Bpifrance, Nvidia (Paris campus)", "category": "own build", "what": "AI campus in the Paris region, building from H2 2026, operating 2028", "usdBn": null, "valueQualifier": "", "gw": 1.4, "gwQualifier": "up to", "years": null, "start": "2028", "announced": "2025-05-19", "status": "announced", "sourceType": "company-release", "source": "https://www.wam.ae/en/article/bjr4hhb-mgx-bpifrance-mistral-ai-nvidia-launch-joint", "sourceDate": "2025-05-19", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "notes": "Joint release at the Choose France summit (copy on WAM, the UAE news agency). 1.4 GW is the campus's eventual capacity, not a first phase. Bloomberg's \u20ac8.5bn value is press-only.", "quoteVerified": null }, { "id": "mistral-debt-bruyeres", "lab": "Mistral AI", "counterparty": "Seven banks led by BNP Paribas and Bpifrance", "category": "debt-financed own build", "what": "First debt financing, to buy about 13,800 Nvidia GB300 chips for its Bruy\u00e8res-le-Ch\u00e2tel site south of Paris", "usdBn": 0.83, "valueQualifier": "about", "gw": null, "gwQualifier": "", "years": null, "start": "2026", "announced": "2026-03-30", "status": "under construction", "sourceType": "company-release", "source": "https://www.gide.com/en/news-insights/gide-advises-mistral-ai-on-its-first-financing-amounting-to-approximately-usd-830-million", "sourceDate": "2026-03-30", "quote": "two tranches of approximately USD 720 million and EUR 94 million", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "notes": "Release by Mistral's legal adviser. Press puts the site at about 44 MW (see /europe/ai-labs).", "quoteVerified": null } ], "byLab": [ { "lab": "OpenAI", "usdBn": 730.4, "gw": 25.5, "deals": 10, "secUsdBn": 414.5, "secGw": 11.0, "withoutValue": 3 }, { "lab": "Anthropic", "usdBn": 225.0, "gw": 10.8, "deals": 6, "secUsdBn": 145.0, "secGw": 3.5, "withoutValue": 2 }, { "lab": "Meta", "usdBn": 48.2, "gw": 6.0, "deals": 6, "secUsdBn": 38.2, "secGw": 6.0, "withoutValue": 2 }, { "lab": "Mistral AI", "usdBn": 0.83, "gw": 1.4, "deals": 2, "secUsdBn": 0.0, "secGw": 0.0, "withoutValue": 1 } ], "byCounterparty": [ { "counterparty": "Oracle (OCI / Stargate)", "usdBn": 300.0, "gw": 4.5, "deals": 1, "secUsdBn": 0.0, "secGw": 0.0, "withoutValue": 0 }, { "counterparty": "Microsoft (Azure)", "usdBn": 280.0, "gw": 1.0, "deals": 2, "secUsdBn": 250.0, "secGw": 0.0, "withoutValue": 0 }, { "counterparty": "Amazon (AWS)", "usdBn": 238.0, "gw": 5.0, "deals": 3, "secUsdBn": 238.0, "secGw": 0.0, "withoutValue": 0 }, { "counterparty": "CoreWeave", "usdBn": 57.6, "gw": 0.0, "deals": 4, "secUsdBn": 41.7, "secGw": 0.0, "withoutValue": 0 }, { "counterparty": "Fluidstack (own data centres)", "usdBn": 50.0, "gw": 0.0, "deals": 1, "secUsdBn": 0.0, "secGw": 0.0, "withoutValue": 0 }, { "counterparty": "SpaceX / xAI (Colossus)", "usdBn": 45.0, "gw": 0.3, "deals": 1, "secUsdBn": 45.0, "secGw": 0.0, "withoutValue": 0 }, { "counterparty": "Cerebras", "usdBn": 20.0, "gw": 0.75, "deals": 1, "secUsdBn": 20.0, "secGw": 0.75, "withoutValue": 0 }, { "counterparty": "Google Cloud", "usdBn": 10.0, "gw": 0.0, "deals": 1, "secUsdBn": 0.0, "secGw": 0.0, "withoutValue": 0 }, { "counterparty": "Nebius", "usdBn": 3.0, "gw": 0.0, "deals": 1, "secUsdBn": 3.0, "secGw": 0.0, "withoutValue": 0 }, { "counterparty": "Seven banks led by BNP Paribas and Bpifrance", "usdBn": 0.83, "gw": 0.0, "deals": 1, "secUsdBn": 0.0, "secGw": 0.0, "withoutValue": 0 }, { "counterparty": "Nvidia (lease guarantee)", "usdBn": 0.0, "gw": 4.25, "deals": 1, "secUsdBn": 0.0, "secGw": 4.25, "withoutValue": 1 }, { "counterparty": "AMD", "usdBn": 0.0, "gw": 12.0, "deals": 2, "secUsdBn": 0.0, "secGw": 12.0, "withoutValue": 2 }, { "counterparty": "Broadcom / Google (TPU)", "usdBn": 0.0, "gw": 3.5, "deals": 1, "secUsdBn": 0.0, "secGw": 3.5, "withoutValue": 1 }, { "counterparty": "Google Cloud (TPU)", "usdBn": 0.0, "gw": 1.0, "deals": 2, "secUsdBn": 0.0, "secGw": 0.0, "withoutValue": 2 }, { "counterparty": "Broadcom", "usdBn": 0.0, "gw": 10.0, "deals": 1, "secUsdBn": 0.0, "secGw": 0.0, "withoutValue": 1 }, { "counterparty": "MGX, Bpifrance, Nvidia (Paris campus)", "usdBn": 0.0, "gw": 1.4, "deals": 1, "secUsdBn": 0.0, "secGw": 0.0, "withoutValue": 1 } ], "bySourceType": { "sec-filing": 19, "company-release": 12, "press": 3 }, "newerFilings": [], "edgarHits": { "OpenAI": 100, "Anthropic": 98, "xAI": 15 }, "views": [ { "who": "SemiAnalysis", "title": "Nvidia's Backstop Universe - Heads I Win, Tails Who Loses?", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/nvidias-backstop-universe-heads-i", "date": "11 Sep 2026", "paraphrase": "The free section argues that the five big clouds control the investment-grade credit the AI build-out depends on, and describes Nvidia's off-balance-sheet guarantees as a way for neoclouds and labs without that credit rating to raise money for data centres.", "ours": "Nvidia's 10-Q (26 Aug 2026) puts numbers on one case: guarantees capped at $105bn for about 4.25 GW of 20-year leases to an OpenAI affiliate in Ohio. They take effect phase by phase, the first in Nvidia's fiscal 2029, and end if OpenAI gets a satisfactory credit rating.", "checked": "2026-10-11" } ], "notes": [ "xAI mostly builds and owns its compute (Colossus, Memphis) rather than renting it, so few xAI deals appear; reported older deals (Oracle, ~$10bn, 2024) and a 500 MW Saudi project with Humain (Nov 2025) are press-only and not listed.", "Google DeepMind uses Google's own TPUs and data centres; there is no external contract to list. Alphabet's 10-Q does not name its Anthropic stake ('a private company')." ], "caveats": [ "Values are as stated: many are ceilings ('up to'), and contract values are spread over 3\u201310 years. Dollar and GW figures can describe the same capacity twice (chips and the cloud that hosts them), so totals overstate distinct capacity.", "Microsoft, Amazon, Nvidia and Alphabet are also investors in the labs they sell to; stakes and loans are listed but not added to totals.", "SEC rows quote the filing verbatim; a \u2713 means the quote was found in the cached filing when the dataset was built. Where a row's GW or $ comes from a release instead, it is not counted as 'in filings'." ] }, "us_power": { "title": "US power: capacity prices, queues, load forecasts and the gas build", "asOf": "2026-10-11", "source": "PJM 2028/2029 BRA report and load-forecast workbooks; EIA-860M and Electric Power Monthly tables 5.6.A/B; LBNL Queued Up 2025; Grid Strategies (Nov 2025); Global Energy Monitor (Aug 2026); ERCOT figures as reported; hand-compiled AI-campus gas table", "sourceUrl": "https://www.pjm.com/-/media/DotCom/markets-ops/rpm/rpm-auction-info/2028-2029/2028-2029-bra-results-report.pdf", "sourceUrls": { "pjmBra": "https://www.pjm.com/-/media/DotCom/markets-ops/rpm/rpm-auction-info/2028-2029/2028-2029-bra-results-report.pdf", "pjmLoad": "https://www.pjm.com/-/media/DotCom/library/reports-notices/load-forecast/2026-load-report.pdf", "pjmLoadData": "https://www.pjm.com/-/media/DotCom/library/reports-notices/load-forecast/2026-load-report-data.xlsx", "eia860m": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia860m/xls/august_generator2026.xlsx", "eia860mPage": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia860m/", "eia56a": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/xls/table_5_06_a.xlsx", "eia56b": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/xls/table_5_06_b.xlsx", "eiaEpm": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/", "lbnl": "https://emp.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2025-12/Queued%20Up%202025%20Edition%20-%2012.15.2025.pdf", "gridStrategies": "https://gridstrategiesllc.com/wp-content/uploads/Grid-Strategies-National-Load-Growth-Report-2025.pdf", "gem": "https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/2026-08/GEM%20U.S.%20gas%20plants%20and%20data%20centers%20Aug%202026.pdf" }, "summary": { "bra": { "latest": "2028/29", "latestPrice": 325.0, "latestPerMWh": 13.54, "low": "2024/25", "lowPrice": 28.92, "multiple": 11.2, "uncapped": 554.72, "shortfallMW": 6831.3, "priorShortfallMW": 6516.0, "costUsdBn": 16.4, "reportDate": "2026-07-14" }, "irelandCapacity": { "auction": "T-4 2029/30", "held": "2026-03-26", "eurPerMWyear": 135499.99, "source": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-04/PCAR2930T-4%20report.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-04-14", "kind": "measured", "quote": "The Auction Clearing Price was \u20ac135,499.99 (\u00a3125,337.49) per MW per year.", "eurPerMWday": 371.23, "eurPerMWhFlat": 15.47 }, "load": { "peak2026": 156373, "peak2036": 222106, "rise2036": 65733, "peak2030v24": 167873, "peak2030v25": 183883, "peak2030v26": 183008, "peak2028v25": 169981, "peak2028v26": 165567, "energy2026": 856075, "energy2036": 1437629 }, "gen": { "month": "2026-08", "gasBuildingMW": 13296, "gasApprovedMW": 5548, "gasProposedMW": 50605, "buildingMW": 98731 }, "prices": { "usIndustrialYtd": 9.03, "usCommercialYtd": 13.97, "period": "July 2026 YTD" }, "campuses": { "n": 9, "announcedMW": 20394, "in860mMW": 22397, "btm": 4, "missingN": 5, "missingMW": 3357, "missing": [ "xAI Colossus 1, Memphis", "xAI Colossus 2, Southaven plant", "Stargate Abilene", "Meta New Albany (Williams Socrates)", "Project Jade, Cheyenne" ], "btmAnnouncedMW": 7925, "btmIn860mMW": 11679 } }, "auctions": [ { "deliveryYear": "2018/19", "usdPerMWday": 164.77, "usdPerMWhFlat": 6.87, "clearedUcapMW": 166836.9, "targetReserveMarginPct": 16.1, "rpmReserveMarginPct": 20.2, "totalReserveMarginPct": 19.8, "costUsdBn": 10.9 }, { "deliveryYear": "2019/20", "usdPerMWday": 100.0, "usdPerMWhFlat": 4.17, "clearedUcapMW": 167305.9, "targetReserveMarginPct": 16.0, "rpmReserveMarginPct": 22.9, "totalReserveMarginPct": 22.4, "costUsdBn": 7.0 }, { "deliveryYear": "2020/21", "usdPerMWday": 76.53, "usdPerMWhFlat": 3.19, "clearedUcapMW": 165109.2, "targetReserveMarginPct": 15.5, "rpmReserveMarginPct": 23.9, "totalReserveMarginPct": 23.3, "costUsdBn": 7.0 }, { "deliveryYear": "2021/22", "usdPerMWday": 140.0, "usdPerMWhFlat": 5.83, "clearedUcapMW": 163627.3, "targetReserveMarginPct": 14.7, "rpmReserveMarginPct": 22.0, "totalReserveMarginPct": 21.5, "costUsdBn": 9.3 }, { "deliveryYear": "2022/23", "usdPerMWday": 50.0, "usdPerMWhFlat": 2.08, "clearedUcapMW": 144477.3, "targetReserveMarginPct": 14.9, "rpmReserveMarginPct": 21.1, "totalReserveMarginPct": 19.9, "costUsdBn": 3.9 }, { "deliveryYear": "2023/24", "usdPerMWday": 34.13, "usdPerMWhFlat": 1.42, "clearedUcapMW": 144870.6, "targetReserveMarginPct": 14.9, "rpmReserveMarginPct": 21.6, "totalReserveMarginPct": 20.3, "costUsdBn": 2.2 }, { "deliveryYear": "2024/25", "usdPerMWday": 28.92, "usdPerMWhFlat": 1.21, "clearedUcapMW": 147478.9, "targetReserveMarginPct": 17.7, "rpmReserveMarginPct": 21.7, "totalReserveMarginPct": 20.4, "costUsdBn": 2.2 }, { "deliveryYear": "2025/26", "usdPerMWday": 269.92, "usdPerMWhFlat": 11.25, "clearedUcapMW": 135684.0, "targetReserveMarginPct": 17.8, "rpmReserveMarginPct": 18.6, "totalReserveMarginPct": 18.5, "costUsdBn": 14.7 }, { "deliveryYear": "2026/27", "usdPerMWday": 329.17, "usdPerMWhFlat": 13.72, "clearedUcapMW": 134205.3, "targetReserveMarginPct": 18.6, "rpmReserveMarginPct": 18.9, "totalReserveMarginPct": 18.9, "costUsdBn": 16.1 }, { "deliveryYear": "2027/28", "usdPerMWday": 333.44, "usdPerMWhFlat": 13.89, "clearedUcapMW": 134478.1, "targetReserveMarginPct": 20.0, "rpmReserveMarginPct": 14.4, "totalReserveMarginPct": 14.9, "costUsdBn": 16.4 }, { "deliveryYear": "2028/29", "usdPerMWday": 325.0, "usdPerMWhFlat": 13.54, "clearedUcapMW": 138317.8, "targetReserveMarginPct": 20.0, "rpmReserveMarginPct": 14.4, "totalReserveMarginPct": 14.7, "costUsdBn": 16.4 } ], "load": { "2024": [ { "year": 2024, "summerPeakMW": 151247, "energyGWh": 813328 }, { "year": 2025, "summerPeakMW": 153493, "energyGWh": 829683 }, { "year": 2026, "summerPeakMW": 156803, "energyGWh": 856944 }, { "year": 2027, "summerPeakMW": 159859, "energyGWh": 883236 }, { "year": 2028, "summerPeakMW": 162972, "energyGWh": 913467 }, { "year": 2029, "summerPeakMW": 165681, "energyGWh": 933146 }, { "year": 2030, "summerPeakMW": 167873, "energyGWh": 952578 }, { "year": 2031, "summerPeakMW": 170008, "energyGWh": 970273 }, { "year": 2032, "summerPeakMW": 172109, "energyGWh": 991188 }, { "year": 2033, "summerPeakMW": 174366, "energyGWh": 1004209 }, { "year": 2034, "summerPeakMW": 176822, "energyGWh": 1021955 }, { "year": 2035, "summerPeakMW": 179622, "energyGWh": 1041217 }, { "year": 2036, "summerPeakMW": 182487, "energyGWh": 1064283 }, { "year": 2037, "summerPeakMW": 185127, "energyGWh": 1079682 }, { "year": 2038, "summerPeakMW": 187752, "energyGWh": 1099538 }, { "year": 2039, "summerPeakMW": 190752, "energyGWh": 1120928 } ], "2025": [ { "year": 2025, "summerPeakMW": 154144, "energyGWh": 832781 }, { "year": 2026, "summerPeakMW": 158937, "energyGWh": 874976 }, { "year": 2027, "summerPeakMW": 164186, "energyGWh": 923354 }, { "year": 2028, "summerPeakMW": 169981, "energyGWh": 978959 }, { "year": 2029, "summerPeakMW": 176094, "energyGWh": 1031851 }, { "year": 2030, "summerPeakMW": 183883, "energyGWh": 1099623 }, { "year": 2031, "summerPeakMW": 192647, "energyGWh": 1175225 }, { "year": 2032, "summerPeakMW": 200507, "energyGWh": 1248118 }, { "year": 2033, "summerPeakMW": 204197, "energyGWh": 1279778 }, { "year": 2034, "summerPeakMW": 207253, "energyGWh": 1305481 }, { "year": 2035, "summerPeakMW": 209923, "energyGWh": 1328045 }, { "year": 2036, "summerPeakMW": 212330, "energyGWh": 1352954 }, { "year": 2037, "summerPeakMW": 214575, "energyGWh": 1366152 }, { "year": 2038, "summerPeakMW": 216590, "energyGWh": 1382541 }, { "year": 2039, "summerPeakMW": 218455, "energyGWh": 1397072 }, { "year": 2040, "summerPeakMW": 220224, "energyGWh": 1416841 }, { "year": 2041, "summerPeakMW": 221938, "energyGWh": 1426536 }, { "year": 2042, "summerPeakMW": 223605, "energyGWh": 1440664 }, { "year": 2043, "summerPeakMW": 225265, "energyGWh": 1454597 }, { "year": 2044, "summerPeakMW": 226839, "energyGWh": 1473297 }, { "year": 2045, "summerPeakMW": 228544, "energyGWh": 1482068 } ], "2026": [ { "year": 2026, "summerPeakMW": 156373, "energyGWh": 856075 }, { "year": 2027, "summerPeakMW": 160451, "energyGWh": 898163 }, { "year": 2028, "summerPeakMW": 165567, "energyGWh": 949769 }, { "year": 2029, "summerPeakMW": 171530, "energyGWh": 1000177 }, { "year": 2030, "summerPeakMW": 183008, "energyGWh": 1086262 }, { "year": 2031, "summerPeakMW": 191017, "energyGWh": 1170946 }, { "year": 2032, "summerPeakMW": 198915, "energyGWh": 1243681 }, { "year": 2033, "summerPeakMW": 206084, "energyGWh": 1299453 }, { "year": 2034, "summerPeakMW": 211882, "energyGWh": 1348192 }, { "year": 2035, "summerPeakMW": 216872, "energyGWh": 1390749 }, { "year": 2036, "summerPeakMW": 222106, "energyGWh": 1437629 }, { "year": 2037, "summerPeakMW": 228100, "energyGWh": 1479300 }, { "year": 2038, "summerPeakMW": 232653, "energyGWh": 1516178 }, { "year": 2039, "summerPeakMW": 235913, "energyGWh": 1540586 }, { "year": 2040, "summerPeakMW": 238817, "energyGWh": 1567228 }, { "year": 2041, "summerPeakMW": 241416, "energyGWh": 1580537 }, { "year": 2042, "summerPeakMW": 243853, "energyGWh": 1598767 }, { "year": 2043, "summerPeakMW": 246229, "energyGWh": 1615986 }, { "year": 2044, "summerPeakMW": 248498, "energyGWh": 1638354 }, { "year": 2045, "summerPeakMW": 250760, "energyGWh": 1649287 }, { "year": 2046, "summerPeakMW": 253077, "energyGWh": 1667075 } ] }, "generators": { "month": "2026-08", "pipeline": [ { "stage": "building", "Gas": 13296, "Solar": 46910, "Batteries": 23544, "Wind": 14654, "Nuclear": 0, "Other": 327, "total": 98731 }, { "stage": "approved", "Gas": 5548, "Solar": 14488, "Batteries": 5432, "Wind": 1639, "Nuclear": 0, "Other": 74, "total": 27180 }, { "stage": "proposed", "Gas": 50605, "Solar": 60861, "Batteries": 35427, "Wind": 7461, "Nuclear": 4968, "Other": 3310, "total": 162632 } ], "yearly": [ { "year": 2015, "Gas": 7114, "Solar": 3549, "Batteries": 92, "Wind": 8253, "Nuclear": 0, "Other": 574, "kind": "operating" }, { "year": 2016, "Gas": 9376, "Solar": 8106, "Batteries": 170, "Wind": 8788, "Nuclear": 1270, "Other": 583, "kind": "operating" }, { "year": 2017, "Gas": 10772, "Solar": 5253, "Batteries": 118, "Wind": 6606, "Nuclear": 0, "Other": 533, "kind": "operating" }, { "year": 2018, "Gas": 21700, "Solar": 4952, "Batteries": 220, "Wind": 7083, "Nuclear": 0, "Other": 468, "kind": "operating" }, { "year": 2019, "Gas": 8751, "Solar": 5851, "Batteries": 205, "Wind": 8527, "Nuclear": 0, "Other": 355, "kind": "operating" }, { "year": 2020, "Gas": 7144, "Solar": 10651, "Batteries": 585, "Wind": 14895, "Nuclear": 0, "Other": 368, "kind": "operating" }, { "year": 2021, "Gas": 7361, "Solar": 13777, "Batteries": 3132, "Wind": 13848, "Nuclear": 0, "Other": 165, "kind": "operating" }, { "year": 2022, "Gas": 7052, "Solar": 11301, "Batteries": 4307, "Wind": 9478, "Nuclear": 0, "Other": 302, "kind": "operating" }, { "year": 2023, "Gas": 9868, "Solar": 19820, "Batteries": 7234, "Wind": 6635, "Nuclear": 1114, "Other": 237, "kind": "operating" }, { "year": 2024, "Gas": 2437, "Solar": 31160, "Batteries": 11065, "Wind": 5156, "Nuclear": 1114, "Other": 127, "kind": "operating" }, { "year": 2025, "Gas": 5256, "Solar": 29640, "Batteries": 16355, "Wind": 6272, "Nuclear": 0, "Other": 178, "kind": "operating" }, { "year": 2026, "Gas": 6409, "Solar": 41293, "Batteries": 22861, "Wind": 10392, "Nuclear": 0, "Other": 121, "kind": "operating + due this year" }, { "year": 2027, "Gas": 4918, "Solar": 15762, "Batteries": 10030, "Wind": 7612, "Nuclear": 0, "Other": 193, "kind": "under construction, due" }, { "year": 2028, "Gas": 2873, "Solar": 2965, "Batteries": 891, "Wind": 0, "Nuclear": 0, "Other": 30, "kind": "under construction, due" }, { "year": 2029, "Gas": 1445, "Solar": 900, "Batteries": 350, "Wind": 87, "Nuclear": 0, "Other": 0, "kind": "under construction, due" }, { "year": 2030, "Gas": 0, "Solar": 667, "Batteries": 250, "Wind": 0, "Nuclear": 0, "Other": 0, "kind": "under construction, due" } ], "buildingByState": [ { "state": "TX", "Gas": 5362, "Solar": 15621, "Batteries": 8687, "Wind": 1978, "Nuclear": 0, "Other": 38, "total": 31687 }, { "state": "CA", "Gas": 0, "Solar": 3527, "Batteries": 4321, "Wind": 213, "Nuclear": 0, "Other": 24, "total": 8085 }, { "state": "AZ", "Gas": 689, "Solar": 2310, "Batteries": 3622, "Wind": 0, "Nuclear": 0, "Other": 0, "total": 6621 }, { "state": "VA", "Gas": 0, "Solar": 752, "Batteries": 141, "Wind": 2718, "Nuclear": 0, "Other": 0, "total": 3611 }, { "state": "WY", "Gas": 0, "Solar": 0, "Batteries": 0, "Wind": 3550, "Nuclear": 0, "Other": 0, "total": 3550 }, { "state": "MI", "Gas": 15, "Solar": 3192, "Batteries": 320, "Wind": 0, "Nuclear": 0, "Other": 0, "total": 3527 }, { "state": "AR", "Gas": 69, "Solar": 2520, "Batteries": 750, "Wind": 183, "Nuclear": 0, "Other": 0, "total": 3522 }, { "state": "NY", "Gas": 3, "Solar": 1092, "Batteries": 112, "Wind": 2081, "Nuclear": 0, "Other": 25, "total": 3313 }, { "state": "CO", "Gas": 478, "Solar": 722, "Batteries": 849, "Wind": 1041, "Nuclear": 0, "Other": 0, "total": 3090 }, { "state": "IL", "Gas": 0, "Solar": 1542, "Batteries": 0, "Wind": 1346, "Nuclear": 0, "Other": 13, "total": 2900 }, { "state": "OK", "Gas": 1461, "Solar": 1010, "Batteries": 200, "Wind": 0, "Nuclear": 0, "Other": 0, "total": 2671 }, { "state": "FL", "Gas": 612, "Solar": 1559, "Batteries": 150, "Wind": 0, "Nuclear": 0, "Other": 17, "total": 2338 }, { "state": "NV", "Gas": 0, "Solar": 1428, "Batteries": 826, "Wind": 0, "Nuclear": 0, "Other": 0, "total": 2254 }, { "state": "MS", "Gas": 1655, "Solar": 515, "Batteries": 0, "Wind": 0, "Nuclear": 0, "Other": 0, "total": 2169 }, { "state": "OH", "Gas": 0, "Solar": 1332, "Batteries": 216, "Wind": 297, "Nuclear": 0, "Other": 0, "total": 1845 } ], "plannedUnits": 2312 }, "prices": { "ytdTitle": "by State, Year-to-Date through July 2026 and 2025 (Cents per Kilowatthour)", "ytdPeriods": [ "July 2026 YTD", "July 2025 YTD" ], "monthTitle": "by State, July 2026 and 2025 (Cents per Kilowatthour)", "monthPeriods": [ "July 2026", "July 2025" ], "us": { "name": "U.S. Total", "residential": 18.19, "residentialPrior": 17.01, "commercial": 13.97, "commercialPrior": 13.23, "industrial": 9.03, "industrialPrior": 8.53 }, "usMonth": { "name": "U.S. Total", "residential": 18.31, "residentialPrior": 17.45, "commercial": 14.53, "commercialPrior": 14.05, "industrial": 9.77, "industrialPrior": 9.33 }, "states": [ { "name": "Connecticut", "residential": 27.97, "residentialPrior": 30.29, "commercial": 22.13, "commercialPrior": 23.79, "industrial": 18.5, "industrialPrior": 19.15, "commercialMonth": 19.87, "industrialMonth": 17.29 }, { "name": "Maine", "residential": 29.99, "residentialPrior": 27.46, "commercial": 23.09, "commercialPrior": 20.85, "industrial": 15.61, "industrialPrior": 15.12, "commercialMonth": 21.64, "industrialMonth": 13.94 }, { "name": "Massachusetts", "residential": 30.14, "residentialPrior": 30.22, "commercial": 24.73, "commercialPrior": 23.05, "industrial": 19.99, "industrialPrior": 19.53, "commercialMonth": 24.41, "industrialMonth": 20.25 }, { "name": "New 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10.24, "industrialPrior": 9.57, "commercialMonth": 24.18, "industrialMonth": 10.81 }, { "name": "Pennsylvania", "residential": 21.04, "residentialPrior": 18.7, "commercial": 13.97, "commercialPrior": 12.12, "industrial": 10.93, "industrialPrior": 9.04, "commercialMonth": 13.86, "industrialMonth": 11.04 }, { "name": "Illinois", "residential": 19.22, "residentialPrior": 17.36, "commercial": 13.95, "commercialPrior": 12.79, "industrial": 10.24, "industrialPrior": 9.96, "commercialMonth": 15.19, "industrialMonth": 11.87 }, { "name": "Indiana", "residential": 17.04, "residentialPrior": 15.86, "commercial": 13.93, "commercialPrior": 13.83, "industrial": 9.15, "industrialPrior": 8.77, "commercialMonth": 13.3, "industrialMonth": 9.16 }, { "name": "Michigan", "residential": 21.53, "residentialPrior": 19.78, "commercial": 15.73, "commercialPrior": 14.5, "industrial": 9.33, "industrialPrior": 8.65, "commercialMonth": 16.46, "industrialMonth": 9.81 }, { "name": "Ohio", "residential": 18.7, "residentialPrior": 16.55, "commercial": 13.83, "commercialPrior": 11.15, "industrial": 10.32, "industrialPrior": 8.16, "commercialMonth": 14.06, "industrialMonth": 10.95 }, { "name": "Wisconsin", "residential": 19.0, "residentialPrior": 18.03, "commercial": 13.65, "commercialPrior": 13.02, "industrial": 9.39, "industrialPrior": 8.89, "commercialMonth": 13.93, "industrialMonth": 10.46 }, { "name": "Iowa", "residential": 14.2, "residentialPrior": 13.52, "commercial": 11.31, "commercialPrior": 10.92, "industrial": 7.38, "industrialPrior": 7.06, "commercialMonth": 13.27, "industrialMonth": 9.99 }, { "name": "Kansas", "residential": 15.21, "residentialPrior": 14.32, "commercial": 11.69, "commercialPrior": 11.2, "industrial": 8.3, "industrialPrior": 7.94, "commercialMonth": 12.04, "industrialMonth": 8.52 }, { "name": "Minnesota", "residential": 16.25, "residentialPrior": 15.59, "commercial": 12.47, "commercialPrior": 12.19, "industrial": 9.75, "industrialPrior": 9.25, "commercialMonth": 13.49, "industrialMonth": 10.34 }, { "name": "Missouri", "residential": 13.96, "residentialPrior": 13.18, "commercial": 10.92, "commercialPrior": 10.42, "industrial": 8.62, "industrialPrior": 8.29, "commercialMonth": 12.64, "industrialMonth": 9.87 }, { "name": "Nebraska", "residential": 12.9, "residentialPrior": 12.03, "commercial": 8.95, "commercialPrior": 8.69, "industrial": 8.65, "industrialPrior": 8.15, "commercialMonth": 9.39, "industrialMonth": 10.0 }, { "name": "North Dakota", "residential": 12.36, "residentialPrior": 11.51, "commercial": 7.67, "commercialPrior": 7.43, "industrial": 8.18, "industrialPrior": 7.48, "commercialMonth": 8.22, "industrialMonth": 8.21 }, { "name": "South Dakota", "residential": 14.5, "residentialPrior": 13.15, "commercial": 11.65, "commercialPrior": 10.84, "industrial": 9.46, "industrialPrior": 8.67, "commercialMonth": 12.17, "industrialMonth": 9.83 }, { "name": "Delaware", "residential": 17.86, "residentialPrior": 16.76, "commercial": 13.91, "commercialPrior": 12.56, "industrial": 11.73, "industrialPrior": 9.68, "commercialMonth": 13.8, "industrialMonth": 11.71 }, { "name": "District of Columbia", "residential": 24.66, "residentialPrior": 20.93, "commercial": 23.56, "commercialPrior": 19.9, "industrial": 20.98, "industrialPrior": 14.74, "commercialMonth": 23.88, "industrialMonth": 32.15 }, { "name": "Florida", "residential": 15.3, "residentialPrior": 15.03, "commercial": 11.78, "commercialPrior": 11.4, "industrial": 9.21, "industrialPrior": 8.77, "commercialMonth": 11.37, "industrialMonth": 9.17 }, { "name": "Georgia", "residential": 15.4, "residentialPrior": 14.74, "commercial": 11.7, "commercialPrior": 11.72, "industrial": 7.99, "industrialPrior": 8.16, "commercialMonth": 12.54, "industrialMonth": 10.03 }, { "name": "Maryland", "residential": 21.3, "residentialPrior": 18.75, "commercial": 17.18, "commercialPrior": 14.29, "industrial": 15.28, "industrialPrior": 12.26, "commercialMonth": 17.51, "industrialMonth": 16.21 }, { "name": "North Carolina", "residential": 14.94, "residentialPrior": 13.71, "commercial": 10.58, "commercialPrior": 10.12, "industrial": 7.91, "industrialPrior": 7.8, "commercialMonth": 10.73, "industrialMonth": 8.37 }, { "name": "South Carolina", "residential": 15.93, "residentialPrior": 14.8, "commercial": 11.88, "commercialPrior": 11.01, "industrial": 7.85, "industrialPrior": 7.13, "commercialMonth": 11.61, "industrialMonth": 7.84 }, { "name": "Virginia", "residential": 16.83, "residentialPrior": 14.88, "commercial": 11.21, "commercialPrior": 9.23, "industrial": 10.08, "industrialPrior": 9.26, "commercialMonth": 11.68, "industrialMonth": 10.07 }, { "name": "West Virginia", "residential": 15.47, "residentialPrior": 15.35, "commercial": 11.64, "commercialPrior": 11.75, "industrial": 8.55, "industrialPrior": 8.08, "commercialMonth": 11.44, "industrialMonth": 8.4 }, { "name": "Alabama", "residential": 16.54, "residentialPrior": 15.97, "commercial": 14.8, "commercialPrior": 14.48, "industrial": 7.93, "industrialPrior": 7.76, "commercialMonth": 14.83, "industrialMonth": 8.42 }, { "name": "Kentucky", "residential": 14.27, "residentialPrior": 13.12, "commercial": 12.73, "commercialPrior": 11.84, "industrial": 7.5, "industrialPrior": 7.0, "commercialMonth": 11.95, "industrialMonth": 7.51 }, { "name": "Mississippi", "residential": 15.19, "residentialPrior": 13.92, "commercial": 14.1, "commercialPrior": 13.0, "industrial": 7.66, "industrialPrior": 7.33, "commercialMonth": 13.65, "industrialMonth": 7.66 }, { "name": "Tennessee", "residential": 13.87, "residentialPrior": 13.22, "commercial": 13.65, "commercialPrior": 12.99, "industrial": 6.82, "industrialPrior": 6.86, "commercialMonth": 13.43, "industrialMonth": 7.13 }, { "name": "Arkansas", "residential": 13.61, "residentialPrior": 12.6, "commercial": 11.51, "commercialPrior": 10.65, "industrial": 6.82, "industrialPrior": 6.63, "commercialMonth": 11.76, "industrialMonth": 7.84 }, { "name": "Louisiana", "residential": 13.35, "residentialPrior": 12.61, "commercial": 11.88, "commercialPrior": 11.39, "industrial": 6.65, "industrialPrior": 6.38, "commercialMonth": 10.97, "industrialMonth": 6.08 }, { "name": "Oklahoma", "residential": 13.58, "residentialPrior": 12.6, "commercial": 9.08, "commercialPrior": 8.85, "industrial": 6.69, "industrialPrior": 6.01, "commercialMonth": 10.32, "industrialMonth": 8.16 }, { "name": "Texas", "residential": 16.06, "residentialPrior": 15.2, "commercial": 8.56, "commercialPrior": 8.59, "industrial": 6.72, "industrialPrior": 6.47, "commercialMonth": 8.47, "industrialMonth": 7.07 }, { "name": "Arizona", "residential": 15.44, "residentialPrior": 15.3, "commercial": 12.14, "commercialPrior": 12.58, "industrial": 7.66, "industrialPrior": 8.22, "commercialMonth": 13.12, "industrialMonth": 9.35 }, { "name": "Colorado", "residential": 16.72, "residentialPrior": 15.48, "commercial": 13.29, "commercialPrior": 12.18, "industrial": 9.6, "industrialPrior": 8.96, "commercialMonth": 13.81, "industrialMonth": 9.54 }, { "name": "Idaho", "residential": 12.96, "residentialPrior": 11.57, "commercial": 9.67, "commercialPrior": 9.24, "industrial": 8.14, "industrialPrior": 8.07, "commercialMonth": 10.16, "industrialMonth": 9.02 }, { "name": "Montana", "residential": 13.95, "residentialPrior": 12.53, "commercial": 12.77, "commercialPrior": 11.6, "industrial": 6.83, "industrialPrior": 7.04, "commercialMonth": 13.33, "industrialMonth": 7.71 }, { "name": "Nevada", "residential": 13.53, "residentialPrior": 13.19, "commercial": 9.29, "commercialPrior": 9.22, "industrial": 8.43, "industrialPrior": 7.77, "commercialMonth": 9.72, "industrialMonth": 10.04 }, { "name": "New Mexico", "residential": 15.08, "residentialPrior": 14.67, "commercial": 10.75, "commercialPrior": 11.12, "industrial": 5.21, "industrialPrior": 6.02, "commercialMonth": 11.9, "industrialMonth": 4.16 }, { "name": "Utah", "residential": 13.16, "residentialPrior": 12.73, "commercial": 10.38, "commercialPrior": 9.84, "industrial": 8.58, "industrialPrior": 8.23, "commercialMonth": 10.85, "industrialMonth": 9.1 }, { "name": "Wyoming", "residential": 13.95, "residentialPrior": 12.94, "commercial": 9.75, "commercialPrior": 9.51, "industrial": 8.78, "industrialPrior": 8.67, "commercialMonth": 10.26, "industrialMonth": 8.62 }, { "name": "California", "residential": 33.25, "residentialPrior": 32.45, "commercial": 26.39, "commercialPrior": 25.3, "industrial": 20.74, "industrialPrior": 20.76, "commercialMonth": 30.56, "industrialMonth": 25.11 }, { "name": "Oregon", "residential": 15.4, "residentialPrior": 15.19, "commercial": 10.57, "commercialPrior": 10.59, "industrial": 8.33, "industrialPrior": 8.26, "commercialMonth": 10.6, "industrialMonth": 8.92 }, { "name": "Washington", "residential": 14.4, "residentialPrior": 12.74, "commercial": 11.87, "commercialPrior": 10.77, "industrial": 7.15, "industrialPrior": 6.83, "commercialMonth": 11.78, "industrialMonth": 7.51 }, { "name": "Alaska", "residential": 27.09, "residentialPrior": 25.81, "commercial": 22.87, "commercialPrior": 22.28, "industrial": 24.02, "industrialPrior": 19.99, "commercialMonth": 23.29, "industrialMonth": 24.81 }, { "name": "Hawaii", "residential": 46.28, "residentialPrior": 41.08, "commercial": 42.25, "commercialPrior": 36.58, "industrial": 37.59, "industrialPrior": 31.63, "commercialMonth": 43.63, "industrialMonth": 39.33 } ] }, "facts": [ { "id": "lbnl-queue", "topic": "queue", "label": "US generation and storage capacity waiting in interconnection queues", "value": 2290, "unit": "GW", "quote": "Includes data from all 7 ISO/RTOs and 49 non-ISO balancing areas, totaling 10,303 requests and 2,290 GW", "cache": "lbl-queued-up-2025", "source": "https://emp.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2025-12/Queued%20Up%202025%20Edition%20-%2012.15.2025.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-12-15", "publisher": "LBNL, Queued Up 2025", "kind": "measured", "asAt": "2024-12-31", "note": "Supply side: power plants and batteries asking to connect, not data centres.", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "lbnl-ercot", "topic": "queue", "label": "ERCOT generation queue", "value": 346.1, "unit": "GW", "quote": "ERCOT 1,447 346.1", "cache": "lbl-queued-up-2025", "source": "https://emp.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2025-12/Queued%20Up%202025%20Edition%20-%2012.15.2025.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-12-15", "publisher": "LBNL, Queued Up 2025", "kind": "measured", "asAt": "2024-12-31", "note": "1,447 active requests.", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "lbnl-pjm", "topic": "queue", "label": "PJM generation queue", "value": 211.5, "unit": "GW", "quote": "PJM 1,942 211.5", "cache": "lbl-queued-up-2025", "source": "https://emp.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2025-12/Queued%20Up%202025%20Edition%20-%2012.15.2025.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-12-15", "publisher": "LBNL, Queued Up 2025", "kind": "measured", "asAt": "2024-12-31", "note": "1,942 active requests.", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "lbnl-55", "topic": "queue", "label": "Typical time from connection request to operation, projects built in 2024", "value": 55, "unit": "months", "quote": "The typical project built in 2024 took 55 months from the interconnection request to", "cache": "lbl-queued-up-2025", "source": "https://emp.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2025-12/Queued%20Up%202025%20Edition%20-%2012.15.2025.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-12-15", "publisher": "LBNL, Queued Up 2025", "kind": "measured", "asAt": null, "note": "36 months in 2015 and 22 months in 2008.", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "lbnl-56", "topic": "queue", "label": "Median time to connect, projects of 200 MW or more", "value": 56, "unit": "months", "quote": "nearly 5 years (56 months) from IR to", "cache": "lbl-queued-up-2025", "source": "https://emp.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2025-12/Queued%20Up%202025%20Edition%20-%2012.15.2025.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-12-15", "publisher": "LBNL, Queued Up 2025", "kind": "measured", "asAt": null, "note": "Projects reaching operation 2010\u20132024.", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "lbnl-13", "topic": "queue", "label": "Share of requested capacity (2000\u20132019 requests) that reached operation", "value": 13, "unit": "%", "quote": "About 19% of projects (13% of capacity) requesting interconnection", "cache": "lbl-queued-up-2025", "source": "https://emp.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2025-12/Queued%20Up%202025%20Edition%20-%2012.15.2025.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-12-15", "publisher": "LBNL, Queued Up 2025", "kind": "measured", "asAt": "2024-12-31", "note": null, "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "gs-166", "topic": "load", "label": "Five-year US peak-load growth in utility forecasts", "value": 166, "unit": "GW", "quote": "from 24 GW to 166 GW.", "cache": "gridstrategies-2025", "source": "https://gridstrategiesllc.com/wp-content/uploads/Grid-Strategies-National-Load-Growth-Report-2025.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-11", "publisher": "Grid Strategies", "kind": "estimate", "asAt": null, "note": "Sum of utility forecasts filed with FERC; 24 GW three years earlier.", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "gs-90", "topic": "load", "label": "Of which linked to data centres", "value": 90, "unit": "GW", "quote": "Of the 166 GW of forecast peak load growth, roughly 90 GW are linked to data centers.", "cache": "gridstrategies-2025", "source": "https://gridstrategiesllc.com/wp-content/uploads/Grid-Strategies-National-Load-Growth-Report-2025.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-11", "publisher": "Grid Strategies", "kind": "estimate", "asAt": null, "note": null, "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "gs-25", "topic": "load", "label": "Likely overstatement of the data-centre part", "value": 25, "unit": "GW", "quote": "The data center portion of utility load forecasts is likely overstated by roughly 25 GW", "cache": "gridstrategies-2025", "source": "https://gridstrategiesllc.com/wp-content/uploads/Grid-Strategies-National-Load-Growth-Report-2025.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-11", "publisher": "Grid Strategies", "kind": "estimate", "asAt": null, "note": "Benchmarked against chip-shipment and other projections (~65 GW).", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "pjm-2036", "topic": "load", "label": "PJM summer peak forecast for 2036", "value": 222106, "unit": "MW", "quote": "Summer peak is forecasted to be 222,106 MW in 2036, a 10-year increase of 65,733 MW", "cache": "pjm-load-2026", "source": "https://www.pjm.com/-/media/DotCom/library/reports-notices/load-forecast/2026-load-report.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-01-14", "publisher": "PJM, 2026 Long-Term Load Forecast", "kind": "estimate", "asAt": null, "note": null, "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "pjm-cut", "topic": "load", "label": "PJM's 2026 forecast is below its 2025 forecast in the near term", "value": null, "unit": null, "quote": "The 2026 Long-Term Load Forecast is lower than the 2025 Long-Term Load Forecast in the near term through 2032", "cache": "pjm-load-2026", "source": "https://www.pjm.com/-/media/DotCom/library/reports-notices/load-forecast/2026-load-report.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-01-14", "publisher": "PJM, 2026 Long-Term Load Forecast", "kind": "reported", "asAt": null, "note": "PJM now requires firm commitments for near-term large loads and derates the rest.", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "pjm-shortage", "topic": "capacity", "label": "What a capacity shortfall means, in PJM's words", "value": null, "unit": null, "quote": "Such a shortage does not necessarily mean that the PJM system will be unable to serve load reliably", "cache": "pjm-bra-2028-2029", "source": "https://www.pjm.com/-/media/DotCom/markets-ops/rpm/rpm-auction-info/2028-2029/2028-2029-bra-results-report.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-07-14", "publisher": "PJM, 2028/2029 BRA report", "kind": "reported", "asAt": null, "note": "It means slimmer reserves and more risk.", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "pjm-ll", "topic": "capacity", "label": "Rise in forecast load behind the 2028/29 reliability requirement", "value": 1374.5, "unit": "MW", "quote": "1,374.5 MW increase in forecasted load, largely due to additional Large Loads", "cache": "pjm-bra-2028-2029", "source": "https://www.pjm.com/-/media/DotCom/markets-ops/rpm/rpm-auction-info/2028-2029/2028-2029-bra-results-report.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-07-14", "publisher": "PJM, 2028/2029 BRA report", "kind": "measured", "asAt": null, "note": null, "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "pjm-new", "topic": "capacity", "label": "New generation and uprates cleared in the 2028/29 auction", "value": 524.7, "unit": "MW UCAP", "quote": "The total amount of new generation and generation uprates was 524.7 MW UCAP", "cache": "pjm-bra-2028-2029", "source": "https://www.pjm.com/-/media/DotCom/markets-ops/rpm/rpm-auction-info/2028-2029/2028-2029-bra-results-report.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-07-14", "publisher": "PJM, 2028/2029 BRA report", "kind": "measured", "asAt": null, "note": null, "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "eia-53", "topic": "build", "label": "US utility-scale capacity added in 2025", "value": 53, "unit": "GW", "quote": "In 2025, 53 GW of new capacity was added to the grid, the largest capacity installation in a single year since 2002.", "cache": "eia-tie-67205", "source": "https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=67205", "sourceDate": "2026-02-20", "publisher": "EIA, Today in Energy", "kind": "measured", "asAt": null, "note": "Gross additions (retirements not subtracted).", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "eia-86", "topic": "build", "label": "US capacity developers plan to add in 2026", "value": 86, "unit": "GW", "quote": "plan to add 86 gigawatts (GW) of new utility-scale electric generating capacity", "cache": "eia-tie-67205", "source": "https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=67205", "sourceDate": "2026-02-20", "publisher": "EIA, Today in Energy", "kind": "reported", "asAt": null, "note": "Solar 51%, batteries 28%, wind 14%.", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "eia-gas", "topic": "build", "label": "Of which gas", "value": 6.3, "unit": "GW", "quote": "In 2026, developers plan to add 6.3 GW of new natural gas-fired capacity.", "cache": "eia-tie-67205", "source": "https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=67205", "sourceDate": "2026-02-20", "publisher": "EIA, Today in Energy", "kind": "reported", "asAt": null, "note": null, "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "gem-378", "topic": "gas", "label": "US gas power capacity in development (all stages)", "value": 378, "unit": "GW", "quote": "growing from 252 to 378 GW", "cache": "gem-us-gas-dc-2026-08", "source": "https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/2026-08/GEM%20U.S.%20gas%20plants%20and%20data%20centers%20Aug%202026.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-08-25", "publisher": "Global Energy Monitor", "kind": "measured", "asAt": null, "note": "Announced, pre-construction and construction; up 50% in six months.", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "gem-52", "topic": "gas", "label": "US gas under construction; of which for data centres", "value": 52, "unit": "GW", "quote": "reaching 52 GW, of which 16.9 GW is for projects intended to directly power data centers.", "cache": "gem-us-gas-dc-2026-08", "source": "https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/2026-08/GEM%20U.S.%20gas%20plants%20and%20data%20centers%20Aug%202026.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-08-25", "publisher": "Global Energy Monitor", "kind": "measured", "asAt": null, "note": "16.9 GW directly for data centres.", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "gem-china", "topic": "gas", "label": "China gas under construction", "value": 24, "unit": "GW", "quote": "The U.S. is now building twice as much gas-fired capacity as China (24 GW)", "cache": "gem-us-gas-dc-2026-08", "source": "https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/2026-08/GEM%20U.S.%20gas%20plants%20and%20data%20centers%20Aug%202026.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-08-25", "publisher": "Global Energy Monitor", "kind": "measured", "asAt": null, "note": null, "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "gem-engines", "topic": "gas", "label": "Engine capacity in development tied to data centres", "value": 45, "unit": "GW", "quote": "engine capacity more than tripled in the last six months, reaching 45 GW", "cache": "gem-us-gas-dc-2026-08", "source": "https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/2026-08/GEM%20U.S.%20gas%20plants%20and%20data%20centers%20Aug%202026.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-08-25", "publisher": "Global Energy Monitor", "kind": "measured", "asAt": null, "note": "Developers turn to engines to skip turbine queues.", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "gem-delay", "topic": "gas", "label": "Announced and pre-construction gas whose start year slipped, H1 2026 (global)", "value": 45, "unit": "GW", "quote": "roughly 45 GW of announced and pre-construction capacity had its planned start", "cache": "gem-us-gas-dc-2026-08", "source": "https://globalenergymonitor.org/sites/default/files/2026-08/GEM%20U.S.%20gas%20plants%20and%20data%20centers%20Aug%202026.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-08-25", "publisher": "Global Energy Monitor", "kind": "measured", "asAt": null, "note": null, "checked": "2026-10-11" } ], "ercot": [ { "id": "ercot-0", "metric": "Large loads asking to connect (about 90% data centres)", "valueGW": 474, "asAt": "2026-08-03", "source": "https://www.utilitydive.com/news/ercot-texas-puc-data-center-audit/828472/", "sourceDate": "2026-08-21", "publisher": "Utility Dive", "kind": "reported", "note": "~90% data centres per Abbott's letter; more than 1,800 requests (NBC DFW/Texas Tribune); ERCOT's July 29 Senate slides also say ~474 GW, ~90% DC but ERCOT site blocks scripted access, so ERCOT's own figure not opened.", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "ercot-1", "metric": "Large loads asking to connect", "valueGW": 438, "asAt": "late May 2026", "source": "https://newprojectmedia.com/origination-ercot-large-load-requests-climb-to-438-gw-17-new-gas-generation-filings-in-last-60-days/", "sourceDate": "2026-06 (page undated)", "publisher": "New Project Media", "kind": "reported", "note": ">300 GW without studies submitted; +28 GW since April board", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "ercot-2", "metric": "Large loads asking to connect", "valueGW": 410, "asAt": "2026-04", "source": "https://www.texastribune.org/2026/04/17/texas-power-grid-electricity-ercot-load-forecast-puc/", "sourceDate": "2026-04-17", "publisher": "The Texas Tribune", "kind": "reported", "note": "87% data centres (ERCOT CEO Pablo Vegas)", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "ercot-3", "metric": "Large loads asking to connect", "valueGW": 226, "asAt": "2025-11", "source": "https://www.latitudemedia.com/news/ercots-large-load-queue-has-nearly-quadrupled-in-a-single-year/", "sourceDate": "2025-12-03", "publisher": "Latitude Media", "kind": "reported", "note": "~77% large data centres; 63 GW at end-2024", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "ercot-4", "metric": "Large loads approved to energise", "valueGW": 8.9, "asAt": "2026-06", "source": "https://www.zeroemissiongrid.com/iso-rto-meeting-summaries/ercot-llwg-06-19-26/", "sourceDate": "2026-06-23", "publisher": "Zero Emission Grid (summary of ERCOT Large Load Working Group, 19 Jun 2026)", "kind": "reported", "note": "all large loads, not only data centres", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "ercot-5", "metric": "Approved large loads seen running (non-coincident peak)", "valueGW": 3.9, "asAt": "2026-06", "source": "https://www.zeroemissiongrid.com/iso-rto-meeting-summaries/ercot-llwg-06-19-26/", "sourceDate": "2026-06-23", "publisher": "Zero Emission Grid", "kind": "reported", "note": "simultaneous peak ~3.675 GW", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "ercot-6", "metric": "Loads cleared except final approval (paused since 3 Aug)", "valueGW": 6.6, "asAt": "2026-08-20", "source": "https://www.utilitydive.com/news/ercot-texas-puc-data-center-audit/828472/", "sourceDate": "2026-08-21", "publisher": "Utility Dive", "kind": "reported", "note": "17 loads, mostly data centres, ramping over ~5 years; approvals to energize data centres/crypto >=75 MW paused after Abbott's 3 Aug 2026 directive", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "ercot-7", "metric": "ERCOT preliminary forecast, 2032 peak demand (ERCOT says likely too high)", "valueGW": 367.8, "asAt": "filed 2026-04-15", "source": "https://www.publicpower.org/periodical/article/ercot-projects-approximately-367790-mw-demand-region-2032", "sourceDate": "2026-04-17", "publisher": "American Public Power Association", "kind": "reported", "note": "ERCOT calls it preliminary, 'not a prediction of what will be built'; CEO says higher than expected growth. All-time peak cited as 85.508 GW (10 Aug 2023).", "checked": "2026-10-11" } ], "campuses": [ { "id": "xai-colossus-1", "campus": "xAI Colossus 1, Memphis", "company": "xAI", "customer": null, "state": "TN", "announcedMW": 247, "units": "15 turbines permitted", "connection": "mixed", "permitBody": "Shelby County Health Department", "permitDate": "2025-07-02", "notes": "also draws grid power from MLGW", "county": "Shelby", "sources": [ { "url": "https://techcrunch.com/2025/07/03/xai-gets-permits-for-15-natural-gas-generators-at-memphis-data-center", "date": "2025-07-03", "publisher": "TechCrunch", "figure": "15 Solar SMT-130 generators, up to 247 MW, permit granted by Shelby County", "kind": "reported" }, { "url": "https://www.actionnews5.com/2025/07/02/health-dept-grants-permit-xai-turbines/", "date": "2025-07-02", "publisher": "Action News 5 (WMC)", "figure": "Shelby County Health Department approved 15 permanent turbines; temporary units to be removed by end of July 2025", "kind": "reported" }, { "url": "https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/business/money-report/musks-xai-scores-permit-for-gas-burning-turbines-to-power-grok-supercomputer-in-memphis/3861835", "date": "2025-07-03", "publisher": "CNBC (via NBC 7 San Diego)", "figure": "Permit issued 2 July 2025 for 15 turbines; July 1 satellite image showed at least 24 turbines on site (SELC)", "kind": "reported" }, { "url": "https://insideclimatenews.org/news/17072025/elon-musk-xai-data-center-gas-turbines-memphis/", "date": "2025-07-17", "publisher": "Inside Climate News", "figure": "35 turbines reported at peak; 150 MW grid line delivering, another 150 MW due", "kind": "reported" }, { "url": "https://cleanview.co/reports/behind-the-meter-data-centers/full-report/colossus", "date": "2026-05 (imagery 2026-05-13; page undated)", "publisher": "Cleanview", "figure": "12 SMT-130 (~16.5 MW each, ~198 MW) on site; 300 MW grid; ~500 MW total", "kind": "reported" } ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "eia860mMW": 0, "eia860mPlants": [] }, { "id": "xai-colossus-2-southaven", "campus": "xAI Colossus 2, Southaven plant", "company": "xAI", "customer": null, "state": "MS", "announcedMW": 1200, "units": "41 turbines", "connection": "behind-the-meter", "permitBody": "Mississippi Permit Board (MDEQ)", "permitDate": "2026-03-10", "notes": "1.2 GW is xAI's figure; temporary turbines also run", "county": "DeSoto (MS); Shelby (TN)", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.mpbonline.org/blogs/news/mississippi-regulators-approve-permit-for-xai-gas-turbines-in-southaven-despite-resident-concerns/", "date": "2026-03-10", "publisher": "Mississippi Public Broadcasting", "figure": "Permit Board voted unanimously for 41 permanent turbines; 27 mobile turbines operating", "kind": "reported" }, { "url": "https://baxtel.com/news/musk-s-xai-approved-for-41-natural-gas-turbines-in-mississippi-to-power-colossus-data-centers", "date": "2026-03-11", "publisher": "Baxtel", "figure": "41 turbines; '1.2GW of self-generating power capacity' (xAI statement); powers Colossus 2 and Colossus 3", "kind": "reported" }, { "url": "https://www.actionnews5.com/2026/03/10/state-approves-xai-use-gas-turbines-southaven/", "date": "2026-03-10", "publisher": "Action News 5 (WMC)", "figure": "MDEQ approval; turbines power Colossus 2 on Tulane Rd", "kind": "reported" }, { "url": "https://cleanview.co/reports/behind-the-meter-data-centers/full-report/colossus", "date": "2026-05 (imagery 2026-05-13; page undated)", "publisher": "Cleanview", "figure": "41 permanent units ~1.2 GW (17/16/8 split); 46 temporary confirmed by MDEQ; ~1.3 GW on site; no grid power", "kind": "reported" } ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "eia860mMW": 0, "eia860mPlants": [] }, { "id": "homer-city-pa", "campus": "Homer City Energy Campus", "company": "Homer City Redevelopment", "customer": "data-centre tenants not named", "state": "PA", "announcedMW": 4400, "units": "7 GE 7HA.02 + 10 FT8", "connection": "mixed", "permitBody": "Pennsylvania DEP (plan approval 32-00457A)", "permitDate": "2025-11-18", "notes": "grid or on-site supply not confirmed", "county": "Indiana (Center Township)", "sources": [ { "url": "https://files.dep.state.pa.us/regionalresources/NWRO/NWROPortalFiles/Homer-City/Air/Final-AQ-Plan-Approval/Tech%20Review%20Memo%20Signed%2020251118.pdf", "date": "2025-11-18", "publisher": "Pennsylvania DEP", "figure": "Plan Approval 32-00457A; 7 GE 7HA.02 CC + 10 Mitsubishi FT8 SC (25 MWe each); applicant purpose 4,678 MWe (p.10); application received 4 Apr 2025", "kind": "official" }, { "url": "https://markets.financialcontent.com/pennwell.oilgasjournal/article/bizwire-2025-11-20-homer-city-generation-receives-air-quality-plan-approval-from-pa-dep", "date": "2025-11-20", "publisher": "Homer City Generation (Business Wire release)", "figure": "Up to 4.4 GW; DEP air plan approval; power expected 2027; 3,200-acre campus", "kind": "official (company)" }, { "url": "https://www.power-eng.com/gas-turbines/this-proposed-gas-plant-to-power-a-data-center-campus-is-massive/", "date": "2025-04-02", "publisher": "Power Engineering", "figure": "4.5 GW, seven 7HA.02; transmission connected to PJM and NYISO", "kind": "reported" }, { "url": "https://constructionreviewonline.com/homer-city-gets-green-light-for-4-4-gw-gas-powered-ai-data-center-campus/", "date": "2025-11-20", "publisher": "Construction Review Online", "figure": "4.4-4.5 GW; excess power to regional grid", "kind": "reported" } ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "eia860mMW": 4396, "eia860mPlants": [ { "plantId": 3122, "plantName": "Homer City Generating Station", "entity": "Homer City Generation, L.P.", "mw": 4396.0, "stages": { "proposed": 4396.0 }, "years": [ 2028, 2029 ], "role": "campus plant", "linkSource": "Pennsylvania DEP plan approval memo, 18 Nov 2025" } ] }, { "id": "meta-hyperion-2025", "campus": "Meta Hyperion, first three plants", "company": "Entergy Louisiana", "customer": "Meta", "state": "LA", "announcedMW": 2262, "units": "3 combined-cycle plants", "connection": "utility, grid-connected", "permitBody": "Louisiana PSC (4-1)", "permitDate": "2025-08-20", "notes": null, "county": "Richland Parish (2 plants, Franklin Farms) and St. Charles Parish (1 plant, Waterford site)", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.kplctv.com/2025/08/21/entergy-la-gets-green-light-plant-power-metas-ai-data-center", "date": "2025-08-20", "publisher": "KPLC (Gray)", "figure": "PSC approved three gas plants 4-1 on 20 Aug 2025; data centre ~2,500 MW", "kind": "reported" }, { "url": "https://www.entergy.com/news/entergy-louisiana-breaks-ground-on-new-state-of-the-art-generation-facilities-to-power-reliability-growth-and-innovation", "date": "2025-12-01", "publisher": "Entergy", "figure": "Two Richland Parish CCCTs incl. Franklin Farms, ~1,500 MW, operational late 2028", "kind": "official (company)" } ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "eia860mMW": 2381, "eia860mPlants": [ { "plantId": 68214, "plantName": "Franklin Farms 1&2", "entity": "Entergy Louisiana LLC", "mw": 1560.6, "stages": { "proposed": 1560.6 }, "years": [ 2028 ], "role": "Franklin Farms 1&2, Richland Parish", "linkSource": "Entergy groundbreaking release, 1 Dec 2025" }, { "plantId": 69184, "plantName": "Waterford 5", "entity": "Entergy Louisiana LLC", "mw": 820.0, "stages": { "approved": 820.0 }, "years": [ 2029 ], "role": "Waterford 5 (our match to the third, St. Charles plant)", "linkSource": "inference: Entergy/KPLC name a third plant at the Waterford site" } ] }, { "id": "meta-hyperion-2026-expansion", "campus": "Meta Hyperion, seven more plants", "company": "Entergy Louisiana", "customer": "Meta", "state": "LA", "announcedMW": 5200, "units": "7 gas plants", "connection": "utility, grid-connected", "permitBody": "Louisiana PSC, docket U-37882", "permitDate": "pending", "notes": "final vote reported for Dec 2026", "county": "Richland Parish (data centre); plant sites not all named in sources", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.enr.com/articles/62766-27b-meta-data-center-pushes-louisiana-toward-massive-power-expansion", "date": "2026-04-02", "publisher": "ENR", "figure": "Seven new gas plants >5.2 GW; 10 units 7.5 GW total; PSC approval still required", "kind": "reported" }, { "url": "https://fortune.com/2026/03/27/meta-hyperion-10-gas-power-plants-louisiana-entergy/", "date": "2026-03-27", "publisher": "Fortune", "figure": "7 new + 3 approved = 10 plants, 7.5 GW; PSC must still approve", "kind": "reported" }, { "url": "https://www.wwno.org/local-regional-news/2026-04-14/entergy-wants-to-fast-track-21b-meta-deal-as-psc-commissioner-advocates-sound-alarm", "date": "2026-04-14", "publisher": "WWNO / Gulf States Newsroom", "figure": "Application filed 25 Mar 2026; $21.37bn; Entergy asked for 18 Nov final vote; 20-year Evest contract", "kind": "reported" }, { "url": "https://www.wafb.com/2026/04/15/entergy-asks-public-service-commission-approve-new-energy-investments-power-richland-parish-meta-center/", "date": "2026-04-15", "publisher": "WAFB (Gray)", "figure": "PSC vote 4-1 on 15 Apr 2026; final vote on application in December", "kind": "reported" } ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "eia860mMW": 3941, "eia860mPlants": [ { "plantId": 69449, "plantName": "Richland Parish Power Station 1&2", "entity": "Entergy Louisiana LLC", "mw": 1560.6, "stages": { "proposed": 1560.6 }, "years": [ 2030 ], "role": "Richland Parish Power Station 1&2 (our match)", "linkSource": "inference: Richland Parish units planned for 2030" }, { "plantId": 69649, "plantName": "Richland Parish Power Station 3", "entity": "Entergy Louisiana LLC", "mw": 780.3, "stages": { "proposed": 780.3 }, "years": [ 2030 ], "role": "Richland Parish Power Station 3 (our match)", "linkSource": "inference" }, { "plantId": 69650, "plantName": "Richland Parish Power Station 4", "entity": "Entergy Louisiana LLC", "mw": 780.3, "stages": { "proposed": 780.3 }, "years": [ 2030 ], "role": "Richland Parish Power Station 4 (our match)", "linkSource": "inference" }, { "plantId": 69445, "plantName": "Waterford 6", "entity": "Entergy Louisiana LLC", "mw": 820.0, "stages": { "proposed": 820.0 }, "years": [ 2030 ], "role": "Waterford 6 (our match)", "linkSource": "inference" } ] }, { "id": "stargate-abilene", "campus": "Stargate Abilene", "company": "Crusoe", "customer": "Oracle / OpenAI", "state": "TX", "announcedMW": 360, "units": "10 turbines; 41 more sought", "connection": "mixed", "permitBody": "TCEQ (minor permits 2024; major permit pending)", "permitDate": "2024", "notes": "also on the ERCOT grid", "county": "Taylor", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/southcentral/2026/07/10/877054.htm", "date": "2026-07-10", "publisher": "Floodlight / The Texas Tribune (via Insurance Journal)", "figure": "360 MW on-site gas plant; 10 turbines + 62 diesel gens built; 41 more turbines + 18 gens sought", "kind": "reported" }, { "url": "https://www.tceq.texas.gov/downloads/permitting/air/bilingual/pending-permit-notices/182126-nori-english.pdf", "date": "2025-11-07 (application date)", "publisher": "TCEQ", "figure": "NORI: permit 182126/PSDTX1688/GHGPSDTX263, Crusoe Energy Systems LLC, 615 FM 2404 Abilene, Taylor County", "kind": "official" }, { "url": "https://cleanview.co/reports/behind-the-meter-data-centers/full-report/stargate-abilene", "date": "2026 (imagery 2026-04-13; page undated)", "publisher": "Cleanview", "figure": "360 MW initial (permit documents); ~1,180 MW planned on site; TCEQ application Jan 2025; connected to ERCOT", "kind": "reported" } ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "eia860mMW": 0, "eia860mPlants": [] }, { "id": "fermi-matador", "campus": "Fermi America Project Matador", "company": "Fermi America", "customer": "no tenant confirmed", "state": "TX", "announcedMW": 5175, "units": "93 turbines permitted", "connection": "behind-the-meter", "permitBody": "TCEQ (permit 181009)", "permitDate": "2026-02-25", "notes": "5,175 MW is the permitted turbines' nameplate (our sum from TCEQ); Fermi plans 11 GW on the campus", "county": "Carson", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.tceq.texas.gov/downloads/agency/decisions/agendas/backup/2025/2025-1898-air-rtc.pdf", "date": "2026 (RTC undated; application received 2025-08-01, comment period ended 2025-12-04)", "publisher": "TCEQ Executive Director's Response to Public Comment", "figure": "Permit 181009/PSDTX1670/GHGPSDTX254; 90 SGT-800 @56 MW + 3 GE6B @45 MW (pp.17-18); 93 turbines named in comment 10 (p.13); no sales to utility (p.21); Carson County", "kind": "official" }, { "url": "https://www.modernpowersystems.com/news/final-clean-air-permit-secured-for-worlds-second-largest-private-power-grid/", "date": "2026-03-03", "publisher": "Modern Power Systems", "figure": "TCEQ final approval of 6 GW permit; 11 GW campus; 'private power'", "kind": "reported" }, { "url": "https://www.newschannel10.com/2026/02/25/fermi-america-receives-nations-second-largest-clean-air-permit-project-matador/", "date": "2026-02-25", "publisher": "NewsChannel 10 Amarillo", "figure": "TCEQ approval; 11 GW private grid campus", "kind": "reported" } ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "eia860mMW": 11679, "eia860mPlants": [ { "plantId": 69799, "plantName": "Project Matador Gas Plant (PMG)", "entity": "Fermi America", "mw": 11679.3, "stages": { "approved": 120.0, "proposed": 11259.3, "building": 300.0 }, "years": [ 2027, 2030 ], "role": "Project Matador Gas Plant", "linkSource": "plant name in EIA-860M" } ] }, { "id": "meta-new-albany-socrates", "campus": "Meta New Albany (Williams Socrates)", "company": "Williams", "customer": "Meta", "state": "OH", "announcedMW": 400, "units": "2 sites \u00d7 200 MW", "connection": "behind-the-meter", "permitBody": "Ohio Power Siting Board (South)", "permitDate": "2025-06-09", "notes": "North site decision not found", "county": "Licking (New Albany)", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.williams.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2025/08/1355-Socrates-North-Fact-Sheet_v6.pdf", "date": "2025-08", "publisher": "Williams", "figure": "400 MW combined, 200 MW per site; 'behind-the-meter'; target in service Q3 2026", "kind": "official (company)" }, { "url": "https://mountvernonnews.com/stories/672842483-natural-gas-fired-power-plant-authorized-for-new-albany-licking-county", "date": "2025-06-09", "publisher": "Mount Vernon News", "figure": "OPSB authorised 200 MW Socrates South; not physically connected to grid; buyer Sidecat LLC (Meta)", "kind": "reported" }, { "url": "https://www.williams.com/expansion-project/socrates-power-solution-facilities/", "date": "2026 (page undated)", "publisher": "Williams", "figure": "North target Q4 2026, South Q3 2026", "kind": "official (company)" } ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "eia860mMW": 0, "eia860mPlants": [] }, { "id": "crusoe-tallgrass-cheyenne", "campus": "Project Jade, Cheyenne", "company": "Tallgrass / Crusoe", "customer": "not named", "state": "WY", "announcedMW": 1150, "units": "2 M501JAC, phase 1", "connection": "behind-the-meter", "permitBody": "Laramie County site plan; state air permit not found", "permitDate": null, "notes": "press only", "county": "Laramie", "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.power-eng.com/gas/wyoming-data-center-power-projects-highlight-new-entrants-partnerships-in-power-generation-market/", "date": "2026-05-28", "publisher": "Power Engineering", "figure": "2 M501JAC ~1,150 MW phase 1; 1.8 GW campus to 10 GW; primarily behind-the-meter; county site plan Jan 2026", "kind": "reported" } ], "checked": "2026-10-11", "eia860mMW": 0, "eia860mPlants": [] } ], "semianalysis": [ { "title": "US Grid Constraints: Towards 40GW+ of Behind-the-Meter Datacenter by 2028?", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/us-grid-constraints-towards-40gw", "date": "2026-06-25", "free": true, "paraphrase": "In the free section, SemiAnalysis expects the US grid to add only about 15 GW a year of firm (reliability-adjusted) capacity, with gas nameplate additions under 10 GW a year in 2026 and 2027, and behind-the-meter generation to power well over half of new US data centres from 2028. It argues grid headroom turns negative by 2027.", "ours": "EIA-860M agrees that grid gas is thin near term: EIA's own 2026 plan has 6.3 GW of gas. The gap between what campuses announce and what the federal inventory lists (table above) is the behind-the-meter build SemiAnalysis describes, seen from the statistics side." }, { "title": "What is So Hard About Behind-The-Meter Power For Datacenters? Part 1", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/what-is-so-hard-about-behind-the", "date": "2026-09-10", "free": true, "paraphrase": "Its free section counts about 75 GW of firm orders for behind-the-meter generating equipment (about 20 GW placed in Q2 2026 alone), against about 3 GW of US data-centre IT running behind the meter by the end of 2026. It names financing, air permits, gas supply, equipment, skilled labour and the difficulty of running islanded as the gates.", "ours": "Our campus table finds the same pattern from the public record: permits and announcements run well ahead of what is operating, and most of the on-site gas does not yet show in EIA's inventory." } ], "quoteProblems": [], "checked": "2026-10-11", "licence": "EIA: US public domain. PJM, LBNL, Grid Strategies, GEM (CC BY 4.0): attribution, headline figures.", "caveats": [ "PJM capacity prices are in $ per MW of unforced capacity (UCAP) per day; dividing by 24 gives $ per MWh only for a load that runs flat all year (our arithmetic).", "EIA-860M lists units that grid owners and generators report; on-site plants that do not sell to the grid, or that have not yet filed, may be missing. Status codes are as reported to EIA.", "EIA classifies most data centres as commercial customers, not industrial; both sectors are shown.", "ERCOT's own documents refuse scripted downloads from here; ERCOT figures are as reported in the named coverage and testimony, not read from ERCOT files.", "Grid Strategies and utility forecasts are forecasts, not measurements. LBNL's queue counts generation and storage, not loads.", "Campus rows are hand-compiled from permits, regulators, company releases and press (11 Oct 2026). Matches between campuses and EIA-860M plants marked 'our match' are our inference from location and timing. Two further campuses (Vantage Frontier, Shackelford County TX; Project Jupiter, NM) are left out because their gas figures could not be confirmed." ] }, "ai_supply_chain": { "title": "AI supply chain: monthly chokepoint indicators", "source": "Taiwan Ministry of Finance; TSMC and Nvidia filings (SEC EDGAR); BLS producer price indices; Federal Register; Korea trade ministry releases (press); company releases", "sourceUrls": [ "https://web02.mof.gov.tw/njswww/WebMain.aspx?sys=100&funid=edefjsptgl", "https://service.mof.gov.tw/public/Data/statistic/trade/news/11509/NET11509E.xlsx", "https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=0001046179&type=6-K", "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001045810.json", "https://www.bls.gov/ppi/", "https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/industry-and-security-bureau" ], "asOf": "2026-10-11", "researchChecked": "2026-10-11", "indicators": [ { "key": "korea", "link": "memory", "label": "Korea chip exports", "period": "2026-09", "value": 60.3, "unit": "US$bn", "change": 263.0, "changeLabel": "y/y", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/economy/20261001/koreas-monthly-exports-hit-1209-bil-in-sept-on-record-chip-sales", "sourceName": "Korea Times / Yonhap (MOTIR release)" }, { "key": "taiwanParts", "link": "wafers", "label": "Taiwan exports of electronic parts (mostly chips)", "period": "2026-09", "value": 31.131, "unit": "US$bn", "change": 45.3, "changeLabel": "y/y", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://service.mof.gov.tw/public/Data/statistic/trade/news/11509/NET11509E.xlsx", "sourceName": "Taiwan Ministry of Finance" }, { "key": "taiwanIct", "link": "servers", "label": "Taiwan exports of ICT and audio-video products (mostly servers)", "period": "2026-09", "value": 39.128, "unit": "US$bn", "change": 103.0, "changeLabel": "y/y", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://service.mof.gov.tw/public/Data/statistic/trade/news/11509/NET11509E.xlsx", "sourceName": "Taiwan Ministry of Finance" }, { "key": "tsmc", "link": "wafers", "label": "TSMC monthly revenue", "period": "2026-09", "value": 511.86, "unit": "NT$bn", "change": 54.6, "changeLabel": "y/y", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617926000680/tsm-revenue20261008.htm", "sourceName": "TSMC 6-K, SEC EDGAR" }, { "key": "nvda", "link": "memory", "label": "Nvidia supply and capacity commitments", "period": "2026-07-26", "value": 279.0, "unit": "US$bn", "change": 134.5, "changeLabel": "q/q", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581026000075/nvda-20260726.htm", "sourceName": "Nvidia 10-Q" }, { "key": "transformers", "link": "grid", "label": "US transformer producer prices", "period": "2026-08", "value": 85.9, "unit": "% since Jan 2020", "change": 7.8, "changeLabel": "y/y", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCU335311335311", "sourceName": "BLS PPI" }, { "key": "switchgear", "link": "grid", "label": "US switchgear producer prices", "period": "2026-08", "value": 89.4, "unit": "% since Jan 2020", "change": 13.3, "changeLabel": "y/y", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCU335313335313", "sourceName": "BLS PPI" }, { "key": "turbines", "link": "turbines", "label": "US turbine and generator-set producer prices", "period": "2026-08", "value": 28.0, "unit": "% since Jan 2020", "change": 5.3, "changeLabel": "y/y", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCU333611333611", "sourceName": "BLS PPI" }, { "key": "copper", "link": "grid", "label": "US copper wire and cable producer prices", "period": "2026-08", "value": 99.4, "unit": "% since Jan 2020", "change": 27.2, "changeLabel": "y/y", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/WPU10260314", "sourceName": "BLS PPI" }, { "key": "cable", "link": "grid", "label": "US power wire and cable producer prices", "period": "2026-08", "value": 115.6, "unit": "% since Jan 2020", "change": -13.8, "changeLabel": "y/y", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCU3359293359291", "sourceName": "BLS PPI" }, { "key": "exportRules", "link": "controls", "label": "US export-control rules on advanced computing (12 months)", "period": "2026-07-14", "value": 2, "unit": "rules", "change": null, "changeLabel": "", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/industry-and-security-bureau", "sourceName": "Federal Register API" } ], "taiwan": [ { "m": "2022-01", "total": 39.981, "electronicParts": 15.907, "ictAv": 5.24, "electronicPartsYoy": null, "ictAvYoy": null, "totalYoy": null }, { "m": "2022-02", "total": 37.453, "electronicParts": 15.732, "ictAv": 4.57, "electronicPartsYoy": null, "ictAvYoy": null, "totalYoy": null }, { "m": "2022-03", "total": 43.494, "electronicParts": 18.235, "ictAv": 5.668, "electronicPartsYoy": null, "ictAvYoy": null, "totalYoy": null }, { "m": "2022-04", "total": 41.46, "electronicParts": 17.211, "ictAv": 5.186, "electronicPartsYoy": null, "ictAvYoy": null, "totalYoy": null }, { "m": "2022-05", "total": 42.044, "electronicParts": 16.704, "ictAv": 5.178, "electronicPartsYoy": null, "ictAvYoy": null, "totalYoy": null }, { "m": "2022-06", "total": 42.184, "electronicParts": 17.261, "ictAv": 5.365, "electronicPartsYoy": null, "ictAvYoy": null, "totalYoy": null }, { "m": "2022-07", "total": 43.227, "electronicParts": 16.955, "ictAv": 5.887, "electronicPartsYoy": null, "ictAvYoy": null, "totalYoy": null }, { "m": "2022-08", "total": 40.3, "electronicParts": 17.045, "ictAv": 5.297, "electronicPartsYoy": null, "ictAvYoy": null, "totalYoy": null }, { "m": "2022-09", "total": 37.517, "electronicParts": 16.986, "ictAv": 5.17, "electronicPartsYoy": null, "ictAvYoy": null, "totalYoy": null }, { "m": "2022-10", "total": 39.913, "electronicParts": 16.901, "ictAv": 6.542, "electronicPartsYoy": null, "ictAvYoy": null, "totalYoy": null }, { "m": "2022-11", "total": 36.112, "electronicParts": 15.151, "ictAv": 5.385, "electronicPartsYoy": null, "ictAvYoy": null, "totalYoy": null }, { "m": "2022-12", "total": 35.734, "electronicParts": 16.047, "ictAv": 5.191, "electronicPartsYoy": null, "ictAvYoy": null, "totalYoy": null }, { "m": "2023-01", "total": 31.504, "electronicParts": 12.716, "ictAv": 4.697, "electronicPartsYoy": -20.1, "ictAvYoy": -10.4, "totalYoy": -21.2 }, { "m": "2023-02", "total": 31.039, "electronicParts": 12.94, "ictAv": 4.158, "electronicPartsYoy": -17.7, "ictAvYoy": -9.0, "totalYoy": -17.1 }, { "m": "2023-03", "total": 35.175, "electronicParts": 15.562, "ictAv": 4.773, "electronicPartsYoy": -14.7, "ictAvYoy": -15.8, "totalYoy": -19.1 }, { "m": "2023-04", "total": 35.932, "electronicParts": 15.733, "ictAv": 5.469, "electronicPartsYoy": -8.6, "ictAvYoy": 5.5, "totalYoy": -13.3 }, { "m": "2023-05", "total": 36.109, "electronicParts": 15.058, "ictAv": 5.797, "electronicPartsYoy": -9.9, "ictAvYoy": 12.0, "totalYoy": -14.1 }, { "m": "2023-06", "total": 32.316, "electronicParts": 13.581, "ictAv": 5.037, "electronicPartsYoy": -21.3, "ictAvYoy": -6.1, "totalYoy": -23.4 }, { "m": "2023-07", "total": 38.723, "electronicParts": 15.612, "ictAv": 9.103, "electronicPartsYoy": -7.9, "ictAvYoy": 54.6, "totalYoy": -10.4 }, { "m": "2023-08", "total": 37.355, "electronicParts": 15.136, "ictAv": 7.584, "electronicPartsYoy": -11.2, "ictAvYoy": 43.2, "totalYoy": -7.3 }, { "m": "2023-09", "total": 38.805, "electronicParts": 16.264, "ictAv": 8.264, "electronicPartsYoy": -4.3, "ictAvYoy": 59.8, "totalYoy": 3.4 }, { "m": "2023-10", "total": 38.09, "electronicParts": 15.643, "ictAv": 9.004, "electronicPartsYoy": -7.4, "ictAvYoy": 37.6, "totalYoy": -4.6 }, { "m": "2023-11", "total": 37.456, "electronicParts": 14.602, "ictAv": 9.369, "electronicPartsYoy": -3.6, "ictAvYoy": 74.0, "totalYoy": 3.7 }, { "m": "2023-12", "total": 39.92, "electronicParts": 15.855, "ictAv": 10.102, "electronicPartsYoy": -1.2, "ictAvYoy": 94.6, "totalYoy": 11.7 }, { "m": "2024-01", "total": 37.08, "electronicParts": 13.567, "ictAv": 9.424, "electronicPartsYoy": 6.7, "ictAvYoy": 100.6, "totalYoy": 17.7 }, { "m": "2024-02", "total": 31.418, "electronicParts": 11.588, "ictAv": 8.5, "electronicPartsYoy": -10.4, "ictAvYoy": 104.4, "totalYoy": 1.2 }, { "m": "2024-03", "total": 41.796, "electronicParts": 14.693, "ictAv": 12.649, "electronicPartsYoy": -5.6, "ictAvYoy": 165.0, "totalYoy": 18.8 }, { "m": "2024-04", "total": 37.449, "electronicParts": 12.935, "ictAv": 11.732, "electronicPartsYoy": -17.8, "ictAvYoy": 114.5, "totalYoy": 4.2 }, { "m": "2024-05", "total": 37.325, "electronicParts": 13.403, "ictAv": 9.418, "electronicPartsYoy": -11.0, "ictAvYoy": 62.5, "totalYoy": 3.4 }, { "m": "2024-06", "total": 39.88, "electronicParts": 14.579, "ictAv": 10.784, "electronicPartsYoy": 7.3, "ictAvYoy": 114.1, "totalYoy": 23.4 }, { "m": "2024-07", "total": 39.924, "electronicParts": 13.739, "ictAv": 12.952, "electronicPartsYoy": -12.0, "ictAvYoy": 42.3, "totalYoy": 3.1 }, { "m": 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"2025-01", "PCU335311335311": 169.6, "PCU335313335313": 151.8, "PCU333611333611": 120.6, "WPU10260314": 138.2, "PCU3359293359291": 244.3 }, { "m": "2025-02", "PCU335311335311": 169.6, "PCU335313335313": 151.5, "PCU333611333611": 121.6, "WPU10260314": 140.7, "PCU3359293359291": 243.8 }, { "m": "2025-03", "PCU335311335311": 171.1, "PCU335313335313": 152.7, "PCU333611333611": 122.4, "WPU10260314": 149.2, "PCU3359293359291": 247.4 }, { "m": "2025-04", "PCU335311335311": 171.8, "PCU335313335313": 159.2, "PCU333611333611": 122.4, "WPU10260314": 156.5, "PCU3359293359291": 266.6 }, { "m": "2025-05", "PCU335311335311": 171.8, "PCU335313335313": 162.7, "PCU333611333611": 122.8, "WPU10260314": 152.0, "PCU3359293359291": 268.2 }, { "m": "2025-06", "PCU335311335311": 171.8, "PCU335313335313": 164.5, "PCU333611333611": 121.9, "WPU10260314": 154.6, "PCU3359293359291": 267.5 }, { "m": "2025-07", "PCU335311335311": 172.4, "PCU335313335313": 167.5, "PCU333611333611": 122.0, "WPU10260314": 162.3, "PCU3359293359291": 270.6 }, { "m": "2025-08", "PCU335311335311": 172.4, "PCU335313335313": 167.2, "PCU333611333611": 121.6, "WPU10260314": 156.7, "PCU3359293359291": 250.0 }, { "m": "2025-09", "PCU335311335311": 172.4, "PCU335313335313": 169.0, "PCU333611333611": 123.6, "WPU10260314": 153.8, "PCU3359293359291": 241.9 }, { "m": "2025-10", "PCU335311335311": 179.4, "PCU335313335313": 167.8, "PCU333611333611": 123.9, "WPU10260314": 160.9, "PCU3359293359291": 230.0 }, { "m": "2025-11", "PCU335311335311": 178.4, "PCU335313335313": 167.7, "PCU333611333611": 124.4, "WPU10260314": 161.2, "PCU3359293359291": 230.5 }, { "m": "2025-12", "PCU335311335311": 178.4, "PCU335313335313": 170.0, "PCU333611333611": 124.0, "WPU10260314": 169.1, "PCU3359293359291": 231.6 }, { "m": "2026-01", "PCU335311335311": 178.4, "PCU335313335313": 173.4, "PCU333611333611": 124.0, "WPU10260314": 175.7, "PCU3359293359291": 232.8 }, { "m": "2026-02", "PCU335311335311": 178.5, "PCU335313335313": 174.8, "PCU333611333611": 125.5, "WPU10260314": 178.0, "PCU3359293359291": 234.9 }, { "m": "2026-03", "PCU335311335311": 178.5, "PCU335313335313": 176.0, "PCU333611333611": 125.9, "WPU10260314": 177.7, "PCU3359293359291": 235.3 }, { "m": "2026-04", "PCU335311335311": 177.8, "PCU335313335313": 181.5, "PCU333611333611": 126.2, "WPU10260314": 176.7, "PCU3359293359291": 234.6 }, { "m": "2026-05", "PCU335311335311": 178.7, "PCU335313335313": 181.8, "PCU333611333611": 127.1, "WPU10260314": 187.0, "PCU3359293359291": 214.9 }, { "m": "2026-06", "PCU335311335311": 178.7, "PCU335313335313": 181.8, "PCU333611333611": 127.9, "WPU10260314": 191.1, "PCU3359293359291": 218.1 }, { "m": "2026-07", "PCU335311335311": 185.8, "PCU335313335313": 182.9, "PCU333611333611": 128.3, "WPU10260314": 191.4, "PCU3359293359291": 222.8 }, { "m": "2026-08", "PCU335311335311": 185.9, "PCU335313335313": 189.4, "PCU333611333611": 128.0, "WPU10260314": 199.4, "PCU3359293359291": 215.6 } ], "exportRules": [ { "date": "2026-07-14", "number": "2026-14132", "title": "Enhanced Favorable Treatment for the United Arab Emirates Under the Export Administration Regulations", "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/07/14/2026-14132/enhanced-favorable-treatment-for-the-united-arab-emirates-under-the-export-administration", "abstract": "In this final rule, the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) amends the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) to provide enhanced favorable treatment for the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Specifically, BIS is removing the UAE from Country Groups D:3 and D:4 and adding the UAE to Country Group A:5. More license exceptions will now be available, including Strategic Trade Authorization (STA) for the" }, { "date": "2026-01-15", "number": "2026-00789", "title": "Revision to License Review Policy for Advanced Computing Commodities", "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/01/15/2026-00789/revision-to-license-review-policy-for-advanced-computing-commodities", "abstract": "The Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) is revising its license review policy for exports of certain semiconductors to China and Macau--changing it from a presumption of denial to a case-by-case review. The semiconductors covered by this rule are the Nvidia H200 and its equivalents, as well as less advanced chips--provided that (1) the semiconductors are commercially available in the United Stat" }, { "date": "2025-09-16", "number": "2025-17893", "title": "Additions and Revisions to the Entity List", "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/09/16/2025-17893/additions-and-revisions-to-the-entity-list", "abstract": "In this rule, the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) amends the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) by adding 32 entities to the Entity List. These entries are listed on the Entity List under the destination of China, People's Republic of (China) (23), India, (1), Iran (1), Singapore (1), Taiwan (1), Turkey (3), and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) (2). These entities have been determined by " }, { "date": "2025-03-28", "number": "2025-05427", "title": "Additions to the Entity List", "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/03/28/2025-05427/additions-to-the-entity-list", "abstract": "In this rule, the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) amends the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) by adding 12 entities to the Entity List, under the destinations of China, People's Republic of (China) (11) and Taiwan (1). These entities have been determined by the U.S. Government to be acting contrary to the national security or foreign policy interests of the United States." }, { "date": "2025-02-14", "number": "2025-02655", "title": "Implementation of Additional Due Diligence Measures for Advanced Computing Integrated Circuits; Amendments and Clarifications; and Extension of Comment Period; Correction", "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/02/14/2025-02655/implementation-of-additional-due-diligence-measures-for-advanced-computing-integrated-circuits", "abstract": "On January 16, 2025, BIS published in the Federal Register an interim final rule (IFR), \"Implementation of Additional Due Diligence Measures for Advanced Computing Integrated Circuits; Amendments and Clarifications; and Extension of Comment Period\" (January 16 IFR). This rule revises Export Control Classification Number (ECCN) 3A090 to correct this ECCN's license requirement added in the January 1" }, { "date": "2025-01-16", "number": "2025-00711", "title": "Implementation of Additional Due Diligence Measures for Advanced Computing Integrated Circuits; Amendments and Clarifications; and Extension of Comment Period", "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/01/16/2025-00711/implementation-of-additional-due-diligence-measures-for-advanced-computing-integrated-circuits", "abstract": "BIS is revising the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) in response to requests from the public to provide additional due diligence procedures regarding advanced computing integrated circuits (ICs). This interim final rule (IFR) will protect the national security of the United States and assist foundries and Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly and Test (\"OSATs\") companies in complying with provi" }, { "date": "2025-01-16", "number": "2025-00480", "title": "Additions to the Entity List", "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/01/16/2025-00480/additions-to-the-entity-list", "abstract": "In this rule, the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) amends the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) by adding 16 entities to the Entity List, under the destinations of China, People's Republic of (China) (14) and Singapore (2). These entities have been determined by the U.S. Government to be acting contrary to the national security or foreign policy interests of the United States." }, { "date": "2025-01-15", "number": "2025-00636", "title": "Framework for Artificial Intelligence Diffusion", "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/01/15/2025-00636/framework-for-artificial-intelligence-diffusion", "abstract": "With this interim final rule, the Commerce Department's Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) revises the Export Administration Regulations' (EAR) controls on advanced computing integrated circuits (ICs) and adds a new control on artificial intelligence (AI) model weights for certain advanced closed-weight dual-use AI models. In conjunction with the expansion of these controls, which BIS has deter" }, { "date": "2024-12-05", "number": "2024-28270", "title": "Foreign-Produced Direct Product Rule Additions, and Refinements to Controls for Advanced Computing and Semiconductor Manufacturing Items", "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/12/05/2024-28270/foreign-produced-direct-product-rule-additions-and-refinements-to-controls-for-advanced-computing", "abstract": "In this interim final rule (IFR), the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) makes changes to the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) controls for certain advanced computing items, supercomputers, and semiconductor manufacturing equipment, which includes adding new controls for certain semiconductor manufacturing equipment and related items, creating new Foreign Direct Product (FDP) rules for c" }, { "date": "2024-12-05", "number": "2024-28267", "title": "Additions and Modifications to the Entity List; Removals From the Validated End-User (VEU) Program", "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/12/05/2024-28267/additions-and-modifications-to-the-entity-list-removals-from-the-validated-end-user-veu-program", "abstract": "In this final rule, the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) amends the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) by adding 140 entities to the Entity List. These entries are listed on the Entity List under the destinations of China, People's Republic of (China), Japan, South Korea, and Singapore and have been determined by the U.S. Government to be acting contrary to the national security and fore" }, { "date": "2024-10-02", "number": "2024-22587", "title": "Expansion of Validated End User Authorization: Data Center Validated End User Authorization", "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/10/02/2024-22587/expansion-of-validated-end-user-authorization-data-center-validated-end-user-authorization", "abstract": "In this rule, the Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS), amends the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) to expand the Validated End User Authorization (VEU) program to include VEU Authorization for data centers located in specified destinations (\"Data Center VEU\" or \"Data Center VEU Authorization\"). This expansion of the VEU program to include Data Center VEU is intende" }, { "date": "2024-04-04", "number": "2024-07004", "title": "Implementation of Additional Export Controls: Certain Advanced Computing Items; Supercomputer and Semiconductor End Use; Updates and Corrections; and Export Controls on Semiconductor Manufacturing Items; Corrections and Clarifications", "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/04/04/2024-07004/implementation-of-additional-export-controls-certain-advanced-computing-items-supercomputer-and", "abstract": "On October 25, 2023, the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) published in the Federal Register the interim final rules (IFR), \"Export Controls on Semiconductor Manufacturing Items\" (SME IFR) and \"Implementation of Additional Export Controls: Certain Advanced Computing Items; Supercomputer and Semiconductor End Use; Updates and Corrections\" (AC/S IFR). This rule corrects inadvertent errors in tho" }, { "date": "2023-12-15", "number": "2023-27588", "title": "Export Controls on Semiconductor Manufacturing Items; Implementation of Additional Export Controls: Certain Advanced Computing Items; Supercomputer and Semiconductor End Use; Updates and Corrections; Extension of Comment Period", "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/12/15/2023-27588/export-controls-on-semiconductor-manufacturing-items-implementation-of-additional-export-controls", "abstract": "On October 25, 2023, the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) published in the Federal Register the interim final rules (IFR), \"Export Controls on Semiconductor Manufacturing Items\" (SME IFR) and \"Implementation of Additional Export Controls: Certain Advanced Computing Items; Supercomputer and Semiconductor End Use; Updates and Corrections\" (AC/S IFR). This notification extends the deadline for s" }, { "date": "2023-10-25", "number": "2023-23055", "title": "Implementation of Additional Export Controls: Certain Advanced Computing Items; Supercomputer and Semiconductor End Use; Updates and Corrections", "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/10/25/2023-23055/implementation-of-additional-export-controls-certain-advanced-computing-items-supercomputer-and", "abstract": "On October 7, 2022, the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) released the interim final rule (IFR), \"Implementation of Additional Export Controls: Certain Advanced Computing and Semiconductor Manufacturing Items; Supercomputer and Semiconductor End Use; Entity List Modification\" (October 7 IFR), which amended the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) to implement controls on advanced computing " }, { "date": "2023-10-25", "number": "2023-23049", "title": "Export Controls on Semiconductor Manufacturing Items", "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/10/25/2023-23049/export-controls-on-semiconductor-manufacturing-items", "abstract": "On October 7, 2022, the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) released the interim final rule (IFR) \"Implementation of Additional Export Controls: Certain Advanced Computing and Semiconductor Manufacturing Items; Supercomputer and Semiconductor End Use\" (October 7 IFR), which amended the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) to implement controls on advanced computing integrated circuits (ICs), " }, { "date": "2023-10-19", "number": "2023-23048", "title": "Entity List Additions", "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/10/19/2023-23048/entity-list-additions", "abstract": "In this rule, the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) amends the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) by adding 13 entities to the Entity List under the destination of the People's Republic of China (China). These entities have been determined by the U.S. Government to be acting contrary to the national security or foreign policy interests of the United States." }, { "date": "2023-01-18", "number": "2023-00888", "title": "Implementation of Additional Export Controls: Certain Advanced Computing and Semiconductor Manufacturing Items; Supercomputer and Semiconductor End Use; Entity List Modification; Updates to the Controls To Add Macau", "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/01/18/2023-00888/implementation-of-additional-export-controls-certain-advanced-computing-and-semiconductor", "abstract": "On October 7, 2022, the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) updated the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) to implement necessary controls on advanced computing integrated circuits (ICs), computer commodities that contain such ICs, and certain semiconductor manufacturing items, and to make other changes to the EAR to ensure that appropriate controls are in place for these items, including s" }, { "date": "2022-12-07", "number": "2022-26662", "title": "Implementation of Additional Export Controls: Certain Advanced Computing and Semiconductor Manufacturing Items; Supercomputer and Semiconductor End Use; Entity List Modification", "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/12/07/2022-26662/implementation-of-additional-export-controls-certain-advanced-computing-and-semiconductor", "abstract": "On October 13, 2022, the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) published the interim final rule Implementation of Additional Export Controls: Certain Advanced Computing and Semiconductor Manufacturing Items; Supercomputer and Semiconductor End Use; Entity List Modification. This document extends the deadline for written comments to January 31, 2023. This extension is being made to allow for commen" }, { "date": "2022-10-13", "number": "2022-21658", "title": "Implementation of Additional Export Controls: Certain Advanced Computing and Semiconductor Manufacturing Items; Supercomputer and Semiconductor End Use; Entity List Modification", "url": "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/10/13/2022-21658/implementation-of-additional-export-controls-certain-advanced-computing-and-semiconductor", "abstract": "In this rule, the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) is amending the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) to implement necessary controls on advanced computing integrated circuits (ICs), computer commodities that contain such ICs, and certain semiconductor manufacturing items. In addition, BIS is expanding controls on transactions involving items for supercomputer and semiconductor manufactu" } ], "links": [ { "id": "wafers", "order": 1, "link": "Leading-edge wafers", "plain": "The silicon itself. AI accelerators are printed on TSMC's most advanced processes, N3 (3-nanometre class) and next N2. A new cleanroom takes about two years to build, so supply cannot jump quickly.", "suppliers": "TSMC (Taiwan); Samsung and Intel at the margin", "indicators": [ "tsmc", "taiwanParts" ], "status": "binding", "evidence": "SemiAnalysis (12 Mar 2026, free section) calls N3 wafer capacity the dominant bottleneck, with AI chips taking a majority of N3 output in 2026 and a larger share in 2027, by its estimate. TSMC's own revenue was up 54.6% y/y in September 2026.", "counter": "TSMC is adding capacity every quarter, and revenue in NT$ includes price rises, not only volume.", "europe": "No leading-edge logic fab in Europe; see the Chips Act page.", "europeLink": "/europe/chips-act", "sources": [ [ "SemiAnalysis, The Great AI Silicon Shortage (12 Mar 2026)", "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/the-great-ai-silicon-shortage" ] ], "kind": "inference", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "litho", "order": 2, "link": "Lithography (EUV)", "plain": "The machines that print chip patterns. Extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) scanners are made by one company, ASML in the Netherlands. Every leading-edge wafer passes through them.", "suppliers": "ASML (Netherlands), sole supplier", "indicators": [ "asml" ], "status": "not binding", "evidence": "ASML says its 2026 capacity is about 65 low-NA EUV systems and it plans to add 30% for 2027, investigating another 30% for 2028 (Q2 2026 results, 15 Jul 2026).", "counter": "ASML stopped publishing bookings in 2026, so its order backlog can no longer be checked from outside.", "europe": "Europe's one undisputed chokepoint: the sole EUV supplier is Dutch.", "europeLink": "/europe/chips-act", "sources": [ [ "ASML Q2 2026 results (6-K, SEC EDGAR)", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/937966/000162828026048235/pressreleasefinancialresul.htm" ] ], "kind": "inference", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "packaging", "order": 3, "link": "Advanced packaging (CoWoS)", "plain": "Packaging joins the GPU die to its memory on one base. TSMC's CoWoS (chip-on-wafer-on-substrate) was the main limit on Nvidia's output in 2023\u201324.", "suppliers": "TSMC; ASE/SPIL and Amkor (outsourced assembly and test)", "indicators": [], "status": "easing", "evidence": "TrendForce (5 Aug 2026) reports TSMC's monthly CoWoS capacity roughly doubling between 2025 and end-2026, while still estimating demand about 20% above supply in 2026. SemiAnalysis (Mar 2026) describes it as tight but easing.", "counter": "Still short in 2026 on TrendForce's estimate; easing is relative.", "europe": "No CoWoS-class capacity in Europe.", "europeLink": null, "sources": [ [ "TrendForce news, 5 Aug 2026", "https://www.trendforce.com/news/2026/08/05/news-tsmc-reportedly-expands-outsourcing-of-key-cowos-front-end-step-to-osats-amid-rising-nvidia-asic-demand/" ], [ "SemiAnalysis (12 Mar 2026)", "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/the-great-ai-silicon-shortage" ] ], "kind": "inference", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "memory", "order": 4, "link": "Memory (HBM and DRAM)", "plain": "HBM (high-bandwidth memory) is DRAM stacked beside the GPU. It needs roughly three times the wafer area per bit of ordinary DRAM, so AI demand squeezes all memory.", "suppliers": "SK hynix and Samsung (Korea), Micron (US)", "indicators": [ "korea", "nvda" ], "status": "binding", "evidence": "Korea's chip exports were $60.3bn in September 2026, up 263% y/y (trade ministry). Nvidia's supply and capacity commitments rose from $119bn to $279bn in one quarter, 'primarily memory' (10-Q, July 2026).", "counter": "Export values are inflated by memory prices, not only volumes; Nvidia says some agreements can be cancelled or rescheduled.", "europe": "No HBM or leading DRAM production in Europe.", "europeLink": null, "sources": [ [ "Korea Times / MOTIR, 1 Oct 2026", "https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/economy/20261001/koreas-monthly-exports-hit-1209-bil-in-sept-on-record-chip-sales" ], [ "Nvidia 10-Q (26 Jul 2026)", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581026000075/nvda-20260726.htm" ] ], "kind": "inference", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "servers", "order": 5, "link": "Servers and racks", "plain": "Chips, memory and networking are assembled into servers and racks, mostly by Taiwanese contract manufacturers in Taiwan, Mexico and Southeast Asia.", "suppliers": "Foxconn, Quanta, Wistron, Wiwynn and others", "indicators": [ "taiwanIct" ], "status": "flowing", "evidence": "Taiwan's exports of ICT and audio-video products (mostly servers) roughly doubled y/y in September 2026: the parts arrive and the boxes ship.", "counter": "Fast-rising shipments say assembly is not the limit now; they also mean hardware is being delivered faster than data-centre power can be connected in some places.", "europe": "Europe imports servers rather than assembling them at scale; see server imports.", "europeLink": "/europe/server-imports", "sources": [ [ "Taiwan Ministry of Finance, monthly trade release", "https://service.mof.gov.tw/public/Data/statistic/trade/news/11509/NET11509E.xlsx" ] ], "kind": "inference", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "turbines", "order": 6, "link": "Gas turbines", "plain": "Where the grid cannot supply a data centre soon enough, builders put gas turbines on site (behind the meter). Three firms make most large turbines, and their order books now run years ahead.", "suppliers": "GE Vernova (US), Siemens Energy (Germany), Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (Japan)", "indicators": [ "turbines", "gev" ], "status": "binding", "evidence": "GE Vernova had 116 GW of gas turbines under contract (backlog plus slot reservations) at 30 June 2026, against a target of 20 GW a year of output from Q3 2026; Siemens Energy had a 69 GW firm backlog. See the power-equipment page.", "counter": "Slot reservations (63 of GE Vernova's 116 GW) are not firm orders and GE Vernova warns they may not all convert. SemiAnalysis (Jun 2026) says turbine constraints have proved easier to overcome than feared.", "europe": "Siemens Energy is one of the three makers. Ireland's new data centres must bring their own firm power, much of it gas.", "europeLink": "/global/power-equipment", "sources": [ [ "GE Vernova Q2 2026 release (8-K)", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1996810/000199681026000147/gevpressrelease2q26.htm" ] ], "kind": "inference", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "grid", "order": 7, "link": "Transformers, switchgear and cable", "plain": "Transformers step voltage up or down; switchgear switches and protects circuits. Every grid connection and on-site plant needs them, and large units are built to order.", "suppliers": "Hitachi Energy, Siemens Energy, GE Vernova (Prolec GE) and others", "indicators": [ "transformers", "switchgear", "cable" ], "status": "binding", "evidence": "US producer prices for transformers and switchgear have risen far faster than general inflation since January 2020 (BLS). Wood Mackenzie put average power-transformer lead times at about 128 weeks in mid-2025.", "counter": "Not every price is rising: the US index for power wire and cable made from purchased wire is below its 2025 peak, and distribution-transformer supply has improved (Wood Mackenzie, via POWER magazine). Higher prices also pull in new factories, due around 2027\u201328.", "europe": "Siemens Energy (Germany) is a large maker and plans about 50% more transformer and gas-insulated switchgear capacity by 2030 (Utility Dive, Aug 2026).", "europeLink": "/global/power-equipment", "sources": [ [ "BLS producer price indices", "https://www.bls.gov/ppi/" ], [ "POWER magazine, 2 Jan 2026 (Wood Mackenzie)", "https://powermag.com/transformers-in-2026-shortage-scramble-or-self-inflicted-crisis/" ], [ "Utility Dive, 10 Aug 2026 (Siemens Energy)", "https://www.utilitydive.com/news/siemens-gas-turbine-backlog-nears-70-gw-as-company-expands-manufacturing/827390/" ] ], "kind": "inference", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "connection", "order": 8, "link": "Grid connection", "plain": "The final link: permission and wires to draw power from the grid. Network operators add firm capacity slowly, so large loads wait years or build their own supply.", "suppliers": "Utilities and grid operators (EirGrid and ESB Networks in Ireland)", "indicators": [], "status": "binding", "evidence": "SemiAnalysis (25 Jun 2026, free section) estimates the US adds roughly 15 GW a year of firm capacity, and expects behind-the-meter generation to power well over half of new US data centres from 2028. In Ireland, the CRU's December 2025 decision requires new data centres to bring firm power matching their grid import.", "counter": "Queues are inflated by speculative requests, so the true shortfall is smaller than queue totals suggest.", "europe": "Ireland's binding link is the same: see the firm-power gap table.", "europeLink": "/ireland/firm-power-gap", "sources": [ [ "SemiAnalysis, US Grid Constraints (25 Jun 2026)", "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/us-grid-constraints-towards-40gw" ], [ "StackPath firm-power gap table", "/ireland/firm-power-gap" ] ], "kind": "inference", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "controls", "order": 9, "link": "Export controls", "plain": "US rules on who may buy advanced AI chips and chip-making tools. They cap demand from China rather than limiting global supply.", "suppliers": "US Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS)", "indicators": [ "exportRules" ], "status": "policy", "evidence": "In January 2026 BIS moved licence reviews for some advanced computing chips to case-by-case for China (Federal Register 2026-00789).", "counter": "Rules change often and by guidance as well as rules; the count of Federal Register rules is a rough gauge only.", "europe": "The Netherlands controls ASML's exports to China under its own rules (not measured here).", "europeLink": null, "sources": [ [ "Federal Register 2026-00789 (15 Jan 2026)", "https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/01/15/2026-00789/revision-to-license-review-policy-for-advanced-computing-commodities" ] ], "kind": "inference", "checked": "2026-10-11" } ], "timeline": [ { "link": "Advanced packaging (CoWoS)", "y2024": "binding", "y2025": "tight", "y2026": "easing", "y2027": "easing", "y2028": "\u2013", "basis": "SemiAnalysis (Mar 2026) and TrendForce (Aug 2026) on CoWoS capacity roughly doubling in 2026" }, { "link": "Leading-edge wafers (N3)", "y2024": "\u2013", "y2025": "tight", "y2026": "binding", "y2027": "binding", "y2028": "?", "basis": "SemiAnalysis (Mar 2026): N3 shortage of about two years, AI share of N3 rising to about 86% in 2027" }, { "link": "Memory (HBM and DRAM)", "y2024": "\u2013", "y2025": "tight", "y2026": "binding", "y2027": "binding", "y2028": "?", "basis": "Korea chip exports up 100\u2013263% y/y each month of 2026; Nvidia's commitments, mostly memory, run to fiscal 2029" }, { "link": "Gas turbines", "y2024": "tight", "y2025": "tight", "y2026": "binding", "y2027": "binding", "y2028": "binding", "basis": "GE Vernova booked 20.2 GW in 2024 and 29.8 GW in 2025 against 11.9 and 15.3 GW shipped (10-K); backlog plus reservations of about 6 years of its 2026 target output; MHI orders deliver 2028\u201330" }, { "link": "Transformers and switchgear", "y2024": "binding", "y2025": "binding", "y2026": "binding", "y2027": "binding", "y2028": "?", "basis": "Lead times above two years (Wood Mackenzie 2025); new North American plants due around 2027\u201328" }, { "link": "Grid connection", "y2024": "binding", "y2025": "binding", "y2026": "binding", "y2027": "binding", "y2028": "binding", "basis": "SemiAnalysis (Jun 2026): US firm capacity additions of about 15 GW a year; Ireland's CRU firm-power rule (Dec 2025)" } ], "headlines": [ { "id": "cowos", "publisher": "TrendForce", "date": "2026-08-05", "text": "TSMC's monthly CoWoS capacity rising from about 70,000 wafers in 2025 to 130,000\u2013140,000 by end-2026, with demand still about 20% above supply in 2026", "url": "https://www.trendforce.com/news/2026/08/05/news-tsmc-reportedly-expands-outsourcing-of-key-cowos-front-end-step-to-osats-amid-rising-nvidia-asic-demand/", "kind": "estimate (third party)", "checked": "2026-10-11" } ], "asml": { "lowNaEuvCapacity2026": 65, "addFor2027Pct": 30, "investigating2028Pct": 30, "duvImmersionCapacity2026": 130, "salesGuidance2026": "\u20ac43\u201345bn", "q2NetSalesEurBn": 9.3, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/937966/000162828026048235/pressreleasefinancialresul.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-07-15", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, "semianalysis": [ { "title": "The Great AI Silicon Shortage", "date": "2026-03-12", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/the-great-ai-silicon-shortage", "free": true, "paraphrase": "TSMC's N3 wafer capacity, not packaging, is now the main limit on AI compute. By its estimate, AI accelerators, host CPUs and networking take a majority of N3 output in 2026 and a larger share in 2027, crowding out phones and PCs. New cleanroom space takes about two years, so the shortage lasts about that long. Memory is the next constraint; CoWoS is tight but easing.", "test": "If N3 binds, TSMC's monthly revenue and Taiwan's chip exports should keep rising through H2 2026 with no dip." }, { "title": "US Grid Constraints: Towards 40GW+ BTM by 2028?", "date": "2026-06-25", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/us-grid-constraints-towards-40gw", "free": true, "paraphrase": "The US grid adds roughly 15 GW a year of firm (accredited) capacity. Gas additions stay below 10 GW a year in 2026\u201327. Turbine and step-up transformer lead times have stretched to three to four years, though turbine constraints have proved easier to overcome than feared. On-site (behind-the-meter) generation powers well over half of new US data centres from 2028.", "test": "Gas-turbine shipments by the three makers (GW a year) against their backlogs; transformer and turbine producer prices." } ], "caveats": [ "Taiwan's export lines are value in US dollars at current prices: they rise with chip and memory prices as well as volumes. 'Information, communication and audio-video products' is mostly servers and parts; 'parts of electronic products' is mostly integrated circuits.", "TSMC revenue is in New Taiwan dollars and covers all its customers, not only AI chips.", "Korea's chip-export figures are the trade ministry's first release as reported in the press; they include all memory and logic chips (HBM has no customs code of its own) and are often revised slightly. Year-earlier values are our arithmetic from the reported growth rate.", "Nvidia's commitments changed definition: to July 2025 the XBRL 'purchase obligations' total (all commitments); October 2025 to April 2026 'manufacturing, supply and capacity' commitments; from July 2026 'supply and capacity' in a new table. Nvidia says some agreements can be cancelled or rescheduled.", "Producer price indices are US prices (BLS), indexed here to January 2020 = 100; the latest months are preliminary and revised for four months.", "Federal Register search: BIS rules matching 'advanced computing' since October 2022, briefings and unrelated rules removed. Not every policy change is a Federal Register rule (some are guidance or licence decisions)." ] }, "power_equipment": { "title": "Gas turbines and grid equipment: backlog, output and prices", "source": "GE Vernova SEC filings (10-Q/10-K, 8-K earnings releases, XBRL); BLS producer price indices; Siemens Energy and MHI results as reported; Wood Mackenzie via POWER magazine", "sourceUrls": [ "https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=0001996810", "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001996810.json", "https://www.bls.gov/ppi/", "https://assets.siemens-energy.com/dam/fb695b3d-e910-4f47-81b5-b4480034f6a1/Earnings-Release-Q2-FY26-EN-pdf_Original%20file.pdf", "https://www.spglobal.com/energy/en/news-research/latest-news/electric-power/063026-siemens-energy-lifts-global-gas-turbine-outlook-on-data-center-demand", "https://www.utilitydive.com/news/siemens-gas-turbine-backlog-nears-70-gw-as-company-expands-manufacturing/827390/", "https://www.turbomachinerymag.com/view/siemens-energy-posts-record-backlog-joining-ge-vernova-and-baker-hughes-in-a-record-quarter-for-gas-turbines", "https://www.utilitydive.com/news/mitsubishi-gas-turbine-backlog-earnings/827761/", "https://www.mhi.com/finance/library/result/pdf/fy20261q/qa_20261q.pdf", "https://powermag.com/transformers-in-2026-shortage-scramble-or-self-inflicted-crisis/" ], "asOf": "2026-10-11", "researchChecked": "2026-10-11", "gev": { "asOfQuarter": "2026-Q2", "underContractGW": 116, "backlogGW": 53, "slotsGW": 63, "yearEndTargetGW": 125, "yearEndTargetYear": 2026, "outputPlan": [ { "gwPerYear": 20, "when": "third quarter of 2026", "year": 2026 }, { "gwPerYear": 24, "when": "2028", "year": 2028 }, { "gwPerYear": 30, "when": "2030", "year": 2030 } ], "lastYearShippedGW": 15.3, "lastYear": 2025, "h1RunRateGW": 15.0, "yearsAtLastYearOutput": 7.6, "yearsAtPlannedOutput": 5.8, "firmYearsAtPlannedOutput": 2.6, "pressUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1996810/000199681026000147/gevpressrelease2q26.htm", "filingUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1996810/000199681026000148/gev-20260630.htm" }, "gevQuarters": [ { "q": "2025-Q1", "filed": "2025-04-23", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1996810/000199681025000072/gevpressrelease1q25.htm", "backlogGW": 29, "slotsGW": 21, "headlineGW": 50, "signedGW": 7, "convertedGW": null, "shippedGW": null, "yearEndTargetGW": null, "yearEndTargetYear": null, "electrificationEquipBacklogUsdBn": null, "ordersGW10q": 7.1, "salesGW10q": 3.0, "powerEquipRpoUsdBn": 13.9, "electrificationEquipRpoUsdBn": 22.0, "filingUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1996810/000199681025000073/gev-20250331.htm" }, { "q": "2025-Q2", "filed": "2025-07-23", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1996810/000199681025000132/gevpressrelease2q25.htm", "backlogGW": 29, "slotsGW": 25, "headlineGW": 55, "signedGW": 9, "convertedGW": 3, "shippedGW": 5, "yearEndTargetGW": null, "yearEndTargetYear": null, "electrificationEquipBacklogUsdBn": null, "ordersGW10q": 5.1, "salesGW10q": 5.2, "powerEquipRpoUsdBn": 16.1, "electrificationEquipRpoUsdBn": 23.9, "filingUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1996810/000199681025000133/gev-20250630.htm" }, { "q": "2025-Q3", "filed": "2025-10-22", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1996810/000199681025000159/gevpressrelease3q25.htm", "backlogGW": 33, "slotsGW": 29, "headlineGW": 62, "signedGW": 12, "convertedGW": 7, "shippedGW": 4, "yearEndTargetGW": null, "yearEndTargetYear": null, "electrificationEquipBacklogUsdBn": null, "ordersGW10q": 7.4, "salesGW10q": 4.0, "powerEquipRpoUsdBn": 19.0, "electrificationEquipRpoUsdBn": 26.5, "filingUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1996810/000199681025000160/gev-20250930.htm" }, { "q": "2025-Q4", "filed": "2026-01-28", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1996810/000199681026000012/gevpressrelease4q25.htm", "backlogGW": 40, "slotsGW": 43, "headlineGW": 83, "signedGW": 24, "convertedGW": 8, "shippedGW": 3, "yearEndTargetGW": null, "yearEndTargetYear": null, "electrificationEquipBacklogUsdBn": 30.5, "ordersGW10q": 10.2, "salesGW10q": 3.1, "powerEquipRpoUsdBn": 24.7, "electrificationEquipRpoUsdBn": 30.5, "filingUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1996810/000199681026000015/gev-20251231.htm" }, { "q": "2026-Q1", "filed": "2026-04-22", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1996810/000199681026000063/gevpressrelease1q26.htm", "backlogGW": 44, "slotsGW": 56, "headlineGW": 100, "signedGW": 21, "convertedGW": 6, "shippedGW": 4, "yearEndTargetGW": 110, "yearEndTargetYear": 2026, "electrificationEquipBacklogUsdBn": 38.6, "ordersGW10q": 8.1, "salesGW10q": 4.2, "powerEquipRpoUsdBn": 28.5, "electrificationEquipRpoUsdBn": 38.6, "filingUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1996810/000199681026000064/gev-20260331.htm" }, { "q": "2026-Q2", "filed": "2026-07-22", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1996810/000199681026000147/gevpressrelease2q26.htm", "backlogGW": 53, "slotsGW": 63, "headlineGW": 116, "signedGW": 20, "convertedGW": 10, "shippedGW": 3, "yearEndTargetGW": 125, "yearEndTargetYear": 2026, "outputPlan": [ { "gwPerYear": 20, "when": "third quarter of 2026", "year": 2026 }, { "gwPerYear": 24, "when": "2028", "year": 2028 }, { "gwPerYear": 30, "when": "2030", "year": 2030 } ], "electrificationEquipBacklogUsdBn": 40.6, "ordersGW10q": 12.1, "salesGW10q": 3.3, "powerEquipRpoUsdBn": 39.3, "electrificationEquipRpoUsdBn": 40.6, "filingUrl": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1996810/000199681026000148/gev-20260630.htm" } ], "gevAnnual": [ { "year": 2024, "ordersGW": 20.2, "shippedGW": 11.9, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1996810/000199681025000011/gev-20241231.htm" }, { "year": 2025, "ordersGW": 29.8, "shippedGW": 15.3, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1996810/000199681026000015/gev-20251231.htm" } ], "gevRpo": [ { "end": "2024-03-31", "q": "2024-Q1", "usdBn": 116.3 }, { "end": "2024-06-30", "q": "2024-Q2", "usdBn": 115.5 }, { "end": "2024-09-30", "q": "2024-Q3", "usdBn": 117.7 }, { "end": "2024-12-31", "q": "2024-Q4", "usdBn": 119.0 }, { "end": "2025-03-31", "q": "2025-Q1", "usdBn": 123.4 }, { "end": "2025-06-30", "q": "2025-Q2", "usdBn": 128.7 }, { "end": "2025-09-30", "q": "2025-Q3", "usdBn": 135.3 }, { "end": "2025-12-31", "q": "2025-Q4", "usdBn": 150.2 }, { "end": "2026-03-31", "q": "2026-Q1", "usdBn": 163.3 }, { "end": "2026-06-30", "q": "2026-Q2", "usdBn": 176.3 } ], "compare": [ { "maker": "GE Vernova", "hq": "US", "period": "2026 Q2", "firmBacklogGW": 53, "reservationsGW": 63, "annualOutputGW": 20, "annualOutputBasis": "target from the third quarter of 2026", "lastYearShippedGW": 15.3, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1996810/000199681026000147/gevpressrelease2q26.htm", "kind": "measured (SEC filing)", "yearsOfFirmBacklog": 2.6 }, { "maker": "Siemens Energy", "hq": "Germany", "period": "Q3 FY2026", "firmBacklogGW": 69, "reservationsGW": null, "annualOutputGW": 15.5, "annualOutputBasis": "CEO: 15\u201316 GW of deliveries expected this year (midpoint)", "lastYearShippedGW": null, "source": "https://www.utilitydive.com/news/siemens-gas-turbine-backlog-nears-70-gw-as-company-expands-manufacturing/827390/", "kind": "reported", "yearsOfFirmBacklog": 4.5 }, { "maker": "Mitsubishi Heavy", "hq": "Japan", "period": "Q1 FY2026", "firmBacklogGW": 35, "reservationsGW": null, "annualOutputGW": 16, "annualOutputBasis": "large-frame GW 'sold' in FY2025 (to Mar 2026), as reported", "lastYearShippedGW": 16, "source": "https://www.utilitydive.com/news/mitsubishi-gas-turbine-backlog-earnings/827761/", "kind": "reported", "yearsOfFirmBacklog": 2.2 } ], "makers": [ { "maker": "Siemens Energy", "hq": "Germany", "period": "Q2 FY2026", "periodEnd": "2026-03-31", "firmBacklogGW": 60, "firmBacklogApprox": true, "ordersGW": null, "shippedGW": null, "groupBacklogEurBn": 154, "gasBacklogEurBn": 66, "gridBacklogEurBn": 49, "sources": [ [ "Siemens Energy earnings release Q2 FY2026 (12 May 2026)", "https://assets.siemens-energy.com/dam/fb695b3d-e910-4f47-81b5-b4480034f6a1/Earnings-Release-Q2-FY26-EN-pdf_Original%20file.pdf" ], [ "S&P Global Commodity Insights, 30 Jun 2026 (about 60 GW, from the pre-close call)", "https://www.spglobal.com/energy/en/news-research/latest-news/electric-power/063026-siemens-energy-lifts-global-gas-turbine-outlook-on-data-center-demand" ] ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "maker": "Siemens Energy", "hq": "Germany", "period": "Q3 FY2026", "periodEnd": "2026-06-30", "firmBacklogGW": 69, "ordersGW": 15, "shippedGW": 6, "groupBacklogEurBn": 162, "gasBacklogEurBn": 73, "gridBacklogEurBn": 51, "outputNote": "CEO expects 15\u201316 GW of gas turbine deliveries this year; transformer and gas-insulated switchgear capacity to grow about 50% by 2030", "sources": [ [ "Utility Dive, 10 Aug 2026 (Q3 FY2026 results)", "https://www.utilitydive.com/news/siemens-gas-turbine-backlog-nears-70-gw-as-company-expands-manufacturing/827390/" ], [ "Turbomachinery Magazine, 6 Aug 2026", "https://www.turbomachinerymag.com/view/siemens-energy-posts-record-backlog-joining-ge-vernova-and-baker-hughes-in-a-record-quarter-for-gas-turbines" ] ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "maker": "Mitsubishi Heavy Industries", "hq": "Japan", "period": "Q1 FY2026", "periodEnd": "2026-06-30", "firmBacklogGW": 35, "firmBacklogYearAgoGW": 23, "ordersGW": null, "ordersUnits": 10, "shippedGW": 4, "annualShippedGW": 16, "annualShippedPeriod": "FY2025 (to Mar 2026)", "outputNote": "Large-frame turbines only. Plans to double gas turbine production capacity against 2024; orders booked in the quarter deliver 2028\u201330. EUCI reports the backlog as 32 GW, not 35.", "sources": [ [ "Utility Dive, 13 Aug 2026 (Q1 FY2026 results)", "https://www.utilitydive.com/news/mitsubishi-gas-turbine-backlog-earnings/827761/" ], [ "MHI Q1 FY2026 Q&A", "https://www.mhi.com/finance/library/result/pdf/fy20261q/qa_20261q.pdf" ] ], "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" } ], "transformerLeadTimes": { "publisher": "Wood Mackenzie (via POWER magazine)", "date": "2026-01-02", "surveyPeriod": "Q2 2025", "powerTransformerWeeks": 128, "gsuWeeks": 144, "powerTransformerDeficitPct": 30, "distributionDeficitPct": 10, "text": "Average lead times of about 128 weeks for power transformers and 144 weeks for generator step-up (GSU) transformers, with US power-transformer supply about 30% short of demand in 2025; distribution-transformer availability has improved", "url": "https://powermag.com/transformers-in-2026-shortage-scramble-or-self-inflicted-crisis/", "kind": "estimate (third party, headline only)", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, "ppi": [ { "id": "PCU335311335311", "label": "Transformers", "title": "Electric power and specialty transformer manufacturing", "link": "grid", "latestMonth": "2026-08", "latest": 475.065, "sinceJan2020Pct": 85.9, "yoyPct": 7.8, "peakMonth": "2026-08", "fromPeakPct": 0.0, "url": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCU335311335311", "blsUrl": "https://data.bls.gov/timeseries/PCU335311335311" }, { "id": "WPU1174", "label": "Transformers and power regulators", "title": "Transformers and power regulators (commodity)", "link": "grid", "latestMonth": "2026-08", "latest": 434.493, "sinceJan2020Pct": 84.2, "yoyPct": 7.6, "peakMonth": "2026-08", "fromPeakPct": 0.0, "url": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/WPU1174", "blsUrl": "https://data.bls.gov/timeseries/WPU1174" }, { "id": "PCU335313335313", "label": "Switchgear", "title": "Switchgear and switchboard apparatus manufacturing", "link": "grid", "latestMonth": "2026-08", "latest": 411.453, "sinceJan2020Pct": 89.4, "yoyPct": 13.3, "peakMonth": 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"https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/us-grid-constraints-towards-40gw", "free": true, "paraphrase": "Gas-fired additions on the US grid stay below 10 GW a year in 2026\u201327 and pick up from 2028. Lead times for turbines and step-up transformers have stretched to three to four years, against about 18 months historically, though turbine constraints at GE Vernova and Siemens have proved easier to overcome than feared. Behind-the-meter plant powers well over half of new US data centres from 2028." } ], "caveats": [ "GE Vernova's gigawatt figures are its own: 'backlog' is firm orders; 'slot reservation agreements' are paid reservations for future production slots that are not yet orders. GE Vernova warns that reservation holders may not place orders equal to their reservations, or at all (10-K, risk factors).", "Years of backlog = gigawatts under contract divided by a year of output (our arithmetic). Output is shipments as reported, or the maker's stated capacity target where shown; plans can slip.", "Siemens Energy and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries report on different fiscal years and definitions (MHI: large-frame turbines only), and their figures come from results releases and trade-press reports, so the three makers are not strictly comparable.", "RPO (remaining performance obligations) is contracted revenue not yet recognised, in US dollars; equipment RPO excludes long-term service agreements.", "Producer price indices are US prices (BLS), January 2020 = 100; the latest months are preliminary." ] }, "world_power": { "title": "Where AI can plug in: power by country", "asOf": "2026-10-12", "source": "Epoch AI Frontier Data Centers (CC BY 4.0); Ember yearly electricity data (CC BY 4.0); China NEA; ECB; with StackPath datasets us_power, eu_power_prices and eu_grid_queues", "sourceUrl": "https://epoch.ai/data/data-centers", "sourceUrls": { "epochPage": "https://epoch.ai/data/data-centers", "epochDc": "https://epoch.ai/data/data_centers/data_centers.csv", "epochTl": "https://epoch.ai/data/data_centers/data_center_timelines.csv", "ember": "https://files.ember-energy.org/public-downloads/generation/outputs/release_generation_yearly_global.csv", "emberPage": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "ecb": "https://data.ecb.europa.eu/data/datasets/EXR" }, "method": { "epoch": "Sum of Epoch's 'Power (MW)' per site: 'now' = latest timeline row dated on or before the pull date; 'planned' = the site's last timeline row (full build-out as Epoch models it).", "ember": "Change in Ember's installed capacity (all sources) between the latest two years an area has; net of retirements.", "ghost": "Large loads requested (in the operator's own stage) divided by load connected or operating; where nothing connected is published, divided by the operator's own expectation for about 2030, and labelled so.", "fx": "$ per \u20ac 1.1657 (ECB average, 2025-S2)" }, "epoch": { "pulled": "2026-10-11", "sites": 93, "totalNowMW": 17741, "totalPlannedMW": 49012, "byCountry": [ { "country": "United States", "sites": 77, "nowMW": 15179, "plannedMW": 43412, "nowSharePct": 85.6, "plannedSharePct": 88.6 }, { "country": "China", "sites": 4, "nowMW": 848, "plannedMW": 1942, "nowSharePct": 4.8, "plannedSharePct": 4.0 }, { "country": "United Arab Emirates", "sites": 1, "nowMW": 0, "plannedMW": 1400, "nowSharePct": 0.0, "plannedSharePct": 2.9 }, { "country": "Malaysia", "sites": 2, "nowMW": 1252, "plannedMW": 1252, "nowSharePct": 7.1, "plannedSharePct": 2.6 }, { "country": "Portugal", "sites": 1, "nowMW": 40, "plannedMW": 280, "nowSharePct": 0.2, "plannedSharePct": 0.6 }, { "country": "Finland", "sites": 1, "nowMW": 90, "plannedMW": 196, "nowSharePct": 0.5, "plannedSharePct": 0.4 }, { "country": "Norway", "sites": 2, "nowMW": 50, "plannedMW": 174, "nowSharePct": 0.3, "plannedSharePct": 0.4 }, { "country": "United Kingdom", "sites": 1, "nowMW": 124, "plannedMW": 124, "nowSharePct": 0.7, "plannedSharePct": 0.3 }, { "country": "Indonesia", "sites": 1, "nowMW": 94, "plannedMW": 94, "nowSharePct": 0.5, "plannedSharePct": 0.2 }, { "country": "Sweden", "sites": 1, "nowMW": 0, "plannedMW": 67, "nowSharePct": 0.0, "plannedSharePct": 0.1 }, { "country": "Australia", "sites": 1, "nowMW": 57, "plannedMW": 57, "nowSharePct": 0.3, "plannedSharePct": 0.1 }, { "country": "Iceland", "sites": 1, "nowMW": 7, "plannedMW": 13, "nowSharePct": 0.0, "plannedSharePct": 0.0 } ], "lastDate": "2030-01-01" }, "epochSites": [ { "name": "Microsoft Fairwater Wisconsin", "country": "United States", "owner": "Microsoft", "nowMW": 442, "plannedMW": 2715, "fullBy": "2028-05-13" }, { "name": "OpenAI Stargate New Mexico", "country": "United States", "owner": "Oracle", "nowMW": 0, "plannedMW": 2450, "fullBy": "2028-12-31" }, { "name": "Anthropic-Amazon New Carlisle", "country": "United States", "owner": "Amazon", "nowMW": 1092, "plannedMW": 2310, "fullBy": "2028-03-17" }, { "name": "Meta Hyperion", "country": "United States", "owner": "Meta", "nowMW": 0, "plannedMW": 2203, "fullBy": "2028-01-01" }, { "name": "Colossus 2", "country": "United States", "owner": "SpaceXAI", "nowMW": 1276, "plannedMW": 2065, "fullBy": "2027-02-25" }, { "name": "OpenAI Stargate Shackelford", "country": "United States", "owner": "Oracle", "nowMW": 0, "plannedMW": 1960, "fullBy": "2028-11-11" }, { "name": "QTS Cedar Rapids", "country": "United States", "owner": "", "nowMW": 0, "plannedMW": 1587, "fullBy": "2027-11-15" }, { "name": "OpenAI Stargate UAE", "country": "United Arab Emirates", "owner": "G42", "nowMW": 0, "plannedMW": 1400, "fullBy": "2028-01-01" }, { "name": "OpenAI Stargate Michigan", "country": "United States", "owner": "Oracle", "nowMW": 0, "plannedMW": 1383, "fullBy": "2028-12-31" }, { "name": "Meta Prometheus", "country": "United States", "owner": "Meta", "nowMW": 612, "plannedMW": 1328, "fullBy": "2028-07-01" }, { "name": "OpenAI Stargate Wisconsin", "country": "United States", "owner": "Oracle", "nowMW": 0, "plannedMW": 1300, "fullBy": "2028-12-31" }, { "name": "Goodnight", "country": "United States", "owner": "Google", "nowMW": 0, "plannedMW": 1294, "fullBy": "2027-10-01" }, { "name": "OpenAI Stargate Milam", "country": "United States", "owner": "Softbank", "nowMW": 0, "plannedMW": 1200, "fullBy": "2028-12-31" }, { "name": "OpenAI Stargate Abilene", "country": "United States", "owner": "Oracle", "nowMW": 590, "plannedMW": 1180, "fullBy": "2026-11-01" }, { "name": "Google Fort Wayne", "country": "United States", "owner": "Google", "nowMW": 0, "plannedMW": 1035, "fullBy": "2028-06-23" }, { "name": "Amazon Ridgeland", "country": "United States", "owner": "Amazon", "nowMW": 273, "plannedMW": 1008, "fullBy": "2028-09-29" }, { "name": "Crusoe Abilene Expansion", "country": "United States", "owner": "Microsoft", "nowMW": 0, "plannedMW": 941, "fullBy": "2027-11-11" }, { "name": "Microsoft Fairwater Atlanta", "country": "United States", "owner": "Microsoft", "nowMW": 859, "plannedMW": 859, "fullBy": "2026-06-14" }, { "name": "Amazon Madison Mega Site", "country": "United States", "owner": "Amazon", "nowMW": 341, "plannedMW": 819, "fullBy": "2028-03-15" }, { "name": "Coreweave Helios", "country": "United States", "owner": "CoreWeave", "nowMW": 200, "plannedMW": 800, "fullBy": "2029-01-01" }, { "name": "VNET Bayin Ulanqab", "country": "China", "owner": "VNET", "nowMW": 252, "plannedMW": 798, "fullBy": "2027-09-01" }, { "name": "DayOne Nusajaya", "country": "Malaysia", "owner": "", "nowMW": 662, "plannedMW": 662, "fullBy": "2026-10-02" }, { "name": "DayOne Kempas", "country": "Malaysia", "owner": "", "nowMW": 590, "plannedMW": 590, "fullBy": "2026-10-01" }, { "name": "Meta Bowling Green", "country": "United States", "owner": "Meta", "nowMW": 0, "plannedMW": 570, "fullBy": "2028-01-01" }, { "name": "Huawei Wuhu", "country": "China", "owner": "Huawei", "nowMW": 181, "plannedMW": 526, "fullBy": "2027-12-01" }, { "name": "CoreWeave Ellendale ND", "country": "United States", "owner": "CoreWeave", "nowMW": 88, "plannedMW": 520, "fullBy": "2027-06-01" }, { "name": "STACK Infrastructure NVA02", "country": "United States", "owner": "", "nowMW": 118, "plannedMW": 487, "fullBy": "2028-01-01" }, { "name": "Google Omaha", "country": "United States", "owner": "Google", "nowMW": 284, "plannedMW": 474, "fullBy": "2028-07-23" }, { "name": "Meta Montgomery", "country": "United States", "owner": "Meta", "nowMW": 199, "plannedMW": 465, "fullBy": "2027-02-23" }, { "name": "Google Columbus", "country": "United States", "owner": "Google", "nowMW": 364, "plannedMW": 464, "fullBy": "2027-07-01" }, { "name": "Google Pryor (North)", "country": "United States", "owner": "Google", "nowMW": 442, "plannedMW": 442, "fullBy": "2026-09-06" }, { "name": "Anthropic Lake Mariner", "country": "United States", "owner": "AI XPV Platform", "nowMW": 49, "plannedMW": 441, "fullBy": "2027-03-31" }, { "name": "Colossus 1", "country": "United States", "owner": "SpaceXAI", "nowMW": 425, "plannedMW": 425, "fullBy": "2026-06-15" }, { "name": "Huawei Horinger", "country": "China", "owner": "Huawei", "nowMW": 212, "plannedMW": 415, "fullBy": "2028-02-14" }, { "name": "QTS Eagle Mountain", "country": "United States", "owner": "Meta", "nowMW": 0, "plannedMW": 411, "fullBy": "2027-07-01" }, { "name": "AWS New Albany", "country": "United States", "owner": "Amazon", "nowMW": 255, "plannedMW": 405, "fullBy": "2027-07-01" }, { "name": "Google New Albany", "country": "United States", "owner": "Google", "nowMW": 400, "plannedMW": 400, "fullBy": "2026-05-18" }, { "name": "CoreWeave Denton TX", "country": "United States", "owner": "CoreWeave", "nowMW": 367, "plannedMW": 395, "fullBy": "2027-05-31" }, { "name": "Google Storey County", "country": "United States", "owner": "Google", "nowMW": 214, "plannedMW": 389, "fullBy": "2027-06-30" }, { "name": "Google Lincoln", "country": "United States", "owner": "Google", "nowMW": 170, "plannedMW": 339, "fullBy": "2027-10-01" } ], "ember": { "file": "ember-yearly-2026-10-10.csv", "asOf": "2026-10-10", "additions": { "United States": { "area": "United States", "year": 2025, "totalGW": 1333.2, "addedGW": 39.4, "bySource": { "Solar": 34.0, "Wind": 6.2, "Gas": 3.8, "Coal": -3.9, "Nuclear": 0.1, "Hydro": 0.0 } }, "Switzerland": { "area": "Switzerland", "year": 2025, "totalGW": 29.0, "addedGW": 1.4, "bySource": { "Solar": 1.3, "Wind": 0.0, "Gas": 0.0, "Coal": 0, "Nuclear": 0.0, "Hydro": 0.0 } }, "South Korea": { "area": "South Korea", "year": 2025, "totalGW": 158.9, "addedGW": 4.4, "bySource": { "Solar": 3.7, "Wind": 0.2, "Gas": 0.0, "Coal": 0.6, "Nuclear": 0.0, "Hydro": 0.0 } }, "Japan": { "area": "Japan", "year": 2025, "totalGW": 322.9, "addedGW": 3.4, "bySource": { "Solar": 2.6, "Wind": 0.4, "Gas": 0.9, "Coal": -0.7, "Nuclear": 0.0, "Hydro": 0.1 } }, "United Arab Emirates": { "area": "United Arab Emirates", "year": 2024, "totalGW": 53.9, "addedGW": 2.0, "bySource": { "Solar": 0.6, "Wind": 0.0, "Gas": 0.0, "Coal": 0.0, "Nuclear": 1.4, "Hydro": 0 } }, "Iceland": { "area": "Iceland", "year": 2024, "totalGW": 2.2, "addedGW": -0.0, "bySource": { "Solar": 0.0, "Wind": 0.0, "Gas": 0, "Coal": 0, "Nuclear": 0.0, "Hydro": -0.0 } }, "World": { "area": "World", "year": 2025, "totalGW": 10195.1, "addedGW": 815.6, "bySource": { "Solar": 511.1, "Wind": 158.7, "Gas": 50.5, "Coal": 74.1, "Nuclear": -0.4, "Hydro": 18.4 } }, "Saudi Arabia": { "area": "Saudi Arabia", "year": 2024, "totalGW": 104.4, "addedGW": 3.8, "bySource": { "Solar": 3.8, "Wind": 0.0, "Gas": 0.0, "Coal": 0, "Nuclear": 0, "Hydro": 0 } }, "United Kingdom": { "area": "United Kingdom", "year": 2025, "totalGW": 110.7, "addedGW": 4.2, "bySource": { "Solar": 2.7, "Wind": 1.2, "Gas": 0.3, "Coal": 0.0, "Nuclear": 0.0, "Hydro": 0.0 } }, "Ireland": { "area": "Ireland", "year": 2024, "totalGW": 13.2, "addedGW": 1.6, "bySource": { "Solar": 0.6, "Wind": 0.2, "Gas": 0.5, "Coal": 0.0, "Nuclear": 0.0, "Hydro": 0.0 } }, "Norway": { "area": "Norway", "year": 2025, "totalGW": 41.3, "addedGW": 0.2, "bySource": { "Solar": 0.1, "Wind": 0.0, "Gas": 0.0, "Coal": 0, "Nuclear": 0.0, "Hydro": 0.1 } }, "EU": { "area": "EU", "year": 2025, "totalGW": 1199.5, "addedGW": 68.3, "bySource": { "Solar": 56.3, "Wind": 12.3, "Gas": 4.7, "Coal": -5.2, "Nuclear": -1.8, "Hydro": 0.8 } }, "India": { "area": "India", "year": 2025, "totalGW": 555.5, "addedGW": 50.2, "bySource": { "Solar": 37.0, "Wind": 6.4, "Gas": -4.7, "Coal": 9.2, "Nuclear": 0.6, "Hydro": 1.6 } }, "China": { "area": "China", "year": 2025, "totalGW": 3726.5, "addedGW": 533.3, "bySource": { "Solar": 315.1, "Wind": 119.4, "Gas": 21.6, "Coal": 69.9, "Nuclear": 1.6, "Hydro": 4.8 } } }, "series": [ { "area": "China", "points": [ { "year": 2015, "addedGW": 140.4 }, { "year": 2016, "addedGW": 111.2 }, { "year": 2017, "addedGW": 120.6 }, { "year": 2018, "addedGW": 114.5 }, { "year": 2019, "addedGW": 119.0 }, { "year": 2020, "addedGW": 175.5 }, { "year": 2021, "addedGW": 157.1 }, { "year": 2022, "addedGW": 175.8 }, { "year": 2023, "addedGW": 353.4 }, { "year": 2024, "addedGW": 412.0 }, { "year": 2025, "addedGW": 533.3 } ] }, { "area": "United States", "points": [ { "year": 2015, "addedGW": -2.2 }, { "year": 2016, "addedGW": 18.8 }, { "year": 2017, "addedGW": 17.0 }, { "year": 2018, "addedGW": 25.1 }, { "year": 2019, "addedGW": 9.6 }, { "year": 2020, "addedGW": 17.0 }, { "year": 2021, "addedGW": 31.0 }, { "year": 2022, "addedGW": 19.9 }, { "year": 2023, "addedGW": 29.6 }, { "year": 2024, "addedGW": 39.3 }, { "year": 2025, "addedGW": 39.4 } ] }, { "area": "EU", "points": [ { "year": 2015, "addedGW": 10.4 }, { "year": 2016, "addedGW": 10.0 }, { "year": 2017, "addedGW": 8.2 }, { "year": 2018, "addedGW": 16.0 }, { "year": 2019, "addedGW": 22.6 }, { "year": 2020, "addedGW": 16.7 }, { "year": 2021, "addedGW": 18.5 }, { "year": 2022, "addedGW": 46.5 }, { "year": 2023, "addedGW": 66.7 }, { "year": 2024, "addedGW": 63.6 }, { "year": 2025, "addedGW": 68.3 } ] }, { "area": "India", "points": [ { "year": 2015, "addedGW": 28.9 }, { "year": 2016, "addedGW": 31.2 }, { "year": 2017, "addedGW": 22.0 }, { "year": 2018, "addedGW": 21.3 }, { "year": 2019, "addedGW": 15.6 }, { "year": 2020, "addedGW": 9.0 }, { "year": 2021, "addedGW": 18.6 }, { "year": 2022, "addedGW": 17.0 }, { "year": 2023, "addedGW": 19.1 }, { "year": 2024, "addedGW": 34.1 }, { "year": 2025, "addedGW": 50.2 } ] } ] }, "nea": [ { "id": "nea-2025-11", "cache": "nea-20251226", "source": "https://www.nea.gov.cn/20251226/640306962d7d421b921b902f48a04b47/c.html", "sourceDate": "2025-12-26", "asAt": "2025-11-30", "totalGW": 3790, "solarGW": 1160, "windGW": 600, "yoyPct": 17.1, "quote": "\u622a\u81f311\u6708\u5e95\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u7d2f\u8ba1\u53d1\u7535\u88c5\u673a\u5bb9\u91cf37.9\u4ebf\u5343\u74e6\uff0c\u540c\u6bd4\u589e\u957f17.1%\u3002", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "nea-2025-12", "cache": "nea-20260129", "source": "https://www.nea.gov.cn/20260129/6874f211acd0417eab7ac10c3061a7c2/c.html", "sourceDate": "2026-01-29", "asAt": "2025-12-31", "totalGW": 3890, "solarGW": 1200, "windGW": 640, "yoyPct": 16.1, "quote": "\u622a\u81f32025\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u7d2f\u8ba1\u53d1\u7535\u88c5\u673a\u5bb9\u91cf38.9\u4ebf\u5343\u74e6\uff0c\u540c\u6bd4\u589e\u957f16.1%\u3002", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "nea-2026-06", "cache": "nea-20260722", "source": "https://www.nea.gov.cn/20260722/3b678308556b4df0a574537b59a28731/c.html", "sourceDate": "2026-07-22", "asAt": "2026-06-30", "totalGW": 4040, "solarGW": 1270, "windGW": 680, "yoyPct": 10.8, "quote": "\u622a\u81f36\u6708\u5e95\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u7d2f\u8ba1\u53d1\u7535\u88c5\u673a\u5bb9\u91cf40.4\u4ebf\u5343\u74e6\uff0c\u540c\u6bd4\u589e\u957f10.8%\u3002", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "nea-2026-07", "cache": "nea-20260825", "source": "https://www.nea.gov.cn/20260825/1430d07985474c5b8110552785f1c74b/c.html", "sourceDate": "2026-08-25", "asAt": "2026-07-31", "totalGW": 4080, "solarGW": 1290, "windGW": 690, "yoyPct": 11.0, "quote": "\u622a\u81f37\u6708\u5e95\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u7d2f\u8ba1\u53d1\u7535\u88c5\u673a\u5bb9\u91cf40.8\u4ebf\u5343\u74e6\uff0c\u540c\u6bd4\u589e\u957f11.0%\u3002", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "nea-2026-08", "cache": "nea-20260924", "source": "https://finance.sina.com.cn/wm/2026-09-24/doc-iniswvxc5423256.shtml", "sourceName": "NEA 1-8 month power statistics release (24 Sep 2026), as posted under NEA's byline on Sina Finance; the nea.gov.cn page was not found on 12 Oct 2026. Same figures in Xinhua/CCTV/CPNN reprints.", "sourceDate": "2026-09-24", "asAt": "2026-08-31", "totalGW": 4103, "solarGW": 1299, "windGW": 693, "yoyPct": 11.1, "quote": "\u622a\u81f38\u6708\u5e95\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u7d2f\u8ba1\u53d1\u7535\u88c5\u673a\u5bb9\u91cf41.03\u4ebf\u5343\u74e6\uff0c\u540c\u6bd4\u589e\u957f11.1%\u3002", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-12" } ], "neaAdditions": { "year": 2025, "addedGW": 542, "windSolarAddedGW": 434, "windSolarTotalGW": 1842, "cache": "nea-20260618", "source": "https://www.nea.gov.cn/20260618/41e848b9ec6543998757db3864e01ab2/c.html", "sourceDate": "2026-06-18", "publisher": "NEA, 2025 China electricity market development report", "quote": "\u65b0\u589e\u53d1\u7535\u88c5\u673a\u5bb9\u91cf5.42\u4ebf\u5343\u74e6", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, "prices": { "US": { "cents": 9.03, "basis": "EIA industrial average, July 2026 YTD (commercial 13.97\u00a2)", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/xls/table_5_06_b.xlsx" }, "EUR": { "cents": 12.78, "local": "\u20ac0.1096/kWh", "basis": "Eurostat band IG (\u2265150 GWh/yr), excl. VAT, EU-27 mean of 18 reporting countries, 2025-S2", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en" }, "IE": { "cents": 18.56, "local": "\u20ac0.1592/kWh", "basis": "Eurostat band IG, excl. VAT, 2025-S2", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en" }, "KR": { "cents": 12.58, "local": "\u20a9179.23/kWh", "basis": "KEPCO average sales price to industrial customers, Jan\u2013Jun 2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000887225/000119312525202690/d55270d6k.htm", "fx": "\u20a91,424 per $ (ECB average, 2025 H1)" } }, "fx": { "usdPerEur": 1.1657, "period": "2025-S2" }, "priceGaps": [ { "bloc": "CN", "text": "No national large-user price: tariffs are set by province, and reported discounts for data centres using domestic chips are not published as a schedule. Not compared." }, { "bloc": "GULF", "text": "Utility tariffs (DEWA, SEC, Marafiq) are published, but negotiated rates for large campuses are not. Not compared." }, { "bloc": "IN", "text": "Industrial tariffs vary by state utility and voltage; no national average was found in a primary source. Not compared." }, { "bloc": "JP", "text": "Japan's agency for energy publishes an average industrial unit price only as a chart image; no checked figure. Not compared." } ], "ghost": [ { "id": "us-ercot", "region": "Texas", "operator": "ERCOT", "requestedGW": 474, "requestedStage": "large loads asking to connect (Aug 2026)", "baseGW": 8.9, "baseStage": "approved to energise (Jun 2026)", "asAt": "2026-08-03", "source": "https://www.utilitydive.com/news/ercot-texas-puc-data-center-audit/828472/", "sourceDate": "2026-08-21", "kind": "reported", "note": "Approved-to-energise figure from a summary of ERCOT's Large Load Working Group, 19 Jun 2026; 3.9 GW observed running. ERCOT files not opened (blocked).", "checked": "2026-10-11", "ratio": 53.3 }, { "id": "ie-eirgrid", "region": "Ireland", "operator": "EirGrid", "requestedGW": 6.0, "requestedStage": "further interest beyond 2 GW contracted (May 2026)", "baseStage": "average data-centre load in 2025 (CSO metered 7,662 GWh \u00f7 8,760 h, our arithmetic)", "asAt": "2026-05-20", "source": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Data-Centre-Constrained-Area-Overview-May-2026.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-05-20", "kind": "estimate", "note": "Load from CSO MEC02 metered electricity consumption (data.gov.ie); interest figure from EirGrid's May 2026 constrained-area overview.", "checked": "2026-10-11", "baseGW": 0.87, "ratio": 6.9 }, { "id": "eu-it", "region": "Italy", "operator": "Terna (TSO)", "requestedGW": 100.0, "requestedStage": "requested", "baseGW": 2.0, "baseStage": "expected by about 2030", "ratio": 50.0, "asAt": "2026-08-31", "source": "https://www.milanofinanza.it/news/data-center-oltre-quota-100-gw-2718128", "sourceDate": "2026-09-23", "kind": "reported", "note": "Terna: 1.5-2 GW by ~2030", "from": "eu_grid_queues" }, { "id": "eu-gb", "region": "Great Britain", "operator": "Ofgem / NESO", "requestedGW": 73.0, "requestedStage": "contracted", "baseGW": 5.2, "baseStage": "expected by about 2030", "ratio": 14.0, "asAt": "2025-06-30", "source": "https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/consultation/proposed-data-centre-connection-reforms", "sourceDate": "2026-07-29", "kind": "reported", "note": "NESO: 5.2 GW connected by 2030 (3.7-6.3)", "from": "eu_grid_queues" }, { "id": "eu-es", "region": "Spain", "operator": "Red El\u00e9ctrica (TSO)", "requestedGW": 6.3, "requestedStage": "granted", "baseGW": 2.9, "baseStage": "expected by 2030 (none connected yet)", "ratio": 2.2, "asAt": "2026-10-01", "source": "https://www.ree.es/es/sala-de-prensa/actualidad/nota-de-prensa/2026/10/red-electrica-publica-el-mapa-de-capacidades-de-demanda-tipo-consumo", "sourceDate": "2026-10-01", "kind": "reported", "note": "SpainDC: 2.6-2.9 GW operating by 2030", "from": "eu_grid_queues" } ], "capacity": [ { "market": "PJM (13 US states + DC)", "auction": "BRA 2028/29", "usdPerMWday": 325.0, "usdPerMWhFlat": 13.54, "note": "at the cap; $554.72 without it", "source": "https://www.pjm.com/-/media/DotCom/markets-ops/rpm/rpm-auction-info/2028-2029/2028-2029-bra-results-report.pdf", "date": "2026-07-14" }, { "market": "Ireland and Northern Ireland (SEM)", "auction": "SEM T-4 2029/30", "usdPerMWday": 434.59, "usdPerMWhFlat": 18.11, "note": "\u20ac135,500/MW-year; $ per \u20ac 1.1707 (ECB, Jan\u2013Apr 2026)", "source": "https://www.sem-o.com/sites/semo/files/2026-04/PCAR2930T-4%20report.pdf", "date": "2026-03-26" } ], "scorecard": [ { "key": "US", "label": "United States", "epochSites": 77, "aiNowGW": 15.18, "aiPlannedGW": 43.41, "aiPlannedSharePct": 88.6, "gridAddedGW": 39.4, "gridAddedYear": "2025", "gridTotalGW": 1333.2, "price": { "cents": 9.03, "basis": "EIA industrial average, July 2026 YTD (commercial 13.97\u00a2)", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/xls/table_5_06_b.xlsx" }, "queue": { "bloc": "US", "text": "2,290 GW of generation and storage in queues (end-2024); a typical project built in 2024 took 55 months to connect", "source": "https://emp.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/2025-12/Queued%20Up%202025%20Edition%20-%2012.15.2025.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-12-15", "kind": "measured" } }, { "key": "CN", "label": "China", "epochSites": 4, "aiNowGW": 0.85, "aiPlannedGW": 1.94, "aiPlannedSharePct": 4.0, "gridAddedGW": 533.3, "gridAddedYear": "2025", "gridTotalGW": 3726.5, "price": null, "queue": { "bloc": "CN", "text": "No public queue: the state grid plans connections centrally", "source": null, "sourceDate": null, "kind": "inference" } }, { "key": "EUR", "label": "Europe (EU-27, UK, NO, CH, IS)", "epochSites": 7, "aiNowGW": 0.31, "aiPlannedGW": 0.85, "aiPlannedSharePct": 1.7, "gridAddedGW": 74.1, "gridAddedYear": "2024/2025", "gridTotalGW": 1382.7, "price": { "cents": 12.78, "local": "\u20ac0.1096/kWh", "basis": "Eurostat band IG (\u2265150 GWh/yr), excl. VAT, EU-27 mean of 18 reporting countries, 2025-S2", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en" }, "queue": { "bloc": "EUR", "text": "About 255 GW of data-centre demand queued, reserved or granted in 9 countries (mixed stages); Ember puts waits at 7\u201310 years in several hubs", "source": "/europe/data-centre-grid-queues", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported" } }, { "key": "GULF", "label": "Gulf (UAE, Saudi Arabia)", "epochSites": 1, "aiNowGW": 0.0, "aiPlannedGW": 1.4, "aiPlannedSharePct": 2.9, "gridAddedGW": 5.8, "gridAddedYear": "2024", "gridTotalGW": 158.3, "price": null, "queue": null }, { "key": "IN", "label": "India", "epochSites": 0, "aiNowGW": 0.0, "aiPlannedGW": 0.0, "aiPlannedSharePct": 0.0, "gridAddedGW": 50.2, "gridAddedYear": "2025", "gridTotalGW": 555.5, "price": null, "queue": null }, { "key": "JP", "label": "Japan", "epochSites": 0, "aiNowGW": 0.0, "aiPlannedGW": 0.0, "aiPlannedSharePct": 0.0, "gridAddedGW": 3.4, "gridAddedYear": "2025", "gridTotalGW": 322.9, "price": null, "queue": null }, { "key": "KR", "label": "South Korea", "epochSites": 0, "aiNowGW": 0.0, "aiPlannedGW": 0.0, "aiPlannedSharePct": 0.0, "gridAddedGW": 4.4, "gridAddedYear": "2025", "gridTotalGW": 158.9, "price": { "cents": 12.58, "local": "\u20a9179.23/kWh", "basis": "KEPCO average sales price to industrial customers, Jan\u2013Jun 2025", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000887225/000119312525202690/d55270d6k.htm", "fx": "\u20a91,424 per $ (ECB average, 2025 H1)" }, "queue": null }, { "key": "IE", "label": "Ireland", "epochSites": 0, "aiNowGW": 0.0, "aiPlannedGW": 0.0, "aiPlannedSharePct": 0.0, "gridAddedGW": 1.6, "gridAddedYear": "2024", "gridTotalGW": 13.2, "price": { "cents": 18.56, "local": "\u20ac0.1592/kWh", "basis": "Eurostat band IG, excl. VAT, 2025-S2", "kind": "measured", "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en" }, "queue": { "bloc": "IE", "text": "2 GW of data centres contracted, a further 6 GW of interest; room for 150\u2013300 MW outside Dublin near term (EirGrid, May 2026)", "source": "https://cms.eirgrid.ie/sites/default/files/publications/Data-Centre-Constrained-Area-Overview-May-2026.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-05-20", "kind": "reported" } } ], "chinaContext": [], "gulf": [], "quoteProblems": [], "checked": "2026-10-11", "licence": "Epoch AI and Ember data CC BY 4.0; NEA, Eurostat, EIA, ECB with attribution.", "caveats": [ "Epoch tracks a sample of the largest AI data centres (93 sites at 11 Oct 2026), mostly in the US; China's sites are under-covered because less is public. Shares are of Epoch's sample, not of all data centres.", "Ember capacity changes are net: retirements are subtracted. EIA's 53 GW for the US in 2025 and NEA's 542 GW for China are gross additions.", "Prices are converted to US cents at ECB average rates for the price's own period (our arithmetic). Definitions differ: Eurostat band IG excludes VAT; EIA and KEPCO are revenue divided by sales.", "Ghost-load ratios compare figures each operator defines differently (requests, contracted, granted). They are orders of magnitude, not like-for-like measures." ] }, "gpu_prices": { "title": "GPU rental prices ($/GPU-hour)", "asOf": "2026-10-11", "source": "AWS EC2 price files, Azure Retail Prices API, Oracle price list API, RunPod API, CoreWeave/Lambda/Nebius/Together pricing pages, Wayback Machine; Epoch AI hardware (CC BY 4.0)", "sourceUrls": [ "https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/pricing/on-demand/", "https://prices.azure.com/api/retail/prices", "https://www.oracle.com/cloud/price-list/", "https://www.runpod.io/pricing", "https://www.coreweave.com/pricing", "https://lambda.ai/pricing", "https://nebius.com/prices", "https://www.together.ai/pricing", "https://web.archive.org/", "https://epoch.ai/data/machine-learning-hardware" ], "summary": { "h100Median": 5.33, "h100Min": 3.99, "h100Max": 12.29, "h100Providers": 8, "h100HyperscalerMedian": 10.0, "h100NeocloudMedian": 3.99, "hyperscalerPremiumX": 2.51, "h100Yoy": { "gpu": "H100", "monthAgo": "2025-10", "pairs": [ { "provider": "Azure", "then": 12.29, "now": 12.29, "changePct": 0.0 }, { "provider": "CoreWeave", "then": 6.16, "now": 6.16, "changePct": 0.0 }, { "provider": "Lambda", "then": 2.99, "now": 3.99, "changePct": 33.4 }, { "provider": "Nebius", "then": 2.95, "now": 4.5, "changePct": 52.5 } ], "medianThen": 4.58, "medianNow": 5.33, "medianChangePct": 16.7 }, "b200Yoy": { "gpu": "B200", "monthAgo": "2025-10", "pairs": [ { "provider": "CoreWeave", "then": 8.6, "now": 8.6, "changePct": 0.0 }, { "provider": "Lambda", "then": 4.99, "now": 6.69, "changePct": 34.1 }, { "provider": "Nebius", "then": 5.5, "now": 8.5, "changePct": 54.5 } ], "medianThen": 5.5, "medianNow": 8.5, "medianChangePct": 34.1 }, "h200Yoy": { "gpu": "H200", "monthAgo": "2025-10", "pairs": [ { "provider": "Azure", "then": 10.6, "now": 10.6, "changePct": 0.0 }, { "provider": "CoreWeave", "then": 6.3, "now": 6.3, "changePct": 0.0 }, { "provider": "Nebius", "then": 3.5, "now": 5.4, "changePct": 54.3 } ], "medianThen": 6.3, "medianNow": 6.3, "medianChangePct": 0.0 }, "staleProviders": {} }, "panel": [ { "provider": "AWS", "type": "hyperscaler", "hq": "US", "url": "https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/pricing/on-demand/", "date": "2026-10-11", "H100": 6.88, "H200": 7.91, "B200": 14.24, "B300": 17.8, "GB200": null, "GB300": null, "MI300X": null, "MI355X": null, "A100": 2.74 }, { "provider": "Azure", "type": "hyperscaler", "hq": "US", "url": "https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/pricing/details/virtual-machines/linux/", "date": "2026-10-11", "H100": 12.29, "H200": 10.6, "B200": null, "B300": null, "GB200": 27.04, "GB300": null, "MI300X": 6.0, "MI355X": null, "A100": null }, { "provider": "Oracle", "type": "hyperscaler", "hq": "US", "url": "https://www.oracle.com/cloud/price-list/", "date": "2026-10-11", "H100": 10.0, "H200": 10.0, "B200": 14.0, "B300": 15.0, "GB200": 16.0, "GB300": 18.0, "MI300X": 6.0, "MI355X": 8.6, "A100": 4.0 }, { "provider": "CoreWeave", "type": "neocloud", "hq": "US", "url": "https://www.coreweave.com/pricing", "date": "2026-10-11", "H100": 6.16, "H200": 6.3, "B200": 8.6, "B300": null, "GB200": 10.5, "GB300": null, "MI300X": null, "MI355X": null, "A100": 2.7 }, { "provider": "Nebius", "type": "neocloud", "hq": "Europe (Amsterdam)", "url": "https://nebius.com/prices", "date": "2026-10-11", "H100": 4.5, "H200": 5.4, "B200": 8.5, "B300": 9.5, "GB200": null, "GB300": null, "MI300X": null, "MI355X": null, "A100": null }, { "provider": "Lambda", "type": "neocloud", "hq": "US", "url": "https://lambda.ai/pricing", "date": "2026-10-11", "H100": 3.99, "H200": null, "B200": 6.69, "B300": null, "GB200": null, "GB300": null, "MI300X": null, "MI355X": null, "A100": 2.79 }, { "provider": "Together", "type": "neocloud", "hq": "US", "url": "https://www.together.ai/pricing", "date": "2026-10-11", "H100": 3.99, "H200": 5.99, "B200": 8.19, "B300": 9.99, "GB200": null, "GB300": null, "MI300X": null, "MI355X": null, "A100": null }, { "provider": "RunPod", "type": "neocloud", "hq": "US", "url": "https://www.runpod.io/pricing", "date": "2026-10-11", "H100": 3.99, "H200": 5.29, "B200": 7.99, "B300": 8.99, "GB200": null, "GB300": null, "MI300X": 2.39, "MI355X": null, "A100": 1.79 } ], "medians": { "H100": { "all": 5.33, "hyperscaler": 10.0, "neocloud": 3.99, "n": 8, "min": 3.99, "max": 12.29 }, "H200": { "all": 6.3, "hyperscaler": 10.0, "neocloud": 5.7, "n": 7, "min": 5.29, "max": 10.6 }, "B200": { "all": 8.5, "hyperscaler": 14.12, "neocloud": 8.19, "n": 7, "min": 6.69, "max": 14.24 }, "B300": { "all": 9.99, "hyperscaler": 16.4, "neocloud": 9.5, "n": 5, "min": 8.99, "max": 17.8 }, "GB200": { "all": 16.0, "hyperscaler": 21.52, "neocloud": 10.5, "n": 3, "min": 10.5, "max": 27.04 }, "GB300": { "all": 18.0, "hyperscaler": 18.0, "neocloud": null, "n": 1, "min": 18.0, "max": 18.0 }, "MI300X": { "all": 6.0, "hyperscaler": 6.0, "neocloud": 2.39, "n": 3, "min": 2.39, "max": 6.0 }, "MI355X": { "all": 8.6, "hyperscaler": 8.6, "neocloud": null, "n": 1, "min": 8.6, "max": 8.6 }, "A100": { "all": 2.74, "hyperscaler": 3.37, "neocloud": 2.7, "n": 5, "min": 1.79, "max": 4.0 } }, "history": [ { "provider": "AWS", "gpu": "A100", "points": [ { "month": "2026-09", "usd": 2.74, "date": "2026-09-21" }, { "month": "2026-10", "usd": 2.74, "date": "2026-10-11" } ] }, { "provider": "AWS", "gpu": "B200", "points": [ { "month": "2026-09", "usd": 14.24, "date": "2026-09-21" }, { "month": "2026-10", "usd": 14.24, "date": "2026-10-11" } ] }, { "provider": "AWS", "gpu": "B300", "points": [ { "month": "2026-09", "usd": 17.8, "date": "2026-09-21" }, { "month": "2026-10", "usd": 17.8, "date": "2026-10-11" } ] }, { "provider": "AWS", "gpu": "H100", "points": [ { "month": "2026-09", "usd": 6.88, "date": "2026-09-21" }, { "month": "2026-10", "usd": 6.88, "date": "2026-10-11" } ] }, { "provider": "AWS", "gpu": "H200", "points": [ { "month": "2026-09", "usd": 7.91, "date": "2026-09-21" }, { "month": "2026-10", "usd": 7.91, "date": "2026-10-11" } ] }, { "provider": "Azure", "gpu": "GB200", "points": [ { "month": "2025-04", "usd": 27.04, "date": "2025-04-15" }, { "month": "2025-05", "usd": 27.04, "date": "2025-05-15" }, { "month": "2025-06", "usd": 27.04, "date": "2025-06-15" }, { "month": "2025-07", "usd": 27.04, "date": "2025-07-15" }, { "month": "2025-08", "usd": 27.04, "date": "2025-08-15" }, { "month": "2025-09", "usd": 27.04, "date": "2025-09-15" }, { "month": "2025-10", "usd": 27.04, "date": "2025-10-15" }, { "month": "2025-11", "usd": 27.04, "date": "2025-11-15" }, { "month": "2025-12", "usd": 27.04, "date": "2025-12-15" }, { "month": "2026-01", "usd": 27.04, "date": "2026-01-15" }, { "month": "2026-02", "usd": 27.04, "date": "2026-02-15" }, { "month": "2026-03", "usd": 27.04, "date": "2026-03-15" }, { "month": "2026-04", "usd": 27.04, "date": "2026-04-15" }, { "month": "2026-05", "usd": 27.04, "date": "2026-05-15" }, { "month": "2026-06", "usd": 27.04, "date": "2026-06-15" }, { "month": "2026-07", "usd": 27.04, "date": "2026-07-15" }, { "month": "2026-08", "usd": 27.04, "date": "2026-08-15" }, { "month": "2026-09", "usd": 27.04, "date": "2026-09-15" }, { "month": "2026-10", "usd": 27.04, "date": "2026-10-11" } ] }, { "provider": "Azure", "gpu": "H100", "points": [ { "month": "2024-10", "usd": 12.29, "date": "2024-10-15" }, { "month": "2024-11", "usd": 12.29, "date": "2024-11-15" }, { "month": "2024-12", "usd": 12.29, "date": "2024-12-15" }, { "month": "2025-01", "usd": 12.29, "date": "2025-01-15" }, { "month": "2025-02", "usd": 12.29, "date": "2025-02-15" }, { "month": "2025-03", "usd": 12.29, "date": "2025-03-15" }, { "month": "2025-04", "usd": 12.29, "date": "2025-04-15" }, { "month": "2025-05", "usd": 12.29, "date": "2025-05-15" }, { "month": "2025-06", "usd": 12.29, "date": "2025-06-15" }, { "month": "2025-07", "usd": 12.29, "date": "2025-07-15" }, { "month": "2025-08", "usd": 12.29, "date": "2025-08-15" }, { "month": "2025-09", "usd": 12.29, "date": "2025-09-15" }, { "month": "2025-10", "usd": 12.29, "date": "2025-10-15" }, { "month": 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"regionGroup": "Global", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://nebius.com/prices" }, { "provider": "Nebius", "gpu": "B300", "priceType": "on-demand", "usd": 9.5, "instance": "NVIDIA B300", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "all regions", "city": null, "regionGroup": "Global", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://nebius.com/prices" }, { "provider": "Nebius", "gpu": "B300", "priceType": "spot (from)", "usd": 0.99, "instance": "NVIDIA B300", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "all regions", "city": null, "regionGroup": "Global", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://nebius.com/prices" }, { "provider": "Nebius", "gpu": "H100", "priceType": "on-demand", "usd": 4.5, "instance": "NVIDIA H100", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "all regions", "city": null, "regionGroup": "Global", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://nebius.com/prices" }, { "provider": "Nebius", "gpu": "H100", "priceType": "spot (from)", "usd": 0.79, "instance": "NVIDIA H100", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "all regions", "city": null, "regionGroup": "Global", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://nebius.com/prices" }, { "provider": "Nebius", "gpu": "H200", "priceType": "on-demand", "usd": 5.4, "instance": "NVIDIA H200", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "all regions", "city": null, "regionGroup": "Global", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://nebius.com/prices" }, { "provider": "Nebius", "gpu": "H200", "priceType": "spot (from)", "usd": 0.79, "instance": "NVIDIA H200", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "all regions", "city": null, "regionGroup": "Global", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://nebius.com/prices" }, { "provider": "Oracle", "gpu": "A100", "priceType": "on-demand", "usd": 4.0, "instance": "Compute - GPU - A100 - v2", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "all regions", "city": null, "regionGroup": "Global", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.oracle.com/cloud/price-list/" }, { "provider": "Oracle", "gpu": "B200", "priceType": "on-demand", "usd": 14.0, "instance": "OCI - Compute - GPU - B200", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "all regions", "city": null, "regionGroup": "Global", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.oracle.com/cloud/price-list/" }, { "provider": "Oracle", "gpu": "B300", "priceType": "on-demand", "usd": 15.0, "instance": "Oracle Cloud Infrastructure - Compute - GPU - B300", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "all regions", "city": null, "regionGroup": "Global", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.oracle.com/cloud/price-list/" }, { "provider": "Oracle", "gpu": "GB200", "priceType": "on-demand", "usd": 16.0, "instance": "OCI - Compute - GPU - GB200", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "all regions", "city": null, "regionGroup": "Global", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.oracle.com/cloud/price-list/" }, { "provider": "Oracle", "gpu": "GB300", "priceType": "on-demand", "usd": 18.0, "instance": "OCI - Compute - GPU - GB300", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "all regions", "city": null, "regionGroup": "Global", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.oracle.com/cloud/price-list/" }, { "provider": "Oracle", "gpu": "H100", "priceType": "on-demand", "usd": 10.0, "instance": "Oracle Cloud Infrastructure - Compute - GPU - H100", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "all regions", "city": null, "regionGroup": "Global", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.oracle.com/cloud/price-list/" }, { "provider": "Oracle", "gpu": "H200", "priceType": "on-demand", "usd": 10.0, "instance": "OCI - Compute - GPU - H200", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "all regions", "city": null, "regionGroup": "Global", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.oracle.com/cloud/price-list/" }, { "provider": "Oracle", "gpu": "MI300X", "priceType": "on-demand", "usd": 6.0, "instance": "OCI - Compute - GPU - MI300X", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "all regions", "city": null, "regionGroup": "Global", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.oracle.com/cloud/price-list/" }, { "provider": "Oracle", "gpu": "MI355X", "priceType": "on-demand", "usd": 8.6, "instance": "OCI- Compute - GPU - MI355X", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "all regions", "city": null, "regionGroup": "Global", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.oracle.com/cloud/price-list/" }, { "provider": "RunPod", "gpu": "A100", "priceType": "community", "usd": 1.39, "instance": "A100 SXM (Community Cloud)", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "mixed", "city": null, "regionGroup": "Global", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.runpod.io/pricing" }, { "provider": "RunPod", "gpu": "A100", "priceType": "on-demand", "usd": 1.79, "instance": "A100 SXM (Secure Cloud)", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "mixed", "city": null, "regionGroup": "Global", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.runpod.io/pricing" }, { "provider": "RunPod", "gpu": "B200", "priceType": "community", "usd": 5.98, "instance": "B200 (Community Cloud)", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "mixed", "city": null, "regionGroup": "Global", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.runpod.io/pricing" }, { "provider": "RunPod", "gpu": "B200", "priceType": "on-demand", "usd": 7.99, "instance": "B200 (Secure Cloud)", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "mixed", "city": null, "regionGroup": "Global", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.runpod.io/pricing" }, { "provider": "RunPod", "gpu": "B300", "priceType": "community", "usd": 6.94, "instance": "B300 (Community Cloud)", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "mixed", "city": null, "regionGroup": "Global", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.runpod.io/pricing" }, { "provider": "RunPod", "gpu": "B300", "priceType": "on-demand", "usd": 8.99, "instance": "B300 (Secure Cloud)", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "mixed", "city": null, "regionGroup": "Global", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.runpod.io/pricing" }, { "provider": "RunPod", "gpu": "H100", "priceType": "community", "usd": 2.69, "instance": "H100 SXM (Community Cloud)", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "mixed", "city": null, "regionGroup": "Global", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.runpod.io/pricing" }, { "provider": "RunPod", "gpu": "H100", "priceType": "on-demand", "usd": 3.99, "instance": "H100 SXM (Secure Cloud)", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "mixed", "city": null, "regionGroup": "Global", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.runpod.io/pricing" }, { "provider": "RunPod", "gpu": "H200", "priceType": "community", "usd": 3.59, "instance": "H200 SXM (Community Cloud)", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "mixed", "city": null, "regionGroup": "Global", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.runpod.io/pricing" }, { "provider": "RunPod", "gpu": "H200", "priceType": "on-demand", "usd": 5.29, "instance": "H200 SXM (Secure Cloud)", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "mixed", "city": null, "regionGroup": "Global", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.runpod.io/pricing" }, { "provider": "RunPod", "gpu": "MI300X", "priceType": "on-demand", "usd": 2.39, "instance": "MI300X (Secure Cloud)", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "mixed", "city": null, "regionGroup": "Global", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.runpod.io/pricing" }, { "provider": "Together", "gpu": "B200", "priceType": "on-demand", "usd": 8.19, "instance": "NVIDIA B200", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "US (mixed)", "city": null, "regionGroup": "US", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.together.ai/pricing" }, { "provider": "Together", "gpu": "B200", "priceType": "spot (preemptible)", "usd": 4.09, "instance": "NVIDIA B200", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "US (mixed)", "city": null, "regionGroup": "US", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.together.ai/pricing" }, { "provider": "Together", "gpu": "B200", "priceType": "term 31\u201390 days", "usd": 7.79, "instance": "NVIDIA B200", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "US (mixed)", "city": null, "regionGroup": "US", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.together.ai/pricing" }, { "provider": "Together", "gpu": "B200", "priceType": "term 3\u201330 days", "usd": 7.99, "instance": "NVIDIA B200", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "US (mixed)", "city": null, "regionGroup": "US", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.together.ai/pricing" }, { "provider": "Together", "gpu": "B200", "priceType": "term 91\u2013180 days", "usd": 6.79, "instance": "NVIDIA B200", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "US (mixed)", "city": null, "regionGroup": "US", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.together.ai/pricing" }, { "provider": "Together", "gpu": "B300", "priceType": "on-demand", "usd": 9.99, "instance": "NVIDIA B300", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "US (mixed)", "city": null, "regionGroup": "US", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.together.ai/pricing" }, { "provider": "Together", "gpu": "B300", "priceType": "spot (preemptible)", "usd": 4.99, "instance": "NVIDIA B300", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "US (mixed)", "city": null, "regionGroup": "US", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.together.ai/pricing" }, { "provider": "Together", "gpu": "H100", "priceType": "on-demand", "usd": 3.99, "instance": "NVIDIA H100", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "US (mixed)", "city": null, "regionGroup": "US", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.together.ai/pricing" }, { "provider": "Together", "gpu": "H100", "priceType": "spot (preemptible)", "usd": 1.99, "instance": "NVIDIA H100", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "US (mixed)", "city": null, "regionGroup": "US", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.together.ai/pricing" }, { "provider": "Together", "gpu": "H100", "priceType": "term 31\u201390 days", "usd": 3.45, "instance": "NVIDIA H100", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "US (mixed)", "city": null, "regionGroup": "US", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.together.ai/pricing" }, { "provider": "Together", "gpu": "H100", "priceType": "term 3\u201330 days", "usd": 3.69, "instance": "NVIDIA H100", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "US (mixed)", "city": null, "regionGroup": "US", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.together.ai/pricing" }, { "provider": "Together", "gpu": "H100", "priceType": "term 91\u2013180 days", "usd": 3.19, "instance": "NVIDIA H100", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "US (mixed)", "city": null, "regionGroup": "US", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.together.ai/pricing" }, { "provider": "Together", "gpu": "H200", "priceType": "on-demand", "usd": 5.99, "instance": "NVIDIA H200", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "US (mixed)", "city": null, "regionGroup": "US", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.together.ai/pricing" }, { "provider": "Together", "gpu": "H200", "priceType": "spot (preemptible)", "usd": 2.99, "instance": "NVIDIA H200", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "US (mixed)", "city": null, "regionGroup": "US", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.together.ai/pricing" }, { "provider": "Together", "gpu": "H200", "priceType": "term 31\u201390 days", "usd": 4.15, "instance": "NVIDIA H200", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "US (mixed)", "city": null, "regionGroup": "US", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.together.ai/pricing" }, { "provider": "Together", "gpu": "H200", "priceType": "term 3\u201330 days", "usd": 4.99, "instance": "NVIDIA H200", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "US (mixed)", "city": null, "regionGroup": "US", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.together.ai/pricing" }, { "provider": "Together", "gpu": "H200", "priceType": "term 91\u2013180 days", "usd": 3.99, "instance": "NVIDIA H200", "gpusPerInstance": 1, "region": "US (mixed)", "city": null, "regionGroup": "US", "date": "2026-10-11", "effectiveSince": null, "source": "https://www.together.ai/pricing" } ], "status": { "CoreWeave": { "latest": "2026-10-11", "rows": 20 }, "Lambda": { "latest": "2026-10-11", "rows": 5 }, "Nebius": { "latest": "2026-10-11", "rows": 8 }, "Together": { "latest": "2026-10-11", "rows": 17 }, "wayback": { "parsed": { "aws": 1, "coreweave": 22, "lambda": 24, "nebius": 18, "oracle": 2, "together": 4 }, "unparsed": { "nebius": 4, "together": 20 } } }, "notUsed": [ "Google Cloud: no keyless price API (the Cloud Billing Catalog API needs a key; its pricing pages render in JavaScript).", "Vast.ai: its offers API returns HTTP 403 to scripts, so marketplace asks are not included.", "Nscale: no public price page.", "SemiAnalysis, Ornn and Silicon Data GPU indices: paywalled or keyed; at most one attributed headline each on the page." ], "caveats": [ "List prices, not paid prices: large buyers sign one- to five-year contracts at discounts that are not published.", "Per-GPU price = instance price \u00f7 GPUs in the instance. Instances differ in CPUs, memory, storage and networking, so the same GPU is not quite the same product at each cloud.", "AWS: Linux on-demand, canonical 8-GPU instance (p5.48xlarge H100, p5en H200, p6-b200, p6-b300). Azure: ND v5 8-GPU InfiniBand VMs and ND GB200 v6 (4 GPUs per VM, Azure size page); pay-as-you-go, reservations converted to an hourly rate (1 year = 8,760 h).", "Oracle's price list has one price for all regions. CoreWeave lists North America; Lambda and Together list US capacity; RunPod and Nebius do not split prices by region.", "Nebius changed its on-demand prices on 1 Oct 2026; the page shows both columns and we take the new one.", "Back-history comes from Wayback Machine snapshots (about one a month where archived); months with no snapshot are gaps, not zeros. Azure months are filled from each price's effectiveStartDate in the API.", "Price per PFLOP-hour uses Epoch AI's dense BF16 / FP8 FLOP/s per chip (spec sheet peaks, not achieved throughput)." ] }, "token_prices": { "title": "AI token prices ($ per million tokens)", "asOf": "2026-10-11", "source": "OpenRouter models API and rankings (CC BY 4.0), Wayback Machine snapshots; Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0)", "sourceUrls": [ "https://openrouter.ai/models", "https://openrouter.ai/rankings", "https://web.archive.org/", "https://epoch.ai/publications/the-plunging-price-of-thought" ], "summary": { "flagshipMedianOutNow": 12.0, "flagshipMedianOutYearAgo": 10.0, "flagshipLabsCompared": [ "OpenAI", "Anthropic", "Google", "xAI", "Mistral AI", "DeepSeek", "Moonshot AI" ], "flagshipMaxOutNow": 50.0, "flagshipMaxOutYearAgo": 75.0, "flagshipByBlocMedianOut": { "US": 31.0, "China": 7.74, "Europe": 2.09 }, "yearAgoDate": "2025-10-11", "catalogueModels": 343, "snapshots": 32, "firstSnapshot": "2023-12-26" }, "flagships": [ { "lab": "OpenAI", "region": "US", "models": [ { "id": "openai/gpt-4", "name": "OpenAI: GPT-4", "released": "2023-05-28", "launchIn": 30.0, "launchOut": 60.0, "launchPriceSeen": "2023-12-26", "launchExact": false, "nowIn": 30.0, "nowOut": 60.0, "stillListed": true, "open": false, "changes": [] }, { "id": "openai/gpt-4-turbo", "name": "OpenAI: GPT-4 Turbo", "released": "2024-04-09", "launchIn": 10.0, "launchOut": 30.0, "launchPriceSeen": "2024-04-18", "launchExact": true, "nowIn": 10.0, "nowOut": 30.0, "stillListed": true, "open": false, "changes": [] }, { "id": "openai/gpt-4o-2024-05-13", "name": "OpenAI: GPT-4o (2024-05-13)", "released": "2024-05-13", "launchIn": 5.0, "launchOut": 15.0, "launchPriceSeen": "2024-06-19", "launchExact": true, "nowIn": 5.0, "nowOut": 15.0, "stillListed": true, "open": false, "changes": [] }, { "id": "openai/o1", "name": "OpenAI: o1", "released": "2024-12-17", "launchIn": 15.0, "launchOut": 60.0, "launchPriceSeen": "2025-01-17", "launchExact": true, "nowIn": 15.0, "nowOut": 60.0, "stillListed": true, "open": false, "changes": [] }, { "id": "openai/o3", "name": "OpenAI: o3", "released": "2025-04-16", "launchIn": 10.0, "launchOut": 40.0, "launchPriceSeen": "2025-05-13", "launchExact": true, "nowIn": 2.0, "nowOut": 8.0, "stillListed": true, "open": false, "changes": [ { "date": "2025-06-16", "fromIn": 10.0, "fromOut": 40.0, "toIn": 2.0, "toOut": 8.0 } ] }, { "id": "openai/gpt-5", "name": "OpenAI: GPT-5", "released": "2025-08-07", "launchIn": 1.25, "launchOut": 10.0, "launchPriceSeen": "2025-08-14", "launchExact": true, "nowIn": 1.25, "nowOut": 10.0, "stillListed": true, "open": false, "changes": [] }, { "id": "openai/gpt-5.2", "name": "OpenAI: GPT-5.2", "released": "2025-12-10", "launchIn": 1.75, "launchOut": 14.0, "launchPriceSeen": "2025-12-15", "launchExact": true, "nowIn": 1.75, "nowOut": 14.0, "stillListed": true, "open": false, "changes": [] }, { "id": "openai/gpt-5.4", "name": "OpenAI: GPT-5.4", 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"date": "2025-03-17", "models": 277 }, { "date": "2025-04-15", "models": 298 }, { "date": "2025-05-13", "models": 320 }, { "date": "2025-06-16", "models": 321 }, { "date": "2025-07-14", "models": 320 }, { "date": "2025-08-14", "models": 314 }, { "date": "2025-09-16", "models": 327 }, { "date": "2025-10-12", "models": 330 }, { "date": "2025-11-14", "models": 344 }, { "date": "2025-12-15", "models": 341 }, { "date": "2026-01-10", "models": 349 }, { "date": "2026-02-15", "models": 340 }, { "date": "2026-03-17", "models": 345 }, { "date": "2026-04-10", "models": 350 }, { "date": "2026-05-15", "models": 364 }, { "date": "2026-06-16", "models": 336 }, { "date": "2026-07-17", "models": 343 }, { "date": "2026-08-14", "models": 412 }, { "date": "2026-09-14", "models": 447 }, { "date": "2026-10-11", "models": 458 } ], "epoch": { "title": "The plunging price of thought", "url": "https://epoch.ai/publications/the-plunging-price-of-thought", "date": "2026-09-22", "licence": "CC BY 4.0 (Epoch AI)", "kind": "estimate", "checked": "2026-10-11", "perQuarterDeclinePct": 47, "perYearFactor": 13, "sotaPerQuarterDeclinePct": 66, "sotaPerYearFactor": 75, "twoYearsLaterPerQuarterDeclinePct": 32, "twoYearsLaterPerYearFactor": 4.7, "gpqaDropFactor": 725, "gpqaDropMonths": 18, "since": "2023", "paraphrase": "Across five benchmarks (maths, science and games), the cheapest model able to reach a given score got about 47% cheaper every quarter since 2023, roughly 13 times cheaper a year. The fall is fastest just after a level is first reached (about 75 times a year) and slows to about 4.7 times a year two years later. Epoch notes its data are incomplete and noisy, and that real users who don't switch to the cheapest capable model save less.", "dataNote": "Epoch's code and data are on GitHub (github.com/droodman/inference-cost); the repository states no licence, so we use the published headline figures only." }, "flagshipRule": "A lab's flagship is its top-tier general model at the time (the tier the lab sells as most capable), as listed on OpenRouter. Batch, ':free', image, audio and 'pro'/'deep-think' add-on variants are excluded. Where a lab has two top tiers at once (Anthropic's Fable and Opus from June 2026), the dearer one is the flagship. Same rule for every lab.", "missingFlagships": [], "caveats": [ "List prices per million tokens on OpenRouter, which usually matches the lab's own API price for closed models; open-weights models are served by many hosts and OpenRouter shows the price of its default (often cheapest) route.", "Output tokens cost several times input tokens; reasoning models also spend hidden 'thinking' tokens billed as output, so a cheaper token can still mean a dearer answer.", "Launch prices come from the first Wayback snapshot after a model appeared (marked exact when within 45 days of release); before 2024 and between snapshots the record is incomplete.", "The usage-weighted figure multiplies the last 30 days of OpenRouter's routed tokens by today's list prices (cached input at the cache-read price where OpenRouter gives one; ':free' variants at zero). OpenRouter is one router and over-represents developers and price-sensitive traffic; it is not market-wide spend.", "Open-weights = the model has a Hugging Face id in OpenRouter's catalogue.", "Epoch's falling price of fixed capability is an estimate across five benchmarks, not a price list." ] }, "us_dc_construction": { "title": "US data-centre construction spending", "source": "US Census Bureau, Construction Spending (C30), privsatime.xlsx; BEA NIPA flat file (NipaDataQ.txt)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.census.gov/construction/c30/xlsx/privsatime.xlsx", "sourceUrls": [ "https://www.census.gov/construction/c30/xlsx/privsatime.xlsx", "https://www.census.gov/construction/c30/c30index.html", "https://apps.bea.gov/national/Release/TXT/NipaDataQ.txt" ], "asOf": "2026-10-11", "released": "October 1, 2026", "unit": "$ millions, seasonally adjusted annual rate (monthly); BEA $ billions SAAR (quarterly)", "summary": { "latestMonth": "2026-08", "latestFlag": "p", "latestDcUsdBn": 85.0, 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"2025-08", "flag": null, "dc": 49052.0, "nonres": 780447.0, "office": 103300.0, "mfgElec": 95374.0, "warehouse": 57783.0, "mfg": 209798.0, "nonresExDc": 731395, "dcSharePct": 6.29, "officeExDc": 54248, "dcYoYPct": 33.8, "nonresExDcYoYPct": -4.5 }, { "m": "2025-09", "flag": null, "dc": 50700.0, "nonres": 773148.0, "office": 104376.0, "mfgElec": 90222.0, "warehouse": 56118.0, "mfg": 203744.0, "nonresExDc": 722448, "dcSharePct": 6.56, "officeExDc": 53676, "dcYoYPct": 34.9, "nonresExDcYoYPct": -5.5 }, { "m": "2025-10", "flag": null, "dc": 54260.0, "nonres": 776782.0, "office": 108898.0, "mfgElec": 84387.0, "warehouse": 55956.0, "mfg": 201570.0, "nonresExDc": 722522, "dcSharePct": 6.99, "officeExDc": 54638, "dcYoYPct": 35.5, "nonresExDcYoYPct": -4.6 }, { "m": "2025-11", "flag": null, "dc": 53043.0, "nonres": 764064.0, "office": 105503.0, "mfgElec": 78014.0, "warehouse": 54947.0, "mfg": 194125.0, "nonresExDc": 711021, "dcSharePct": 6.94, "officeExDc": 52460, "dcYoYPct": 29.5, 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"officeExDc": 49192, "dcYoYPct": 65.3, "nonresExDcYoYPct": -6.5 }, { "m": "2026-08", "flag": "p", "dc": 84950.0, "nonres": 773010.0, "office": 134119.0, "mfgElec": 52298.0, "warehouse": 53086.0, "mfg": 168209.0, "nonresExDc": 688060, "dcSharePct": 10.99, "officeExDc": 49169, "dcYoYPct": 73.2, "nonresExDcYoYPct": -5.9 } ], "years": [ { "year": 2014, "months": 12, "dcUsdBn": 1.8, "nonresUsdBn": 362.2, "mfgElecUsdBn": 5.2, "dcSharePct": 0.5 }, { "year": 2015, "months": 12, "dcUsdBn": 2.7, "nonresUsdBn": 406.6, "mfgElecUsdBn": 3.5, "dcSharePct": 0.7 }, { "year": 2016, "months": 12, "dcUsdBn": 4.1, "nonresUsdBn": 436.4, "mfgElecUsdBn": 2.0, "dcSharePct": 0.9 }, { "year": 2017, "months": 12, "dcUsdBn": 4.7, "nonresUsdBn": 444.9, "mfgElecUsdBn": 2.1, "dcSharePct": 1.0 }, { "year": 2018, "months": 12, "dcUsdBn": 6.9, "nonresUsdBn": 466.0, "mfgElecUsdBn": 5.5, "dcSharePct": 1.5 }, { "year": 2019, "months": 12, "dcUsdBn": 8.5, "nonresUsdBn": 500.0, "mfgElecUsdBn": 8.3, "dcSharePct": 1.7 }, { "year": 2020, "months": 12, "dcUsdBn": 9.2, "nonresUsdBn": 495.8, "mfgElecUsdBn": 9.2, "dcSharePct": 1.9 }, { "year": 2021, "months": 12, "dcUsdBn": 9.9, "nonresUsdBn": 496.6, "mfgElecUsdBn": 12.0, "dcSharePct": 2.0 }, { "year": 2022, "months": 12, "dcUsdBn": 12.6, "nonresUsdBn": 595.6, "mfgElecUsdBn": 42.3, "dcSharePct": 2.1 }, { "year": 2023, "months": 12, "dcUsdBn": 20.0, "nonresUsdBn": 749.3, "mfgElecUsdBn": 100.1, "dcSharePct": 2.7 }, { "year": 2024, "months": 12, "dcUsdBn": 34.7, "nonresUsdBn": 796.7, "mfgElecUsdBn": 122.1, "dcSharePct": 4.4 }, { "year": 2025, "months": 12, "dcUsdBn": 49.7, "nonresUsdBn": 784.2, "mfgElecUsdBn": 97.1, "dcSharePct": 6.3 }, { "year": 2026, "months": 8, "dcUsdBn": 67.0, "nonresUsdBn": 754.1, "mfgElecUsdBn": 57.7, "dcSharePct": 8.9 } ], "bea": [ { "q": "2020-Q1", "nonresStructures": 690.1, "computers": 115.0, "dcStructures": 9.5, "equipment": 1149.2, "dcShareOfStructuresPct": 1.4 }, { "q": "2020-Q2", "nonresStructures": 608.5, "computers": 125.1, "dcStructures": 8.9, "equipment": 1018.2, "dcShareOfStructuresPct": 1.5 }, { "q": "2020-Q3", "nonresStructures": 598.6, "computers": 129.8, "dcStructures": 9.3, "equipment": 1121.0, "dcShareOfStructuresPct": 1.6 }, { "q": "2020-Q4", "nonresStructures": 601.3, "computers": 136.3, "dcStructures": 9.3, "equipment": 1161.6, "dcShareOfStructuresPct": 1.5 }, { "q": "2021-Q1", "nonresStructures": 611.7, "computers": 144.3, "dcStructures": 9.6, "equipment": 1187.4, "dcShareOfStructuresPct": 1.6 }, { "q": "2021-Q2", "nonresStructures": 621.9, "computers": 143.2, "dcStructures": 9.3, "equipment": 1210.5, "dcShareOfStructuresPct": 1.5 }, { "q": "2021-Q3", "nonresStructures": 628.7, "computers": 146.1, "dcStructures": 10.4, "equipment": 1188.6, "dcShareOfStructuresPct": 1.6 }, { "q": "2021-Q4", "nonresStructures": 649.0, "computers": 154.9, "dcStructures": 10.5, "equipment": 1205.0, "dcShareOfStructuresPct": 1.6 }, { "q": "2022-Q1", "nonresStructures": 687.8, "computers": 162.2, "dcStructures": 11.0, "equipment": 1259.9, "dcShareOfStructuresPct": 1.6 }, { "q": "2022-Q2", "nonresStructures": 733.3, "computers": 158.5, "dcStructures": 12.2, "equipment": 1286.8, "dcShareOfStructuresPct": 1.7 }, { "q": "2022-Q3", "nonresStructures": 779.7, "computers": 165.0, "dcStructures": 13.5, "equipment": 1322.4, "dcShareOfStructuresPct": 1.7 }, { "q": "2022-Q4", "nonresStructures": 818.7, "computers": 155.9, "dcStructures": 13.7, "equipment": 1359.6, "dcShareOfStructuresPct": 1.7 }, { "q": "2023-Q1", "nonresStructures": 884.6, "computers": 147.9, "dcStructures": 17.2, "equipment": 1394.6, "dcShareOfStructuresPct": 1.9 }, { "q": "2023-Q2", "nonresStructures": 925.6, "computers": 146.2, "dcStructures": 18.3, "equipment": 1436.6, "dcShareOfStructuresPct": 2.0 }, { "q": "2023-Q3", "nonresStructures": 930.7, "computers": 144.7, "dcStructures": 20.5, "equipment": 1440.5, "dcShareOfStructuresPct": 2.2 }, { "q": "2023-Q4", "nonresStructures": 965.7, "computers": 155.4, "dcStructures": 24.0, "equipment": 1459.2, "dcShareOfStructuresPct": 2.5 }, { "q": "2024-Q1", "nonresStructures": 964.4, "computers": 164.0, "dcStructures": 28.4, "equipment": 1468.4, "dcShareOfStructuresPct": 2.9 }, { "q": "2024-Q2", "nonresStructures": 964.1, "computers": 174.7, "dcStructures": 32.0, "equipment": 1498.2, "dcShareOfStructuresPct": 3.3 }, { "q": "2024-Q3", "nonresStructures": 972.4, "computers": 194.0, "dcStructures": 36.9, "equipment": 1543.2, "dcShareOfStructuresPct": 3.8 }, { "q": "2024-Q4", "nonresStructures": 973.1, "computers": 186.5, "dcStructures": 42.0, "equipment": 1534.2, "dcShareOfStructuresPct": 4.3 }, { "q": "2025-Q1", "nonresStructures": 975.4, "computers": 222.1, "dcStructures": 46.2, "equipment": 1610.1, "dcShareOfStructuresPct": 4.7 }, { "q": "2025-Q2", "nonresStructures": 963.3, "computers": 263.3, "dcStructures": 49.3, "equipment": 1651.6, "dcShareOfStructuresPct": 5.1 }, { "q": "2025-Q3", "nonresStructures": 951.7, "computers": 295.7, "dcStructures": 49.2, "equipment": 1710.0, "dcShareOfStructuresPct": 5.2 }, { "q": "2025-Q4", "nonresStructures": 939.1, "computers": 339.5, "dcStructures": 54.3, "equipment": 1754.1, "dcShareOfStructuresPct": 5.8 }, { "q": "2026-Q1", "nonresStructures": 924.5, "computers": 399.6, "dcStructures": 57.2, "equipment": 1836.8, "dcShareOfStructuresPct": 6.2 }, { "q": "2026-Q2", "nonresStructures": 935.3, "computers": 420.1, "dcStructures": 66.1, "equipment": 1922.5, "dcShareOfStructuresPct": 7.1 } ], "beaPulled": "2026-10-11", "beaSeries": { "LA001282": "Private fixed investment in structures: data centers", "B009RC": "Private fixed investment in nonresidential structures", "B935RC": "Private fixed investment in computers and peripheral equipment", "Y033RC": "Private fixed investment in nonresidential equipment" }, "revisions": null, "vintages": [ "2026-10-11" ], "europe": { "status": "none published", "checked": "2026-10-11", "searched": [ "Eurostat short-term construction statistics (production index by building type): no data-centre category found", "ONS construction output and new orders (UK): no data-centre work type found" ], "note": "No European statistics office we found publishes data-centre construction spending as a series. Commercial trackers do, but their data is not republishable." }, "caveats": [ "Census figures are the value of construction put in place each month, at a seasonally adjusted annual rate: a month's figure is roughly what a full year would total at that month's pace. Divide by 12 for the month itself.", "Data centres are a sub-category of Office in the Census survey and cover the buildings and their fixed systems (power, cooling), not the servers or chips inside, which are equipment.", "The latest two months are preliminary or revised and change with each release; each July Census revises the whole recent history. We keep every vintage we pull.", "Private construction only. Publicly owned data centres (e.g. government or university) are not in this column.", "BEA's data-centre structures series is national-accounts investment, built partly from the Census data, so the two are not independent checks." ] }, "ai_compute_added": { "title": "AI compute added per year, and cloud vs AI cloud", "source": "Epoch AI chip sales and data-centre timelines (CC BY 4.0); SEC EDGAR XBRL 10-Q/10-K; TWSE open data and MOPS monthly revenue; IDC press releases (headlines)", "sourceUrls": [ "https://epoch.ai/data/ai-chip-sales", "https://epoch.ai/data/ai-data-centers", "https://www.sec.gov/edgar/sec-api-documentation", "https://data.gov.tw/dataset/18420" ], "asOf": "2026-10-11", "epoch": { "pulled": "2026-10-11", "generated": [ "2026-02-13", "2026-08-27", "2026-09-30", "2026-10-01", "2026-10-08" ], "citation": "Epoch AI, 'Data on AI chip sales', epoch.ai/data/ai-chip-sales (CC BY 4.0)", "url": "https://epoch.ai/data/ai-chip-sales", "facilityMultiplier": 2.5 }, "summary": { 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"chipMW": 84.848, "costUsdBn": 2.5454 } }, "h100e": 66883, "h100eP5": 51547, "h100eP95": 87166, "units": 212120, "chipMW": 84.8, "costUsdBn": 2.55, "incomplete": [], "designersPresent": [ "Nvidia" ] }, { "q": "2022-Q2", "designers": { "Nvidia": { "h100e": 71472.0, "h100eP5": 55083.0, "h100eP95": 93146.0, "units": 226673.0, "chipMW": 90.6692, "costUsdBn": 2.7201 } }, "h100e": 71472, "h100eP5": 55083, "h100eP95": 93146, "units": 226673, "chipMW": 90.7, "costUsdBn": 2.72, "incomplete": [], "designersPresent": [ "Nvidia" ] }, { "q": "2022-Q3", "designers": { "Nvidia": { "h100e": 74141.0, "h100eP5": 57551.0, "h100eP95": 95849.0, "units": 221851.0, "chipMW": 90.5761, "costUsdBn": 2.7418 } }, "h100e": 74141, "h100eP5": 57551, "h100eP95": 95849, "units": 221851, "chipMW": 90.6, "costUsdBn": 2.74, "incomplete": [], "designersPresent": [ "Nvidia" ] }, { "q": "2022-Q4", "designers": { "Google": { "h100e": 13780.0, "h100eP5": 9544.0, "h100eP95": 19026.0, "units": 102707.0, "chipMW": 29.7204, "costUsdBn": 0.3154 }, "Nvidia": { "h100e": 77201.0, "h100eP5": 61625.0, "h100eP95": 96445.0, "units": 174312.0, "chipMW": 79.4691, "costUsdBn": 2.514 } }, "h100e": 90981, "h100eP5": 71169, "h100eP95": 115471, "units": 277019, "chipMW": 109.2, "costUsdBn": 2.83, "incomplete": [ "Google" ], "designersPresent": [ "Google", "Nvidia" ] }, { "q": "2023-Q1", "designers": { "Google": { "h100e": 25034.0, "h100eP5": 15957.0, "h100eP95": 35727.0, "units": 168164.0, "chipMW": 51.0853, "costUsdBn": 0.5328 }, "Nvidia": { "h100e": 91832.0, "h100eP5": 74785.0, "h100eP95": 112021.0, "units": 152312.0, "chipMW": 80.1194, "costUsdBn": 2.6962 } }, "h100e": 116866, "h100eP5": 90742, "h100eP95": 147748, "units": 320476, "chipMW": 131.2, "costUsdBn": 3.23, "incomplete": [], "designersPresent": [ "Google", "Nvidia" ] }, { "q": "2023-Q2", "designers": { "Google": { "h100e": 33144.0, "h100eP5": 20903.0, "h100eP95": 47316.0, "units": 186784.0, "chipMW": 49.641, "costUsdBn": 0.5504 }, "Nvidia": { "h100e": 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"2026-10-11" }, { "company": "Amazon", "effective": "2022-01-01", "asset": "Servers (networking equipment 5 to 6 years)", "fromYears": 4, "toYears": 5, "direction": "longer", "effectUsdBn": 3.6, "effect": "depreciation and amortization $3.6bn lower in 2022", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872423000004/amzn-20221231.htm", "sourceDate": "2023-02-03", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "company": "Meta", "effective": "2022-04-01", "asset": "Majority of servers and network assets", "fromYears": 4, "toYears": 4.5, "direction": "longer", "effectUsdBn": null, "effect": "then 5 years from Q4 2022", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000132680123000013/meta-20221231.htm", "sourceDate": "2023-02-02", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "company": "Meta", "effective": "2022-10-01", "asset": "Majority of servers and network assets", "fromYears": 4.5, "toYears": 5, "direction": "longer", "effectUsdBn": null, "effect": "no full-year figure given in the 10-K", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000132680123000013/meta-20221231.htm", "sourceDate": "2023-02-02", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "company": "Microsoft", "effective": "2022-07-01", "asset": "Servers and network equipment", "fromYears": 4, "toYears": 6, "direction": "longer", "effectUsdBn": 3.7, "effect": "operating income $3.7bn higher in FY2023", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000095017023035122/msft-20230630.htm", "sourceDate": "2023-07-27", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "company": "Oracle", "effective": "2022-06-01", "asset": "Servers", "fromYears": 4, "toYears": 5, "direction": "longer", "effectUsdBn": 0.434, "effect": "operating expenses $434m lower in FY2023", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1341439/000095017023028914/orcl-20230531.htm", "sourceDate": "2023-06-20", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "company": "Alphabet", "effective": "2023-01-01", "asset": "Servers (certain network equipment 5 to 6 years)", "fromYears": 4, "toYears": 6, "direction": "longer", "effectUsdBn": 3.9, "effect": "depreciation $3.9bn lower in 2023", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204424000022/goog-20231231.htm", "sourceDate": "2024-01-31", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "company": "Amazon", "effective": "2024-01-01", "asset": "Servers", "fromYears": 5, "toYears": 6, "direction": "longer", "effectUsdBn": 3.2, "effect": "depreciation and amortization $3.2bn lower in 2024", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872425000004/amzn-20241231.htm", "sourceDate": "2025-02-07", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "company": "Oracle", "effective": "2024-06-01", "asset": "Servers and networking equipment", "fromYears": 5, "toYears": 6, "direction": "longer", "effectUsdBn": 0.733, "effect": "operating expenses $733m lower in FY2025", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1341439/000095017025087926/orcl-20250531.htm", "sourceDate": "2025-06-18", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "company": "Amazon", "effective": "2025-01-01", "asset": "A subset of servers and networking equipment", "fromYears": 6, "toYears": 5, "direction": "shorter", "effectUsdBn": 1.4, "effect": "depreciation and amortization $1.4bn higher in 2025; Amazon cites the pace of AI and machine-learning technology", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872426000004/amzn-20251231.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-02-06", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "company": "Meta", "effective": "2025-01-01", "asset": "Most servers and network assets", "fromYears": 5, "toYears": 5.5, "direction": "longer", "effectUsdBn": 2.92, "effect": "depreciation $2.92bn lower in 2025", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000162828026003942/meta-20251231.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-01-29", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11" } ], "currentLives": [ { "company": "Microsoft", "life": "2 to 6 years", "asset": "Servers and network equipment", "asOf": "2026-06-30", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312526323660/msft-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-07-29", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "company": "Amazon", "life": "5 to 6 years", "asset": "Servers and networking equipment", "asOf": "2025-12-31", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872426000004/amzn-20251231.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-02-06", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "company": "Alphabet", "life": "6 years, generally", "asset": "Servers and network equipment", "asOf": "2025-12-31", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204426000018/goog-20251231.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-02-05", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "company": "Meta", "life": "5 to 5.5 years", "asset": "Servers and network assets", "asOf": "2025-12-31", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000162828026003942/meta-20251231.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-01-29", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "company": "Oracle", "life": "6 years", "asset": "Servers and networking equipment (the main part of computer, network, machinery and equipment)", "asOf": "2026-05-31", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1341439/000119312526277521/orcl-20260531.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-06-22", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11" } ], "idc": [ { "quarter": "2026-Q2", "totalUsdBn": 166.3, "totalYoYPct": 52.0, "priorYearUsdBn": 109.4, "gpuUsdBn": 87.4, "gpuYoYPct": 28.1, "gpuSharePct": 52.6, "otherAcceleratedUsdBn": 27.5, "otherAcceleratedYoYPct": 237.6, "nonAcceleratedUnitsYoYPct": 16.7, "nonAcceleratedAspYoYPct": 33.5, "x86UsdBn": 91.9, "x86YoYPct": 16.1, "nonX86UsdBn": 74.4, "nonX86YoYPct": 146.0, "usUsdBn": 112.2, "usYoYPct": 54.9, "chinaUsdBn": 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and electricity more than by chip supply, though it also called packaging and memory supply tight. It said Europe held only a small share of deployed AI accelerators and that nobody was planning gigawatt-scale clusters there.", "quote": "Limited By Datacenters Not Chips", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "page": "cloud-to-ai-cloud", "title": "CPUs are Back: The Datacenter CPU Landscape in 2026", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/cpus-are-back-the-datacenter-cpu", "date": "2026-02-09", "free": "intro only", "paraphrase": "SemiAnalysis said server CPU revenue had been largely flat since 2023 while GPUs took the money, and that reinforcement learning and agents (which compile code, run tools and query databases) now need many more ordinary CPUs beside the GPUs.", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "page": "cloud-to-ai-cloud", "title": "Microsoft's AI Strategy Deconstructed (section: Depreciation Schedules and the Future of GPUs in Azure)", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/microsofts-ai-strategy-deconstructed", "date": "2025-11-12", "free": "depreciation section free", "paraphrase": "SemiAnalysis disputed the claim that hyperscalers inflate profits by stretching server lives: Nvidia's two-to-three-year product cycle is not the same as a GPU's working life, old GPUs still rent out, and the real test is whether a five-year-old GPU still earns more than it costs to run.", "checked": "2026-10-11" } ], "researchChecked": "2026-10-11", "caveats": [ "Epoch AI's chip-sales figures are estimates built from company revenue, analyst reports and supply-chain data, with 5th-95th percentile ranges. They count chips shipped, not chips installed or switched on.", "H100-equivalents (H100e) weight each chip by its dense 16-bit performance relative to an Nvidia H100, so one B200 counts as about 2.5 H100e. They measure compute, not chips or money.", "Coverage differs by designer: Nvidia from 2022, Google TPUs from Q4 2022 (Broadcom-based), AMD, Huawei, Cambricon and Amazon Trainium from 2024; Amazon's series stops at Q4 2025, so 2026 totals understate. Intel and others are absent.", "Chip power is the rated maximum (TDP) of the chips alone. Facility power multiplies it by about 2.5 (Epoch's factor for servers, networking, cooling and power losses), which is our arithmetic on Epoch's method, not a measurement.", "Epoch's data-centre tracker covers large frontier sites only; chips in smaller or unmonitored sites never appear there, so the 'switched on' line is a floor, not the global total.", "Segment revenue is as each company reports it; segments are redefined from time to time, and each quarter shows the latest filed figure. Microsoft Intelligent Cloud starts in fiscal 2024 (recast basis) and Intel's Data Center and AI in 2024 (recast basis). Microsoft Cloud is a revenue measure across segments, not a segment.", "Taiwan monthly revenue is in New Taiwan dollars, all products (servers, PCs, phones, components), so it is a lead indicator for AI-server demand, not a measure of it." ] }, "global_capital": { "title": "Who pays for the AI build-out (capital ledger)", "source": "SEC EDGAR XBRL company facts, 10-Q/10-K text and 424B prospectus supplements; FRED; ECB reference rates; hand-compiled research", "sourceUrls": [ "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0000789019.json", "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001018724.json", "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001652044.json", "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001326801.json", "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001341439.json", "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001769628.json", "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001045810.json", "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0000002488.json", 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29.876, "buybacks": 7.415, "dividends": 6.762, "sharesSold": 0.259, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 3.0, "opIncome": 38.275, "nonOpIncome": 9.971, "fcf": 5.882 }, { "q": "2026-Q1", "ocf": 46.679, "capex": 30.876, "buybacks": 4.627, "dividends": 6.756, "sharesSold": 0.541, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 0.0, "opIncome": 38.398, "nonOpIncome": 0.942, "fcf": 15.803 }, { "q": "2026-Q2", "ocf": 55.441, "capex": 35.802, "buybacks": 4.579, "dividends": 6.758, "sharesSold": 0.52, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 0.0, "opIncome": 40.603, "nonOpIncome": 3.444, "fcf": 19.639 } ], "ttm": { "ocf": 182.94, "capex": 115.95, "buybacks": 22.27, "dividends": 26.45, "sharesSold": 2.01, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 3.0, "opIncome": 155.24, "nonOpIncome": 10.7, "fcf": 66.99, "from": "2025-Q3", "to": "2026-Q2" }, "ttmPrev": { "buybacks": 18.42, "capex": 64.55, "ocf": 136.16, "debtRaised": 0.0, "fcf": 71.61 }, "zeroFilled": [ "preferredSold 2022-Q1", "preferredSold 2022-Q2", "preferredSold 2022-Q3", "preferredSold 2022-Q4", "preferredSold 2023-Q1", "preferredSold 2023-Q2", "preferredSold 2023-Q3", "preferredSold 2023-Q4", "preferredSold 2024-Q1", "preferredSold 2024-Q2", "preferredSold 2024-Q3", "preferredSold 2024-Q4", "preferredSold 2025-Q1", "preferredSold 2025-Q2", "preferredSold 2025-Q3", "preferredSold 2025-Q4", "preferredSold 2026-Q1", "preferredSold 2026-Q2" ], "debt": [ { "end": "2022-12-31", "usdBn": 48.12 }, { "end": "2023-03-31", "usdBn": 48.21 }, { "end": "2023-06-30", "usdBn": 47.24 }, { "end": "2023-09-30", "usdBn": 45.69 }, { "end": "2023-12-31", "usdBn": 47.18 }, { "end": "2024-03-31", "usdBn": 44.91 }, { "end": "2024-06-30", "usdBn": 44.94 }, { "end": "2024-09-30", "usdBn": 45.12 }, { "end": "2024-12-31", "usdBn": 44.97 }, { "end": "2025-03-31", "usdBn": 42.88 }, { "end": "2025-06-30", "usdBn": 43.15 }, { "end": "2025-09-30", "usdBn": 43.21 }, { "end": "2025-12-31", "usdBn": 40.26 }, { "end": "2026-03-31", "usdBn": 40.26 }, { "end": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 40.29 } ], "rpo": [ { "end": "2022-12-31", "usdBn": 193.0, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2023-03-31", "usdBn": 201.0, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2023-06-30", "usdBn": 229.0, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2023-09-30", "usdBn": 216.0, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2023-12-31", "usdBn": 229.0, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2024-03-31", "usdBn": 242.0, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2024-06-30", "usdBn": 275.0, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2024-09-30", "usdBn": 266.0, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2024-12-31", "usdBn": 304.0, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2025-03-31", "usdBn": 321.0, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2025-06-30", "usdBn": 375.0, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2025-09-30", "usdBn": 398.0, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2025-12-31", "usdBn": 631.0, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2026-03-31", "usdBn": 633.0, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 684.0, "source": "xbrl" } ], "leases": [ { "asOf": "2024-06-30", "usdBn": 117.0, "form": "10-K", "filed": "2024-07-30", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000095017024087843/msft-20240630.htm", "quote": "As of June 30, 2024, we had additional operating and finance leases, primarily for datacenters, that had not yet commenced of $ 8.6 billion and $ 108.4 billion, respectively." }, { "asOf": "2024-09-30", "usdBn": 116.1, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2024-10-30", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000095017024118967/msft-20240930.htm", "quote": "As of September 30, 2024, we had additional operating and finance leases, primarily for datacenters, that had not yet commenced of $ 7.4 billion and $ 108.7 billion, respectively." }, { "asOf": "2024-12-31", "usdBn": 105.4, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2025-01-29", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000095017025010491/msft-20241231.htm", "quote": "As of December 31, 2024, we had additional operating and finance leases, primarily for datacenters, that had not yet commenced of $ 6.0 billion and $ 99.4 billion, respectively." }, { "asOf": "2025-03-31", "usdBn": 99.2, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2025-04-30", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000095017025061046/msft-20250331.htm", "quote": "As of March 31, 2025, we had additional operating and finance leases, primarily for datacenters, that had not yet commenced of $ 4.4 billion and $ 94.8 billion, respectively." }, { "asOf": "2025-06-30", "usdBn": 92.7, "form": "10-K", "filed": "2025-07-30", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000095017025100235/msft-20250630.htm", "quote": "As of June 30, 2025, we had additional leases, primarily for datacenters, that had not yet commenced of $ 92.7 billion." }, { "asOf": "2025-09-30", "usdBn": 106.2, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2025-10-29", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312525256321/msft-20250930.htm", "quote": "As of September 30, 2025, we had additional leases, primarily for datacenters, that had not yet commenced of $ 106.2 billion." }, { "asOf": "2025-12-31", "usdBn": 155.1, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2026-01-28", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312526027207/msft-20251231.htm", "quote": "As of December 31, 2025, we had additional leases, primarily for datacenters, that had not yet commenced of $ 155.1 billion." }, { "asOf": "2026-03-31", "usdBn": 196.6, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2026-04-29", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312526191507/msft-20260331.htm", "quote": "As of March 31, 2026, we had additional leases, primarily for datacenters, that had not yet commenced of $ 196.6 billion." }, { "asOf": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 329.1, "form": "10-K", "filed": "2026-07-29", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312526323660/msft-20260630.htm", "quote": "As of June 30, 2026, we had additional leases, primarily for datacenters, that had not yet commenced of $ 329.1 billion, with some arrangements subject to certain contractual conditions being met." } ] }, { "name": "Amazon", "cik": "0001018724", "group": "hyperscaler", "factsUrl": "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001018724.json", "rawFile": "facts_CIK0001018724_2026-10-11.json", "quarters": [ { "q": "2022-Q1", "ocf": -2.79, "capex": 14.951, "buybacks": 2.666, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 0.0, "opIncome": 3.669, "nonOpIncome": -8.934, "fcf": -17.741 }, { "q": "2022-Q2", "ocf": 8.965, "capex": 15.724, "buybacks": 3.334, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 12.824, "debtRepaid": 0.001, "opIncome": 3.317, "nonOpIncome": -5.97, "fcf": -6.759 }, { "q": "2022-Q3", "ocf": 11.404, "capex": 16.378, "buybacks": 0.0, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.107, "debtRepaid": 0.0, "opIncome": 2.525, "nonOpIncome": 0.419, "fcf": -4.974 }, { 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"2022-12-31", "usdBn": 70.54 }, { "end": "2023-03-31", "usdBn": 69.47 }, { "end": "2023-06-30", "usdBn": 67.47 }, { "end": "2023-09-30", "usdBn": 67.47 }, { "end": "2023-12-31", "usdBn": 67.18 }, { "end": "2024-03-31", "usdBn": 66.85 }, { "end": "2024-06-30", "usdBn": 62.68 }, { "end": "2024-09-30", "usdBn": 60.5 }, { "end": "2024-12-31", "usdBn": 58.0 }, { "end": "2025-03-31", "usdBn": 58.75 }, { "end": "2025-06-30", "usdBn": 56.08 }, { "end": "2025-09-30", "usdBn": 55.1 }, { "end": "2025-12-31", "usdBn": 68.84 }, { "end": "2026-03-31", "usdBn": 122.63 }, { "end": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 133.0 } ], "rpo": [ { "end": "2024-06-30", "usdBn": 156.6, "source": "text", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872424000130/amzn-20240630.htm" }, { "end": "2024-09-30", "usdBn": 164.0, "source": "text", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872424000161/amzn-20240930.htm" }, { "end": "2024-12-31", "usdBn": 177.0, "source": "text", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872425000004/amzn-20241231.htm" }, { "end": "2025-03-31", "usdBn": 189.0, "source": "text", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872425000036/amzn-20250331.htm" }, { "end": "2025-06-30", "usdBn": 195.0, "source": "text", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872425000086/amzn-20250630.htm" }, { "end": "2025-09-30", "usdBn": 200.0, "source": "text", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872425000123/amzn-20250930.htm" }, { "end": "2025-12-31", "usdBn": 244.0, "source": "text", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872426000004/amzn-20251231.htm" }, { "end": "2026-03-31", "usdBn": 364.0, "source": "text", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872426000014/amzn-20260331.htm" }, { "end": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 496.0, "source": "text", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872426000026/amzn-20260630.htm" } ], "leases": [ { "asOf": "2024-06-30", "usdBn": 39.8, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2024-08-02", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872424000130/amzn-20240630.htm", "quote": "Leases not yet commenced 1,110 2,852 2,900 2,984 3,062 26,939 39,847" }, { "asOf": "2024-09-30", "usdBn": 50.3, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2024-11-01", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872424000161/amzn-20240930.htm", "quote": "Leases not yet commenced 621 2,919 3,262 3,779 3,627 36,127 50,335" }, { "asOf": "2024-12-31", "usdBn": 61.6, "form": "10-K", "filed": "2025-02-07", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872425000004/amzn-20241231.htm", "quote": "Leases not yet commenced 2,695 3,691 5,011 4,253 4,286 41,691 61,627" }, { "asOf": "2025-03-31", "usdBn": 67.2, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2025-05-02", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872425000036/amzn-20250331.htm", "quote": "Leases not yet commenced 2,116 4,017 5,142 4,591 4,628 46,707 67,201" }, { "asOf": "2025-06-30", "usdBn": 68.9, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2025-08-01", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872425000086/amzn-20250630.htm", "quote": "Leases not yet commenced 1,558 4,310 5,047 4,776 4,646 48,547 68,884" }, { "asOf": "2025-09-30", "usdBn": 75.0, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2025-10-31", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872425000123/amzn-20250930.htm", "quote": "Leases not yet commenced 996 4,856 5,868 5,089 4,995 53,217 75,021" }, { "asOf": "2025-12-31", "usdBn": 96.4, "form": "10-K", "filed": "2026-02-06", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872426000004/amzn-20251231.htm", "quote": "Leases not yet commenced 5,808 9,103 6,420 6,571 6,738 61,733 96,373" }, { "asOf": "2026-03-31", "usdBn": 106.3, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2026-04-30", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872426000014/amzn-20260331.htm", "quote": "Leases not yet commenced 5,135 9,617 7,215 7,296 7,292 69,792 106,347" }, { "asOf": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 137.2, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2026-07-31", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872426000026/amzn-20260630.htm", "quote": "Leases not yet commenced 4,018 11,732 9,278 9,483 9,227 93,476 137,214" } ] }, { "name": "Alphabet", "cik": "0001652044", "group": "hyperscaler", "factsUrl": "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001652044.json", "rawFile": "facts_CIK0001652044_2026-10-11.json", "quarters": [ { "q": "2022-Q1", "ocf": 25.106, "capex": 9.786, "buybacks": 13.3, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 16.422, "debtRepaid": 16.42, "opIncome": 20.094, "nonOpIncome": -1.16, "fcf": 15.32 }, { "q": "2022-Q2", "ocf": 19.422, "capex": 6.828, "buybacks": 15.197, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 12.806, "debtRepaid": 13.162, "opIncome": 19.453, "nonOpIncome": -0.439, "fcf": 12.594 }, { "q": "2022-Q3", "ocf": 23.353, "capex": 7.276, "buybacks": 15.392, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 15.094, "debtRepaid": 15.768, "opIncome": 17.135, "nonOpIncome": -0.902, "fcf": 16.077 }, { "q": "2022-Q4", "ocf": 23.614, "capex": 7.595, "buybacks": 15.407, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 8.55, "debtRepaid": 8.718, "opIncome": 18.16, "nonOpIncome": -1.013, "fcf": 16.019 }, { "q": "2023-Q1", "ocf": 23.509, "capex": 6.289, "buybacks": 14.557, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 6.927, "debtRepaid": 6.952, "opIncome": 17.415, "nonOpIncome": 0.79, "fcf": 17.22 }, { "q": "2023-Q2", "ocf": 28.666, "capex": 6.888, "buybacks": 14.969, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 1.123, "debtRepaid": 1.255, "opIncome": 21.838, "nonOpIncome": 0.065, "fcf": 21.778 }, { "q": "2023-Q3", "ocf": 30.656, "capex": 8.055, "buybacks": 15.787, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 1.248, "debtRepaid": 1.414, "opIncome": 21.343, "nonOpIncome": -0.146, "fcf": 22.601 }, { "q": "2023-Q4", "ocf": 18.915, "capex": 11.019, "buybacks": 16.191, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 1.492, "debtRepaid": 1.929, "opIncome": 23.697, "nonOpIncome": 0.715, "fcf": 7.896 }, { "q": "2024-Q1", "ocf": 28.848, "capex": 12.012, "buybacks": 15.696, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 1.982, "debtRepaid": 3.079, "opIncome": 25.472, "nonOpIncome": 2.843, "fcf": 16.836 }, { "q": "2024-Q2", "ocf": 26.64, "capex": 13.186, "buybacks": 15.684, "dividends": 2.466, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 2.893, "debtRepaid": 2.423, "opIncome": 27.425, "nonOpIncome": 0.126, "fcf": 13.454 }, { "q": "2024-Q3", "ocf": 30.698, "capex": 13.061, "buybacks": 15.291, "dividends": 2.455, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 3.819, "debtRepaid": 3.449, "opIncome": 28.521, "nonOpIncome": 3.185, "fcf": 17.637 }, { "q": "2024-Q4", "ocf": 39.113, "capex": 14.276, "buybacks": 15.551, "dividends": 2.442, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 4.895, "debtRepaid": 3.75, "opIncome": 30.972, "nonOpIncome": 1.271, "fcf": 24.837 }, { "q": "2025-Q1", "ocf": 36.15, "capex": 17.197, "buybacks": 15.068, "dividends": 2.434, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 4.532, "debtRepaid": 4.521, "opIncome": 30.606, "nonOpIncome": 11.183, "fcf": 18.953 }, { "q": "2025-Q2", "ocf": 27.747, "capex": 22.446, "buybacks": 13.238, "dividends": 2.543, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 26.846, "debtRepaid": 13.876, "opIncome": 31.271, "nonOpIncome": 2.662, "fcf": 5.301 }, { "q": "2025-Q3", "ocf": 48.414, "capex": 23.953, "buybacks": 11.904, "dividends": 2.536, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 6.624, "debtRepaid": 7.697, "opIncome": 31.228, "nonOpIncome": 12.759, "fcf": 24.461 }, { "q": "2025-Q4", "ocf": 52.402, "capex": 27.851, "buybacks": 5.499, "dividends": 2.536, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 26.562, "debtRepaid": 6.333, "opIncome": 35.934, "nonOpIncome": 3.183, "fcf": 24.551 }, { "q": "2026-Q1", "ocf": 45.79, "capex": 35.674, "buybacks": 0.0, "dividends": 2.542, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 31.379, "debtRepaid": 1.477, "opIncome": 39.696, "nonOpIncome": 37.716, "fcf": 10.116 }, { "q": "2026-Q2", "ocf": 39.069, "capex": 44.924, "buybacks": 0.0, "dividends": 2.689, "sharesSold": 30.499, "preferredSold": 19.063, "debtRaised": 24.847, "debtRepaid": 3.776, "opIncome": 40.77, "nonOpIncome": 97.983, "fcf": -5.855 } ], "ttm": { "ocf": 185.68, "capex": 132.4, "buybacks": 17.4, "dividends": 10.3, "sharesSold": 30.5, "preferredSold": 19.06, "debtRaised": 89.41, "debtRepaid": 19.28, "opIncome": 147.63, "nonOpIncome": 151.64, "fcf": 53.27, "from": "2025-Q3", "to": "2026-Q2" }, "ttmPrev": { "buybacks": 59.15, "capex": 66.98, "ocf": 133.71, "debtRaised": 40.09, "fcf": 66.73 }, "zeroFilled": [], "debt": [ { "end": "2022-12-31", "usdBn": 15.31 }, { "end": "2023-12-31", "usdBn": 13.0 }, { "end": "2024-12-31", "usdBn": 12.0 }, { "end": "2025-03-31", "usdBn": 11.89 }, { "end": "2025-06-30", "usdBn": 24.61 }, { "end": "2025-09-30", "usdBn": 23.6 }, { "end": "2025-12-31", "usdBn": 49.09 }, { "end": "2026-03-31", "usdBn": 79.5 }, { "end": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 100.16 } ], "rpo": [ { "end": "2022-12-31", "usdBn": 64.3, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2023-03-31", "usdBn": 61.7, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2023-06-30", "usdBn": 60.6, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2023-09-30", "usdBn": 64.9, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2023-12-31", "usdBn": 74.1, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2024-03-31", "usdBn": 72.5, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2024-06-30", "usdBn": 78.8, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2024-09-30", "usdBn": 86.8, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2024-12-31", "usdBn": 93.2, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2025-03-31", "usdBn": 92.4, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2025-06-30", "usdBn": 108.2, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2025-09-30", "usdBn": 157.7, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2025-12-31", "usdBn": 242.8, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2026-03-31", "usdBn": 467.6, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 519.5, "source": "xbrl" } ], "leases": [ { "asOf": "2024-06-30", "usdBn": 5.2, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2024-07-24", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204424000079/goog-20240630.htm", "quote": "As of June 30, 2024, we have entered into leases that have not yet commenced with future lease payments of $5.2 billion, that are not yet recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets." }, { "asOf": "2024-09-30", "usdBn": 6.1, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2024-10-30", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204424000118/goog-20240930.htm", "quote": "As of September 30, 2024, we have entered into leases that have not yet commenced with future lease payments of $6.1 billion, that are not yet recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets." }, { "asOf": "2024-12-31", "usdBn": 7.27, "form": "10-K", "filed": "2025-02-05", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204425000014/goog-20241231.htm", "quote": "As of December 31, 2024 , we have entered into leases that have not yet commenced with short-term and long-term future lease payments of $ 773 million and $ 6.5 billion, respectively, that are not yet recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets." }, { "asOf": "2025-03-31", "usdBn": 17.3, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2025-04-25", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204425000043/goog-20250331.htm", "quote": "As of March 31, 2025, we have entered into leases primarily related to data centers that have not yet commenced with future lease payments of $ 17.3 billion, that are not yet recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets." }, { "asOf": "2025-06-30", "usdBn": 23.9, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2025-07-24", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204425000062/goog-20250630.htm", "quote": "As of June 30, 2025, we have entered into leases primarily related to data centers that have not yet commenced with future lease payments of $ 23.9 billion, that are not yet recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets." }, { "asOf": "2025-09-30", "usdBn": 42.6, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2025-10-30", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204425000091/goog-20250930.htm", "quote": "As of September 30, 2025, we have entered into leases primarily related to data centers that have not yet commenced with future lease payments of $ 42.6 billion, including a purchase option considered reasonably certain to be exercised, that are not yet recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheet." }, { "asOf": "2025-12-31", "usdBn": 58.5, "form": "10-K", "filed": "2026-02-05", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204426000018/goog-20251231.htm", "quote": "As of December 31, 2025, we have entered into leases primarily related to data centers that have not yet commenced with short-term and long-term future lease payments of $5.8 billion and $52.7 billion, respectively." }, { "asOf": "2026-03-31", "usdBn": 75.6, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2026-04-30", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204426000048/goog-20260331.htm", "quote": "As of March 31, 2026, we have entered into leases primarily related to data centers that have not yet commenced with future lease payments of $ 75.6 billion that are not yet recorded." }, { "asOf": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 85.2, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2026-07-23", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204426000071/goog-20260630.htm", "quote": "As of June 30, 2026, we have entered into leases, primarily related to data centers, that have not yet commenced with future lease payments of $ 85.2 billion that are not yet recorded." } ] }, { "name": "Meta", "cik": "0001326801", "group": "hyperscaler", "factsUrl": "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001326801.json", "rawFile": "facts_CIK0001326801_2026-10-11.json", "quarters": [ { "q": "2022-Q1", "ocf": 14.076, "capex": 5.441, "buybacks": 9.506, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 0.0, "opIncome": 8.524, "nonOpIncome": 0.384, "fcf": 8.635 }, { "q": "2022-Q2", "ocf": 12.196, "capex": 7.572, "buybacks": 5.233, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 0.0, "opIncome": 8.358, "nonOpIncome": -0.172, "fcf": 4.624 }, { "q": "2022-Q3", "ocf": 9.692, "capex": 9.375, "buybacks": 6.354, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 9.921, "debtRepaid": 0.0, "opIncome": 5.664, "nonOpIncome": -0.088, "fcf": 0.317 }, { "q": "2022-Q4", "ocf": 14.511, "capex": 8.798, "buybacks": 6.863, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 0.0, "opIncome": 6.399, "nonOpIncome": -0.25, "fcf": 5.713 }, { "q": "2023-Q1", "ocf": 13.998, "capex": 6.823, "buybacks": 9.365, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 0.0, "opIncome": 7.227, "nonOpIncome": 0.08, "fcf": 7.175 }, { "q": "2023-Q2", "ocf": 17.309, "capex": 6.134, "buybacks": 0.898, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 8.455, "debtRepaid": 0.0, "opIncome": 9.392, "nonOpIncome": -0.099, "fcf": 11.175 }, { "q": "2023-Q3", "ocf": 20.402, "capex": 6.496, "buybacks": 3.569, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 0.0, "opIncome": 13.748, "nonOpIncome": 0.272, "fcf": 13.906 }, { "q": "2023-Q4", "ocf": 19.404, "capex": 7.592, "buybacks": 5.942, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 0.0, "opIncome": 16.384, "nonOpIncome": 0.423, "fcf": 11.812 }, { "q": "2024-Q1", "ocf": 19.246, "capex": 6.4, "buybacks": 15.008, "dividends": 1.273, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 0.0, "opIncome": 13.818, "nonOpIncome": 0.365, "fcf": 12.846 }, { "q": "2024-Q2", "ocf": 19.37, "capex": 8.173, "buybacks": 6.299, "dividends": 1.266, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 0.0, "opIncome": 14.847, "nonOpIncome": 0.259, "fcf": 11.197 }, { "q": "2024-Q3", "ocf": 24.724, "capex": 8.258, "buybacks": 8.818, "dividends": 1.263, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 10.432, "debtRepaid": 0.0, "opIncome": 17.35, "nonOpIncome": 0.472, "fcf": 16.466 }, { "q": "2024-Q4", "ocf": 27.988, "capex": 14.425, "buybacks": 0.0, "dividends": 1.267, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 0.0, "opIncome": 23.364, "nonOpIncome": 0.188, "fcf": 13.563 }, { "q": "2025-Q1", "ocf": 24.026, "capex": 12.941, "buybacks": 12.754, "dividends": 1.329, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 0.0, "opIncome": 17.555, "nonOpIncome": 0.827, "fcf": 11.085 }, { "q": "2025-Q2", "ocf": 25.561, "capex": 16.538, "buybacks": 10.167, "dividends": 1.327, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 0.0, "opIncome": 20.441, "nonOpIncome": 0.093, "fcf": 9.023 }, { "q": "2025-Q3", "ocf": 29.999, "capex": 18.829, "buybacks": 3.327, "dividends": 1.33, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 0.0, "opIncome": 20.535, "nonOpIncome": 1.128, "fcf": 11.17 }, { "q": "2025-Q4", "ocf": 36.214, "capex": 21.383, "buybacks": 0.0, "dividends": 1.328, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 29.906, "debtRepaid": 0.0, "opIncome": 24.745, "nonOpIncome": 0.609, "fcf": 14.831 }, { "q": "2026-Q1", "ocf": 32.226, "capex": 18.997, "buybacks": 0.0, "dividends": 1.346, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 0.0, "opIncome": 22.872, "nonOpIncome": -1.12, "fcf": 13.229 }, { "q": "2026-Q2", "ocf": 31.862, "capex": 30.116, "buybacks": 0.0, "dividends": 1.353, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 24.91, "debtRepaid": 0.0, "opIncome": 18.775, "nonOpIncome": -0.019, "fcf": 1.746 } ], "ttm": { "ocf": 130.3, "capex": 89.33, "buybacks": 3.33, "dividends": 5.36, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 54.82, "debtRepaid": 0.0, "opIncome": 86.93, "nonOpIncome": 0.6, "fcf": 40.98, "from": "2025-Q3", "to": "2026-Q2" }, "ttmPrev": { "buybacks": 31.74, "capex": 52.16, "ocf": 102.3, "debtRaised": 10.43, "fcf": 50.14 }, "zeroFilled": [ "preferredSold 2022-Q1", "preferredSold 2022-Q2", "preferredSold 2022-Q3", "preferredSold 2022-Q4", "preferredSold 2023-Q1", "preferredSold 2023-Q2", "preferredSold 2023-Q3", "preferredSold 2023-Q4", "preferredSold 2024-Q1", "preferredSold 2024-Q2", "preferredSold 2024-Q3", "preferredSold 2024-Q4", "preferredSold 2025-Q1", "preferredSold 2025-Q2", "preferredSold 2025-Q3", "preferredSold 2025-Q4", "preferredSold 2026-Q1", "preferredSold 2026-Q2" ], "debt": [ { "end": "2022-12-31", "usdBn": 9.92 }, { "end": "2023-03-31", "usdBn": 9.93 }, { "end": "2023-06-30", "usdBn": 18.38 }, { "end": "2023-09-30", "usdBn": 18.38 }, { "end": "2023-12-31", "usdBn": 18.39 }, { "end": "2024-03-31", "usdBn": 18.39 }, { "end": "2024-06-30", "usdBn": 18.39 }, { "end": "2024-09-30", "usdBn": 28.82 }, { "end": "2024-12-31", "usdBn": 28.83 }, { "end": "2025-03-31", "usdBn": 28.83 }, { "end": "2025-06-30", "usdBn": 28.83 }, { "end": "2025-09-30", "usdBn": 28.83 }, { "end": "2025-12-31", "usdBn": 58.74 }, { "end": "2026-03-31", "usdBn": 58.75 }, { "end": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 83.66 } ], "rpo": [], "leases": [ { "asOf": "2024-06-30", "usdBn": 6.2, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2024-08-01", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000132680124000069/meta-20240630.htm", "quote": "As of June 30, 2024, we have additional operating leases, that have not yet commenced, with lease obligations of approximately $ 6.20 billion mostly for data centers and colocations." }, { "asOf": "2024-09-30", "usdBn": 18.49, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2024-10-31", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000132680124000081/meta-20240930.htm", "quote": "As of September 30, 2024, we have additional operating leases, that have not yet commenced, with lease obligations of approximately $ 18.49 billion, mostly for data centers and colocations." }, { "asOf": "2024-12-31", "usdBn": 34.12, "form": "10-K", "filed": "2025-01-30", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000132680125000017/meta-20241231.htm", "quote": "As of December 31, 2024, we have additional operating and finance leases, that have not yet commenced, with total lease obligations of approximately $ 34.12 billion, mostly for data centers, network infrastructure, and colocations." }, { "asOf": "2025-03-31", "usdBn": 35.27, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2025-05-01", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000132680125000054/meta-20250331.htm", "quote": "In addition to the lease liabilities that are included on our balance sheet, we have operating and finance leases that have not yet commenced as of March 31, 2025. These lease obligations were approximately $ 35.27 billion, mostly for data centers, certain network infrastructure, and colocations, which will commence between the remainder of 2025 and 2034." }, { "asOf": "2025-06-30", "usdBn": 52.56, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2025-07-31", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000162828025036791/meta-20250630.htm", "quote": "In addition to the lease liabilities that are included on our balance sheet, we have operating and finance leases that have not yet commenced as of June 30, 2025. These lease obligations were approximately $ 52.56 billion, mostly for data centers, certain network infrastructure, and colocations, which will commence between the remainder of 2025 and 2034." }, { "asOf": "2025-09-30", "usdBn": 58.14, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2025-10-30", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000162828025047240/meta-20250930.htm", "quote": "In addition to the lease liabilities that are included on our balance sheet, we have operating and finance leases that have not yet commenced as of September 30, 2025. These lease obligations were approximately $ 58.14 billion, mostly for data centers, colocations, and certain network infrastructure, which will commence between the remainder of 2025 and 2030." }, { "asOf": "2025-12-31", "usdBn": 103.77, "form": "10-K", "filed": "2026-01-29", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000162828026003942/meta-20251231.htm", "quote": "In addition to lease liabilities included in our consolidated balance sheets, we have leases that have not yet commenced, with total lease obligations of approximately $103.77 billion, mostly for data centers, colocations, and network infrastructure, as of December 31, 2025." }, { "asOf": "2026-03-31", "usdBn": 182.88, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2026-04-30", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000162828026028526/meta-20260331.htm", "quote": "In addition to the lease liabilities that are included on our balance sheet, we have operating and finance leases that have not yet commenced as of March 31, 2026. These lease obligations were approximately $ 182.88 billion, consisting of data centers, colocations, and certain netwo" }, { "asOf": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 278.99, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2026-07-30", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000162828026050705/meta-20260630.htm", "quote": "In addition to the lease liabilities that are included on our balance sheet, we have operating and finance leases that have not yet commenced as of June 30, 2026. These lease obligations were approximately $ 278.99 billion, consisting of data centers, colocations, and certain netwo" } ] }, { "name": "Oracle", "cik": "0001341439", "group": "hyperscaler", "factsUrl": "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001341439.json", "rawFile": "facts_CIK0001341439_2026-10-11.json", "quarters": [ { "q": "2022-Q1", "ocf": 3.845, "capex": 1.101, "buybacks": 0.653, "dividends": 0.855, "sharesSold": 0.052, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 0.0, "opIncome": 3.822, "nonOpIncome": 0.0, "fcf": 2.744 }, { "q": "2022-Q2", "ocf": 3.985, "capex": 1.423, "buybacks": 0.594, "dividends": 0.854, "sharesSold": 0.125, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 2.5, "opIncome": 4.502, "nonOpIncome": 0.0, "fcf": 2.562 }, { "q": "2022-Q3", "ocf": 6.394, "capex": 1.719, "buybacks": 0.552, "dividends": 0.86, "sharesSold": 0.515, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 20.046, "debtRepaid": 5.883, "opIncome": 2.623, "nonOpIncome": 0.0, "fcf": 4.675 }, { "q": "2022-Q4", "ocf": 0.849, "capex": 2.435, "buybacks": 0.448, "dividends": 0.863, "sharesSold": 0.146, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 8.234, "debtRepaid": 10.809, "opIncome": 3.071, "nonOpIncome": 0.0, "fcf": -1.586 }, { "q": "2023-Q1", "ocf": 4.275, "capex": 2.628, "buybacks": 0.15, "dividends": 0.863, "sharesSold": 0.098, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 5.214, "debtRepaid": 4.358, "opIncome": 3.26, "nonOpIncome": 0.0, "fcf": 1.647 }, { "q": "2023-Q2", "ocf": 5.647, "capex": 1.913, "buybacks": 0.15, "dividends": 1.082, "sharesSold": 0.433, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 0.0, "opIncome": 4.14, "nonOpIncome": 0.0, "fcf": 3.734 }, { "q": "2023-Q3", "ocf": 6.974, "capex": 1.314, "buybacks": 0.15, "dividends": 1.091, "sharesSold": 0.308, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 1.0, "opIncome": 3.296, "nonOpIncome": 0.0, "fcf": 5.66 }, { "q": "2023-Q4", "ocf": 0.143, "capex": 1.08, "buybacks": 0.45, "dividends": 1.099, "sharesSold": 0.118, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 2.5, "opIncome": 3.622, "nonOpIncome": 0.0, "fcf": -0.937 }, { "q": "2024-Q1", "ocf": 5.475, "capex": 1.674, "buybacks": 0.45, "dividends": 1.099, "sharesSold": 0.028, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 0.0, "opIncome": 3.75, "nonOpIncome": 0.0, "fcf": 3.801 }, { "q": "2024-Q2", "ocf": 6.081, "capex": 2.798, "buybacks": 0.152, "dividends": 1.102, "sharesSold": 0.288, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 0.0, "opIncome": 4.686, "nonOpIncome": 0.0, "fcf": 3.283 }, { "q": "2024-Q3", "ocf": 7.427, "capex": 2.303, "buybacks": 0.15, "dividends": 1.103, "sharesSold": 0.179, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 5.627, "debtRepaid": 7.63, "opIncome": 3.991, "nonOpIncome": 0.0, "fcf": 5.124 }, { "q": "2024-Q4", "ocf": 1.304, "capex": 3.97, "buybacks": 0.15, "dividends": 1.118, "sharesSold": 0.128, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 6.21, "debtRepaid": 2.07, "opIncome": 4.22, "nonOpIncome": 0.0, "fcf": -2.666 }, { "q": "2025-Q1", "ocf": 5.933, "capex": 5.862, "buybacks": 0.15, "dividends": 1.119, "sharesSold": 0.213, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 7.711, "debtRepaid": 0.071, "opIncome": 4.358, "nonOpIncome": 0.0, "fcf": 0.071 }, { "q": "2025-Q2", "ocf": 6.157, "capex": 9.08, "buybacks": 0.15, "dividends": 1.403, "sharesSold": 0.133, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 6.07, "opIncome": 5.109, "nonOpIncome": 0.0, "fcf": -2.923 }, { "q": "2025-Q3", "ocf": 8.14, "capex": 8.502, "buybacks": 0.095, "dividends": 1.413, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 1.052, "opIncome": 4.277, "nonOpIncome": 0.0, "fcf": -0.362 }, { "q": "2025-Q4", "ocf": 2.066, "capex": 12.033, "buybacks": 0.0, "dividends": 1.435, "sharesSold": 1.308, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 17.88, "debtRepaid": 1.07, "opIncome": 4.731, "nonOpIncome": 0.0, "fcf": -9.967 }, { "q": "2026-Q1", "ocf": 7.151, "capex": 18.635, "buybacks": 0.0, "dividends": 1.437, "sharesSold": 0.009, "preferredSold": 4.954, "debtRaised": 26.664, "debtRepaid": 0.071, "opIncome": 5.464, "nonOpIncome": 0.0, "fcf": -11.484 }, { "q": "2026-Q2", "ocf": 14.62, "capex": 16.493, "buybacks": 0.0, "dividends": 1.502, "sharesSold": 0.132, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 1.549, "debtRepaid": 4.749, "opIncome": 6.133, "nonOpIncome": 0.0, "fcf": -1.873 }, { "q": "2026-Q3", "ocf": 23.103, "capex": 28.499, "buybacks": 0.0, "dividends": 1.565, "sharesSold": 19.909, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 4.202, "opIncome": 6.728, "nonOpIncome": 0.0, "fcf": -5.396 } ], "ttm": { "ocf": 46.94, "capex": 75.66, "buybacks": 0.0, "dividends": 5.94, "sharesSold": 21.36, "preferredSold": 4.95, "debtRaised": 46.09, "debtRepaid": 10.09, "opIncome": 23.06, "nonOpIncome": 0.0, "fcf": -28.72, "from": "2025-Q4", "to": "2026-Q3" }, "ttmPrev": { "buybacks": 0.54, "capex": 27.41, "ocf": 21.53, "debtRaised": 13.92, "fcf": -5.88 }, "zeroFilled": [], "debt": [ { "end": "2023-02-28", "usdBn": 91.81 }, { "end": "2023-05-31", "usdBn": 90.48 }, { "end": "2023-08-31", "usdBn": 88.94 }, { "end": "2023-11-30", "usdBn": 88.79 }, { "end": "2024-02-29", "usdBn": 87.98 }, { "end": "2024-05-31", "usdBn": 86.87 }, { "end": "2024-08-31", "usdBn": 84.52 }, { "end": "2024-11-30", "usdBn": 88.62 }, { "end": "2025-02-28", "usdBn": 96.28 }, { "end": "2025-05-31", "usdBn": 92.57 }, { "end": "2025-08-31", "usdBn": 91.31 }, { "end": "2025-11-30", "usdBn": 108.08 }, { "end": "2026-02-28", "usdBn": 134.6 }, { "end": "2026-05-31", "usdBn": 129.54 }, { "end": "2026-08-31", "usdBn": 125.34 } ], "rpo": [ { "end": "2023-02-28", "usdBn": 62.3, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2023-05-31", "usdBn": 67.9, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2023-08-31", "usdBn": 64.9, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2023-11-30", "usdBn": 65.5, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2024-02-29", "usdBn": 80.2, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2024-05-31", "usdBn": 97.9, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2024-08-31", "usdBn": 99.1, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2024-11-30", "usdBn": 97.3, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2025-02-28", "usdBn": 130.2, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2025-05-31", "usdBn": 137.8, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2025-08-31", "usdBn": 455.3, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2025-11-30", "usdBn": 523.3, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2026-02-28", "usdBn": 552.6, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2026-05-31", "usdBn": 638.0, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2026-08-31", "usdBn": 664.0, "source": "xbrl" } ], "leases": [ { "asOf": "2024-08-31", "usdBn": 36.2, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2024-09-10", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1341439/000095017024104905/orcl-20240831.htm", "quote": "year ended May 31, 2024, other than an increase in our operating lease commitments to $36.2 billion as of August 31, 2024." }, { "asOf": "2024-11-30", "usdBn": 36.7, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2024-12-10", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1341439/000095017024134973/orcl-20241130.htm", "quote": "year ended May 31, 2024, other than an increase in our operating lease commitments to $36.7 billion as of November 30, 2024." }, { "asOf": "2025-02-28", "usdBn": 48.4, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2025-03-11", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1341439/000095017025037143/orcl-20250228.htm", "quote": "As of February 28, 2025, we had $ 48.4 billion of additional lease commitments, primarily for data centers, that are generally expected to" }, { "asOf": "2025-05-31", "usdBn": 43.4, "form": "10-K", "filed": "2025-06-18", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1341439/000095017025087926/orcl-20250531.htm", "quote": "As of May 31, 2025, we have $ 43.4 billion of additional lease commitments, primarily for data centers, that are generally expected to" }, { "asOf": "2025-08-31", "usdBn": 99.8, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2025-09-10", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1341439/000119312525200095/orcl-20250831.htm", "quote": "As of August 31, 2025 , we had $ 99.8 billion of additional lease commitments, substantially all for data centers, that are generally exp" }, { "asOf": "2025-11-30", "usdBn": 248.0, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2025-12-11", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1341439/000119312525315925/orcl-20251130.htm", "quote": "As of November 30, 2025 , we had $ 248 billion of additional lease commitments, substantially all related to data centers and cloud capaci" }, { "asOf": "2026-02-28", "usdBn": 261.0, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2026-03-11", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1341439/000119312526101045/orcl-20260228.htm", "quote": "As of February 28, 2026 , we had $ 261 billion of additional lease commitments, substantially all related to data center arrangements, tha" }, { "asOf": "2026-05-31", "usdBn": 260.0, "form": "10-K", "filed": "2026-06-22", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1341439/000119312526277521/orcl-20260531.htm", "quote": "As of May 31, 2026 , we had $ 260 billion of additional lease commitments, substantially all related to data center arrangements, tha" }, { "asOf": "2026-08-31", "usdBn": 288.0, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2026-09-11", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1341439/000119312526389274/orcl-20260831.htm", "quote": "As of August 31, 2026 , we had $ 288 billion of additional lease commitments, substantially all related to data center arrangements, tha" } ] }, { "name": "CoreWeave", "cik": "0001769628", "group": "neocloud", "factsUrl": "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001769628.json", "rawFile": "facts_CIK0001769628_2026-10-11.json", "quarters": [ { "q": "2024-Q1", "ocf": 2.039, "capex": 1.742, "buybacks": 0.0, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.932, "debtRepaid": 0.005, "opIncome": 0.017, "nonOpIncome": null, "fcf": 0.297 }, { "q": "2024-Q2", "ocf": -0.118, "capex": 2.247, "buybacks": 0.0, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.89, "debtRepaid": 0.069, "opIncome": 0.078, "nonOpIncome": null, "fcf": -2.365 }, { "q": "2024-Q3", "ocf": 0.641, "capex": 1.215, "buybacks": 0.001, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 1.508, "debtRepaid": 0.29, "opIncome": 0.117, "nonOpIncome": null, "fcf": -0.574 }, { "q": "2024-Q4", "ocf": 0.187, "capex": 3.498, "buybacks": 0.0, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 3.689, "debtRepaid": 0.225, "opIncome": 0.112, "nonOpIncome": null, "fcf": -3.311 }, { "q": "2025-Q1", "ocf": 0.061, "capex": 1.407, "buybacks": 0.0, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.785, "debtRepaid": 0.271, "opIncome": -0.027, "nonOpIncome": null, "fcf": -1.346 }, { "q": "2025-Q2", "ocf": -0.251, "capex": 2.453, "buybacks": 0.0, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": 0.068, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 3.611, "debtRepaid": 1.304, "opIncome": 0.019, "nonOpIncome": null, "fcf": -2.704 }, { "q": "2025-Q3", "ocf": 1.689, "capex": 2.389, "buybacks": 0.0, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 3.167, "debtRepaid": 1.404, "opIncome": 0.052, "nonOpIncome": null, "fcf": -0.7 }, { "q": "2025-Q4", "ocf": 1.559, "capex": 4.06, "buybacks": 0.0, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": -0.068, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 4.266, "debtRepaid": 0.42, "opIncome": -0.09, "nonOpIncome": null, "fcf": -2.501 }, { "q": "2026-Q1", "ocf": 2.984, "capex": 7.695, "buybacks": 0.0, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": 1.985, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 3.29, "debtRepaid": 1.335, "opIncome": -0.144, "nonOpIncome": null, "fcf": -4.711 }, { "q": "2026-Q2", "ocf": 0.679, "capex": 6.422, "buybacks": 0.0, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": 0.997, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 13.457, "debtRepaid": 3.884, "opIncome": -0.049, "nonOpIncome": null, "fcf": -5.743 } ], "ttm": { "ocf": 6.91, "capex": 20.57, "buybacks": 0.0, "dividends": 0.0, "sharesSold": 2.91, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 24.18, "debtRepaid": 7.04, "opIncome": -0.23, "nonOpIncome": null, "fcf": -13.66, "from": "2025-Q3", "to": "2026-Q2" }, "ttmPrev": { "buybacks": 0.0, "capex": 8.57, "ocf": 0.64, "debtRaised": 9.59, "fcf": -7.94 }, "zeroFilled": [ "dividends 2024-Q1", "preferredSold 2024-Q1", "dividends 2024-Q2", "preferredSold 2024-Q2", "dividends 2024-Q3", "preferredSold 2024-Q3", "dividends 2024-Q4", "preferredSold 2024-Q4", "dividends 2025-Q1", "preferredSold 2025-Q1", "dividends 2025-Q2", "preferredSold 2025-Q2", "dividends 2025-Q3", "preferredSold 2025-Q3", "dividends 2025-Q4", "preferredSold 2025-Q4", "dividends 2026-Q1", "preferredSold 2026-Q1", "dividends 2026-Q2", "preferredSold 2026-Q2" ], "debt": [ { "end": "2024-12-31", "usdBn": 8.03 }, { "end": "2025-03-31", "usdBn": 8.81 }, { "end": "2025-06-30", "usdBn": 11.17 }, { "end": "2025-09-30", "usdBn": 14.21 }, { "end": "2025-12-31", "usdBn": 21.61 }, { "end": "2026-03-31", "usdBn": 25.15 }, { "end": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 35.55 } ], "rpo": [ { "end": "2025-03-31", "usdBn": 14.7, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2025-06-30", "usdBn": 30.1, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2025-09-30", "usdBn": 50.0, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2025-12-31", "usdBn": 60.7, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2026-03-31", "usdBn": 98.8, "source": "xbrl" }, { "end": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 103.7, "source": "xbrl" } ], "leases": [ { "asOf": "2025-09-30", "usdBn": 39.1, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2025-11-13", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962825000062/crwv-20250930.htm", "quote": "As of September 30, 2025, the Company also had executed lease agreements, primarily for data centers and office buildings, that had not yet commenced. The aggregate amount of estimated future undiscounted lease payments associated with such leases is $ 39.1 billion." }, { "asOf": "2025-12-31", "usdBn": 38.5, "form": "10-K", "filed": "2026-03-02", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000104/crwv-20251231.htm", "quote": "As of December 31, 2025, the Company executed additional lease agreements, primarily for data centers and office buildings, that had not yet commenced. The aggregate amount of estimated future undiscounted lease payments associated with such leases is $ 38.5 billion." }, { "asOf": "2026-03-31", "usdBn": 40.7, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2026-05-08", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000222/crwv-20260331.htm", "quote": "As of March 31, 2026, the Company executed additional lease agreements, primarily for data centers and office buildings, that had not yet commenced. The aggregate amount of estimated future undiscounted lease payments associated with such leases is $ 40.7 billion." }, { "asOf": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 35.5, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2026-08-12", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000366/crwv-20260630.htm", "quote": "As of June 30, 2026, the Company executed additional lease agreements, primarily for data centers, equipment, and office buildings, that had not yet commenced. The aggregate amount of estimated future undiscounted lease payments associated with such leases is $ 35.5 billion." } ] }, { "name": "Nvidia", "cik": "0001045810", "group": "supplier", "factsUrl": "https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0001045810.json", "rawFile": "facts_CIK0001045810_2026-10-11.json", "quarters": [ { "q": "2022-Q1", "ocf": 3.033, "capex": 0.273, "buybacks": 0.0, "dividends": 0.101, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 0.0, "opIncome": 2.97, "nonOpIncome": -0.105, "fcf": 2.76 }, { "q": "2022-Q4", "ocf": 0.392, "capex": 1.324, "buybacks": 3.485, "dividends": 0.1, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 0.0, "opIncome": 0.601, "nonOpIncome": 0.012, "fcf": -0.932 }, { "q": "2023-Q1", "ocf": 2.248, "capex": 0.509, "buybacks": 1.213, "dividends": 0.098, "sharesSold": 0.0, "preferredSold": 0.0, "debtRaised": 0.0, "debtRepaid": 0.0, "opIncome": 1.256, "nonOpIncome": 0.032, "fcf": 1.739 }, { "q": 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"end": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 40.29 }, "debtDec2024": { "end": "2024-12-31", "usdBn": 44.97 }, "rpo": { "end": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 684.0, "source": "xbrl" }, "leases": { "asOf": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 329.1, "form": "10-K", "filed": "2026-07-29", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312526323660/msft-20260630.htm", "quote": "As of June 30, 2026, we had additional leases, primarily for datacenters, that had not yet commenced of $ 329.1 billion, with some arrangements subject to certain contractual conditions being met." } }, { "company": "Amazon", "group": "hyperscaler", "debt": { "end": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 133.0 }, "debtDec2024": { "end": "2024-12-31", "usdBn": 58.0 }, "rpo": { "end": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 496.0, "source": "text", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872426000026/amzn-20260630.htm" }, "leases": { "asOf": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 137.2, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2026-07-31", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872426000026/amzn-20260630.htm", "quote": "Leases not yet commenced 4,018 11,732 9,278 9,483 9,227 93,476 137,214" } }, { "company": "Alphabet", "group": "hyperscaler", "debt": { "end": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 100.16 }, "debtDec2024": { "end": "2024-12-31", "usdBn": 12.0 }, "rpo": { "end": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 519.5, "source": "xbrl" }, "leases": { "asOf": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 85.2, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2026-07-23", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204426000071/goog-20260630.htm", "quote": "As of June 30, 2026, we have entered into leases, primarily related to data centers, that have not yet commenced with future lease payments of $ 85.2 billion that are not yet recorded." } }, { "company": "Meta", "group": "hyperscaler", "debt": { "end": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 83.66 }, "debtDec2024": { "end": "2024-12-31", "usdBn": 28.83 }, "rpo": null, "leases": { "asOf": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 278.99, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2026-07-30", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000162828026050705/meta-20260630.htm", "quote": "In addition to the lease liabilities that are included on our balance sheet, we have operating and finance leases that have not yet commenced as of June 30, 2026. These lease obligations were approximately $ 278.99 billion, consisting of data centers, colocations, and certain netwo" } }, { "company": "Oracle", "group": "hyperscaler", "debt": { "end": "2026-08-31", "usdBn": 125.34 }, "debtDec2024": { "end": "2024-11-30", "usdBn": 88.62 }, "rpo": { "end": "2026-08-31", "usdBn": 664.0, "source": "xbrl" }, "leases": { "asOf": "2026-08-31", "usdBn": 288.0, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2026-09-11", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1341439/000119312526389274/orcl-20260831.htm", "quote": "As of August 31, 2026 , we had $ 288 billion of additional lease commitments, substantially all related to data center arrangements, tha" } }, { "company": "CoreWeave", "group": "neocloud", "debt": { "end": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 35.55 }, "debtDec2024": { "end": "2024-12-31", "usdBn": 8.03 }, "rpo": { "end": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 103.7, "source": "xbrl" }, "leases": { "asOf": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 35.5, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2026-08-12", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000366/crwv-20260630.htm", "quote": "As of June 30, 2026, the Company executed additional lease agreements, primarily for data centers, equipment, and office buildings, that had not yet commenced. The aggregate amount of estimated future undiscounted lease payments associated with such leases is $ 35.5 billion." } }, { "company": "Nvidia", "group": "supplier", "debt": { "end": "2026-07-26", "usdBn": 33.37 }, "debtDec2024": { "end": "2024-10-27", "usdBn": 8.46 }, "rpo": { "end": "2026-07-26", "usdBn": 3.2, "source": "xbrl" }, "leases": null }, { "company": "AMD", "group": "supplier", "debt": { "end": "2026-06-27", "usdBn": 3.23 }, "debtDec2024": { "end": "2024-12-28", "usdBn": 1.72 }, "rpo": { "end": "2026-06-27", "usdBn": 0.22, "source": "xbrl" }, "leases": null }, { "company": "Broadcom", "group": "supplier", "debt": { "end": "2026-08-02", "usdBn": 61.08 }, "debtDec2024": { "end": "2024-11-03", "usdBn": 69.85 }, "rpo": { "end": "2026-08-02", "usdBn": 179.2, "source": "xbrl" }, "leases": null } ], "leaseQuarters": [ { "q": "2024-Q2", "Microsoft": 117.0, "Amazon": 39.8, "Alphabet": 5.2, "Meta": 6.2 }, { "q": "2024-Q3", "Microsoft": 116.1, "Amazon": 50.3, "Alphabet": 6.1, "Meta": 18.49, "Oracle": 36.2 }, { "q": "2024-Q4", "Microsoft": 105.4, "Amazon": 61.6, "Alphabet": 7.27, "Meta": 34.12, "Oracle": 36.7 }, { "q": "2025-Q1", "Microsoft": 99.2, "Amazon": 67.2, "Alphabet": 17.3, "Meta": 35.27, "Oracle": 48.4 }, { "q": "2025-Q2", "Microsoft": 92.7, "Amazon": 68.9, "Alphabet": 23.9, "Meta": 52.56, "Oracle": 43.4 }, { "q": "2025-Q3", "Microsoft": 106.2, "Amazon": 75.0, "Alphabet": 42.6, "Meta": 58.14, "Oracle": 99.8, "CoreWeave": 39.1 }, { "q": "2025-Q4", "Microsoft": 155.1, "Amazon": 96.4, "Alphabet": 58.5, "Meta": 103.77, "Oracle": 248.0, "CoreWeave": 38.5 }, { "q": "2026-Q1", "Microsoft": 196.6, "Amazon": 106.3, "Alphabet": 75.6, "Meta": 182.88, "Oracle": 261.0, "CoreWeave": 40.7 }, { "q": "2026-Q2", "Microsoft": 329.1, "Amazon": 137.2, "Alphabet": 85.2, "Meta": 278.99, "Oracle": 260.0, "CoreWeave": 35.5 }, { "q": "2026-Q3", "Oracle": 288.0 } ], "leasesLatest": [ { "company": "Microsoft", "latest": { "asOf": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 329.1, "form": "10-K", "filed": "2026-07-29", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312526323660/msft-20260630.htm", "quote": "As of June 30, 2026, we had additional leases, primarily for datacenters, that had not yet commenced of $ 329.1 billion, with some arrangements subject to certain contractual conditions being met." }, "first": { "asOf": "2024-06-30", "usdBn": 117.0, "form": "10-K", "filed": "2024-07-30", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000095017024087843/msft-20240630.htm", "quote": "As of June 30, 2024, we had additional operating and finance leases, primarily for datacenters, that had not yet commenced of $ 8.6 billion and $ 108.4 billion, respectively." }, "points": 9 }, { "company": "Amazon", "latest": { "asOf": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 137.2, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2026-07-31", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872426000026/amzn-20260630.htm", "quote": "Leases not yet commenced 4,018 11,732 9,278 9,483 9,227 93,476 137,214" }, "first": { "asOf": "2024-06-30", "usdBn": 39.8, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2024-08-02", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872424000130/amzn-20240630.htm", "quote": "Leases not yet commenced 1,110 2,852 2,900 2,984 3,062 26,939 39,847" }, "points": 9 }, { "company": "Alphabet", "latest": { "asOf": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 85.2, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2026-07-23", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204426000071/goog-20260630.htm", "quote": "As of June 30, 2026, we have entered into leases, primarily related to data centers, that have not yet commenced with future lease payments of $ 85.2 billion that are not yet recorded." }, "first": { "asOf": "2024-06-30", "usdBn": 5.2, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2024-07-24", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204424000079/goog-20240630.htm", "quote": "As of June 30, 2024, we have entered into leases that have not yet commenced with future lease payments of $5.2 billion, that are not yet recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets." }, "points": 9 }, { "company": "Meta", "latest": { "asOf": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 278.99, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2026-07-30", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000162828026050705/meta-20260630.htm", "quote": "In addition to the lease liabilities that are included on our balance sheet, we have operating and finance leases that have not yet commenced as of June 30, 2026. These lease obligations were approximately $ 278.99 billion, consisting of data centers, colocations, and certain netwo" }, "first": { "asOf": "2024-06-30", "usdBn": 6.2, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2024-08-01", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000132680124000069/meta-20240630.htm", "quote": "As of June 30, 2024, we have additional operating leases, that have not yet commenced, with lease obligations of approximately $ 6.20 billion mostly for data centers and colocations." }, "points": 9 }, { "company": "Oracle", "latest": { "asOf": "2026-08-31", "usdBn": 288.0, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2026-09-11", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1341439/000119312526389274/orcl-20260831.htm", "quote": "As of August 31, 2026 , we had $ 288 billion of additional lease commitments, substantially all related to data center arrangements, tha" }, "first": { "asOf": "2024-08-31", "usdBn": 36.2, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2024-09-10", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1341439/000095017024104905/orcl-20240831.htm", "quote": "year ended May 31, 2024, other than an increase in our operating lease commitments to $36.2 billion as of August 31, 2024." }, "points": 9 }, { "company": "CoreWeave", "latest": { "asOf": "2026-06-30", "usdBn": 35.5, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2026-08-12", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000366/crwv-20260630.htm", "quote": "As of June 30, 2026, the Company executed additional lease agreements, primarily for data centers, equipment, and office buildings, that had not yet commenced. The aggregate amount of estimated future undiscounted lease payments associated with such leases is $ 35.5 billion." }, "first": { "asOf": "2025-09-30", "usdBn": 39.1, "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2025-11-13", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962825000062/crwv-20250930.htm", "quote": "As of September 30, 2025, the Company also had executed lease agreements, primarily for data centers and office buildings, that had not yet commenced. The aggregate amount of estimated future undiscounted lease payments associated with such leases is $ 39.1 billion." }, "points": 4 } ], "bonds": [ { "company": "Amazon", "filed": "2025-11-19", "currency": "USD", "localBn": 15.0, "usdBn": 15.0, "fxDate": "2025-11-19", "tranches": 6, "longest": 2065, "shortest": 2028, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000110465925114098/tm2530638-4_424b5.htm" }, { "company": "Amazon", "filed": "2026-03-12", "currency": "USD", "localBn": 37.0, "usdBn": 37.0, "fxDate": "2026-03-12", "tranches": 11, "longest": 2076, "shortest": 2028, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000110465926027125/tm266670-4_424b5.htm" }, { "company": "Amazon", "filed": "2026-03-13", "currency": "EUR", "localBn": 14.5, "usdBn": 16.64, "fxDate": "2026-03-13", "tranches": 8, "longest": 2064, "shortest": 2028, "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000110465926027669/tm266670-6_424b5.htm" }, { "company": "Amazon", "filed": 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2026) Up to $20,000,000,000 of Common Stock This prospectus supplement", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1341439/000119312526278585/d120346d424b5.htm" }, { "company": "Alphabet", "filed": "2026-06-02", "form": "424B5", "kind": "common stock", "text": "(To Prospectus dated June 1, 2026) Up to $40,000,000,000 Alphabet Inc. Class A Common Stock Class C Capital Stock We have entered", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000119312526252439/d150348d424b5.htm" }, { "company": "Alphabet", "filed": "2026-06-04", "form": "424B5", "kind": "common stock", "text": "(To Prospectus dated June 1, 2026) Alphabet Inc. Class A Common Stock Class C Capital Stock We are offering", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000119312526256375/d152107d424b5.htm" }, { "company": "Alphabet", "filed": "2026-06-04", "form": "424B5", "kind": "preferred", "text": "(To Prospectus dated June 1, 2026) 167,500,000 Series A Depositary Shares Each Representing a 1/20th Interest in a Share of 6.25% Series A Mandatory Convertible", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000119312526257690/d159942d424b5.htm" }, { "company": "Alphabet", "filed": "2026-06-04", "form": "424B5", "kind": "preferred", "text": "(To Prospectus dated June 1, 2026) 167,500,000 Series B Depositary Shares Each Representing a 1/20th Interest in a Share of 6.25% Series B Mandatory Convertible", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000119312526257702/d152175d424b5.htm" }, { "company": "Alphabet", "filed": "2026-08-06", "form": "424B5", "kind": "common stock", "text": "(To Prospectus dated June 1, 2026) Up to $40,000,000,000 Alphabet Inc. 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(mainly Anthropic and OpenAI preferred), carrying value; Anthropic convertible notes held separately at $97.9bn fair value", "usdBn": 122.3, "priorUsdBn": 16.2, "priorAsOf": "2025-12-31", "asOf": "2026-06-30", "doc": "0001018724_2026-06-30", "kind": "measured", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872426000026/amzn-20260630.htm", "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2026-07-31", "verified": true }, { "id": "amzn-anthropic-facility", "company": "Amazon", "category": "stake", "item": "Financing facility for Anthropic, unlocked as AWS delivers compute milestones", "usdBn": 20.0, "asOf": "2026-06-30", "doc": "0001018724_2026-06-30", "kind": "measured", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872426000026/amzn-20260630.htm", "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2026-07-31", "verified": true }, { "id": "msft-openai-revenue", "company": "Microsoft", "category": "revenue", "item": "Revenue from OpenAI, fiscal year to June 2026, incl. revenue share", "usdBn": 24.1, "asOf": "2026-06-30", "doc": "0000789019_2026-06-30", "kind": "measured", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312526323660/msft-20260630.htm", "form": "10-K", "filed": "2026-07-29", "verified": true }, { "id": "msft-openai-funding", "company": "Microsoft", "category": "stake", "item": "Total funding commitments to OpenAI ($11.9bn funded)", "usdBn": 13.0, "asOf": "2026-06-30", "doc": "0000789019_2026-06-30", "kind": "measured", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312526323660/msft-20260630.htm", "form": "10-K", "filed": "2026-07-29", "verified": true }, { "id": "amd-warrants", "company": "AMD", "category": "warrant", "item": "Warrants for up to 160m AMD shares each to OpenAI and Meta at $0.01, vesting with GPU purchases (up to 6 GW each); none vested at 27 Jun 2026", "usdBn": null, "asOf": "2026-06-27", "doc": "0000002488_2026-06-27", "kind": "measured", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2488/000000248826000123/amd-20260627.htm", "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2026-08-05", "verified": true }, { "id": "crwv-nvidia-placement", "company": "CoreWeave", "category": "stake", "item": "Nvidia bought ~23m CoreWeave shares at $87.20 (Jan 2026)", "usdBn": 2.0, "asOf": "2026-06-30", "doc": "0001769628_2026-06-30", "kind": "measured", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000366/crwv-20260630.htm", "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2026-08-12", "verified": true }, { "id": "crwv-meta-order", "company": "CoreWeave", "category": "revenue", "item": "Meta order form (Mar 2026), up to ~$21.0bn to 2032", "usdBn": 21.0, "asOf": "2026-06-30", "doc": "0001769628_2026-06-30", "kind": "measured", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000366/crwv-20260630.htm", "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2026-08-12", "verified": true }, { "id": "msft-rpo-timing", "company": "Microsoft", "category": "rpo-timing", "item": "Share of backlog ($684bn) expected as revenue in the next 12 months; weighted average duration of commercial backlog ~2.3 years", "pct": 30, "horizonMonths": 12, "usdBn": 684, "asOf": "2026-06-30", "doc": "0000789019_2026-06-30", "kind": "measured", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312526323660/msft-20260630.htm", "form": "10-K", "filed": "2026-07-29", "verified": true }, { "id": "orcl-rpo-timing", "company": "Oracle", "category": "rpo-timing", "item": "Share of backlog ($664bn) expected as revenue in the next 12 months (37% in months 13-36, 34% in months 37-60)", "pct": 13, "horizonMonths": 12, "usdBn": 664, "asOf": "2026-08-31", "doc": "0001341439_2026-08-31", "kind": "measured", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1341439/000119312526389274/orcl-20260831.htm", "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2026-09-11", "verified": true }, { "id": "googl-rpo-timing", "company": "Alphabet", "category": "rpo-timing", "item": "Share of backlog ($519.5bn, of which Google Cloud $513.9bn) expected as revenue in the next 24 months", "pct": 50, "horizonMonths": 24, "usdBn": 519.5, "asOf": "2026-06-30", "doc": "0001652044_2026-06-30", "kind": "measured", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204426000071/goog-20260630.htm", "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2026-07-23", "verified": true }, { "id": "amzn-rpo-labs", "company": "Amazon", "category": "rpo-labs", "item": "Two lab deals named in the same 10-Q: AWS-OpenAI expanded by $100bn over 8 years (Q1 2026) and AWS-Anthropic by more than $100bn over 10 years (Q2 2026)", "usdBn": 200, "asOf": "2026-06-30", "doc": "0001018724_2026-06-30", "kind": "measured", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872426000026/amzn-20260630.htm", "form": "10-Q", "filed": "2026-07-31", "verified": true } ], "deals": [ { "from": "Microsoft", "to": "OpenAI", "type": "equity stake", "usdBn": 13.0, "detail": "~27% stake after OpenAI's recapitalisation, valued at about $135bn by Microsoft; $13.0bn of funding committed ($11.9bn paid)", "returns": "OpenAI committed to buy an incremental $250bn of Azure services; Microsoft booked $24.1bn of revenue from OpenAI in FY2026", "returnUsdBn": 250, "date": "2025-10-28", "source": "https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2025/10/28/the-next-chapter-of-the-microsoft-openai-partnership/", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "from": "Amazon", "to": "OpenAI", "type": "equity stake", "usdBn": 50, "detail": "$15bn of Series C preferred plus a $35bn commitment, all paid by Q3 2026 (10-Q)", "returns": "AWS-OpenAI compute deal expanded by $100bn over 8 years on top of $38bn", "returnUsdBn": 138, "date": "2026-06-30", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872426000026/amzn-20260630.htm", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "from": "Amazon", "to": "Anthropic", "type": "equity stake + facility", "usdBn": 18, "detail": "$8bn of convertible notes (2023-25), $10bn of preferred in Q2 2026 (Series G and H), plus a $20bn facility that opens as AWS delivers compute; stake revalued up $62.8bn in H1 2026", "returns": "AWS-Anthropic commitment expanded by more than $100bn over 10 years", "returnUsdBn": 100, "date": "2026-06-30", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872426000026/amzn-20260630.htm", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "from": "Nvidia", "to": "OpenAI", "type": "equity stake", "usdBn": 30, "detail": "$30bn in OpenAI's March 2026 round (Bloomberg, via press), replacing a non-binding Sept 2025 letter of intent for up to $100bn; The Information reported on 2 Oct 2026 that it had been paid in full (unchecked against a primary source)", "returns": "OpenAI buys Nvidia systems through its clouds; Nvidia also guarantees up to $105bn of an OpenAI-leased campus that must host Nvidia hardware", "returnUsdBn": null, "date": "2026-03-31", "source": "https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/nvidia-plans-30bn-investment-in-upcoming-openai-funding-round/", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "from": "Nvidia", "to": "OpenAI (SB Energy campus)", "type": "guarantee", "usdBn": 105, "detail": "Guarantees capped at $105bn on lease and power payments for ~4.25 GW at SB Energy's Ohio campus, leased to OpenAI for 20 years; option on ~3.8 GW more", "returns": "The campus must host Nvidia AI infrastructure, with limited exceptions", "returnUsdBn": null, "date": "2026-08-26", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581026000075/nvda-20260726.htm", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "from": "Nvidia", "to": "Anthropic", "type": "equity stake", "usdBn": 10, "detail": "Up to $10bn committed (Nov 2025)", "returns": "Anthropic committed up to 1 GW on Nvidia Grace Blackwell and Vera Rubin systems", "returnUsdBn": null, "date": "2025-11-18", "source": "https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2025/11/18/microsoft-nvidia-and-anthropic-announce-strategic-partnerships/", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "from": "Microsoft", "to": "Anthropic", "type": "equity stake", "usdBn": 5, "detail": "Up to $5bn committed (Nov 2025)", "returns": "Anthropic committed to buy $30bn of Azure compute", "returnUsdBn": 30, "date": "2025-11-18", "source": "https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2025/11/18/microsoft-nvidia-and-anthropic-announce-strategic-partnerships/", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "from": "Google", "to": "Anthropic", "type": "compute deal", "usdBn": null, "detail": "Alphabet's 10-Q does not name Anthropic; it reports $20bn of forward funding to one unnamed strategic investment (equity derivatives, to 2030)", "returns": "Anthropic to use up to 1m Google TPUs, 'tens of billions of dollars', well over 1 GW in 2026", "returnUsdBn": null, "date": "2025-10-23", "source": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/expanding-our-use-of-google-cloud-tpus-and-services", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "from": "Nvidia", "to": "CoreWeave", "type": "equity + capacity backstop", "usdBn": 8.3, "detail": "$2.0bn share purchase (Jan 2026) plus a $6.3bn order to buy CoreWeave's unsold capacity to April 2032 (Sept 2025)", "returns": "CoreWeave's GPUs are all Nvidia; its customers' contracts specify Nvidia GPUs", "returnUsdBn": null, "date": "2026-06-30", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962825000047/crwv-20250909.htm", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "from": "AMD", "to": "OpenAI and Meta", "type": "warrant", "usdBn": null, "detail": "Warrants for up to 160m AMD shares each at $0.01, vesting as each buys up to 6 GW of AMD GPUs and AMD's share price hits targets; none vested at 27 Jun 2026", "returns": "GPU purchases of up to 6 GW each", "returnUsdBn": null, "date": "2026-06-27", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2488/000000248826000123/amd-20260627.htm", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "from": "OpenAI", "to": "Oracle", "type": "compute deal", "usdBn": null, "detail": "Oracle's filings do not name the customer", "returns": "About $300bn of compute over roughly five years from 2027 (reported by the Wall Street Journal, confirmed by OpenAI to press)", "returnUsdBn": 300, "date": "2025-09-10", "source": "https://siliconangle.com/2025/09/10/openai-oracle-strike-300b-cloud-computing-deal-power-ai/", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "from": "OpenAI", "to": "Broadcom", "type": "compute deal", "usdBn": null, "detail": "OpenAI-designed accelerators, 10 GW, deployed H2 2026 to end-2029; no dollar value given", "returns": "Accelerator and Ethernet rack sales", "returnUsdBn": null, "date": "2025-10-13", "source": "https://investors.broadcom.com/news-releases/news-release-details/openai-and-broadcom-announce-strategic-collaboration-deploy-10", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "from": "Microsoft", "to": "Nebius (NL)", "type": "compute deal", "usdBn": null, "detail": "Dedicated GPU capacity at Vineland, New Jersey (US), five years", "returns": "Up to ~$17.4bn to Nebius through 2031", "returnUsdBn": 17.4, "date": "2025-09-08", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465925088312/tm2525580d1_6k.htm", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "europe": true }, { "from": "Meta", "to": "Nebius (NL)", "type": "compute deal", "usdBn": null, "detail": "Infrastructure services agreement, 13 Mar 2026", "returns": "Up to ~$27bn to Nebius", "returnUsdBn": 27.0, "date": "2026-03-13", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926052948/nbis-20251231x20f.htm", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11 (via /europe/neoclouds dataset)", "europe": true }, { "from": "Microsoft", "to": "Nscale (UK)", "type": "compute deal", "usdBn": null, "detail": "Statements of work Sep 2025-Apr 2026", "returns": "Up to ~$43.8bn to Nscale through Dec 2033", "returnUsdBn": 43.8, "date": "2026-09-18", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11 (via /europe/neoclouds dataset)", "europe": true }, { "from": "Anthropic", "to": "Nscale (UK)", "type": "compute deal", "usdBn": null, "detail": "Services agreements of 25 Aug 2026 for a campus in West Virginia (US); no binding financing yet", "returns": "Up to ~$44.6bn to Nscale", "returnUsdBn": 44.6, "date": "2026-09-18", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11 (via /europe/neoclouds dataset)", "europe": true }, { "from": "Nvidia", "to": "Nebius (NL)", "type": "equity stake", "usdBn": 2.0, "detail": "Pre-funded warrant, about $2bn (11 Mar 2026)", "returns": "Nebius runs Nvidia GPUs", "returnUsdBn": null, "date": "2026-03-11", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926094844/nbis-20260812xex99d2.htm", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11 (via /europe/neoclouds dataset)", "europe": true } ], "external": [ { "payer": "Lab equity", "who": "OpenAI round led by SoftBank with a16z and others (Amazon $50bn, Nvidia $30bn, SoftBank $30bn reported)", "usdBn": 122, "date": "2026-03-31", "detail": "$852bn post-money valuation", "source": "https://siliconangle.com/2026/03/31/openai-just-closed-record-breaking-122b-funding-round-brings-value-852b/", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "payer": "Lab equity", "who": "Anthropic Series H (led by Altimeter, Dragoneer, Greenoaks, Sequoia; GIC co-lead; Amazon $5bn)", "usdBn": 65, "date": "2026-05-28", "detail": "$965bn post-money valuation", "source": "https://www.anthropic.com/news/series-h", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "payer": "Sovereign fund", "who": "MGX Fund I (Abu Dhabi; Mubadala and G42), final close", "usdBn": 49, "date": "2026-07-01", "detail": "Investor in OpenAI, Anthropic and xAI rounds and in the Aligned Data Centers takeover (reported)", "source": "https://qz.com/abu-dhabi-mgx-ai-fund-49-billion-070126", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "payer": "Joint-venture debt off Meta's balance sheet", "who": "Louisiana campus venture (Meta 20%)", "usdBn": 27, "date": "2026-06-30", "detail": "Partners fund ~$27bn of development costs pro rata; Meta leases from 2029 and gives $28bn of residual value guarantees", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000162828026050705/meta-20260630.htm", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11" } ], "semianalysis": [ { "title": "Nvidia's Backstop Universe \u2013 Heads I Win, Tails Who Loses?", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/nvidias-backstop-universe-heads-i", "date": "2026-09-11", "free": true, "paraphrase": "Nvidia's off-balance-sheet exposure jumped in its latest quarter, driven by memory supply deals, the Ohio campus guarantee and buy-backs of cloud capacity. SemiAnalysis argues the five hyperscalers remain the bigger implicit backstop for the build-out, while Nvidia's backstops let non-investment-grade operators borrow more cheaply.", "ours": "The filings agree on the ranking. Nvidia's guarantees total $108.5bn. The five hyperscalers have signed leases that have not yet started worth about {leases} \u2014 roughly ten times as much. Nvidia's own supply and capacity commitments rose from $119bn to $279bn in one quarter." }, { "title": "Nvidia GPU Debt Backstop Unleashes the AI Project Trinity", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/nvidia-gpu-debt-backstop-unleashes", "date": "2026-07-06", "free": true, "paraphrase": "Until recently the hyperscalers paid for the build-out from operating cash. Oracle, Meta and now Google have started to borrow, and lenders want a long-term offtake contract or an investment-grade backstop before they lend to anyone else.", "ours": "The cash-flow statements show the turn. Over the latest four quarters the five took on {debt} of new long-term debt. Alphabet and Oracle also sold new shares, and Microsoft is the only one of the five that issued no bonds." }, { "title": "Meta Compute: Everyone Wants To Be A Neocloud", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/meta-compute-everyone-wants-to-be", "date": "2026-07-02", "free": true, "paraphrase": "Third parties now supply most of Meta's new capacity, through leases, joint ventures and rented cloud.", "ours": "Meta's 10-Q has $279bn of leases not yet started, $68bn more signed in July, and $349bn of other non-cancelable commitments, mostly third-party cloud. Its own cash capex over the last year was {metaCapex}." } ], "views": [ { "who": "Aviva Investors", "title": "Bond voyage", "url": "https://www.avivainvestors.com/en-nl/views/aiq-investment-thinking/2026/07/bond-voyage/", "date": "2026-07", "says": "Non-dollar deals were more than a third of hyperscaler bond issuance in the first half of 2026.", "kind": "reported", "checked": null, "note": "unchecked: the page returned 403 to our fetcher; figure taken from our research notes. Our own count from the prospectuses is on the page." } ], "notes": [ "Microsoft filed no bond prospectus (424B2/424B5) between Jan 2025 and Oct 2026.", "Alphabet's 10-Q describes its Anthropic-related positions only as 'a private company' / 'a certain strategic investment'; the link to Anthropic is the press and Anthropic's own announcements, not the filing." ], "researchChecked": "2026-10-11", "caveats": [ "Cash flows are from each company's cash-flow statement as tagged in XBRL; quarters not tagged directly are derived from year-to-date figures. Fiscal years differ (Microsoft to June, Oracle to May, Nvidia to January); each quarter sits in the calendar quarter it ends in, so 'latest four quarters' ends in Jun 2026 for most and Aug 2026 for Oracle.", "Free cash flow here is operating cash flow minus cash capex. Equipment taken on finance leases is not in cash capex, so free cash flow is flattered for Microsoft, Amazon and Meta.", "Amazon's capex and cash flow include its retail and logistics business, not only AWS.", "Debt is the carrying value of bonds, notes and term loans (current and long-term), excluding commercial paper and lease liabilities. Tags differ by company; Oracle and CoreWeave use different concepts from the rest.", "'Leases not yet commenced' are signed leases (mostly data centres) that start later and so are not yet on the balance sheet. Each company states them in words, not tags; we read the sentence in each filing. They are undiscounted future payments, not debt, and some are subject to conditions (Microsoft says so for FY2026).", "Backlog is remaining performance obligations (RPO): contracted revenue not yet earned. Definitions differ (Amazon counts only contracts longer than a year). Backlog is not cash, and can be cut if customers fail.", "'Shares sold' includes employee stock-plan proceeds where a company tags them together (Microsoft's ~$2bn a year is employee plans). Alphabet's and Oracle's 2026 figures are market offerings." ] }, "ai_usage": { "title": "AI usage: tokens, users and what people use it for", "asOf": "2026-10-11", "source": "OpenRouter rankings (CC BY 4.0); Anthropic Economic Index (MIT / CC-BY); Alphabet, Microsoft and OpenAI disclosures", "sourceUrls": [ "https://openrouter.ai/rankings", "https://huggingface.co/datasets/Anthropic/EconomicIndex", "https://blog.google/company-news/inside-google/message-ceo/alphabet-earnings-q2-2026/" ], "openrouter": { "pulled": "2026-10-11", "weekly": [ { "week": "2025-10-13", "tokensT": 4.64 }, { "week": "2025-10-20", "tokensT": 4.89 }, { "week": "2025-10-27", "tokensT": 5.51 }, { "week": "2025-11-03", "tokensT": 5.83 }, { "week": "2025-11-10", "tokensT": 5.93 }, { "week": "2025-11-17", "tokensT": 6.27 }, { "week": "2025-11-24", "tokensT": 7.18 }, { "week": "2025-12-01", "tokensT": 6.18 }, { "week": "2025-12-08", "tokensT": 5.77 }, { "week": "2025-12-15", "tokensT": 5.84 }, { "week": "2025-12-22", "tokensT": 5.66 }, { "week": "2025-12-29", "tokensT": 5.57 }, { "week": "2026-01-05", "tokensT": 6.42 }, { "week": "2026-01-12", "tokensT": 7.64 }, { "week": "2026-01-19", "tokensT": 7.49 }, { "week": "2026-01-26", "tokensT": 8.25 }, { "week": "2026-02-02", "tokensT": 9.8 }, { "week": "2026-02-09", "tokensT": 13.01 }, { "week": "2026-02-16", "tokensT": 13.95 }, { "week": "2026-02-23", "tokensT": 13.62 }, { "week": "2026-03-02", "tokensT": 14.79 }, { "week": "2026-03-09", "tokensT": 16.87 }, { "week": "2026-03-16", "tokensT": 20.3 }, { "week": "2026-03-23", "tokensT": 22.64 }, { "week": "2026-03-30", "tokensT": 27.01 }, { "week": "2026-04-06", "tokensT": 20.99 }, { "week": "2026-04-13", "tokensT": 20.47 }, { "week": "2026-04-20", "tokensT": 21.88 }, { "week": "2026-04-27", "tokensT": 23.8 }, { "week": "2026-05-04", "tokensT": 25.73 }, { "week": "2026-05-11", "tokensT": 26.91 }, { "week": "2026-05-18", "tokensT": 28.92 }, { "week": "2026-05-25", "tokensT": 31.81 }, { "week": "2026-06-01", "tokensT": 36.13 }, { "week": "2026-06-08", "tokensT": 44.61 }, { "week": "2026-06-15", "tokensT": 46.65 }, { "week": "2026-06-22", "tokensT": 46.72 }, { "week": "2026-06-29", "tokensT": 46.72 }, { "week": "2026-07-06", "tokensT": 52.62 }, { "week": "2026-07-13", "tokensT": 62.77 }, { "week": "2026-07-20", "tokensT": 58.04 }, { "week": "2026-07-27", "tokensT": 56.79 }, { "week": "2026-08-03", "tokensT": 69.05 }, { "week": "2026-08-10", "tokensT": 75.34 }, { "week": "2026-08-17", "tokensT": 93.38 }, { "week": "2026-08-24", "tokensT": 113.0 }, { "week": "2026-08-31", "tokensT": 115.46 }, { "week": "2026-09-07", "tokensT": 126.76 }, { "week": "2026-09-14", "tokensT": 128.9 }, { "week": "2026-09-21", "tokensT": 145.85 }, { "week": "2026-09-28", "tokensT": 165.86 } ], "lastWeek": { "week": "2026-09-28", "tokensT": 165.86 }, "firstWeek": { "week": "2025-10-13", "tokensT": 4.64 }, "growthX": 35.7, "monthTokensT": 640.3, "url": "https://openrouter.ai/rankings", "licence": "CC BY 4.0 (stated on openrouter.ai/rankings)" }, "aei": { "release": "release_2026_06_26", "pulled": "2026-10-11", "1p_api": { "url": "https://huggingface.co/datasets/Anthropic/EconomicIndex/resolve/main/release_2026_06_26/data/aei_1p_api_2026-06-26.csv", "month": "2026-05-01", "months": [ "2026-04-01", "2026-05-01" ], "global": { "use_case_work_pct": 84.03, "use_case_personal_pct": 13.71, "use_case_coursework_pct": 2.26, "collaboration_bucket_automation_pct": 94.22, "collaboration_bucket_augmentation_pct": 5.78, "ai_autonomy_mean": 2.24, "human_only_time_mean": 1.13, "human_with_ai_time_mean": 4.53, "human_only_ability_pct": 89.67, "multitasking_pct": 4.02 }, "requests": [ { "name": "Software Development", "pct": 17.97 }, { "name": "Document Processing & Extraction", "pct": 14.3 }, { "name": "Business Process & Operations", "pct": 11.41 }, { "name": "Content Creation & Copywriting", "pct": 9.62 }, { "name": "DevOps & Infrastructure Operations", "pct": 5.96 }, { "name": "Data Analysis & Business Intelligence", "pct": 5.1 }, { "name": "Sales & Revenue Operations", "pct": 4.82 }, { "name": "Research & Intelligence", "pct": 3.86 }, { "name": "Customer Support & Service Operations", "pct": 3.66 }, { "name": "Trust & Safety / Platform Integrity", "pct": 2.81 }, { "name": "Education & Learning", "pct": 2.47 }, { "name": "Other / Unclear", "pct": 2.28 }, { "name": "Hobbies & Lifestyle", "pct": 2.12 }, { "name": "Knowledge Retrieval & Enterprise Search", "pct": 2.0 }, { "name": "Cybersecurity & Threat Detection", "pct": 1.52 }, { "name": "Personal AI Assistant", "pct": 1.39 }, { "name": "Conversation & Meeting Intelligence", "pct": 1.34 }, { "name": "Compliance & Regulatory", "pct": 1.04 }, { "name": "Companionship & General Conversation", "pct": 0.77 }, { "name": "Existential, Relational, and Emotional Support", "pct": 0.59 } ], "occupations": [ { "name": "Computer and Mathematical", "pct": 28.17 }, { "name": "Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media", "pct": 12.64 }, { "name": "Office and Administrative Support", "pct": 11.92 }, { "name": "Management", "pct": 6.28 }, { "name": "Educational Instruction and Library", "pct": 6.16 }, { "name": "Business and Financial Operations", "pct": 4.63 }, { "name": "Life, Physical, and Social Science", "pct": 4.29 }, { "name": "Architecture and Engineering", "pct": 3.97 }, { "name": "Sales and Related", "pct": 3.72 }, { "name": "Personal Care and Service", "pct": 1.95 }, { "name": "Protective Service", "pct": 1.71 }, { "name": "Installation, Maintenance, and Repair", "pct": 1.1 }, { "name": "Production", "pct": 1.05 }, { "name": "Community and Social Service", "pct": 1.03 }, { "name": "Transportation and Material Moving", "pct": 0.8 }, { "name": "Healthcare Practitioners and Technical", "pct": 0.76 }, { "name": "Healthcare Support", "pct": 0.41 }, { "name": "Legal", "pct": 0.36 }, { "name": "Food Preparation and Serving Related", "pct": 0.36 }, { "name": "Farming, Fishing, and Forestry", "pct": 0.1 }, { "name": "Construction and Extraction", "pct": 0.08 }, { "name": "Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance", "pct": 0.07 } ] }, "claude_ai": { "url": "https://huggingface.co/datasets/Anthropic/EconomicIndex/resolve/main/release_2026_06_26/data/aei_claude_ai_2026-06-26.csv", "month": "2026-05-01", "months": [ "2026-04-01", "2026-05-01" ], "global": { "use_case_work_pct": 43.36, "use_case_personal_pct": 40.2, "use_case_coursework_pct": 16.45, "collaboration_bucket_automation_pct": 48.62, "collaboration_bucket_augmentation_pct": 51.38, "ai_autonomy_mean": 2.74, "human_only_time_mean": 4.73, "human_with_ai_time_mean": 40.12, "human_only_ability_pct": 87.62, "multitasking_pct": 22.92 }, "requests": [ { "name": "Content Creation & Copywriting", "pct": 22.72 }, { "name": "Education & Learning", "pct": 13.23 }, { "name": "Software Development", "pct": 11.51 }, { "name": "Research & Intelligence", "pct": 10.94 }, { "name": "Hobbies & Lifestyle", "pct": 9.49 }, { "name": "Business Process & Operations", "pct": 4.7 }, { "name": "Document Processing & Extraction", "pct": 4.32 }, { "name": "Data Analysis & Business Intelligence", "pct": 3.83 }, { "name": "Knowledge Retrieval & Enterprise Search", "pct": 3.61 }, { "name": "Existential, Relational, and Emotional Support", "pct": 3.44 }, { "name": "Personal AI Assistant", "pct": 2.86 }, { "name": "DevOps & Infrastructure Operations", "pct": 2.82 }, { "name": "Companionship & General Conversation", "pct": 1.37 }, { "name": "Sales & Revenue Operations", "pct": 1.1 }, { "name": "Compliance & Regulatory", "pct": 1.06 }, { "name": "Customer Support & Service Operations", "pct": 0.6 }, { "name": "Cybersecurity & Threat Detection", "pct": 0.38 }, { "name": "Other / Unclear", "pct": 0.36 }, { "name": "Conversation & Meeting Intelligence", "pct": 0.26 }, { "name": "Trust & Safety / Platform Integrity", "pct": 0.07 } ], "occupations": [ { "name": "Computer and Mathematical", "pct": 23.8 }, { "name": "Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media", "pct": 13.55 }, { "name": "Educational Instruction and Library", "pct": 12.79 }, { "name": "Sales and Related", "pct": 9.14 }, { "name": "Office and Administrative Support", "pct": 7.89 }, { "name": "Management", "pct": 5.9 }, { "name": "Business and Financial Operations", "pct": 5.77 }, { "name": "Life, Physical, and Social Science", "pct": 4.51 }, { "name": "Architecture and Engineering", "pct": 3.56 }, { "name": "Healthcare Practitioners and Technical", "pct": 3.31 }, { "name": "Community and Social Service", "pct": 2.57 }, { "name": "Personal Care and Service", "pct": 1.23 }, { "name": "Production", "pct": 1.04 }, { "name": "Legal", "pct": 1.02 }, { "name": "Installation, Maintenance, and Repair", "pct": 0.62 }, { "name": "Healthcare Support", "pct": 0.62 }, { "name": "Food Preparation and Serving Related", "pct": 0.48 }, { "name": "Transportation and Material Moving", "pct": 0.34 }, { "name": "Protective Service", "pct": 0.33 }, { "name": "Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance", "pct": 0.13 }, { "name": "Construction and Extraction", "pct": 0.1 }, { "name": "Farming, Fishing, and Forestry", "pct": 0.04 } ], "countries": [ { "iso3": "AUS", "name": "Australia", "bloc": "Comparator", "index": 6.4, "sharePct": 2.65, "worldRank": 1, "workPct": 42.67, "personalPct": 36.64, "courseworkPct": 20.69, "automationPct": 45.5 }, { "iso3": "SGP", "name": "Singapore", "bloc": "Comparator", "index": 5.81, "sharePct": 0.62, "worldRank": 2, "workPct": 46.75, "personalPct": 42.28, "courseworkPct": 10.97, "automationPct": 46.3 }, { "iso3": "CHE", "name": "Switzerland", "bloc": "Europe (non-EU)", "index": 5.02, "sharePct": 0.7, "worldRank": 3, "workPct": 38.78, "personalPct": 43.92, "courseworkPct": 17.3, "automationPct": 44.15 }, { "iso3": "LUX", "name": "Luxembourg", "bloc": "EU-27", "index": 4.85, "sharePct": 0.05, "worldRank": 4, "workPct": 42.82, "personalPct": 45.0, "courseworkPct": 12.18, "automationPct": 46.79 }, { "iso3": "CAN", "name": "Canada", "bloc": "Comparator", "index": 4.13, "sharePct": 2.63, "worldRank": 6, "workPct": 42.11, "personalPct": 49.64, "courseworkPct": 8.25, "automationPct": 47.33 }, { "iso3": "NOR", "name": "Norway", "bloc": "Europe (non-EU)", "index": 4.04, "sharePct": 0.35, "worldRank": 7, "workPct": 31.17, "personalPct": 42.45, "courseworkPct": 26.38, "automationPct": 41.26 }, { "iso3": "ISL", "name": "Iceland", "bloc": "Europe (non-EU)", "index": 4.02, "sharePct": 0.02, "worldRank": 8, "workPct": 36.46, "personalPct": 48.94, "courseworkPct": 14.6, "automationPct": 48.38 }, { "iso3": "MLT", "name": "Malta", "bloc": "EU-27", "index": 4.0, "sharePct": 0.04, "worldRank": 9, "workPct": 48.04, "personalPct": 34.32, "courseworkPct": 17.64, "automationPct": 49.89 }, { "iso3": "FRA", "name": "France", "bloc": "EU-27", "index": 3.97, "sharePct": 3.95, "worldRank": 10, "workPct": 34.23, "personalPct": 48.11, "courseworkPct": 17.65, "automationPct": 45.6 }, { "iso3": "NLD", "name": "Netherlands", "bloc": "EU-27", "index": 3.9, "sharePct": 1.07, "worldRank": 11, "workPct": 40.82, "personalPct": 44.54, "courseworkPct": 14.64, "automationPct": 45.27 }, { "iso3": "USA", "name": "United States", "bloc": "Comparator", "index": 3.87, "sharePct": 20.16, "worldRank": 12, "workPct": 41.32, "personalPct": 49.74, "courseworkPct": 8.94, "automationPct": 49.59 }, { "iso3": "BEL", "name": "Belgium", "bloc": "EU-27", "index": 3.8, "sharePct": 0.68, "worldRank": 13, "workPct": 32.84, "personalPct": 38.9, "courseworkPct": 28.26, "automationPct": 42.7 }, { "iso3": "KOR", "name": "South Korea", "bloc": "Comparator", "index": 3.78, "sharePct": 3.24, "worldRank": 14, "workPct": 47.24, "personalPct": 37.86, "courseworkPct": 14.9, "automationPct": 43.76 }, { "iso3": "DNK", "name": "Denmark", "bloc": "EU-27", "index": 3.57, "sharePct": 0.32, "worldRank": 15, "workPct": 35.36, "personalPct": 39.33, "courseworkPct": 25.31, "automationPct": 42.27 }, { "iso3": "GBR", "name": "United Kingdom", "bloc": "Europe (non-EU)", "index": 3.35, "sharePct": 3.47, "worldRank": 16, "workPct": 39.02, "personalPct": 43.47, "courseworkPct": 17.5, "automationPct": 44.81 }, { "iso3": "PRT", "name": "Portugal", "bloc": "EU-27", "index": 3.32, "sharePct": 0.53, "worldRank": 17, "workPct": 43.8, "personalPct": 38.29, "courseworkPct": 17.91, "automationPct": 47.49 }, { "iso3": "IRL", "name": "Ireland", "bloc": "EU-27", "index": 3.23, "sharePct": 0.27, "worldRank": 18, "workPct": 36.26, "personalPct": 47.94, "courseworkPct": 15.8, "automationPct": 46.74 }, { "iso3": "EST", "name": "Estonia", "bloc": "EU-27", "index": 3.21, "sharePct": 0.07, "worldRank": 19, "workPct": 40.38, "personalPct": 46.95, "courseworkPct": 12.67, "automationPct": 49.22 }, { "iso3": "CYP", "name": "Cyprus", "bloc": "EU-27", "index": 3.08, "sharePct": 0.07, "worldRank": 20, "workPct": 52.16, "personalPct": 38.73, "courseworkPct": 9.11, "automationPct": 47.74 }, { "iso3": "ISR", "name": "Israel", "bloc": "Comparator", "index": 3.05, "sharePct": 0.43, "worldRank": 21, "workPct": 53.32, "personalPct": 37.26, "courseworkPct": 9.42, "automationPct": 51.94 }, { "iso3": "SWE", "name": "Sweden", "bloc": "EU-27", "index": 2.98, "sharePct": 0.46, "worldRank": 22, "workPct": 38.11, "personalPct": 44.96, "courseworkPct": 16.93, "automationPct": 44.3 }, { "iso3": "ESP", "name": "Spain", "bloc": "EU-27", "index": 2.69, "sharePct": 2.05, "worldRank": 24, "workPct": 42.28, "personalPct": 38.5, "courseworkPct": 19.22, "automationPct": 48.1 }, { "iso3": "AUT", "name": "Austria", "bloc": "EU-27", "index": 2.61, "sharePct": 0.37, "worldRank": 25, "workPct": 37.2, "personalPct": 44.62, "courseworkPct": 18.17, "automationPct": 45.94 }, { "iso3": "DEU", "name": "Germany", "bloc": "EU-27", "index": 2.4, "sharePct": 2.98, "worldRank": 26, "workPct": 37.62, "personalPct": 48.73, "courseworkPct": 13.65, "automationPct": 45.22 }, { "iso3": "LVA", "name": "Latvia", "bloc": "EU-27", "index": 2.37, "sharePct": 0.07, "worldRank": 27, "workPct": 38.17, "personalPct": 43.25, "courseworkPct": 18.58, "automationPct": 47.7 }, { "iso3": "LTU", "name": "Lithuania", "bloc": "EU-27", "index": 2.28, "sharePct": 0.1, "worldRank": 28, "workPct": 38.72, "personalPct": 43.8, "courseworkPct": 17.48, "automationPct": 47.99 }, { "iso3": "FIN", "name": "Finland", "bloc": "EU-27", "index": 2.19, "sharePct": 0.18, "worldRank": 29, "workPct": 38.49, "personalPct": 48.67, "courseworkPct": 12.85, "automationPct": 45.91 }, { "iso3": "SVN", "name": "Slovenia", "bloc": "EU-27", "index": 2.13, "sharePct": 0.07, "worldRank": 30, "workPct": 41.55, "personalPct": 40.27, "courseworkPct": 18.19, "automationPct": 48.69 }, { "iso3": "JPN", "name": "Japan", "bloc": "Comparator", "index": 1.91, "sharePct": 3.28, "worldRank": 32, "workPct": 47.0, "personalPct": 47.15, "courseworkPct": 5.85, "automationPct": 47.45 }, { "iso3": "CZE", "name": "Czechia", "bloc": "EU-27", "index": 1.84, "sharePct": 0.3, "worldRank": 35, "workPct": 39.61, "personalPct": 45.1, "courseworkPct": 15.29, "automationPct": 48.52 }, { "iso3": "HRV", "name": "Croatia", "bloc": "EU-27", "index": 1.8, "sharePct": 0.1, "worldRank": 37, "workPct": 43.57, "personalPct": 42.9, "courseworkPct": 13.53, "automationPct": 49.03 }, { "iso3": "ITA", "name": "Italy", "bloc": "EU-27", "index": 1.7, "sharePct": 1.5, "worldRank": 39, "workPct": 42.89, "personalPct": 40.93, "courseworkPct": 16.19, "automationPct": 46.36 }, { "iso3": "GRC", "name": "Greece", "bloc": "EU-27", "index": 1.51, "sharePct": 0.23, "worldRank": 43, "workPct": 47.13, "personalPct": 39.3, "courseworkPct": 13.57, "automationPct": 47.81 }, { "iso3": "SVK", "name": "Slovakia", "bloc": "EU-27", "index": 1.43, "sharePct": 0.12, "worldRank": 47, "workPct": 37.27, "personalPct": 44.68, "courseworkPct": 18.05, "automationPct": 48.3 }, { "iso3": "ROU", "name": "Romania", "bloc": "EU-27", "index": 1.37, "sharePct": 0.4, "worldRank": 50, "workPct": 38.96, "personalPct": 42.99, "courseworkPct": 18.05, "automationPct": 47.88 }, { "iso3": "BGR", "name": "Bulgaria", "bloc": "EU-27", "index": 1.36, "sharePct": 0.13, "worldRank": 51, "workPct": 46.14, "personalPct": 43.2, "courseworkPct": 10.66, "automationPct": 48.61 }, { "iso3": "POL", "name": "Poland", "bloc": "EU-27", "index": 1.33, "sharePct": 0.75, "worldRank": 52, "workPct": 41.77, "personalPct": 45.92, "courseworkPct": 12.31, "automationPct": 47.85 }, { "iso3": "HUN", "name": "Hungary", "bloc": "EU-27", "index": 1.07, "sharePct": 0.16, "worldRank": 56, "workPct": 37.87, "personalPct": 45.11, "courseworkPct": 17.02, "automationPct": 48.1 }, { "iso3": "BRA", "name": "Brazil", "bloc": "Comparator", "index": 0.96, "sharePct": 3.33, "worldRank": 62, "workPct": 57.35, "personalPct": 31.12, "courseworkPct": 11.52, "automationPct": 51.18 }, { "iso3": "IND", "name": "India", "bloc": "Comparator", "index": 0.3, "sharePct": 7.12, "worldRank": 103, "workPct": 44.14, "personalPct": 35.92, "courseworkPct": 19.95, "automationPct": 51.87 } ], "countriesRanked": 121, "euSharePct": 17.02, "europeSharePct": 21.56, "ieRequests": [ { "name": "Content Creation & Copywriting", "pct": 19.33 }, { "name": "Education & Learning", "pct": 14.49 }, { "name": "Research & Intelligence", "pct": 13.3 }, { "name": "Hobbies & Lifestyle", "pct": 13.07 }, { "name": "Software Development", "pct": 7.56 }, { "name": "Existential, Relational, and Emotional Support", "pct": 4.31 }, { "name": "Business Process & Operations", "pct": 4.19 }, { "name": "Knowledge Retrieval & Enterprise Search", "pct": 3.97 }, { "name": "Personal AI Assistant", "pct": 3.95 }, { "name": "Document Processing & Extraction", "pct": 3.36 }, { "name": "Data Analysis & Business Intelligence", "pct": 3.12 }, { "name": "DevOps & Infrastructure Operations", "pct": 2.31 }, { "name": "Companionship & General Conversation", "pct": 1.4 }, { "name": "Compliance & Regulatory", "pct": 1.37 }, { "name": "Sales & Revenue Operations", "pct": 1.35 }, { "name": "Customer Support & Service Operations", "pct": 0.6 }, { "name": "Cybersecurity & Threat Detection", "pct": 0.32 }, { "name": "Conversation & Meeting Intelligence", "pct": 0.27 } ], "usRequests": [ { "name": "Content Creation & Copywriting", "pct": 19.99 }, { "name": "Hobbies & Lifestyle", "pct": 13.59 }, { "name": "Research & Intelligence", "pct": 13.46 }, { "name": "Education & Learning", "pct": 9.28 }, { "name": "Software Development", "pct": 8.13 }, { "name": "Business Process & Operations", "pct": 6.26 }, { "name": "Existential, Relational, and Emotional Support", "pct": 4.5 }, { "name": "Personal AI Assistant", "pct": 4.19 }, { "name": "Knowledge Retrieval & Enterprise Search", "pct": 3.97 }, { "name": "Data Analysis & Business Intelligence", "pct": 3.76 }, { "name": "Document Processing & Extraction", "pct": 3.01 }, { "name": "DevOps & Infrastructure Operations", "pct": 2.75 }, { "name": "Sales & Revenue Operations", "pct": 1.62 }, { "name": "Companionship & General Conversation", "pct": 1.6 }, { "name": "Compliance & Regulatory", "pct": 0.96 }, { "name": "Customer Support & Service Operations", "pct": 0.52 }, { "name": "Conversation & Meeting Intelligence", "pct": 0.37 }, { "name": "Other / Unclear", "pct": 0.33 }, { "name": "Cybersecurity & Threat Detection", "pct": 0.27 }, { "name": "Trust & Safety / Platform Integrity", "pct": 0.08 } ], "missingEurope": [] } }, "disclosures": [ { "company": "OpenAI", "product": "ChatGPT", "metric": "Weekly active users", "value": 900, "unit": "million", "period": "Feb 2026", "definition": "Weekly active users, as stated by OpenAI", "source": "https://techcrunch.com/2026/02/27/chatgpt-reaches-900m-weekly-active-users", "sourceDate": "2026-02-27", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "company": "OpenAI", "product": "ChatGPT", "metric": "Weekly active users", "value": 1200, "unit": "million", "period": "Sep 2026", "definition": "Said at OpenAI DevDay; seen only in secondary coverage", "source": "https://fourweekmba.com/ai-chatgpt-12b-weekly-users-devday-2026-distribution/", "sourceDate": "2026-09-29", "kind": "reported (secondary)", "checked": "unchecked" }, { "company": "OpenAI", "product": "ChatGPT", "metric": "Paying subscribers", "value": 50, "unit": "million", "period": "Feb 2026", "definition": "Paying subscribers, as stated by OpenAI", "source": "https://techcrunch.com/2026/02/27/chatgpt-reaches-900m-weekly-active-users", "sourceDate": "2026-02-27", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "company": "Alphabet", "product": "Gemini app", "metric": "Monthly active users", "value": 650, "unit": "million", "period": "Q3 2025", "definition": "Gemini app monthly active users", "source": "https://blog.google/inside-google/message-ceo/alphabet-earnings-q3-2025/", "sourceDate": "2025-10-29", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "company": "Alphabet", "product": "Gemini app", "metric": "Monthly active users", "value": 750, "unit": "million", "period": "Q4 2025", "definition": "Gemini app monthly active users", "source": "https://blog.google/company-news/inside-google/message-ceo/alphabet-earnings-q4-2025/", "sourceDate": "2026-02-04", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "company": "Alphabet", "product": "Gemini app", "metric": "Monthly active users", "value": 950, "unit": "million", "period": "Q2 2026", "definition": "Gemini app monthly active users", "source": "https://blog.google/company-news/inside-google/message-ceo/alphabet-earnings-q2-2026/", "sourceDate": "2026-07-22", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "company": "Alphabet", "product": "AI Mode (Search)", "metric": "Monthly active users", "value": 1000, "unit": "million", "period": "Q2 2026", "definition": "'Surpassed 1 billion monthly active users'", "source": "https://blog.google/company-news/inside-google/message-ceo/alphabet-earnings-q2-2026/", "sourceDate": "2026-07-22", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "company": "Alphabet", "product": "Antigravity (coding agent)", "metric": "Weekly active users", "value": 2.4, "unit": "million", "period": "Q2 2026", "definition": "'More than 2.4 million weekly active users'", "source": "https://blog.google/company-news/inside-google/message-ceo/alphabet-earnings-q2-2026/", "sourceDate": "2026-07-22", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "company": "Alphabet", "product": "Consumer AI plans (Google One etc.)", "metric": "Paid subscriptions", "value": 350, "unit": "million", "period": "Q1 2026", "definition": "Paid subscriptions across Google consumer services, not only AI plans", "source": "https://blog.google/company-news/inside-google/message-ceo/alphabet-earnings-q1-2026/", "sourceDate": "2026-04-29", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "company": "Microsoft", "product": "Microsoft 365 Copilot", "metric": "Paid seats", "value": 30, "unit": "million", "period": "Q2 2026 (FY26 Q4)", "definition": "'Over 30 million paid seats'", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000789019/000119312526323632/msft-ex99_1.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-07-29", "kind": "reported (SEC 8-K exhibit)", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "company": "Meta", "product": "Meta AI", "metric": "Monthly active users", "value": null, "unit": "million", "period": "2026", "definition": "No 2026 figure disclosed in the Q1 or Q2 2026 earnings materials we read; the last figure (about 1 billion, May 2025) is unchecked", "source": "https://s21.q4cdn.com/399680738/files/doc_financials/2026/q2/META-Q2-2026-Earnings-Call-Transcript.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-07-29", "kind": "not disclosed", "checked": "unchecked" } ], "googleTokens": { "definition": "Tokens processed per minute by Google's first-party models via direct API use by customers (excludes Google's own products such as Search and the Gemini app).", "rows": [ { "period": "Q3 2025", "perMinuteBn": 7, "source": "https://blog.google/inside-google/message-ceo/alphabet-earnings-q3-2025/", "sourceDate": "2025-10-29", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "period": "Q4 2025", "perMinuteBn": 10, "source": "https://blog.google/company-news/inside-google/message-ceo/alphabet-earnings-q4-2025/", "sourceDate": "2026-02-04", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "'over 10 billion'" }, { "period": "Q1 2026", "perMinuteBn": 16, "source": "https://blog.google/company-news/inside-google/message-ceo/alphabet-earnings-q1-2026/", "sourceDate": "2026-04-29", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "'more than 16 billion'" }, { "period": "Q2 2026", "perMinuteBn": 22, "source": "https://blog.google/company-news/inside-google/message-ceo/alphabet-earnings-q2-2026/", "sourceDate": "2026-07-22", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "'approximately 22 billion'" } ], "allSurfaces": { "value": "over 1.3 quadrillion tokens a month, across all Google surfaces", "period": "Q3 2025", "source": "https://blog.google/inside-google/message-ceo/alphabet-earnings-q3-2025/", "sourceDate": "2025-10-29", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, "bigCustomers": { "value": "nearly 500 Google Cloud customers each processed more than 1 trillion tokens in the last year; more than 2,000 enterprises over 100 billion", "period": "12 months to Q2 2026", "source": "https://blog.google/company-news/inside-google/message-ceo/alphabet-earnings-q2-2026/", "sourceDate": "2026-07-22", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" } }, "concentration": [ { "company": "Anthropic", "measure": "Two customers, each", "value": 12, "unit": "% of 2025 revenue", "source": "https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/anthropic-ipo-prospectus-lays-bare-deep-dependence-on-big-tech-partners", "sourceDate": "2026-09-30", "kind": "reported (Reuters, from a confidential IPO filing not on EDGAR)", "checked": "unchecked against the filing" }, { "company": "Anthropic", "measure": "Sold through cloud marketplaces", "value": 47, "unit": "% of 2025 revenue (about $2.16bn)", "source": "https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/anthropic-ipo-prospectus-lays-bare-deep-dependence-on-big-tech-partners", "sourceDate": "2026-09-30", "kind": "reported (Reuters, confidential filing)", "checked": "unchecked against the filing" }, { "company": "Anthropic", "measure": "Usage-based billing vs subscriptions", "value": 83, "unit": "% usage-based ($3.8bn of about $4.6bn; subscriptions $789m)", "source": "https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/anthropic-ipo-prospectus-lays-bare-deep-dependence-on-big-tech-partners", "sourceDate": "2026-09-30", "kind": "reported (Reuters); share is our arithmetic", "checked": "unchecked against the filing" }, { "company": "OpenAI (ChatGPT)", "measure": "Non-work share of consumer ChatGPT messages", "value": 70, "unit": "% (up from 53%, Jun 2024 to Jun 2025)", "source": "https://www.nber.org/papers/w34255", "sourceDate": "2025-09", "kind": "measured (OpenAI and academic authors, NBER w34255)", "checked": "2026-10-11" } ], "semianalysis": [ { "title": "Anthropic Subscriptions Offer 5x+ More Value Than OpenAI", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/anthropic-subscriptions-offer-5x", "date": "2026-10-05", "free": true, "paraphrase": "SemiAnalysis argues that flat-rate subscriptions are heavily subsidised: it puts them at roughly a tenth of Anthropic's revenue but well over a third of its inference compute, and reckons Anthropic's mid-tier plans give about five times the API-equivalent value of OpenAI's.", "ours": "Reuters' reading of Anthropic's confidential filing puts subscriptions at $789m of about $4.6bn in 2025 revenue, about 17%: higher than SemiAnalysis's tenth, though the two may cover different periods. Neither figure is in a public filing yet." }, { "title": "Claude Code is the Inflection Point", "url": "https://newsletter.semianalysis.com/p/claude-code-is-the-inflection-point", "date": "2026-02-05", "free": true, "paraphrase": "SemiAnalysis estimated Claude Code was writing about 4% of public GitHub commits in early 2026 and could pass a fifth of daily commits by the end of the year, a sign that agents, not chat, drive token demand.", "ours": "The token data agree on direction: OpenRouter's weekly volume rose more than thirtyfold in a year, and in Anthropic's own index software development is the largest single request category through the API. We have not measured GitHub commit shares." } ], "summary": { "openrouterLastWeekT": 165.86, "openrouterLastWeek": "2026-09-28", "openrouterGrowthX": 35.7, "openrouterFirstWeek": "2025-10-13", "googlePerMinuteBn": 22, "googlePeriod": "Q2 2026", "googleGrowthX": 3.1, "googleFrom": "Q3 2025", "aeiMonth": "2026-05-01", "ieIndex": 3.23, "ieRank": 18, "usIndex": 3.87, "usRank": 12, "ieWorkPct": 36.26, "usWorkPct": 41.32, "euSharePct": 17.02, "usSharePct": 20.16 }, "caveats": [ "Weekly active users, monthly active users and paid seats are different measures, each defined by the company that reports it; they cannot be added up or compared directly.", "OpenRouter is one router, mostly developers and API traffic; its growth is not the market's growth. Google's tokens-per-minute figure counts only direct API use by customers, not Search or the Gemini app.", "The Anthropic Economic Index covers Claude only (Claude.ai chat and Cowork; separately the first-party API, excluding Claude Code), from a privacy-preserving sample of conversations. Its usage index is a country's share of Claude use divided by its share of the world's working-age (15-64) population: 1.0 means usage in proportion to population. It measures Claude's footprint, not national AI adoption.", "Revenue-concentration figures for Anthropic come from Reuters' reading of a confidential IPO filing; they are not yet in a public SEC filing." ] }, "ai_value": { "title": "What AI is worth: GDP, consumer surplus and productivity", "asOf": "2026-10-11", "source": "BEA NIPA (Tables 1.1.1, 1.5.2, 4.2.1, 4.2.5); BLS PPI; Stanford Digital Economy Lab; published studies", "sourceUrls": [ "https://apps.bea.gov/iTable/?reqid=19&step=2&isuri=1&categories=survey#eyJhcHBpZCI6MTksInN0ZXBzIjpbMSwyLDNdLCJkYXRhIjpbWyJDYXRlZ29yaWVzIiwiU3VydmV5Il0sWyJOSVBBX1RhYmxlX0xpc3QiLCI1MSJdXX0=", "https://apps.bea.gov/national/Release/TXT/NipaDataQ.txt", "https://data.bls.gov/timeseries/PCU518210518210", "https://digitaleconomy.stanford.edu/project/indicators/gdp-b-surplus-observer/" ], "gdp": { "quarters": [ { "q": "2019-Q1", "gdp": 2.5, "infoEquip": 0.13, "computers": 0.0, "software": -0.03, "infoTotal": 0.1, "computerImportsDrag": 0.06, "netOfImports": 0.16, "sharePctOfGrowth": 4, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 0.66 }, { "q": "2019-Q2", "gdp": 3.4, "infoEquip": 0.15, "computers": 0.12, "software": 0.16, "infoTotal": 0.31, "computerImportsDrag": -0.17, "netOfImports": 0.14, "sharePctOfGrowth": 9, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 0.63 }, { "q": "2019-Q3", "gdp": 4.8, "infoEquip": -0.11, "computers": -0.12, "software": 0.19, "infoTotal": 0.08, "computerImportsDrag": 0.17, "netOfImports": 0.25, "sharePctOfGrowth": 2, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 0.64 }, { "q": "2019-Q4", "gdp": 2.8, "infoEquip": -0.08, "computers": 0.07, "software": 0.31, "infoTotal": 0.23, "computerImportsDrag": -0.18, "netOfImports": 0.05, "sharePctOfGrowth": 8, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 0.57 }, { "q": "2020-Q1", "gdp": -5.2, "infoEquip": -0.31, "computers": -0.05, "software": 0.27, "infoTotal": -0.04, "computerImportsDrag": 0.1, "netOfImports": 0.06, "sharePctOfGrowth": null, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 0.59 }, { "q": "2020-Q2", "gdp": -28.0, "infoEquip": 0.22, "computers": 0.19, "software": -0.03, "infoTotal": 0.19, "computerImportsDrag": -0.53, "netOfImports": -0.34, "sharePctOfGrowth": null, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 0.56 }, { "q": "2020-Q3", "gdp": 34.9, "infoEquip": 0.56, "computers": 0.1, "software": 0.17, "infoTotal": 0.73, "computerImportsDrag": -0.1, "netOfImports": 0.63, "sharePctOfGrowth": 2, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 0.74 }, { "q": "2020-Q4", "gdp": 4.6, "infoEquip": 0.2, "computers": 0.13, "software": 0.36, "infoTotal": 0.56, "computerImportsDrag": -0.18, "netOfImports": 0.38, "sharePctOfGrowth": 12, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 0.7 }, { "q": "2021-Q1", "gdp": 6.2, "infoEquip": 0.23, "computers": 0.13, "software": 0.49, "infoTotal": 0.72, "computerImportsDrag": -0.16, "netOfImports": 0.56, "sharePctOfGrowth": 12, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 0.73 }, { "q": "2021-Q2", "gdp": 7.1, "infoEquip": 0.08, "computers": -0.03, "software": 0.32, "infoTotal": 0.4, "computerImportsDrag": 0.14, "netOfImports": 0.54, "sharePctOfGrowth": 6, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 0.74 }, { "q": "2021-Q3", "gdp": 3.2, "infoEquip": -0.08, "computers": 0.02, "software": 0.23, "infoTotal": 0.15, "computerImportsDrag": -0.07, "netOfImports": 0.08, "sharePctOfGrowth": 5, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 0.69 }, { "q": "2021-Q4", "gdp": 6.8, "infoEquip": 0.45, "computers": 0.13, "software": 0.29, "infoTotal": 0.74, "computerImportsDrag": -0.23, "netOfImports": 0.51, "sharePctOfGrowth": 11, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 0.7 }, { "q": "2022-Q1", "gdp": -1.0, "infoEquip": 0.2, "computers": 0.07, "software": 0.47, "infoTotal": 0.67, "computerImportsDrag": -0.21, "netOfImports": 0.46, "sharePctOfGrowth": null, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 0.73 }, { "q": "2022-Q2", "gdp": 0.6, "infoEquip": -0.05, "computers": -0.08, "software": 0.3, "infoTotal": 0.25, "computerImportsDrag": 0.2, "netOfImports": 0.45, "sharePctOfGrowth": 42, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 0.77 }, { "q": "2022-Q3", "gdp": 2.7, "infoEquip": 0.14, "computers": 0.1, "software": 0.19, "infoTotal": 0.33, "computerImportsDrag": -0.04, "netOfImports": 0.29, "sharePctOfGrowth": 12, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 0.7 }, { "q": "2022-Q4", "gdp": 2.7, "infoEquip": -0.23, "computers": -0.15, "software": 0.27, "infoTotal": 0.04, "computerImportsDrag": 0.23, "netOfImports": 0.27, "sharePctOfGrowth": 1, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 0.69 }, { "q": "2023-Q1", "gdp": 3.4, "infoEquip": -0.02, "computers": -0.13, "software": 0.02, "infoTotal": 0.0, "computerImportsDrag": 0.13, "netOfImports": 0.13, "sharePctOfGrowth": 0, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 0.61 }, { "q": "2023-Q2", "gdp": 2.2, "infoEquip": -0.06, "computers": 0.0, "software": 0.07, "infoTotal": 0.01, "computerImportsDrag": -0.04, "netOfImports": -0.03, "sharePctOfGrowth": 0, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 0.56 }, { "q": "2023-Q3", "gdp": 4.5, "infoEquip": 0.02, "computers": -0.02, "software": 0.12, "infoTotal": 0.14, "computerImportsDrag": -0.05, "netOfImports": 0.09, "sharePctOfGrowth": 3, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 0.55 }, { "q": "2023-Q4", "gdp": 3.6, "infoEquip": 0.21, "computers": 0.15, "software": 0.21, "infoTotal": 0.42, "computerImportsDrag": -0.19, "netOfImports": 0.23, "sharePctOfGrowth": 12, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 0.55 }, { "q": "2024-Q1", "gdp": 1.4, "infoEquip": -0.1, "computers": 0.11, "software": 0.24, "infoTotal": 0.14, "computerImportsDrag": -0.35, "netOfImports": -0.21, "sharePctOfGrowth": 10, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 0.58 }, { "q": "2024-Q2", "gdp": 3.6, "infoEquip": 0.16, "computers": 0.15, "software": 0.09, "infoTotal": 0.25, "computerImportsDrag": -0.46, "netOfImports": -0.21, "sharePctOfGrowth": 7, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 0.64 }, { "q": "2024-Q3", "gdp": 3.2, "infoEquip": 0.37, "computers": 0.27, "software": 0.05, "infoTotal": 0.42, "computerImportsDrag": -0.58, "netOfImports": -0.16, "sharePctOfGrowth": 13, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 0.72 }, { "q": "2024-Q4", "gdp": 2.4, "infoEquip": -0.06, "computers": -0.11, "software": 0.13, "infoTotal": 0.07, "computerImportsDrag": 0.21, "netOfImports": 0.28, "sharePctOfGrowth": 3, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 0.83 }, { "q": "2025-Q1", "gdp": 0.1, "infoEquip": 0.87, "computers": 0.47, "software": 0.45, "infoTotal": 1.32, "computerImportsDrag": -1.75, "netOfImports": -0.43, "sharePctOfGrowth": null, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 0.77 }, { "q": "2025-Q2", "gdp": 4.0, "infoEquip": 0.37, "computers": 0.52, "software": 0.6, "infoTotal": 0.97, "computerImportsDrag": -0.36, "netOfImports": 0.61, "sharePctOfGrowth": 24, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 1.02 }, { "q": "2025-Q3", "gdp": 3.9, "infoEquip": 0.3, "computers": 0.39, "software": 0.08, "infoTotal": 0.38, "computerImportsDrag": -0.29, "netOfImports": 0.09, "sharePctOfGrowth": 10, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 1.09 }, { "q": "2025-Q4", "gdp": 0.2, "infoEquip": 0.67, "computers": 0.55, "software": 0.05, "infoTotal": 0.72, "computerImportsDrag": -1.6, "netOfImports": -0.88, "sharePctOfGrowth": null, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 1.14 }, { "q": "2026-Q1", "gdp": 2.5, "infoEquip": 0.79, "computers": 0.62, "software": 0.6, "infoTotal": 1.39, "computerImportsDrag": -1.59, "netOfImports": -0.2, "sharePctOfGrowth": 56, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 1.43 }, { "q": "2026-Q2", "gdp": 2.2, "infoEquip": 0.19, "computers": -0.09, "software": 0.33, "infoTotal": 0.52, "computerImportsDrag": 0.39, "netOfImports": 0.91, "sharePctOfGrowth": 24, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 1.79 } ], "years": [ { "year": "2023", "quarters": 4, "gdp": 3.42, "infoTotal": 0.14, "netOfImports": 0.11, "sharePct": 4 }, { "year": "2024", "quarters": 4, "gdp": 2.65, "infoTotal": 0.22, "netOfImports": -0.07, "sharePct": 8 }, { "year": "2025", "quarters": 4, "gdp": 2.05, "infoTotal": 0.85, "netOfImports": -0.15, "sharePct": 41 }, { "year": "2026", "quarters": 2, "gdp": 2.35, "infoTotal": 0.95, "netOfImports": 0.35, "sharePct": 40 } ], "last": { "q": "2026-Q2", "gdp": 2.2, "infoEquip": 0.19, "computers": -0.09, "software": 0.33, "infoTotal": 0.52, "computerImportsDrag": 0.39, "netOfImports": 0.91, "sharePctOfGrowth": 24, "computerImportsShareOfGdpPct": 1.79 }, "pulled": "2026-10-11", "nominalGdpUsdBn": 32563, "nominalGdpPeriod": "2026Q2", "url": "https://apps.bea.gov/national/Release/TXT/NipaDataQ.txt", "tables": { "contributions": "https://apps.bea.gov/iTable/?reqid=19&step=3&isuri=1&nipa_table_list=6&categories=survey", "imports": "https://apps.bea.gov/iTable/?reqid=19&step=3&isuri=1&nipa_table_list=133&categories=survey" } }, "ppi": { "pulled": "2026-10-11", "series": "PCU518210518210", "points": [ { "month": "2017-01", "index": 109.0, "prelim": false, "yoy": null }, { "month": "2017-02", "index": 109.0, "prelim": false, "yoy": null }, { "month": "2017-03", "index": 110.2, "prelim": false, "yoy": null }, { "month": "2017-04", "index": 110.1, "prelim": false, "yoy": null }, { "month": "2017-05", "index": 110.2, "prelim": false, "yoy": null }, { 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"index": 110.4, "prelim": false, "yoy": 0.3 }, { "month": "2018-09", "index": 110.5, "prelim": false, "yoy": 0.3 }, { "month": "2018-10", "index": 110.6, "prelim": false, "yoy": 0.5 }, { "month": "2018-11", "index": 109.6, "prelim": false, "yoy": -0.5 }, { "month": "2018-12", "index": 109.9, "prelim": false, "yoy": -0.2 }, { "month": "2019-01", "index": 109.9, "prelim": false, "yoy": -0.2 }, { "month": "2019-02", "index": 110.3, "prelim": false, "yoy": 0.0 }, { "month": "2019-03", "index": 110.2, "prelim": false, "yoy": -0.2 }, { "month": "2019-04", "index": 110.2, "prelim": false, "yoy": -0.2 }, { "month": "2019-05", "index": 110.2, "prelim": false, "yoy": -0.2 }, { "month": "2019-06", "index": 110.4, "prelim": false, "yoy": -0.1 }, { "month": "2019-07", "index": 110.6, "prelim": false, "yoy": 0.1 }, { "month": "2019-08", "index": 110.7, "prelim": false, "yoy": 0.3 }, { "month": "2019-09", "index": 111.6, "prelim": false, "yoy": 1.0 }, { "month": "2019-10", "index": 111.7, "prelim": false, "yoy": 1.0 }, { "month": "2019-11", "index": 111.7, "prelim": false, "yoy": 1.9 }, { "month": "2019-12", "index": 112.0, "prelim": false, "yoy": 1.9 }, { "month": "2020-01", "index": 113.3, "prelim": false, "yoy": 3.1 }, { "month": "2020-02", "index": 113.5, "prelim": false, "yoy": 2.9 }, { "month": "2020-03", "index": 113.6, "prelim": false, "yoy": 3.1 }, { "month": "2020-04", "index": 113.5, "prelim": false, "yoy": 3.0 }, { "month": "2020-05", "index": 113.4, "prelim": false, "yoy": 2.9 }, { "month": "2020-06", "index": 114.1, "prelim": false, "yoy": 3.4 }, { "month": "2020-07", "index": 114.2, "prelim": false, "yoy": 3.3 }, { "month": "2020-08", "index": 114.4, "prelim": false, "yoy": 3.3 }, { "month": "2020-09", "index": 114.6, "prelim": false, "yoy": 2.7 }, { "month": "2020-10", "index": 114.6, "prelim": false, "yoy": 2.6 }, { "month": "2020-11", "index": 114.6, "prelim": false, "yoy": 2.6 }, { "month": "2020-12", "index": 114.8, "prelim": false, "yoy": 2.5 }, { "month": 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"index": 117.818, "prelim": false, "yoy": 0.5 }, { "month": "2023-06", "index": 118.064, "prelim": false, "yoy": 1.1 }, { "month": "2023-07", "index": 118.355, "prelim": false, "yoy": 1.4 }, { "month": "2023-08", "index": 118.474, "prelim": false, "yoy": 1.5 }, { "month": "2023-09", "index": 118.297, "prelim": false, "yoy": 1.5 }, { "month": "2023-10", "index": 118.513, "prelim": false, "yoy": 1.6 }, { "month": "2023-11", "index": 118.752, "prelim": false, "yoy": 1.8 }, { "month": "2023-12", "index": 119.029, "prelim": false, "yoy": 1.7 }, { "month": "2024-01", "index": 119.403, "prelim": false, "yoy": 1.9 }, { "month": "2024-02", "index": 119.519, "prelim": false, "yoy": 1.7 }, { "month": "2024-03", "index": 119.248, "prelim": false, "yoy": 1.3 }, { "month": "2024-04", "index": 119.662, "prelim": false, "yoy": 1.6 }, { "month": "2024-05", "index": 120.079, "prelim": false, "yoy": 1.9 }, { "month": "2024-06", "index": 119.644, "prelim": false, "yoy": 1.3 }, { "month": "2024-07", 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123.943, "prelim": false, "yoy": 3.6 }, { "month": "2025-10", "index": 124.462, "prelim": false, "yoy": 4.0 }, { "month": "2025-11", "index": 123.2, "prelim": false, "yoy": 3.2 }, { "month": "2025-12", "index": 123.638, "prelim": false, "yoy": 3.6 }, { "month": "2026-01", "index": 123.808, "prelim": false, "yoy": 2.5 }, { "month": "2026-02", "index": 123.66, "prelim": false, "yoy": 1.2 }, { "month": "2026-03", "index": 123.036, "prelim": false, "yoy": 0.9 }, { "month": "2026-04", "index": 122.695, "prelim": false, "yoy": 0.5 }, { "month": "2026-05", "index": 123.438, "prelim": true, "yoy": -0.6 }, { "month": "2026-06", "index": 124.034, "prelim": true, "yoy": 0.3 }, { "month": "2026-07", "index": 125.345, "prelim": true, "yoy": -1.1 }, { "month": "2026-08", "index": 125.237, "prelim": true, "yoy": 0.3 } ], "last": { "month": "2026-08", "index": 125.237, "prelim": true, "yoy": 0.3 }, "fiveYearPct": 8.6, "url": "https://data.bls.gov/timeseries/PCU518210518210", "label": "PPI: data processing, hosting and related services (NAICS 518210)" }, "consumerSurplus": [ { "estimate": "US consumer surplus from generative AI", "value": 183, "unit": "$bn a year", "period": "Jul 2026", "users": 127, "wtaPerMonth": 120, "method": "Survey: what users would need to be paid to give up generative AI tools for a month, times the estimated number of US users, annualised.", "who": "Stanford Digital Economy Lab, GDP-B surplus observer (Brynjolfsson and co-authors)", "source": "https://digitaleconomy.stanford.edu/project/indicators/gdp-b-surplus-observer/", "sourceDate": "2026-07", "kind": "estimate (stated-preference survey)", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "estimate": "US consumer surplus from generative AI", "value": 116, "unit": "$bn a year", "period": "Jul 2025", "users": null, "wtaPerMonth": null, "method": "Same tracker, a year earlier.", "who": "Stanford Digital Economy Lab, GDP-B surplus observer", "source": "https://digitaleconomy.stanford.edu/project/indicators/gdp-b-surplus-observer/", "sourceDate": "2026-07", "kind": "estimate (stated-preference survey)", "checked": "2026-10-11" } ], "studies": [ { "study": "Generative AI at Work (customer support)", "authors": "Brynjolfsson, Li, Raymond", "year": 2023, "published": "Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2025", "design": "Staggered roll-out at one firm (natural experiment)", "n": "5,179 agents", "effect": "+14% issues resolved per hour on average; +34% for novice and low-skilled workers, little effect for the most experienced", "direction": "positive", "level": "task / firm", "source": "https://www.nber.org/papers/w31161", "sourceDate": "2023-04", "kind": "measured (study)", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "study": "Experimental evidence on the productivity effects of generative AI (writing tasks)", "authors": "Noy, Zhang", "year": 2023, "published": "Science, 14 Jul 2023", "design": "Randomised online experiment", "n": "453 college-educated professionals", "effect": "Time taken down 40%; output quality up 18%", "direction": "positive", "level": "task", "source": "https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh2586", "sourceDate": "2023-07-14", "kind": "measured (RCT)", "checked": "2026-10-11 (via secondary summaries; journal page blocked)" }, { "study": "Navigating the Jagged Technological Frontier (BCG consultants)", "authors": "Dell'Acqua, McFowland, Mollick and others", "year": 2023, "published": "HBS working paper 24-013", "design": "Randomised field experiment", "n": "758 consultants", "effect": "Inside the AI's competence: 12.2% more tasks, 25.1% faster, about 40% higher quality. On a task outside it, AI users were more often wrong", "direction": "mixed", "level": "task", "source": "https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=64700", "sourceDate": "2023-09", "kind": "measured (RCT)", "checked": "2026-10-11 (via secondary summaries; paper page blocked)" }, { "study": "Early-2025 AI and experienced open-source developers", "authors": "METR", "year": 2025, "published": "METR report, 10 Jul 2025", "design": "Randomised controlled trial on real issues", "n": "16 developers, 246 issues", "effect": "Developers took 19% longer with AI tools. METR said in Feb 2026 the result is out of date for current tools", "direction": "negative", "level": "task", "source": "https://metr.org/blog/2025-07-10-early-2025-ai-experienced-os-dev-study/", "sourceDate": "2025-07-10", "kind": "measured (RCT)", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "study": "Still Waters, Rapid Currents (Danish workers)", "authors": "Humlum, Vestergaard", "year": 2025, "published": "NBER w33777, revised Mar 2026", "design": "Survey linked to Danish administrative earnings and hours records; difference-in-differences", "n": "Danish workers and workplaces (sample size in the paper, not the abstract)", "effect": "Precise null effects on earnings and recorded hours; rules out effects above 2% two years after ChatGPT's launch", "direction": "null", "level": "economy (admin data)", "source": "https://www.nber.org/papers/w33777", "sourceDate": "2026-03", "kind": "measured (study)", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "study": "Real-Time Population Survey: time saved", "authors": "Bick, Blandin, Deming", "year": 2026, "published": "Management Science 2026; tracker May 2026", "design": "Nationally representative online survey, US adults 18-64", "n": "not stated on tracker", "effect": "6.3% of all work hours involve generative AI; time saved equals 2.2% of all work hours", "direction": "positive, small", "level": "economy (survey)", "source": "https://www.genaiadoptiontracker.com/", "sourceDate": "2026-05", "kind": "measured (survey, self-reported)", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "study": "The Simple Macroeconomics of AI", "authors": "Acemoglu", "year": 2024, "published": "NBER w32487; Economic Policy 2025", "design": "Task-based model calibrated to exposure and cost-saving estimates", "n": "model", "effect": "No more than 0.66% total factor productivity over 10 years; under 0.53% after adjusting for hard-to-learn tasks", "direction": "small", "level": "economy (model)", "source": "https://www.nber.org/papers/w32487", "sourceDate": "2024-05", "kind": "estimate (model)", "checked": "2026-10-11" } ], "summary": { "lastQ": "2026-Q2", "lastGdp": 2.2, "lastInfo": 0.52, "lastNet": 0.91, "lastShare": 24, "surplusUsdBn": 183, "surplusPeriod": "Jul 2026", "surplusShareOfGdpPct": 0.56, "ppiYoy": 0.3, "ppiMonth": "2026-08", "ppi5y": 8.6 }, "caveats": [ "BEA contributions measure investment spending on computers, other information-processing equipment and software, whatever it is for. They are not 'AI's contribution': they include ordinary IT, and miss AI spending booked elsewhere (data-centre buildings, power equipment).", "Much of the equipment is imported. Imports subtract from GDP, so the gross contribution overstates what AI investment adds to US output. Our import adjustment covers computers, peripherals and parts only (not chips or networking gear), using a first-order formula; it is an estimate, not a BEA figure.", "Quarterly contributions are at annual rates and swing with timing of deliveries and revisions; the advance estimate for each quarter is revised twice.", "Consumer surplus is a stated-preference survey estimate (what people say they would need to be paid to give up the tools). It is not in GDP, and survey answers about hypothetical payments are known to run high.", "Study effects are from different settings and tasks; task-level gains do not add up to economy-wide gains." ] }, "gpu_finance": { "title": "The cost of GPU debt and GPU depreciation lives", "asOf": "2026-10-11", "researchChecked": "2026-10-11", "source": "SEC EDGAR filings and company releases (hand-compiled, research/datasets/gpu_finance.json); FRED DGS10 and SOFR", "sourceUrls": [ "https://www.sec.gov/edgar/search/", "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/DGS10", "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SOFR" ], "rates": { "dgs10": { "date": "2026-10-08", "pct": 5.22, "yearAgoDate": "2025-10-08", "yearAgoPct": 4.13, "url": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/DGS10" }, "sofr": { "date": "2026-10-08", "pct": 3.87, "yearAgoDate": "2025-10-08", "yearAgoPct": 4.12, "url": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SOFR" }, "monthly": [ { "month": "2022-01", "dgs10": 1.79, "sofr": 0.05 }, { "month": "2022-02", "dgs10": 1.83, "sofr": 0.05 }, { "month": "2022-03", "dgs10": 2.32, "sofr": 0.29 }, { "month": "2022-04", "dgs10": 2.89, "sofr": 0.28 }, { "month": "2022-05", "dgs10": 2.85, "sofr": 0.79 }, { "month": "2022-06", "dgs10": 2.98, "sofr": 1.5 }, { "month": "2022-07", "dgs10": 2.67, "sofr": 2.27 }, { "month": "2022-08", "dgs10": 3.15, "sofr": 2.29 }, { "month": "2022-09", "dgs10": 3.83, "sofr": 2.98 }, { "month": "2022-10", "dgs10": 4.1, "sofr": 3.05 }, { "month": "2022-11", "dgs10": 3.68, "sofr": 3.82 }, { "month": "2022-12", "dgs10": 3.88, "sofr": 4.3 }, { "month": "2023-01", "dgs10": 3.52, "sofr": 4.31 }, { "month": "2023-02", "dgs10": 3.92, "sofr": 4.55 }, { "month": "2023-03", "dgs10": 3.48, "sofr": 4.87 }, { "month": "2023-04", "dgs10": 3.44, "sofr": 4.81 }, { "month": "2023-05", "dgs10": 3.64, "sofr": 5.08 }, { "month": "2023-06", "dgs10": 3.81, "sofr": 5.09 }, { "month": "2023-07", "dgs10": 3.97, "sofr": 5.31 }, { "month": "2023-08", "dgs10": 4.09, "sofr": 5.31 }, { "month": "2023-09", "dgs10": 4.59, "sofr": 5.31 }, { "month": "2023-10", "dgs10": 4.88, "sofr": 5.35 }, { "month": "2023-11", "dgs10": 4.37, "sofr": 5.33 }, { "month": "2023-12", "dgs10": 3.88, "sofr": 5.38 }, { "month": "2024-01", "dgs10": 3.99, "sofr": 5.32 }, { "month": "2024-02", "dgs10": 4.25, "sofr": 5.32 }, { "month": "2024-03", "dgs10": 4.2, "sofr": 5.34 }, { "month": "2024-04", "dgs10": 4.69, "sofr": 5.34 }, { "month": "2024-05", "dgs10": 4.51, "sofr": 5.34 }, { "month": "2024-06", "dgs10": 4.36, "sofr": 5.33 }, { "month": "2024-07", "dgs10": 4.09, "sofr": 5.38 }, { "month": "2024-08", "dgs10": 3.91, "sofr": 5.32 }, { "month": "2024-09", "dgs10": 3.81, "sofr": 4.96 }, { "month": "2024-10", "dgs10": 4.28, "sofr": 4.9 }, { "month": "2024-11", "dgs10": 4.18, "sofr": 4.59 }, { "month": "2024-12", "dgs10": 4.58, "sofr": 4.49 }, { "month": "2025-01", "dgs10": 4.58, "sofr": 4.38 }, { "month": "2025-02", "dgs10": 4.24, "sofr": 4.39 }, { "month": "2025-03", "dgs10": 4.23, "sofr": 4.41 }, { "month": "2025-04", "dgs10": 4.17, "sofr": 4.41 }, { "month": "2025-05", "dgs10": 4.41, "sofr": 4.35 }, { "month": "2025-06", "dgs10": 4.24, "sofr": 4.45 }, { "month": "2025-07", "dgs10": 4.37, "sofr": 4.39 }, { "month": "2025-08", "dgs10": 4.23, "sofr": 4.34 }, { "month": "2025-09", "dgs10": 4.16, "sofr": 4.24 }, { "month": "2025-10", "dgs10": 4.11, "sofr": 4.22 }, { "month": "2025-11", "dgs10": 4.02, "sofr": 4.12 }, { "month": "2025-12", "dgs10": 4.18, "sofr": 3.87 }, { "month": "2026-01", "dgs10": 4.26, "sofr": 3.68 }, { "month": "2026-02", "dgs10": 3.97, "sofr": 3.68 }, { "month": "2026-03", "dgs10": 4.3, "sofr": 3.68 }, { "month": "2026-04", "dgs10": 4.4, "sofr": 3.66 }, { "month": "2026-05", "dgs10": 4.45, "sofr": 3.63 }, { "month": "2026-06", "dgs10": 4.44, "sofr": 3.68 }, { "month": "2026-07", "dgs10": 4.75, "sofr": 3.66 }, { "month": "2026-08", "dgs10": 4.75, "sofr": 3.68 }, { "month": "2026-09", "dgs10": 5.29, "sofr": 3.9 }, { "month": "2026-10", "dgs10": 5.22, "sofr": 3.87 } ] }, "debt": [ { "id": "crwv-ddtl-1-0", "borrower": "CoreWeave", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "Livingston, New Jersey, US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "Delayed-draw term loan (DDTL 1.0)", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 2.3, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "floating", "couponPct": null, "base": "Term SOFR", "spreadBp": 962.0, "allInPctApprox": 13.49, "issued": "2023-07", "maturity": "2028-03-28", "collateral": "GPU servers and equity of borrower subsidiary (CCAC II), customer contracts", "collateralType": "GPUs + other contract", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000119312525067651/d899798d424b4.htm", "sourceDate": "2025-03-31", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Margin 9.6196% over 3-month Term SOFR (424B4, 'Description of Material Indebtedness'); raised from 8.75% in May 2024. Lead lenders Blackstone and Magnetar. 10-Q Q2 2026 effective rate 15%, $1.30bn outstanding. Customers not named. allIn = SOFR 3.87% (FRED SOFR, 8 Oct 2026) + margin; our arithmetic, excludes fees/OID/hedges", "allInNowPct": 13.49, "allInBasis": "SOFR 3.87% (2026-10-08) + 962bp", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "crwv-ddtl-2-0", "borrower": "CoreWeave", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "Livingston, New Jersey, US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "Delayed-draw term loan (DDTL 2.0)", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 7.6, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "floating", "couponPct": null, "base": "Term SOFR", "spreadBp": 600.0, "allInPctApprox": 9.87, "issued": "2024-05", "maturity": "2030-08", "collateral": "GPU servers of borrower subsidiary (CCAC IV) and pledged customer-contract cash flows", "collateralType": "GPUs + investment-grade contract", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000119312525067651/d899798d424b4.htm", "sourceDate": "2025-03-31", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Margin depends on customer credit: 6.00% specified investment-grade, 6.50% investment-grade, 13.00% non-investment-grade (424B4). spreadBp shows the lowest tier. 10-Q Q2 2026 effective rate 11%, $3.19bn outstanding. Customers not named. allIn = SOFR 3.87% (FRED SOFR, 8 Oct 2026) + margin; our arithmetic, excludes fees/OID/hedges", "allInNowPct": 9.87, "allInBasis": "SOFR 3.87% (2026-10-08) + 600bp", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "crwv-ddtl-2-1", "borrower": "CoreWeave", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "Livingston, New Jersey, US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "Delayed-draw term loan (DDTL 2.1, new tranche of DDTL 2.0)", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 3.0, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "floating", "couponPct": null, "base": "Term SOFR", "spreadBp": 425.0, "allInPctApprox": 8.12, "issued": "2025-09", "maturity": "2031-03", "collateral": "GPU servers and customer-contract cash flows in DDTL 2.0 borrower group", "collateralType": "GPUs + other contract", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000119312525227562/d910811d8k.htm", "sourceDate": "2025-10-02", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "8-K: new loans at 3-month Term SOFR + 4.25% vs 6.00-6.50% (IG) and 13.00% (non-IG) before the Fifth Amendment; 1.50% upfront fee. Maturity per 10-Q Q2 2026 table (effective rate 9%). Customer credit quality of this tranche not stated. allIn = SOFR 3.87% (FRED SOFR, 8 Oct 2026) + margin; our arithmetic, excludes fees/OID/hedges", "allInNowPct": 8.12, "allInBasis": "SOFR 3.87% (2026-10-08) + 425bp", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "crwv-ddtl-3-0", "borrower": "CoreWeave", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "Livingston, New Jersey, US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "Delayed-draw term loan (DDTL 3.0)", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 2.6, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "floating", "couponPct": null, "base": "SOFR (daily compounded)", "spreadBp": 400.0, "allInPctApprox": 7.87, "issued": "2025-07", "maturity": "2030-08-21", "collateral": "Substantially all assets of CCAC VII and pledge of its equity; one customer contract (contract realisation covenant)", "collateralType": "GPUs + other contract", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962825000033/crwv-20250728.htm", "sourceDate": "2025-07-31", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "8-K Item 1.01: SOFR + 4.00% (base rate + 3.00%), 0.50% undrawn fee. Customer not named in filing. 10-Q Q2 2026 effective rate 9%. allIn = SOFR 3.87% (FRED SOFR, 8 Oct 2026) + margin; our arithmetic, excludes fees/OID/hedges", "allInNowPct": 7.87, "allInBasis": "SOFR 3.87% (2026-10-08) + 400bp", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "crwv-ddtl-4-0", "borrower": "CoreWeave", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "Livingston, New Jersey, US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "Delayed-draw term loan (DDTL 4.0)", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 8.5, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "floating", "couponPct": null, "base": "SOFR (daily compounded)", "spreadBp": 225.0, "allInPctApprox": 6.12, "issued": "2026-03", "maturity": "2032-03-31", "collateral": "Substantially all assets of CCAC VIII (GPU servers, infrastructure) and the associated customer contract", "collateralType": "GPUs + other contract", "recourse": "non-recourse SPV", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000129/crwv-20260330.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-03-31", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Floating tranche SOFR + 2.25%; fixed tranche = UST (~3.14y WAL) + 2.00%, which the press release (Ex. 99.1) puts at ~5.9%. Facility rated A3 (Moody's) / A (low) (DBRS); customer described only as a 'leading AI enterprise' (credit rating not stated, so not tagged IG-contract). Limited parent guarantee for bad acts only. Anchored by Blackstone. allIn = SOFR 3.87% (FRED SOFR, 8 Oct 2026) + margin; our arithmetic, excludes fees/OID/hedges", "allInNowPct": 6.12, "allInBasis": "SOFR 3.87% (2026-10-08) + 225bp", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "crwv-ddtl-5-0", "borrower": "CoreWeave", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "Livingston, New Jersey, US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "Delayed-draw term loan (DDTL 5.0)", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 3.1, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "floating", "couponPct": null, "base": "SOFR", "spreadBp": 450.0, "allInPctApprox": 8.37, "issued": "2026-05", "maturity": "2031-05", "collateral": "GPU servers of borrower subsidiaries and contracts with two customers", "collateralType": "GPUs + other contract", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": "Two large non-investment-grade customers (not named)", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000236/ex9912.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-05-18", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Press release (8-K Ex. 99.1): priced SOFR + 4.50%, tightened 50bp in syndication; rated Ba2/BB+; first publicly syndicated HPC-backed DDTL. 10-Q: final payment expected May 2031 (table shows Nov 2031); parent guarantee. allIn = SOFR 3.87% (FRED SOFR, 8 Oct 2026) + margin; our arithmetic, excludes fees/OID/hedges", "allInNowPct": 8.37, "allInBasis": "SOFR 3.87% (2026-10-08) + 450bp", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "crwv-ddtl-5-5", "borrower": "CoreWeave", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "Livingston, New Jersey, US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "Delayed-draw term loan (DDTL 5.5)", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 2.6, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "floating", "couponPct": null, "base": "Term SOFR", "spreadBp": 550.0, "allInPctApprox": 9.37, "issued": "2026-08", "maturity": "2031-09-01", "collateral": "Substantially all assets of CoreWeave Financing DDTL V-V (GPU servers) and pledged equity; customer contracts averaging ~3 years", "collateralType": "GPUs + other contract", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": "Diverse AI, financial-services and technology customers (not named)", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000357/crwv-20260807.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-10", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "8-K Item 1.01: Term SOFR + 5.50% (base rate + 4.50%), 0.50% undrawn fee, DSCR >=1.35x, parent guarantee. Release: ~5-year debt against ~3-year contracts, lenders take renewal risk; Ba2/BB+. Confirms research-note figure 'DDTL 5.5 at SOFR+5.5%'. Term SOFR approximated by SOFR. allIn = SOFR 3.87% (FRED SOFR, 8 Oct 2026) + margin; our arithmetic, excludes fees/OID/hedges", "allInNowPct": 9.37, "allInBasis": "SOFR 3.87% (2026-10-08) + 550bp", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "crwv-revolver", "borrower": "CoreWeave", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "Livingston, New Jersey, US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "Senior secured revolving credit facility", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 2.5, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "floating", "couponPct": null, "base": "Term SOFR", "spreadBp": 175.0, "allInPctApprox": 5.62, "issued": "2024-06 (upsized Nov 2025)", "maturity": "2029-11", "collateral": "Pledges of certain assets", "collateralType": "other", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000366/crwv-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-12", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Size, maturity and collateral from 10-Q Q2 2026 (undrawn at 30 Jun; $1.2bn drawn Aug 2026). Margin 1.75% is from the Mar 2025 IPO prospectus (424B4) and may have changed with the May/Nov 2025 amendments: 10-Q effective rate 7% (10-K FY2025: 6%). allIn = SOFR 3.87% (FRED SOFR, 8 Oct 2026) + margin; our arithmetic, excludes fees/OID/hedges", "allInNowPct": 5.62, "allInBasis": "SOFR 3.87% (2026-10-08) + 175bp", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "crwv-notes-2030", "borrower": "CoreWeave", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "Livingston, New Jersey, US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "9.250% senior unsecured notes due 2030", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 2.0, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "fixed", "couponPct": 9.25, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2025-05", "maturity": "2030-06-01", "collateral": "unsecured", "collateralType": "corporate unsecured", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962825000025/crwv-20250527.htm", "sourceDate": "2025-05-28", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "144A. 10-Q Q2 2026 effective rate 10%.", "allInNowPct": 9.25, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": 4.47, "spreadOverUst10Bp": 478 }, { "id": "crwv-notes-2031-900", "borrower": "CoreWeave", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "Livingston, New Jersey, US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "9.00% senior unsecured notes due 2031", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 1.75, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "fixed", "couponPct": 9.0, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2025-07", "maturity": "2031-02-01", "collateral": "unsecured", "collateralType": "corporate unsecured", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000104/crwv-20251231.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-03-02", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "10-K FY2025 Note 10. 10-Q Q2 2026 effective rate 10%.", "allInNowPct": 9.0, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": 4.42, "spreadOverUst10Bp": 458 }, { "id": "crwv-notes-2031-975", "borrower": "CoreWeave", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "Livingston, New Jersey, US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "9.75% senior unsecured notes due 2031", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 2.75, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "fixed", "couponPct": 9.75, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2026-04", "maturity": "2031-10-01", "collateral": "unsecured", "collateralType": "corporate unsecured", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000366/crwv-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-12", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "10-Q Q2 2026 Note 10; proceeds for general corporate purposes.", "allInNowPct": 9.75, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": 4.36, "spreadOverUst10Bp": 539 }, { "id": "crwv-notes-2032-9625", "borrower": "CoreWeave", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "Livingston, New Jersey, US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "9.625% senior unsecured notes due 2032", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 1.25, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "fixed", "couponPct": 9.625, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2026-06", "maturity": "2032-07-15", "collateral": "unsecured", "collateralType": "corporate unsecured", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000366/crwv-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-12", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "10-Q Q2 2026 Note 10.", "allInNowPct": 9.625, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": 4.38, "spreadOverUst10Bp": 524 }, { "id": "crwv-notes-2032-eur", "borrower": "CoreWeave", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "Livingston, New Jersey, US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "8.50% senior unsecured notes due 2032 (EUR)", "currency": "EUR", "amountBn": 2.0, "amountUsdBn": 2.279, "rateType": "fixed", "couponPct": 8.5, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2026-06", "maturity": "2032-07-15", "collateral": "unsecured", "collateralType": "corporate unsecured", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000366/crwv-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-12", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "EUR 2.0bn; amountUsdBn is the USD principal shown in the 10-Q debt table at 30 Jun 2026 (not our conversion). Hedged with EUR 2.0bn cross-currency swap. Same-tenor USD note (9.625% 2032) priced 112.5bp higher.", "allInNowPct": 8.5, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "crwv-conv-2031", "borrower": "CoreWeave", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "Livingston, New Jersey, US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "1.75% convertible senior notes due 2031", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 2.588, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "convertible", "couponPct": 1.75, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2025-12", "maturity": "2031-12-01", "collateral": "unsecured", "collateralType": "convertible unsecured", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000104/crwv-20251231.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-03-02", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Conversion price ~$107.80; capped calls cost $340m.", "allInNowPct": 1.75, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "crwv-conv-2032", "borrower": "CoreWeave", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "Livingston, New Jersey, US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "1.75% convertible senior notes due 2032", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 4.0, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "convertible", "couponPct": 1.75, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2026-04", "maturity": "2032-10-01", "collateral": "unsecured", "collateralType": "convertible unsecured", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000366/crwv-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-12", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Conversion price ~$119.60; capped calls cost $492m.", "allInNowPct": 1.75, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "crwv-conv-2033", "borrower": "CoreWeave", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "Livingston, New Jersey, US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "2.875% convertible senior notes due 2033", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 4.2, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "convertible", "couponPct": 2.875, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2026-09", "maturity": "2033-04-01", "collateral": "unsecured", "collateralType": "convertible unsecured", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000432/crwv-20260917.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-22", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "8-K Item 1.01: upsized, incl. $0.5bn option; conversion price ~$97.85 (22.5% premium).", "allInNowPct": 2.875, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "crwv-oem", "borrower": "CoreWeave", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "Livingston, New Jersey, US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "OEM equipment financing arrangements (vendor financing)", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 4.8, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "fixed", "couponPct": null, "base": "n/a (effective rate)", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2024-2026", "maturity": "2026-12 to 2030-07", "collateral": "Security interest in the financed equipment", "collateralType": "GPUs only", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000366/crwv-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-12", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Outstanding $4.8bn at 30 Jun 2026 (10-Q). Debt table (OEM + software licence financing): recourse $4.22bn at 11% effective, non-recourse $0.88bn at 9% effective; terms generally 1-3 years (10-K). Contract coupons not disclosed; rateType 'fixed' is our assumption and is unchecked.", "allInNowPct": null, "allInBasis": null, "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "nscale-nc-gpu", "borrower": "Nscale (Nscale NC Borrower SPV, LLC)", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "UK", "hqRegion": "Europe", "instrument": "Delayed-draw term loan (North Carolina GPU Facility)", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 1.2, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "floating", "couponPct": null, "base": "3-month Term SOFR", "spreadBp": 237.5, "allInPctApprox": 6.25, "issued": "2026-08", "maturity": "2031-12-27 (or customer's final payment if earlier)", "collateral": "Substantially all assets of borrower and affiliate guarantor (GPU servers, infrastructure) and their equity; related customer contract", "collateralType": "GPUs + other contract", "recourse": "non-recourse SPV", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "S-1 'Description of Certain Indebtedness': $830m floating at Term SOFR + 2.375%, $370m fixed at 2.375% + USD SOFR swap rate; rated investment grade (stable). Limited guarantees from Nscale Limited. Customer not named in the facility text; S-1 names Microsoft SOWs of up to ~$43.8bn through Dec 2033. Arrangers Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan. allIn = SOFR 3.87% (FRED SOFR, 8 Oct 2026) + margin; our arithmetic, excludes fees/OID/hedges", "allInNowPct": 6.25, "allInBasis": "SOFR 3.87% (2026-10-08) + 238bp", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "nscale-ward-gpu", "borrower": "Nscale (Nscale Ward County Borrower SPV, LLC)", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "UK", "hqRegion": "Europe", "instrument": "Delayed-draw term loan (Ward County GPU Facility, Texas)", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 1.85, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "floating", "couponPct": null, "base": "3-month Term SOFR", "spreadBp": 237.5, "allInPctApprox": 6.25, "issued": "2026-08", "maturity": "2033-02-27 (or customer's final payment if earlier)", "collateral": "Substantially all assets of borrower and affiliate guarantor (GPU servers, infrastructure) and their equity; customer payments", "collateralType": "GPUs + other contract", "recourse": "non-recourse SPV", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "$1.22bn floating at Term SOFR + 2.375%, $630m fixed at 2.375% + USD SOFR swap rate; rated investment grade; limited guarantees from Nscale Limited; customer not named in the facility text. allIn = SOFR 3.87% (FRED SOFR, 8 Oct 2026) + margin; our arithmetic, excludes fees/OID/hedges", "allInNowPct": 6.25, "allInBasis": "SOFR 3.87% (2026-10-08) + 238bp", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "nscale-gpu-financing", "borrower": "Nscale (Nscale Services UK Ltd)", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "UK", "hqRegion": "Europe", "instrument": "Senior secured delayed-draw term loan (GPU Financing Facility)", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 1.4, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "floating", "couponPct": null, "base": "Term SOFR", "spreadBp": 500.0, "allInPctApprox": 8.87, "issued": "2026-02", "maturity": "up to 5 years after availability ends (availability to 2027-09-30)", "collateral": "First-priority security over substantially all assets of borrower and subsidiary guarantors (GPU infrastructure)", "collateralType": "GPUs only", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Term SOFR + 5.00%, +25bp step-up in some circumstances; parent guarantee; up to $350m incremental. Mandatory prepayment on termination of customer contracts. ~$58.9m drawn at 31 Mar 2026. allIn = SOFR 3.87% (FRED SOFR, 8 Oct 2026) + margin; our arithmetic, excludes fees/OID/hedges", "allInNowPct": 8.87, "allInBasis": "SOFR 3.87% (2026-10-08) + 500bp", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "nscale-macquarie-iceland", "borrower": "Nscale (Nscale Services Iceland III ehf)", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "UK", "hqRegion": "Europe", "instrument": "Senior term loan (Macquarie Iceland Facility)", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 0.3319, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "floating", "couponPct": null, "base": "Term SOFR", "spreadBp": 550.0, "allInPctApprox": 9.37, "issued": "2026-07", "maturity": "46 months from first utilisation", "collateral": "Transaction security; funds part of the purchase price of certain GPU assets", "collateralType": "GPUs only", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Term SOFR + 5.50%; lenders also receive a specified multiple of commitment in total principal and interest, so the true cost exceeds the margin. Guarantees from Nscale Limited and intermediate holdcos. Lender Macquarie. allIn = SOFR 3.87% (FRED SOFR, 8 Oct 2026) + margin; our arithmetic, excludes fees/OID/hedges", "allInNowPct": 9.37, "allInBasis": "SOFR 3.87% (2026-10-08) + 550bp", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "nscale-kvandal-dc", "borrower": "Nscale (Nscale Norway DC DA)", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "UK", "hqRegion": "Europe", "instrument": "Senior term loan + VAT revolver (Kvandal South DC Facility, Norway)", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 0.79, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "floating", "couponPct": null, "base": "Term SOFR", "spreadBp": 300.0, "allInPctApprox": 6.87, "issued": "2026-07", "maturity": "6 years from target completion (2027-04-05)", "collateral": "Transaction security over the Norwegian data-centre project; parent company guarantee", "collateralType": "other", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "$725m term loan at Term SOFR + 3.00-3.75% (spreadBp shows low end; all-in 7.62% at 3.75%) and $65m VAT revolver at +2.00%. Lenders ABN AMRO, DNB, Nordea, Export Finance Norway, SEB. Data-centre (not GPU) debt. allIn = SOFR 3.87% (FRED SOFR, 8 Oct 2026) + margin; our arithmetic, excludes fees/OID/hedges", "allInNowPct": 6.87, "allInBasis": "SOFR 3.87% (2026-10-08) + 300bp", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "nscale-rcf", "borrower": "Nscale (Nscale Limited)", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "UK", "hqRegion": "Europe", "instrument": "Revolving credit facility", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 0.9, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "floating", "couponPct": null, "base": "Term SOFR", "spreadBp": 175.0, "allInPctApprox": 5.62, "issued": "2026-05", "maturity": "3 years from effective date (+2 one-year extensions)", "collateral": "First-priority security over substantially all personal property of borrower and guarantors", "collateralType": "other", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Initial $770m, upsized to $900m in Jun 2026; JPMorgan agent. allIn = SOFR 3.87% (FRED SOFR, 8 Oct 2026) + margin; our arithmetic, excludes fees/OID/hedges", "allInNowPct": 5.62, "allInBasis": "SOFR 3.87% (2026-10-08) + 175bp", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "nscale-macquarie-senior", "borrower": "Nscale (Nscale Global Holdings Limited)", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "UK", "hqRegion": "Europe", "instrument": "Senior term loan (Macquarie Senior Facility)", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 0.105, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "floating", "couponPct": null, "base": "SOFR (monthly)", "spreadBp": 750.0, "allInPctApprox": 21.48, "issued": "2025-06", "maturity": "2029-06-12", "collateral": "Finances technology equipment for a GPU cluster at Glomfjord, Norway", "collateralType": "GPUs only", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "SOFR + 7.50% plus a multiple-on-invested-capital payment; the S-1 financial statements state an effective interest rate of 21.48% (used as allIn). Warrants issued to Macquarie.", "allInNowPct": 11.37, "allInBasis": "SOFR 3.87% (2026-10-08) + 750bp", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "nscale-dell-vendor", "borrower": "Nscale (Ward County and NC borrower SPVs)", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "UK", "hqRegion": "Europe", "instrument": "Dell Financial Services equipment lease financing (vendor financing)", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 2.54, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "fixed", "couponPct": null, "base": "n/a", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2026-04", "maturity": "3-4 month initial terms from Aug/Sep 2026", "collateral": "Security interest in the computing and data-centre equipment and proceeds; corporate guaranty from Nscale Global Holdings", "collateralType": "GPUs only", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "amountBn = aggregate initial-term rent (~$2.54bn) incl. ~$34.8m financing charges, not a principal; 40 payment schedules at 4 Sep 2026. Bridge to the GPU term loans (which may repay vendor financing). Rate not disclosed; rateType unchecked.", "allInNowPct": null, "allInBasis": null, "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "nscale-cln-2028", "borrower": "Nscale (Nscale Limited)", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "UK", "hqRegion": "Europe", "instrument": "Unsecured convertible loan notes due 2028 (pre-IPO)", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 3.1, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "convertible", "couponPct": null, "base": "n/a", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2026-09", "maturity": "2028-06-15", "collateral": "unsecured", "collateralType": "convertible unsecured", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Minimum $3.1bn: $2.1bn convertible loan notes + $1.0bn to NVIDIA (notes or non-voting shares); convert automatically on IPO. Coupon not found in the S-1 text.", "allInNowPct": null, "allInBasis": null, "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "nbis-secured-775", "borrower": "Nebius Group", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "Amsterdam (Schiphol), Netherlands", "hqRegion": "Europe", "instrument": "Senior secured debt facility (first asset-backed)", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 0.775, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "floating", "couponPct": null, "base": "SOFR", "spreadBp": 250.0, "allInPctApprox": 6.37, "issued": "2026-07", "maturity": "2030-10-31", "collateral": "Deployed GPU infrastructure and contracted cash flows from an investment-grade customer agreement", "collateralType": "GPUs + investment-grade contract", "recourse": "unknown", "customer": "Investment-grade customer (not named)", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926094844/nbis-20260812xex99d2.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-12", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Q2 2026 financial statements (6-K Ex. 99.2) Note 16 'Subsequent events'; release (6-K, 17 Jul 2026) says facility plus contract cash flows cover >100% of the capex; release names Microsoft and Meta as IG customers generally. Confirms research-note figure 'Nebius $775m at SOFR+2.50%'. allIn = SOFR 3.87% (FRED SOFR, 8 Oct 2026) + margin; our arithmetic, excludes fees/OID/hedges", "allInNowPct": 6.37, "allInBasis": "SOFR 3.87% (2026-10-08) + 250bp", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "nbis-conv-2029", "borrower": "Nebius Group", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "Amsterdam (Schiphol), Netherlands", "hqRegion": "Europe", "instrument": "2.00% convertible senior notes due 2029", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 0.5, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "convertible", "couponPct": 2.0, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2025-06", "maturity": "2029-06", "collateral": "unsecured", "collateralType": "convertible unsecured", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926052948/nbis-20251231x20f.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-04-30", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Accretes to 120% of principal at maturity, so yield exceeds coupon. $400m exchanged for shares in Aug 2026 (6-K 24 Aug 2026).", "allInNowPct": 2.0, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "nbis-conv-2031a", "borrower": "Nebius Group", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "Amsterdam (Schiphol), Netherlands", "hqRegion": "Europe", "instrument": "3.00% convertible senior notes due 2031", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 0.5, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "convertible", "couponPct": 3.0, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2025-06", "maturity": "2031-06", "collateral": "unsecured", "collateralType": "convertible unsecured", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926052948/nbis-20251231x20f.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-04-30", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Accretes to 125% at maturity. $400m exchanged for shares in Aug 2026.", "allInNowPct": 3.0, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "nbis-conv-2030a", "borrower": "Nebius Group", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "Amsterdam (Schiphol), Netherlands", "hqRegion": "Europe", "instrument": "1.00% convertible senior notes due 2030", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 1.58125, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "convertible", "couponPct": 1.0, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2025-09", "maturity": "2030-09", "collateral": "unsecured", "collateralType": "convertible unsecured", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926052948/nbis-20251231x20f.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-04-30", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "$1.375bn + half of $412.5m greenshoe (20-F Note 12); accretes to 115% at maturity.", "allInNowPct": 1.0, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "nbis-conv-2032", "borrower": "Nebius Group", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "Amsterdam (Schiphol), Netherlands", "hqRegion": "Europe", "instrument": "2.75% convertible senior notes due 2032", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 1.58125, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "convertible", "couponPct": 2.75, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2025-09", "maturity": "2032-09", "collateral": "unsecured", "collateralType": "convertible unsecured", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926052948/nbis-20251231x20f.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-04-30", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Accretes to 115% at maturity.", "allInNowPct": 2.75, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "nbis-conv-2031b", "borrower": "Nebius Group", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "Amsterdam (Schiphol), Netherlands", "hqRegion": "Europe", "instrument": "1.25% convertible senior notes due March 2031", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 2.59, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "convertible", "couponPct": 1.25, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2026-03", "maturity": "2031-03", "collateral": "unsecured", "collateralType": "convertible unsecured", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926094844/nbis-20260812xex99d2.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-12", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Accretes to 120% at maturity; conversion ~$183.22.", "allInNowPct": 1.25, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "nbis-conv-2033", "borrower": "Nebius Group", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "Amsterdam (Schiphol), Netherlands", "hqRegion": "Europe", "instrument": "2.625% convertible senior notes due March 2033", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 1.75, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "convertible", "couponPct": 2.625, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2026-03", "maturity": "2033-03", "collateral": "unsecured", "collateralType": "convertible unsecured", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926094844/nbis-20260812xex99d2.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-12", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Accretes to 120% at maturity; conversion ~$180.31.", "allInNowPct": 2.625, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "nbis-conv-2030b", "borrower": "Nebius Group", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "Amsterdam (Schiphol), Netherlands", "hqRegion": "Europe", "instrument": "0.50% convertible notes due 2030", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 3.45, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "convertible", "couponPct": 0.5, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2026-08", "maturity": "2030-02-15", "collateral": "unsecured", "collateralType": "convertible unsecured", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926100347/tm2623863d1_ex99-1.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-24", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Closing release (6-K Ex. 99.1) incl. $450m option; accretes to 110% at maturity (pricing release, 6-K 20 Aug 2026).", "allInNowPct": 0.5, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "nbis-conv-2034", "borrower": "Nebius Group", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "Amsterdam (Schiphol), Netherlands", "hqRegion": "Europe", "instrument": "4.50% convertible notes due 2034", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 2.3, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "convertible", "couponPct": 4.5, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2026-08", "maturity": "2034-02-15", "collateral": "unsecured", "collateralType": "convertible unsecured", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926100347/tm2623863d1_ex99-1.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-24", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Incl. $300m option; accretes to 125% at maturity.", "allInNowPct": 4.5, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "xai-notes-125", "borrower": "xAI (X.AI LLC / X.AI Co-Issuer Corp)", "borrowerType": "lab", "hq": "US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "12.5% senior secured notes due 2030 (repaid Mar 2026)", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 3.0, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "fixed", "couponPct": 12.5, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2025-06", "maturity": "2030-06-30", "collateral": "Senior secured; guaranteed by xAI and certain subsidiaries", "collateralType": "other", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1181412/000162828026052535/spcx-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-04", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "SpaceX 10-Q Q2 2026 Note 9: repaid 5 Mar 2026 with a $518m prepayment penalty (106.25%), after the xAI-SpaceX merger. Confirms 'xAI 12.5%'.", "allInNowPct": 12.5, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": 4.29, "spreadOverUst10Bp": 821 }, { "id": "xai-tl-fixed", "borrower": "xAI (X.AI Corp / X.AI LLC)", "borrowerType": "lab", "hq": "US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "Fixed-rate term loan (repaid Mar 2026)", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 1.0, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "fixed", "couponPct": 12.5, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2025-06", "maturity": "2030-06-30", "collateral": "First-lien credit agreement; guaranteed by xAI and subsidiaries", "collateralType": "other", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1181412/000162828026052535/spcx-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-04", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Repaid 2 Mar 2026 (prepayment penalty $221m across both xAI term loans).", "allInNowPct": 12.5, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": 4.29, "spreadOverUst10Bp": 821 }, { "id": "xai-tl-float", "borrower": "xAI (X.AI Corp / X.AI LLC)", "borrowerType": "lab", "hq": "US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "Floating-rate term loan (repaid Mar 2026)", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 1.0, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "floating", "couponPct": null, "base": "Term SOFR", "spreadBp": 725.0, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2025-06", "maturity": "2030-06-30", "collateral": "First-lien credit agreement; guaranteed by xAI and subsidiaries", "collateralType": "other", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1181412/000162828026052535/spcx-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-04", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Term SOFR + 7.25% (ABR + 6.25%). Repaid 2 Mar 2026; allIn not computed because the loan no longer exists.", "allInNowPct": 11.12, "allInBasis": "SOFR 3.87% (2026-10-08) + 725bp", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "xai-valor-leases", "borrower": "xAI / SpaceX (CTC Property, LLC)", "borrowerType": "lab", "hq": "US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "AI-hardware equipment leases with Valor (failed sale-leasebacks, booked as debt)", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 13.329, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": null, "couponPct": null, "base": "n/a", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2025-2026", "maturity": null, "collateral": "AI infrastructure hardware (GPUs) sold and leased back", "collateralType": "GPUs only", "recourse": "unknown", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1181412/000162828026052535/spcx-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-04", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Debt at 30 Jun 2026: $2,039m current + $11,290m non-current (Note 17, related party: Valor's founder sits on SpaceX's board). Interest expense on Valor leases $513m in H1 2026 ($327m in Q2). Rate not disclosed.", "allInNowPct": null, "allInBasis": null, "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "spacex-notes-2031", "borrower": "SpaceX (parent of xAI since merger)", "borrowerType": "lab", "hq": "US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "5.350% senior unsecured notes due 2031", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 7.0, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "fixed", "couponPct": 5.35, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2026-06", "maturity": "2031", "collateral": "unsecured", "collateralType": "corporate unsecured", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1181412/000162828026045763/spcx-closing8xkjune2026.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-06-26", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Part of $25bn 144A deal (2031-2056, 5.350-6.650%) to repay the $20bn bridge loan that refinanced X and xAI debt. Shows the cost drop for the same AI borrower once inside an IG-style group: 12.5% to 5.35%.", "allInNowPct": 5.35, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": 4.38, "spreadOverUst10Bp": 97 }, { "id": "iren-gpu-ddtl", "borrower": "IREN (IE US Hardware 3, LLC)", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "Australia", "hqRegion": "Other", "instrument": "Senior secured delayed-draw term loan (GPU Financing)", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 1.545, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "floating", "couponPct": null, "base": "1-month SOFR", "spreadBp": 225.0, "allInPctApprox": 6.12, "issued": "2026-05", "maturity": "amortising through 2031", "collateral": "GPUs and other assets of the financing SPV and the Microsoft customer contract", "collateralType": "GPUs + investment-grade contract", "recourse": "non-recourse SPV", "customer": "Microsoft", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1878848/000187884826000052/iren-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-27", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "10-K FY2026 Note 23. Drawn in four tranches tied to Microsoft deliveries; $413m drawn at 30 Jun 2026. Hedged with $1.5bn pay-fixed swaps to Oct 2031. Parent guarantee if Microsoft terminates a funded tranche and no replacement is found. Microsoft's IG rating not restated in this filing. allIn = SOFR 3.87% (FRED SOFR, 8 Oct 2026) + margin; our arithmetic, excludes fees/OID/hedges", "allInNowPct": 6.12, "allInBasis": "SOFR 3.87% (2026-10-08) + 225bp", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "iren-gpu-uspp", "borrower": "IREN (IE US Hardware 3, LLC)", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "Australia", "hqRegion": "Other", "instrument": "Senior secured notes (USPP, GPU Financing)", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 2.1, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "fixed", "couponPct": 5.96, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2026-06", "maturity": "amortising through 2031", "collateral": "Shared security package with the DDTL: GPUs and the Microsoft contract", "collateralType": "GPUs + investment-grade contract", "recourse": "non-recourse SPV", "customer": "Microsoft", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1878848/000187884826000052/iren-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-27", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "$525m funded at 30 Jun 2026.", "allInNowPct": 5.96, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": 4.38, "spreadOverUst10Bp": 158 }, { "id": "lambda-tlb-2026", "borrower": "Lambda", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "Senior secured term loan B (GPU SPV)", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 0.926, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "floating", "couponPct": null, "base": "SOFR", "spreadBp": 300.0, "allInPctApprox": 6.87, "issued": "2026-08", "maturity": "2030-12-31", "collateral": "GPU servers and related infrastructure funded, and their cash flows", "collateralType": "GPUs + investment-grade contract", "recourse": "non-recourse SPV", "customer": "Investment-grade offtaker (not named)", "source": "https://lambda.ai/blog/lambda-closes-926-million-senior-secured-term-loan-b-facility", "sourceDate": "2026-08-27", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Company release (Lambda files no periodic SEC reports). Issued at 99.5; Baa2 (Moody's); fully amortising. recourse tag from the release's 'GPU asset-backed SPV' wording. allIn = SOFR 3.87% (FRED SOFR, 8 Oct 2026) + margin; our arithmetic, excludes fees/OID/hedges", "allInNowPct": 6.87, "allInBasis": "SOFR 3.87% (2026-10-08) + 300bp", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "crusoe-iceland-ddtl", "borrower": "Crusoe (IS AN03 LLC)", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "Senior secured delayed-draw term loan (launched)", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 0.509, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "floating", "couponPct": null, "base": "SOFR", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2026-09", "maturity": "2030-11", "collateral": "Finances GPU capex; Crusoe Iceland III ehf. subsidiary guarantor (collateral not stated)", "collateralType": "other", "recourse": "unknown", "customer": null, "source": "https://octus.com/?p=44971", "sourceDate": "2026-09-10", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Octus (paywalled headline): price talk S+475-500bp, 0% floor, 98.5 OID at launch. Final pricing not found, so spreadBp left null.", "allInNowPct": null, "allInBasis": null, "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "mistral-gpu-loan", "borrower": "Mistral AI", "borrowerType": "lab", "hq": "France", "hqRegion": "Europe", "instrument": "Bank debt financing (first debt raise)", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 0.83, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": null, "couponPct": null, "base": null, "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2026-03", "maturity": null, "collateral": "Finances ~13,800 Nvidia chips at Bruy\u00e8res-le-Ch\u00e2tel (collateral not stated)", "collateralType": "other", "recourse": "unknown", "customer": null, "source": "https://thenextweb.com/news/mistral-ai-830m-debt-data-centre-paris", "sourceDate": "2026-03-30", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "TNW citing Reuters: $830m from seven banks incl. BNP Paribas, Credit Agricole CIB, HSBC, MUFG. Rate, maturity and collateral not disclosed.", "allInNowPct": null, "allInBasis": null, "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "rumble-northern-data-tether", "borrower": "Rumble Freedom First Holding Ltd (owner of Northern Data)", "borrowerType": "neocloud", "hq": "Ireland (Irish holdco of US-listed Rumble; Northern Data is German)", "hqRegion": "Europe", "instrument": "Secured five-year term facility from Tether", "currency": "EUR", "amountBn": 0.3175, "amountUsdBn": 0.356, "rateType": "floating", "couponPct": null, "base": "EURIBOR", "spreadBp": 300.0, "allInPctApprox": 5.63, "issued": "2026-06", "maturity": "2031-06-18", "collateral": "Pledge of Northern Data shares and holding-company equity (per agreed security principles)", "collateralType": "other", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1830081/000121390026070201/ea0295237-8k_rumble.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-06-18", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Rumble 8-K Item 1.01: EUR 317.5m at EURIBOR + 3.00%; replaces half of Tether's 2023 floating-rate loan to Northern Data (lender is a related party). USD at ECB reference 1.1206 (9 Oct 2026). allIn uses 3M EURIBOR Sep 2026 average 2.635% (ECB); the 8-K does not state the EURIBOR tenor.", "allInNowPct": 5.63, "allInBasis": "as stated", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "beignet-hyperion", "borrower": "Beignet Investor LLC (Blue Owl-managed; 80/20 JV with Meta)", "borrowerType": "SPV", "hq": "US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "Senior secured amortising notes due 2049 (144A/Reg S)", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 27.3, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "fixed", "couponPct": 6.581, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2025-10", "maturity": "2049-05", "collateral": "Hyperion data-centre campus JV (Richland Parish, Louisiana), leased to Meta", "collateralType": "other", "recourse": "non-recourse SPV", "customer": "Meta", "source": "https://www.ifre.com/ifr-awards/2327933/financing-package-blue-owl-capitalbeignet-investors-us27.3bn-23.6-year-bond", "sourceDate": "2025-10-16", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "IFR: priced 16 Oct 2025 at Treasuries + 225bp, A+ (S&P). Measured context from Meta 10-Q Q2 2026: Meta holds 20%, leases start 2029 ($12.31bn initial commitment), residual value guarantees with ~$28bn threshold. Data-centre (not GPU) debt. Secondary price 91c / 7.55% yield not verified.", "allInNowPct": 6.581, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": 3.99, "spreadOverUst10Bp": 259 }, { "id": "vantage-oracle-stargate", "borrower": "Vantage Data Centers (Oracle-linked campuses)", "borrowerType": "developer", "hq": "US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "Construction loans (Shackelford County TX + Port Washington WI)", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 38.0, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "floating", "couponPct": null, "base": null, "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2025-09 (reported)", "maturity": null, "collateral": "Data-centre campuses to be leased to Oracle", "collateralType": "other", "recourse": "unknown", "customer": "Oracle (for OpenAI, Stargate)", "source": "https://news.bloomberglaw.com/banking-law/banks-ready-38-billion-of-debt-for-oracle-tied-data-centers-1", "sourceDate": "2025-09-04", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Bloomberg: ~$38bn package led by JPMorgan and MUFG; $23bn for the Texas campus. Pricing and closing not confirmed in what we could read (secondary summaries cite ~2.5pp over benchmark: unchecked).", "allInNowPct": null, "allInBasis": null, "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "wulf-compute-2030", "borrower": "TeraWulf (Wulf Compute LLC)", "borrowerType": "developer", "hq": "US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "7.75% senior secured notes due 2030", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 3.2, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "fixed", "couponPct": 7.75, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2025-10", "maturity": "2030-10-15", "collateral": "Lake Mariner HPC campus assets, Fluidstack lockbox; Google pledged its TeraWulf warrants and agreed to pay lease termination fees", "collateralType": "other", "recourse": "non-recourse SPV", "customer": "Fluidstack (Google backstop)", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1083301/000108330126000166/wulf-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-05", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "10-Q Q2 2026: Google backstops Fluidstack's lease obligations (73.58m warrants to Google). TeraWulf gives completion guarantees, so 'non-recourse' is our reading and partial. Data-centre debt.", "allInNowPct": 7.75, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": 3.99, "spreadOverUst10Bp": 376 }, { "id": "wulf-flash-compute-2030", "borrower": "TeraWulf/Fluidstack JV (Flash Compute LLC)", "borrowerType": "developer", "hq": "US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "7.250% senior secured notes due 2030", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 1.3, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "fixed", "couponPct": 7.25, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2025-12", "maturity": "2030-12-31", "collateral": "Abernathy, Texas HPC campus (JV 50.1% TeraWulf / 49.9% Fluidstack)", "collateralType": "other", "recourse": "non-recourse SPV", "customer": "Fluidstack (Google recognition agreement)", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1083301/000110465925124839/tm2534384d1_8k.htm", "sourceDate": "2025-12-29", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "8-K: amortising semi-annually. Google recognition agreement for the Abernathy lease per TeraWulf 10-Q. Data-centre debt.", "allInNowPct": 7.25, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": 4.14, "spreadOverUst10Bp": 311 }, { "id": "cifr-compute-2030", "borrower": "Cipher Digital (Cipher Compute LLC)", "borrowerType": "developer", "hq": "US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "7.125% senior secured notes due 2030", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 1.733, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "fixed", "couponPct": 7.125, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2025-11", "maturity": "2030-11-15", "collateral": "Barber Lake data-centre campus leased to Fluidstack", "collateralType": "other", "recourse": "non-recourse SPV", "customer": "Fluidstack (Google backstop)", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1819989/000181998926000041/cifr-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-04", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "$1.4bn issued Nov 2025; $1.733bn outstanding at 30 Jun 2026 (10-Q table). Google backstops Fluidstack lease (24.18m warrants). Data-centre debt.", "allInNowPct": 7.125, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": 4.02, "spreadOverUst10Bp": 311 }, { "id": "cifr-blackpearl-2031", "borrower": "Cipher Digital (Black Pearl Compute LLC)", "borrowerType": "developer", "hq": "US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "6.125% senior secured notes due 2031", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 2.0, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "fixed", "couponPct": 6.125, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2026-02", "maturity": "2031-02-15", "collateral": "Black Pearl (Wink, Texas) data centre retrofit for an HPC tenant", "collateralType": "other", "recourse": "non-recourse SPV", "customer": "HPC tenant (not named in 10-Q)", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1819989/000181998926000041/cifr-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-04", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Data-centre debt.", "allInNowPct": 6.125, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": 3.97, "spreadOverUst10Bp": 215 }, { "id": "cifr-stingray-2031", "borrower": "Cipher Digital (Stingray Compute LLC)", "borrowerType": "developer", "hq": "US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "6.000% senior secured notes due 2031", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 0.81, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "fixed", "couponPct": 6.0, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2026-06", "maturity": "2031-06-15", "collateral": "Data-centre site (Stingray)", "collateralType": "other", "recourse": "non-recourse SPV", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1819989/000181998926000041/cifr-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-04", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Tenant not identified in the debt note (10-Q mentions a site being built for a hyperscaler tenant; link to Stingray unchecked). Data-centre debt.", "allInNowPct": 6.0, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": 4.38, "spreadOverUst10Bp": 162 }, { "id": "apld-eln-2030", "borrower": "Applied Digital (APLD ComputeCo LLC, Polaris Forge 1)", "borrowerType": "developer", "hq": "US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "9.250% senior secured notes due 2030", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 2.35, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "fixed", "couponPct": 9.25, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2025", "maturity": "2030-12", "collateral": "Ellendale (ELN-02/ELN-03) campus assets and project accounts", "collateralType": "other", "recourse": "non-recourse SPV", "customer": "CoreWeave", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1144879/000114487926000059/apld-20260831.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-10-07", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Guarantors ELN-02/ELN-03 entities; 10-K FY2026 says ELN-02 and ELN-03 leases are with CoreWeave (Polaris Forge 1). Issue month not checked. Data-centre debt; tenant is a neocloud.", "allInNowPct": 9.25, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "apld-far-2031", "borrower": "Applied Digital (APLD ComputeCo 2 LLC)", "borrowerType": "developer", "hq": "US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "6.750% senior secured notes due 2031", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 2.15, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "fixed", "couponPct": 6.75, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2026", "maturity": "2031-03", "collateral": "FAR-01/FAR-02 campus assets", "collateralType": "other", "recourse": "non-recourse SPV", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1144879/000114487926000059/apld-20260831.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-10-07", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Escrow released 18 Jun 2026. FAR sites likely Polaris Forge 2 (IG hyperscaler lease per 10-K) - our inference, unchecked. Data-centre debt.", "allInNowPct": 6.75, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "apld-cc3-2031", "borrower": "Applied Digital (APLD ComputeCo 3 LLC)", "borrowerType": "developer", "hq": "US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "7.000% senior secured notes due 2031", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 1.59, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "fixed", "couponPct": 7.0, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": null, "issued": "2026-06", "maturity": "2031-06", "collateral": "Substantially all assets of ComputeCo 3 and subsidiaries", "collateralType": "other", "recourse": "non-recourse SPV", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1144879/000114487926000059/apld-20260831.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-10-07", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Refinanced a Goldman bridge at Daily SOFR + 2.75%. Tenant not stated in the debt note. Data-centre debt.", "allInNowPct": 7.0, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": 4.38, "spreadOverUst10Bp": 262 }, { "id": "amzn-2031-usd", "borrower": "Amazon", "borrowerType": "hyperscaler", "hq": "US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "4.800% senior unsecured notes due 2031", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 4.25, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "fixed", "couponPct": 4.8, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": 4.829, "issued": "2026-07", "maturity": "2031-07-09", "collateral": "unsecured", "collateralType": "corporate unsecured", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000110465926081334/tm2619352d3_fwp.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-07-07", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "FWP pricing term sheet: yield 4.829% (allIn), T+55bp vs 5y UST 4.279%; A1/AA/AA-. Part of a multi-tranche deal.", "allInNowPct": 4.8, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": 4.61, "spreadOverUst10Bp": 19 }, { "id": "amzn-2032-eur", "borrower": "Amazon", "borrowerType": "hyperscaler", "hq": "US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "3.350% senior unsecured notes due 2032 (EUR)", "currency": "EUR", "amountBn": 2.25, "amountUsdBn": 2.521, "rateType": "fixed", "couponPct": 3.35, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": 3.379, "issued": "2026-03", "maturity": "2032-03-16", "collateral": "unsecured", "collateralType": "corporate unsecured", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000110465926026393/tm266670d7_fwp.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-03-11", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "FWP: yield 3.379%, Bund + 74.2bp. Same-currency, same-year comparator for CoreWeave's 8.50% EUR 2032 notes (Jun 2026; dates differ). USD at ECB reference 1.1206 (9 Oct 2026).", "allInNowPct": 3.35, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": null, "spreadOverUst10Bp": null }, { "id": "googl-2031", "borrower": "Alphabet", "borrowerType": "hyperscaler", "hq": "US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "4.875% senior unsecured notes due 2031", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 3.5, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "fixed", "couponPct": 4.875, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": 4.991, "issued": "2026-08", "maturity": "2031-08-15", "collateral": "unsecured", "collateralType": "corporate unsecured", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000119312526338750/d159970dfwp.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-06", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "FWP: yield 4.991% (allIn), T+60bp; expected Aa2/AA+.", "allInNowPct": 4.875, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": 4.73, "spreadOverUst10Bp": 14 }, { "id": "meta-2031", "borrower": "Meta", "borrowerType": "hyperscaler", "hq": "US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "4.550% senior unsecured notes due 2031", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 3.0, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "fixed", "couponPct": 4.55, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": 4.553, "issued": "2026-04", "maturity": "2031-05-15", "collateral": "unsecured", "collateralType": "corporate unsecured", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000119312526197902/d148113dfwp.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-04-30", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "FWP: yield 4.553% (allIn), T+53bp vs UST 4.023%; Aa3/AA-. Part of a $25bn six-tranche deal.", "allInNowPct": 4.55, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": 4.36, "spreadOverUst10Bp": 19 }, { "id": "orcl-2031", "borrower": "Oracle", "borrowerType": "hyperscaler", "hq": "US", "hqRegion": "US", "instrument": "4.950% senior unsecured notes due 2031", "currency": "USD", "amountBn": 3.5, "amountUsdBn": null, "rateType": "fixed", "couponPct": 4.95, "base": "fixed", "spreadBp": null, "allInPctApprox": 4.988, "issued": "2026-02", "maturity": "2031-02-04", "collateral": "unsecured", "collateralType": "corporate unsecured", "recourse": "recourse", "customer": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1341439/000119312526033882/d44245dfwp.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-02-02", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "FWP: yield 4.988% (allIn), T+115bp vs UST 3.838%; Baa2 (negative)/BBB (negative)/BBB. Issued alongside a mandatory convertible preferred.", "allInNowPct": 4.95, "allInBasis": "fixed coupon", "ust10AtIssuePct": 3.97, "spreadOverUst10Bp": 98 } ], "byCollateral": { "GPUs + investment-grade contract": { "n": 5, "medianAllInPct": 6.37, "min": 5.96, "max": 9.87, "medianSpreadBp": 275.0 }, "GPUs + other contract": { "n": 8, "medianAllInPct": 7.99, "min": 6.12, "max": 13.49, "medianSpreadBp": 412.5 }, "GPUs only": { "n": 3, "medianAllInPct": 9.37, "min": 8.87, "max": 11.37, "medianSpreadBp": 550.0 }, "convertible unsecured": { "n": 11, "medianAllInPct": 2.0, "min": 0.5, "max": 4.5, "medianSpreadBp": null }, "corporate unsecured": { "n": 11, "medianAllInPct": 5.35, "min": 3.35, "max": 9.75, "medianSpreadBp": null }, "other": { "n": 16, "medianAllInPct": 6.94, "min": 5.62, "max": 12.5, "medianSpreadBp": 300.0 } }, "byBorrowerType": { "SPV": { "n": 1, "medianAllInPct": 6.58, "min": 6.581, "max": 6.581 }, "developer": { "n": 8, "medianAllInPct": 7.06, "min": 6.0, "max": 9.25 }, "hyperscaler": { "n": 5, "medianAllInPct": 4.8, "min": 3.35, "max": 4.95 }, "lab": { "n": 4, "medianAllInPct": 11.81, "min": 5.35, "max": 12.5 }, "neocloud": { "n": 25, "medianAllInPct": 8.12, "min": 5.62, "max": 13.49 } }, "euroVsDollar": [ { "borrower": "Amazon", "eur": { "instrument": "3.350% senior unsecured notes due 2032 (EUR)", "couponPct": 3.35, "maturity": "2032-03-16", "issued": "2026-03", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000110465926026393/tm266670d7_fwp.htm" }, "usd": { "instrument": "4.800% senior unsecured notes due 2031", "couponPct": 4.8, "maturity": "2031-07-09", "issued": "2026-07", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000110465926081334/tm2619352d3_fwp.htm" }, "gapBp": 145 }, { "borrower": "CoreWeave", "eur": { "instrument": "8.50% senior unsecured notes due 2032 (EUR)", "couponPct": 8.5, "maturity": "2032-07-15", "issued": "2026-06", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000366/crwv-20260630.htm" }, "usd": { "instrument": "9.625% senior unsecured notes due 2032", "couponPct": 9.625, "maturity": "2032-07-15", "issued": "2026-06", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000366/crwv-20260630.htm" }, "gapBp": 112 } ], "depreciation": [ { "company": "Microsoft", "companyType": "hyperscaler", "asset": "Servers and network equipment", "lifeYears": "2\u20136", "lifeMin": 2.0, "lifeMax": 6.0, "since": "FY2023 (from 1 Jul 2022)", "history": [ { "from": "FY2023", "lifeYears": "4 \u2192 6", "effect": "+$3.7bn operating income, +$3.0bn net income FY2023" } ], "filing": "10-K FY2026 (year to 30 Jun 2026)", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312526323660/msft-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-07-29", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Note 1, Property and Equipment: 'servers and network equipment, two to six years'. History from 10-K FY2023 (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000095017023035122/msft-20230630.htm)." }, { "company": "Alphabet", "companyType": "hyperscaler", "asset": "Servers and network equipment", "lifeYears": 6, "lifeMin": 6.0, "lifeMax": 6.0, "since": "FY2023 (Jan 2023)", "history": [ { "from": "2023", "lifeYears": "servers 4 \u2192 6; certain network equipment 5 \u2192 6", "effect": "\u2212$3.9bn depreciation, +$3.0bn net income 2023" } ], "filing": "10-K FY2025", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204426000018/goog-20251231.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-02-05", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Note 1: servers and network equipment depreciated 'generally over a period of six years'. History from 10-K FY2023 (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1652044/000165204424000022/goog-20231231.htm). No change noted in 10-Q Q2 2026." }, { "company": "Meta", "companyType": "hyperscaler", "asset": "Servers and network assets", "lifeYears": "5\u20135.5", "lifeMin": 5.0, "lifeMax": 5.5, "since": "2025-01-01", "history": [ { "from": "2022 Q2", "lifeYears": "4 \u2192 4.5", "effect": "combined 2022 effect below" }, { "from": "2022 Q4", "lifeYears": "4.5 \u2192 5", "effect": "\u2212$860m depreciation, +$693m net income 2022 (both 2022 changes)" }, { "from": "2025-01-01", "lifeYears": "\u2192 5.5 (most servers and network assets)", "effect": "\u2212$2.92bn depreciation, +$2.59bn net income 2025" } ], "filing": "10-K FY2025", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000162828026003942/meta-20251231.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-01-29", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Note 1 table: 'Servers and network assets | Five to 5.5 years'. 2022 history from 10-K FY2022 (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000132680123000013/meta-20221231.htm). Confirms research-note 5.5y claim." }, { "company": "Amazon", "companyType": "hyperscaler", "asset": "Servers and networking equipment", "lifeYears": "5\u20136", "lifeMin": 5.0, "lifeMax": 6.0, "since": "2025-01-01 (subset to 5 years)", "history": [ { "from": "2024-01-01", "lifeYears": "servers 5 \u2192 6", "effect": "\u2212$3.2bn D&A, +$2.5bn net income 2024" }, { "from": "2025-01-01", "lifeYears": "subset 6 \u2192 5", "effect": "+$1.4bn D&A, \u2212$1.0bn net income 2025, mainly AWS" } ], "filing": "10-K FY2025", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872426000004/amzn-20251231.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-02-06", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Note 1 table footnote: 'Five to six years'; shorter lives cited to faster AI/ML technology development. 2024 effect from 10-K FY2024 (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872425000004/amzn-20241231.htm). Only hyperscaler here to shorten lives." }, { "company": "Oracle", "companyType": "hyperscaler", "asset": "Computer, network, machinery and equipment (primarily servers and networking)", "lifeYears": "1\u20136 (servers and networking 6)", "lifeMin": 1.0, "lifeMax": 6.0, "since": "FY2025 (from 1 Jun 2024)", "history": [ { "from": "FY2023", "lifeYears": "servers 4 \u2192 5", "effect": "\u2212$434m operating expenses FY2023" }, { "from": "FY2025", "lifeYears": "servers and networking 5 \u2192 6", "effect": "\u2212$733m operating expenses, +$573m net income FY2025" } ], "filing": "10-K FY2026 (year to 31 May 2026)", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1341439/000119312526277521/orcl-20260531.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-06-22", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "PP&E note footnote: 'servers and networking equipment with estimated useful life of six years'. History from 10-K FY2025 (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1341439/000095017025087926/orcl-20250531.htm)." }, { "company": "CoreWeave", "companyType": "neocloud", "asset": "Technology equipment (computing equipment in data centres)", "lifeYears": 6, "lifeMin": 6.0, "lifeMax": 6.0, "since": "2023-01-01", "history": [ { "from": "2023-01-01", "lifeYears": "5 \u2192 6", "effect": "\u2212$20m total expenses 2023, +$0.10 per share" } ], "filing": "10-K FY2025", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1769628/000176962826000104/crwv-20251231.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-03-02", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Note 2, Property and Equipment: 'Technology equipment | 6 years'. Lenders size DDTLs on the depreciable cost of GPU servers." }, { "company": "Nebius Group", "companyType": "neocloud", "asset": "Server and network equipment", "lifeYears": 5, "lifeMin": 5.0, "lifeMax": 5.0, "since": "2026-01-01", "history": [ { "from": "to 2025", "lifeYears": 4, "effect": "n/a" }, { "from": "2026-01-01", "lifeYears": "4 \u2192 5", "effect": "expected \u2212$167.6m depreciation FY2026; actual H1 2026 \u2212$86.1m depreciation, +$75.7m net income" } ], "filing": "20-F FY2025 + 6-K Q2 2026", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926094844/nbis-20260812xex99d2.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-12", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "20-F table shows 4.0 years at 31 Dec 2025 (https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1513845/000110465926052948/nbis-20251231x20f.htm); Q2 2026 statements confirm 5 years applied from 1 Jan 2026." }, { "company": "Nscale", "companyType": "neocloud", "asset": "Technology equipment (primarily GPU and related infrastructure)", "lifeYears": "5\u20136", "lifeMin": 5.0, "lifeMax": 6.0, "since": null, "history": [], "filing": "S-1 (18 Sep 2026)", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2110365/000119312526395475/ck0002110365-20260918.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-09-18", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "Note 2 table: 'Technology equipment | 5-6 years'; plant and equipment 5-15 years. No change in estimate disclosed." }, { "company": "IREN", "companyType": "neocloud", "asset": "HPC hardware", "lifeYears": 5, "lifeMin": 5.0, "lifeMax": 5.0, "since": null, "history": [], "filing": "10-K FY2026 (year to 30 Jun 2026)", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1878848/000187884826000052/iren-20260630.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-27", "kind": "measured", "checked": "2026-10-11", "note": "PP&E policy table: 'HPC hardware | 5'; mining hardware 4. History not checked." } ], "capitalCharge": { "inputs": { "capexUsd": 33600, "gpu": "H100", "capexBasis": "An 8-GPU DGX H100 server sold for about $269k in May 2023, $33,600 per GPU (analyst figure recorded in Epoch AI's hardware database, CC BY 4.0). Server only: excludes the building, power, networking beyond the server and operating costs.", "source": "https://epoch.ai/data/machine-learning-hardware", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "estimate", "checked": "2026-10-11", "ratesPct": [ 6, 9.6, 12.5 ], "ratesBasis": "6%: about SOFR + 2.25% on loans backed by a strong customer contract (CoreWeave DDTL 4.0, Nebius, IREN). 9.6%: CoreWeave's unsecured notes (9.0-9.75%). 12.5%: xAI's 2025 secured notes.", "lives": [ 3, 4, 5, 6 ], "utilisation": "100% of hours (a real fleet runs below that, which raises the charge per hour sold)" }, "grid": [ { "ratePct": 6, "years": 3, "usdPerGpuHour": 1.43 }, { "ratePct": 6, "years": 4, "usdPerGpuHour": 1.11 }, { "ratePct": 6, "years": 5, "usdPerGpuHour": 0.91 }, { "ratePct": 6, "years": 6, "usdPerGpuHour": 0.78 }, { "ratePct": 9.6, "years": 3, "usdPerGpuHour": 1.53 }, { "ratePct": 9.6, "years": 4, "usdPerGpuHour": 1.2 }, { "ratePct": 9.6, "years": 5, "usdPerGpuHour": 1.0 }, { "ratePct": 9.6, "years": 6, "usdPerGpuHour": 0.87 }, { "ratePct": 12.5, "years": 3, "usdPerGpuHour": 1.61 }, { "ratePct": 12.5, "years": 4, "usdPerGpuHour": 1.28 }, { "ratePct": 12.5, "years": 5, "usdPerGpuHour": 1.08 }, { "ratePct": 12.5, "years": 6, "usdPerGpuHour": 0.95 } ] }, "thirdParty": [ { "who": "Michael Burry (investor), via CNBC", "title": "'Big Short' investor Michael Burry accuses AI hyperscalers of artificially boosting earnings", "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2025/11/11/big-short-investor-michael-burry-accuses-ai-hyperscalers-of-artificially-boosting-earnings.html", "date": "2025-11-11", "paraphrase": "Argues that hyperscalers stretched server lives while buying chips on a 2-3 year product cycle, and estimates about $176bn of understated depreciation over 2026-28 (his estimate). CNBC notes the claim is hard to prove because companies have leeway in setting lives." }, { "who": "CoreWeave CEO Michael Intrator (company claim), via CNBC", "title": "The question everyone in AI is asking: How long before a GPU depreciates?", "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2025/11/14/ai-gpu-depreciation-coreweave-nvidia-michael-burry.html", "date": "2025-11-14", "paraphrase": "Says a batch of 2022 H100s coming off contract was re-booked at 95% of the original price and that 2020-era A100s remain fully booked. This is a rental re-pricing, not a resale value, from a party with an interest in long lives. CoreWeave's Aug 2026 DDTL 5.5 release makes a similar claim: lenders accepted ~5-year debt against ~3-year contracts." }, { "who": "Nvidia (vendor memo to analysts), via CNBC", "title": "Nvidia name-checks Michael Burry in secret memo pushing back on AI bubble allegations", "url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2025/11/25/nvidia-pushes-back-on-charges-that-ai-investment-is-a-bubble.html", "date": "2025-11-25", "paraphrase": "Nvidia told sell-side analysts that its customers depreciate GPUs over four to six years, based on real-world longevity and utilisation. This is a vendor claim with an interest in the outcome." } ], "unverified": [ "Meta Beignet secondary price ~91 cents / 7.55% yield: not found in a reputable source; reports seen cite ~94.4 cents (Sep 2026). The 6.581% coupon is in the dataset as reported (IFR).", "'Apollo 9.5%' (research notes): could not identify the deal or find a primary or reputable source; left out.", "Crusoe final spread: only price talk S+475-500 (Octus, 10 Sep 2026) found; allocated pricing not found.", "Vantage/Oracle ~$38bn loans: pricing (~2.5pp over benchmark in secondary summaries), tenor and closing not confirmed from a readable reputable source.", "Nvidia claim of ~58% GPU residual value after 3-4 years and Valor's 25%-after-5-years base case (research notes): no source found; left out.", "Fluidstack's own GPU-backed debt: Macquarie describes a GPU-secured senior facility with no amount; the 'up to $10bn' figure is from Sacra only. No row.", "Lambda: $500m Macquarie-led GPU-backed facility (Apr 2024) and $1bn senior secured facility (May 2026) have no published pricing; Business Wire release could not be fetched. No rows.", "Mistral $830m (Mar 2026): rate, maturity and collateral not disclosed; row kept with null rates (reported).", "Evroc and other European GPU borrowers (beyond Nscale, Nebius, Northern Data, Mistral): no public debt terms found.", "Microsoft: no 424B2/424B5/FWP filed in 2025-2026 (EDGAR submissions checked 11 Oct 2026), so no comparison bond row.", "CoreWeave DDTL 1.0/2.0/3.0/4.0 customers: not named in filings (press reports link DDTL 3.0 to OpenAI); left blank.", "Nscale North Carolina and Ward County facilities: customer not named in the facility text; Microsoft link not stated.", "CoreWeave revolver margin after the May and Nov 2025 amendments: only the Mar 2025 margin (Term SOFR + 1.75%) was read.", "Coupons on CoreWeave OEM financing, Nscale's Dell vendor financing and Nscale's 2028 convertible loan notes: not disclosed in the filings read.", "Free SemiAnalysis post on GPU residual values or depreciation: none located, so none cited in thirdParty.", "xAI/SpaceX useful life for GPU hardware: not found in the 10-Q or 424B4 text searched; no depreciation row." ], "notes": [ "Floating all-in rates (allInPctApprox) are our arithmetic: SOFR 3.87% (FRED series SOFR, 8 Oct 2026) plus the stated margin. Term SOFR and 1/3-month SOFR are approximated by overnight SOFR. Fees, OID, undrawn fees and hedges are excluded.", "Fixed-rate hyperscaler rows use the yield to maturity stated in the FWP pricing term sheet as allInPctApprox. For other fixed rows allIn is left null; CoreWeave 10-Q effective rates (rounded) are in the notes.", "Convertible coupons understate cost: Nebius notes accrete to 110-125% of principal at maturity, and all convertibles carry equity dilution.", "Developer rows (TeraWulf, Cipher, Applied Digital, Vantage, Beignet) are data-centre shell debt secured on buildings and leases, not on GPUs. They are kept for the spread ladder and should be shown apart from GPU-backed loans.", "collateralType 'GPUs + investment-grade contract' is used only where the filing or release says the customer or counterparty is investment grade, or names Microsoft (IREN). Facility ratings (e.g. DDTL 4.0 A3) are not treated as customer ratings.", "EUR to USD at the ECB reference rate 1.1206 (9 Oct 2026) unless the filing gives the USD figure. 3M EURIBOR 2.635% is the ECB monthly average for Sep 2026.", "Hyperscaler comparison bonds are the ~5-year USD tranche of each company's latest 2026 deal, to match neocloud loan tenors. Issue dates differ (Feb-Aug 2026), while the 10-year Treasury rose through 2026, so compare spreads to Treasuries, not raw coupons.", "No ICE BofA or Moody's spread series used." ], "scope": "Cost of GPU- and AI-data-centre-backed debt (neoclouds, labs, developers, SPVs; US, Europe, other) against recent hyperscaler investment-grade bonds, plus server/GPU useful lives from latest annual filings. Primary sources: SEC EDGAR filings (10-K, 10-Q, 8-K, 6-K, 20-F, S-1, 424B4, FWP), then company releases, then reputable press marked 'reported'. Europe = EU-27 + UK, NO, CH, IS.", "status": { "debtRows": 61, "depreciationRows": 9, "secDocsCached": 32 }, "caveats": [ "Rates are contractual: coupons on notes, and SOFR plus the stated margin on floating loans (all-in today = latest SOFR + margin; fees, original-issue discounts and hedges are not included).", "Spread over Treasuries = coupon minus the 10-year Treasury yield on the issue date (our arithmetic); maturities differ, so it is a rough comparison, not a credit spread.", "Kind: 'measured' rows were read in the filing itself; 'reported' rows rest on company releases or press and are marked as such.", "Depreciation lives are the ranges companies state for servers and network equipment; a longer life lowers yearly depreciation and raises reported profit, without changing cash spent.", "ICE BofA and Moody's corporate spread indices are not shown: their licences do not allow republication." ] }, "taiwan_monthly": { "title": "Taiwan AI supply chain monthly revenue (MOPS)", "source": "MOPS monthly revenue summary (mopsov.twse.com.tw), TWSE open data t187ap05_L; BIS exchange rates", "sourceUrls": [ "https://mopsov.twse.com.tw/nas/t21/sii/t21sc03_115_9_0.html", "https://openapi.twse.com.tw/v1/opendata/t187ap05_L", "https://data.gov.tw/dataset/18420", "https://stats.bis.org/api/v2/data/dataflow/BIS/WS_XRU/1.0/M.TW.TWD.A?startPeriod=2022-01&format=csv" ], "licence": "Open Government Data License, Taiwan, v1.0 (https://data.gov.tw/license)", "attribution": "Financial Supervisory Commission (Securities and Futures Bureau) / Taiwan Stock Exchange, monthly revenue of listed companies, via MOPS and data.gov.tw", "asOf": "2026-10-11", "latestMonth": "2026-09", "notYetReported": [ "ASE", "Alchip", "Delta Electronics" ], "unit": "NT$ bn (monthly revenue), US$ bn at BIS monthly average rates", "fxSource": "BIS WS_XRU, monthly average NT$ per US$", "companies": [ { "code": "2330", "name": "TSMC", "role": "Foundry: makes Nvidia, AMD and Broadcom chips; CoWoS packaging", "group": "foundry", "months": [ { "ym": "2023-01", "ntdBn": 200.05, "usdBn": 6.584, "yoy": 16.2 }, { "ym": "2023-02", "ntdBn": 163.17, "usdBn": 5.398, "yoy": 11.1 }, { "ym": "2023-03", "ntdBn": 145.41, "usdBn": 4.762, "yoy": -15.4 }, { "ym": "2023-04", "ntdBn": 147.9, "usdBn": 4.84, "yoy": -14.3 }, { "ym": "2023-05", "ntdBn": 176.54, "usdBn": 5.745, "yoy": -4.9 }, { "ym": "2023-06", "ntdBn": 156.4, "usdBn": 5.071, "yoy": -11.1 }, { "ym": "2023-07", "ntdBn": 177.62, "usdBn": 5.693, "yoy": -4.9 }, { "ym": "2023-08", "ntdBn": 188.69, "usdBn": 5.929, "yoy": -13.5 }, { "ym": "2023-09", "ntdBn": 180.43, "usdBn": 5.631, "yoy": -13.4 }, { "ym": "2023-10", "ntdBn": 243.2, "usdBn": 7.529, "yoy": 15.7 }, { "ym": "2023-11", "ntdBn": 206.03, "usdBn": 6.464, "yoy": -7.5 }, { "ym": "2023-12", "ntdBn": 176.3, "usdBn": 5.641, "yoy": -8.4 }, { "ym": "2024-01", "ntdBn": 215.79, "usdBn": 6.914, "yoy": 7.9 }, { "ym": "2024-02", "ntdBn": 181.65, "usdBn": 5.779, "yoy": 11.3 }, { "ym": "2024-03", "ntdBn": 195.21, "usdBn": 6.16, "yoy": 34.3 }, { "ym": "2024-04", "ntdBn": 236.02, "usdBn": 7.299, "yoy": 59.6 }, { "ym": "2024-05", "ntdBn": 229.62, "usdBn": 7.103, "yoy": 30.1 }, { "ym": "2024-06", "ntdBn": 207.87, "usdBn": 6.42, "yoy": 32.9 }, { "ym": "2024-07", "ntdBn": 256.95, "usdBn": 7.871, "yoy": 44.7 }, { "ym": "2024-08", "ntdBn": 250.87, "usdBn": 7.782, "yoy": 33.0 }, { "ym": "2024-09", "ntdBn": 251.87, "usdBn": 7.882, "yoy": 39.6 }, { "ym": "2024-10", "ntdBn": 314.24, "usdBn": 9.792, "yoy": 29.2 }, { "ym": "2024-11", "ntdBn": 276.06, "usdBn": 8.532, "yoy": 34.0 }, { "ym": "2024-12", "ntdBn": 278.16, "usdBn": 8.539, "yoy": 57.8 }, { "ym": "2025-01", "ntdBn": 293.29, "usdBn": 8.921, "yoy": 35.9 }, { "ym": "2025-02", "ntdBn": 260.01, "usdBn": 7.924, "yoy": 43.1 }, { "ym": "2025-03", "ntdBn": 285.96, "usdBn": 8.671, "yoy": 46.5 }, { "ym": "2025-04", "ntdBn": 349.57, "usdBn": 10.709, "yoy": 48.1 }, { "ym": "2025-05", "ntdBn": 320.52, "usdBn": 10.606, "yoy": 39.6 }, { "ym": "2025-06", "ntdBn": 263.71, "usdBn": 8.902, "yoy": 26.9 }, { "ym": "2025-07", "ntdBn": 323.17, "usdBn": 11.015, "yoy": 25.8 }, { "ym": "2025-08", "ntdBn": 335.77, "usdBn": 11.135, "yoy": 33.8 }, { "ym": "2025-09", "ntdBn": 330.98, "usdBn": 10.898, "yoy": 31.4 }, { "ym": "2025-10", "ntdBn": 367.47, "usdBn": 12.008, "yoy": 16.9 }, { "ym": "2025-11", "ntdBn": 343.61, "usdBn": 11.036, "yoy": 24.5 }, { "ym": "2025-12", "ntdBn": 335.0, "usdBn": 10.685, "yoy": 20.4 }, { "ym": "2026-01", "ntdBn": 401.26, "usdBn": 12.731, "yoy": 36.8 }, { "ym": "2026-02", "ntdBn": 317.66, "usdBn": 10.094, "yoy": 22.2 }, { "ym": "2026-03", "ntdBn": 415.19, "usdBn": 13.028, "yoy": 45.2 }, { "ym": "2026-04", "ntdBn": 410.73, "usdBn": 12.966, "yoy": 17.5 }, { "ym": "2026-05", "ntdBn": 416.98, "usdBn": 13.236, "yoy": 30.1 }, { "ym": "2026-06", "ntdBn": 442.68, "usdBn": 14.0, "yoy": 67.9 }, { "ym": "2026-07", "ntdBn": 467.58, "usdBn": 14.514, "yoy": 44.7 }, { "ym": "2026-08", "ntdBn": 514.81, "usdBn": 16.076, "yoy": 53.3 }, { "ym": "2026-09", "ntdBn": 511.86, "usdBn": 16.128, "yoy": 54.6 } ], "quarters": [ { "q": "2023-Q1", "ntdBn": 508.6, "usdBn": 16.74, "yoy": 3.6 }, { "q": "2023-Q2", "ntdBn": 480.8, "usdBn": 15.66, "yoy": -10.0 }, { "q": "2023-Q3", "ntdBn": 546.7, "usdBn": 17.25, "yoy": -10.8 }, { "q": "2023-Q4", "ntdBn": 625.5, "usdBn": 19.63, "yoy": -0.0 }, { "q": "2024-Q1", "ntdBn": 592.6, "usdBn": 18.85, "yoy": 16.5 }, { "q": "2024-Q2", "ntdBn": 673.5, "usdBn": 20.82, "yoy": 40.1 }, { "q": "2024-Q3", "ntdBn": 759.7, "usdBn": 23.54, "yoy": 38.9 }, { "q": "2024-Q4", "ntdBn": 868.5, "usdBn": 26.86, "yoy": 38.8 }, { "q": "2025-Q1", "ntdBn": 839.3, "usdBn": 25.52, "yoy": 41.6 }, { "q": "2025-Q2", "ntdBn": 933.8, "usdBn": 30.22, "yoy": 38.6 }, { "q": "2025-Q3", "ntdBn": 989.9, "usdBn": 33.05, "yoy": 30.3 }, { "q": "2025-Q4", "ntdBn": 1046.1, "usdBn": 33.73, "yoy": 20.5 }, { "q": "2026-Q1", "ntdBn": 1134.1, "usdBn": 35.85, "yoy": 35.1 }, { "q": "2026-Q2", "ntdBn": 1270.4, "usdBn": 40.2, "yoy": 36.0 }, { 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"ym": "2023-08", "ntdBn": 57.0, "usdBn": 1.79, "yoy": -14.9 }, { "ym": "2023-09", "ntdBn": 58.8, "usdBn": 1.83, "yoy": -16.3 }, { "ym": "2023-10", "ntdBn": 61.1, "usdBn": 1.89, "yoy": -9.8 }, { "ym": "2023-11", "ntdBn": 59.4, "usdBn": 1.86, "yoy": -7.8 }, { "ym": "2023-12", "ntdBn": 55.6, "usdBn": 1.78, "yoy": -3.9 }, { "ym": "2024-01", "ntdBn": 52.5, "usdBn": 1.68, "yoy": 7.5 }, { "ym": "2024-02", "ntdBn": 44.8, "usdBn": 1.42, "yoy": 2.2 }, { "ym": "2024-03", "ntdBn": 51.7, "usdBn": 1.63, "yoy": 2.4 }, { "ym": "2024-04", "ntdBn": 51.5, "usdBn": 1.59, "yoy": 7.5 }, { "ym": "2024-05", "ntdBn": 54.2, "usdBn": 1.68, "yoy": 6.1 }, { "ym": "2024-06", "ntdBn": 54.8, "usdBn": 1.69, "yoy": 6.0 }, { "ym": "2024-07", "ntdBn": 59.4, "usdBn": 1.82, "yoy": 12.4 }, { "ym": "2024-08", "ntdBn": 59.5, "usdBn": 1.85, "yoy": 4.4 }, { "ym": "2024-09", "ntdBn": 62.6, "usdBn": 1.96, "yoy": 6.6 }, { "ym": "2024-10", "ntdBn": 62.1, "usdBn": 1.94, "yoy": 1.6 }, { "ym": "2024-11", "ntdBn": 59.2, "usdBn": 1.83, "yoy": -0.4 }, { "ym": "2024-12", "ntdBn": 60.1, "usdBn": 1.84, "yoy": 8.0 }, { "ym": "2025-01", "ntdBn": 54.7, "usdBn": 1.66, "yoy": 4.3 }, { "ym": "2025-02", "ntdBn": 50.7, "usdBn": 1.54, "yoy": 13.2 }, { "ym": "2025-03", "ntdBn": 60.3, "usdBn": 1.83, "yoy": 16.5 }, { "ym": "2025-04", "ntdBn": 57.0, "usdBn": 1.75, "yoy": 10.7 }, { "ym": "2025-05", "ntdBn": 54.0, "usdBn": 1.79, "yoy": -0.5 }, { "ym": "2025-06", "ntdBn": 55.0, "usdBn": 1.86, "yoy": 0.3 }, { "ym": "2025-07", "ntdBn": 56.4, "usdBn": 1.92, "yoy": -5.0 }, { "ym": "2025-08", "ntdBn": 61.6, "usdBn": 2.04, "yoy": 3.4 }, { "ym": "2025-09", "ntdBn": 65.8, "usdBn": 2.17, "yoy": 5.1 }, { "ym": "2025-10", "ntdBn": 65.6, "usdBn": 2.14, "yoy": 5.7 }, { "ym": "2025-11", "ntdBn": 64.5, "usdBn": 2.07, "yoy": 8.9 }, { "ym": "2025-12", "ntdBn": 65.0, "usdBn": 2.07, "yoy": 8.2 }, { "ym": "2026-01", "ntdBn": 65.7, "usdBn": 2.08, "yoy": 19.9 }, { "ym": "2026-02", "ntdBn": 56.3, "usdBn": 1.79, "yoy": 11.1 }, { "ym": "2026-03", "ntdBn": 67.4, "usdBn": 2.11, "yoy": 11.8 }, { "ym": "2026-04", "ntdBn": 68.7, "usdBn": 2.17, "yoy": 20.4 }, { "ym": "2026-05", "ntdBn": 69.6, "usdBn": 2.21, "yoy": 29.1 }, { "ym": "2026-06", "ntdBn": 74.3, "usdBn": 2.35, "yoy": 35.0 }, { "ym": "2026-07", "ntdBn": 87.0, "usdBn": 2.7, "yoy": 54.2 }, { "ym": "2026-08", "ntdBn": 96.9, "usdBn": 3.03, "yoy": 57.3 } ], "quarters": [ { "q": "2023-Q1", "ntdBn": 143.2, "usdBn": 4.71, "yoy": -5.5 }, { "q": "2023-Q2", "ntdBn": 150.8, "usdBn": 4.91, "yoy": -10.7 }, { "q": "2023-Q3", "ntdBn": 168.6, "usdBn": 5.31, "yoy": -15.0 }, { "q": "2023-Q4", "ntdBn": 176.1, "usdBn": 5.53, "yoy": -7.3 }, { "q": "2024-Q1", "ntdBn": 149.0, "usdBn": 4.73, "yoy": 4.1 }, { "q": "2024-Q2", "ntdBn": 160.5, "usdBn": 4.96, "yoy": 6.5 }, { "q": "2024-Q3", "ntdBn": 181.5, "usdBn": 5.63, "yoy": 7.7 }, { "q": "2024-Q4", "ntdBn": 181.4, "usdBn": 5.61, "yoy": 2.9 }, { "q": "2025-Q1", "ntdBn": 165.7, "usdBn": 5.03, "yoy": 11.2 }, { "q": "2025-Q2", "ntdBn": 166.0, "usdBn": 5.4, "yoy": 3.4 }, { "q": "2025-Q3", "ntdBn": 183.8, "usdBn": 6.13, "yoy": 1.2 }, { "q": "2025-Q4", "ntdBn": 195.1, "usdBn": 6.28, "yoy": 7.6 }, { "q": "2026-Q1", "ntdBn": 189.4, "usdBn": 5.98, "yoy": 14.3 }, { "q": "2026-Q2", "ntdBn": 212.6, "usdBn": 6.73, "yoy": 28.1 } ] }, { "group": "network-power", "label": "Networking, power and cooling (Accton, Delta, AVC, King Slide)", "members": [ "Accton", "Delta Electronics", "Asia Vital Components (AVC)", "King Slide" ], "months": [ { "ym": "2023-01", "ntdBn": 39.0, "usdBn": 1.28, "yoy": 7.0 }, { "ym": "2023-02", "ntdBn": 39.8, "usdBn": 1.32, "yoy": 17.5 }, { "ym": "2023-03", "ntdBn": 46.7, "usdBn": 1.53, "yoy": 10.6 }, { "ym": "2023-04", "ntdBn": 43.1, "usdBn": 1.41, "yoy": 13.4 }, { "ym": "2023-05", "ntdBn": 46.1, "usdBn": 1.5, "yoy": 10.0 }, { "ym": "2023-06", "ntdBn": 47.6, "usdBn": 1.54, "yoy": 7.1 }, { "ym": "2023-07", "ntdBn": 49.1, "usdBn": 1.57, "yoy": 5.5 }, { "ym": "2023-08", "ntdBn": 49.5, "usdBn": 1.56, "yoy": 4.8 }, { "ym": "2023-09", "ntdBn": 48.8, "usdBn": 1.52, "yoy": -2.5 }, { "ym": "2023-10", "ntdBn": 48.0, "usdBn": 1.49, "yoy": 0.1 }, { "ym": "2023-11", "ntdBn": 46.7, "usdBn": 1.47, "yoy": -3.4 }, { "ym": "2023-12", "ntdBn": 45.9, "usdBn": 1.47, "yoy": -5.1 }, { "ym": "2024-01", "ntdBn": 44.7, "usdBn": 1.43, "yoy": 14.6 }, { "ym": "2024-02", "ntdBn": 37.6, "usdBn": 1.2, "yoy": -5.5 }, { "ym": "2024-03", "ntdBn": 45.1, "usdBn": 1.42, "yoy": -3.5 }, { "ym": "2024-04", "ntdBn": 46.5, "usdBn": 1.44, "yoy": 8.0 }, { "ym": "2024-05", "ntdBn": 50.0, "usdBn": 1.55, "yoy": 8.5 }, { "ym": "2024-06", "ntdBn": 50.3, "usdBn": 1.55, "yoy": 5.6 }, { "ym": "2024-07", "ntdBn": 53.1, "usdBn": 1.63, "yoy": 8.1 }, { "ym": "2024-08", "ntdBn": 54.6, "usdBn": 1.7, "yoy": 10.3 }, { "ym": "2024-09", "ntdBn": 54.3, "usdBn": 1.7, "yoy": 11.3 }, { "ym": "2024-10", "ntdBn": 57.7, "usdBn": 1.8, "yoy": 20.3 }, { "ym": "2024-11", "ntdBn": 57.4, "usdBn": 1.77, "yoy": 22.9 }, { "ym": "2024-12", "ntdBn": 62.0, "usdBn": 1.9, "yoy": 35.2 }, { "ym": "2025-01", "ntdBn": 58.0, "usdBn": 1.76, "yoy": 29.6 }, { "ym": "2025-02", "ntdBn": 60.4, "usdBn": 1.84, "yoy": 60.5 }, { "ym": "2025-03", "ntdBn": 70.6, "usdBn": 2.14, "yoy": 56.8 }, { "ym": "2025-04", "ntdBn": 69.1, "usdBn": 2.12, "yoy": 48.5 }, { "ym": "2025-05", "ntdBn": 70.6, "usdBn": 2.34, "yoy": 41.2 }, { "ym": "2025-06", "ntdBn": 78.8, "usdBn": 2.66, "yoy": 56.5 }, { "ym": "2025-07", "ntdBn": 81.6, "usdBn": 2.78, "yoy": 53.7 }, { "ym": "2025-08", "ntdBn": 87.6, "usdBn": 2.9, "yoy": 60.3 }, { "ym": "2025-09", "ntdBn": 97.4, "usdBn": 3.21, "yoy": 79.3 }, { "ym": "2025-10", "ntdBn": 98.8, "usdBn": 3.23, "yoy": 71.0 }, { "ym": "2025-11", "ntdBn": 92.1, "usdBn": 2.96, "yoy": 60.5 }, { "ym": "2025-12", "ntdBn": 95.4, "usdBn": 3.04, "yoy": 53.8 }, { "ym": "2026-01", "ntdBn": 90.0, "usdBn": 2.85, "yoy": 55.3 }, { "ym": "2026-02", "ntdBn": 89.3, "usdBn": 2.84, "yoy": 47.9 }, { "ym": "2026-03", "ntdBn": 104.7, "usdBn": 3.29, "yoy": 48.2 }, { "ym": "2026-04", "ntdBn": 104.3, "usdBn": 3.29, "yoy": 50.9 }, { "ym": "2026-05", "ntdBn": 107.2, "usdBn": 3.4, "yoy": 51.9 }, { "ym": "2026-06", "ntdBn": 127.2, "usdBn": 4.02, "yoy": 61.5 }, { "ym": "2026-07", "ntdBn": 131.5, "usdBn": 4.08, "yoy": 61.2 }, { "ym": "2026-08", "ntdBn": 131.4, "usdBn": 4.1, "yoy": 50.1 } ], "quarters": [ { "q": "2023-Q1", "ntdBn": 125.5, "usdBn": 4.13, "yoy": 11.5 }, { "q": "2023-Q2", "ntdBn": 136.8, "usdBn": 4.45, "yoy": 10.0 }, { "q": "2023-Q3", "ntdBn": 147.4, "usdBn": 4.65, "yoy": 2.5 }, { "q": "2023-Q4", "ntdBn": 140.6, "usdBn": 4.43, "yoy": -2.8 }, { "q": "2024-Q1", "ntdBn": 127.4, "usdBn": 4.05, "yoy": 1.5 }, { "q": "2024-Q2", "ntdBn": 146.8, "usdBn": 4.54, "yoy": 7.3 }, { "q": "2024-Q3", "ntdBn": 162.0, "usdBn": 5.03, "yoy": 9.9 }, { "q": "2024-Q4", "ntdBn": 177.1, "usdBn": 5.47, "yoy": 26.0 }, { "q": "2025-Q1", "ntdBn": 189.0, "usdBn": 5.74, "yoy": 48.3 }, { "q": "2025-Q2", "ntdBn": 218.5, "usdBn": 7.12, "yoy": 48.8 }, { "q": "2025-Q3", "ntdBn": 266.6, "usdBn": 8.89, "yoy": 64.5 }, { "q": "2025-Q4", "ntdBn": 286.3, "usdBn": 9.23, "yoy": 61.6 }, { "q": "2026-Q1", "ntdBn": 284.0, "usdBn": 8.98, "yoy": 50.3 }, { "q": "2026-Q2", "ntdBn": 338.7, "usdBn": 10.71, "yoy": 55.0 } ] } ], "openApiCheck": { "month": "2026-08", "openApiNtdBn": 514.81, "mopsNtdBn": 514.81, "file": "openapi_t187ap05_L_2026-10-11.json" }, "caveats": [ "Monthly revenue is unaudited, as each company posts it to MOPS by the 10th of the following month; companies can revise it later, and each month's figure here is from the latest page we hold.", "Hon Hai, Quanta, Wistron and Inventec also make phones, laptops and other electronics, so their totals overstate AI-server sales; Hon Hai reports its cloud and networking share only quarterly.", "Wiwynn is consolidated in Wistron, so it is excluded from the server-maker basket to avoid double counting.", "US-dollar figures use the BIS monthly average NT$ per US$ rate for each month.", "Growth rates compare a month with the same month a year earlier, as each company reports it." ] }, "ai_suppliers": { "title": "AI supplier revenue by quarter and layer", "source": "SEC EDGAR XBRL (10-Q/10-K instances) and 8-K earnings exhibits; MOPS monthly revenue; company releases; BIS exchange rates", "sourceUrls": [ "https://www.sec.gov/edgar/search/", "https://data.bis.org/topics/XRU", "https://mopsov.twse.com.tw/mops/web/t21sc04_ifrs" ], "asOf": "2026-10-09", "builtFrom": "2026-10-11", "unit": "US$ bn per calendar quarter", "layers": [ "Accelerators", "Foundry", "Memory", "Equipment", "Networking", "Servers and assembly", "Power and cooling" ], "filers": [ { "key": "nvidia", "name": "Nvidia", "cik": 1045810, "layer": "Accelerators", "fyEnd": "late January", "aiLabel": "Data Center", "listing": "US (SEC)", "currency": "USD", "quarters": [ { "q": "2023-Q1", "end": "2023-04-30", "totalUsdBn": 7.192, "aiUsdBn": 4.284, "derived": false }, { "q": "2023-Q2", "end": "2023-07-30", "totalUsdBn": 13.507, "aiUsdBn": 10.323, "derived": false }, { "q": "2023-Q3", 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27.0, "guaranteesMaxUsdBn": 3.5, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581026000021/nvda-20260125.htm" }, { "asOf": "2026-04-26", "q": "2026-Q1", "supplyUsdBn": 119.0, "cloudUsdBn": 30.0, "guaranteesMaxUsdBn": null, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581026000052/nvda-20260426.htm" }, { "asOf": "2026-07-26", "q": "2026-Q2", "supplyUsdBn": 279.0, "cloudUsdBn": 29.0, "guaranteesMaxUsdBn": 108.5, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581026000075/nvda-20260726.htm" } ], "commitmentsLatest": [ { "item": "SupplyAndCapacityCommitments", "usdBn": 279.0 }, { "item": "CloudServiceAgreementCommitments", "usdBn": 29.0 }, { "item": "DataCenterLeaseNotYetCommenced", "usdBn": 25.0 }, { "item": "EquityInvestmentCommitments", "usdBn": 25.0 }, { "item": "CapitalExpenditureObligations", "usdBn": 8.0 }, { "item": "FuturePurchaseAndOtherCommitments", "usdBn": 366.0 }, { "item": "AICloudPartnershipCommitments", "usdBn": 36.0 }, { "item": "DataCenterForThirdPartyLeaseNotYetCommenced", "usdBn": 20.0 }, { "item": "FutureAdditionalCommitments", "usdBn": 56.0 } ], "commitmentsAsOf": "2026-07-26", "latest10Q": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581026000075/nvda-20260726.htm", "notes": [ { "topic": "China", "text": "Nvidia says shipments of Data Center Hopper products to China were under 1% of Data Center revenue in Q2 FY27, and its guidance assumes no Data Center compute revenue from China.", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581026000075/nvda-20260726.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-26", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "topic": "Recast", "text": "In Q2 FY27 Nvidia moved one company from AI Clouds, Industrial & Enterprise to Hyperscale, citing a change in its business model, and recast earlier quarters (Q1 FY27 Hyperscale: $37.9bn first reported, $43.1bn recast).", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581026000073/q2fy27cfocommentary.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-26", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "topic": "Payment terms", "text": "Nvidia says it has offered, and may offer, longer payment terms of 90 days up to one year to some investment-grade customers with large data-centre builds.", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581026000075/nvda-20260726.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-26", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "topic": "Cancellable cloud agreements", "text": "Under its AI cloud agreements, the clouds buy Nvidia systems and Nvidia commits to cloud service agreements, which the clouds can stop providing to Nvidia and sell to other customers instead; Nvidia shares in revenue the clouds earn from third parties once conditions are met.", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581026000075/nvda-20260726.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-08-26", "kind": "reported", "checked": "2026-10-11" } ] }, "tsmcQuarterly": [ { "q": "2023-Q1", "ntdBn": 508.6, "usdBn": 16.74, "yoy": 3.6 }, { "q": "2023-Q2", "ntdBn": 480.8, "usdBn": 15.66, "yoy": -10.0 }, { "q": "2023-Q3", "ntdBn": 546.7, "usdBn": 17.25, "yoy": -10.8 }, { "q": "2023-Q4", "ntdBn": 625.5, "usdBn": 19.63, "yoy": -0.0 }, { "q": "2024-Q1", "ntdBn": 592.6, "usdBn": 18.85, "yoy": 16.5 }, { "q": "2024-Q2", "ntdBn": 673.5, "usdBn": 20.82, "yoy": 40.1 }, { "q": "2024-Q3", "ntdBn": 759.7, "usdBn": 23.54, "yoy": 38.9 }, { "q": "2024-Q4", "ntdBn": 868.5, "usdBn": 26.86, "yoy": 38.8 }, { "q": "2025-Q1", "ntdBn": 839.3, "usdBn": 25.52, "yoy": 41.6 }, { "q": "2025-Q2", "ntdBn": 933.8, "usdBn": 30.22, "yoy": 38.6 }, { "q": "2025-Q3", "ntdBn": 989.9, "usdBn": 33.05, "yoy": 30.3 }, { "q": "2025-Q4", "ntdBn": 1046.1, "usdBn": 33.73, "yoy": 20.5 }, { "q": "2026-Q1", "ntdBn": 1134.1, "usdBn": 35.85, "yoy": 35.1 }, { "q": "2026-Q2", "ntdBn": 1270.4, "usdBn": 40.2, "yoy": 36.0 }, { "q": "2026-Q3", "ntdBn": 1494.2, "usdBn": 46.72, "yoy": 50.9 } ], "nonUs": [ { "company": "ASML", "fiscalPeriod": "Q1 2024", "periodStart": "2024-01-01", "periodEnd": "2024-03-31", "currency": "EUR", "value": 5.29, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/937966/000093796624000013/pressreleasequarterlyresul.htm", "sourceDate": "2024-04-17", "note": "From results press release table (EUR million, rounded). Period dates are calendar-quarter approximations; ASML fiscal quarters end on a Sunday near quarter end.", "metric": "Net sales", "layer": "Equipment", "country": "Netherlands", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2024-Q1", "usdBn": 5.743, "fxRate": 0.9211 }, { "company": "ASML", "fiscalPeriod": "Q2 2024", "periodStart": "2024-04-01", "periodEnd": "2024-06-30", "currency": "EUR", "value": 6.243, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/937966/000093796624000019/pressreleasequarterlyresul.htm", "sourceDate": "2024-07-17", "note": "From results press release table (EUR million, rounded). Period dates are calendar-quarter approximations; ASML fiscal quarters end on a Sunday near quarter end.", "metric": "Net sales", "layer": "Equipment", "country": "Netherlands", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2024-Q2", "usdBn": 6.721, "fxRate": 0.9289 }, { "company": "ASML", "fiscalPeriod": "Q3 2024", "periodStart": "2024-07-01", "periodEnd": "2024-09-30", "currency": "EUR", "value": 7.467, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/937966/000093796624000022/pressreleasequarterlyresul.htm", "sourceDate": "2024-10-15", "note": "From results press release table (EUR million, rounded). Period dates are calendar-quarter approximations; ASML fiscal quarters end on a Sunday near quarter end.", "metric": "Net sales", "layer": "Equipment", "country": "Netherlands", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2024-Q3", "usdBn": 8.203, "fxRate": 0.9103 }, { "company": "ASML", "fiscalPeriod": "Q4 2024", "periodStart": "2024-10-01", "periodEnd": "2024-12-31", "currency": "EUR", "value": 9.263, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/937966/000093796625000003/pressreleasequarterlyresul.htm", "sourceDate": "2025-01-29", "note": "From results press release table (EUR million, rounded). Period dates are calendar-quarter approximations; ASML fiscal quarters end on a Sunday near quarter end.", "metric": "Net sales", "layer": "Equipment", "country": "Netherlands", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2024-Q4", "usdBn": 9.881, "fxRate": 0.9374 }, { "company": "ASML", "fiscalPeriod": "Q1 2025", "periodStart": "2025-01-01", "periodEnd": "2025-03-31", "currency": "EUR", "value": 7.742, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/937966/000093796625000014/pressreleasequarterlyresul.htm", "sourceDate": "2025-04-16", "note": "From results press release table (EUR million, rounded). Period dates are calendar-quarter approximations; ASML fiscal quarters end on a Sunday near quarter end.", "metric": "Net sales", "layer": "Equipment", "country": "Netherlands", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2025-Q1", "usdBn": 8.144, "fxRate": 0.9506 }, { "company": "ASML", "fiscalPeriod": "Q2 2025", "periodStart": "2025-04-01", "periodEnd": "2025-06-30", "currency": "EUR", "value": 7.692, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/937966/000162828025034992/pressreleasequarterlyresul.htm", "sourceDate": "2025-07-16", "note": "From results press release table (EUR million, rounded). Period dates are calendar-quarter approximations; ASML fiscal quarters end on a Sunday near quarter end.", "metric": "Net sales", "layer": "Equipment", "country": "Netherlands", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2025-Q2", "usdBn": 8.717, "fxRate": 0.8824 }, { "company": "ASML", "fiscalPeriod": "Q3 2025", "periodStart": "2025-07-01", "periodEnd": "2025-09-30", "currency": "EUR", "value": 7.516, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/937966/000162828025045043/pressreleasequarterlyresul.htm", "sourceDate": "2025-10-15", "note": "From results press release table (EUR million, rounded). Period dates are calendar-quarter approximations; ASML fiscal quarters end on a Sunday near quarter end.", "metric": "Net sales", "layer": "Equipment", "country": "Netherlands", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2025-Q3", "usdBn": 8.778, "fxRate": 0.8562 }, { "company": "ASML", "fiscalPeriod": "Q4 2025", "periodStart": "2025-10-01", "periodEnd": "2025-12-31", "currency": "EUR", "value": 9.718, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/937966/000162828026003701/pressreleasefinancialresul.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-01-28", "note": "From results press release table (EUR million, rounded). Period dates are calendar-quarter approximations; ASML fiscal quarters end on a Sunday near quarter end.", "metric": "Net sales", "layer": "Equipment", "country": "Netherlands", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2025-Q4", "usdBn": 11.305, "fxRate": 0.8597 }, { "company": "ASML", "fiscalPeriod": "Q1 2026", "periodStart": "2026-01-01", "periodEnd": "2026-03-31", "currency": "EUR", "value": 8.767, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/937966/000162828026025147/pressreleasefinancialresul.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-04-15", "note": "From results press release table (EUR million, rounded). Period dates are calendar-quarter approximations; ASML fiscal quarters end on a Sunday near quarter end.", "metric": "Net sales", "layer": "Equipment", "country": "Netherlands", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2026-Q1", "usdBn": 10.262, "fxRate": 0.8543 }, { "company": "ASML", "fiscalPeriod": "Q2 2026", "periodStart": "2026-04-01", "periodEnd": "2026-06-30", "currency": "EUR", "value": 9.326, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/937966/000162828026048235/pressreleasefinancialresul.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-07-15", "note": "From results press release table (EUR million, rounded). Period dates are calendar-quarter approximations; ASML fiscal quarters end on a Sunday near quarter end.", "metric": "Net sales", "layer": "Equipment", "country": "Netherlands", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2026-Q2", "usdBn": 10.847, "fxRate": 0.8597 }, { "company": "Infineon", "fiscalPeriod": "Q1 FY2025", "periodStart": "2024-10-01", "periodEnd": "2024-12-31", "currency": "EUR", "value": 1.007, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.infineon.com/row/public/documents/corporate/press/2026/infxx202602-042e.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-02-04", "note": "Power & Sensor Systems segment (home of AI data-centre power). FY2026 segment basis: 'Power Drivers & Signal ICs' moved from GIP to PSS from 1 Oct 2025, comparatives restated, so FY2025 values differ from those first published. Segments change again (to ATV / Power Systems / Edge Systems) from Q4 FY2026.", "metric": "Power & Sensor Systems segment revenue", "layer": "Power and cooling", "country": "Germany", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2024-Q4", "usdBn": 1.074, "fxRate": 0.9374 }, { "company": "Infineon", "fiscalPeriod": "Q2 FY2025", "periodStart": "2025-01-01", "periodEnd": "2025-03-31", "currency": "EUR", "value": 0.999, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.infineon.com/row/public/documents/corporate/press/2026/infxx202605-082e.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-05-06", "note": "Power & Sensor Systems segment (home of AI data-centre power). FY2026 segment basis: 'Power Drivers & Signal ICs' moved from GIP to PSS from 1 Oct 2025, comparatives restated, so FY2025 values differ from those first published. Segments change again (to ATV / Power Systems / Edge Systems) from Q4 FY2026.", "metric": "Power & Sensor Systems segment revenue", "layer": "Power and cooling", "country": "Germany", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2025-Q1", "usdBn": 1.051, "fxRate": 0.9506 }, { "company": "Infineon", "fiscalPeriod": "Q3 FY2025", "periodStart": "2025-04-01", "periodEnd": "2025-06-30", "currency": "EUR", "value": 1.075, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.infineon.com/row/public/documents/corporate/press/2026/infpr202608-125e.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-08-05", "note": "Power & Sensor Systems segment (home of AI data-centre power). FY2026 segment basis: 'Power Drivers & Signal ICs' moved from GIP to PSS from 1 Oct 2025, comparatives restated, so FY2025 values differ from those first published. Segments change again (to ATV / Power Systems / Edge Systems) from Q4 FY2026.", "metric": "Power & Sensor Systems segment revenue", "layer": "Power and cooling", "country": "Germany", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2025-Q2", "usdBn": 1.218, "fxRate": 0.8824 }, { "company": "Infineon", "fiscalPeriod": "Q4 FY2025", "periodStart": "2025-07-01", "periodEnd": "2025-09-30", "currency": "EUR", "value": 1.21, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.infineon.com/row/public/documents/corporate/press/2026/infxx202602-042e.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-02-04", "note": "Power & Sensor Systems segment (home of AI data-centre power). FY2026 segment basis: 'Power Drivers & Signal ICs' moved from GIP to PSS from 1 Oct 2025, comparatives restated, so FY2025 values differ from those first published. Segments change again (to ATV / Power Systems / Edge Systems) from Q4 FY2026.", "metric": "Power & Sensor Systems segment revenue", "layer": "Power and cooling", "country": "Germany", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2025-Q3", "usdBn": 1.413, "fxRate": 0.8562 }, { "company": "Infineon", "fiscalPeriod": "Q1 FY2026", "periodStart": "2025-10-01", "periodEnd": "2025-12-31", "currency": "EUR", "value": 1.171, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.infineon.com/row/public/documents/corporate/press/2026/infxx202602-042e.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-02-04", "note": "Power & Sensor Systems segment (home of AI data-centre power). FY2026 segment basis: 'Power Drivers & Signal ICs' moved from GIP to PSS from 1 Oct 2025, comparatives restated, so FY2025 values differ from those first published. Segments change again (to ATV / Power Systems / Edge Systems) from Q4 FY2026.", "metric": "Power & Sensor Systems segment revenue", "layer": "Power and cooling", "country": "Germany", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2025-Q4", "usdBn": 1.362, "fxRate": 0.8597 }, { "company": "Infineon", "fiscalPeriod": "Q2 FY2026", "periodStart": "2026-01-01", "periodEnd": "2026-03-31", "currency": "EUR", "value": 1.26, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.infineon.com/row/public/documents/corporate/press/2026/infxx202605-082e.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-05-06", "note": "Power & Sensor Systems segment (home of AI data-centre power). FY2026 segment basis: 'Power Drivers & Signal ICs' moved from GIP to PSS from 1 Oct 2025, comparatives restated, so FY2025 values differ from those first published. Segments change again (to ATV / Power Systems / Edge Systems) from Q4 FY2026.", "metric": "Power & Sensor Systems segment revenue", "layer": "Power and cooling", "country": "Germany", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2026-Q1", "usdBn": 1.475, "fxRate": 0.8543 }, { "company": "Infineon", "fiscalPeriod": "Q3 FY2026", "periodStart": "2026-04-01", "periodEnd": "2026-06-30", "currency": "EUR", "value": 1.442, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.infineon.com/row/public/documents/corporate/press/2026/infpr202608-125e.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-08-05", "note": "Power & Sensor Systems segment (home of AI data-centre power). FY2026 segment basis: 'Power Drivers & Signal ICs' moved from GIP to PSS from 1 Oct 2025, comparatives restated, so FY2025 values differ from those first published. Segments change again (to ATV / Power Systems / Edge Systems) from Q4 FY2026.", "metric": "Power & Sensor Systems segment revenue", "layer": "Power and cooling", "country": "Germany", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2026-Q2", "usdBn": 1.677, "fxRate": 0.8597 }, { "company": "STMicroelectronics", "fiscalPeriod": "Q1 2024", "periodStart": "2024-01-01", "periodEnd": "2024-03-31", "currency": "USD", "value": 3.465, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/932787/000094787124000416/ss3308173_6k.htm", "sourceDate": "2024-04-25", "note": "US GAAP, from Quarterly Financial Summary table (US$ million). Fiscal quarter ended 30 Mar 2024.", "metric": "Net revenues", "layer": "Chips (other)", "country": "France/Italy", "aiRelevant": false, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2024-Q1", "usdBn": 3.465, "fxRate": 1.0 }, { "company": "STMicroelectronics", "fiscalPeriod": "Q2 2024", "periodStart": "2024-04-01", "periodEnd": "2024-06-30", "currency": "USD", "value": 3.232, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/932787/000094787124000637/ss3672575_6k.htm", "sourceDate": "2024-07-25", "note": "US GAAP, from Quarterly Financial Summary table (US$ million). Fiscal quarter ended 29 Jun 2024.", "metric": "Net revenues", "layer": "Chips (other)", "country": "France/Italy", "aiRelevant": false, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2024-Q2", "usdBn": 3.232, "fxRate": 1.0 }, { "company": "STMicroelectronics", "fiscalPeriod": "Q3 2024", "periodStart": "2024-07-01", "periodEnd": "2024-09-30", "currency": "USD", "value": 3.251, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/932787/000094787124000830/ss4061646_6k.htm", "sourceDate": "2024-10-31", "note": "US GAAP, from Quarterly Financial Summary table (US$ million). Fiscal quarter ended 28 Sep 2024.", "metric": "Net revenues", "layer": "Chips (other)", "country": "France/Italy", "aiRelevant": false, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2024-Q3", "usdBn": 3.251, "fxRate": 1.0 }, { "company": "STMicroelectronics", "fiscalPeriod": "Q4 2024", "periodStart": "2024-10-01", "periodEnd": "2024-12-31", "currency": "USD", "value": 3.321, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/932787/000094787125000089/ss4400379_6k.htm", "sourceDate": "2025-01-30", "note": "US GAAP, from Quarterly Financial Summary table (US$ million). Fiscal quarter ended 31 Dec 2024.", "metric": "Net revenues", "layer": "Chips (other)", "country": "France/Italy", "aiRelevant": false, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2024-Q4", "usdBn": 3.321, "fxRate": 1.0 }, { "company": "STMicroelectronics", "fiscalPeriod": "Q1 2025", "periodStart": "2025-01-01", "periodEnd": "2025-03-31", "currency": "USD", "value": 2.517, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/932787/000094787125000422/ss4745824_6k.htm", "sourceDate": "2025-04-24", "note": "US GAAP, from Quarterly Financial Summary table (US$ million). Fiscal quarter ended 29 Mar 2025.", "metric": "Net revenues", "layer": "Chips (other)", "country": "France/Italy", "aiRelevant": false, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2025-Q1", "usdBn": 2.517, "fxRate": 1.0 }, { "company": "STMicroelectronics", "fiscalPeriod": "Q2 2025", "periodStart": "2025-04-01", "periodEnd": "2025-06-30", "currency": "USD", "value": 2.766, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/932787/000094787125000683/ss5123623_6k.htm", "sourceDate": "2025-07-24", "note": "US GAAP, from Quarterly Financial Summary table (US$ million). Fiscal quarter ended 28 Jun 2025.", "metric": "Net revenues", "layer": "Chips (other)", "country": "France/Italy", "aiRelevant": false, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2025-Q2", "usdBn": 2.766, "fxRate": 1.0 }, { "company": "STMicroelectronics", "fiscalPeriod": "Q3 2025", "periodStart": "2025-07-01", "periodEnd": "2025-09-30", "currency": "USD", "value": 3.187, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/932787/000094787125000920/ss5503021_6k.htm", "sourceDate": "2025-10-23", "note": "US GAAP, from Quarterly Financial Summary table (US$ million). Fiscal quarter ended 27 Sep 2025.", "metric": "Net revenues", "layer": "Chips (other)", "country": "France/Italy", "aiRelevant": false, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2025-Q3", "usdBn": 3.187, "fxRate": 1.0 }, { "company": "STMicroelectronics", "fiscalPeriod": "Q4 2025", "periodStart": "2025-10-01", "periodEnd": "2025-12-31", "currency": "USD", "value": 3.329, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/932787/000093278726000003/c3383c-q425earningsprx29ja.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-01-29", "note": "US GAAP, from Quarterly Financial Summary table (US$ million). Fiscal quarter ended 31 Dec 2025.", "metric": "Net revenues", "layer": "Chips (other)", "country": "France/Italy", "aiRelevant": false, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2025-Q4", "usdBn": 3.329, "fxRate": 1.0 }, { "company": "STMicroelectronics", "fiscalPeriod": "Q1 2026", "periodStart": "2026-01-01", "periodEnd": "2026-03-31", "currency": "USD", "value": 3.095, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/932787/000093278726000022/q126earningspressrelease-2.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-04-23", "note": "US GAAP, from Quarterly Financial Summary table (US$ million). Fiscal quarter ended 28 Mar 2026.", "metric": "Net revenues", "layer": "Chips (other)", "country": "France/Italy", "aiRelevant": false, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2026-Q1", "usdBn": 3.095, "fxRate": 1.0 }, { "company": "STMicroelectronics", "fiscalPeriod": "Q2 2026", "periodStart": "2026-04-01", "periodEnd": "2026-06-30", "currency": "USD", "value": 3.487, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/932787/000093278726000052/c3403c-q226earningspressre.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-07-23", "note": "US GAAP, from Quarterly Financial Summary table (US$ million). Fiscal quarter ended 27 Jun 2026.", "metric": "Net revenues", "layer": "Chips (other)", "country": "France/Italy", "aiRelevant": false, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2026-Q2", "usdBn": 3.487, "fxRate": 1.0 }, { "company": "Siemens Energy", "fiscalPeriod": "Q2 FY2024", "periodStart": "2024-01-01", "periodEnd": "2024-03-31", "currency": "EUR", "value": 2.195, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://assets.siemens-energy.com/dam/f41da104-6818-4eb5-aa0e-b2d7003f58b2/Siemens_Energy_Earnings_Release_Q2-pdf_Original%20file.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-05-08", "note": "calendar months Jan-Mar 2024; EUR 2,195 m in source; from Earnings Release Q2 FY 2025 (prior-year comparative column); Grid Technologies segment", "metric": "Grid Technologies revenue", "layer": "Power and cooling", "country": "Germany", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2024-Q1", "usdBn": 2.383, "fxRate": 0.9211 }, { "company": "Siemens Energy", "fiscalPeriod": "Q3 FY2024", "periodStart": "2024-04-01", "periodEnd": "2024-06-30", "currency": "EUR", "value": 2.299, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://assets.siemens-energy.com/dam/026eab51-c5ff-450d-9e58-b33100475ccd/ER_E_final-pdf_Original%20file.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-08-06", "note": "calendar months Apr-Jun 2024; EUR 2,299 m in source; from Earnings Release Q3 FY 2025 (prior-year comparative column); Grid Technologies segment", "metric": "Grid Technologies revenue", "layer": "Power and cooling", "country": "Germany", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2024-Q2", "usdBn": 2.475, "fxRate": 0.9289 }, { "company": "Siemens Energy", "fiscalPeriod": "Q4 FY2024", "periodStart": "2024-07-01", "periodEnd": "2024-09-30", "currency": "EUR", "value": 2.704, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://assets.siemens-energy.com/dam/0eec20ae-2771-4154-ae0b-b394012eb20b/2025-11-13_Ergebnisver%C3%B6ffentlichung-Q4-GJ25-pdf_Original%20file.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-11-13", "note": "calendar months Jul-Sep 2024; EUR 2,704 m in source; from official German-language Earnings Release Q4 FY 2025 (Ergebnisver\u00f6ffentlichung Q4 GJ 2025); rounded figures match the English Q4 FY25 analyst presentation https://assets.siemens-energy.com/dam/4aa07956-ca76-49a5-a17d-b394012dd927/2025-11-13_Q4-Analyst-presentation-final_print-pdf_Original%20file.pdf (prior-year comparative column); Grid Technologies segment", "metric": "Grid Technologies revenue", "layer": "Power and cooling", "country": "Germany", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2024-Q3", "usdBn": 2.971, "fxRate": 0.9103 }, { "company": "Siemens Energy", "fiscalPeriod": "Q1 FY2025", "periodStart": "2024-10-01", "periodEnd": "2024-12-31", "currency": "EUR", "value": 2.48, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://assets.siemens-energy.com/dam/f8b7f2d2-e4f2-4fe5-8295-b3ee005765a4/2026-02-11_Earnings-Release-Q1-FY26-pdf_Original%20file.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-02-11", "note": "calendar months Oct-Dec 2024; EUR 2,480 m in source; from Earnings Release Q1 FY 2026 (prior-year comparative column); Grid Technologies segment", "metric": "Grid Technologies revenue", "layer": "Power and cooling", "country": "Germany", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2024-Q4", "usdBn": 2.645, "fxRate": 0.9374 }, { "company": "Siemens Energy", "fiscalPeriod": "Q2 FY2025", "periodStart": "2025-01-01", "periodEnd": "2025-03-31", "currency": "EUR", "value": 2.861, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://assets.siemens-energy.com/dam/f41da104-6818-4eb5-aa0e-b2d7003f58b2/Siemens_Energy_Earnings_Release_Q2-pdf_Original%20file.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-05-08", "note": "calendar months Jan-Mar 2025; EUR 2,861 m in source; from Earnings Release Q2 FY 2025; Grid Technologies segment", "metric": "Grid Technologies revenue", "layer": "Power and cooling", "country": "Germany", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2025-Q1", "usdBn": 3.01, "fxRate": 0.9506 }, { "company": "Siemens Energy", "fiscalPeriod": "Q3 FY2025", "periodStart": "2025-04-01", "periodEnd": "2025-06-30", "currency": "EUR", "value": 2.819, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://assets.siemens-energy.com/dam/026eab51-c5ff-450d-9e58-b33100475ccd/ER_E_final-pdf_Original%20file.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-08-06", "note": "calendar months Apr-Jun 2025; EUR 2,819 m in source; from Earnings Release Q3 FY 2025; Grid Technologies segment", "metric": "Grid Technologies revenue", "layer": "Power and cooling", "country": "Germany", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2025-Q2", "usdBn": 3.195, "fxRate": 0.8824 }, { "company": "Siemens Energy", "fiscalPeriod": "Q4 FY2025", "periodStart": "2025-07-01", "periodEnd": "2025-09-30", "currency": "EUR", "value": 3.145, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://assets.siemens-energy.com/dam/0eec20ae-2771-4154-ae0b-b394012eb20b/2025-11-13_Ergebnisver%C3%B6ffentlichung-Q4-GJ25-pdf_Original%20file.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-11-13", "note": "calendar months Jul-Sep 2025; EUR 3,145 m in source; from official German-language Earnings Release Q4 FY 2025 (Ergebnisver\u00f6ffentlichung Q4 GJ 2025); rounded figures match the English Q4 FY25 analyst presentation https://assets.siemens-energy.com/dam/4aa07956-ca76-49a5-a17d-b394012dd927/2025-11-13_Q4-Analyst-presentation-final_print-pdf_Original%20file.pdf; Grid Technologies segment", "metric": "Grid Technologies revenue", "layer": "Power and cooling", "country": "Germany", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2025-Q3", "usdBn": 3.673, "fxRate": 0.8562 }, { "company": "Siemens Energy", "fiscalPeriod": "Q1 FY2026", "periodStart": "2025-10-01", "periodEnd": "2025-12-31", "currency": "EUR", "value": 3.054, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://assets.siemens-energy.com/dam/f8b7f2d2-e4f2-4fe5-8295-b3ee005765a4/2026-02-11_Earnings-Release-Q1-FY26-pdf_Original%20file.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-02-11", "note": "calendar months Oct-Dec 2025; EUR 3,054 m in source; from Earnings Release Q1 FY 2026; Grid Technologies segment", "metric": "Grid Technologies revenue", "layer": "Power and cooling", "country": "Germany", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2025-Q4", "usdBn": 3.553, "fxRate": 0.8597 }, { "company": "Siemens Energy", "fiscalPeriod": "Q2 FY2026", "periodStart": "2026-01-01", "periodEnd": "2026-03-31", "currency": "EUR", "value": 3.067, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://assets.siemens-energy.com/dam/d38d682a-d64f-4f9e-b4fe-b4480041e5ea/2026-05-12-Earnings_Release_Q2_FY26_EN-pdf_Original%20file.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-05-12", "note": "calendar months Jan-Mar 2026; EUR 3,067 m in source; from Earnings Release Q2 FY 2026; Grid Technologies segment", "metric": "Grid Technologies revenue", "layer": "Power and cooling", "country": "Germany", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2026-Q1", "usdBn": 3.59, "fxRate": 0.8543 }, { "company": "Siemens Energy", "fiscalPeriod": "Q3 FY2026", "periodStart": "2026-04-01", "periodEnd": "2026-06-30", "currency": "EUR", "value": 3.624, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://assets.siemens-energy.com/dam/30018eed-275d-4e73-811e-b49d004cdc3d/2026-08-05-Earnings_Release_Q3_FY26_EN-pdf_Original%20file.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-08-05", "note": "calendar months Apr-Jun 2026; EUR 3,624 m in source; from Earnings Release Q3 FY 2026; Grid Technologies segment", "metric": "Grid Technologies revenue", "layer": "Power and cooling", "country": "Germany", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2026-Q2", "usdBn": 4.215, "fxRate": 0.8597 }, { "company": "Schneider Electric", "fiscalPeriod": "Q1 2024", "periodStart": "2024-01-01", "periodEnd": "2024-03-31", "currency": "EUR", "value": 6.859, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://echanges.dila.gouv.fr/OPENDATA/AMF/ECO/2024/04/FCECO074550_20240425.pdf", "sourceDate": "2024-04-25", "note": "EUR 6,859 m; +8.9% organic; quarterly table in appendix 'Revenues breakdown by business' of First Quarter 2024 Revenues release. Source is the company's regulated press release as filed with the French AMF (DILA open-data mirror).", "metric": "Energy Management revenue", "layer": "Power and cooling", "country": "France", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2024-Q1", "usdBn": 7.447, "fxRate": 0.9211 }, { "company": "Schneider Electric", "fiscalPeriod": "Q2 2024", "periodStart": "2024-04-01", "periodEnd": "2024-06-30", "currency": "EUR", "value": 7.793, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://echanges.dila.gouv.fr/OPENDATA/AMF/ECO/2024/07/FCECO075700_20240731.pdf", "sourceDate": "2024-07-31", "note": "EUR 7,793 m; +9.8% organic; quarterly table in appendix 'Revenues breakdown by business' of Half Year 2024 Results release (states Q2 revenue explicitly). Source is the company's regulated press release as filed with the French AMF (DILA open-data mirror).", "metric": "Energy Management revenue", "layer": "Power and cooling", "country": "France", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2024-Q2", "usdBn": 8.39, "fxRate": 0.9289 }, { "company": "Schneider Electric", "fiscalPeriod": "Q3 2024", "periodStart": "2024-07-01", "periodEnd": "2024-09-30", "currency": "EUR", "value": 7.652, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://echanges.dila.gouv.fr/OPENDATA/AMF/ECO/2024/10/FCECO076472_20241030.pdf", "sourceDate": "2024-10-30", "note": "EUR 7,652 m; +11.6% organic; quarterly table in appendix 'Revenues breakdown by business' of Third Quarter 2024 Revenues release. Source is the company's regulated press release as filed with the French AMF (DILA open-data mirror).", "metric": "Energy Management revenue", "layer": "Power and cooling", "country": "France", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2024-Q3", "usdBn": 8.406, "fxRate": 0.9103 }, { "company": "Schneider Electric", "fiscalPeriod": "Q4 2024", "periodStart": "2024-10-01", "periodEnd": "2024-12-31", "currency": "EUR", "value": 8.827, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://echanges.dila.gouv.fr/OPENDATA/AMF/ECO/2025/02/FCECO077559_20250220.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-02-20", "note": "EUR 8,827 m; +15.2% organic; quarterly table in appendix 'Revenues breakdown by business' of Full Year 2024 Results release (states Q4 revenue explicitly). Source is the company's regulated press release as filed with the French AMF (DILA open-data mirror).", "metric": "Energy Management revenue", "layer": "Power and cooling", "country": "France", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2024-Q4", "usdBn": 9.416, "fxRate": 0.9374 }, { "company": "Schneider Electric", "fiscalPeriod": "Q1 2025", "periodStart": "2025-01-01", "periodEnd": "2025-03-31", "currency": "EUR", "value": 7.57, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://echanges.dila.gouv.fr/OPENDATA/AMF/ECO/2025/04/FCECO078328_20250428.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-04-28", "note": "EUR 7,570 m; +9.6% organic; quarterly table in appendix 'Revenues breakdown by business' of First Quarter 2025 Revenues release. Source is the company's regulated press release as filed with the French AMF (DILA open-data mirror).", "metric": "Energy Management revenue", "layer": "Power and cooling", "country": "France", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2025-Q1", "usdBn": 7.964, "fxRate": 0.9506 }, { "company": "Schneider Electric", "fiscalPeriod": "Q2 2025", "periodStart": "2025-04-01", "periodEnd": "2025-06-30", "currency": "EUR", "value": 8.322, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://echanges.dila.gouv.fr/OPENDATA/AMF/ECO/2025/07/FCECO079331_20250731.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-07-31", "note": "EUR 8,322 m; +10.5% organic; quarterly table in appendix 'Revenues breakdown by business' of Half Year 2025 Results release (states Q2 revenue explicitly). Source is the company's regulated press release as filed with the French AMF (DILA open-data mirror).", "metric": "Energy Management revenue", "layer": "Power and cooling", "country": "France", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2025-Q2", "usdBn": 9.431, "fxRate": 0.8824 }, { "company": "Schneider Electric", "fiscalPeriod": "Q3 2025", "periodStart": "2025-07-01", "periodEnd": "2025-09-30", "currency": "EUR", "value": 8.039, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://echanges.dila.gouv.fr/OPENDATA/AMF/ECO/2025/10/FCECO080070_20251030.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-10-30", "note": "EUR 8,039 m; +9.7% organic; quarterly table in appendix 'Revenues breakdown by business' of Third Quarter 2025 Revenues release. Source is the company's regulated press release as filed with the French AMF (DILA open-data mirror).", "metric": "Energy Management revenue", "layer": "Power and cooling", "country": "France", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2025-Q3", "usdBn": 9.389, "fxRate": 0.8562 }, { "company": "Schneider Electric", "fiscalPeriod": "Q4 2025", "periodStart": "2025-10-01", "periodEnd": "2025-12-31", "currency": "EUR", "value": 9.199, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://echanges.dila.gouv.fr/OPENDATA/AMF/ECO/2026/02/FCECO081066_20260226.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-02-26", "note": "EUR 9,199 m; +11.2% organic; quarterly table in appendix 'Revenues breakdown by business' of Full Year 2025 Results release (states Q4 revenue explicitly). Source is the company's regulated press release as filed with the French AMF (DILA open-data mirror).", "metric": "Energy Management revenue", "layer": "Power and cooling", "country": "France", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2025-Q4", "usdBn": 10.701, "fxRate": 0.8597 }, { "company": "Schneider Electric", "fiscalPeriod": "Q1 2026", "periodStart": "2026-01-01", "periodEnd": "2026-03-31", "currency": "EUR", "value": 8.047, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.se.com/ww/en/assets/pdf/release-q1-revenues-2026", "sourceDate": "2026-04-30", "note": "EUR 8,047 m; +12.8% organic; quarterly table in appendix 'Revenues breakdown by business' of First Quarter 2026 Revenues release.", "metric": "Energy Management revenue", "layer": "Power and cooling", "country": "France", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2026-Q1", "usdBn": 9.419, "fxRate": 0.8543 }, { "company": "Schneider Electric", "fiscalPeriod": "Q2 2026", "periodStart": "2026-04-01", "periodEnd": "2026-06-30", "currency": "EUR", "value": 9.594, "unit": "bn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://www.se.com/ww/en/assets/pdf/release-hy-results-2026", "sourceDate": "2026-07-30", "note": "EUR 9,594 m; +17.7% organic; quarterly table in appendix 'Revenues breakdown by business' of Half Year 2026 Results release (states Q2 revenue explicitly; also filed with AMF at https://echanges.dila.gouv.fr/OPENDATA/AMF/ECO/2026/07/FCECO082813_20260730.pdf).", "metric": "Energy Management revenue", "layer": "Power and cooling", "country": "France", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2026-Q2", "usdBn": 11.159, "fxRate": 0.8597 }, { "company": "Samsung Electronics", "fiscalPeriod": "Q1 2024", "periodStart": "2024-01-01", "periodEnd": "2024-03-31", "currency": "KRW", "value": 23.14, "unit": "tn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-announces-first-quarter-2024-results", "sourceDate": "2024-04-30", "note": "DS figures as first reported in that quarter's newsroom release (rounded as published). Not cross-checked against later IR tables, which may restate segments if Samsung reorganises divisions.", "metric": "Device Solutions (chips) revenue", "layer": "Memory", "country": "South Korea", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2024-Q1", "usdBn": 17.396, "fxRate": 1330.2135 }, { "company": "Samsung Electronics", "fiscalPeriod": "Q2 2024", "periodStart": "2024-04-01", "periodEnd": "2024-06-30", "currency": "KRW", "value": 28.56, "unit": "tn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-announces-results-for-second-quarter-of-2024", "sourceDate": "2024-07-31", "note": "DS figures as first reported in that quarter's newsroom release (rounded as published). Not cross-checked against later IR tables, which may restate segments if Samsung reorganises divisions.", "metric": "Device Solutions (chips) revenue", "layer": "Memory", "country": "South Korea", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2024-Q2", "usdBn": 20.823, "fxRate": 1371.541 }, { "company": "Samsung Electronics", "fiscalPeriod": "Q3 2024", "periodStart": "2024-07-01", "periodEnd": "2024-09-30", "currency": "KRW", "value": 29.27, "unit": "tn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-announces-results-for-third-quarter-of-2024", "sourceDate": "2024-10-31", "note": "DS figures as first reported in that quarter's newsroom release (rounded as published). Not cross-checked against later IR tables, which may restate segments if Samsung reorganises divisions.", "metric": "Device Solutions (chips) revenue", "layer": "Memory", "country": "South Korea", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2024-Q3", "usdBn": 21.594, "fxRate": 1355.4426 }, { "company": "Samsung Electronics", "fiscalPeriod": "Q4 2024", "periodStart": "2024-10-01", "periodEnd": "2024-12-31", "currency": "KRW", "value": 30.1, "unit": "tn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-announces-fourth-quarter-and-fy-2024-results", "sourceDate": "2025-01-31", "note": "DS figures as first reported in that quarter's newsroom release (rounded as published). Not cross-checked against later IR tables, which may restate segments if Samsung reorganises divisions.", "metric": "Device Solutions (chips) revenue", "layer": "Memory", "country": "South Korea", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2024-Q4", "usdBn": 21.53, "fxRate": 1398.0678 }, { "company": "Samsung Electronics", "fiscalPeriod": "Q1 2025", "periodStart": "2025-01-01", "periodEnd": "2025-03-31", "currency": "KRW", "value": 25.1, "unit": "tn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-announces-first-quarter-2025-results", "sourceDate": "2025-04-30", "note": "DS figures as first reported in that quarter's newsroom release (rounded as published). Not cross-checked against later IR tables, which may restate segments if Samsung reorganises divisions.", "metric": "Device Solutions (chips) revenue", "layer": "Memory", "country": "South Korea", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2025-Q1", "usdBn": 17.284, "fxRate": 1452.1701 }, { "company": "Samsung Electronics", "fiscalPeriod": "Q2 2025", "periodStart": "2025-04-01", "periodEnd": "2025-06-30", "currency": "KRW", "value": 27.9, "unit": "tn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-announces-second-quarter-2025-results", "sourceDate": "2025-07-31", "note": "DS figures as first reported in that quarter's newsroom release (rounded as published). Not cross-checked against later IR tables, which may restate segments if Samsung reorganises divisions.", "metric": "Device Solutions (chips) revenue", "layer": "Memory", "country": "South Korea", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2025-Q2", "usdBn": 19.94, "fxRate": 1399.2167 }, { "company": "Samsung Electronics", "fiscalPeriod": "Q3 2025", "periodStart": "2025-07-01", "periodEnd": "2025-09-30", "currency": "KRW", "value": 33.1, "unit": "tn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-announces-third-quarter-2025-results", "sourceDate": "2025-10-30", "note": "DS figures as first reported in that quarter's newsroom release (rounded as published). Not cross-checked against later IR tables, which may restate segments if Samsung reorganises divisions.", "metric": "Device Solutions (chips) revenue", "layer": "Memory", "country": "South Korea", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2025-Q3", "usdBn": 23.862, "fxRate": 1387.1339 }, { "company": "Samsung Electronics", "fiscalPeriod": "Q4 2025", "periodStart": "2025-10-01", "periodEnd": "2025-12-31", "currency": "KRW", "value": 44.0, "unit": "tn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-announces-fourth-quarter-and-fy-2025-results", "sourceDate": "2026-01-29", "note": "DS figures as first reported in that quarter's newsroom release (rounded as published). Not cross-checked against later IR tables, which may restate segments if Samsung reorganises divisions.", "metric": "Device Solutions (chips) revenue", "layer": "Memory", "country": "South Korea", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2025-Q4", "usdBn": 30.341, "fxRate": 1450.1654 }, { "company": "Samsung Electronics", "fiscalPeriod": "Q1 2026", "periodStart": "2026-01-01", "periodEnd": "2026-03-31", "currency": "KRW", "value": 81.7, "unit": "tn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-announces-first-quarter-2026-results", "sourceDate": "2026-04-30", "note": "DS figures as first reported in that quarter's newsroom release (rounded as published). Not cross-checked against later IR tables, which may restate segments if Samsung reorganises divisions.", "metric": "Device Solutions (chips) revenue", "layer": "Memory", "country": "South Korea", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2026-Q1", "usdBn": 55.751, "fxRate": 1465.4405 }, { "company": "Samsung Electronics", "fiscalPeriod": "Q2 2026", "periodStart": "2026-04-01", "periodEnd": "2026-06-30", "currency": "KRW", "value": 127.5, "unit": "tn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-announces-second-quarter-2026-results", "sourceDate": "2026-07-30", "note": "DS figures as first reported in that quarter's newsroom release (rounded as published). Not cross-checked against later IR tables, which may restate segments if Samsung reorganises divisions.", "metric": "Device Solutions (chips) revenue", "layer": "Memory", "country": "South Korea", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2026-Q2", "usdBn": 84.955, "fxRate": 1500.8009 }, { "company": "SK hynix", "fiscalPeriod": "Q1 2024", "periodStart": "2024-01-01", "periodEnd": "2024-03-31", "currency": "KRW", "value": 12.43, "unit": "tn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://news.skhynix.com/en/sk-hynix-announces-1q24-financial-results/", "sourceDate": "2024-04-25", "note": null, "metric": "Revenue", "layer": "Memory", "country": "South Korea", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2024-Q1", "usdBn": 9.344, "fxRate": 1330.2135 }, { "company": "SK hynix", "fiscalPeriod": "Q2 2024", "periodStart": "2024-04-01", "periodEnd": "2024-06-30", "currency": "KRW", "value": 16.4233, "unit": "tn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://news.skhynix.com/en/sk-hynix-announces-2q24-financial-results/", "sourceDate": "2024-07-25", "note": null, "metric": "Revenue", "layer": "Memory", "country": "South Korea", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2024-Q2", "usdBn": 11.974, "fxRate": 1371.541 }, { "company": "SK hynix", "fiscalPeriod": "Q3 2024", "periodStart": "2024-07-01", "periodEnd": "2024-09-30", "currency": "KRW", "value": 17.5731, "unit": "tn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://news.skhynix.com/en/sk-hynix-announces-3q24-financial-results/", "sourceDate": "2024-10-24", "note": null, "metric": "Revenue", "layer": "Memory", "country": "South Korea", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2024-Q3", "usdBn": 12.965, "fxRate": 1355.4426 }, { "company": "SK hynix", "fiscalPeriod": "Q4 2024", "periodStart": "2024-10-01", "periodEnd": "2024-12-31", "currency": "KRW", "value": 19.767, "unit": "tn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://news.skhynix.com/en/sk-hynix-announces-4q24-financial-results/", "sourceDate": "2025-01-23", "note": "FY2024: revenue 66.1930, operating profit 23.4673 (same release).", "metric": "Revenue", "layer": "Memory", "country": "South Korea", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2024-Q4", "usdBn": 14.139, "fxRate": 1398.0678 }, { "company": "SK hynix", "fiscalPeriod": "Q1 2025", "periodStart": "2025-01-01", "periodEnd": "2025-03-31", "currency": "KRW", "value": 17.6391, "unit": "tn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://news.skhynix.com/en/sk-hynix-announces-1q25-financial-results/", "sourceDate": "2025-04-24", "note": null, "metric": "Revenue", "layer": "Memory", "country": "South Korea", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2025-Q1", "usdBn": 12.147, "fxRate": 1452.1701 }, { "company": "SK hynix", "fiscalPeriod": "Q2 2025", "periodStart": "2025-04-01", "periodEnd": "2025-06-30", "currency": "KRW", "value": 22.232, "unit": "tn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://news.skhynix.com/en/sk-hynix-announces-2q25-financial-results/", "sourceDate": "2025-07-24", "note": null, "metric": "Revenue", "layer": "Memory", "country": "South Korea", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2025-Q2", "usdBn": 15.889, "fxRate": 1399.2167 }, { "company": "SK hynix", "fiscalPeriod": "Q3 2025", "periodStart": "2025-07-01", "periodEnd": "2025-09-30", "currency": "KRW", "value": 24.4489, "unit": "tn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://news.skhynix.com/en/sk-hynix-announces-3q25-financial-results/", "sourceDate": "2025-10-29", "note": null, "metric": "Revenue", "layer": "Memory", "country": "South Korea", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2025-Q3", "usdBn": 17.625, "fxRate": 1387.1339 }, { "company": "SK hynix", "fiscalPeriod": "Q4 2025", "periodStart": "2025-10-01", "periodEnd": "2025-12-31", "currency": "KRW", "value": 32.8267, "unit": "tn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://news.skhynix.com/en/sk-hynix-announces-fy25-financial-results/", "sourceDate": "2026-01-28", "note": "Reported in the FY25 release. FY2025: revenue 97.1467, operating profit 47.2063.", "metric": "Revenue", "layer": "Memory", "country": "South Korea", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2025-Q4", "usdBn": 22.637, "fxRate": 1450.1654 }, { "company": "SK hynix", "fiscalPeriod": "Q1 2026", "periodStart": "2026-01-01", "periodEnd": "2026-03-31", "currency": "KRW", "value": 52.5763, "unit": "tn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://news.skhynix.com/en/q1-2026-business-results/", "sourceDate": "2026-04-23", "note": "Release says figures are subject to change during the independent audit.", "metric": "Revenue", "layer": "Memory", "country": "South Korea", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2026-Q1", "usdBn": 35.877, "fxRate": 1465.4405 }, { "company": "SK hynix", "fiscalPeriod": "Q2 2026", "periodStart": "2026-04-01", "periodEnd": "2026-06-30", "currency": "KRW", "value": 79.3187, "unit": "tn", "kind": "reported", "source": "https://news.skhynix.com/en/q2-2026-business-results/", "sourceDate": "2026-07-29", "note": "Release says figures are subject to change during the independent audit. Newsroom dateline 29 Jul 2026 (PR Newswire copies dated 28 Jul US time). Net profit 93.9226 exceeded revenue, implying large non-operating gains; the release does not explain them.", "metric": "Revenue", "layer": "Memory", "country": "South Korea", "aiRelevant": true, "listing": "non-US", "checked": "2026-10-11", "q": "2026-Q2", "usdBn": 52.851, "fxRate": 1500.8009 } ], "shares": [ { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "HPC share of revenue", "fiscalPeriod": "Q1 2024", "periodEnd": "2024-03-31", "pct": 46, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617924000046/a1q24presentatione_x.htm", "sourceDate": "2024-04-18", "kind": "reported", "note": "Read from the 'Revenue by Platform' pie chart slide in the earnings presentation filed as 6-K Exhibit 99.2 (slide images). Share of net revenue, rounded to whole %." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "HPC share of revenue", "fiscalPeriod": "Q2 2024", "periodEnd": "2024-06-30", "pct": 52, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617924000083/a2q24presentatione.htm", "sourceDate": "2024-07-18", "kind": "reported", "note": "Read from the 'Revenue by Platform' pie chart slide in the earnings presentation filed as 6-K Exhibit 99.2 (slide images). Share of net revenue, rounded to whole %." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "HPC share of revenue", "fiscalPeriod": "Q3 2024", "periodEnd": "2024-09-30", "pct": 51, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617924000116/a3q24presentatione.htm", "sourceDate": "2024-10-17", "kind": "reported", "note": "Read from the 'Revenue by Platform' pie chart slide in the earnings presentation filed as 6-K Exhibit 99.2 (slide images). Share of net revenue, rounded to whole %." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "HPC share of revenue", "fiscalPeriod": "Q4 2024", "periodEnd": "2024-12-31", "pct": 53, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617925000004/a4q24presentatione.htm", "sourceDate": "2025-01-16", "kind": "reported", "note": "Read from the 'Revenue by Platform' pie chart slide in the earnings presentation filed as 6-K Exhibit 99.2 (slide images). Share of net revenue, rounded to whole %." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "HPC share of revenue", "fiscalPeriod": "Q1 2025", "periodEnd": "2025-03-31", "pct": 59, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617925000035/a1q25presentatione_for6k.htm", "sourceDate": "2025-04-17", "kind": "reported", "note": "Read from the 'Revenue by Platform' pie chart slide in the earnings presentation filed as 6-K Exhibit 99.2 (slide images). Share of net revenue, rounded to whole %." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "HPC share of revenue", "fiscalPeriod": "Q2 2025", "periodEnd": "2025-06-30", "pct": 60, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617925000082/a2q25presentatione_6kxwm.htm", "sourceDate": "2025-07-17", "kind": "reported", "note": "Read from the 'Revenue by Platform' pie chart slide in the earnings presentation filed as 6-K Exhibit 99.2 (slide images). Share of net revenue, rounded to whole %." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "HPC share of revenue", "fiscalPeriod": "Q3 2025", "periodEnd": "2025-09-30", "pct": 57, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617925000116/a3q25presentatione.htm", "sourceDate": "2025-10-16", "kind": "reported", "note": "Read from the 'Revenue by Platform' pie chart slide in the earnings presentation filed as 6-K Exhibit 99.2 (slide images). Share of net revenue, rounded to whole %." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "HPC share of revenue", "fiscalPeriod": "Q4 2025", "periodEnd": "2025-12-31", "pct": 55, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617926000008/a4q25presentatione.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-01-15", "kind": "reported", "note": "Read from the 'Revenue by Platform' pie chart slide in the earnings presentation filed as 6-K Exhibit 99.2 (slide images). Share of net revenue, rounded to whole %." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "HPC share of revenue", "fiscalPeriod": "Q1 2026", "periodEnd": "2026-03-31", "pct": 61, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617926000199/a1q26presentatione.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-04-16", "kind": "reported", "note": "Read from the 'Revenue by Platform' pie chart slide in the earnings presentation filed as 6-K Exhibit 99.2 (slide images). Share of net revenue, rounded to whole %." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "HPC share of revenue", "fiscalPeriod": "Q2 2026", "periodEnd": "2026-06-30", "pct": 66, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617926000451/a2q26presentatione.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-07-16", "kind": "reported", "note": "Read from the 'Revenue by Platform' pie chart slide in the earnings presentation filed as 6-K Exhibit 99.2 (slide images). Share of net revenue, rounded to whole %." }, { "company": "Hon Hai", "metric": "Cloud and networking products share of revenue", "fiscalPeriod": "Q1 2024", "periodEnd": "2024-03-31", "pct": 28, "source": "https://image.honhai.com/law_talk/Hon_Hai_1Q24_Results_English.pdf", "sourceDate": "2024-05-14", "kind": "reported", "note": "From the 'Performance Review' slide of Hon Hai's quarterly results deck (product-segment mix). sourceDate = investor conference date; the PDF may have been uploaded later." }, { "company": "Hon Hai", "metric": "Cloud and networking products share of revenue", "fiscalPeriod": "Q2 2024", "periodEnd": "2024-06-30", "pct": 32, "source": "https://image.honhai.com/law_talk/Hon_Hai_2Q24_Results_English.pdf", "sourceDate": "2024-08-14", "kind": "reported", "note": "From the 'Performance Review' slide of Hon Hai's quarterly results deck (product-segment mix). sourceDate = investor conference date; the PDF may have been uploaded later." }, { "company": "Hon Hai", "metric": "Cloud and networking products share of revenue", "fiscalPeriod": "Q3 2024", "periodEnd": "2024-09-30", "pct": 32, "source": "https://image.honhai.com/law_talk/Hon_Hai_3Q24_Results_English.pdf", "sourceDate": "2024-11-14", "kind": "reported", "note": "From the 'Performance Review' slide of Hon Hai's quarterly results deck (product-segment mix). sourceDate = investor conference date; the PDF may have been uploaded later." }, { "company": "Hon Hai", "metric": "Cloud and networking products share of revenue", "fiscalPeriod": "Q4 2024", "periodEnd": "2024-12-31", "pct": 26, "source": "https://image.honhai.com/upload/law_talk/Hon%20Hai%204Q24%20Results_English_20250314_8469.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-03-14", "kind": "reported", "note": "From the 'Performance Review' slide of Hon Hai's quarterly results deck (product-segment mix). sourceDate = investor conference date; the PDF may have been uploaded later." }, { "company": "Hon Hai", "metric": "Cloud and networking products share of revenue", "fiscalPeriod": "Q1 2025", "periodEnd": "2025-03-31", "pct": 34, "source": "https://image.honhai.com/upload/law_talk/Hon%20Hai%201Q25%20Results_English_20250514_3124.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-05-14", "kind": "reported", "note": "From the 'Performance Review' slide of Hon Hai's quarterly results deck (product-segment mix). sourceDate = investor conference date; the PDF may have been uploaded later." }, { "company": "Hon Hai", "metric": "Cloud and networking products share of revenue", "fiscalPeriod": "Q2 2025", "periodEnd": "2025-06-30", "pct": 41, "source": "https://image.honhai.com/upload/202508/law_talk/Hon_Hai_2Q25_Results_English_20250814_2276.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-08-14", "kind": "reported", "note": "From the 'Performance Review' slide of Hon Hai's quarterly results deck (product-segment mix). sourceDate = investor conference date; the PDF may have been uploaded later." }, { "company": "Hon Hai", "metric": "Cloud and networking products share of revenue", "fiscalPeriod": "Q3 2025", "periodEnd": "2025-09-30", "pct": 42, "source": "https://image.honhai.com/upload/202511/law_talk/Hon_Hai_3Q25_Results_English(%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%88)_20251112_4344.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-11-12", "kind": "reported", "note": "From the 'Performance Review' slide of Hon Hai's quarterly results deck (product-segment mix). sourceDate = investor conference date; the PDF may have been uploaded later." }, { "company": "Hon Hai", "metric": "Cloud and networking products share of revenue", "fiscalPeriod": "Q4 2025", "periodEnd": "2025-12-31", "pct": 42, "source": "https://image.honhai.com/upload/202603/law_talk/Hon_Hai_4Q25_Results_English_20260316_0435.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-03-16", "kind": "reported", "note": "From the 'Performance Review' slide of Hon Hai's quarterly results deck (product-segment mix). sourceDate = investor conference date; the PDF may have been uploaded later." }, { "company": "Hon Hai", "metric": "Cloud and networking products share of revenue", "fiscalPeriod": "Q1 2026", "periodEnd": "2026-03-31", "pct": 48, "source": "https://image.honhai.com/upload/202605/law_talk/Hon_Hai_1Q26_Results_English_20260521_3596.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-05-14", "kind": "reported", "note": "From the 'Performance Review' slide of Hon Hai's quarterly results deck (product-segment mix). sourceDate = investor conference date; the PDF may have been uploaded later." }, { "company": "Hon Hai", "metric": "Cloud and networking products share of revenue", "fiscalPeriod": "Q2 2026", "periodEnd": "2026-06-30", "pct": 51, "source": "https://image.honhai.com/upload/202608/law_talk/Hon_Hai_2Q26_Results_English(%E6%8A%95%E5%BD%B1%E7%89%88)_revised(wp)_20260818_8282.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-08-12", "kind": "reported", "note": "From the 'Performance Review' slide of Hon Hai's quarterly results deck (product-segment mix). sourceDate = investor conference date; the PDF may have been uploaded later." }, { "company": "Hon Hai", "metric": "Cloud and networking products share of revenue", "fiscalPeriod": "FY 2024", "periodEnd": "2024-12-31", "pct": 30, "source": "https://image.honhai.com/upload/law_talk/Hon%20Hai%204Q24%20Results_English_20250314_8469.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-03-14", "kind": "reported", "note": "Full-year product mix (FY24 Performance Review slide)." }, { "company": "Hon Hai", "metric": "Cloud and networking products share of revenue", "fiscalPeriod": "FY 2025", "periodEnd": "2025-12-31", "pct": 40, "source": "https://image.honhai.com/upload/202603/law_talk/Hon_Hai_4Q25_Results_English_20260316_0435.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-03-16", "kind": "reported", "note": "Full-year product mix (FY25 Performance Review slide)." } ], "statements": [ { "company": "ASML", "text": "ASML said with its Q4 2024 results that bookings are lumpy and not a reliable read of business momentum; it would keep reporting quarterly bookings through 2025 and then stop, giving total backlog once a year instead (CFO Roger Dassen, results video transcript).", "source": "https://ourbrand.asml.com/m/7b4d9609f720aba9/original/ASML-Transcript-video-Q4-FY-2024.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-01-29", "show": false }, { "company": "ASML", "text": "Confirmed in filings: the Q4 2025 release (28 Jan 2026) is the last with net bookings (EUR 13.2bn, EUR 7.4bn EUV) plus year-end backlog EUR 38.8bn; the Q1 2026 and Q2 2026 releases contain no bookings figure.", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/937966/000162828026025147/pressreleasefinancialresul.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-04-15", "show": false }, { "company": "ASML", "text": "Q2 2026: order intake described as extremely strong in H1 2026; ASML plans to raise low-NA EUV capacity about 30% from around 65 units in 2026 for 2027, and DUV immersion about 30% from around 130, and is studying a further 30% for 2028. AI investment is named as the driver of advanced logic and memory demand.", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/937966/000162828026048235/pressreleasefinancialresul.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-07-15", "show": true }, { "company": "ASML", "text": "Q4 2025: customers' medium-term assessment improved on more robust expectations that AI demand is sustainable, giving a marked step-up in capacity plans and record order intake.", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/937966/000162828026003701/pressreleasefinancialresul.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-01-28", "show": false }, { "company": "Infineon", "text": "Q3 FY2026: AI power demand outstrips supply and Infineon is in allocation; it expects more than EUR 1.6bn of dedicated AI power revenue in FY26 (target was EUR 1.5bn) plus around EUR 0.5bn a year of non-AI data-centre power revenue.", "source": "https://www.infineon.com/row/public/documents/corporate/investors/presentations/2026/2026-08-05-q3-fy26-intro-statement-analyst-call-v01-00-en.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-08-05", "show": true }, { "company": "Infineon", "text": "Several AI data-centre customers have signed, or are negotiating, multi-year capacity reservation agreements with Infineon worth a cumulative high single-digit billion euros, with some prepayments.", "source": "https://www.infineon.com/row/public/documents/corporate/press/2026/infpr202608-125e.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-08-05", "show": false }, { "company": "Infineon", "text": "FY2026 investment raised to around EUR 2.7bn (from EUR 2.2bn) to speed up capacity for AI data-centre power supplies, including the Dresden Smart Power Fab.", "source": "https://www.infineon.com/row/public/documents/corporate/press/2026/infxx202602-042e.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-02-04", "show": false }, { "company": "Infineon", "text": "Nov 2025: AI power revenue target for FY2026 raised to around EUR 1.5bn; addressable market put at EUR 8-12bn by the end of the decade.", "source": "https://www.infineon.com/row/public/documents/corporate/press/2025/infxx202511-021e.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-11-12", "show": false }, { "company": "Infineon", "text": "Order backlog close to EUR 30bn at end of June 2026.", "source": "https://www.infineon.com/row/public/documents/corporate/investors/presentations/2026/2026-08-05-q3-fy26-intro-statement-analyst-call-v01-00-en.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-08-05", "show": false }, { "company": "STMicroelectronics", "text": "Q2 2026: ST expects revenue growth to accelerate in Q4 2026 to above USD 4bn, driven mainly by AI data-centre and LEO satellite programmes; data-centre revenue ambition raised to above USD 1bn in 2026 and well above USD 2bn in 2027.", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/932787/000093278726000052/c3403c-q226earningspressre.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-07-23", "show": true }, { "company": "STMicroelectronics", "text": "Feb 2026: ST expanded its collaboration with AWS through a multi-year, multi-billion-dollar commercial engagement for cloud and AI data-centre compute infrastructure, issuing AWS warrants for up to 24.8 million shares (as summarised in the Q1 2026 release).", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/932787/000093278726000022/q126earningspressrelease-2.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-04-23", "show": false }, { "company": "STMicroelectronics", "text": "Q1 2026: ST said it was positioned to capture AI infrastructure programmes and gave a data-centre revenue expectation of nicely above USD 500m for 2026 and well above USD 1bn for 2027.", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/932787/000093278726000022/q126earningspressrelease-2.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-04-23", "show": false }, { "company": "Siemens Energy", "text": "Q3 FY2026 (Apr-Jun 2026): Grid Technologies grew orders in all businesses; the biggest contribution came from strong growth in transformers, including data-centre projects, with Europe and North America the main growth regions. Grid backlog rose to EUR 51bn. Gas Services record orders were driven by US demand including large data-centre-related orders.", "source": "https://assets.siemens-energy.com/dam/30018eed-275d-4e73-811e-b49d004cdc3d/2026-08-05-Earnings_Release_Q3_FY26_EN-pdf_Original%20file.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-08-05", "show": false }, { "company": "Siemens Energy", "text": "Q2 FY2026 (Jan-Mar 2026): Gas Services' record order intake was mainly driven by US demand connected with data centres, plus power additions in Europe (e.g. Poland). Grid Technologies orders were led by a >EUR 1bn Baltic Sea HVDC order and strong US transformer demand.", "source": "https://assets.siemens-energy.com/dam/d38d682a-d64f-4f9e-b4fe-b4480041e5ea/2026-05-12-Earnings_Release_Q2_FY26_EN-pdf_Original%20file.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-05-12", "show": false }, { "company": "Siemens Energy", "text": "Q1 FY2026 (Oct-Dec 2025): company described demand as broad-based across regions and technologies with strong data-centre expansion; FY2026 outlook text names the strong growth of data centres as a particular driver of grid, generation and efficiency investment.", "source": "https://assets.siemens-energy.com/dam/f8b7f2d2-e4f2-4fe5-8295-b3ee005765a4/2026-02-11_Earnings-Release-Q1-FY26-pdf_Original%20file.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-02-11", "show": false }, { "company": "Siemens Energy", "text": "Q4 FY2026 pre-close call (30 Sep 2026): IR said data centres are an important additional driver but not the foundation of the outlook; for Grid Technologies, data centres are additive to a market driven by regulated grid investment, asset replacement and interconnection. Gas-turbine market planning assumption is ~110-120 GW a year with a further 10-20 GW potential upside from data centres. No HVDC order booked in Q4; next HVDC order expected early FY2027. First brownfield expansions for large power transformers and GIS came online in Q3.", "source": "https://assets.siemens-energy.com/dam/e8ced7ab-8dcc-48e5-b0b5-b4d500fee9a5/2026-09-30---Q4-FY26-Pre-Close-Call_transcript-pdf_Original%20file.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-09-30", "show": true }, { "company": "Schneider Electric", "text": "Q2 2026: Data Center & Networks demand rose by triple digits year on year, with pure data-centre demand strong in all four regions (North America strongest); DC&N sales grew strong double-digit. Systems revenue grew +28% organic, led by data-centre prefabricated solutions, cooling and 3-phase UPS. In Europe, data-centre sales declined against a strong Q2 2025 comparison, though market momentum was described as improving.", "source": "https://www.se.com/ww/en/assets/pdf/release-hy-results-2026", "sourceDate": "2026-07-30", "show": false }, { "company": "Schneider Electric", "text": "Data Center & Networks was 30% of Schneider's FY2025 orders (Buildings 29%, Industry 27%, Infrastructure 14%), per the H1 2026 results presentation (slide 5). This is a share of orders, not revenue; the company did not state a revenue share in the releases checked.", "source": "https://download.se.com/files?p_Doc_Ref=presentation-hy-results-2026", "sourceDate": "2026-07-30", "show": true }, { "company": "Schneider Electric", "text": "Q1 2026: Data Center & Networks demand up double-digit against a high base (a single, particularly large order booked in Q1 2025); North America the majority of demand.", "source": "https://www.se.com/ww/en/assets/pdf/release-q1-revenues-2026", "sourceDate": "2026-04-30", "show": false }, { "company": "Schneider Electric", "text": "Q4 2025: demand in the pure data-centre segment accelerated sharply with triple-digit year-on-year growth, led by hyperscale and colocation customers; pure data-centre sales grew strong double-digit. Pick-up in demand noted in France, the Nordics and parts of Asia Pacific.", "source": "https://echanges.dila.gouv.fr/OPENDATA/AMF/ECO/2026/02/FCECO081066_20260226.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-02-26", "show": false }, { "company": "Schneider Electric", "text": "Q3 2025: DC&N sales grew strong double-digit, led by the US with strong contributions from China and France, while grid power availability remained a constraint elsewhere in Europe.", "source": "https://echanges.dila.gouv.fr/OPENDATA/AMF/ECO/2025/10/FCECO080070_20251030.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-10-30", "show": false }, { "company": "Schneider Electric", "text": "Q1 2025: in Western Europe, data-centre demand was held back by power availability, AI-design questions and macro uncertainty, while North America and East Asia led.", "source": "https://echanges.dila.gouv.fr/OPENDATA/AMF/ECO/2025/04/FCECO078328_20250428.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-04-28", "show": false }, { "company": "Intel", "text": "In June 2024 Intel sold Apollo-managed funds 49% of a Cayman joint-venture company holding the rights to run Fab 34 in Leixlip and take its wafers, for about $11bn. Intel kept ownership of the fab and its IP, and agreed to buy minimum wafer volumes at cost plus a margin.", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/50863/000005086324000103/intc-20240604.htm", "sourceDate": "2024-06-04", "show": false }, { "company": "Intel", "text": "In late 2024 Intel decided to slow Fab 34 construction as it cut near-term capacity needs. It booked a $755m expected penalty owed to Apollo (capped at $1.1bn) for missing construction milestones.", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/50863/000005086325000009/intc-20241228.htm", "sourceDate": "2025-01-31", "show": false }, { "company": "Intel", "text": "On 8 April 2026 Intel bought Apollo's 49% back for $14.2bn, partly funded by a $6.5bn bridge loan later refinanced with bonds. Intel now owns 100% of the Fab 34 arrangement and is winding up the joint venture.", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/50863/000005086326000072/intc-20260408.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-04-08", "show": false }, { "company": "Intel", "text": "In 2025 Intel's Irish fab was one of its four key production sites. It made the Intel 4 and Intel 3 nodes, which are used for Core Ultra Series 1 and Xeon 6.", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/50863/000005086326000011/intc-20251227.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-01-23", "show": false }, { "company": "Intel", "text": "In July 2026 Intel announced a \u20ac5bn capital programme at Leixlip, already under way, tied to next-generation Xeon on Intel 3. It said it had invested more than \u20ac30bn in Ireland since 1989 and employs 4,900 people there.", "source": "https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/newsroom/news/artificial-intelligence/intel-invests-5-billion-euro-to-expand-manufacturing-in-europe.html", "sourceDate": "2026-07-13", "show": false }, { "company": "Intel", "text": "The FY2025 10-K warned that pausing Intel 14A could leave Intel unable to meet construction or wafer-purchase commitments under its SCIP deals, which could trigger large payments to partners.", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/50863/000005086326000011/intc-20251227.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-01-23", "show": false }, { "company": "Samsung Electronics", "text": "Started mass production of HBM3E 8-high in April 2024 and planned HBM3E 12-high mass production within Q2 2024.", "source": "https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-announces-first-quarter-2024-results", "sourceDate": "2024-04-30", "show": false }, { "company": "Samsung Electronics", "text": "Planned to expand capacity to raise the share of HBM3E in HBM sales (H2 2024 outlook).", "source": "https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-announces-results-for-second-quarter-of-2024", "sourceDate": "2024-07-31", "show": false }, { "company": "Samsung Electronics", "text": "Q3 2024 memory revenue grew with significant QoQ growth in HBM, DDR5 and server SSD sales.", "source": "https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-announces-results-for-third-quarter-of-2024", "sourceDate": "2024-10-31", "show": false }, { "company": "Samsung Electronics", "text": "Q1 2025 HBM sales fell, which Samsung attributed to export controls on AI chips and customers waiting for its enhanced HBM3E products.", "source": "https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-announces-first-quarter-2025-results", "sourceDate": "2025-04-30", "show": false }, { "company": "Samsung Electronics", "text": "Q3 2025: HBM3E in mass production and sold to all related customers; HBM4 samples shipping to key clients; memory set a record for quarterly sales.", "source": "https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-announces-third-quarter-2025-results", "sourceDate": "2025-10-30", "show": false }, { "company": "Samsung Electronics", "text": "Q4 2025: memory set records for quarterly revenue and operating profit on higher HBM sales and price rises; on track to begin delivering HBM4 in Q1 2026.", "source": "https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-announces-fourth-quarter-and-fy-2025-results", "sourceDate": "2026-01-29", "show": false }, { "company": "Samsung Electronics", "text": "Q1 2026: began what it calls the industry's first mass product sales of HBM4 and SOCAMM2 for NVIDIA's Vera Rubin platform; planned first HBM4E samples in Q2 2026.", "source": "https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-announces-first-quarter-2026-results", "sourceDate": "2026-04-30", "show": false }, { "company": "Samsung Electronics", "text": "Q2 2026: scaled up HBM4 sales and shipped what it calls the industry's first HBM4E samples to major customers; expects the memory market to stay undersupplied in H2 2026 with supply constraints continuing.", "source": "https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-announces-second-quarter-2026-results", "sourceDate": "2026-07-30", "show": true }, { "company": "Samsung Electronics", "text": "Q2 2026: Foundry earnings improved (before incentive provisions) on HBM base-die demand and US customer orders.", "source": "https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-announces-second-quarter-2026-results", "sourceDate": "2026-07-30", "show": false }, { "company": "SK hynix", "text": "Q2 2024 HBM sales rose more than 80% QoQ and more than 250% YoY.", "source": "https://news.skhynix.com/en/sk-hynix-announces-2q24-financial-results/", "sourceDate": "2024-07-25", "show": false }, { "company": "SK hynix", "text": "HBM was 30% of DRAM revenue in Q3 2024 and forecast to reach 40% in Q4 2024; HBM sales up more than 70% QoQ and more than 330% YoY.", "source": "https://news.skhynix.com/en/sk-hynix-announces-3q24-financial-results/", "sourceDate": "2024-10-24", "show": false }, { "company": "SK hynix", "text": "HBM exceeded 40% of total DRAM revenue in Q4 2024.", "source": "https://news.skhynix.com/en/sk-hynix-announces-4q24-financial-results/", "sourceDate": "2025-01-23", "show": false }, { "company": "SK hynix", "text": "Kept its forecast that HBM demand in 2025 would roughly double vs 2024 (volumes agreed a year ahead); expected 12-high HBM3E to exceed 50% of HBM3E revenue in Q2 2025.", "source": "https://news.skhynix.com/en/sk-hynix-announces-1q25-financial-results/", "sourceDate": "2025-04-24", "show": false }, { "company": "SK hynix", "text": "Expected its HBM (sales) to double year on year in 2025.", "source": "https://news.skhynix.com/en/sk-hynix-announces-2q25-financial-results/", "sourceDate": "2025-07-24", "show": false }, { "company": "SK hynix", "text": "Completed HBM supply talks with key customers for 2026; HBM4 (development completed September 2025) to start shipping in Q4 2025; said demand for all its DRAM and NAND for 2026 was secured.", "source": "https://news.skhynix.com/en/sk-hynix-announces-3q25-financial-results/", "sourceDate": "2025-10-29", "show": false }, { "company": "SK hynix", "text": "HBM revenue more than doubled year on year in 2025; large-scale HBM4 production under way.", "source": "https://news.skhynix.com/en/sk-hynix-announces-fy25-financial-results/", "sourceDate": "2026-01-28", "show": false }, { "company": "SK hynix", "text": "Began mass shipments of HBM4 in Q2 2026, ramping in H2; HBM4E sample shipments completed in H1 2026; long-term supply agreements signed with around 10 customers.", "source": "https://news.skhynix.com/en/q2-2026-business-results/", "sourceDate": "2026-07-29", "show": true }, { "company": "TSMC", "text": "AI accelerator revenue (AI GPU, AI ASIC and HBM controller for data-centre training and inference) was close to mid-teens percent of TSMC's total 2024 revenue, more than tripled in 2024, and was forecast to double in 2025; five-year (2024-2029) AI accelerator revenue CAGR guided at approaching mid-40s percent.", "source": "https://investor.tsmc.com/english/encrypt/files/encrypt_file/reports/2025-01/84aeb15bbe33894365d33f52e027c5268ba95dcf/TSMC%204Q24%20Transcript.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-01-16", "show": false }, { "company": "TSMC", "text": "AI accelerators were high-teens percent of total revenue in 2025. TSMC raised its AI accelerator revenue growth forecast to approach a mid-to-high-50s percent CAGR for 2024-2029, and overall long-term revenue growth to approach a 25% CAGR in US-dollar terms from 2024.", "source": "https://investor.tsmc.com/english/encrypt/files/encrypt_file/reports/2026-01/51d09df96cd89ac19d65af39032b038dc2896a24/TSMC%204Q25%20Transcript.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-01-15", "show": false }, { "company": "TSMC", "text": "HPC was 58% of TSMC's full-year 2025 revenue; HPC revenue rose 48% year on year in 2025.", "source": "https://investor.tsmc.com/english/encrypt/files/encrypt_file/reports/2026-01/51d09df96cd89ac19d65af39032b038dc2896a24/TSMC%204Q25%20Transcript.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-01-15", "show": false }, { "company": "TSMC", "text": "On the Q1 2026 call management said the observed AI accelerator CAGR was tracking toward the higher end of the mid-to-high-50s guidance; the AI accelerator definition (GPU, ASIC, HBM controllers for data-centre training and inference) excludes data-centre CPUs. The CEO said supply is very tight and expected to stay very tight because new fabs take time to build and ramp.", "source": "https://investor.tsmc.com/english/encrypt/files/encrypt_file/reports/2026-04/3cef85204275f94fd111485cfdf4adb3c0263c45/TSMC%201Q26%20Transcript.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-04-16", "show": false }, { "company": "TSMC", "text": "On the Q2 2026 call the CEO said advanced packaging capacity is so tight that it is limiting customers' growth; CoWoS remains the majority of advanced packaging while lower-cost alternatives are developed. Management declined to give a new AI CAGR number, saying only that it is getting stronger; agentic AI is lifting CPU demand in AI data centres on top of accelerators.", "source": "https://investor.tsmc.com/english/encrypt/files/encrypt_file/reports/2026-08/3e494f0c14dd0890f897aa044415e21d93486cc4/TSMC%202Q26%20Transcript.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-07-16", "show": true }, { "company": "TSMC", "text": "HPC revenue rose 20% quarter on quarter in Q2 2026 to 66% of revenue; full-year 2026 revenue growth now expected slightly above 40% in US-dollar terms; 2026 capital budget raised to US$60-64bn.", "source": "https://investor.tsmc.com/english/encrypt/files/encrypt_file/reports/2026-08/3e494f0c14dd0890f897aa044415e21d93486cc4/TSMC%202Q26%20Transcript.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-07-16", "show": false }, { "company": "Hon Hai", "text": "In Q2 2025 AI server revenue grew more than 60% year on year; Cloud and Networking rose 9 points year on year to 41% of revenue. For Q3 2025 the company expected AI server revenue to grow more than 170% YoY and full-year 2025 AI server revenue to pass NT$1 trillion. About 20% of 2024 AI server revenue came from ASIC-based solutions.", "source": "https://image.honhai.com/upload/202508/law_talk/Hon_Hai_2Q25_Results_Transcript_English_20250815_9066.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-08-14", "show": false }, { "company": "Hon Hai", "text": "By the end of Q3 2025 cumulative AI server revenue for the year had already passed NT$1 trillion.", "source": "https://image.honhai.com/upload/202511/law_talk/Hon_Hai_3Q25_Results_Transcript_English_20251112_6329.pdf", "sourceDate": "2025-11-12", "show": false }, { "company": "Hon Hai", "text": "Chairman Young Liu said Hon Hai's AI server market share had reached around 40%, and that reaching AI server capacity of 2,000 racks per week in 2026 should not be a problem (the ~1,000 racks/week current figure came from a reporter's question, not company text). AI rack shipments expected to at least double in 2026; ASIC server revenue expected to grow more than 100% in 2025 and multiple-fold in 2026.", "source": "https://image.honhai.com/upload/202603/law_talk/Hon_Hai_4Q25_Results_Transcript_English_20260317_1345.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-03-16", "show": false }, { "company": "Hon Hai", "text": "AI server revenue was more than 50% of Hon Hai's server revenue in Q1 2026, and Cloud and Networking approached 50% of total revenue.", "source": "https://image.honhai.com/upload/202605/law_talk/Hon_Hai_1Q26_Results_Transcript_English_20260514_0894_20260526_8671.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-05-14", "show": false }, { "company": "Hon Hai", "text": "Cloud and Networking exceeded 50% of revenue for the first time in Q2 2026 (51%). AI server revenue has grown double digits year on year every quarter since 2024; around 10% of 2025 AI server revenue came from ASIC servers. Q3 2026 AI rack shipments expected to grow high double digits QoQ; full-year 2026 rack shipments to grow multiple times; 2026 capex to rise more than 30% YoY.", "source": "https://image.honhai.com/upload/202608/law_talk/Hon_Hai_2Q26_Results_Transcript_English_20260818_1815.pdf", "sourceDate": "2026-08-12", "show": true }, { "company": "Hon Hai", "text": "Q3 2026 outlook: significant QoQ and strong YoY revenue growth; Cloud and Networking products expected to grow by high double digits both QoQ and YoY, with Vera Rubin racks entering mass production in Q3; full-year 2026 AI rack shipments expected to more than double.", "source": "https://www.foxconn.com/en-us/press-center/press-releases/latest-news/2095", "sourceDate": "2026-08-12", "show": false } ], "guidanceOther": [ { "company": "ASML", "metric": "total net sales", "period": "FY 2026", "low": 43.0, "high": 45.0, "currency": "EUR", "unit": "bn", "given": "2026-07-15", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/937966/000162828026048235/pressreleasefinancialresul.htm", "note": "Latest. Gross margin 54-56%. Raised from EUR 36-40bn (15 Apr 2026), itself raised from EUR 34-39bn (28 Jan 2026)." }, { "company": "ASML", "metric": "total net sales", "period": "FY 2026", "low": 36.0, "high": 40.0, "currency": "EUR", "unit": "bn", "given": "2026-04-15", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/937966/000162828026025147/pressreleasefinancialresul.htm", "note": "Superseded on 15 Jul 2026." }, { "company": "ASML", "metric": "total net sales", "period": "FY 2026", "low": 34.0, "high": 39.0, "currency": "EUR", "unit": "bn", "given": "2026-01-28", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/937966/000162828026003701/pressreleasefinancialresul.htm", "note": "First FY2026 range; superseded 15 Apr 2026. On 15 Oct 2025 ASML only said it did not expect 2026 sales below 2025." }, { "company": "ASML", "metric": "total net sales", "period": "Q3 2026", "low": 11.0, "high": 12.0, "currency": "EUR", "unit": "bn", "given": "2026-07-15", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/937966/000162828026048235/pressreleasefinancialresul.htm", "note": "Gross margin 55-57%. Q3 2026 results due 14 Oct 2026, not yet published on 11 Oct 2026." }, { "company": "Infineon", "metric": "revenue", "period": "FY2026 (Oct 2025-Sep 2026)", "low": 16.3, "high": 16.3, "currency": "EUR", "unit": "bn", "given": "2026-08-05", "source": "https://www.infineon.com/row/public/documents/corporate/press/2026/infpr202608-125e.pdf", "note": "Point estimate 'around EUR 16.3bn' (about +11% y/y), assumes US$1.15/EUR; Segment Result Margin around 20%. Earlier wording: moderate growth (12 Nov 2025, 4 Feb 2026), significant rise (6 May 2026)." }, { "company": "Infineon", "metric": "revenue", "period": "Q4 FY2026 (Jul-Sep 2026)", "low": 4.7, "high": 4.7, "currency": "EUR", "unit": "bn", "given": "2026-08-05", "source": "https://www.infineon.com/row/public/documents/corporate/press/2026/infpr202608-125e.pdf", "note": "Point estimate 'around EUR 4.7bn', Segment Result Margin around 23%; assumes US$1.15/EUR." }, { "company": "Infineon", "metric": "AI data-centre power revenue", "period": "FY2026 (Oct 2025-Sep 2026)", "low": 1.6, "high": null, "currency": "EUR", "unit": "bn", "given": "2026-08-05", "source": "https://www.infineon.com/row/public/documents/corporate/investors/presentations/2026/2026-08-05-q3-fy26-intro-statement-analyst-call-v01-00-en.pdf", "note": "CEO analyst-call statement: more than EUR 1.6bn of dedicated AI power revenue expected in FY26, ahead of the EUR 1.5bn target set on 12 Nov 2025. High left null (open-ended)." }, { "company": "Infineon", "metric": "AI data-centre power revenue", "period": "FY2027 (Oct 2026-Sep 2027)", "low": 2.5, "high": null, "currency": "EUR", "unit": "bn", "given": "2026-02-04", "source": "https://www.infineon.com/row/public/documents/corporate/press/2026/infxx202602-042e.pdf", "note": "'Around EUR 2.5bn' (reaffirmed 6 May 2026). On 5 Aug 2026 Infineon said it will revise this upwards, materially, at the November 2026 call." }, { "company": "STMicroelectronics", "metric": "net revenues", "period": "Q3 2026", "low": 3.58, "high": 3.83, "currency": "USD", "unit": "bn", "given": "2026-07-23", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/932787/000093278726000052/c3403c-q226earningspressre.htm", "note": "Company states mid-point USD 3.70bn (+6.2% q/q) plus or minus 350 bps; low/high derived here from Q2 net revenues of USD 3,487m x (1.062 -/+ 0.035). Gross margin 37.0% +/- 200 bps; assumes USD 1.14/EUR." }, { "company": "STMicroelectronics", "metric": "datacenter revenue", "period": "FY 2026", "low": 1.0, "high": null, "currency": "USD", "unit": "bn", "given": "2026-07-23", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/932787/000093278726000052/c3403c-q226earningspressre.htm", "note": "'Above USD 1 billion in 2026' (raised from 'nicely above USD 500 million' on 23 Apr 2026)." }, { "company": "STMicroelectronics", "metric": "datacenter revenue", "period": "FY 2027", "low": 2.0, "high": null, "currency": "USD", "unit": "bn", "given": "2026-07-23", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/932787/000093278726000052/c3403c-q226earningspressre.htm", "note": "'Well above USD 2 billion in 2027', conditional on current dynamic and engagements continuing (raised from 'well above USD 1 billion' on 23 Apr 2026)." }, { "company": "Siemens Energy", "metric": "group comparable revenue growth", "period": "FY2026 (Oct 2025-Sep 2026)", "low": 11, "high": 13, "currency": "EUR", "unit": "%", "given": "2025-11-13", "source": "https://assets.siemens-energy.com/dam/f8b7f2d2-e4f2-4fe5-8295-b3ee005765a4/2026-02-11_Earnings-Release-Q1-FY26-pdf_Original%20file.pdf", "note": "Original FY2026 outlook issued with Q4 FY2025 results on 13 Nov 2025; confirmed in Q1 FY26 release (11 Feb 2026), which is the cited source. Comparable = excl. currency and portfolio effects. Margin before SI 9-11%." }, { "company": "Siemens Energy", "metric": "group comparable revenue growth", "period": "FY2026 (Oct 2025-Sep 2026)", "low": 14, "high": 16, "currency": "EUR", "unit": "%", "given": "2026-05-12", "source": "https://assets.siemens-energy.com/dam/d38d682a-d64f-4f9e-b4fe-b4480041e5ea/2026-05-12-Earnings_Release_Q2_FY26_EN-pdf_Original%20file.pdf", "note": "Raised from 11-13% with Q2 FY26 results; profit margin before SI raised to 10-12% (from 9-11%), net income ~EUR 4bn, FCF pre tax ~EUR 8bn. Confirmed 5 Aug 2026 in Q3 FY26 release, with margin expected towards upper end of range." }, { "company": "Siemens Energy", "metric": "group comparable revenue growth (confirmation)", "period": "FY2026 (Oct 2025-Sep 2026)", "low": 14, "high": 16, "currency": "EUR", "unit": "%", "given": "2026-08-05", "source": "https://assets.siemens-energy.com/dam/30018eed-275d-4e73-811e-b49d004cdc3d/2026-08-05-Earnings_Release_Q3_FY26_EN-pdf_Original%20file.pdf", "note": "Q3 FY26 release confirms raised outlook; profit margin before SI expected towards upper end of 10-12%." }, { "company": "Siemens Energy", "metric": "Grid Technologies comparable revenue growth", "period": "FY2026 (Oct 2025-Sep 2026)", "low": 19, "high": 21, "currency": "EUR", "unit": "%", "given": "2025-11-13", "source": "https://assets.siemens-energy.com/dam/f8b7f2d2-e4f2-4fe5-8295-b3ee005765a4/2026-02-11_Earnings-Release-Q1-FY26-pdf_Original%20file.pdf", "note": "Original segment assumption (margin before SI 16-18%), as restated in Q1 FY26 release of 11 Feb 2026." }, { "company": "Siemens Energy", "metric": "Grid Technologies comparable revenue growth", "period": "FY2026 (Oct 2025-Sep 2026)", "low": 25, "high": 27, "currency": "EUR", "unit": "%", "given": "2026-05-12", "source": "https://assets.siemens-energy.com/dam/d38d682a-d64f-4f9e-b4fe-b4480041e5ea/2026-05-12-Earnings_Release_Q2_FY26_EN-pdf_Original%20file.pdf", "note": "Raised from 19-21%; margin before SI raised to 18-20% (from 16-18%). Repeated unchanged in Q3 FY26 release (5 Aug 2026)." }, { "company": "Schneider Electric", "metric": "organic revenue growth", "period": "FY2026 (calendar 2026)", "low": 7, "high": 10, "currency": "EUR", "unit": "%", "given": "2026-02-26", "source": "https://echanges.dila.gouv.fr/OPENDATA/AMF/ECO/2026/02/FCECO081066_20260226.pdf", "note": "Initial 2026 target in Full Year 2025 Results release: adj. EBITA growth +10% to +15% organic; adj. EBITA margin +50 to +80bps organic. Reaffirmed in Q1 2026 release (30 Apr 2026)." }, { "company": "Schneider Electric", "metric": "organic revenue growth", "period": "FY2026 (calendar 2026)", "low": 10, "high": 13, "currency": "EUR", "unit": "%", "given": "2026-07-30", "source": "https://www.se.com/ww/en/assets/pdf/release-hy-results-2026", "note": "Upgraded in Half Year 2026 Results release: adj. EBITA growth +14% to +19% organic; adj. EBITA margin +70 to +100bps organic (implying ~19.4%-19.7%)." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "revenue guidance", "period": "Q2 2024", "low": 19.6, "high": 20.4, "currency": "USD", "unit": "bn", "given": "2024-04-18", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617924000046/a1q24e_withguidancexfinal.htm", "note": "Exchange-rate assumption 1 USD = 32.3 NT$." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "gross margin guidance", "period": "Q2 2024", "low": 51, "high": 53, "currency": null, "unit": "%", "given": "2024-04-18", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617924000046/a1q24e_withguidancexfinal.htm", "note": "Based on exchange-rate assumption 1 USD = 32.3 NT$." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "revenue guidance", "period": "Q3 2024", "low": 22.4, "high": 23.2, "currency": "USD", "unit": "bn", "given": "2024-07-18", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617924000083/a2q24e_withguidancexfinal.htm", "note": "Exchange-rate assumption 1 USD = 32.5 NT$." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "gross margin guidance", "period": "Q3 2024", "low": 53.5, "high": 55.5, "currency": null, "unit": "%", "given": "2024-07-18", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617924000083/a2q24e_withguidancexfinal.htm", "note": "Based on exchange-rate assumption 1 USD = 32.5 NT$." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "revenue guidance", "period": "Q4 2024", "low": 26.1, "high": 26.9, "currency": "USD", "unit": "bn", "given": "2024-10-17", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617924000116/a3q24e_withguidancexfinal.htm", "note": "Exchange-rate assumption 1 USD = 32.0 NT$." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "gross margin guidance", "period": "Q4 2024", "low": 57.0, "high": 59.0, "currency": null, "unit": "%", "given": "2024-10-17", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617924000116/a3q24e_withguidancexfinal.htm", "note": "Based on exchange-rate assumption 1 USD = 32.0 NT$." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "revenue guidance", "period": "Q1 2025", "low": 25.0, "high": 25.8, "currency": "USD", "unit": "bn", "given": "2025-01-16", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617925000004/a4q24e_withguidancexfinal.htm", "note": "Exchange-rate assumption 1 USD = 32.8 NT$." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "gross margin guidance", "period": "Q1 2025", "low": 57, "high": 59, "currency": null, "unit": "%", "given": "2025-01-16", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617925000004/a4q24e_withguidancexfinal.htm", "note": "Based on exchange-rate assumption 1 USD = 32.8 NT$." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "revenue guidance", "period": "Q2 2025", "low": 28.4, "high": 29.2, "currency": "USD", "unit": "bn", "given": "2025-04-17", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617925000035/a1q25e_withguidancexfinal.htm", "note": "Exchange-rate assumption 1 USD = 32.5 NT$." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "gross margin guidance", "period": "Q2 2025", "low": 57, "high": 59, "currency": null, "unit": "%", "given": "2025-04-17", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617925000035/a1q25e_withguidancexfinal.htm", "note": "Based on exchange-rate assumption 1 USD = 32.5 NT$." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "revenue guidance", "period": "Q3 2025", "low": 31.8, "high": 33.0, "currency": "USD", "unit": "bn", "given": "2025-07-17", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617925000082/a2q25e_withguidancexfinal.htm", "note": "Exchange-rate assumption 1 USD = 29.0 NT$." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "gross margin guidance", "period": "Q3 2025", "low": 55.5, "high": 57.5, "currency": null, "unit": "%", "given": "2025-07-17", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617925000082/a2q25e_withguidancexfinal.htm", "note": "Based on exchange-rate assumption 1 USD = 29.0 NT$." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "revenue guidance", "period": "Q4 2025", "low": 32.2, "high": 33.4, "currency": "USD", "unit": "bn", "given": "2025-10-16", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617925000116/a3q25e_withguidancexfinal.htm", "note": "Exchange-rate assumption 1 USD = 30.6 NT$." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "gross margin guidance", "period": "Q4 2025", "low": 59, "high": 61, "currency": null, "unit": "%", "given": "2025-10-16", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617925000116/a3q25e_withguidancexfinal.htm", "note": "Based on exchange-rate assumption 1 USD = 30.6 NT$." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "revenue guidance", "period": "Q1 2026", "low": 34.6, "high": 35.8, "currency": "USD", "unit": "bn", "given": "2026-01-15", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617926000008/a4q25e_withguidancexfinal.htm", "note": "Exchange-rate assumption 1 USD = 31.6 NT$." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "gross margin guidance", "period": "Q1 2026", "low": 63, "high": 65, "currency": null, "unit": "%", "given": "2026-01-15", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617926000008/a4q25e_withguidancexfinal.htm", "note": "Based on exchange-rate assumption 1 USD = 31.6 NT$." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "revenue guidance", "period": "Q2 2026", "low": 39.0, "high": 40.2, "currency": "USD", "unit": "bn", "given": "2026-04-16", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617926000199/a1q26e_withguidancexfinal.htm", "note": "Exchange-rate assumption 1 USD = 31.7 NT$." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "gross margin guidance", "period": "Q2 2026", "low": 65.5, "high": 67.5, "currency": null, "unit": "%", "given": "2026-04-16", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617926000199/a1q26e_withguidancexfinal.htm", "note": "Based on exchange-rate assumption 1 USD = 31.7 NT$." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "revenue guidance", "period": "Q3 2026", "low": 44.6, "high": 45.8, "currency": "USD", "unit": "bn", "given": "2026-07-16", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617926000451/a2q26e_withguidancexfinal.htm", "note": "Exchange-rate assumption 1 USD = 32.0 NT$." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "gross margin guidance", "period": "Q3 2026", "low": 65, "high": 67, "currency": null, "unit": "%", "given": "2026-07-16", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617926000451/a2q26e_withguidancexfinal.htm", "note": "Based on exchange-rate assumption 1 USD = 32.0 NT$." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "exchange-rate assumption", "period": "Q3 2026", "low": 32.0, "high": 32.0, "currency": "TWD per USD", "unit": "NT$ per US$", "given": "2026-07-16", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617926000451/a2q26e_withguidancexfinal.htm", "note": "Assumption behind Q3 2026 margin guidance; operating margin guidance 56%-58%." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "operating margin guidance", "period": "Q3 2026", "low": 56, "high": 58, "currency": null, "unit": "%", "given": "2026-07-16", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1046179/000104617926000451/a2q26e_withguidancexfinal.htm", "note": "Based on 1 USD = 32 NT$." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "full-year revenue growth guidance", "period": "FY 2026", "low": 40, "high": null, "currency": "USD", "unit": "% YoY", "given": "2026-07-16", "source": "https://investor.tsmc.com/english/encrypt/files/encrypt_file/reports/2026-08/3e494f0c14dd0890f897aa044415e21d93486cc4/TSMC%202Q26%20Transcript.pdf", "note": "'Slightly above 40%' YoY in US-dollar terms (2Q26 call). Earlier: 'close to 30%' (15 Jan 2026 call), 'above 30%' (16 Apr 2026 call)." }, { "company": "TSMC", "metric": "capital budget guidance", "period": "FY 2026", "low": 60, "high": 64, "currency": "USD", "unit": "bn", "given": "2026-07-16", "source": "https://investor.tsmc.com/english/encrypt/files/encrypt_file/reports/2026-08/3e494f0c14dd0890f897aa044415e21d93486cc4/TSMC%202Q26%20Transcript.pdf", "note": "Raised from US$52-56bn (given 15 Jan 2026; 'towards the high end' on 16 Apr 2026). 10-20% for advanced packaging, testing, mask making and others." } ], "europe": [], "ireland": [ { "item": "Intel Ireland SCIP: Apollo purchase price (agreed)", "value": 11, "unit": "USD bn", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/50863/000005086324000103/intc-20240604.htm", "sourceDate": "2024-06-04", "kind": "filed", "note": "8-K says 'approximately $11 billion'. Closing was targeted for Q2 2024." }, { "item": "Ireland SCIP: loss booked for expected Fab 34 delay penalties, 2024", "value": 755, "unit": "USD m", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/50863/000005086325000009/intc-20241228.htm", "sourceDate": "2025-01-31", "kind": "filed", "note": "Charge in interest and other, net (non-designated embedded derivative, Level 3). Intel chose to delay construction milestones as it cut near-term capacity needs. At 27 Dec 2025: $179m current + $576m long-term." }, { "item": "Ireland SCIP: Intel buy-back of Apollo's 49% (price)", "value": 14.2, "unit": "USD bn", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/50863/000005086326000072/intc-20260408.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-04-08", "kind": "filed", "note": "Agreement dated 1 Apr 2026, closed 8 Apr 2026. Intel now owns 100% and expects to end the ancillary agreements and wind up the JV. The 10-Q Q2 2026 confirms $14.2bn including transaction costs and treats the cash paid to Apollo as partner distributions in financing cash flow. That is about $3.2bn more than the roughly $11bn Apollo paid in June 2024, before counting distributions Apollo received ($43m in 2024, $217m in 2025, $105m in Q1 2026)." }, { "item": "Intel property, plant and equipment, net, located in Ireland at 2024-12-28", "value": 18152, "unit": "USD m", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/50863/000005086325000009/intc-20241228.htm", "sourceDate": "2025-01-31", "kind": "filed", "note": "From the 10-K PP&E-by-country table. Ireland is Intel's second-largest country by net PP&E after the US. Group total at 27 Dec 2025: $105,414m, so Ireland was about 16%." }, { "item": "Intel property, plant and equipment, net, located in Ireland at 2025-12-27", "value": 17120, "unit": "USD m", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/50863/000005086326000011/intc-20251227.htm", "sourceDate": "2026-01-23", "kind": "filed", "note": "From the 10-K PP&E-by-country table. Ireland is Intel's second-largest country by net PP&E after the US. Group total at 27 Dec 2025: $105,414m, so Ireland was about 16%." } ], "calendar": [ { "company": "ASML", "event": "Q3 2026 results", "date": "2026-10-14", "confirmed": true, "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/937966/000162828026011378/asml-20251231.htm", "note": "ASML Annual Report 2025 (Form 20-F), appendix 'Financial calendar': 'October 14, 2026 Announcement of third-quarter results for 2026'. investor.asml.com returned 403 to automated fetch, so this was not cross-checked against the live IR calendar." }, { "company": "TSMC", "event": "Q3 2026 earnings conference", "date": "2026-10-15", "confirmed": true, "source": "https://investor.tsmc.com/quarterly-results", "note": "14:00 Taiwan time / 2:00 ET (as written on TSMC IR page). Quiet period 5-14 Oct 2026." }, { "company": "Schneider Electric", "event": "Q3 2026 revenues", "date": "2026-10-16", "confirmed": true, "source": "https://www.se.com/ww/en/about-us/investor-relations/financial-calendar-and-events/", "note": "Schneider IR financial calendar lists 'October 16, 2026 | Q3 2026 Revenues'. Conflict: the H1 2026 results release (30 Jul 2026, https://www.se.com/ww/en/assets/pdf/release-hy-results-2026) said 'Q3 2026 Revenues will be presented on October 29, 2026'. The IR calendar is the more recent source; re-check before publishing." }, { "company": "Celestica", "event": "Q3 2026 financial results (plus 2026 Investor and Analyst Day call)", "date": "2026-10-26", "confirmed": true, "source": "https://finviz.com/news/399550/celestica-to-hold-q3-2026-financial-results-and-2026-investor-and-analyst-day-conference-call", "note": "Company press release (GlobeNewswire, 6 Oct 2026), here as a Finviz reprint because corporate.celestica.com returned 403. Results after market close Mon 26 Oct 2026; call Tue 27 Oct 2026 at 8:00 ET." }, { "company": "GE Vernova", "event": "Q3 2026 earnings webcast", "date": "2026-10-28", "confirmed": true, "source": "https://www.gevernova.com/investors/events/3rd-quarter-2026-earnings-webcast", "note": "GE Vernova IR event page: 7:30-8:30 EDT. A third-party calendar (AJ Bell) showed 22 Oct, which is wrong. No date press release found yet." }, { "company": "SK hynix", "event": "Q3 2026 results release; call reported for 29 Oct 09:00 (time zone not stated)", "date": "2026-10-28", "confirmed": false, "source": "https://www.ajbell.co.uk/market-research/sub/NASDAQ:SKHY/company-info", "note": "Third-party calendar only (AJ Bell; Earnings Whispers also gives 28 Oct). Not found on SK hynix IR/newsroom; IR site is JS-rendered and could not be read." }, { "company": "Vertiv", "event": "Q3 2026 earnings release", "date": "2026-10-28", "confirmed": false, "source": "https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/vrt/earnings", "note": "Estimate from the Nasdaq/Zacks algorithm (api.nasdaq.com, checked 11 Oct 2026). Bullstory says 20 Oct 2026, so the estimates disagree. No Vertiv notice yet; last year the notice came on 8 Oct for a 22 Oct (Wednesday) report before market open, with a call at 11:00 ET." }, { "company": "STMicroelectronics", "event": "Q3 2026 earnings release and conference call", "date": "2026-10-29", "confirmed": true, "source": "https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2026/10/05/3374171/0/en/index.html", "note": "ST press release, Geneva, 5 Oct 2026: results before European markets open; call at 9:30 CET / 4:30 ET. Text checked through the FinancialContent reprint: https://www.financialcontent.com/article/gnwcq-2026-10-5-stmicroelectronics-announces-timing-for-third-quarter-2026-earnings-release-and-conference-call" }, { "company": "Samsung Electronics", "event": "Q3 2026 earnings release and conference call", "date": "2026-10-29", "confirmed": true, "source": "https://www.samsung.com/global/ir/ir-events-presentations/events/", "note": "Samsung IR events page: '3Q26 Earnings Conference Call: October 29, 2026, 10:00 KST'. Some third-party calendars (AJ Bell) show 30 Oct." }, { "company": "AMD", "event": "Fiscal Q3 2026 financial results", "date": "2026-11-03", "confirmed": true, "source": "https://ir.amd.com/news-events/press-releases/detail/1300/amd-to-report-fiscal-third-quarter-2026-financial-results", "note": "Press release, 6 Oct 2026: after market close; call at 5:00 ET / 2:00 PT." }, { "company": "Arista Networks", "event": "Q3 2026 financial results", "date": "2026-11-03", "confirmed": true, "source": "https://www.arista.com/company/news/press-release/24817-pr-20261006", "note": "Press release, 6 Oct 2026: after the US close; call at 1:30 PT / 4:30 ET." }, { "company": "Eaton", "event": "Q3 2026 earnings", "date": "2026-11-03", "confirmed": false, "source": "https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/etn/earnings", "note": "Estimate from the Nasdaq/Zacks algorithm (checked 11 Oct 2026). No Eaton notice yet; last year it came on 17 Oct 2025 for a 4 Nov 2025 report before the NYSE open, with a call at 11:00 ET." }, { "company": "Infineon", "event": "Q4 and fiscal year 2026 earnings release", "date": "2026-11-10", "confirmed": true, "source": "https://www.placera.se/pressmeddelanden/infineon-technologies-infineon-technolgies-ag-q3-fy-2026-concluded-with-record-sales-driven-by-strong-ai-business-further-significant-increase-in-revenue-and-margin-expected-in-q4-fy-2026-20260805", "note": "Taken from the financial calendar in Infineon's own Q3 FY2026 release (EQS, 5 Aug 2026; 'issuer is solely responsible'): '10 November 2026* Earnings Release for the Fourth Quarter and the 2026 Fiscal Year'. The asterisk means preliminary. infineon.com was unreachable, so this is an EQS reprint on placera.se. One German press article (boerse-express) said 11 Nov." }, { "company": "Taiwan listed companies (MOPS)", "event": "Monthly revenue reporting deadline for October 2026 revenue", "date": "2026-11-10", "confirmed": true, "source": "https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawSingle.aspx?pcode=G0400001&flno=36", "note": "Securities and Exchange Act Art. 36(1)(3): companies must 'publicly announce and report the previous month's operating status before the 10th of each month' (\u65bc\u6bcf\u6708\u5341\u65e5\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u516c\u544a\u4e26\u7533\u5831\u4e0a\u6708\u4efd\u71df\u904b\u60c5\u5f62), filed through MOPS. This is a recurring monthly deadline (10th of each month); the next ones are 10 Nov and 10 Dec 2026. TSMC and Hon Hai usually publish around the 5th to 10th." }, { "company": "Siemens Energy", "event": "Q4 FY2026 results (extended Q4 FY2026 call)", "date": "2026-11-11", "confirmed": true, "source": "https://www.siemens-energy.com/global/en/home/investor-relations.html", "note": "Financial calendar on the Siemens Energy IR page: 'November 11, 2026 Extended Q4 FY2026 Call'. Quiet period from 1 Oct 2026." }, { "company": "Hon Hai", "event": "Investor conference on FY26 Q3 financial results", "date": "2026-11-12", "confirmed": true, "source": "https://www.honhai.com/en-us/investor-relations/investor-relations-activities/event-calendar" }, { "company": "Nvidia", "event": "Q3 fiscal 2027 results", "date": "2026-11-18", "confirmed": false, "source": "https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/nvda/earnings", "note": "Estimate from the Nasdaq/Zacks algorithm (checked 11 Oct 2026). Nvidia had not announced a date; last year the notice came on 29 Oct for a 19 Nov call at 2:00 PT." }, { "company": "Marvell", "event": "Q3 fiscal 2027 results", "date": "2026-12-01", "confirmed": false, "source": "https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/mrvl/earnings", "note": "Estimate from the Nasdaq/Zacks algorithm (checked 11 Oct 2026). Marvell had not announced a date; last year's Q3 call was 2 Dec 2025." }, { "company": "Broadcom", "event": "Q4 fiscal 2026 results", "date": "2026-12-10", "confirmed": false, "source": "https://days.to/broadcom-earnings", "note": "Estimate from the days.to countdown site, which says Broadcom had not confirmed it (after the close, call around 5:00 ET). Nasdaq/Zacks gave no date. The quarter ends 1 Nov 2026." }, { "company": "Micron", "event": "Q1 fiscal 2027 results", "date": "2026-12-16", "confirmed": false, "source": "https://www.wallstreethorizon.com/micron-earnings-calendar", "note": "Estimate: Wall Street Horizon marks it 'INFERRED', and days.to (https://days.to/micron-earnings) also gives 16 Dec after the close. These estimators were about a week early for the FQ4 2026 report, which came on 30 Sep 2026." } ], "disclosure": [ { "company": "Nvidia", "what": "Data Center compute vs networking split", "last": "Q4 FY26 (quarter to 25 Jan 2026)", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1045810/000104581026000019/q4fy26cfocommentary.htm", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "company": "Broadcom", "what": "AI semiconductor revenue in dollars for the quarter (gave growth only: +74%)", "last": "one quarter skipped: Q4 FY25 (to 2 Nov 2025)", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1730168/000173016825000116/avgo-11022025x8kxex99.htm", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "company": "ASML", "what": "Quarterly net bookings (orders)", "last": "Q4 2025 (\u20ac13.158bn); stopped from 2026, as ASML announced on 29 Jan 2025", "source": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/937966/000162828026003701/pressreleasefinancialresul.htm", "checked": "2026-10-11" } ], "semianalysis": [ { "who": "SemiAnalysis (Dylan Patel, on the Dwarkesh Podcast)", "title": "Deep dive on the 3 big bottlenecks to scaling AI compute", "url": "https://www.dwarkesh.com/p/dylan-patel", "date": "13 Mar 2026", "paraphrase": "Patel argues the chip supply chain, not power, now has the longest lead times. Memory is in a severe crunch because AI chips need far more wafer area per usable bit, pulling DRAM away from phones and PCs and pushing prices up. In the longer run ASML's EUV machines, made only in the Netherlands, cap how many leading-edge chips can be made.", "ours": "Consistent so far: Micron's revenue grew faster than Nvidia's Data Center revenue in the latest quarters, and Nvidia's own supply commitments more than doubled in one quarter, primarily for memory. Revenue cannot separate price from volume, so it does not prove the shortage." } ], "researchChecked": "2026-10-11", "fx": { "source": "BIS WS_XRU monthly averages (units per US$)", "url": "https://data.bis.org/topics/XRU", "method": "Each local-currency period is divided by the mean of the BIS monthly average rates for the calendar months it spans.", "quarterly": { "TWD": { "2023-Q1": 30.3836, "2023-Q2": 30.7097, "2023-Q3": 31.6893, "2023-Q4": 31.8096, "2024-Q1": 31.4456, "2024-Q2": 32.3468, "2024-Q3": 32.279, "2024-Q4": 32.3408, "2025-Q1": 32.8891, "2025-Q2": 30.8295, "2025-Q3": 29.9543, "2025-Q4": 31.03, "2026-Q1": 31.6195, "2026-Q2": 31.6002, "2026-Q3": 31.9926 }, "KRW": { "2023-Q1": 1276.531, "2023-Q2": 1316.1934, "2023-Q3": 1313.3231, "2023-Q4": 1321.2556, "2024-Q1": 1330.2135, "2024-Q2": 1371.541, "2024-Q3": 1355.4426, "2024-Q4": 1398.0678, "2025-Q1": 1452.1701, "2025-Q2": 1399.2167, "2025-Q3": 1387.1339, "2025-Q4": 1450.1654, "2026-Q1": 1465.4405, "2026-Q2": 1500.8009, "2026-Q3": 1417.4154 }, "EUR": { "2023-Q1": 0.9321, "2023-Q2": 0.9182, "2023-Q3": 0.9191, "2023-Q4": 0.9298, "2024-Q1": 0.9211, "2024-Q2": 0.9289, "2024-Q3": 0.9103, "2024-Q4": 0.9374, "2025-Q1": 0.9506, "2025-Q2": 0.8824, "2025-Q3": 0.8562, "2025-Q4": 0.8597, "2026-Q1": 0.8543, "2026-Q2": 0.8597, "2026-Q3": 0.869 } } }, "caveats": [ "Layers are shown side by side and never added up: Nvidia's revenue includes the TSMC wafers and HBM memory it buys, and server makers' revenue includes the Nvidia GPUs they assemble, so a total would count the same dollar two or three times.", "Fiscal quarters are placed in the calendar quarter in which most of their days fall (Nvidia's quarter ending in late July is calendar Q2; Micron's ending in early September is calendar Q3, though most of it is June\u2013August).", "Non-dollar figures are converted at the average of the BIS monthly average exchange rates for the months the period covers. Press coverage often uses period-end or spot rates, so dollar figures differ slightly.", "\"AI-relevant\" means the segment closest to data-centre demand that each company reports. Only Broadcom (AI semiconductors) names AI revenue; the others include non-AI data-centre, networking and industrial sales.", "Quarters not tagged directly are derived from year-to-date facts (Q4 = full year minus nine months)." ] }, "ai_adoption": { "title": "AI adoption by firms and people: US, Europe, Ireland", "asOf": "2026-10-11", "source": "US Census BTOS; Eurostat isoc_eb_ai and isoc_ai_iaiu; Real-Time Population Survey via FRED; EIB Investment Survey; Microsoft AI Diffusion report", "sourceUrls": [ "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads", "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_eb_ai/default/table", "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_ai_iaiu/default/table", "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/RPSGENAIUSAGESHAREALL", "https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2025-383-european-firms-show-resilience-invest-in-green-transition-and-match-us-companies-in-adopting-ai-technologies-new-eib-survey-shows", "https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2026/05/07/the-state-of-global-ai-diffusion-in-2026/" ], "btos": { "pulled": "2026-10-11", "lastCycle": "202620", "lastRef": [ "2026-09-07", "2026-09-20" ], "latest": 23.8, "latestSe": 0.41, "next6m": 27.7, "firstNew": { "cycle": "202524", "value": 17.3, "ref": [ "2025-11-03", "2025-11-16" ] }, "lastOld": { "cycle": "202520", "value": 10.0, "ref": [ "2025-09-08", "2025-09-21" ] }, "firstOld": { "cycle": "202319", "value": 3.7 }, "questionOld": "In the last two weeks, did this business use Artificial Intelligence (AI) in producing goods or services? 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"age16_24": 76.54, "age25_54": 47.7, "age55_74": 12.13, "rank": 15 }, { "geo": "ES", "name": "Spain", "bloc": "EU-27", "any": 37.88, "private": 30.24, "work": 17.94, "education": 16.26, "age16_24": 75.56, "age25_54": 43.11, "age55_74": 14.23, "rank": 16 }, { "geo": "SI", "name": "Slovenia", "bloc": "EU-27", "any": 37.56, "private": 31.17, "work": 15.24, "education": 9.17, "age16_24": 73.03, "age25_54": 44.73, "age55_74": 14.65, "rank": 17 }, { "geo": "FR", "name": "France", "bloc": "EU-27", "any": 37.46, "private": 27.69, "work": 18.44, "education": 10.96, "age16_24": 76.48, "age25_54": 42.36, "age55_74": 13.11, "rank": 18 }, { "geo": "LT", "name": "Lithuania", "bloc": "EU-27", "any": 36.89, "private": 32.35, "work": 18.84, "education": 8.98, "age16_24": 73.67, "age25_54": 47.38, "age55_74": 8.36, "rank": 19 }, { "geo": "CZ", "name": "Czechia", "bloc": "EU-27", "any": 35.35, "private": 28.44, "work": 13.58, "education": 8.37, "age16_24": 78.47, "age25_54": 39.48, "age55_74": 11.26, "rank": 20 }, { "geo": "LV", "name": "Latvia", "bloc": "EU-27", "any": 33.4, "private": 26.6, "work": 14.7, "education": 7.81, "age16_24": 73.23, "age25_54": 41.07, "age55_74": 8.62, "rank": 21 }, { "geo": "EU27_2020", "name": "European Union - 27 countries", "bloc": "EU", "any": 32.66, "private": 25.49, "work": 15.36, "education": 9.32, "age16_24": 63.81, "age25_54": 38.55, "age55_74": 11.98 }, { "geo": "DE", "name": "Germany", "bloc": "EU-27", "any": 32.25, "private": 27.2, "work": 15.79, "education": 6.04, "age16_24": 52.65, "age25_54": 41.03, "age55_74": 13.11, "rank": 22 }, { "geo": "SK", "name": "Slovakia", "bloc": "EU-27", "any": 30.79, "private": 25.41, "work": 10.95, "education": 9.05, "age16_24": 75.49, "age25_54": 35.73, "age55_74": 8.17, "rank": 23 }, { "geo": "HU", "name": "Hungary", "bloc": "EU-27", "any": 29.56, "private": 20.81, "work": 14.86, "education": 8.29, "age16_24": 62.88, "age25_54": 33.2, "age55_74": 10.62, "rank": 24 }, { "geo": "HR", "name": "Croatia", "bloc": "EU-27", "any": 27.52, "private": 24.73, "work": 9.01, "education": 13.37, "age16_24": 58.16, "age25_54": 33.85, "age55_74": 7.12, "rank": 25 }, { "geo": "PL", "name": "Poland", "bloc": "EU-27", "any": 22.68, "private": 19.13, "work": 8.36, "education": 4.59, "age16_24": 49.28, "age25_54": 27.39, "age55_74": 4.99, "rank": 26 }, { "geo": "BG", "name": "Bulgaria", "bloc": "EU-27", "any": 22.5, "private": 20.15, "work": 8.43, "education": 5.17, "age16_24": 49.98, "age25_54": 26.78, "age55_74": 8.09, "rank": 27 }, { "geo": "IT", "name": "Italy", "bloc": "EU-27", "any": 19.86, "private": 12.81, "work": 8.0, "education": 6.37, "age16_24": 47.17, "age25_54": 22.28, "age55_74": 7.69, "rank": 28 }, { "geo": "RO", "name": "Romania", "bloc": "EU-27", "any": 17.76, "private": 14.85, "work": 5.24, "education": 3.37, "age16_24": 44.05, "age25_54": 20.81, "age55_74": 3.82, "rank": 29 } ], "eu": { "geo": "EU27_2020", "name": "European Union - 27 countries", "bloc": "EU", "any": 32.66, "private": 25.49, "work": 15.36, "education": 9.32, "age16_24": 63.81, "age25_54": 38.55, "age55_74": 11.98 }, "ie": { "geo": "IE", "name": "Ireland", "bloc": "EU-27", "any": 44.93, "private": 30.88, "work": 22.44, "education": 12.53, "age16_24": 66.45, "age25_54": 50.94, "age55_74": 18.03, "rank": 7 }, "ieRank": 7, "ranked": 29 }, "rps": { "RPSGENAIUSAGESHAREALL": { "label": "All adults 18-64, any use", "points": [ { "q": "2024-07-01", "pct": 44.6, "quarter": "2024-Q3" }, { "q": "2024-10-01", "pct": 46.3, "quarter": "2024-Q4" }, { "q": "2025-01-01", "pct": 48.0, "quarter": "2025-Q1" }, { "q": "2025-04-01", "pct": 51.9, "quarter": "2025-Q2" }, { "q": "2025-07-01", "pct": 54.5, "quarter": "2025-Q3" }, { "q": "2025-10-01", "pct": 55.9, "quarter": "2025-Q4" }, { "q": "2026-01-01", "pct": 57.9, "quarter": "2026-Q1" }, { "q": "2026-04-01", "pct": 61.8, "quarter": "2026-Q2" } ], "url": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/RPSGENAIUSAGESHAREALL", "pulled": "2026-10-11", "via": "FRED, read by hand (research/datasets/ai_adoption.json)" }, "RPSGENAIUSAGESHAREWORK": { "label": "Employed adults, for work", "points": [ { "q": "2024-07-01", "pct": 33.3, "quarter": "2024-Q3" }, { "q": "2024-10-01", "pct": 31.0, "quarter": "2024-Q4" }, { "q": "2025-01-01", "pct": 32.7, "quarter": "2025-Q1" }, { "q": "2025-04-01", "pct": 35.1, "quarter": "2025-Q2" }, { "q": "2025-07-01", "pct": 37.4, "quarter": "2025-Q3" }, { "q": "2025-10-01", "pct": 40.7, "quarter": "2025-Q4" }, { "q": "2026-01-01", "pct": 43.4, "quarter": "2026-Q1" }, { "q": "2026-04-01", "pct": 45.2, "quarter": "2026-Q2" } ], "url": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/RPSGENAIUSAGESHAREWORK", "pulled": "2026-10-11", "via": "FRED, read by hand (research/datasets/ai_adoption.json)" }, "RPSGENAIUSAGESHARENONWORK": { "label": "Adults 18-64, outside work", "points": [ { "q": "2024-07-01", "pct": 36.0, "quarter": "2024-Q3" }, { "q": "2024-10-01", "pct": 39.3, "quarter": "2024-Q4" }, { "q": "2025-01-01", "pct": 41.9, "quarter": "2025-Q1" }, { "q": "2025-04-01", "pct": 45.9, "quarter": "2025-Q2" }, { "q": "2025-07-01", "pct": 48.6, "quarter": "2025-Q3" }, { "q": "2025-10-01", "pct": 49.7, "quarter": "2025-Q4" }, { "q": "2026-01-01", "pct": 51.3, "quarter": "2026-Q1" }, { "q": "2026-04-01", "pct": 54.8, "quarter": "2026-Q2" } ], "url": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/RPSGENAIUSAGESHARENONWORK", "pulled": "2026-10-11", "via": "FRED, read by hand (research/datasets/ai_adoption.json)" } }, "eib": { "survey": "EIB Investment Survey (EIBIS) 2025", "fieldwork": "April to July 2025", "source": "https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2025-383-european-firms-show-resilience-invest-in-green-transition-and-match-us-companies-in-adopting-ai-technologies-new-eib-survey-shows", "sourceDate": "2025-10-14", "kind": "measured (survey), reported in an EIB press release", "checked": "2026-10-11", "rows": [ { "measure": "Firms deploying generative AI", "eu": 37, "us": 36, "unit": "% of firms" }, { "measure": "AI-using firms that use it in more than two activities", "eu": 55, "us": 81, "unit": "% of AI-using firms" } ], "definition": "Firms with 5+ employees in the EU-27 and a US comparison sample, same questionnaire on both sides (EIBIS method, unchecked against the 2025 technical annex). The closest to a like-for-like EU-US firm comparison.", "definitionChecked": "unchecked" }, "microsoft": { "report": "Microsoft AI Economy Institute, Global AI Diffusion report", "definition": "Share of people aged 15-64 who used a generative AI product in the quarter, modelled from aggregated Microsoft telemetry and adjusted for device/OS market share, internet penetration and population. A model estimate, not a survey; it misses AI built into other software.", "rows": [ { "geo": "World", "pct": 17.8, "period": "Q1 2026", "rank": null, "source": "https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2026/05/07/the-state-of-global-ai-diffusion-in-2026/", "sourceDate": "2026-05-07", "kind": "estimate (company model)", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "geo": "United States", "pct": 31.3, "period": "Q1 2026", "rank": 21, "source": "https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2026/05/07/the-state-of-global-ai-diffusion-in-2026/", "sourceDate": "2026-05-07", "kind": "estimate (company model)", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "geo": "United Arab Emirates", "pct": 70.1, "period": "Q1 2026", "rank": 1, "source": "https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2026/05/07/the-state-of-global-ai-diffusion-in-2026/", "sourceDate": "2026-05-07", "kind": "estimate (company model)", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "geo": "Ireland", "pct": 48.4, "period": "Q1 2026", "rank": 4, "source": "https://news.microsoft.com/source/emea/features/ireland-remains-a-top-global-market-for-ai-adoption/", "sourceDate": "2026-05-13", "kind": "estimate (company model)", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, { "geo": "Ireland", "pct": 49.9, "period": "Q2 2026", "rank": 3, "source": "https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/418164/microsoft-tracks-ai-adoption-rates-us-ranking-s.html", "sourceDate": "2026-09", "kind": "estimate (company model), press report only", "checked": "unchecked", "note": "Q2 report seen only in press coverage; Microsoft's own Q2 country table not read." }, { "geo": "United States", "pct": 33.0, "period": "Q2 2026", "rank": 21, "source": "https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/418164/microsoft-tracks-ai-adoption-rates-us-ranking-s.html", "sourceDate": "2026-09", "kind": "estimate (company model), press report only", "checked": "unchecked" } ] }, "rpsTracker": { "source": "https://www.genaiadoptiontracker.com/", "sourceDate": "2026-05", "kind": "measured (survey)", "checked": "2026-10-11", "paper": "https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.2025.02523", "rows": [ { "measure": "Share of total work hours spent using generative AI", "pct": 6.3 }, { "measure": "Time saved as a share of total work hours", "pct": 2.2 } ] }, "definitions": [ { "key": "btos", "survey": "US Census Bureau, Business Trends and Outlook Survey (BTOS)", "who": "US employer businesses of all sizes (from 1 employee)", "question": "In the last two weeks, did this business use Artificial Intelligence (AI) in any of its business functions? (from Nov 2025). Before: '... in producing goods or services?'", "period": "Prior two weeks; every two weeks since Sep 2023", "unit": "% of firms, unweighted by size", "url": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads" }, { "key": "eurostat_ent", "survey": "Eurostat, ICT usage in enterprises (isoc_eb_ai)", "who": "Enterprises with 10+ persons employed, industry and services except finance, agriculture and mining", "question": "Does your enterprise use any of eight AI technologies (text mining, speech recognition, language/code generation, image recognition, machine learning, AI process automation, autonomous robots, ...)?", "period": "Annual survey (2025 = latest wave)", "unit": "% of enterprises", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_eb_ai/default/table" }, { "key": "eib", "survey": "EIB Investment Survey (EIBIS)", "who": "Firms with 5+ employees, EU-27 and a US sample, same questionnaire (method unchecked)", "question": "Does the firm use generative AI; in how many activities?", "period": "Apr-Jul 2025; annual", "unit": "% of firms", "url": "https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2025-383-european-firms-show-resilience-invest-in-green-transition-and-match-us-companies-in-adopting-ai-technologies-new-eib-survey-shows" }, { "key": "rps", "survey": "Real-Time Population Survey (Bick, Blandin, Deming; on FRED)", "who": "US adults aged 18-64", "question": "Do you use generative AI for your job / outside your job? (non-employed: do you use generative AI?)", "period": "Quarterly since mid-2024", "unit": "% of adults", "url": "https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/RPSGENAIUSAGESHAREALL" }, { "key": "eurostat_ind", "survey": "Eurostat, ICT usage in households and by individuals (isoc_ai_iaiu)", "who": "People aged 16-74", "question": "Used generative AI tools in the last three months (private, work, or formal education)?", "period": "Annual survey; 2025 is the first wave", "unit": "% of individuals", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_ai_iaiu/default/table" }, { "key": "msft", "survey": "Microsoft AI Diffusion report", "who": "People aged 15-64, every country", "question": "None: modelled from Microsoft telemetry", "period": "Quarterly", "unit": "% of working-age people", "url": "https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2026/05/07/the-state-of-global-ai-diffusion-in-2026/" } ], "summary": { "usFirms": 23.8, "usFirmsCycle": "202620", "usFirmsRef": [ "2026-09-07", "2026-09-20" ], "usFirmsOldLast": 10.0, "usFirmsNewFirst": 17.3, "euFirms": 19.95, "ieFirms": 19.64, "ieFirmsRank": 15, "firmsYear": "2025", "euPeople": 32.66, "iePeople": 44.93, "iePeopleRank": 7, "peopleYear": "2025", "iePeopleWork": 22.44, "euPeopleWork": 15.36, "usPeople": 61.8, "usPeopleQuarter": "2026-Q2", "usWorkers": 45.2, "iePeopleMinusFirms": 25.3, "euPeopleMinusFirms": 12.7, "msftIe": { "geo": "Ireland", "pct": 48.4, "period": "Q1 2026", "rank": 4, "source": "https://news.microsoft.com/source/emea/features/ireland-remains-a-top-global-market-for-ai-adoption/", "sourceDate": "2026-05-13", "kind": "estimate (company model)", "checked": "2026-10-11" }, "msftUs": { "geo": "United States", "pct": 31.3, "period": "Q1 2026", "rank": 21, "source": "https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2026/05/07/the-state-of-global-ai-diffusion-in-2026/", "sourceDate": "2026-05-07", "kind": "estimate (company model)", "checked": "2026-10-11" } }, "caveats": [ "The US and EU firm surveys ask different questions: BTOS asks about AI use in the last two weeks, in any business function, for firms of all sizes; Eurostat asks whether a firm with 10+ staff uses any of eight AI technologies. Rates are not directly comparable; the EIB survey, which asks the same question on both sides, is the closest match.", "BTOS changed its AI question for cycle 202524 (Nov 2025). The old wording ('in producing goods or services') gave about 10%; the new wording ('in any of its business functions') gave 17% in its first cycle. The jump is mostly the question, not a surge in use. The two series are shown separately and never joined.", "BTOS cycles 202521-202523 (Oct-Nov 2025) were not collected because of the federal shutdown.", "BTOS sector and size estimates have larger standard errors; sectors show the average of the last four cycles beside the latest.", "Eurostat individuals data (16-74, any generative AI use in three months) and the RPS (18-64, any use) differ in age band, recall window and mode; Microsoft's figure is a model from telemetry, not a survey." ] }, "country_metrics": { "title": "Country metrics for the Europe and world maps", "asOf": "2026-10-12", "source": "OpenStreetMap (ODbL) via Overpass; World Bank (CC BY 4.0); Ember (CC BY 4.0); Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0); TOP500; Anthropic Economic Index; Eurostat and other datasets via eu_scorecard", "sourceUrls": [ "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright", "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL", "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "https://epoch.ai/data/gpu-clusters", "https://epoch.ai/data/data-centers", "https://huggingface.co/datasets/Anthropic/EconomicIndex", "https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/overview/" ], "licence": "Data centre counts derived from OpenStreetMap \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors, ODbL 1.0; other inputs as each metric says.", "europe": { "metrics": [ { "key": "dcPerM", "label": "Data centres per million people", "short": "Data centres per million", "unit": "per million", "dp": 1, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": true, "source": "OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via Overpass", "sourceUrl": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "how": "Sites mapped in OpenStreetMap as data centres (telecom=data_center, or a building tagged data_center), duplicates removed, per million people. Counts what volunteers have mapped: colocation halls and big campuses are well covered, small server rooms and some hyperscaler sites are not.", "refs": { "eu27": 2.5, "europe": 2.7, "us": 4.7 }, "coverage": 31 }, { "key": "dcCount", "label": "Data centres mapped", "short": "Data centres (count)", "unit": "sites", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "source": "OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via Overpass", "sourceUrl": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "how": "Count of distinct data-centre sites mapped in OpenStreetMap (same rule as the per-million view).", "coverage": 31 }, { "key": "dcShare", "label": "Data centres' share of national electricity", "short": "DC share of electricity", "unit": "%", "dp": 1, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "source": "National statistics offices, energy agencies and TSOs, and published estimates (see each country), via eu_scorecard", "sourceUrl": "/europe/data-centre-capacity", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "kind": "reported", "how": "15 of 31 countries have a published figure or a credible estimate (9 estimate, 6 measured), on different bases: Belgium 4% (BCG, estimate, 2024); Germany 3.9% (Bitkom/Borderstep, estimate, 2024); Denmark 2.8% (Danish Energy Agency, estimate, 2024); Spain 2.4% (DNV, estimate, 2024); Finland 1.9% (Finnish Government, estimate, 2024); France 1% (SDES, measured, 2024); Ireland 23.2% (CSO (Ireland), measured, 2025); Italy 1.9% (Politecnico di Milano Energy & Strategy, estimate, 2024); Netherlands 4.6% (CBS (Statistics Netherlands), measured, 2024); Poland 1% (Warsaw Business Journal (article on the Polish Data Center Association and PSE's plan), estimate, 2025); Sweden 2.1% (Swedish Energy Agency (RISE), estimate, 2022); United Kingdom 2% (DESNZ (UK), measured, 2024); Norway 2.26% (Elhub, measured, 2025); Switzerland 3.6% (Swiss Federal Office of Energy (EnergieSchweiz study), estimate, 2024); Iceland 3.09% (Orkustofnun, measured, 2024). Bases differ (metered consumption, total consumption, demand or production) and so do years, so compare with care. EU Energy Efficiency Directive reports are not used here: they cover only sites that reported, so they are floors.", "refs": { "europe": 3, "us": 4.4 }, "coverage": 15, "period": "2024" }, { "key": "dcKwhPerCap", "label": "Data-centre electricity per person", "short": "Data-centre electricity per person", "unit": "kWh per person", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": true, "source": "StackPath arithmetic: data-centre share \u00d7 Ember demand \u00f7 World Bank population", "sourceUrl": "/europe/data-centre-capacity", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "kind": "estimate", "how": "Data-centre electricity use divided by population. Same 15 countries as the share view.", "coverage": 15 }, { "key": "eedWPerCap", "label": "Data-centre IT capacity reported to the EU, per person", "short": "EU-reported DC capacity per person", "unit": "W per person", "dp": 1, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": true, "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "sourceUrl": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "kind": "reported", "how": "IT power capacity that operators reported under the EU Energy Efficiency Directive, divided by population. A floor: many sites have not reported yet (Ireland's latest figure is for 2023).", "coverage": 23, "period": "2024" }, { "key": "price", "label": "Electricity price for the largest users", "short": "Large-user power price", "unit": "\u20ac/kWh", "dp": 3, "direction": "lower", "perCapita": false, "source": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "sourceUrl": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "kind": "measured", "how": "Eurostat band IG (users of 150 GWh a year or more), excluding VAT and recoverable taxes. Lower is cheaper.", "refs": { "eu27": 0.11, "us": 0.076 }, "refNote": "EU-27 average for 2025-S2 (Eurostat); US all-industrial average for 2025 (EIA, at the ECB rate), not a 150 GWh+ band.", "coverage": 26, "period": "2026-S1" }, { "key": "gpuPerM", "label": "AI chips per million people (H100-equivalents)", "short": "AI chips per million", "unit": "H100e per million", "dp": 0, "direction": "higher", "perCapita": true, "source": "Epoch AI GPU clusters (CC BY 4.0, via global_context)", "sourceUrl": "https://epoch.ai/data/gpu-clusters", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "kind": "estimate", "how": "GPU clusters in Epoch AI's database, counted in Nvidia H100-equivalents, divided by population. Absent means none recorded.", "refs": { "eu27": 177, "us": 3660 }, "missing": "No cluster in Epoch's database", "coverage": 16 }, { "key": "top500PerM", "label": "Supercomputer power per million people", "short": "Supercomputing per million", "unit": "PF per million", "dp": 2, "direction": "higher", "perCapita": true, "source": "TOP500, June 2026 list (via eu_compute)", "sourceUrl": "https://top500.org/lists/top500/2026/06/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "kind": "measured", "how": "Total Rmax (petaflops) of a country's systems on the latest TOP500 list, per million people.", "refs": { "eu27": 10.2, "us": 20.57 }, "missing": "No system on the TOP500 list", "coverage": 24 }, { "key": "genAI", "label": "People using generative AI", "short": "Generative AI use", "unit": "%", "dp": 1, "direction": "higher", "perCapita": false, "source": "Eurostat isoc_ai_iaiu", "sourceUrl": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_ai_iaiu/default/table?lang=en", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "kind": "measured", "how": "Share of people aged 16\u201374 who used generative AI tools in the last three months (Eurostat survey).", "refs": { "eu27": 32.7 }, "coverage": 29, "period": "2025" }, { "key": "aiEnterprise", "label": "Businesses using AI", "short": "Firms using AI", "unit": "% of firms", "dp": 1, "direction": "higher", "perCapita": false, "source": "Eurostat isoc_eb_ai", "sourceUrl": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_eb_ai/default/table?lang=en", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "kind": "measured", "how": "Share of enterprises with 10+ staff that use at least one AI technology (Eurostat survey).", "refs": { "eu27": 19.9 }, "coverage": 28, "period": "2025" }, { "key": "claude", "label": "Claude usage index", "short": "Claude usage index", "unit": "index", "dp": 2, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": true, "source": "Anthropic Economic Index (Claude.ai)", "sourceUrl": "https://huggingface.co/datasets/Anthropic/EconomicIndex", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "how": "A country's share of Claude.ai use divided by its share of the world's working-age population: 1.0 = in proportion to population. Measures one AI product's footprint, not national adoption.", "refs": { "europe": 2.68, "eu27": 2.51, "us": 3.87 }, "period": "2026-05", "coverage": 31 }, { "key": "pledgesEurPerCap", "label": "Hyperscaler pledges per person", "short": "Hyperscaler pledges per person", "unit": "\u20ac per person", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": true, "source": "Company announcements (via eu_pledges)", "sourceUrl": "/europe/hyperscaler-investment", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "how": "Current announced investment pledges by the big cloud companies, \u20ac per person. Pledges are not money spent.", "missing": "No current pledge found", "coverage": 14 }, { "key": "gridQueueGW", "label": "Data-centre grid requests", "short": "Grid requests (GW)", "unit": "GW", "dp": 1, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "source": "TSO/DSO publications (via eu_grid_queues)", "sourceUrl": "/europe/data-centre-grid-queues", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "how": "Data-centre demand asking to connect to the grid, as the operator publishes it. Stages differ by country (requests, reservations, offers).", "missing": "No published queue figure", "coverage": 11, "period": "2026-06-30" }, { "key": "serverImportsEurPerCap", "label": "Server imports from outside the EU, per person", "short": "Server imports per person", "unit": "\u20ac per person", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": true, "source": "Eurostat Comext DS-045409", "sourceUrl": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "kind": "measured", "how": "Value of servers (HS 847150) imported from outside the EU in the last 12 months, per person. Shows where hardware lands, not where it runs. EU only.", "coverage": 27 }, { "key": "aiFactories", "label": "EU AI Factories hosted", "short": "AI Factories", "unit": "count", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "source": "EuroHPC JU (via eu_ai_factories)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/ai-factories_en", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "kind": "measured", "how": "AI Factories selected by EuroHPC that a country hosts. EU and EuroHPC members only.", "coverage": 27 }, { "key": "gigafactoryBids", "label": "AI gigafactory bids reported", "short": "Gigafactory bids", "unit": "count", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "source": "Press and company statements (via eu_scorecard)", "sourceUrl": "/europe/ai-gigafactories", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "kind": "reported", "how": "Expressions of interest in the EU's AI gigafactory call reported for each country. Not selections.", "coverage": 31 }, { "key": "carbon", "label": "Grid carbon intensity", "short": "Grid carbon", "unit": "gCO2e/kWh", "dp": 0, "direction": "lower", "perCapita": false, "source": "Ember yearly electricity data (CC BY 4.0)", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "how": "Grams of CO2-equivalent per kWh generated, latest full year. Lower is cleaner.", "refs": { "eu27": 211, "europe": 198, "us": 384 }, "coverage": 31, "period": "2025" }, { "key": "clean", "label": "Clean power share", "short": "Clean power share", "unit": "%", "dp": 1, "direction": "higher", "perCapita": false, "source": "Ember yearly electricity data (CC BY 4.0)", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "how": "Renewables plus nuclear as a share of generation, latest full year.", "refs": { "eu27": 71.0, "europe": 72.4, "us": 43.0 }, "coverage": 31, "period": "2025" }, { "key": "demandPerCap", "label": "Electricity use per person", "short": "Electricity per person", "unit": "MWh per person", "dp": 2, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": true, "source": "Ember yearly electricity data (CC BY 4.0)", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "estimate", "how": "Ember national demand divided by World Bank population.", "refs": { "eu27": 6.15, "europe": 6.17, "us": 13.26 }, "coverage": 31, "period": "2025" } ], "rows": [ { "iso3": "AUT", "iso2": "AT", "num": "040", "name": "Austria", "slug": "austria", "eu": true, "pop": 9208163, "v": { "dcPerM": 1.52, "dcCount": 14, "carbon": 117, "clean": 83.6, "demandPerCap": 8.4, "claude": 2.61, "price": 0.134, "aiEnterprise": 29.9, "genAI": 39.4, "top500PerM": 5.19, "aiFactories": 1, "eedWPerCap": 7.8, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 4, "gigafactoryBids": 0 }, "p": { "price": "2026-S1", "eedWPerCap": "2025", "genAI": "2025", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2025" } }, { "iso3": "BEL", "iso2": "BE", "num": "056", "name": "Belgium", "slug": "belgium", "eu": true, "pop": 11941781, "v": { "dcPerM": 3.35, "dcCount": 40, "carbon": 151, "clean": 72.1, "demandPerCap": 7.16, "claude": 3.8, "price": 0.1014, "aiEnterprise": 34.5, "genAI": 42.0, "top500PerM": 0.92, "dcShare": 4, "aiFactories": 0, "dcKwhPerCap": 268, "eedWPerCap": 28.6, "pledgesEurPerCap": 419, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 30, "gigafactoryBids": 0 }, "p": { "price": "2026-S1", "dcShare": "2024", "eedWPerCap": "2025", "genAI": "2025", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2025" }, "n": { "dcShare": "BCG, Belgium: the power of compute (via The Brussels Times); estimate; share of national electricity consumption (BCG estimate; year read from 'last year' in a May 2025 report)" } }, { "iso3": "BGR", "iso2": "BG", "num": "100", "name": "Bulgaria", "slug": "bulgaria", "eu": true, "pop": 6433302, "v": { "dcPerM": 1.09, "dcCount": 7, "carbon": 275, "clean": 71.9, "demandPerCap": 5.71, "claude": 1.36, "price": 0.1145, "aiEnterprise": 8.6, "genAI": 22.5, "top500PerM": 0.7, "aiFactories": 1, "eedWPerCap": 0.6, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 3, "gigafactoryBids": 0 }, "p": { "price": "2026-S1", "eedWPerCap": "2024", "genAI": "2025", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2025" } }, { "iso3": "CYP", "iso2": "CY", "num": "196", "name": "Cyprus", "slug": "cyprus", "eu": true, "pop": 1370754, "v": { "dcPerM": 0.0, "dcCount": 0, "carbon": 505, "clean": 25.1, "demandPerCap": 4.21, "claude": 3.08, "price": 0.2094, "aiEnterprise": 9.3, "genAI": 44.2, "aiFactories": 0, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 5, "gigafactoryBids": 0 }, "p": { "price": "2025-S1", "genAI": "2025", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2025" } }, { "iso3": "CZE", "iso2": "CZ", "num": "203", "name": "Czechia", "slug": "czechia", "eu": true, "pop": 10886878, "v": { "dcPerM": 1.93, "dcCount": 21, "carbon": 401, "clean": 59.2, "demandPerCap": 6.24, "claude": 1.84, "price": 0.1649, "aiEnterprise": 17.6, "genAI": 35.4, "top500PerM": 1.65, "gpuPerM": 17, "aiFactories": 1, "eedWPerCap": 0.4, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 89, "gigafactoryBids": 0 }, "p": { "price": "2026-S1", "eedWPerCap": "2024", "genAI": "2025", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2025" } }, { "iso3": "DEU", "iso2": "DE", "num": "276", "name": "Germany", "slug": "germany", "eu": true, "pop": 83491249, "v": { "dcPerM": 2.87, "dcCount": 240, "carbon": 334, "clean": 58.5, "demandPerCap": 6.19, "claude": 2.4, "price": 0.1267, "aiEnterprise": 26.0, "genAI": 32.2, "top500PerM": 16.8, "gpuPerM": 312, "dcShare": 3.9, "gridQueueGW": 22.0, "aiFactories": 2, "dcKwhPerCap": 240, "eedWPerCap": 18.1, "pledgesEurPerCap": 337, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 32, "gigafactoryBids": 1 }, "p": { "price": "2026-S1", "dcShare": "2024", "eedWPerCap": "2025", "gridQueueGW": "2025-07", "genAI": "2025", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2024" }, "n": { "dcShare": "Bitkom/Borderstep, estimate (BDEW 2024 total); estimate; share of gross national electricity consumption: about 20 TWh (Bitkom/Borderstep model estimate) \u00f7 511.9 TWh (BDEW 2024, provisional); our arithmetic", "gridQueueGW": "22.0 GW requested (data centres; Brandenburg grid operator (unnamed))" } }, { "iso3": "DNK", "iso2": "DK", "num": "208", "name": "Denmark", "slug": "denmark", "eu": true, "pop": 6009169, "v": { "dcPerM": 3.66, "dcCount": 22, "carbon": 100, "clean": 94.2, "demandPerCap": 6.97, "claude": 3.57, "price": 0.1246, "aiEnterprise": 42.0, "genAI": 48.4, "top500PerM": 11.08, "gpuPerM": 505, "dcShare": 2.8, "gridQueueGW": 17.0, "aiFactories": 0, "dcKwhPerCap": 183, "eedWPerCap": 53.1, "pledgesEurPerCap": 449, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 19, "gigafactoryBids": 0 }, "p": { "price": "2026-S1", "dcShare": "2024", "eedWPerCap": "2025", "gridQueueGW": "2026-01-31", "genAI": "2025", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2025" }, "n": { "dcShare": "Danish Energy Agency, Klimastatus og -fremskrivning 2026 (consultation draft); estimate; share of total consumption including grid losses: about 1.1 TWh \u00f7 40 TWh (both Danish Energy Agency, 2024 base of its projection); our arithmetic, 2.75%", "gridQueueGW": "17.0 GW requested (data centres; Energinet (TSO))" } }, { "iso3": "EST", "iso2": "EE", "num": "233", "name": "Estonia", "slug": "estonia", "eu": true, "pop": 1366475, "v": { "dcPerM": 0.73, "dcCount": 1, "carbon": 319, "clean": 59.8, "demandPerCap": 6.47, "claude": 3.21, "price": 0.1565, "aiEnterprise": 23.4, "genAI": 46.6, "aiFactories": 0, "eedWPerCap": 0.7, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 5, "gigafactoryBids": 0 }, "p": { "price": "2026-S1", "eedWPerCap": "2024", "genAI": "2025", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2025" } }, { "iso3": "ESP", "iso2": "ES", "num": "724", "name": "Spain", "slug": "spain", "eu": true, "pop": 49355143, "v": { "dcPerM": 0.81, "dcCount": 40, "carbon": 153, "clean": 74.7, "demandPerCap": 5.58, "claude": 2.69, "price": 0.0777, "aiEnterprise": 20.3, "genAI": 37.9, "top500PerM": 4.5, "gpuPerM": 91, "dcShare": 2.4, "gridQueueGW": 6.3, "aiFactories": 2, "dcKwhPerCap": 122, "eedWPerCap": 2.1, "pledgesEurPerCap": 875, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 7, "gigafactoryBids": 0 }, "p": { "price": "2026-S1", "dcShare": "2024", "eedWPerCap": "2024", "gridQueueGW": "2026-10-01", "genAI": "2025", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2025" }, "n": { "dcShare": "DNV, via Energ\u00edas Renovables (REE 2024 total); estimate; share of national demand: over 6 TWh (DNV estimate) \u00f7 248.8 TWh (REE 2024 demand); our arithmetic", "gridQueueGW": "6.3 GW granted (data centres; Red El\u00e9ctrica (TSO)); expected: SpainDC: 2.6-2.9 GW operating by 2030" } }, { "iso3": "FIN", "iso2": "FI", "num": "246", "name": "Finland", "slug": "finland", "eu": true, "pop": 5646436, "v": { "dcPerM": 4.07, "dcCount": 23, "carbon": 57, "clean": 96.4, "demandPerCap": 15.54, "claude": 2.19, "price": 0.0793, "aiEnterprise": 37.8, "genAI": 46.3, "top500PerM": 75.2, "gpuPerM": 2098, "dcShare": 1.9, "gridQueueGW": 3.0, "aiFactories": 1, "dcKwhPerCap": 283, "eedWPerCap": 54.4, "pledgesEurPerCap": 2479, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 158, "gigafactoryBids": 0 }, "p": { "price": "2026-S1", "dcShare": "2024", "eedWPerCap": "2024", "gridQueueGW": "2026-06-30", "genAI": "2025", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2025" }, "n": { "dcShare": "Finnish Government, national data-centre roadmap (rapporteur's report 2025:94); estimate; share of total consumption: about 1.6 TWh (government roadmap, 'just under 2%') \u00f7 82.7 TWh (Statistics Finland 2024); our arithmetic", "gridQueueGW": "3.0 GW contracted (data centres; Fingrid (TSO))" } }, { "iso3": "FRA", "iso2": "FR", "num": "250", "name": "France", "slug": "france", "eu": true, "pop": 68720337, "v": { "dcPerM": 4.71, "dcCount": 324, "carbon": 41, "clean": 94.9, "demandPerCap": 6.99, "claude": 3.97, "price": 0.0722, "aiEnterprise": 18.2, "genAI": 37.5, "top500PerM": 4.61, "gpuPerM": 268, "dcShare": 1, "gridQueueGW": 18.0, "aiFactories": 1, "dcKwhPerCap": 63, "eedWPerCap": 9.2, "pledgesEurPerCap": 76, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 23, "gigafactoryBids": 2 }, "p": { "price": "2026-S1", "dcShare": "2024", "eedWPerCap": "2024", "gridQueueGW": "2026-05", "genAI": "2025", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2025" }, "n": { "dcShare": "SDES, French ministry statistics service; measured; share of national electricity consumption; metered consumption of the 471 sites using over 1 GWh a year (4.3 TWh); SDES puts all sites at 4.3-6 TWh, 1-1.5%", "gridQueueGW": "18.0 GW reserved (data centres; RTE (TSO))" } }, { "iso3": "GRC", "iso2": "GR", "num": "300", "name": "Greece", "slug": "greece", "eu": true, "pop": 10413962, "v": { "dcPerM": 0.77, "dcCount": 8, "carbon": 325, "clean": 47.7, "demandPerCap": 5.27, "claude": 1.51, "price": 0.113, "aiEnterprise": 8.9, "genAI": 44.1, "top500PerM": 8.23, "aiFactories": 1, "eedWPerCap": 0.3, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 7, "gigafactoryBids": 0 }, "p": { "price": "2026-S1", "eedWPerCap": "2024", "genAI": "2025", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2025" } }, { "iso3": "HRV", "iso2": "HR", "num": "191", "name": "Croatia", "slug": "croatia", "eu": true, "pop": 3876200, "v": { "dcPerM": 3.35, "dcCount": 13, "carbon": 158, "clean": 76.4, "demandPerCap": 5.17, "claude": 1.8, "aiEnterprise": 15.2, "genAI": 27.5, "aiFactories": 0, "eedWPerCap": 0.2, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 2, "gigafactoryBids": 0 }, "p": { "eedWPerCap": "2023", "genAI": "2025", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2025" } }, { "iso3": "HUN", "iso2": "HU", "num": "348", "name": "Hungary", "slug": "hungary", "eu": true, "pop": 9514251, "v": { "dcPerM": 2.21, "dcCount": 21, "carbon": 163, "clean": 75.3, "demandPerCap": 5.17, "claude": 1.07, "price": 0.1581, "aiEnterprise": 10.4, "genAI": 29.6, "top500PerM": 0.33, "aiFactories": 0, "eedWPerCap": 0.7, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 18, "gigafactoryBids": 0 }, "p": { "price": "2026-S1", "eedWPerCap": "2024", "genAI": "2025", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2025" } }, { "iso3": "IRL", "iso2": "IE", "num": "372", "name": "Ireland", "slug": "ireland", "eu": true, "pop": 5484367, "v": { "dcPerM": 16.05, "dcCount": 88, "carbon": 263, "clean": 47.7, "demandPerCap": 6.82, "claude": 3.23, "price": 0.1654, "aiEnterprise": 19.6, "genAI": 44.9, "top500PerM": 1.22, "dcShare": 23.2, "gridQueueGW": 6.0, "aiFactories": 0, "dcKwhPerCap": 1397, "eedWPerCap": 57.6, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 790, "gigafactoryBids": 0 }, "p": { "price": "2026-S1", "dcShare": "2025", "eedWPerCap": "2023", "gridQueueGW": "2026-05-20", "genAI": "2025", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2024" }, "n": { "dcShare": "CSO (Ireland), MEC02; measured; share of all metered electricity consumption", "gridQueueGW": "6.0 GW requested (data centres; EirGrid (TSO)); expected: EirGrid: room for 150-300 MW in the west" } }, { "iso3": "ITA", "iso2": "IT", "num": "380", "name": "Italy", "slug": "italy", "eu": true, "pop": 58915656, "v": { "dcPerM": 1.04, "dcCount": 61, "carbon": 284, "clean": 48.8, "demandPerCap": 5.31, "claude": 1.7, "price": 0.1332, "aiEnterprise": 16.4, "genAI": 19.9, "top500PerM": 24.61, "gpuPerM": 140, "dcShare": 1.9, "gridQueueGW": 100.0, "aiFactories": 1, "dcKwhPerCap": 98, "eedWPerCap": 2.2, "pledgesEurPerCap": 93, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 8, "gigafactoryBids": 0 }, "p": { "price": "2026-S1", "dcShare": "2024", "eedWPerCap": "2025", "gridQueueGW": "2026-08-31", "genAI": "2025", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2025" }, "n": { "dcShare": "Politecnico di Milano Energy & Strategy, via QualEnergia; estimate; share of national consumption (Politecnico di Milano Energy & Strategy estimate)", "gridQueueGW": "100.0 GW requested (data centres; Terna (TSO)); expected: Terna: 1.5-2 GW by ~2030" } }, { "iso3": "LTU", "iso2": "LT", "num": "440", "name": "Lithuania", "slug": "lithuania", "eu": true, "pop": 2888774, "v": { "dcPerM": 1.73, "dcCount": 5, "carbon": 138, "clean": 77.7, "demandPerCap": 4.31, "claude": 2.28, "price": 0.1188, "aiEnterprise": 21.3, "genAI": 36.9, "aiFactories": 1, "eedWPerCap": 0.7, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 1, "gigafactoryBids": 0 }, "p": { "price": "2026-S1", "eedWPerCap": "2024", "genAI": "2025", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2025" } }, { "iso3": "LUX", "iso2": "LU", "num": "442", "name": "Luxembourg", "slug": "luxembourg", "eu": true, "pop": 686970, "v": { "dcPerM": 13.1, "dcCount": 9, "carbon": 118, "clean": 91.5, "demandPerCap": 9.5, "claude": 4.85, "aiEnterprise": 33.6, "genAI": 42.5, "top500PerM": 15.28, "gpuPerM": 367, "aiFactories": 1, "eedWPerCap": 75.7, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 14, "gigafactoryBids": 0 }, "p": { "eedWPerCap": "2025", "genAI": "2025", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2025" } }, { "iso3": "LVA", "iso2": "LV", "num": "428", "name": "Latvia", "slug": "latvia", "eu": true, "pop": 1847785, "v": { "dcPerM": 2.16, "dcCount": 4, "carbon": 135, "clean": 73.5, "demandPerCap": 4.13, "claude": 2.37, "price": 0.1066, "aiEnterprise": 12.2, "genAI": 33.4, "aiFactories": 0, "eedWPerCap": 0.4, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 2, "gigafactoryBids": 0 }, "p": { "price": "2026-S1", "eedWPerCap": "2023", "genAI": "2025", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2025" } }, { "iso3": "MLT", "iso2": "MT", "num": "470", "name": "Malta", "slug": "malta", "eu": true, "pop": 579704, "v": { "dcPerM": 0.0, "dcCount": 0, "carbon": 483, "clean": 16.5, "demandPerCap": 5.62, "claude": 4.0, "price": 0.0969, "aiEnterprise": 21.5, "genAI": 46.5, "aiFactories": 0, "eedWPerCap": 1.1, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 4, "gigafactoryBids": 0 }, "p": { "price": "2026-S1", "eedWPerCap": "2023", "genAI": "2025", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2025" } }, { "iso3": "NLD", "iso2": "NL", "num": "528", "name": "Netherlands", "slug": "netherlands", "eu": true, "pop": 18087633, "v": { "dcPerM": 6.08, "dcCount": 110, "carbon": 254, "clean": 54.2, "demandPerCap": 6.69, "claude": 3.9, "price": 0.1058, "aiEnterprise": 33.2, "genAI": 44.7, "top500PerM": 16.1, "gpuPerM": 52, "dcShare": 4.6, "gridQueueGW": 10.0, "aiFactories": 1, "dcKwhPerCap": 282, "eedWPerCap": 62.1, "pledgesEurPerCap": 194, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 924, "gigafactoryBids": 0 }, "p": { "price": "2026-S1", "dcShare": "2024", "eedWPerCap": "2025", "gridQueueGW": "2026-06-30", "genAI": "2025", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2024" }, "n": { "dcShare": "CBS (Statistics Netherlands); measured; share of total electricity consumption; provisional", "gridQueueGW": "10.0 GW requested (all large consumers; Regional DSOs (Netbeheer Nederland, LAN progress report))" } }, { "iso3": "POL", "iso2": "PL", "num": "616", "name": "Poland", "slug": "poland", "eu": true, "pop": 36435861, "v": { "dcPerM": 0.74, "dcCount": 27, "carbon": 591, "clean": 31.2, "demandPerCap": 4.77, "claude": 1.33, "price": 0.1844, "aiEnterprise": 8.4, "genAI": 22.7, "top500PerM": 1.97, "gpuPerM": 34, "dcShare": 1, "aiFactories": 2, "dcKwhPerCap": 48, "eedWPerCap": 3.4, "pledgesEurPerCap": 16, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 4, "gigafactoryBids": 0 }, "p": { "price": "2026-S1", "dcShare": "2025", "eedWPerCap": "2025", "genAI": "2025", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2025" }, "n": { "dcShare": "Warsaw Business Journal (article on the Polish Data Center Association and PSE's plan); estimate; share of national consumption: 1.7-1.8 TWh from about 200 MW installed, against about 175 TWh ('roughly 1%'); unattributed estimate" } }, { "iso3": "PRT", "iso2": "PT", "num": "620", "name": "Portugal", "slug": "portugal", "eu": true, "pop": 10804871, "v": { "dcPerM": 1.39, "dcCount": 15, "carbon": 128, "clean": 80.9, "demandPerCap": 5.59, "claude": 3.32, "price": 0.0666, "aiEnterprise": 11.5, "genAI": 38.7, "top500PerM": 0.37, "aiFactories": 0, "eedWPerCap": 1.1, "pledgesEurPerCap": 824, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 1, "gigafactoryBids": 1 }, "p": { "price": "2026-S1", "eedWPerCap": "2024", "genAI": "2025", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2025" } }, { "iso3": "ROU", "iso2": "RO", "num": "642", "name": "Romania", "slug": "romania", "eu": true, "pop": 19020271, "v": { "dcPerM": 0.26, "dcCount": 5, "carbon": 259, "clean": 67.6, "demandPerCap": 2.82, "claude": 1.37, "price": 0.1299, "aiEnterprise": 5.2, "genAI": 17.8, "aiFactories": 1, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 3, "gigafactoryBids": 0 }, "p": { "price": "2026-S1", "genAI": "2025", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2025" } }, { "iso3": "SVK", "iso2": "SK", "num": "703", "name": "Slovakia", "slug": "slovakia", "eu": true, "pop": 5413813, "v": { "dcPerM": 0.92, "dcCount": 5, "carbon": 95, "clean": 85.1, "demandPerCap": 4.94, "claude": 1.43, "price": 0.1408, "aiEnterprise": 18.0, "genAI": 30.8, "top500PerM": 4.45, "aiFactories": 0, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 5, "gigafactoryBids": 0 }, "p": { "price": "2026-S1", "genAI": "2025", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2025" } }, { "iso3": "SVN", "iso2": "SI", "num": "705", "name": "Slovenia", "slug": "slovenia", "eu": true, "pop": 2130986, "v": { "dcPerM": 1.41, "dcCount": 3, "carbon": 188, "clean": 78.4, "demandPerCap": 6.79, "claude": 2.13, "price": 0.1247, "aiEnterprise": 21.6, "genAI": 37.6, "top500PerM": 3.24, "gpuPerM": 36, "aiFactories": 1, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 7, "gigafactoryBids": 0 }, "p": { "price": "2026-S1", "genAI": "2025", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2025" } }, { "iso3": "SWE", "iso2": "SE", "num": "752", "name": "Sweden", "slug": "sweden", "eu": true, "pop": 10596620, "v": { "dcPerM": 2.93, "dcCount": 31, "carbon": 35, "clean": 98.8, "demandPerCap": 12.88, "claude": 2.98, "price": 0.0881, "aiEnterprise": 35.0, "genAI": 42.0, "top500PerM": 12.63, "gpuPerM": 465, "dcShare": 2.1, "gridQueueGW": 7.5, "aiFactories": 1, "dcKwhPerCap": 283, "eedWPerCap": 66.0, "pledgesEurPerCap": 283, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 49, "gigafactoryBids": 0 }, "p": { "price": "2026-S1", "dcShare": "2022", "eedWPerCap": "2025", "gridQueueGW": "2026-06", "genAI": "2025", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2025" }, "n": { "dcShare": "Swedish Energy Agency (RISE), ER 2023:04; estimate; share of demand: midpoint of 2.8-3.2 TWh (RISE for the Swedish Energy Agency, crypto excluded) \u00f7 Ember 2022 demand 139.8 TWh; our arithmetic (range 2.0-2.3%)", "gridQueueGW": "7.5 GW requested (all large loads (said in a data-centre context); Svenska kraftn\u00e4t (TSO))" } }, { "iso3": "GBR", "iso2": "GB", "num": "826", "name": "United Kingdom", "slug": "united-kingdom", "eu": false, "pop": 69487000, "v": { "dcPerM": 3.77, "dcCount": 262, "carbon": 218, "clean": 64.2, "demandPerCap": 4.48, "claude": 3.35, "top500PerM": 6.44, "gpuPerM": 115, "dcShare": 2, "gridQueueGW": 73.0, "dcKwhPerCap": 65, "pledgesEurPerCap": 899, "gigafactoryBids": 0 }, "p": { "dcShare": "2024", "gridQueueGW": "2025-06-30", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2025" }, "n": { "dcShare": "DESNZ (UK), Energy Trends special article (Official Statistics in Development); measured; share of electricity consumed from the grid in Great Britain (4.5 of 249.2 TWh); metered consumption of commercial data centres matched to meters", "gridQueueGW": "73.0 GW contracted (data centres; Ofgem / NESO); expected: NESO: 5.2 GW connected by 2030 (3.7-6.3)" } }, { "iso3": "NOR", "iso2": "NO", "num": "578", "name": "Norway", "slug": "norway", "eu": false, "pop": 5610870, "v": { "dcPerM": 1.96, "dcCount": 11, "carbon": 28, "clean": 99.0, "demandPerCap": 24.6, "claude": 4.04, "price": 0.0502, "aiEnterprise": 28.9, "genAI": 56.3, "top500PerM": 7.4, "gpuPerM": 3650, "dcShare": 2.3, "gridQueueGW": 9.8, "dcKwhPerCap": 560, "pledgesEurPerCap": 1087, "gigafactoryBids": 0 }, "p": { "price": "2026-S1", "dcShare": "2025", "gridQueueGW": "2025-05-08", "genAI": "2025", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2025" }, "n": { "dcShare": "Elhub, Statnett's national metering datahub; measured; metered consumption at metering points under industry code 63.100 (data processing and hosting), as a share of total Norwegian consumption including grid losses", "gridQueueGW": "9.8 GW requested (data centres; Statnett (TSO))" } }, { "iso3": "CHE", "iso2": "CH", "num": "756", "name": "Switzerland", "slug": "switzerland", "eu": false, "pop": 9092436, "v": { "dcPerM": 3.52, "dcCount": 32, "carbon": 39, "clean": 97.7, "demandPerCap": 7.17, "claude": 5.02, "genAI": 47.0, "top500PerM": 49.52, "gpuPerM": 1896, "dcShare": 3.6, "dcKwhPerCap": 231, "pledgesEurPerCap": 44, "gigafactoryBids": 0 }, "p": { "dcShare": "2024", "genAI": "2025", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2025" }, "n": { "dcShare": "Swiss Federal Office of Energy (EnergieSchweiz study), released by the Federal Council; estimate; share of Swiss final electricity consumption (2.1 of 57.5 TWh); survey-based study, server rooms excluded" } }, { "iso3": "ISL", "iso2": "IS", "num": "352", "name": "Iceland", "slug": "iceland", "eu": false, "pop": 392404, "v": { "dcPerM": 53.52, "dcCount": 21, "carbon": 28, "clean": 100.0, "demandPerCap": 46.55, "claude": 4.02, "top500PerM": 26.76, "gpuPerM": 13354, "dcShare": 3.1, "dcKwhPerCap": 1498, "gigafactoryBids": 0 }, "p": { "dcShare": "2024", "ember": "2025", "cap": "2024" }, "n": { "dcShare": "Orkustofnun, Iceland's energy authority, ROS-3-2026 Raforkunotkun 2024; measured; metered deliveries to end users, category 1644 'Gagnaver' (data centres): 587.8 GWh of 19,029 GWh delivered" } } ], "scope": "EU-27 plus the UK, Norway, Switzerland and Iceland (31 countries)", "ieDcRank": { "rank": 2, "of": 31, "top": [ { "name": "Iceland", "v": 53.52 }, { "name": "Ireland", "v": 16.05 }, { "name": "Luxembourg", "v": 13.1 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "v": 6.08 }, { "name": "France", "v": 4.71 } ] } }, "world": { "metrics": [ { "key": "dcPerM", "label": "Data centres per million people", "short": "Data centres per million", "unit": "per million", "dp": 2, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": true, "source": "OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via Overpass", "sourceUrl": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "how": "Sites mapped in OpenStreetMap as data centres (telecom=data_center, or a building tagged data_center), duplicates removed, per million people. Counts what volunteers have mapped: colocation halls and big campuses are well covered, small server rooms and some hyperscaler sites are not.", "agg": "sum of sites \u00f7 population of countries counted", "refs": { "world": 0.5, "europe": 2.7 }, "coverage": 214 }, { "key": "dcCount", "label": "Data centres mapped", "short": "Data centres (count)", "unit": "sites", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "source": "OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via Overpass", "sourceUrl": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "how": "Count of distinct data-centre sites mapped in OpenStreetMap.", "agg": "sum", "coverage": 214 }, { "key": "aiNowMW", "label": "Frontier AI data-centre power operating", "short": "AI data-centre MW now", "unit": "MW", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "source": "Epoch AI frontier data centres (CC BY 4.0), via world_power", "sourceUrl": "https://epoch.ai/data/data-centers", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "kind": "estimate", "how": "Power of the 93 large AI data centres Epoch tracks by satellite and permits, operating now. Absent means none tracked, not none built.", "agg": "sum", "missing": "No site in Epoch's tracker", "coverage": 12 }, { "key": "aiPlannedMW", "label": "Frontier AI data-centre power, planned by 2030", "short": "AI data-centre MW planned", "unit": "MW", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "source": "Epoch AI frontier data centres (CC BY 4.0), via world_power", "sourceUrl": "https://epoch.ai/data/data-centers", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "kind": "estimate", "how": "Power those tracked sites are planned to reach by their last timeline date.", "agg": "sum", "missing": "No site in Epoch's tracker", "coverage": 12 }, { "key": "h100ePerM", "label": "AI chips per million people (H100-equivalents)", "short": "AI chips per million", "unit": "H100e per million", "dp": 0, "direction": "higher", "perCapita": true, "source": "Epoch AI GPU clusters (CC BY 4.0)", "sourceUrl": "https://epoch.ai/data/gpu-clusters", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "estimate", "how": "Existing GPU clusters in Epoch's database, in H100-equivalents, per million people. 27,190 H100e (mostly anonymised Chinese entries) have no country and are left out.", "agg": "sum of H100e \u00f7 total population", "refs": { "world": 189, "europe": 300 }, "missing": "No cluster in Epoch's database", "coverage": 32 }, { "key": "top500PerM", "label": "Supercomputer power per million people", "short": "Supercomputing per million", "unit": "PF per million", "dp": 2, "direction": "higher", "perCapita": true, "source": "TOP500, 2026/06 list", "sourceUrl": "https://top500.org/lists/top500/2026/06/", "sourceDate": "2026-06", "kind": "measured", "how": "Total Rmax (petaflops) on the latest TOP500 list, per million people.", "agg": "sum of Rmax \u00f7 total population", "refs": { "world": 2.26, "europe": 11.0 }, "missing": "No system on the TOP500 list", "coverage": 46 }, { "key": "capAddedGW", "label": "Power capacity added in a year", "short": "Capacity added (GW)", "unit": "GW", "dp": 1, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "source": "Ember yearly electricity data (CC BY 4.0)", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "how": "Change in total generating capacity over the latest year Ember reports (2024 or 2025 by country; retirements net off).", "agg": "sum", "coverage": 200, "period": "2024" }, { "key": "capAddedWPerCap", "label": "Power capacity added per person", "short": "Capacity added per person", "unit": "W per person", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": true, "source": "Ember yearly electricity data (CC BY 4.0)", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "estimate", "how": "Net generating capacity added in the latest year, watts per person.", "agg": "sum of GW \u00f7 population of countries counted", "refs": { "europe": 130 }, "coverage": 200, "period": "2024" }, { "key": "price", "label": "Industrial electricity price, where comparable", "short": "Industrial power price", "unit": "US\u00a2/kWh", "dp": 1, "direction": "lower", "perCapita": false, "source": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205 band IG (at the ECB rate), US EIA industrial average, KEPCO", "sourceUrl": "/global/where-ai-can-plug-in", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "kind": "measured", "how": "Large-user prices in US cents per kWh (euro prices at the ECB rate for 2025-S2, $1.1657 per \u20ac). Bases differ: Europe is the 150 GWh+ band, the US all industrial customers, Korea KEPCO's industrial average. No continent figure.", "coverage": 28 }, { "key": "claude", "label": "Claude usage index", "short": "Claude usage index", "unit": "index", "dp": 2, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": true, "source": "Anthropic Economic Index (Claude.ai)", "sourceUrl": "https://huggingface.co/datasets/Anthropic/EconomicIndex", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "how": "Share of Claude.ai use divided by share of the world's working-age population; 1.0 = in proportion. One product's footprint, not national AI adoption.", "agg": "sum of usage shares \u00f7 sum of the working-age population shares the index implies (AEI's own denominator)", "refs": { "world": 1.0 }, "missing": "Not in the index (too little use to report)", "period": "2026-05", "coverage": 120 }, { "key": "carbon", "label": "Grid carbon intensity", "short": "Grid carbon", "unit": "gCO2e/kWh", "dp": 0, "direction": "lower", "perCapita": false, "source": "Ember yearly electricity data (CC BY 4.0)", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "how": "Grams of CO2-equivalent per kWh generated, latest year.", "agg": "sum of emissions \u00f7 sum of generation", "refs": { "europe": 198 }, "coverage": 199, "period": "2024" }, { "key": "clean", "label": "Clean power share", "short": "Clean power share", "unit": "%", "dp": 1, "direction": "higher", "perCapita": false, "source": "Ember yearly electricity data (CC BY 4.0)", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "how": "Renewables plus nuclear as a share of generation, latest year.", "agg": "sum of clean generation \u00f7 sum of generation", "refs": { "europe": 72.4 }, "coverage": 199, "period": "2024" }, { "key": "demandPerCap", "label": "Electricity use per person", "short": "Electricity per person", "unit": "MWh per person", "dp": 2, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": true, "source": "Ember yearly electricity data (CC BY 4.0)", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "estimate", "how": "Ember demand divided by World Bank population.", "agg": "sum of demand \u00f7 population of countries counted", "refs": { "europe": 6.17 }, "coverage": 199, "period": "2024" } ], "rows": [ { "iso3": "DZA", "iso2": "DZ", "num": "012", "name": "Algeria", "cont": "Africa", "pop": 47435312, "v": { "dcPerM": 0.02, "dcCount": 1, 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1252, "top500PerM": 0.34, "aiNowMW": 0, "aiPlannedMW": 0, "claude": 1.07 }, "cov": { "dc": 12, "ember": 12, "cap": 12, "claude": 9 } }, { "key": "Oceania", "name": "Oceania", "pop": 47293944, "countries": 19, "v": { "dcPerM": 3.49, "dcCount": 165, "carbon": 464, "clean": 45.5, "demandPerCap": 7.26, "capAddedGW": 4.2, "capAddedWPerCap": 90, "h100ePerM": 13, "h100e": 637, "top500PerM": 1.17, "aiNowMW": 57, "aiPlannedMW": 57, "claude": 6.15 }, "cov": { "dc": 18, "ember": 14, "cap": 14, "claude": 2 } } ], "continentRule": "UN M49 regions, with the Americas split into North America (incl. Central America and the Caribbean) and South America. Russia counts as Europe, T\u00fcrkiye as Asia.", "ieDcRank": { "rank": 5, "of": 214, "top": [ { "name": "Nauru", "v": 83.16 }, { "name": "Iceland", "v": 53.52 }, { "name": "Isle of Man", "v": 23.78 }, { "name": "Faroe Islands", "v": 18.21 }, { "name": "Ireland", "v": 16.05 } ] } }, "osm": { "run": "2026-10-11", "osmBase": "2026-10-11T22:19:06Z", "countries": 117, "rawFeatures": 4880, "sites": 4280, "duplicatesRemoved": 516, "underConstruction": 73, "disused": 11, "telecomTagged": 4208, "unplaced": 3, "ireland": { "sites": 88, "raw": 94, "construction": 1, "duplicate": 5, "telecomTagged": 84 }, "query": "[out:json][timeout:900][bbox:-90,0,90,20];(nwr[\"telecom\"=\"data_center\"];nwr[\"building\"~\"^data_cent(er|re)$\"];);out center tags qt;", "method": "Six Overpass queries (longitude bands) for features tagged telecom=data_center or building=data_center/data_centre; each placed in a country with the Natural Earth 1:50m outlines the map draws (nearest outline within ~30 km for coastal points); disused, demolished, under construction and proposed features dropped; a node or unnamed or building-only feature within 100 m of a kept one counted as the same site." }, "comparison": { "text": "a map shared on Reddit's r/MapPorn, built on DataCenterMap's directory and national statistics, put Ireland at 23.7 data centres per million people, second in Europe to Iceland (30.4).", "label": "r/MapPorn chart (DataCenterMap data)", "url": "https://www.reddit.com/r/MapPorn/", "kind": "reported, as shared by the owner; not checked against DataCenterMap, whose directory is commercial", "source": "owner-shared image of the r/MapPorn chart", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "checked": "2026-10-12" }, "pulls": { "worldBank": "wb-pop-2026-10-11.json", "ember": "ember-yearly-2026-10-11.csv", "epochGpu": "2026-10-11", "top500": "2026/06", "aei": "release_2026_06_26 (pulled 2026-10-11)", "aeiMonth": "2026-05" }, "caveats": [ "OpenStreetMap counts what volunteers have mapped. Coverage is good in Europe and North America and patchy elsewhere; hyperscalers' own sites are often mapped only as unnamed industrial buildings. Treat low counts in Africa and much of Asia as under-mapping, not absence.", "A 'site' is a mapped data-centre building or campus; one operator's campus of several named halls counts several times, as directory counts do.", "Per-person figures divide by World Bank population for the latest year and are our arithmetic.", "Epoch's databases cover the clusters and sites it has found; absence means none recorded. Some Chinese clusters have no country and are left out.", "Continent values add up the underlying quantities first and then divide (never an average of country ratios); each metric states its rule and how many countries it covers.", "PeeringDB facility counts were checked as a cross-check but are not published: its Acceptable Use Policy restricts reproducing its data." ] }, "dashboards": { "title": "Dashboards: Europe and world measures, ranked by relevance", "asOf": "2026-10-12", "source": "StackPath country measures (country_metrics), Ember, eu_pledges, eu_grid_queues; relevance ranks and tile sizes ours", "sourceUrls": [ "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/" ], "packs": { "europe": { "key": "europe", "label": "Europe", "title": "Europe's data centres, power and AI, country by country", "geo": "europe", "unitNoun": [ "country", "countries" ], "groupNoun": [ "region", "regions" ], "focus": "IRL", "asOf": "2026-10-12", "scopeNote": "EU-27 plus the UK, Norway, Switzerland and Iceland (31 countries)", "groupRule": "UN M49 sub-regions (Cyprus, Western Asia in M49, placed in Southern Europe).", "groups": [ { "key": "Western Europe", "name": "Western Europe", "units": 7, "v": { "dcPerM": 3.82, "dcCount": 769, "dcShare": 2.86, "dcKwhPerCap": 182.0, "eedWPerCap": 19.4, "price": 0.103, "gpuPerM": 349.0, "top500PerM": 12.6, "genAI": 36.7, "aiEnterprise": 24.6, "claude": 3.29, "pledgesEurPerCap": 221.0, "gridQueueGW": 50.0, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 111.0, "aiFactories": 6, "gigafactoryBids": 3, "carbon": 184.0, "clean": 75.4, "demandPerCap": 6.72, "dcTWh": 34.7, "demandTWh": 1350.0, "eedMW": 3730.0, "gpuH100e": 62800.0, "pledgesEurBn": 42.2, "pop": 201000000, "serverImportsEurM": 21400.0, "top500PF": 2530.0 }, "cov": { "dcPerM": 7, "dcCount": 7, "dcShare": 5, "dcKwhPerCap": 5, "eedWPerCap": 6, "price": 5, "gpuPerM": 5, "top500PerM": 7, "genAI": 7, "aiEnterprise": 6, "claude": 7, "pledgesEurPerCap": 5, "gridQueueGW": 3, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 6, "aiFactories": 6, "gigafactoryBids": 7, "carbon": 7, "clean": 7, "demandPerCap": 7, "dcTWh": 5, "demandTWh": 7, "eedMW": 6, "gpuH100e": 5, "pledgesEurBn": 5, "pop": 7, "serverImportsEurM": 6, "top500PF": 7 } }, { "key": "Central and Eastern Europe", "name": "Central and Eastern Europe", "units": 6, "v": { "dcPerM": 0.981, "dcCount": 86, "dcShare": 1.0, "dcKwhPerCap": 48.0, "eedWPerCap": 2.19, "price": 0.162, "gpuPerM": 30.1, "top500PerM": 1.77, "genAI": 24.4, "aiEnterprise": 9.67, "claude": 1.38, "pledgesEurPerCap": 16.0, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 15.8, "aiFactories": 5, "gigafactoryBids": 0, "carbon": 403.0, "clean": 53.1, "demandPerCap": 4.65, "dcTWh": 1.75, "demandTWh": 408.0, "eedMW": 139.0, "gpuH100e": 1420.0, "pledgesEurBn": 0.583, "pop": 87700000, "serverImportsEurM": 1390.0, "top500PF": 122.0 }, "cov": { "dcPerM": 6, "dcCount": 6, "dcShare": 1, "dcKwhPerCap": 1, "eedWPerCap": 4, "price": 6, "gpuPerM": 2, "top500PerM": 5, "genAI": 6, "aiEnterprise": 6, "claude": 6, "pledgesEurPerCap": 1, "gridQueueGW": 0, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 6, "aiFactories": 6, "gigafactoryBids": 6, "carbon": 6, "clean": 6, "demandPerCap": 6, "dcTWh": 1, "demandTWh": 6, "eedMW": 4, "gpuH100e": 2, "pledgesEurBn": 1, "pop": 6, "serverImportsEurM": 6, "top500PF": 5 } }, { "key": "Southern Europe", "name": "Southern Europe", "units": 8, "v": { "dcPerM": 1.02, "dcCount": 140, "dcShare": 2.13, "dcKwhPerCap": 109.0, "eedWPerCap": 1.87, "price": 0.105, "gpuPerM": 116.0, "top500PerM": 13.4, "genAI": 30.5, "aiEnterprise": 16.8, "claude": 2.2, "pledgesEurPerCap": 484.0, "gridQueueGW": 106.0, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 6.78, "aiFactories": 5, "gigafactoryBids": 1, "carbon": 223.0, "clean": 61.8, "demandPerCap": 5.43, "dcTWh": 11.8, "demandTWh": 747.0, "eedMW": 250.0, "gpuH100e": 12800.0, "pledgesEurBn": 57.6, "pop": 137000000, "serverImportsEurM": 932.0, "top500PF": 1770.0 }, "cov": { "dcPerM": 8, "dcCount": 8, "dcShare": 2, "dcKwhPerCap": 2, "eedWPerCap": 6, "price": 7, "gpuPerM": 3, "top500PerM": 5, "genAI": 8, "aiEnterprise": 8, "claude": 8, "pledgesEurPerCap": 3, "gridQueueGW": 2, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 8, "aiFactories": 8, "gigafactoryBids": 8, "carbon": 8, "clean": 8, "demandPerCap": 8, "dcTWh": 2, "demandTWh": 8, "eedMW": 6, "gpuH100e": 3, "pledgesEurBn": 3, "pop": 8, "serverImportsEurM": 8, "top500PF": 5 } }, { "key": "Northern Europe", "name": "Northern Europe", "units": 10, "v": { "dcPerM": 4.28, "dcCount": 468, "dcShare": 3.16, "dcKwhPerCap": 209.0, "eedWPerCap": 48.6, "price": 0.0871, "gpuPerM": 547.0, "top500PerM": 11.0, "genAI": 45.4, "aiEnterprise": 31.0, "claude": 3.25, "pledgesEurPerCap": 907.0, "gridQueueGW": 116.0, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 173.0, "aiFactories": 3, "gigafactoryBids": 0, "carbon": 127.0, "clean": 81.5, "demandPerCap": 7.31, "dcTWh": 21.6, "demandTWh": 799.0, "eedMW": 1640.0, "gpuH100e": 53500.0, "pledgesEurBn": 88.3, "pop": 109000000, "serverImportsEurM": 5870.0, "top500PF": 1130.0 }, "cov": { "dcPerM": 10, "dcCount": 10, "dcShare": 7, "dcKwhPerCap": 7, "eedWPerCap": 7, "price": 8, "gpuPerM": 6, "top500PerM": 7, "genAI": 8, "aiEnterprise": 8, "claude": 10, "pledgesEurPerCap": 5, "gridQueueGW": 6, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 7, "aiFactories": 7, "gigafactoryBids": 10, "carbon": 10, "clean": 10, "demandPerCap": 10, "dcTWh": 7, "demandTWh": 10, "eedMW": 7, "gpuH100e": 6, "pledgesEurBn": 5, "pop": 10, "serverImportsEurM": 7, "top500PF": 7 } } ], "refLabels": { "eu27": "EU-27", "europe": "Europe", "us": "US", "world": "World" }, "rows": [ { "id": "AUT", "iso2": "AT", "num": "040", "name": "Austria", "group": "Western Europe", "pop": 9208163, "href": "/europe/countries/austria", "v": { "dcPerM": 1.52, "dcCount": 14, "carbon": 117, "clean": 83.6, "demandPerCap": 8.4, "claude": 2.61, "price": 0.134, "aiEnterprise": 29.9, "genAI": 39.4, "top500PerM": 5.19, "aiFactories": 1, "eedWPerCap": 7.8, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 4, "gigafactoryBids": 0, "pop": 9208163, "top500PF": 47.8, "eedMW": 71.8, "serverImportsEurM": 36.8, "demandTWh": 77.3 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "price": "2026-S1", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "genAI": "2025", "eedWPerCap": "2025" }, "n": {} }, { "id": "BEL", "iso2": "BE", "num": "056", "name": "Belgium", "group": "Western Europe", "pop": 11941781, "href": "/europe/countries/belgium", "v": { "dcPerM": 3.35, "dcCount": 40, "carbon": 151, "clean": 72.1, "demandPerCap": 7.16, "claude": 3.8, "price": 0.1014, "aiEnterprise": 34.5, "genAI": 42.0, "top500PerM": 0.92, "dcShare": 4, "aiFactories": 0, "dcKwhPerCap": 268, "eedWPerCap": 28.6, "pledgesEurPerCap": 419, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 30, "gigafactoryBids": 0, "pop": 11941781, "top500PF": 11.0, "dcTWh": 3.2, "eedMW": 342.0, "pledgesEurBn": 5.0, "serverImportsEurM": 358.0, "demandTWh": 85.5 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "price": "2026-S1", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "genAI": "2025", "dcShare": "2024", "eedWPerCap": "2025" }, "n": { "dcShare": "BCG, Belgium: the power of compute (via The Brussels Times); estimate; share of national electricity consumption (BCG estimate; year read from 'last year' in a May 2025 report)" } }, { "id": "BGR", "iso2": "BG", "num": "100", "name": "Bulgaria", "group": "Central and Eastern Europe", "pop": 6433302, "href": "/europe/countries/bulgaria", "v": { "dcPerM": 1.09, "dcCount": 7, "carbon": 275, "clean": 71.9, "demandPerCap": 5.71, "claude": 1.36, "price": 0.1145, "aiEnterprise": 8.6, "genAI": 22.5, "top500PerM": 0.7, "aiFactories": 1, "eedWPerCap": 0.6, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 3, "gigafactoryBids": 0, "pop": 6433302, "top500PF": 4.5, "eedMW": 3.86, "serverImportsEurM": 19.3, "demandTWh": 36.7 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "price": "2026-S1", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "genAI": "2025", "eedWPerCap": "2024" }, "n": {} }, { "id": "CYP", "iso2": "CY", "num": "196", "name": "Cyprus", "group": "Southern Europe", "pop": 1370754, "href": "/europe/countries/cyprus", "v": { "dcPerM": 0.0, "dcCount": 0, "carbon": 505, "clean": 25.1, "demandPerCap": 4.21, "claude": 3.08, "price": 0.2094, "aiEnterprise": 9.3, "genAI": 44.2, "aiFactories": 0, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 5, "gigafactoryBids": 0, "pop": 1370754, "serverImportsEurM": 6.85, "demandTWh": 5.77 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "price": "2025-S1", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "genAI": "2025" }, "n": {} }, { "id": "CZE", "iso2": "CZ", "num": "203", "name": "Czechia", "group": "Central and Eastern Europe", "pop": 10886878, "href": "/europe/countries/czechia", "v": { "dcPerM": 1.93, "dcCount": 21, "carbon": 401, "clean": 59.2, "demandPerCap": 6.24, "claude": 1.84, "price": 0.1649, "aiEnterprise": 17.6, "genAI": 35.4, "top500PerM": 1.65, "gpuPerM": 17, "aiFactories": 1, "eedWPerCap": 0.4, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 89, "gigafactoryBids": 0, "pop": 10886878, "gpuH100e": 185.0, "top500PF": 18.0, "eedMW": 4.35, "serverImportsEurM": 969.0, "demandTWh": 67.9 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "price": "2026-S1", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "genAI": "2025", "eedWPerCap": "2024" }, "n": {} }, { "id": "DEU", "iso2": "DE", "num": "276", "name": "Germany", "group": "Western Europe", "pop": 83491249, "href": "/europe/countries/germany", "v": { "dcPerM": 2.87, "dcCount": 240, "carbon": 334, "clean": 58.5, "demandPerCap": 6.19, "claude": 2.4, "price": 0.1267, "aiEnterprise": 26.0, "genAI": 32.2, "top500PerM": 16.8, "gpuPerM": 312, "dcShare": 3.9, "gridQueueGW": 22.0, "aiFactories": 2, "dcKwhPerCap": 240, "eedWPerCap": 18.1, "pledgesEurPerCap": 337, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 32, "gigafactoryBids": 1, "pop": 83491249, "gpuH100e": 26000.0, "top500PF": 1400.0, "dcTWh": 20.0, "eedMW": 1510.0, "pledgesEurBn": 28.1, "serverImportsEurM": 2670.0, "demandTWh": 517.0 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "price": "2026-S1", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "genAI": "2025", "dcShare": "2024", "gridQueueGW": "2025-07", "eedWPerCap": "2025" }, "n": { "dcShare": "Bitkom/Borderstep, estimate (BDEW 2024 total); estimate; share of gross national electricity consumption: about 20 TWh (Bitkom/Borderstep model estimate) \u00f7 511.9 TWh (BDEW 2024, provisional); our arithmetic", "gridQueueGW": "22.0 GW requested (data centres; Brandenburg grid operator (unnamed))" } }, { "id": "DNK", "iso2": "DK", "num": "208", "name": "Denmark", "group": "Northern Europe", "pop": 6009169, "href": "/europe/countries/denmark", "v": { "dcPerM": 3.66, "dcCount": 22, "carbon": 100, "clean": 94.2, "demandPerCap": 6.97, "claude": 3.57, "price": 0.1246, "aiEnterprise": 42.0, "genAI": 48.4, "top500PerM": 11.08, "gpuPerM": 505, "dcShare": 2.8, "gridQueueGW": 17.0, "aiFactories": 0, "dcKwhPerCap": 183, "eedWPerCap": 53.1, "pledgesEurPerCap": 449, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 19, "gigafactoryBids": 0, "pop": 6009169, "gpuH100e": 3030.0, "top500PF": 66.6, "dcTWh": 1.1, "eedMW": 319.0, "pledgesEurBn": 2.7, "serverImportsEurM": 114.0, "demandTWh": 41.9 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "price": "2026-S1", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "genAI": "2025", "dcShare": "2024", "gridQueueGW": "2026-01-31", "eedWPerCap": "2025" }, "n": { "dcShare": "Danish Energy Agency, Klimastatus og -fremskrivning 2026 (consultation draft); estimate; share of total consumption including grid losses: about 1.1 TWh \u00f7 40 TWh (both Danish Energy Agency, 2024 base of its projection); our arithmetic, 2.75%", "gridQueueGW": "17.0 GW requested (data centres; Energinet (TSO))" } }, { "id": "EST", "iso2": "EE", "num": "233", "name": "Estonia", "group": "Northern Europe", "pop": 1366475, "href": "/europe/countries/estonia", "v": { "dcPerM": 0.73, "dcCount": 1, "carbon": 319, "clean": 59.8, "demandPerCap": 6.47, "claude": 3.21, "price": 0.1565, "aiEnterprise": 23.4, "genAI": 46.6, "aiFactories": 0, "eedWPerCap": 0.7, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 5, "gigafactoryBids": 0, "pop": 1366475, "eedMW": 0.957, "serverImportsEurM": 6.83, "demandTWh": 8.84 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "price": "2026-S1", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "genAI": "2025", "eedWPerCap": "2024" }, "n": {} }, { "id": "ESP", "iso2": "ES", "num": "724", "name": "Spain", "group": "Southern Europe", "pop": 49355143, "href": "/europe/countries/spain", "v": { "dcPerM": 0.81, "dcCount": 40, "carbon": 153, "clean": 74.7, "demandPerCap": 5.58, "claude": 2.69, "price": 0.0777, "aiEnterprise": 20.3, "genAI": 37.9, "top500PerM": 4.5, "gpuPerM": 91, "dcShare": 2.4, "gridQueueGW": 6.3, "aiFactories": 2, "dcKwhPerCap": 122, "eedWPerCap": 2.1, "pledgesEurPerCap": 875, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 7, "gigafactoryBids": 0, "pop": 49355143, "gpuH100e": 4490.0, "top500PF": 222.0, "dcTWh": 6.02, "eedMW": 104.0, "pledgesEurBn": 43.2, "serverImportsEurM": 345.0, "demandTWh": 275.0 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "price": "2026-S1", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "genAI": "2025", "dcShare": "2024", "gridQueueGW": "2026-10-01", "eedWPerCap": "2024" }, "n": { "dcShare": "DNV, via Energ\u00edas Renovables (REE 2024 total); estimate; share of national demand: over 6 TWh (DNV estimate) \u00f7 248.8 TWh (REE 2024 demand); our arithmetic", "gridQueueGW": "6.3 GW granted (data centres; Red El\u00e9ctrica (TSO)); expected: SpainDC: 2.6-2.9 GW operating by 2030" } }, { "id": "FIN", "iso2": "FI", "num": "246", "name": "Finland", "group": "Northern Europe", "pop": 5646436, "href": "/europe/countries/finland", "v": { "dcPerM": 4.07, "dcCount": 23, "carbon": 57, "clean": 96.4, "demandPerCap": 15.54, "claude": 2.19, "price": 0.0793, "aiEnterprise": 37.8, "genAI": 46.3, "top500PerM": 75.2, "gpuPerM": 2098, "dcShare": 1.9, "gridQueueGW": 3.0, "aiFactories": 1, "dcKwhPerCap": 283, "eedWPerCap": 54.4, "pledgesEurPerCap": 2479, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 158, "gigafactoryBids": 0, "pop": 5646436, "gpuH100e": 11800.0, "top500PF": 425.0, "dcTWh": 1.6, "eedMW": 307.0, "pledgesEurBn": 14.0, "serverImportsEurM": 892.0, "demandTWh": 87.7 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "price": "2026-S1", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "genAI": "2025", "dcShare": "2024", "gridQueueGW": "2026-06-30", "eedWPerCap": "2024" }, "n": { "dcShare": "Finnish Government, national data-centre roadmap (rapporteur's report 2025:94); estimate; share of total consumption: about 1.6 TWh (government roadmap, 'just under 2%') \u00f7 82.7 TWh (Statistics Finland 2024); our arithmetic", "gridQueueGW": "3.0 GW contracted (data centres; Fingrid (TSO))" } }, { "id": "FRA", "iso2": "FR", "num": "250", "name": "France", "group": "Western Europe", "pop": 68720337, "href": "/europe/countries/france", "v": { "dcPerM": 4.71, "dcCount": 324, "carbon": 41, "clean": 94.9, "demandPerCap": 6.99, "claude": 3.97, "price": 0.0722, "aiEnterprise": 18.2, "genAI": 37.5, "top500PerM": 4.61, "gpuPerM": 268, "dcShare": 1, "gridQueueGW": 18.0, "aiFactories": 1, "dcKwhPerCap": 63, "eedWPerCap": 9.2, "pledgesEurPerCap": 76, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 23, "gigafactoryBids": 2, "pop": 68720337, "gpuH100e": 18400.0, "top500PF": 317.0, "dcTWh": 4.33, "eedMW": 632.0, "pledgesEurBn": 5.22, "serverImportsEurM": 1580.0, "demandTWh": 480.0 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "price": "2026-S1", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "genAI": "2025", "dcShare": "2024", "gridQueueGW": "2026-05", "eedWPerCap": "2024" }, "n": { "dcShare": "SDES, French ministry statistics service; measured; share of national electricity consumption; metered consumption of the 471 sites using over 1 GWh a year (4.3 TWh); SDES puts all sites at 4.3-6 TWh, 1-1.5%", "gridQueueGW": "18.0 GW reserved (data centres; RTE (TSO))" } }, { "id": "GRC", "iso2": "GR", "num": "300", "name": "Greece", "group": "Southern Europe", "pop": 10413962, "href": "/europe/countries/greece", "v": { "dcPerM": 0.77, "dcCount": 8, "carbon": 325, "clean": 47.7, "demandPerCap": 5.27, "claude": 1.51, "price": 0.113, "aiEnterprise": 8.9, "genAI": 44.1, "top500PerM": 8.23, "aiFactories": 1, "eedWPerCap": 0.3, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 7, "gigafactoryBids": 0, "pop": 10413962, "top500PF": 85.7, "eedMW": 3.12, "serverImportsEurM": 72.9, "demandTWh": 54.9 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "price": "2026-S1", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "genAI": "2025", "eedWPerCap": "2024" }, "n": {} }, { "id": "HRV", "iso2": "HR", "num": "191", "name": "Croatia", "group": "Southern Europe", "pop": 3876200, "href": "/europe/countries/croatia", "v": { "dcPerM": 3.35, "dcCount": 13, "carbon": 158, "clean": 76.4, "demandPerCap": 5.17, "claude": 1.8, "aiEnterprise": 15.2, "genAI": 27.5, "aiFactories": 0, "eedWPerCap": 0.2, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 2, "gigafactoryBids": 0, "pop": 3876200, "eedMW": 0.775, "serverImportsEurM": 7.75, "demandTWh": 20.0 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "genAI": "2025", "eedWPerCap": "2023" }, "n": {} }, { "id": "HUN", "iso2": "HU", "num": "348", "name": "Hungary", "group": "Central and Eastern Europe", "pop": 9514251, "href": "/europe/countries/hungary", "v": { "dcPerM": 2.21, "dcCount": 21, "carbon": 163, "clean": 75.3, "demandPerCap": 5.17, "claude": 1.07, "price": 0.1581, "aiEnterprise": 10.4, "genAI": 29.6, "top500PerM": 0.33, "aiFactories": 0, "eedWPerCap": 0.7, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 18, "gigafactoryBids": 0, "pop": 9514251, "top500PF": 3.14, "eedMW": 6.66, "serverImportsEurM": 171.0, "demandTWh": 49.2 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "price": "2026-S1", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "genAI": "2025", "eedWPerCap": "2024" }, "n": {} }, { "id": "IRL", "iso2": "IE", "num": "372", "name": "Ireland", "group": "Northern Europe", "pop": 5484367, "href": "/europe/countries/ireland", "v": { "dcPerM": 16.05, "dcCount": 88, "carbon": 263, "clean": 47.7, "demandPerCap": 6.82, "claude": 3.23, "price": 0.1654, "aiEnterprise": 19.6, "genAI": 44.9, "top500PerM": 1.22, "dcShare": 23.2, "gridQueueGW": 6.0, "aiFactories": 0, "dcKwhPerCap": 1397, "eedWPerCap": 57.6, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 790, "gigafactoryBids": 0, "pop": 5484367, "top500PF": 6.69, "dcTWh": 7.66, "eedMW": 316.0, "serverImportsEurM": 4330.0, "demandTWh": 37.4 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "price": "2026-S1", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "genAI": "2025", "dcShare": "2025", "gridQueueGW": "2026-05-20", "eedWPerCap": "2023" }, "n": { "dcShare": "CSO (Ireland), MEC02; measured; share of all metered electricity consumption", "gridQueueGW": "6.0 GW requested (data centres; EirGrid (TSO)); expected: EirGrid: room for 150-300 MW in the west" } }, { "id": "ITA", "iso2": "IT", "num": "380", "name": "Italy", "group": "Southern Europe", "pop": 58915656, "href": "/europe/countries/italy", "v": { "dcPerM": 1.04, "dcCount": 61, "carbon": 284, "clean": 48.8, "demandPerCap": 5.31, "claude": 1.7, "price": 0.1332, "aiEnterprise": 16.4, "genAI": 19.9, "top500PerM": 24.61, "gpuPerM": 140, "dcShare": 1.9, "gridQueueGW": 100.0, "aiFactories": 1, "dcKwhPerCap": 98, "eedWPerCap": 2.2, "pledgesEurPerCap": 93, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 8, "gigafactoryBids": 0, "pop": 58915656, "gpuH100e": 8250.0, "top500PF": 1450.0, "dcTWh": 5.77, "eedMW": 130.0, "pledgesEurBn": 5.48, "serverImportsEurM": 471.0, "demandTWh": 313.0 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "price": "2026-S1", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "genAI": "2025", "dcShare": "2024", "gridQueueGW": "2026-08-31", "eedWPerCap": "2025" }, "n": { "dcShare": "Politecnico di Milano Energy & Strategy, via QualEnergia; estimate; share of national consumption (Politecnico di Milano Energy & Strategy estimate)", "gridQueueGW": "100.0 GW requested (data centres; Terna (TSO)); expected: Terna: 1.5-2 GW by ~2030" } }, { "id": "LTU", "iso2": "LT", "num": "440", "name": "Lithuania", "group": "Northern Europe", "pop": 2888774, "href": "/europe/countries/lithuania", "v": { "dcPerM": 1.73, "dcCount": 5, "carbon": 138, "clean": 77.7, "demandPerCap": 4.31, "claude": 2.28, "price": 0.1188, "aiEnterprise": 21.3, "genAI": 36.9, "aiFactories": 1, "eedWPerCap": 0.7, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 1, "gigafactoryBids": 0, "pop": 2888774, "eedMW": 2.02, "serverImportsEurM": 2.89, "demandTWh": 12.5 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "price": "2026-S1", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "genAI": "2025", "eedWPerCap": "2024" }, "n": {} }, { "id": "LUX", "iso2": "LU", "num": "442", "name": "Luxembourg", "group": "Western Europe", "pop": 686970, "href": "/europe/countries/luxembourg", "v": { "dcPerM": 13.1, "dcCount": 9, "carbon": 118, "clean": 91.5, "demandPerCap": 9.5, "claude": 4.85, "aiEnterprise": 33.6, "genAI": 42.5, "top500PerM": 15.28, "gpuPerM": 367, "aiFactories": 1, "eedWPerCap": 75.7, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 14, "gigafactoryBids": 0, "pop": 686970, "gpuH100e": 252.0, "top500PF": 10.5, "eedMW": 52.0, "serverImportsEurM": 9.62, "demandTWh": 6.53 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "genAI": "2025", "eedWPerCap": "2025" }, "n": {} }, { "id": "LVA", "iso2": "LV", "num": "428", "name": "Latvia", "group": "Northern Europe", "pop": 1847785, "href": "/europe/countries/latvia", "v": { "dcPerM": 2.16, "dcCount": 4, "carbon": 135, "clean": 73.5, "demandPerCap": 4.13, "claude": 2.37, "price": 0.1066, "aiEnterprise": 12.2, "genAI": 33.4, "aiFactories": 0, "eedWPerCap": 0.4, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 2, "gigafactoryBids": 0, "pop": 1847785, "eedMW": 0.739, "serverImportsEurM": 3.7, "demandTWh": 7.63 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "price": "2026-S1", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "genAI": "2025", "eedWPerCap": "2023" }, "n": {} }, { "id": "MLT", "iso2": "MT", "num": "470", "name": "Malta", "group": "Southern Europe", "pop": 579704, "href": "/europe/countries/malta", "v": { "dcPerM": 0.0, "dcCount": 0, "carbon": 483, "clean": 16.5, "demandPerCap": 5.62, "claude": 4.0, "price": 0.0969, "aiEnterprise": 21.5, "genAI": 46.5, "aiFactories": 0, "eedWPerCap": 1.1, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 4, "gigafactoryBids": 0, "pop": 579704, "eedMW": 0.638, "serverImportsEurM": 2.32, "demandTWh": 3.26 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "price": "2026-S1", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "genAI": "2025", "eedWPerCap": "2023" }, "n": {} }, { "id": "NLD", "iso2": "NL", "num": "528", "name": "Netherlands", "group": "Western Europe", "pop": 18087633, "href": "/europe/countries/netherlands", "v": { "dcPerM": 6.08, "dcCount": 110, "carbon": 254, "clean": 54.2, "demandPerCap": 6.69, "claude": 3.9, "price": 0.1058, "aiEnterprise": 33.2, "genAI": 44.7, "top500PerM": 16.1, "gpuPerM": 52, "dcShare": 4.6, "gridQueueGW": 10.0, "aiFactories": 1, "dcKwhPerCap": 282, "eedWPerCap": 62.1, "pledgesEurPerCap": 194, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 924, "gigafactoryBids": 0, "pop": 18087633, "gpuH100e": 941.0, "top500PF": 291.0, "dcTWh": 5.1, "eedMW": 1120.0, "pledgesEurBn": 3.51, "serverImportsEurM": 16700.0, "demandTWh": 121.0 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "price": "2026-S1", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "genAI": "2025", "dcShare": "2024", "gridQueueGW": "2026-06-30", "eedWPerCap": "2025" }, "n": { "dcShare": "CBS (Statistics Netherlands); measured; share of total electricity consumption; provisional", "gridQueueGW": "10.0 GW requested (all large consumers; Regional DSOs (Netbeheer Nederland, LAN progress report))" } }, { "id": "POL", "iso2": "PL", "num": "616", "name": "Poland", "group": "Central and Eastern Europe", "pop": 36435861, "href": "/europe/countries/poland", "v": { "dcPerM": 0.74, "dcCount": 27, "carbon": 591, "clean": 31.2, "demandPerCap": 4.77, "claude": 1.33, "price": 0.1844, "aiEnterprise": 8.4, "genAI": 22.7, "top500PerM": 1.97, "gpuPerM": 34, "dcShare": 1, "aiFactories": 2, "dcKwhPerCap": 48, "eedWPerCap": 3.4, "pledgesEurPerCap": 16, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 4, "gigafactoryBids": 0, "pop": 36435861, "gpuH100e": 1240.0, "top500PF": 71.8, "dcTWh": 1.75, "eedMW": 124.0, "pledgesEurBn": 0.583, "serverImportsEurM": 146.0, "demandTWh": 174.0 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "price": "2026-S1", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "genAI": "2025", "dcShare": "2025", "eedWPerCap": "2025" }, "n": { "dcShare": "Warsaw Business Journal (article on the Polish Data Center Association and PSE's plan); estimate; share of national consumption: 1.7-1.8 TWh from about 200 MW installed, against about 175 TWh ('roughly 1%'); unattributed estimate" } }, { "id": "PRT", "iso2": "PT", "num": "620", "name": "Portugal", "group": "Southern Europe", "pop": 10804871, "href": "/europe/countries/portugal", "v": { "dcPerM": 1.39, "dcCount": 15, "carbon": 128, "clean": 80.9, "demandPerCap": 5.59, "claude": 3.32, "price": 0.0666, "aiEnterprise": 11.5, "genAI": 38.7, "top500PerM": 0.37, "aiFactories": 0, "eedWPerCap": 1.1, "pledgesEurPerCap": 824, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 1, "gigafactoryBids": 1, "pop": 10804871, "top500PF": 4.0, "eedMW": 11.9, "pledgesEurBn": 8.9, "serverImportsEurM": 10.8, "demandTWh": 60.4 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "price": "2026-S1", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "genAI": "2025", "eedWPerCap": "2024" }, "n": {} }, { "id": "ROU", "iso2": "RO", "num": "642", "name": "Romania", "group": "Central and Eastern Europe", "pop": 19020271, "href": "/europe/countries/romania", "v": { "dcPerM": 0.26, "dcCount": 5, "carbon": 259, "clean": 67.6, "demandPerCap": 2.82, "claude": 1.37, "price": 0.1299, "aiEnterprise": 5.2, "genAI": 17.8, "aiFactories": 1, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 3, "gigafactoryBids": 0, "pop": 19020271, "serverImportsEurM": 57.1, "demandTWh": 53.6 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "price": "2026-S1", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "genAI": "2025" }, "n": {} }, { "id": "SVK", "iso2": "SK", "num": "703", "name": "Slovakia", "group": "Central and Eastern Europe", "pop": 5413813, "href": "/europe/countries/slovakia", "v": { "dcPerM": 0.92, "dcCount": 5, "carbon": 95, "clean": 85.1, "demandPerCap": 4.94, "claude": 1.43, "price": 0.1408, "aiEnterprise": 18.0, "genAI": 30.8, "top500PerM": 4.45, "aiFactories": 0, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 5, "gigafactoryBids": 0, "pop": 5413813, "top500PF": 24.1, "serverImportsEurM": 27.1, "demandTWh": 26.7 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "price": "2026-S1", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "genAI": "2025" }, "n": {} }, { "id": "SVN", "iso2": "SI", "num": "705", "name": "Slovenia", "group": "Southern Europe", "pop": 2130986, "href": "/europe/countries/slovenia", "v": { "dcPerM": 1.41, "dcCount": 3, "carbon": 188, "clean": 78.4, "demandPerCap": 6.79, "claude": 2.13, "price": 0.1247, "aiEnterprise": 21.6, "genAI": 37.6, "top500PerM": 3.24, "gpuPerM": 36, "aiFactories": 1, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 7, "gigafactoryBids": 0, "pop": 2130986, "gpuH100e": 76.7, "top500PF": 6.9, "serverImportsEurM": 14.9, "demandTWh": 14.5 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "price": "2026-S1", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "genAI": "2025" }, "n": {} }, { "id": "SWE", "iso2": "SE", "num": "752", "name": "Sweden", "group": "Northern Europe", "pop": 10596620, "href": "/europe/countries/sweden", "v": { "dcPerM": 2.93, "dcCount": 31, "carbon": 35, "clean": 98.8, "demandPerCap": 12.88, "claude": 2.98, "price": 0.0881, "aiEnterprise": 35.0, "genAI": 42.0, "top500PerM": 12.63, "gpuPerM": 465, "dcShare": 2.1, "gridQueueGW": 7.5, "aiFactories": 1, "dcKwhPerCap": 283, "eedWPerCap": 66.0, "pledgesEurPerCap": 283, "serverImportsEurPerCap": 49, "gigafactoryBids": 0, "pop": 10596620, "gpuH100e": 4930.0, "top500PF": 134.0, "dcTWh": 3.0, "eedMW": 699.0, "pledgesEurBn": 3.0, "serverImportsEurM": 519.0, "demandTWh": 136.0 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "price": "2026-S1", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "genAI": "2025", "dcShare": "2022", "gridQueueGW": "2026-06", "eedWPerCap": "2025" }, "n": { "dcShare": "Swedish Energy Agency (RISE), ER 2023:04; estimate; share of demand: midpoint of 2.8-3.2 TWh (RISE for the Swedish Energy Agency, crypto excluded) \u00f7 Ember 2022 demand 139.8 TWh; our arithmetic (range 2.0-2.3%)", "gridQueueGW": "7.5 GW requested (all large loads (said in a data-centre context); Svenska kraftn\u00e4t (TSO))" } }, { "id": "GBR", "iso2": "GB", "num": "826", "name": "United Kingdom", "group": "Northern Europe", "pop": 69487000, "href": "/europe/countries/united-kingdom", "v": { "dcPerM": 3.77, "dcCount": 262, "carbon": 218, "clean": 64.2, "demandPerCap": 4.48, "claude": 3.35, "top500PerM": 6.44, "gpuPerM": 115, "dcShare": 2, "gridQueueGW": 73.0, "dcKwhPerCap": 65, "pledgesEurPerCap": 899, "gigafactoryBids": 0, "pop": 69487000, "gpuH100e": 7990.0, "top500PF": 447.0, "dcTWh": 4.52, "pledgesEurBn": 62.5, "demandTWh": 311.0 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "dcShare": "2024", "gridQueueGW": "2025-06-30" }, "n": { "dcShare": "DESNZ (UK), Energy Trends special article (Official Statistics in Development); measured; share of electricity consumed from the grid in Great Britain (4.5 of 249.2 TWh); metered consumption of commercial data centres matched to meters", "gridQueueGW": "73.0 GW contracted (data centres; Ofgem / NESO); expected: NESO: 5.2 GW connected by 2030 (3.7-6.3)" } }, { "id": "NOR", "iso2": "NO", "num": "578", "name": "Norway", "group": "Northern Europe", "pop": 5610870, "href": "/europe/countries/norway", "v": { "dcPerM": 1.96, "dcCount": 11, "carbon": 28, "clean": 99.0, "demandPerCap": 24.6, "claude": 4.04, "price": 0.0502, "aiEnterprise": 28.9, "genAI": 56.3, "top500PerM": 7.4, "gpuPerM": 3650, "dcShare": 2.3, "gridQueueGW": 9.8, "dcKwhPerCap": 560, "pledgesEurPerCap": 1087, "gigafactoryBids": 0, "pop": 5610870, "gpuH100e": 20500.0, "top500PF": 41.5, "dcTWh": 3.14, "pledgesEurBn": 6.1, "demandTWh": 138.0 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "price": "2026-S1", "aiEnterprise": "2025", "genAI": "2025", "dcShare": "2025", "gridQueueGW": "2025-05-08" }, "n": { "dcShare": "Elhub, Statnett's national metering datahub; measured; metered consumption at metering points under industry code 63.100 (data processing and hosting), as a share of total Norwegian consumption including grid losses", "gridQueueGW": "9.8 GW requested (data centres; Statnett (TSO))" } }, { "id": "CHE", "iso2": "CH", "num": "756", "name": "Switzerland", "group": "Western Europe", "pop": 9092436, "href": "/europe/countries/switzerland", "v": { "dcPerM": 3.52, "dcCount": 32, "carbon": 39, "clean": 97.7, "demandPerCap": 7.17, "claude": 5.02, "genAI": 47.0, "top500PerM": 49.52, "gpuPerM": 1896, "dcShare": 3.6, "dcKwhPerCap": 231, "pledgesEurPerCap": 44, "gigafactoryBids": 0, "pop": 9092436, "gpuH100e": 17200.0, "top500PF": 450.0, "dcTWh": 2.1, "pledgesEurBn": 0.4, "demandTWh": 65.2 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "genAI": "2025", "dcShare": "2024" }, "n": { "dcShare": "Swiss Federal Office of Energy (EnergieSchweiz study), released by the Federal Council; estimate; share of Swiss final electricity consumption (2.1 of 57.5 TWh); survey-based study, server rooms excluded" } }, { "id": "ISL", "iso2": "IS", "num": "352", "name": "Iceland", "group": "Northern Europe", "pop": 392404, "href": "/europe/countries/iceland", "v": { "dcPerM": 53.52, "dcCount": 21, "carbon": 28, "clean": 100.0, "demandPerCap": 46.55, "claude": 4.02, "top500PerM": 26.76, "gpuPerM": 13354, "dcShare": 3.1, "dcKwhPerCap": 1498, "gigafactoryBids": 0, "pop": 392404, "gpuH100e": 5240.0, "top500PF": 10.5, "dcTWh": 0.588, "demandTWh": 18.3 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "dcShare": "2024" }, "n": { "dcShare": "Orkustofnun, Iceland's energy authority, ROS-3-2026 Raforkunotkun 2024; measured; metered deliveries to end users, category 1644 'Gagnaver' (data centres): 587.8 GWh of 19,029 GWh delivered" } } ], "metrics": [ { "key": "dcPerM", "label": "Data centres per million people", "short": "Data centres per million", "unit": "per million", "dp": 1, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": true, "source": "OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via Overpass", "sourceUrl": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "how": "Sites mapped in OpenStreetMap as data centres (telecom=data_center, or a building tagged data_center), duplicates removed, per million people. Counts what volunteers have mapped: colocation halls and big campuses are well covered, small server rooms and some hyperscaler sites are not.", "refs": { "eu27": 2.5, "europe": 2.7, "us": 4.7 }, "coverage": 31, "rank": 2, "layer": "datacentres", "why": "How dense each country's data-centre estate is, on one method for all 31 countries.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "dcCount", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/europe/map", "agg": "recomputed from the sum of the underlying amount \u00f7 the sum of population" }, { "key": "dcCount", "label": "Data centres mapped", "short": "Data centres (count)", "unit": "sites", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "source": "OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via Overpass", "sourceUrl": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "how": "Count of distinct data-centre sites mapped in OpenStreetMap (same rule as the per-million view).", "coverage": 31, "rank": 8, "layer": "datacentres", "why": "How many data-centre sites each country has mapped.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": "dcPerM", "hidden": false, "page": "/europe/map", "agg": "sum" }, { "key": "dcShare", "label": "Data centres' share of national electricity", "short": "DC share of electricity", "unit": "%", "dp": 1, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "source": "National statistics offices, energy agencies and TSOs, and published estimates (see each country), via eu_scorecard", "sourceUrl": "/europe/data-centre-capacity", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "kind": "reported", "how": "15 of 31 countries have a published figure or a credible estimate (9 estimate, 6 measured), on different bases: Belgium 4% (BCG, estimate, 2024); Germany 3.9% (Bitkom/Borderstep, estimate, 2024); Denmark 2.8% (Danish Energy Agency, estimate, 2024); Spain 2.4% (DNV, estimate, 2024); Finland 1.9% (Finnish Government, estimate, 2024); France 1% (SDES, measured, 2024); Ireland 23.2% (CSO (Ireland), measured, 2025); Italy 1.9% (Politecnico di Milano Energy & Strategy, estimate, 2024); Netherlands 4.6% (CBS (Statistics Netherlands), measured, 2024); Poland 1% (Warsaw Business Journal (article on the Polish Data Center Association and PSE's plan), estimate, 2025); Sweden 2.1% (Swedish Energy Agency (RISE), estimate, 2022); United Kingdom 2% (DESNZ (UK), measured, 2024); Norway 2.26% (Elhub, measured, 2025); Switzerland 3.6% (Swiss Federal Office of Energy (EnergieSchweiz study), estimate, 2024); Iceland 3.09% (Orkustofnun, measured, 2024). Bases differ (metered consumption, total consumption, demand or production) and so do years, so compare with care. EU Energy Efficiency Directive reports are not used here: they cover only sites that reported, so they are floors.", "refs": { "europe": 3, "us": 4.4 }, "coverage": 15, "period": "2024", "rank": 1, "layer": "datacentres", "why": "The weight data centres put on each country's grid: the measure behind Ireland's story.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "demandTWh", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/europe/map", "agg": "weighted by electricity demand" }, { "key": "dcKwhPerCap", "label": "Data-centre electricity per person", "short": "Data-centre electricity per person", "unit": "kWh per person", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": true, "source": "StackPath arithmetic: data-centre share \u00d7 Ember demand \u00f7 World Bank population", "sourceUrl": "/europe/data-centre-capacity", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "kind": "estimate", "how": "Data-centre electricity use divided by population. Same 15 countries as the share view.", "coverage": 15, "rank": 17, "layer": "datacentres", "why": "Data-centre electricity per person, where a national figure exists.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "dcTWh", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/europe/map", "agg": "recomputed from the sum of the underlying amount \u00f7 the sum of population" }, { "key": "eedWPerCap", "label": "Data-centre IT capacity reported to the EU, per person", "short": "EU-reported DC capacity per person", "unit": "W per person", "dp": 1, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": true, "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity)", "sourceUrl": "https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-targets-directive-and-rules/energy-efficiency-directive/energy-performance-data-centres_en", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "kind": "reported", "how": "IT power capacity that operators reported under the EU Energy Efficiency Directive, divided by population. A floor: many sites have not reported yet (Ireland's latest figure is for 2023).", "coverage": 23, "period": "2024", "rank": 9, "layer": "datacentres", "why": "Data-centre capacity operators reported to the EU, per person.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "eedMW", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/europe/data-centre-capacity", "agg": "recomputed from the sum of the underlying amount \u00f7 the sum of population" }, { "key": "price", "label": "Electricity price for the largest users", "short": "Large-user power price", "unit": "\u20ac/kWh", "dp": 3, "direction": "lower", "perCapita": false, "source": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205", "sourceUrl": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/nrg_pc_205/default/table?lang=en", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "kind": "measured", "how": "Eurostat band IG (users of 150 GWh a year or more), excluding VAT and recoverable taxes. Lower is cheaper.", "refs": { "eu27": 0.11, "us": 0.076 }, "refNote": "EU-27 average for 2025-S2 (Eurostat); US all-industrial average for 2025 (EIA, at the ECB rate), not a 150 GWh+ band.", "coverage": 26, "period": "2026-S1", "rank": 4, "layer": "power", "why": "What large users pay for electricity, the biggest running cost of a data centre.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "demandTWh", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/europe/electricity-prices-for-data-centres", "agg": "weighted by electricity demand" }, { "key": "gpuPerM", "label": "AI chips per million people (H100-equivalents)", "short": "AI chips per million", "unit": "H100e per million", "dp": 0, "direction": "higher", "perCapita": true, "source": "Epoch AI GPU clusters (CC BY 4.0, via global_context)", "sourceUrl": "https://epoch.ai/data/gpu-clusters", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "kind": "estimate", "how": "GPU clusters in Epoch AI's database, counted in Nvidia H100-equivalents, divided by population. Absent means none recorded.", "refs": { "eu27": 177, "us": 3660 }, "missing": "No cluster in Epoch's database", "coverage": 16, "rank": 5, "layer": "compute", "why": "Where Europe's AI chips sit, per person.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "gpuH100e", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/europe/ai-compute", "agg": "recomputed from the sum of the underlying amount \u00f7 the sum of population" }, { "key": "top500PerM", "label": "Supercomputer power per million people", "short": "Supercomputing per million", "unit": "PF per million", "dp": 2, "direction": "higher", "perCapita": true, "source": "TOP500, June 2026 list (via eu_compute)", "sourceUrl": "https://top500.org/lists/top500/2026/06/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "kind": "measured", "how": "Total Rmax (petaflops) of a country's systems on the latest TOP500 list, per million people.", "refs": { "eu27": 10.2, "us": 20.57 }, "missing": "No system on the TOP500 list", "coverage": 24, "rank": 13, "layer": "compute", "why": "Public supercomputing capacity, per person.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "top500PF", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/europe/ai-compute", "agg": "recomputed from the sum of the underlying amount \u00f7 the sum of population" }, { "key": "genAI", "label": "People using generative AI", "short": "Generative AI use", "unit": "%", "dp": 1, "direction": "higher", "perCapita": false, "source": "Eurostat isoc_ai_iaiu", "sourceUrl": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_ai_iaiu/default/table?lang=en", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "kind": "measured", "how": "Share of people aged 16\u201374 who used generative AI tools in the last three months (Eurostat survey).", "refs": { "eu27": 32.7 }, "coverage": 29, "period": "2025", "rank": 10, "layer": "ai", "why": "How many people use generative AI: the demand side.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "pop", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/global/ai-adoption", "agg": "weighted by population" }, { "key": "aiEnterprise", "label": "Businesses using AI", "short": "Firms using AI", "unit": "% of firms", "dp": 1, "direction": "higher", "perCapita": false, "source": "Eurostat isoc_eb_ai", "sourceUrl": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_eb_ai/default/table?lang=en", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "kind": "measured", "how": "Share of enterprises with 10+ staff that use at least one AI technology (Eurostat survey).", "refs": { "eu27": 19.9 }, "coverage": 28, "period": "2025", "rank": 11, "layer": "ai", "why": "How many firms use AI at all.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "pop", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/global/ai-adoption", "agg": "weighted by population" }, { "key": "claude", "label": "Claude usage index", "short": "Claude usage index", "unit": "index", "dp": 2, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": true, "source": "Anthropic Economic Index (Claude.ai)", "sourceUrl": "https://huggingface.co/datasets/Anthropic/EconomicIndex", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "how": "A country's share of Claude.ai use divided by its share of the world's working-age population: 1.0 = in proportion to population. Measures one AI product's footprint, not national adoption.", "refs": { "europe": 2.68, "eu27": 2.51, "us": 3.87 }, "period": "2026-05", "coverage": 31, "rank": 19, "layer": "ai", "why": "Claude use relative to working-age population (Anthropic Economic Index).", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "pop", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/global/ai-usage", "agg": "weighted by population" }, { "key": "pledgesEurPerCap", "label": "Hyperscaler pledges per person", "short": "Hyperscaler pledges per person", "unit": "\u20ac per person", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": true, "source": "Company announcements (via eu_pledges)", "sourceUrl": "/europe/hyperscaler-investment", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "how": "Current announced investment pledges by the big cloud companies, \u20ac per person. Pledges are not money spent.", "missing": "No current pledge found", "coverage": 14, "rank": 7, "layer": "capital", "why": "Where the big cloud companies say they will invest (pledges, not spend).", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "pledgesEurBn", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/europe/hyperscaler-investment", "agg": "recomputed from the sum of the underlying amount \u00f7 the sum of population" }, { "key": "gridQueueGW", "label": "Data-centre grid requests", "short": "Grid requests (GW)", "unit": "GW", "dp": 1, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "source": "TSO/DSO publications (via eu_grid_queues)", "sourceUrl": "/europe/data-centre-grid-queues", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "how": "Data-centre demand asking to connect to the grid, as the operator publishes it. Stages differ by country (requests, reservations, offers).", "missing": "No published queue figure", "coverage": 11, "period": "2026-06-30", "rank": 3, "layer": "datacentres", "why": "Demand queuing to connect: the next wave, and where grids are the bottleneck.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/europe/data-centre-grid-queues", "agg": "sum" }, { "key": "serverImportsEurPerCap", "label": "Server imports from outside the EU, per person", "short": "Server imports per person", "unit": "\u20ac per person", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": true, "source": "Eurostat Comext DS-045409", "sourceUrl": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/comext/newxtweb/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "kind": "measured", "how": "Value of servers (HS 847150) imported from outside the EU in the last 12 months, per person. Shows where hardware lands, not where it runs. EU only.", "coverage": 27, "rank": 16, "layer": "compute", "why": "Servers bought from outside the EU: where hardware lands.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "serverImportsEurM", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/europe/server-imports", "agg": "recomputed from the sum of the underlying amount \u00f7 the sum of population" }, { "key": "aiFactories", "label": "EU AI Factories hosted", "short": "AI Factories", "unit": "count", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "source": "EuroHPC JU (via eu_ai_factories)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.eurohpc-ju.europa.eu/ai-factories_en", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "kind": "measured", "how": "AI Factories selected by EuroHPC that a country hosts. EU and EuroHPC members only.", "coverage": 27, "rank": 14, "layer": "compute", "why": "The EU's AI Factories each country hosts.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/europe/ai-gigafactories", "agg": "sum" }, { "key": "gigafactoryBids", "label": "AI gigafactory bids reported", "short": "Gigafactory bids", "unit": "count", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "source": "Press and company statements (via eu_scorecard)", "sourceUrl": "/europe/ai-gigafactories", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "kind": "reported", "how": "Expressions of interest in the EU's AI gigafactory call reported for each country. Not selections.", "coverage": 31, "rank": 15, "layer": "compute", "why": "Interest in the EU's AI gigafactory call, by country.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/europe/ai-gigafactories", "agg": "sum" }, { "key": "carbon", "label": "Grid carbon intensity", "short": "Grid carbon", "unit": "gCO2e/kWh", "dp": 0, "direction": "lower", "perCapita": false, "source": "Ember yearly electricity data (CC BY 4.0)", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "how": "Grams of CO2-equivalent per kWh generated, latest full year. Lower is cleaner.", "refs": { "eu27": 211, "europe": 198, "us": 384 }, "coverage": 31, "period": "2025", "rank": 12, "layer": "power", "why": "How clean each grid's electricity is, in grams of CO2 per kWh.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "demandTWh", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/europe/scorecard", "agg": "weighted by electricity demand" }, { "key": "clean", "label": "Clean power share", "short": "Clean power share", "unit": "%", "dp": 1, "direction": "higher", "perCapita": false, "source": "Ember yearly electricity data (CC BY 4.0)", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "how": "Renewables plus nuclear as a share of generation, latest full year.", "refs": { "eu27": 71.0, "europe": 72.4, "us": 43.0 }, "coverage": 31, "period": "2025", "rank": 6, "layer": "power", "why": "How much of each grid is renewable or nuclear: what a new load would run on.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "demandTWh", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/europe/scorecard", "agg": "weighted by electricity demand" }, { "key": "demandPerCap", "label": "Electricity use per person", "short": "Electricity per person", "unit": "MWh per person", "dp": 2, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": true, "source": "Ember yearly electricity data (CC BY 4.0)", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "estimate", "how": "Ember national demand divided by World Bank population.", "refs": { "eu27": 6.15, "europe": 6.17, "us": 13.26 }, "coverage": 31, "period": "2025", "rank": 18, "layer": "power", "why": "Electricity use per person: the size of each grid relative to its people.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "demandTWh", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/europe/scorecard", "agg": "recomputed from the sum of the underlying amount \u00f7 the sum of population" }, { "key": "dcTWh", "label": "Data-centre electricity", "short": "Data-centre electricity", "unit": "TWh", "dp": 2, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "layer": "datacentres", "rank": 91, "why": "Used to size tiles.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": null, "hidden": true, "source": "Our arithmetic: data-centre share \u00d7 Ember demand", "sourceUrl": "/dashboards", "sourceDate": null, "kind": "estimate", "how": "Data-centre electricity, used only for tile areas.", "agg": "sum", "coverage": 15 }, { "key": "demandTWh", "label": "Electricity demand", "short": "Electricity demand", "unit": "TWh", "dp": 1, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "layer": "power", "rank": 92, "why": "Used to size tiles.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": null, "hidden": true, "source": "Ember yearly electricity data (CC BY 4.0); our arithmetic from demand per person \u00d7 population", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "sourceDate": null, "kind": "estimate", "how": "Electricity demand, used only for tile areas.", "agg": "sum", "coverage": 31 }, { "key": "eedMW", "label": "EU-reported data-centre IT capacity", "short": "EU-reported data-centre IT capacity", "unit": "MW", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "layer": "datacentres", "rank": 93, "why": "Used to size tiles.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": null, "hidden": true, "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard; our arithmetic \u00d7 population", "sourceUrl": "/europe/data-centre-capacity", "sourceDate": null, "kind": "estimate", "how": "EU-reported data-centre IT capacity, used only for tile areas.", "agg": "sum", "coverage": 23 }, { "key": "gpuH100e", "label": "AI chips (H100-equivalents)", "short": "AI chips (H100-equivalents)", "unit": "H100e", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "layer": "datacentres", "rank": 94, "why": "Used to size tiles.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": null, "hidden": true, "source": "Epoch AI GPU clusters (CC BY 4.0)", "sourceUrl": "https://epoch.ai/data/gpu-clusters", "sourceDate": null, "kind": "estimate", "how": "AI chips (H100-equivalents), used only for tile areas.", "agg": "sum", "coverage": 16 }, { "key": "pledgesEurBn", "label": "Hyperscaler pledges", "short": "Hyperscaler pledges", "unit": "\u20ac bn", "dp": 1, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "layer": "datacentres", "rank": 95, "why": "Used to size tiles.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": null, "hidden": true, "source": "Company announcements (via eu_pledges)", "sourceUrl": "/europe/hyperscaler-investment", "sourceDate": null, "kind": "reported", "how": "Hyperscaler pledges, used only for tile areas.", "agg": "sum", "coverage": 14 }, { "key": "pop", "label": "Population", "short": "Population", "unit": "people", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "layer": "datacentres", "rank": 96, "why": "Used to size tiles.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": null, "hidden": true, "source": "World Bank SP.POP.TOTL", "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL", "sourceDate": null, "kind": "measured", "how": "Population, used only for tile areas.", "agg": "sum", "coverage": 31 }, { "key": "serverImportsEurM", "label": "Server imports, last 12 months", "short": "Server imports, last 12 months", "unit": "\u20ac m", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "layer": "datacentres", "rank": 97, "why": "Used to size tiles.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": null, "hidden": true, "source": "Eurostat Comext DS-045409", "sourceUrl": "/europe/server-imports", "sourceDate": null, "kind": "measured", "how": "Server imports, last 12 months, used only for tile areas.", "agg": "sum", "coverage": 27 }, { "key": "top500PF", "label": "Supercomputing (Rmax)", "short": "Supercomputing (Rmax)", "unit": "PF", "dp": 1, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "layer": "datacentres", "rank": 98, "why": "Used to size tiles.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": null, "hidden": true, "source": "TOP500, June 2026 list", "sourceUrl": "https://top500.org/lists/top500/2026/06/", "sourceDate": null, "kind": "measured", "how": "Supercomputing (Rmax), used only for tile areas.", "agg": "sum", "coverage": 24 } ], "stacks": [ { "key": "mix", "metrics": [ "clean", "carbon", "demandPerCap" ], "label": "Electricity generation by source", "unit": "%", "dp": 1, "parts": [ { "key": "nuclear", "label": "Nuclear" }, { "key": "hydro", "label": "Hydro" }, { "key": "wind", "label": "Wind" }, { "key": "solar", "label": "Solar" }, { "key": "bio", "label": "Bioenergy and other renewables" }, { "key": "gas", "label": "Gas" }, { "key": "coal", "label": "Coal and other fossil" } ], "v": { "AUT": [ 0.0, 51.9, 11.4, 14.1, 6.3, 11.9, 4.5 ], "BEL": [ 33.5, 0.4, 18.6, 14.5, 5.1, 20.8, 7.1 ], "BGR": [ 39.0, 6.7, 3.5, 18.2, 4.4, 4.9, 23.2 ], "CYP": [ 0.0, 0.0, 3.6, 20.6, 0.9, 0.0, 74.9 ], "CZE": [ 42.4, 2.3, 0.8, 5.8, 7.9, 5.4, 35.4 ], "DEU": [ 0.0, 3.7, 26.6, 18.0, 10.1, 16.8, 24.7 ], "DNK": [ 0.0, 0.1, 58.8, 13.2, 22.1, 0.3, 5.5 ], "EST": [ 0.0, 0.5, 18.6, 19.0, 21.8, 1.3, 38.9 ], "ESP": [ 18.8, 11.4, 20.4, 21.9, 2.2, 21.5, 3.8 ], "FIN": [ 39.9, 15.2, 27.4, 1.2, 12.7, 1.1, 2.5 ], "FRA": [ 68.3, 10.3, 8.8, 5.6, 1.9, 3.0, 2.1 ], "GRC": [ 0.0, 5.9, 20.9, 19.7, 1.2, 40.3, 12.0 ], "HRV": [ 0.0, 39.3, 21.2, 8.9, 6.9, 18.7, 5.0 ], "HUN": [ 40.1, 0.6, 1.5, 27.1, 6.0, 20.3, 4.4 ], "IRL": [ 0.0, 2.1, 37.7, 4.7, 3.3, 47.9, 4.4 ], "ITA": [ 0.0, 15.7, 8.1, 16.8, 8.2, 47.3, 3.9 ], "LTU": [ 0.0, 3.9, 45.0, 18.7, 10.2, 16.4, 5.9 ], "LUX": [ 0.0, 4.8, 29.9, 30.9, 25.9, 4.1, 4.4 ], "LVA": [ 0.0, 47.5, 3.5, 13.2, 9.3, 26.5, 0.0 ], "MLT": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 15.9, 0.5, 82.7, 0.8 ], "NLD": [ 3.0, 0.1, 25.0, 21.1, 5.1, 34.9, 11.0 ], "POL": [ 0.0, 1.0, 13.9, 11.3, 5.1, 14.4, 54.4 ], "PRT": [ 0.0, 29.7, 26.8, 17.3, 7.0, 16.5, 2.6 ], "ROU": [ 20.5, 24.2, 12.0, 9.9, 1.0, 16.9, 15.5 ], "SVK": [ 66.4, 10.8, 0.0, 2.5, 5.4, 11.3, 3.6 ], "SVN": [ 39.0, 27.3, 0.1, 10.1, 1.9, 6.4, 15.3 ], "SWE": [ 27.4, 40.1, 22.8, 2.6, 5.9, 0.1, 1.2 ], "GBR": [ 12.4, 1.8, 29.4, 6.6, 14.0, 31.4, 4.5 ], "NOR": [ 0.0, 90.0, 8.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4 ], "CHE": [ 29.9, 52.3, 0.2, 12.1, 3.2, 0.4, 1.9 ], "ISL": [ 0.0, 71.2, 0.0, 0.1, 28.7, 0.0, 0.0 ] }, "p": { "AUT": "2025", "BEL": "2025", "BGR": "2025", "CYP": "2025", "CZE": "2025", "DEU": "2025", "DNK": "2025", "EST": "2025", "ESP": "2025", "FIN": "2025", "FRA": "2025", "GRC": "2025", "HRV": "2025", "HUN": "2025", "IRL": "2025", "ITA": "2025", "LTU": "2025", "LUX": "2025", "LVA": "2025", "MLT": "2025", "NLD": "2025", "POL": "2025", "PRT": "2025", "ROU": "2025", "SVK": "2025", "SVN": "2025", "SWE": "2025", "GBR": "2025", "NOR": "2025", "CHE": "2025", "ISL": "2025" }, "total": "100", "source": "Ember yearly electricity data (CC BY 4.0)", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "how": "Share of each country's electricity generation by source, latest full year. Renewables and nuclear first, then fossil fuels. Imports are not generation, so they are not shown." }, { "key": "pledges", "metrics": [ "pledgesEurPerCap" ], "label": "Hyperscaler pledges by evidence on the ground", "unit": "\u20ac bn", "dp": 1, "parts": [ { "key": "visible", "label": "Visible on the ground" }, { "key": "progressing", "label": "Progressing" }, { "key": "no-evidence-yet", "label": "No evidence yet" }, { "key": "stalled", "label": "Stalled" } ], "v": { "GBR": [ 5.9, 0, 16.85, 39.75 ], "ESP": [ 0, 6.69, 35.8, 0.75 ], "DEU": [ 8.8, 0, 19.28, 0 ], "FIN": [ 0, 0, 1.0, 13.0 ], "PRT": [ 0, 0, 8.92, 0 ], "NOR": [ 0, 0, 5.53, 0 ], "ITA": [ 0, 0, 5.5, 0 ], "FRA": [ 0, 0, 5.2, 0 ], "BEL": [ 0, 0, 5.0, 0 ], "NLD": [ 0.6, 0, 2.29, 0 ], "SWE": [ 0, 0, 3.02, 0 ], "DNK": [ 2.68, 0, 0, 0 ], "POL": [ 0, 0, 0.64, 0 ], "CHE": [ 0, 0, 0.36, 0 ] }, "total": "sum", "source": "Company announcements, checked against permits, grid and satellite evidence (eu_pledges)", "sourceUrl": "/europe/hyperscaler-investment", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "how": "Announced investment by the big cloud companies, split by what we can see on the ground. Pledges are not money spent." }, { "key": "queue", "metrics": [ "gridQueueGW" ], "label": "Grid requests against what operators expect to connect", "unit": "GW", "dp": 1, "parts": [ { "key": "expected", "label": "Expected to connect (~2030)" }, { "key": "rest", "label": "Rest of the request" } ], "v": { "ITA": [ 2.0, 98.0 ], "GBR": [ 5.2, 67.8 ], "ESP": [ 2.9, 3.43 ], "FRA": [ 0.0, 18.0 ], "DEU": [ 0.0, 22.0 ], "NLD": [ 0.0, 9.99 ], "NOR": [ 0.0, 9.83 ], "FIN": [ 0.0, 3.0 ], "DNK": [ 0.0, 17.0 ], "SWE": [ 0.0, 7.5 ], "IRL": [ 0.3, 5.7 ] }, "total": "sum", "source": "TSO and DSO publications (eu_grid_queues)", "sourceUrl": "/europe/data-centre-grid-queues", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "reported", "how": "Data-centre demand asking to connect, split into the part the grid operator expects to connect by about 2030 and the rest. Countries with no published expectation show the whole request as 'rest'." } ], "caveats": [ "OpenStreetMap counts what volunteers have mapped. Coverage is good in Europe and North America and patchy elsewhere; hyperscalers' own sites are often mapped only as unnamed industrial buildings. Treat low counts in Africa and much of Asia as under-mapping, not absence.", "A 'site' is a mapped data-centre building or campus; one operator's campus of several named halls counts several times, as directory counts do.", "Per-person figures divide by World Bank population for the latest year and are our arithmetic.", "Epoch's databases cover the clusters and sites it has found; absence means none recorded. Some Chinese clusters have no country and are left out.", "Continent values add up the underlying quantities first and then divide (never an average of country ratios); each metric states its rule and how many countries it covers.", "PeeringDB facility counts were checked as a cross-check but are not published: its Acceptable Use Policy restricts reproducing its data." ] }, "world": { "key": "world", "label": "World", "title": "The world's data centres, power and AI compute, country by country", "geo": "world", "unitNoun": [ "country", "countries" ], "groupNoun": [ "continent", "continents" ], "focus": "IRL", "asOf": "2026-10-12", "groupRule": "UN M49 regions, with the Americas split into North America (incl. Central America and the Caribbean) and South America. Russia counts as Europe, T\u00fcrkiye as Asia.", "groups": [ { "key": "Europe", "name": "Europe", "units": 47, "v": { "dcPerM": 2.09, "dcCount": 1560, "aiNowMW": 311, "aiPlannedMW": 854, "h100ePerM": 229.0, "top500PerM": 8.67, "capAddedGW": 74.4, "capAddedWPerCap": 99.9, "price": 12.7, "claude": 2.52, "carbon": 274.0, "clean": 61.5, "demandPerCap": 6.34, "computeShare": 8.58, "demandTWh": 4720.0, "h100e": 132000, "pop": 745000000, "top500PF": 5620.0 }, "cov": { "dcPerM": 46, "dcCount": 46, "aiNowMW": 6, "aiPlannedMW": 6, "h100ePerM": 17, "top500PerM": 25, "capAddedGW": 41, "capAddedWPerCap": 41, "price": 25, "claude": 36, "carbon": 41, "clean": 41, "demandPerCap": 41, "computeShare": 17, "demandTWh": 41, "h100e": 17, "pop": 47, "top500PF": 25 } }, { "key": "North America", "name": "North America", "units": 34, "v": { "dcPerM": 2.85, "dcCount": 1750, "aiNowMW": 15200, "aiPlannedMW": 43400, "h100ePerM": 3270.0, "top500PerM": 18.7, "capAddedGW": 46.7, "capAddedWPerCap": 76.3, "price": 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"MH", "num": "584", "name": "Marshall Islands", "group": "Oceania", "pop": 36282, "href": null, "v": { "dcPerM": 0.0, "dcCount": 0, "pop": 36282 }, "p": {}, "n": {} }, { "id": "FSM", "iso2": "FM", "num": "583", "name": "Micronesia", "group": "Oceania", "pop": 113683, "href": null, "v": { "dcPerM": 0.0, "dcCount": 0, "pop": 113683 }, "p": {}, "n": {} }, { "id": "NRU", "iso2": "NR", "num": "520", "name": "Nauru", "group": "Oceania", "pop": 12025, "href": null, "v": { "dcPerM": 83.16, "dcCount": 1, "carbon": 540, "clean": 20.0, "demandPerCap": 4.16, "capAddedGW": 0.0, "capAddedWPerCap": 0, "pop": 12025, "demandTWh": 0.05 }, "p": { "carbon": "2024", "clean": "2024", "demandPerCap": "2024", "capAddedGW": "2024", "capAddedWPerCap": "2024" }, "n": {} }, { "id": "MNP", "iso2": "MP", "num": "580", "name": "Northern Mariana Islands", "group": "Oceania", "pop": 43541, "href": null, "v": { "dcPerM": 0.0, "dcCount": 0, "pop": 43541 }, "p": {}, "n": {} }, { "id": "PLW", "iso2": "PW", "num": "585", "name": "Palau", "group": "Oceania", "pop": 17663, "href": null, "v": { "dcPerM": 0.0, "dcCount": 0, "pop": 17663 }, "p": {}, "n": {} }, { "id": "ASM", "iso2": "AS", "num": "016", "name": "American Samoa", "group": "Oceania", "pop": 46029, "href": null, "v": { "dcPerM": 0.0, "dcCount": 0, "carbon": 622, "clean": 5.6, "demandPerCap": 3.91, "capAddedGW": 0.0, "capAddedWPerCap": 0, "pop": 46029, "demandTWh": 0.18 }, "p": { "carbon": "2024", "clean": "2024", "demandPerCap": "2024", "capAddedGW": "2024", "capAddedWPerCap": "2024" }, "n": {} }, { "id": "PYF", "iso2": "PF", "num": "258", "name": "French Polynesia", "group": "Oceania", "pop": 282465, "href": null, "v": { "dcPerM": 0.0, "dcCount": 0, "carbon": 440, "clean": 34.7, "demandPerCap": 2.55, "capAddedGW": 0.0, "capAddedWPerCap": 106, "pop": 282465, "demandTWh": 0.72 }, "p": { "carbon": "2024", "clean": "2024", "demandPerCap": "2024", "capAddedGW": "2024", "capAddedWPerCap": "2024" }, "n": {} }, { "id": "WSM", "iso2": "WS", "num": "882", "name": "Samoa", "group": "Oceania", "pop": 219306, "href": null, "v": { "dcPerM": 0.0, "dcCount": 0, "carbon": 400, "clean": 43.8, "demandPerCap": 0.73, "capAddedGW": 0.0, "capAddedWPerCap": 0, "pop": 219306, "demandTWh": 0.16 }, "p": { "carbon": "2024", "clean": "2024", "demandPerCap": "2024", "capAddedGW": "2024", "capAddedWPerCap": "2024" }, "n": {} }, { "id": "TON", "iso2": "TO", "num": "776", "name": "Tonga", "group": "Oceania", "pop": 103742, "href": null, "v": { "dcPerM": 0.0, "dcCount": 0, "carbon": 571, "clean": 14.3, "demandPerCap": 0.67, "capAddedGW": 0.0, "capAddedWPerCap": 0, "pop": 103742, "demandTWh": 0.0695 }, "p": { "carbon": "2024", "clean": "2024", "demandPerCap": "2024", "capAddedGW": "2024", "capAddedWPerCap": "2024" }, "n": {} }, { "id": "TUV", "iso2": "TV", "num": "798", "name": "Tuvalu", "group": "Oceania", "pop": 9492, "href": null, "v": { "pop": 9492 }, "p": {}, "n": {} }, { "id": "XKX", "iso2": "XK", "num": null, "name": "Kosovo", "group": "Europe", "pop": 1576876, "href": null, "v": { "dcPerM": 0.63, "dcCount": 1, "carbon": 906, "clean": 10.5, "demandPerCap": 4.73, "capAddedGW": 0.0, "capAddedWPerCap": 0, "pop": 1576876, "demandTWh": 7.46 }, "p": { "carbon": "2025", "clean": "2025", "demandPerCap": "2025", "capAddedGW": "2025", "capAddedWPerCap": "2025" }, "n": {} } ], "metrics": [ { "key": "dcPerM", "label": "Data centres per million people", "short": "Data centres per million", "unit": "per million", "dp": 2, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": true, "source": "OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via Overpass", "sourceUrl": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "how": "Sites mapped in OpenStreetMap as data centres (telecom=data_center, or a building tagged data_center), duplicates removed, per million people. Counts what volunteers have mapped: colocation halls and big campuses are well covered, small server rooms and some hyperscaler sites are not.", "agg": "sum of sites \u00f7 population of countries counted", "refs": { "world": 0.5, "europe": 2.7 }, "coverage": 214, "rank": 1, "layer": "datacentres", "why": "How dense each country's data-centre estate is, on one method for every country.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "dcCount", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/global/map" }, { "key": "dcCount", "label": "Data centres mapped", "short": "Data centres (count)", "unit": "sites", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "source": "OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via Overpass", "sourceUrl": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "how": "Count of distinct data-centre sites mapped in OpenStreetMap.", "agg": "sum", "coverage": 214, "rank": 9, "layer": "datacentres", "why": "How many data-centre sites each country has mapped.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": "dcPerM", "hidden": false, "page": "/global/map" }, { "key": "aiNowMW", "label": "Frontier AI data-centre power operating", "short": "AI data-centre MW now", "unit": "MW", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "source": "Epoch AI frontier data centres (CC BY 4.0), via world_power", "sourceUrl": "https://epoch.ai/data/data-centers", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "kind": "estimate", "how": "Power of the 93 large AI data centres Epoch tracks by satellite and permits, operating now. Absent means none tracked, not none built.", "agg": "sum", "missing": "No site in Epoch's tracker", "coverage": 12, "rank": 8, "layer": "datacentres", "why": "AI data-centre power operating today at the frontier sites Epoch AI tracks.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/global/where-ai-can-plug-in" }, { "key": "aiPlannedMW", "label": "Frontier AI data-centre power, planned by 2030", "short": "AI data-centre MW planned", "unit": "MW", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "source": "Epoch AI frontier data centres (CC BY 4.0), via world_power", "sourceUrl": "https://epoch.ai/data/data-centers", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "kind": "estimate", "how": "Power those tracked sites are planned to reach by their last timeline date.", "agg": "sum", "missing": "No site in Epoch's tracker", "coverage": 12, "rank": 3, "layer": "datacentres", "why": "AI data-centre power operating and planned at the frontier sites Epoch AI tracks.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/global/where-ai-can-plug-in" }, { "key": "h100ePerM", "label": "AI chips per million people (H100-equivalents)", "short": "AI chips per million", "unit": "H100e per million", "dp": 0, "direction": "higher", "perCapita": true, "source": "Epoch AI GPU clusters (CC BY 4.0)", "sourceUrl": "https://epoch.ai/data/gpu-clusters", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "estimate", "how": "Existing GPU clusters in Epoch's database, in H100-equivalents, per million people. 27,190 H100e (mostly anonymised Chinese entries) have no country and are left out.", "agg": "sum of H100e \u00f7 total population", "refs": { "world": 189, "europe": 300 }, "missing": "No cluster in Epoch's database", "coverage": 32, "rank": 7, "layer": "compute", "why": "AI chips per person (H100-equivalents in known clusters).", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "h100e", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/global/ai-compute-race" }, { "key": "top500PerM", "label": "Supercomputer power per million people", "short": "Supercomputing per million", "unit": "PF per million", "dp": 2, "direction": "higher", "perCapita": true, "source": "TOP500, 2026/06 list", "sourceUrl": "https://top500.org/lists/top500/2026/06/", "sourceDate": "2026-06", "kind": "measured", "how": "Total Rmax (petaflops) on the latest TOP500 list, per million people.", "agg": "sum of Rmax \u00f7 total population", "refs": { "world": 2.26, "europe": 11.0 }, "missing": "No system on the TOP500 list", "coverage": 46, "rank": 11, "layer": "compute", "why": "Public supercomputing capacity, per person.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "top500PF", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/global/ai-compute-race" }, { "key": "capAddedGW", "label": "Power capacity added in a year", "short": "Capacity added (GW)", "unit": "GW", "dp": 1, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "source": "Ember yearly electricity data (CC BY 4.0)", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "how": "Change in total generating capacity over the latest year Ember reports (2024 or 2025 by country; retirements net off).", "agg": "sum", "coverage": 200, "period": "2024", "rank": 6, "layer": "power", "why": "New generating capacity added in the latest year: who is building power.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": "capAddedWPerCap", "hidden": false, "page": "/global/where-ai-can-plug-in" }, { "key": "capAddedWPerCap", "label": "Power capacity added per person", "short": "Capacity added per person", "unit": "W per person", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": true, "source": "Ember yearly electricity data (CC BY 4.0)", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "estimate", "how": "Net generating capacity added in the latest year, watts per person.", "agg": "sum of GW \u00f7 population of countries counted", "refs": { "europe": 130 }, "coverage": 200, "period": "2024", "rank": 12, "layer": "power", "why": "New generating capacity per person.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "capAddedGW", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/global/where-ai-can-plug-in" }, { "key": "price", "label": "Industrial electricity price, where comparable", "short": "Industrial power price", "unit": "US\u00a2/kWh", "dp": 1, "direction": "lower", "perCapita": false, "source": "Eurostat nrg_pc_205 band IG (at the ECB rate), US EIA industrial average, KEPCO", "sourceUrl": "/global/where-ai-can-plug-in", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "kind": "measured", "how": "Large-user prices in US cents per kWh (euro prices at the ECB rate for 2025-S2, $1.1657 per \u20ac). Bases differ: Europe is the 150 GWh+ band, the US all industrial customers, Korea KEPCO's industrial average. No continent figure.", "coverage": 28, "rank": 4, "layer": "power", "why": "Industrial electricity prices where comparable figures exist.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "demandTWh", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/global/where-ai-can-plug-in", "agg": "weighted by electricity demand" }, { "key": "claude", "label": "Claude usage index", "short": "Claude usage index", "unit": "index", "dp": 2, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": true, "source": "Anthropic Economic Index (Claude.ai)", "sourceUrl": "https://huggingface.co/datasets/Anthropic/EconomicIndex", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "how": "Share of Claude.ai use divided by share of the world's working-age population; 1.0 = in proportion. One product's footprint, not national AI adoption.", "agg": "sum of usage shares \u00f7 sum of the working-age population shares the index implies (AEI's own denominator)", "refs": { "world": 1.0 }, "missing": "Not in the index (too little use to report)", "period": "2026-05", "coverage": 120, "rank": 13, "layer": "ai", "why": "Claude use relative to working-age population (Anthropic Economic Index).", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "pop", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/global/ai-usage" }, { "key": "carbon", "label": "Grid carbon intensity", "short": "Grid carbon", "unit": "gCO2e/kWh", "dp": 0, "direction": "lower", "perCapita": false, "source": "Ember yearly electricity data (CC BY 4.0)", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "how": "Grams of CO2-equivalent per kWh generated, latest year.", "agg": "sum of emissions \u00f7 sum of generation", "refs": { "europe": 198 }, "coverage": 199, "period": "2024", "rank": 10, "layer": "power", "why": "How clean each grid's electricity is.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "demandTWh", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/global/where-ai-can-plug-in" }, { "key": "clean", "label": "Clean power share", "short": "Clean power share", "unit": "%", "dp": 1, "direction": "higher", "perCapita": false, "source": "Ember yearly electricity data (CC BY 4.0)", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "how": "Renewables plus nuclear as a share of generation, latest year.", "agg": "sum of clean generation \u00f7 sum of generation", "refs": { "europe": 72.4 }, "coverage": 199, "period": "2024", "rank": 5, "layer": "power", "why": "How much of each grid is renewable or nuclear.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "demandTWh", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/global/where-ai-can-plug-in" }, { "key": "demandPerCap", "label": "Electricity use per person", "short": "Electricity per person", "unit": "MWh per person", "dp": 2, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": true, "source": "Ember yearly electricity data (CC BY 4.0)", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "estimate", "how": "Ember demand divided by World Bank population.", "agg": "sum of demand \u00f7 population of countries counted", "refs": { "europe": 6.17 }, "coverage": 199, "period": "2024", "rank": 14, "layer": "power", "why": "Electricity use per person.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "demandTWh", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/global/map" }, { "key": "computeShare", "label": "Share of the world's AI chips (in known clusters)", "short": "Share of AI compute", "unit": "%", "dp": 1, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "source": "Epoch AI GPU clusters (CC BY 4.0)", "sourceUrl": "https://epoch.ai/data/gpu-clusters", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "estimate", "how": "Each country's share of the H100-equivalent AI chips in the GPU clusters Epoch AI tracks. Known clusters only: a floor, not a census. Countries absent have no cluster in the database.", "agg": "sum", "refs": {}, "missing": "No cluster in Epoch's database", "coverage": 32, "rank": 2, "layer": "compute", "why": "Each country's share of the world's AI chips in known clusters.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": "h100ePerM", "hidden": false, "page": "/global/ai-compute-race" }, { "key": "demandTWh", "label": "Electricity demand", "short": "Electricity demand", "unit": "TWh", "dp": 1, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "layer": "power", "rank": 92, "why": "Used to size tiles.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": null, "hidden": true, "source": "Ember yearly electricity data (CC BY 4.0); our arithmetic from demand per person \u00d7 population", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "sourceDate": null, "kind": "estimate", "how": "Electricity demand, used only for tile areas.", "agg": "sum", "coverage": 199 }, { "key": "h100e", "label": "AI chips (H100-equivalents)", "short": "AI chips (H100-equivalents)", "unit": "H100e", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "layer": "datacentres", "rank": 93, "why": "Used to size tiles.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": null, "hidden": true, "source": "Epoch AI GPU clusters (CC BY 4.0)", "sourceUrl": "https://epoch.ai/data/gpu-clusters", "sourceDate": null, "kind": "estimate", "how": "AI chips (H100-equivalents), used only for tile areas.", "agg": "sum", "coverage": 32 }, { "key": "pop", "label": "Population", "short": "Population", "unit": "people", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "layer": "datacentres", "rank": 94, "why": "Used to size tiles.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": null, "hidden": true, "source": "World Bank SP.POP.TOTL", "sourceUrl": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL", "sourceDate": null, "kind": "measured", "how": "Population, used only for tile areas.", "agg": "sum", "coverage": 216 }, { "key": "top500PF", "label": "Supercomputing (Rmax)", "short": "Supercomputing (Rmax)", "unit": "PF", "dp": 1, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "layer": "datacentres", "rank": 95, "why": "Used to size tiles.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": null, "hidden": true, "source": "TOP500, June 2026 list", "sourceUrl": "https://top500.org/lists/top500/2026/06/", "sourceDate": null, "kind": "measured", "how": "Supercomputing (Rmax), used only for tile areas.", "agg": "sum", "coverage": 46 } ], "stacks": [ { "key": "mix", "metrics": [ "clean", "carbon", "demandPerCap" ], "label": "Electricity generation by source", "unit": "%", "dp": 1, "parts": [ { "key": "nuclear", "label": "Nuclear" }, { "key": "hydro", "label": "Hydro" }, { "key": "wind", "label": "Wind" }, { "key": "solar", "label": "Solar" }, { "key": "bio", "label": "Bioenergy and other renewables" }, { "key": "gas", "label": "Gas" }, { "key": "coal", "label": "Coal and other fossil" } ], "v": { "DZA": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 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"EST": "2025", "FRO": "2023", "FIN": "2025", "ISL": "2025", "IRL": "2025", "LVA": "2025", "LTU": "2025", "NOR": "2025", "SWE": "2025", "GBR": "2025", "ALB": "2024", "BIH": "2025", "HRV": "2025", "GRC": "2025", "ITA": "2025", "MLT": "2025", "MNE": "2025", "MKD": "2025", "PRT": "2025", "SRB": "2025", "SVN": "2025", "ESP": "2025", "AUT": "2025", "BEL": "2025", "FRA": "2025", "DEU": "2025", "LUX": "2025", "NLD": "2025", "CHE": "2025", "AUS": "2025", "NZL": "2025", "FJI": "2024", "NCL": "2024", "PNG": "2024", "SLB": "2024", "VUT": "2023", "GUM": "2024", "KIR": "2024", "NRU": "2024", "ASM": "2024", "PYF": "2024", "WSM": "2024", "TON": "2024", "XKX": "2025" }, "total": "100", "source": "Ember yearly electricity data (CC BY 4.0)", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "period": "2022\u20132025", "kind": "measured", "how": "Share of each country's electricity generation by source, latest full year. Renewables and nuclear first, then fossil fuels. Imports are not generation, so they are not shown." }, { "key": "capacity", "metrics": [ "capAddedGW", "capAddedWPerCap" ], "label": "Generating capacity added, by source", "unit": "GW", "dp": 2, "parts": [ { "key": "nuclear", "label": "Nuclear" }, { "key": "hydro", "label": "Hydro" }, { "key": "wind", "label": "Wind" }, { "key": "solar", "label": "Solar" }, { "key": "bio", "label": "Bioenergy and other renewables" }, { "key": "gas", "label": "Gas" }, { "key": "coal", "label": "Coal and other fossil" } ], "v": { "DZA": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.38, 0.0 ], "EGY": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.83, 0.72, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "LBY": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.55, 0.0 ], "MAR": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.06, 0.14, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "TUN": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.12, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "ETH": [ 0.0, 3.99, 0.1, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "MUS": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.03, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "MOZ": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.02, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "RWA": [ 0.0, 0.03, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.06, 0.01 ], "SSD": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.01, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "UGA": [ 0.0, 0.2, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "TZA": [ 0.0, 0.71, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "ZMB": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.06, 0.0, 0.0, 0.02 ], "ZWE": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.05, 0.0, 0.0, 0.34 ], "AGO": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.05, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "CMR": [ 0.0, 0.45, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "CAF": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.04, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "COD": [ 0.0, 0.06, 0.0, 0.01, 0.0, 0.0, 0.34 ], "GAB": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.01, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "BWA": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.06, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "LSO": [ 0.0, 0.01, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "ZAF": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.89, 2.2, 0.0, 0.0, 0.8 ], "BFA": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.03, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "CIV": [ 0.0, 0.11, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "GMB": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.02, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "MLI": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.04, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "MRT": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.04, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "NGA": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.05, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "SEN": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.04, 0.0, -0.28, 0.61 ], "ABW": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.02 ], "CYM": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.01 ], "CUB": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.11, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "DOM": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.05, 0.66, 0.0, 0.0, 0.71 ], "GRD": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.01 ], "JAM": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.01, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "PRI": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.4, 0.0, 0.0, -0.09 ], "KNA": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.01 ], "TCA": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.01 ], "BLZ": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.05 ], "CRI": [ 0.0, -0.01, 0.04, 0.01, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "SLV": [ 0.0, 0.07, 0.0, 0.08, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "HND": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.02, 0.0, 0.18, 0.0 ], "MEX": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.94, 0.0, 2.14, 0.0 ], "NIC": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.02, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "PAN": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.09, 0.0, 0.67, 0.0 ], "ARG": [ 0.0, -0.01, 0.18, 0.85, 0.05, 0.13, -0.02 ], "BOL": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.01, -0.01, -0.08, 0.0 ], "BRA": [ 0.0, 0.29, 1.95, 11.58, 0.57, 1.68, -0.1 ], "CHL": [ 0.0, 0.18, 1.16, 1.12, 0.25, 0.0, -0.71 ], "COL": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.31, 0.03, 0.0, -0.09 ], "ECU": [ 0.0, -0.03, 0.0, 0.05, 0.0, 0.14, 0.21 ], "PER": [ 0.0, -0.01, 0.01, 0.08, 0.03, -0.15, 0.18 ], "CAN": [ 0.0, 0.63, 0.34, 0.11, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "USA": [ 0.06, 0.0, 6.18, 34.02, -0.15, 3.78, -4.44 ], "KAZ": [ 0.0, 0.04, 0.39, 0.1, 0.0, 0.65, 0.03 ], "KGZ": [ 0.0, 0.17, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "TJK": [ 0.0, 0.1, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "UZB": [ 0.0, 0.05, 1.15, 2.74, 0.0, 0.1, -0.1 ], "CHN": [ 1.65, 4.82, 119.36, 315.08, 0.16, 21.57, 70.69 ], "HKG": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.08, 0.0, 0.98, -1.05 ], "PRK": [ 0.0, 0.06, 0.0, 0.01, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "JPN": [ 0.0, 0.07, 0.38, 2.61, 1.0, 0.88, -1.57 ], "MNG": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, -0.01, 0.0, 0.0, 0.24 ], "KOR": [ 0.0, 0.01, 0.19, 3.67, 0.02, 0.0, 0.55 ], "BRN": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.15, 0.0 ], "KHM": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.51, 0.0, 0.0, 0.17 ], "IDN": [ 0.0, 0.48, 0.0, 0.31, -0.3, 2.6, 4.27 ], "LAO": [ 0.0, 0.41, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "MYS": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.2, 0.0 ], "MMR": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.04, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "PHL": [ 0.0, 0.02, 0.08, 0.9, 0.01, 0.87, 0.15 ], "SGP": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.31, 0.01, 0.79, 0.0 ], "THA": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 3.45, -0.04, 0.7, -0.15 ], "VNM": [ 0.0, 0.79, 0.29, 0.08, 0.04, 0.0, 0.72 ], "AFG": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.01, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "BGD": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.3, 0.0, 0.0, 1.49 ], "BTN": [ 0.0, 0.12, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "IND": [ 0.6, 1.61, 6.35, 37.02, 0.03, -4.7, 9.28 ], "IRN": [ 0.0, 0.1, 0.02, 0.18, 0.01, 1.65, 0.0 ], "MDV": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.02, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "NPL": [ 0.0, 0.61, 0.0, 0.05, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "PAK": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.69 ], "LKA": [ 0.0, 0.02, 0.02, 0.16, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "ARM": [ 0.0, -0.01, 0.0, 0.22, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "AZE": [ 0.0, 0.03, -0.01, 0.0, 0.0, 1.28, 0.0 ], "BHR": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.01, 0.0, 0.68, 0.0 ], "CYP": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.01, 0.11, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "GEO": [ 0.0, 0.11, 0.0, 0.18, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "IRQ": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.25, 0.0 ], "ISR": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.75, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "JOR": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.21, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "KWT": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.04, 0.0 ], "OMN": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "SAU": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 3.76, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "PSE": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.04, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "SYR": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.59, 0.0, 0.46, 0.0 ], "TUR": [ 0.0, 0.39, 0.41, 6.18, 0.15, 0.0, 0.0 ], "ARE": [ 1.39, 0.0, 0.01, 0.56, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "YEM": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.12, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "BLR": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.02, 0.0, 0.03, 0.0 ], "BGR": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.35, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "CZE": [ 0.06, 0.0, 0.01, 0.56, 0.0, 0.05, -0.6 ], "HUN": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.01, 0.0, -0.12, -0.12 ], "POL": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.45, 3.7, 0.06, 0.25, -0.67 ], "MDA": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.09, 0.31, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "ROU": [ 0.0, 0.05, 0.18, 1.98, 0.0, 0.28, -0.38 ], "RUS": [ 0.0, 0.1, 0.31, 0.17, 0.03, 2.55, 0.0 ], "SVK": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.3, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "DNK": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.04, 1.11, -0.01, 0.0, 0.0 ], "EST": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.02, 0.1, 0.0, 0.0, -0.11 ], "FRO": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.02, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "FIN": [ 0.0, 0.01, 1.02, 0.35, 0.01, 0.0, -0.26 ], "ISL": [ 0.0, -0.02, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "IRL": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.2, 0.57, 0.11, 0.45, 0.27 ], "LVA": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.26, -0.02, 0.04, 0.0 ], "LTU": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.68, 0.72, 0.03, -0.05, 0.0 ], "NOR": [ 0.0, 0.1, 0.0, 0.11, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "SWE": [ 0.0, 0.04, 0.56, 0.65, 0.0, 0.0, -0.34 ], "GBR": [ 0.0, 0.0, 1.25, 2.66, 0.0, 0.27, 0.0 ], "ALB": [ 0.0, 0.04, 0.0, 0.51, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "BIH": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.02, 0.06, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "HRV": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.08, 0.42, 0.0, 0.0, 0.15 ], "GRC": [ 0.0, 0.01, 0.34, 2.25, 0.03, 0.88, -0.34 ], "ITA": [ 0.0, 0.03, 0.61, 5.75, 0.06, 2.35, 0.0 ], "MLT": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.01, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "MNE": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.04, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "MKD": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.03, 0.19, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "PRT": [ 0.0, 0.01, 0.01, 1.14, -0.01, 0.0, 0.0 ], "SRB": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.2, 0.13, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "SVN": [ 0.0, -0.03, 0.0, 0.15, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "ESP": [ 0.0, -0.02, 1.12, 9.05, 0.02, 0.49, -1.51 ], "AUT": [ 0.0, 0.56, 0.2, 1.4, 0.03, 0.0, -0.01 ], "BEL": [ -1.85, -0.01, 0.21, 0.76, 0.15, 0.26, 0.0 ], "FRA": [ 0.0, 0.01, 1.41, 5.77, 0.02, 0.02, 0.0 ], "DEU": [ 0.0, -0.11, 3.3, 15.68, 0.08, 0.43, -6.43 ], "LUX": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.02, 0.22, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "NLD": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.9, 2.81, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "CHE": [ 0.0, 0.02, 0.01, 1.35, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ], "AUS": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.79, 5.07, -0.07, -1.07, -0.51 ], "NZL": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.26, -0.02, 0.0, 0.0 ], "FJI": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.07 ], "NCL": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, -0.35 ], "GUM": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.02 ], "PYF": [ 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.03, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ] }, "p": { "DZA": "2024", "EGY": "2025", "LBY": "2024", "MAR": "2025", "TUN": "2025", "ETH": "2025", "MUS": "2024", "MOZ": "2024", "RWA": "2024", "SSD": "2024", "UGA": "2024", "TZA": "2024", "ZMB": "2024", "ZWE": "2024", "AGO": "2024", "CMR": "2024", "CAF": "2023", "COD": "2024", "GAB": "2024", "BWA": "2024", "LSO": "2024", "ZAF": "2025", "BFA": "2024", "CIV": "2024", "GMB": "2024", "MLI": "2024", "MRT": "2024", "NGA": "2025", "SEN": "2024", "ABW": "2024", "CYM": "2024", "CUB": "2024", "DOM": "2025", "GRD": "2024", "JAM": "2024", "PRI": "2025", "KNA": "2024", "TCA": "2024", "BLZ": "2024", "CRI": "2025", "SLV": "2023", "HND": "2024", "MEX": "2025", "NIC": "2024", "PAN": "2024", "ARG": "2025", "BOL": "2025", "BRA": "2025", "CHL": "2025", "COL": "2025", "ECU": "2025", "PER": "2024", "CAN": "2025", "USA": "2025", "KAZ": "2025", "KGZ": "2024", "TJK": "2025", "UZB": "2025", "CHN": "2025", "HKG": "2024", "PRK": "2024", "JPN": "2025", "MNG": "2025", "KOR": "2025", "BRN": "2024", "KHM": "2025", "IDN": "2024", "LAO": "2024", "MYS": "2025", "MMR": "2024", "PHL": "2025", "SGP": "2025", "THA": "2025", "VNM": "2024", "AFG": "2024", "BGD": "2025", "BTN": "2024", "IND": "2025", "IRN": "2024", "MDV": "2024", "NPL": "2024", "PAK": "2025", "LKA": "2023", "ARM": "2025", "AZE": "2025", "BHR": "2024", "CYP": "2025", "GEO": "2025", "IRQ": "2024", "ISR": "2025", "JOR": "2024", "KWT": "2024", "OMN": "2025", "SAU": "2024", "PSE": "2024", "SYR": "2024", "TUR": "2023", "ARE": "2024", "YEM": "2024", "BLR": "2025", "BGR": "2025", "CZE": "2025", "HUN": "2025", "POL": "2025", "MDA": "2025", "ROU": "2025", "RUS": "2025", "SVK": "2025", "DNK": "2025", "EST": "2025", "FRO": "2023", "FIN": "2025", "ISL": "2024", "IRL": "2024", "LVA": "2025", "LTU": "2025", "NOR": "2025", "SWE": "2025", "GBR": "2025", "ALB": "2024", "BIH": "2025", "HRV": "2025", "GRC": "2025", "ITA": "2025", "MLT": "2025", "MNE": "2025", "MKD": "2025", "PRT": "2025", "SRB": "2025", "SVN": "2025", "ESP": "2025", "AUT": "2025", "BEL": "2025", "FRA": "2025", "DEU": "2024", "LUX": "2025", "NLD": "2024", "CHE": "2025", "AUS": "2025", "NZL": "2025", "FJI": "2024", "NCL": "2024", "GUM": "2024", "PYF": "2024" }, "total": "sum", "source": "Ember yearly electricity data (CC BY 4.0); our arithmetic (capacity this year minus last year)", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/yearly-electricity-data/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "period": "2022\u20132025", "kind": "estimate", "how": "Net change in installed capacity by source in the latest year with data. Retirements show left of zero, so a country can add solar and close coal in the same bar." }, { "key": "ai-power", "metrics": [ "aiNowMW", "aiPlannedMW" ], "label": "AI data-centre power: operating now and planned", "unit": "MW", "dp": 0, "parts": [ { "key": "now", "label": "Operating now" }, { "key": "planned", "label": "Planned addition" } ], "v": { "USA": [ 15179, 28233 ], "CHN": [ 848, 1094 ], "IDN": [ 94, 0 ], "MYS": [ 1252, 0 ], "ARE": [ 0, 1400 ], "FIN": [ 90, 106 ], "ISL": [ 7, 6 ], "NOR": [ 50, 124 ], "SWE": [ 0, 67 ], "GBR": [ 124, 0 ], "PRT": [ 40, 240 ], "AUS": [ 57, 0 ] }, "total": "sum", "source": "Epoch AI frontier data centres (CC BY 4.0), via world_power", "sourceUrl": "https://epoch.ai/data/data-centers", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "kind": "estimate", "how": "Power at the frontier AI data centres Epoch AI tracks: what runs today and what the owners plan to add. A short list of the largest sites, not every data centre." } ], "caveats": [ "OpenStreetMap counts what volunteers have mapped. Coverage is good in Europe and North America and patchy elsewhere; hyperscalers' own sites are often mapped only as unnamed industrial buildings. Treat low counts in Africa and much of Asia as under-mapping, not absence.", "A 'site' is a mapped data-centre building or campus; one operator's campus of several named halls counts several times, as directory counts do.", "Per-person figures divide by World Bank population for the latest year and are our arithmetic.", "Epoch's databases cover the clusters and sites it has found; absence means none recorded. Some Chinese clusters have no country and are left out.", "Continent values add up the underlying quantities first and then divide (never an average of country ratios); each metric states its rule and how many countries it covers.", "PeeringDB facility counts were checked as a cross-check but are not published: its Acceptable Use Policy restricts reproducing its data." ] }, "ireland": { "key": "ireland", "label": "Ireland", "title": "Data centres in Ireland, council by council", "geo": "ireland", "unitNoun": [ "council", "councils" ], "groupNoun": [ "region", "regions" ], "focus": null, "asOf": "2026-10-10", "groupRule": "Dublin's four councils, the rest of Leinster, Munster, Connacht and the three Ulster counties in the State.", "geoSource": { "dataset": "councils", "path": "boundaries", "idProp": "la", "source": "Tailte \u00c9ireann, Local Authorities - National Statutory Boundaries - Ungeneralised 2026 (CC BY 4.0)" }, "groups": [ { "key": "Dublin", "name": "Dublin", "units": 4, "v": 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"campusesPipeline": 3, "dcApplications": 14, "onsitePlantMWth": 0, "estRatesEurM": 0.3, "dailQuestions": 80, "refusedShare": 7.7, "appealedShare": 7.1 }, "cov": { "gridMW2025": 7, "campusesOperating": 7, "campusesPipeline": 7, "dcApplications": 7, "refusedShare": 2, "appealedShare": 2, "onsitePlantMWth": 7, "estRatesEurM": 7, "dailQuestions": 7 } }, { "key": "Connacht", "name": "Connacht", "units": 6, "v": { "gridMW2025": 0, "campusesOperating": 1, "campusesPipeline": 1, "dcApplications": 2, "onsitePlantMWth": 0, "estRatesEurM": 0, "dailQuestions": 44, "refusedShare": 0.0, "appealedShare": 50.0 }, "cov": { "gridMW2025": 6, "campusesOperating": 6, "campusesPipeline": 6, "dcApplications": 6, "refusedShare": 2, "appealedShare": 2, "onsitePlantMWth": 6, "estRatesEurM": 6, "dailQuestions": 6 } }, { "key": "Ulster (part)", "name": "Ulster (part)", "units": 3, "v": { "gridMW2025": 0, "campusesOperating": 0, "campusesPipeline": 0, "dcApplications": 1, "onsitePlantMWth": 0, "estRatesEurM": 0, 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"dailQuestions": 2, "campusesPipeline": 0, "onsitePlantMWth": 0.0 }, "p": {}, "n": {} }, { "id": "WESTMEATH", "num": "WESTMEATH", "name": "Westmeath", "group": "Rest of Leinster", "pop": null, "href": "/councils/westmeath", "v": { "gridMW2025": 0, "campusesOperating": 1, "dcApplications": 1, "estRatesEurM": 0.0, "dailQuestions": 3, "campusesPipeline": 1, "onsitePlantMWth": 0.0, "refusedShare": 0.0, "appealedShare": 100.0 }, "p": {}, "n": {} }, { "id": "WEXFORD", "num": "WEXFORD", "name": "Wexford", "group": "Rest of Leinster", "pop": null, "href": null, "v": { "gridMW2025": 0, "campusesOperating": 0, "dcApplications": 0, "estRatesEurM": 0.0, "dailQuestions": 3, "campusesPipeline": 0, "onsitePlantMWth": 0.0 }, "p": {}, "n": {} }, { "id": "WICKLOW", "num": "WICKLOW", "name": "Wicklow", "group": "Rest of Leinster", "pop": null, "href": "/councils/wicklow", "v": { "gridMW2025": 0, "campusesOperating": 0, "dcApplications": 11, "estRatesEurM": 0.0, "dailQuestions": 41, "campusesPipeline": 2, "onsitePlantMWth": 456.0, "refusedShare": 11.1, "appealedShare": 9.1 }, "p": {}, "n": {} } ], "metrics": [ { "key": "gridMW2025", "label": "Data-centre grid draw, 2025", "short": "Grid draw (MW)", "unit": "MW", "dp": 1, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "layer": "datacentres", "rank": 2, "why": "Where Ireland's data-centre load sits on the grid (licensed sites only, so a floor).", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/councils", "source": "EPA annual environmental reports (AER), via the directory", "sourceUrl": "/data-centres", "sourceDate": "2026-10-10", "kind": "measured", "how": "EPA AER average grid draw 2025, MW (floor; licensed sites only). A floor: only sites with an EPA licence report it.", "agg": "sum", "coverage": 31, "missing": null }, { "key": "campusesOperating", "label": "Data-centre campuses operating", "short": "Campuses operating", "unit": "campuses", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "layer": "datacentres", "rank": 1, "why": "How many campuses run in each council: the one count that covers every campus.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/councils", "source": "StackPath directory of campuses", "sourceUrl": "/data-centres", "sourceDate": "2026-10-10", "kind": "classified", "how": "directory campuses with status operating.", "agg": "sum", "coverage": 31, "missing": null }, { "key": "campusesPipeline", "label": "Campuses being built, permitted or proposed", "short": "Campuses in the pipeline", "unit": "campuses", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "layer": "datacentres", "rank": 3, "why": "Where the next campuses would go.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/councils", "source": "StackPath directory of campuses", "sourceUrl": "/data-centres", "sourceDate": "2026-10-10", "kind": "classified", "how": "Campuses under construction, with permission or proposed, by council. Councils with no campus activity show zero.", "agg": "sum", "coverage": 31, "missing": null }, { "key": "dcApplications", "label": "Data-centre planning applications", "short": "Planning applications", "unit": "applications", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "layer": "planning", "rank": 4, "why": "Where developers have sought permission, over all years.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/councils", "source": "Planning register (PlanSight extract, all years)", "sourceUrl": "https://planningregister.ie", "sourceDate": "2026-10-10", "kind": "measured", "how": "data-centre planning applications in the PlanSight extract (all years).", "agg": "sum", "coverage": 31, "missing": null }, { "key": "refusedShare", "label": "Share of decided applications refused", "short": "Refusal rate", "unit": "%", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "layer": "planning", "rank": 5, "why": "How often councils say no: a test of local resistance.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "dcApplications", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/councils", "source": "Planning register (PlanSight extract, all years)", "sourceUrl": "https://planningregister.ie", "sourceDate": "2026-10-10", "kind": "measured", "how": "Refused \u00f7 (granted + refused), councils with at least one decision. Small numbers: one refusal moves the rate a lot.", "agg": "recomputed from the group's counts", "coverage": 13, "missing": "No decided data-centre application" }, { "key": "appealedShare", "label": "Share of applications appealed", "short": "Appeal rate", "unit": "%", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "layer": "planning", "rank": 6, "why": "How often a decision goes to An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "dcApplications", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/councils", "source": "Planning register (PlanSight extract, all years)", "sourceUrl": "https://planningregister.ie", "sourceDate": "2026-10-10", "kind": "measured", "how": "Appealed \u00f7 all data-centre applications in the council.", "agg": "recomputed from the group's counts", "coverage": 13, "missing": "No data-centre application" }, { "key": "onsitePlantMWth", "label": "On-site generation plant", "short": "On-site plant (MWth)", "unit": "MWth", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "layer": "power", "rank": 7, "why": "Bring-your-own-power: generators and gas plant licensed at campuses.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/councils", "source": "EPA industrial emissions licences, via the councils dataset", "sourceUrl": "/power", "sourceDate": "2026-10-10", "kind": "measured", "how": "Rated thermal input of licensed combustion plant at data-centre sites, megawatts thermal (not electrical output).", "agg": "sum", "coverage": 31, "missing": null }, { "key": "estRatesEurM", "label": "Commercial rates from data centres (estimate)", "short": "Rates (\u20acm a year)", "unit": "\u20ac m", "dp": 1, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "layer": "capital", "rank": 8, "why": "What councils earn from data centres.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/councils", "source": "Valuation list \u00d7 2026 annual rate on valuation (our arithmetic)", "sourceUrl": "/money", "sourceDate": "2026-10-10", "kind": "estimate", "how": "estimated annual commercial rates from data-centre properties, \u20ac (valuation list x 2026 ARV).", "agg": "sum", "coverage": 31, "missing": null }, { "key": "dailQuestions", "label": "D\u00e1il questions on data centres by local TDs", "short": "D\u00e1il questions", "unit": "questions", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "layer": "planning", "rank": 9, "why": "Political attention, constituency by constituency.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "page": "/councils", "source": "Oireachtas parliamentary questions", "sourceUrl": "/money", "sourceDate": "2026-10-10", "kind": "measured", "how": "data-centre PQs by TDs whose constituency mainly lies in the council (approximate constituency mapping; 'part' overlaps excluded). A TD can cover more than one council.", "agg": "sum", "coverage": 31, "missing": null } ], "stacks": [ { "key": "status", "metrics": [ "campusesOperating", "campusesPipeline" ], "label": "Campuses by status", "unit": "campuses", "dp": 0, "parts": [ { "key": "operating", "label": "Operating" }, { "key": "construction", "label": "Under construction" }, { "key": "permitted", "label": "Permitted" }, { "key": "proposed", "label": "Proposed" }, { "key": "lapsed", "label": "Lapsed or withdrawn" } ], "v": { "CLARE": [ 1, 0, 1, 0, 0 ], "CORKCITY": [ 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "CORKCO": [ 1, 1, 1, 0, 1 ], "DCC": [ 13, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "DONEGAL": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1 ], "FINGAL": [ 13, 1, 2, 0, 3 ], "GALWAYCITY": [ 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "GALWAYCO": [ 0, 0, 1, 0, 0 ], "KILDARE": [ 2, 0, 0, 1, 0 ], "LIMERICK": [ 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "LOUTH": [ 1, 1, 0, 0, 0 ], "MAYO": [ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1 ], "MEATH": [ 2, 0, 0, 1, 0 ], "SDCC": [ 18, 3, 0, 0, 1 ], "WESTMEATH": [ 1, 0, 0, 1, 0 ], "WICKLOW": [ 0, 1, 1, 0, 1 ] }, "total": "sum", "source": "StackPath directory of campuses", "sourceUrl": "/data-centres", "sourceDate": "2026-10-10", "kind": "classified", "how": "Every campus in the directory, by its status, in the council whose boundary contains it." }, { "key": "decisions", "metrics": [ "dcApplications", "refusedShare", "appealedShare" ], "label": "Planning applications by decision", "unit": "applications", "dp": 0, "parts": [ { "key": "granted", "label": "Granted" }, { "key": "refused", "label": "Refused" }, { "key": "other", "label": "Other (withdrawn, invalid, pending)" } ], "v": { "CLARE": [ 2, 1, 0 ], "CORKCO": [ 10, 0, 1 ], "DCC": [ 6, 0, 4 ], "DONEGAL": [ 1, 0, 0 ], "FINGAL": [ 21, 3, 0 ], "GALWAYCO": [ 1, 0, 0 ], "KILDARE": [ 3, 0, 1 ], "LOUTH": [ 1, 0, 0 ], "MAYO": [ 1, 0, 0 ], "MEATH": [ 7, 0, 3 ], "SDCC": [ 67, 7, 4 ], "WESTMEATH": [ 1, 0, 0 ], "WICKLOW": [ 8, 1, 2 ] }, "total": "sum", "source": "Planning register (PlanSight extract, all years)", "sourceUrl": "https://planningregister.ie", "sourceDate": "2026-10-10", "kind": "measured", "how": "Data-centre planning applications by first decision, all years. Appeals are counted under the council's decision." } ], "caveats": [ "Grid draw is a floor: only data-centre sites with an EPA licence file annual reports.", "Water use is not shown (licence)." ] } }, "summary": { "europe": { "rows": 31, "metrics": 19, "stacks": [ "mix", "pledges", "queue" ] }, "world": { "rows": 216, "metrics": 14, "stacks": [ "mix", "capacity", "ai-power" ] }, "ireland": { "rows": 31, "metrics": 9, "stacks": [ "status", "decisions" ] } }, "method": [ "Relevance: an editorial order that follows the site's story (data centres, then power, compute, AI use and capital); see each measure's 'why'.", "Tile areas: rates are sized by an additive amount (sites, TWh of demand, H100-equivalents, people), computed from the published rate \u00d7 World Bank population (our arithmetic).", "Group values: sums for additive measures; per-person measures recomputed from summed amounts; shares and prices weighted by electricity demand; survey shares weighted by population." ], "periods": [ "2024", "2025", "2026-05", "2026-06-30", "2026-S1" ], "medianRank": 7.5 }, "digest": { "title": "Daily digest: what changed in the data", "source": "StackPath daily digest (Claude routine reading the site's own published data)", "sourceUrls": [ "https://www.census.gov/construction/c30/xlsx/privsatime.xlsx", "https://www.census.gov/construction/c30/current/index.html", "https://nebius.com/prices", "https://web.archive.org/web/20251020160326/https://nebius.com/prices" ], "file": "research/datasets/digest.json", "routine": "~/.claude/scheduled-tasks/stackpath-daily-digest/SKILL.md", "keep": 60, "asOf": "2026-10-12", "latest": "2026-10-12", "items": [ { "id": "2026-10-12-us-dc-construction-record", "date": "2026-10-12", "headline": "US data-centre construction hits a record $85bn a year", "body": "US private spending on data-centre construction reached a seasonally adjusted annual rate of US$84.95bn in August 2026, up 73% from US$49.05bn a year earlier (Census Bureau C30, preliminary, released 1 Oct 2026). It has risen every month since September 2025 and is now 11% of private non-residential construction. Total US construction fell 1.7% over the same year, to US$2,203.1bn. The August figure is preliminary and will be revised.", "numbers": [ { "value": 84.95, "unit": "US$ bn SAAR, Aug 2026 (preliminary)", "source": "https://www.census.gov/construction/c30/xlsx/privsatime.xlsx", "sourceDate": "2026-10-01", "kind": "measured" }, { "value": 49.05, "unit": "US$ bn SAAR, Aug 2025", "source": "https://www.census.gov/construction/c30/xlsx/privsatime.xlsx", "sourceDate": "2026-10-01", "kind": "measured" }, { "value": 73.2, "unit": "% change y/y", "source": "https://www.census.gov/construction/c30/xlsx/privsatime.xlsx", "sourceDate": "2026-10-01", "kind": "estimate" }, { "value": 2203.1, "unit": "US$ bn SAAR, total construction Aug 2026 (vs 2,242.0 Aug 2025)", "source": "https://www.census.gov/construction/c30/current/index.html", "sourceDate": "2026-10-01", "kind": "measured" } ], "datasets": [ "us_dc_construction" ], "links": [ { "path": "/us/data-centre-construction" }, { "path": "/europe/europe-vs-us" } ], "tags": [ "infrastructure", "United States" ], "checked": "2026-10-12" }, { "id": "2026-10-12-nebius-gpu-price-rise", "date": "2026-10-12", "headline": "Nebius GPU rental prices up more than 50% in a year", "body": "Nebius, the Amsterdam-headquartered GPU cloud, raised its on-demand prices from 1 Oct 2026: H100 from US$3.85 to US$4.50 per GPU-hour, H200 from US$4.50 to US$5.40, B200 from US$7.15 to US$8.50 and B300 from US$7.85 to US$9.50 (Nebius price page, read 11 and 12 Oct 2026). Archived copies of the page from 20 Oct 2025 and 7 May 2026 show H100 at US$2.95 and B200 at US$5.50, so both are up by more than half in a year (+53% and +55%). These are list prices; large buyers sign discounted contracts that aren't published.", "numbers": [ { "value": 4.5, "unit": "US$ per H100 GPU-hour, on-demand, from 1 Oct 2026 (was 3.85)", "source": "https://nebius.com/prices", "sourceDate": "2026-10-01", "kind": "measured" }, { "value": 8.5, "unit": "US$ per B200 GPU-hour, on-demand, from 1 Oct 2026 (was 7.15)", "source": "https://nebius.com/prices", "sourceDate": "2026-10-01", "kind": "measured" }, { "value": 2.95, "unit": "US$ per H100 GPU-hour, on-demand, archived page 20 Oct 2025 (B200 5.50)", "source": "https://web.archive.org/web/20251020160326/https://nebius.com/prices", "sourceDate": "2025-10-20", "kind": "measured" }, { "value": 52.5, "unit": "% change in H100 on-demand list price, Oct 2025 to Oct 2026", "source": "https://nebius.com/prices", "sourceDate": "2026-10-01", "kind": "estimate" } ], "datasets": [ "gpu_prices", "eu_neoclouds" ], "links": [ { "path": "/global/gpu-prices" }, { "path": "/europe/neoclouds" }, { "path": "/global/cost-of-gpu-debt" } ], "tags": [ "cloud", "Netherlands", "Europe" ], "checked": "2026-10-12" } ], "invalid": [], "tags": [ { "tag": "cloud", "n": 1, "type": "layer" }, { "tag": "infrastructure", "n": 1, "type": "layer" }, { "tag": "Europe", "n": 1, "type": "place" }, { "tag": "Netherlands", "n": 1, "type": "place" }, { "tag": "United States", "n": 1, "type": "place" } ], "total": 2, "notes": [] }, "us_states": { "title": "US states: data centres, power and AI", "asOf": "2026-10-12", "source": "OpenStreetMap (ODbL) on us-atlas outlines; Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0); EIA (Electric Power Monthly, EIA-861, EIA-860M, state generation); Ember (CC BY 4.0); Census Bureau (population, County Business Patterns); headline figures from EPRI, LBNL/DOE and Dominion Energy's 10-Ks", "sourceUrl": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/state/", "sourceUrls": [ "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright", "https://github.com/topojson/us-atlas", "https://epoch.ai/data/data-centers", "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/", "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/state/", "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia860m/", "https://ember-energy.org/data/us-electricity-data/", "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.html", "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/cbp.html", "https://www.epri.com/research/products/3002028905", "https://powering-intelligence.epri.com", "https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-releases-new-report-evaluating-increase-electricity-demand-data-centers", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/715957/000095017024019110/d-20231231.htm", "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/715957/000119312526063120/d-20251231.htm" ], "licence": "Data-centre counts \u00a9 OpenStreetMap contributors, ODbL 1.0; Epoch AI and Ember CC BY 4.0; EIA and Census public domain; us-atlas ISC. EPRI figures quoted as attributed headlines only (\u00a9 EPRI, all rights reserved).", "packs": { "us": { "key": "us", "label": "United States", "title": "US states: data centres, power and AI", "geo": "us", "unitNoun": [ "state", "states" ], "focus": "VA", "asOf": "2026-10-12", "groups": [ { "key": "Northeast", "name": "Northeast", "units": 9, "pop": 58042054, "v": { "pop": 58042054, "salesTWh": 475.8, "genTWh": 570.5, "dcCount": 113, "dcPerM": 1.9, "salesGrowth": -0.8, "demandPerCap": 8.2, "clean": 43.5, "carbon": 328, "genBuildingMW": 4901, "price": 12.4, "aiNowMW": 316, "aiPlannedMW": 905, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 1.7 } }, { "key": "Midwest", "name": "Midwest", "units": 12, "pop": 69762666, "v": { "pop": 69762666, "salesTWh": 899.4, "genTWh": 1022.7, "dcCount": 297, "dcPerM": 4.3, "salesGrowth": 4.3, "demandPerCap": 12.9, "clean": 42.7, "carbon": 440, "genBuildingMW": 14809, "price": 9.29, "aiNowMW": 5380, "aiPlannedMW": 17117, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 16.7 } }, { "key": "South", "name": "South", "units": 17, "pop": 133833983, "v": { "pop": 133833983, "salesTWh": 1979.8, "genTWh": 2093.3, "dcCount": 735, "dcPerM": 5.5, "salesGrowth": 11.3, "demandPerCap": 14.8, "clean": 36.8, "carbon": 411, "genBuildingMW": 51473, "price": 7.38, "aiNowMW": 7591, "aiPlannedMW": 20046, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 8.9 } }, { "key": "West", "name": "West", "units": 13, "pop": 80146154, "v": { "pop": 80146154, "salesTWh": 725.0, "genTWh": 830.2, "dcCount": 467, "dcPerM": 5.8, "salesGrowth": 5.0, "demandPerCap": 9.0, "clean": 58.6, "carbon": 287, "genBuildingMW": 27548, "price": 11.94, "aiNowMW": 1892, "aiPlannedMW": 5344, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 6.5 } } ], "groupNoun": [ "region", "regions" ], "refLabels": { "us": "US", "europe": "Europe" }, "rows": [ { "id": "AL", "num": "01", "name": "Alabama", "group": "South", "pop": 5193088, "v": { "pop": 5193088, "salesTWh": 88.8, "genTWh": 142.1, "dcCount": 13, "dcPerM": 2.5, "salesGrowth": 0.8, "demandPerCap": 17.1, "clean": 39.1, "carbon": 399, "genBuildingMW": 80, "price": 7.93, "aiNowMW": 397, "aiPlannedMW": 663, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 6.5 }, "n": { "aiPlannedMW": "2 sites tracked; largest planned: Meta Montgomery (465 MW)", "aiNowMW": "2 sites tracked; largest planned: Meta Montgomery (465 MW)" } }, { "id": "AK", "num": "02", "name": "Alaska", "group": "West", "pop": 737270, "v": { "pop": 737270, "salesTWh": 6.1, "genTWh": 6.3, "dcCount": 0, "dcPerM": 0.0, "salesGrowth": 4.0, "demandPerCap": 8.2, "clean": 32.2, "carbon": 451, "genBuildingMW": 0, "price": 24.02 } }, { "id": "AZ", "num": "04", "name": "Arizona", "group": "West", "pop": 7623818, "v": { "pop": 7623818, "salesTWh": 92.1, "genTWh": 122.6, "dcCount": 61, "dcPerM": 8.0, "salesGrowth": 18.2, "demandPerCap": 12.1, "clean": 49.8, "carbon": 311, "genBuildingMW": 6621, "price": 7.66, "aiNowMW": 577, "aiPlannedMW": 767, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 7.3 }, "n": { "aiPlannedMW": "3 sites tracked; largest planned: Stream Phoenix (267 MW)", "aiNowMW": "3 sites tracked; largest planned: Stream Phoenix (267 MW)", "clean": "Some generation is negative: pumped storage or plant own-use draws more than it makes (Ember)." } }, { "id": "AR", "num": "05", "name": "Arkansas", "group": "South", "pop": 3114791, "v": { "pop": 3114791, "salesTWh": 52.9, "genTWh": 67.0, "dcCount": 2, "dcPerM": 0.6, "salesGrowth": 10.1, "demandPerCap": 17.0, "clean": 36.6, "carbon": 475, "genBuildingMW": 3522, "price": 6.82 } }, { "id": "CA", "num": "06", "name": "California", "group": "West", "pop": 39355309, "v": { "pop": 39355309, "salesTWh": 243.0, "genTWh": 241.2, "dcCount": 110, "dcPerM": 2.8, "salesGrowth": -3.0, "demandPerCap": 6.2, "clean": 69.7, "carbon": 189, "genBuildingMW": 8085, "price": 20.74 }, "n": { "clean": "Some generation is negative: pumped storage or plant own-use draws more than it makes (Ember)." } }, { "id": "CO", "num": "08", "name": "Colorado", "group": "West", "pop": 6012561, "v": { "pop": 6012561, "salesTWh": 56.9, "genTWh": 59.1, "dcCount": 27, "dcPerM": 4.5, "salesGrowth": 0.7, "demandPerCap": 9.5, "clean": 45.6, "carbon": 400, "genBuildingMW": 3090, "price": 9.6 } }, { "id": "CT", "num": "09", "name": "Connecticut", "group": "Northeast", "pop": 3688496, "v": { "pop": 3688496, "salesTWh": 27.7, "genTWh": 45.2, "dcCount": 5, "dcPerM": 1.4, "salesGrowth": -0.6, "demandPerCap": 7.5, "clean": 44.6, "carbon": 308, "genBuildingMW": 97, "price": 18.5 } }, { "id": "DE", "num": "10", "name": "Delaware", "group": "South", "pop": 1059952, "v": { "pop": 1059952, "salesTWh": 11.6, "genTWh": 5.5, "dcCount": 0, "dcPerM": 0.0, "salesGrowth": 0.9, "demandPerCap": 10.9, "clean": 8.0, "carbon": 526, "genBuildingMW": 67, "price": 11.73 } }, { "id": "DC", "num": "11", "name": "District of Columbia", "group": "South", "pop": 693645, "v": { "pop": 693645, "salesTWh": 10.3, "genTWh": 0.5, "dcCount": 1, "dcPerM": 1.4, "salesGrowth": -7.0, "demandPerCap": 14.8, "clean": 87.9, "carbon": 124, "genBuildingMW": 6, "price": 20.98 } }, { "id": "FL", "num": "12", "name": "Florida", "group": "South", "pop": 23462518, "v": { "pop": 23462518, "salesTWh": 259.1, "genTWh": 272.2, "dcCount": 15, "dcPerM": 0.6, "salesGrowth": 7.8, "demandPerCap": 11.0, "clean": 23.6, "carbon": 436, "genBuildingMW": 2338, "price": 9.21 } }, { "id": "GA", "num": "13", "name": "Georgia", "group": "South", "pop": 11302748, "v": { "pop": 11302748, "salesTWh": 153.2, "genTWh": 147.1, "dcCount": 55, "dcPerM": 4.9, "salesGrowth": 10.0, "demandPerCap": 13.6, "clean": 47.6, "carbon": 352, "genBuildingMW": 801, "price": 7.99, "aiNowMW": 923, "aiPlannedMW": 923, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 5.3 }, "n": { "aiPlannedMW": "3 sites tracked; largest planned: Microsoft Fairwater Atlanta (859 MW)", "aiNowMW": "3 sites tracked; largest planned: Microsoft Fairwater Atlanta (859 MW)" } }, { "id": "HI", "num": "15", "name": "Hawaii", "group": "West", "pop": 1432820, "v": { "pop": 1432820, "salesTWh": 9.2, "genTWh": 11.0, "dcCount": 0, "dcPerM": 0.0, "salesGrowth": -2.9, "demandPerCap": 6.4, "clean": 33.6, "carbon": 481, "genBuildingMW": 112, "price": 37.59 } }, { "id": "ID", "num": "16", "name": "Idaho", "group": "West", "pop": 2029733, "v": { "pop": 2029733, "salesTWh": 26.8, "genTWh": 21.1, "dcCount": 4, "dcPerM": 2.0, "salesGrowth": 11.8, "demandPerCap": 13.2, "clean": 72.8, "carbon": 169, "genBuildingMW": 400, "price": 8.14, "aiNowMW": 198, "aiPlannedMW": 198, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 6.5 }, "n": { "aiPlannedMW": "1 site tracked; largest planned: Meta Kuna (198 MW)", "aiNowMW": "1 site tracked; largest planned: Meta Kuna (198 MW)" } }, { "id": "IL", "num": "17", "name": "Illinois", "group": "Midwest", "pop": 12719141, "v": { "pop": 12719141, "salesTWh": 136.3, "genTWh": 195.6, "dcCount": 52, "dcPerM": 4.1, "salesGrowth": -1.4, "demandPerCap": 10.7, "clean": 67.3, "carbon": 247, "genBuildingMW": 2900, "price": 10.24 } }, { "id": "IN", "num": "18", "name": "Indiana", "group": "Midwest", "pop": 6973333, "v": { "pop": 6973333, "salesTWh": 103.5, "genTWh": 110.2, "dcCount": 13, "dcPerM": 1.9, "salesGrowth": 1.4, "demandPerCap": 14.8, "clean": 16.4, "carbon": 643, "genBuildingMW": 1650, "price": 9.15, "aiNowMW": 1333, "aiPlannedMW": 3586, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 30.3 }, "n": { "aiPlannedMW": "3 sites tracked; largest planned: Anthropic-Amazon New Carlisle (2,310 MW)", "aiNowMW": "3 sites tracked; largest planned: Anthropic-Amazon New Carlisle (2,310 MW)" } }, { "id": "IA", "num": "19", "name": "Iowa", "group": "Midwest", "pop": 3238387, "v": { "pop": 3238387, "salesTWh": 59.0, "genTWh": 74.8, "dcCount": 53, "dcPerM": 16.4, "salesGrowth": 15.5, "demandPerCap": 18.2, "clean": 62.8, "carbon": 313, "genBuildingMW": 302, "price": 7.38, "aiNowMW": 512, "aiPlannedMW": 2413, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 35.9 }, "n": { "aiPlannedMW": "4 sites tracked; largest planned: QTS Cedar Rapids (1,587 MW)", "aiNowMW": "4 sites tracked; largest planned: QTS Cedar Rapids (1,587 MW)" } }, { "id": "KS", "num": "20", "name": "Kansas", "group": "Midwest", "pop": 2977220, "v": { "pop": 2977220, "salesTWh": 41.5, "genTWh": 63.2, "dcCount": 7, "dcPerM": 2.4, "salesGrowth": 0.9, "demandPerCap": 13.9, "clean": 62.8, "carbon": 332, "genBuildingMW": 563, "price": 8.3 } }, { "id": "KY", "num": "21", "name": "Kentucky", "group": "South", "pop": 4606864, "v": { "pop": 4606864, "salesTWh": 76.2, "genTWh": 73.9, "dcCount": 5, "dcPerM": 1.1, "salesGrowth": 1.1, "demandPerCap": 16.5, "clean": 8.2, "carbon": 769, "genBuildingMW": 1622, "price": 7.5 } }, { "id": "LA", "num": "22", "name": "Louisiana", "group": "South", "pop": 4618189, "v": { "pop": 4618189, "salesTWh": 97.3, "genTWh": 102.5, "dcCount": 3, "dcPerM": 0.6, "salesGrowth": 4.5, "demandPerCap": 21.1, "clean": 20.5, "carbon": 460, "genBuildingMW": 676, "price": 6.65, "aiNowMW": 0, "aiPlannedMW": 2203, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 19.8 }, "n": { "aiPlannedMW": "1 site tracked; largest planned: Meta Hyperion (2,203 MW)", "aiNowMW": "1 site tracked; largest planned: Meta Hyperion (2,203 MW)" } }, { "id": "ME", "num": "23", "name": "Maine", "group": "Northeast", "pop": 1414874, "v": { "pop": 1414874, "salesTWh": 11.2, "genTWh": 16.2, "dcCount": 3, "dcPerM": 2.1, "salesGrowth": -4.4, "demandPerCap": 7.9, "clean": 62.7, "carbon": 244, "genBuildingMW": 103, "price": 15.61 } }, { "id": "MD", "num": "24", "name": "Maryland", "group": "South", "pop": 6265347, "v": { "pop": 6265347, "salesTWh": 59.6, "genTWh": 39.4, "dcCount": 12, "dcPerM": 1.9, "salesGrowth": -1.8, "demandPerCap": 9.5, "clean": 51.7, "carbon": 295, "genBuildingMW": 14, "price": 15.28 } }, { "id": "MA", "num": "25", "name": "Massachusetts", "group": "Northeast", "pop": 7154084, "v": { "pop": 7154084, "salesTWh": 51.6, "genTWh": 27.2, "dcCount": 3, "dcPerM": 0.4, "salesGrowth": 0.6, "demandPerCap": 7.2, "clean": 30.1, "carbon": 403, "genBuildingMW": 252, "price": 19.99 } }, { "id": "MI", "num": "26", "name": "Michigan", "group": "Midwest", "pop": 10127884, "v": { "pop": 10127884, "salesTWh": 100.5, "genTWh": 126.6, "dcCount": 12, "dcPerM": 1.2, "salesGrowth": -0.8, "demandPerCap": 9.9, "clean": 34.5, "carbon": 455, "genBuildingMW": 3527, "price": 9.33, "aiNowMW": 0, "aiPlannedMW": 1383, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 12.1 }, "n": { "aiPlannedMW": "1 site tracked; largest planned: OpenAI Stargate Michigan (1,383 MW)", "aiNowMW": "1 site tracked; largest planned: OpenAI Stargate Michigan (1,383 MW)" } }, { "id": "MN", "num": "27", "name": "Minnesota", "group": "Midwest", "pop": 5830405, "v": { "pop": 5830405, "salesTWh": 65.1, "genTWh": 61.4, "dcCount": 16, "dcPerM": 2.7, "salesGrowth": -2.8, "demandPerCap": 11.2, "clean": 55.8, "carbon": 344, "genBuildingMW": 916, "price": 9.75, "aiNowMW": 241, "aiPlannedMW": 241, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 3.2 }, "n": { "aiPlannedMW": "1 site tracked; largest planned: Meta Rosemount (241 MW)", "aiNowMW": "1 site tracked; largest planned: Meta Rosemount (241 MW)" } }, { "id": "MS", "num": "28", "name": "Mississippi", "group": "South", "pop": 2954160, "v": { "pop": 2954160, "salesTWh": 49.5, "genTWh": 78.2, "dcCount": 4, "dcPerM": 1.4, "salesGrowth": 1.1, "demandPerCap": 16.7, "clean": 20.8, "carbon": 454, "genBuildingMW": 2169, "price": 7.66, "aiNowMW": 614, "aiPlannedMW": 1827, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 32.4 }, "n": { "aiPlannedMW": "2 sites tracked; largest planned: Amazon Ridgeland (1,008 MW)", "aiNowMW": "2 sites tracked; largest planned: Amazon Ridgeland (1,008 MW)", "clean": "Some generation is negative: pumped storage or plant own-use draws more than it makes (Ember)." } }, { "id": "MO", "num": "29", "name": "Missouri", "group": "Midwest", "pop": 6270541, "v": { "pop": 6270541, "salesTWh": 80.0, "genTWh": 72.9, "dcCount": 16, "dcPerM": 2.6, "salesGrowth": 1.5, "demandPerCap": 12.8, "clean": 23.7, "carbon": 674, "genBuildingMW": 1477, "price": 8.62, "aiNowMW": 126, "aiPlannedMW": 126, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 1.4 }, "n": { "aiPlannedMW": "1 site tracked; largest planned: Google Kansas City East (126 MW)", "aiNowMW": "1 site tracked; largest planned: Google Kansas City East (126 MW)" } }, { "id": "MT", "num": "30", "name": "Montana", "group": "West", "pop": 1144694, "v": { "pop": 1144694, "salesTWh": 15.4, "genTWh": 28.2, "dcCount": 3, "dcPerM": 2.6, "salesGrowth": 0.2, "demandPerCap": 13.4, "clean": 58.8, "carbon": 381, "genBuildingMW": 80, "price": 6.83 } }, { "id": "NE", "num": "31", "name": "Nebraska", "group": "Midwest", "pop": 2018006, "v": { "pop": 2018006, "salesTWh": 37.6, "genTWh": 39.9, "dcCount": 23, "dcPerM": 11.4, "salesGrowth": 23.6, "demandPerCap": 18.6, "clean": 50.7, "carbon": 460, "genBuildingMW": 63, "price": 8.65, "aiNowMW": 843, "aiPlannedMW": 1202, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 28.0 }, "n": { "aiPlannedMW": "4 sites tracked; largest planned: Google Omaha (474 MW)", "aiNowMW": "4 sites tracked; largest planned: Google Omaha (474 MW)" } }, { "id": "NV", "num": "32", "name": "Nevada", "group": "West", "pop": 3282188, "v": { "pop": 3282188, "salesTWh": 39.8, "genTWh": 47.3, "dcCount": 34, "dcPerM": 10.4, "salesGrowth": 7.7, "demandPerCap": 12.1, "clean": 46.7, "carbon": 326, "genBuildingMW": 2254, "price": 8.43, "aiNowMW": 214, "aiPlannedMW": 389, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 8.6 }, "n": { "aiPlannedMW": "1 site tracked; largest planned: Google Storey County (389 MW)", "aiNowMW": "1 site tracked; largest planned: Google Storey County (389 MW)", "clean": "Some generation is negative: pumped storage or plant own-use draws more than it makes (Ember)." } }, { "id": "NH", "num": "33", "name": "New Hampshire", "group": "Northeast", "pop": 1415342, "v": { "pop": 1415342, "salesTWh": 11.1, "genTWh": 19.7, "dcCount": 3, "dcPerM": 2.1, "salesGrowth": 3.7, "demandPerCap": 7.8, "clean": 70.7, "carbon": 180, "genBuildingMW": 24, "price": 18.21 } }, { "id": "NJ", "num": "34", "name": "New Jersey", "group": "Northeast", "pop": 9548215, "v": { "pop": 9548215, "salesTWh": 74.0, "genTWh": 64.7, "dcCount": 56, "dcPerM": 5.9, "salesGrowth": 0.1, "demandPerCap": 7.8, "clean": 52.8, "carbon": 265, "genBuildingMW": 34, "price": 15.18, "aiNowMW": 70, "aiPlannedMW": 70, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 0.8 }, "n": { "aiPlannedMW": "1 site tracked; largest planned: Microsoft-Nebius New Jersey (70 MW)", "aiNowMW": "1 site tracked; largest planned: Microsoft-Nebius New Jersey (70 MW)", "clean": "Some generation is negative: pumped storage or plant own-use draws more than it makes (Ember)." } }, { "id": "NM", "num": "35", "name": "New Mexico", "group": "West", "pop": 2125498, "v": { "pop": 2125498, "salesTWh": 31.5, "genTWh": 39.8, "dcCount": 17, "dcPerM": 8.0, "salesGrowth": 26.6, "demandPerCap": 14.8, "clean": 53.3, "carbon": 347, "genBuildingMW": 1540, "price": 5.21, "aiNowMW": 114, "aiPlannedMW": 2723, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 75.7 }, "n": { "aiPlannedMW": "2 sites tracked; largest planned: OpenAI Stargate New Mexico (2,450 MW)", "aiNowMW": "2 sites tracked; largest planned: OpenAI Stargate New Mexico (2,450 MW)", "clean": "Some generation is negative: pumped storage or plant own-use draws more than it makes (Ember)." } }, { "id": "NY", "num": "36", "name": "New York", "group": "Northeast", "pop": 20002427, "v": { "pop": 20002427, "salesTWh": 143.8, "genTWh": 136.9, "dcCount": 26, "dcPerM": 1.3, "salesGrowth": -1.3, "demandPerCap": 7.2, "clean": 52.9, "carbon": 268, "genBuildingMW": 3313, "price": 10.24, "aiNowMW": 107, "aiPlannedMW": 499, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 3.0 }, "n": { "aiPlannedMW": "2 sites tracked; largest planned: Anthropic Lake Mariner (441 MW)", "aiNowMW": "2 sites tracked; largest planned: Anthropic Lake Mariner (441 MW)" } }, { "id": "NC", "num": "37", "name": "North Carolina", "group": "South", "pop": 11197968, "v": { "pop": 11197968, "salesTWh": 140.4, "genTWh": 136.5, "dcCount": 25, "dcPerM": 2.2, "salesGrowth": 2.9, "demandPerCap": 12.5, "clean": 46.9, "carbon": 350, "genBuildingMW": 859, "price": 7.91, "aiNowMW": 91, "aiPlannedMW": 91, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 0.6 }, "n": { "aiPlannedMW": "1 site tracked; largest planned: CoreWeave Marble NC (91 MW)", "aiNowMW": "1 site tracked; largest planned: CoreWeave Marble NC (91 MW)" } }, { "id": "ND", "num": "38", "name": "North Dakota", "group": "Midwest", "pop": 799358, "v": { "pop": 799358, "salesTWh": 30.3, "genTWh": 42.4, "dcCount": 7, "dcPerM": 8.8, "salesGrowth": 40.4, "demandPerCap": 37.9, "clean": 41.5, "carbon": 539, "genBuildingMW": 240, "price": 8.18, "aiNowMW": 88, "aiPlannedMW": 520, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 15.0 }, "n": { "aiPlannedMW": "1 site tracked; largest planned: CoreWeave Ellendale ND (520 MW)", "aiNowMW": "1 site tracked; largest planned: CoreWeave Ellendale ND (520 MW)" } }, { "id": "OH", "num": "39", "name": "Ohio", "group": "Midwest", "pop": 11900510, "v": { "pop": 11900510, "salesTWh": 161.9, "genTWh": 146.9, "dcCount": 84, "dcPerM": 7.1, "salesGrowth": 9.0, "demandPerCap": 13.6, "clean": 20.0, "carbon": 536, "genBuildingMW": 1845, "price": 10.32, "aiNowMW": 1795, "aiPlannedMW": 3631, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 19.6 }, "n": { "aiPlannedMW": "7 sites tracked; largest planned: Meta Prometheus (1,328 MW)", "aiNowMW": "7 sites tracked; largest planned: Meta Prometheus (1,328 MW)" } }, { "id": "OK", "num": "40", "name": "Oklahoma", "group": "South", "pop": 4123288, "v": { "pop": 4123288, "salesTWh": 74.5, "genTWh": 91.2, "dcCount": 9, "dcPerM": 2.2, "salesGrowth": 14.9, "demandPerCap": 18.1, "clean": 45.1, "carbon": 343, "genBuildingMW": 2671, "price": 6.69, "aiNowMW": 442, "aiPlannedMW": 623, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 7.3 }, "n": { "aiPlannedMW": "2 sites tracked; largest planned: Google Pryor (North) (442 MW)", "aiNowMW": "2 sites tracked; largest planned: Google Pryor (North) (442 MW)" } }, { "id": "OR", "num": "41", "name": "Oregon", "group": "West", "pop": 4273586, "v": { "pop": 4273586, "salesTWh": 61.5, "genTWh": 65.4, "dcCount": 109, "dcPerM": 25.5, "salesGrowth": 22.1, "demandPerCap": 14.4, "clean": 66.2, "carbon": 200, "genBuildingMW": 471, "price": 8.33, "aiNowMW": 428, "aiPlannedMW": 428, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 6.1 }, "n": { "aiPlannedMW": "2 sites tracked; largest planned: Meta-QTS Hillsboro 2 (243 MW)", "aiNowMW": "2 sites tracked; largest planned: Meta-QTS Hillsboro 2 (243 MW)", "clean": "Some generation is negative: pumped storage or plant own-use draws more than it makes (Ember)." } }, { "id": "PA", "num": "42", "name": "Pennsylvania", "group": "Northeast", "pop": 13059432, "v": { "pop": 13059432, "salesTWh": 143.4, "genTWh": 248.1, "dcCount": 16, "dcPerM": 1.2, "salesGrowth": -1.5, "demandPerCap": 11.0, "clean": 34.3, "carbon": 387, "genBuildingMW": 346, "price": 10.93, "aiNowMW": 139, "aiPlannedMW": 336, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 2.1 }, "n": { "aiPlannedMW": "2 sites tracked; largest planned: AWS Berwick (212 MW)", "aiNowMW": "2 sites tracked; largest planned: AWS Berwick (212 MW)" } }, { "id": "RI", "num": "44", "name": "Rhode Island", "group": "Northeast", "pop": 1114521, "v": { "pop": 1114521, "salesTWh": 7.4, "genTWh": 9.9, "dcCount": 0, "dcPerM": 0.0, "salesGrowth": 1.2, "demandPerCap": 6.7, "clean": 14.5, "carbon": 470, "genBuildingMW": 715, "price": 21.86 } }, { "id": "SC", "num": "45", "name": "South Carolina", "group": "South", "pop": 5570274, "v": { "pop": 5570274, "salesTWh": 85.0, "genTWh": 105.2, "dcCount": 15, "dcPerM": 2.7, "salesGrowth": 5.9, "demandPerCap": 15.3, "clean": 61.3, "carbon": 288, "genBuildingMW": 204, "price": 7.85, "aiNowMW": 90, "aiPlannedMW": 168, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 1.7 }, "n": { "aiPlannedMW": "1 site tracked; largest planned: Meta Aiken (168 MW)", "aiNowMW": "1 site tracked; largest planned: Meta Aiken (168 MW)" } }, { "id": "SD", "num": "46", "name": "South Dakota", "group": "Midwest", "pop": 935094, "v": { "pop": 935094, "salesTWh": 13.9, "genTWh": 21.9, "dcCount": 2, "dcPerM": 2.1, "salesGrowth": 7.6, "demandPerCap": 14.8, "clean": 82.3, "carbon": 145, "genBuildingMW": 136, "price": 9.46 } }, { "id": "TN", "num": "47", "name": "Tennessee", "group": "South", "pop": 7315076, "v": { "pop": 7315076, "salesTWh": 107.1, "genTWh": 74.8, "dcCount": 26, "dcPerM": 3.6, "salesGrowth": 7.2, "demandPerCap": 14.6, "clean": 52.2, "carbon": 363, "genBuildingMW": 1145, "price": 6.82, "aiNowMW": 1815, "aiPlannedMW": 2604, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 21.3 }, "n": { "aiPlannedMW": "3 sites tracked; largest planned: Colossus 2 (2,065 MW)", "aiNowMW": "3 sites tracked; largest planned: Colossus 2 (2,065 MW)" } }, { "id": "TX", "num": "48", "name": "Texas", "group": "South", "pop": 31709821, "v": { "pop": 31709821, "salesTWh": 533.3, "genTWh": 596.3, "dcCount": 190, "dcPerM": 6.0, "salesGrowth": 24.2, "demandPerCap": 16.8, "clean": 39.8, "carbon": 379, "genBuildingMW": 31687, "price": 6.72, "aiNowMW": 1821, "aiPlannedMW": 8960, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 14.7 }, "n": { "aiPlannedMW": "14 sites tracked; largest planned: OpenAI Stargate Shackelford (1,960 MW)", "aiNowMW": "14 sites tracked; largest planned: OpenAI Stargate Shackelford (1,960 MW)" } }, { "id": "UT", "num": "49", "name": "Utah", "group": "West", "pop": 3538904, "v": { "pop": 3538904, "salesTWh": 35.3, "genTWh": 38.4, "dcCount": 21, "dcPerM": 5.9, "salesGrowth": 13.3, "demandPerCap": 10.0, "clean": 22.5, "carbon": 620, "genBuildingMW": 990, "price": 8.58, "aiNowMW": 179, "aiPlannedMW": 590, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 14.6 }, "n": { "aiPlannedMW": "2 sites tracked; largest planned: QTS Eagle Mountain (411 MW)", "aiNowMW": "2 sites tracked; largest planned: QTS Eagle Mountain (411 MW)" } }, { "id": "VT", "num": "50", "name": "Vermont", "group": "Northeast", "pop": 644663, "v": { "pop": 644663, "salesTWh": 5.5, "genTWh": 2.5, "dcCount": 1, "dcPerM": 1.6, "salesGrowth": 1.1, "demandPerCap": 8.5, "clean": 100.0, "carbon": 61, "genBuildingMW": 18, "price": 12.93 } }, { "id": "VA", "num": "51", "name": "Virginia", "group": "South", "pop": 8880107, "v": { "pop": 8880107, "salesTWh": 147.6, "genTWh": 107.0, "dcCount": 358, "dcPerM": 40.3, "salesGrowth": 24.6, "demandPerCap": 16.6, "clean": 39.0, "carbon": 357, "genBuildingMW": 3611, "price": 10.08, "aiNowMW": 1398, "aiPlannedMW": 1984, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 11.8 }, "n": { "aiPlannedMW": "7 sites tracked; largest planned: STACK Infrastructure NVA02 (487 MW)", "aiNowMW": "7 sites tracked; largest planned: STACK Infrastructure NVA02 (487 MW)", "clean": "Some generation is negative: pumped storage or plant own-use draws more than it makes (Ember)." } }, { "id": "WA", "num": "53", "name": "Washington", "group": "West", "pop": 8001020, "v": { "pop": 8001020, "salesTWh": 90.1, "genTWh": 103.8, "dcCount": 61, "dcPerM": 7.6, "salesGrowth": -1.0, "demandPerCap": 11.3, "clean": 80.9, "carbon": 135, "genBuildingMW": 355, "price": 7.15 } }, { "id": "WV", "num": "54", "name": "West Virginia", "group": "South", "pop": 1766147, "v": { "pop": 1766147, "salesTWh": 33.7, "genTWh": 53.7, "dcCount": 2, "dcPerM": 1.1, "salesGrowth": 1.3, "demandPerCap": 19.1, "clean": 6.7, "carbon": 861, "genBuildingMW": 0, "price": 8.55 } }, { "id": "WI", "num": "55", "name": "Wisconsin", "group": "Midwest", "pop": 5972787, "v": { "pop": 5972787, "salesTWh": 69.9, "genTWh": 67.1, "dcCount": 12, "dcPerM": 2.0, "salesGrowth": 1.1, "demandPerCap": 11.7, "clean": 29.8, "carbon": 530, "genBuildingMW": 1188, "price": 9.39, "aiNowMW": 442, "aiPlannedMW": 4015, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 50.3 }, "n": { "aiPlannedMW": "2 sites tracked; largest planned: Microsoft Fairwater Wisconsin (2,715 MW)", "aiNowMW": "2 sites tracked; largest planned: Microsoft Fairwater Wisconsin (2,715 MW)" } }, { "id": "WY", "num": "56", "name": "Wyoming", "group": "West", "pop": 588753, "v": { "pop": 588753, "salesTWh": 17.3, "genTWh": 46.2, "dcCount": 20, "dcPerM": 34.0, "salesGrowth": 3.3, "demandPerCap": 29.4, "clean": 30.4, "carbon": 620, "genBuildingMW": 3550, "price": 8.78, "aiNowMW": 182, "aiPlannedMW": 249, "aiPlannedPctLoad": 12.6 }, "n": { "aiPlannedMW": "1 site tracked; largest planned: Meta Cheyenne (249 MW)", "aiNowMW": "1 site tracked; largest planned: Meta Cheyenne (249 MW)" } } ], "metrics": [ { "key": "dcPerM", "label": "Data centres per million people", "short": "Data centres per million", "unit": "per million", "dp": 1, "direction": "neither", "layer": "datacentres", "rank": 1, "why": "Where the existing data-centre industry clusters once population is taken out.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "pop", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "source": "OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via Overpass; placed on us-atlas state outlines", "sourceUrl": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "period": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "how": "Sites mapped in OpenStreetMap as data centres (telecom=data_center, or a building tagged data_center), duplicates removed, per million residents. Counts what volunteers have mapped: colocation halls are well covered, some hyperscale campuses are mapped only as unnamed buildings.", "agg": "Sum of sites \u00f7 sum of population", "refs": { "us": 4.7, "europe": 2.7 }, "refNote": "US: all 51 units. Europe = EU-27 + UK, Norway, Switzerland, Iceland, computed by country_metrics with the same rule.", "coverage": 51 }, { "key": "dcCount", "label": "Data centres mapped", "short": "Data centres (count)", "unit": "sites", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "layer": "datacentres", "rank": 2, "why": "The raw count shows where the mass sits: Virginia and Texas lead.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": "dcPerM", "hidden": false, "source": "OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via Overpass; placed on us-atlas state outlines", "sourceUrl": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "period": "2026-10-11", "kind": "measured", "how": "Distinct data-centre sites mapped in OpenStreetMap, with the same duplicate rule as the per-million view. Zero means none mapped.", "agg": "Sum", "coverage": 51 }, { "key": "aiPlannedMW", "label": "Frontier AI data-centre power, planned", "short": "AI data-centre MW planned", "unit": "MW", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "layer": "datacentres", "rank": 3, "why": "Where the large AI campuses now being built are going, and how much power they will draw.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": "aiPlannedPctLoad", "hidden": false, "source": "Epoch AI, Frontier Data Centers (CC BY 4.0), via world_power", "sourceUrl": "https://epoch.ai/data/data-centers", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "period": "full build-out as modelled by Epoch (pulled 2026-10-11)", "kind": "estimate", "how": "Facility power of the 77 US sites in Epoch's tracker at their last timeline step (full build-out as Epoch models it). Epoch tracks a sample of the largest AI sites, not every data centre.", "agg": "Sum over tracked sites", "missing": "No site in Epoch's tracker (none tracked, not none built)", "coverage": 29 }, { "key": "aiNowMW", "label": "Frontier AI data-centre power, operating now", "short": "AI data-centre MW now", "unit": "MW", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "layer": "datacentres", "rank": 4, "why": "Where large AI campuses already draw power today.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "source": "Epoch AI, Frontier Data Centers (CC BY 4.0), via world_power", "sourceUrl": "https://epoch.ai/data/data-centers", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "period": "2026-10-11", "kind": "estimate", "how": "Facility power of the same tracked sites at their latest timeline step on or before the pull date. Zero means sites are tracked but none is operating yet.", "agg": "Sum over tracked sites", "missing": "No site in Epoch's tracker (none tracked, not none built)", "coverage": 29 }, { "key": "aiPlannedPctLoad", "label": "Planned AI data-centre power against the state's average load", "short": "AI MW planned vs state load", "unit": "% of average load", "dp": 1, "direction": "neither", "layer": "power", "rank": 5, "why": "The bottleneck is power: shows where planned AI campuses are large next to the grid they join.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "salesTWh", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "source": "StackPath arithmetic: Epoch AI planned MW \u00f7 (EIA-861 2025 retail sales \u00f7 8,760 hours)", "sourceUrl": "https://epoch.ai/data/data-centers", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "period": "Epoch 2026-10-11; sales 2025", "kind": "estimate", "how": "Planned facility power of Epoch-tracked AI sites as a percentage of the state's average electricity load (2025 retail sales spread over the year). 100% would mean the campuses, run flat out, need as much power as the whole state uses on average today. An upper bound for the tracked sites; not all will be built to plan. Open-data stand-in for data centres' share of electricity, which is not mapped (see caveats).", "agg": "Sum of planned MW \u00f7 sum of average load", "refs": { "us": 9.3 }, "missing": "No site in Epoch's tracker", "coverage": 29 }, { "key": "salesGrowth", "label": "Growth in electricity sales, 2019\u20132025", "short": "Power sales growth since 2019", "unit": "%", "dp": 1, "direction": "neither", "layer": "power", "rank": 6, "why": "Demand is rising again after a flat decade (US sales grew 1.5% from 2010 to 2019); EPRI finds data-centre load visible in commercial and industrial sales where data centres cluster.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "salesTWh", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "source": "EIA, Form EIA-861 retail sales by state (2025 final, released 2026-10-07)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/state/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-07", "period": "2019\u20132025", "kind": "measured", "how": "Change in total retail electricity sales from 2019 (before the pandemic) to 2025. Split by sector in the bars view: EIA records data-centre load as commercial in some states and industrial in others (EPRI).", "agg": "Sum of sales in each year, then the change", "refs": { "us": 7.1 }, "coverage": 51 }, { "key": "price", "label": "Industrial electricity price", "short": "Industrial power price", "unit": "US\u00a2/kWh", "dp": 2, "direction": "lower", "layer": "power", "rank": 7, "why": "What large users pay varies 7.2-fold across states (New Mexico to Hawaii).", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "salesTWh", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "source": "EIA, Electric Power Monthly table 5.6.B (via us_power)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/xls/table_5_06_b.xlsx", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "period": "January\u2013July 2026", "kind": "measured", "how": "Average price EIA reports for industrial customers, January\u2013July 2026, in US cents per kWh. Lower is cheaper. Data centres on commercial or special large-load tariffs pay different rates.", "agg": "Industrial-sales-weighted mean of state prices (weights: EIA-861 2025 industrial sales; our arithmetic). The US reference is EIA's own US average.", "refs": { "us": 9.03 }, "refNote": "US: EIA U.S. Total, January\u2013July 2026.", "coverage": 51 }, { "key": "demandPerCap", "label": "Electricity sold per person", "short": "Electricity per person", "unit": "MWh per person", "dp": 1, "direction": "neither", "layer": "power", "rank": 8, "why": "How much power a state already uses per resident: the scale new loads land on.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "pop", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "source": "EIA, Form EIA-861 retail sales by state (2025 final, released 2026-10-07); Census Bureau population, Vintage 2025", "sourceUrl": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/state/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-07", "period": "2025", "kind": "estimate", "how": "Retail electricity sales in 2025 divided by the July 2025 population. Includes business and industrial use, so industrial states and data-centre hubs score high. Power generated and used on site is not a retail sale.", "agg": "Sum of sales \u00f7 sum of population", "refs": { "us": 11.9 }, "refNote": "US: EIA-861 US total \u00f7 Census US population.", "coverage": 51 }, { "key": "genBuildingMW", "label": "Power plants under construction", "short": "Generation being built (MW)", "unit": "MW", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "layer": "power", "rank": 9, "why": "The supply side: where new generating capacity is being built now.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "source": "EIA-860M monthly generator inventory (via us_power)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia860m/", "sourceDate": "2026-08", "period": "2026-08", "kind": "measured", "how": "Nameplate capacity of generators EIA lists as under construction or built and awaiting operation (status U, V, TS), 2026-08 inventory, split by technology in the bars view. Batteries count at their power rating. Zero means none listed.", "agg": "Sum", "coverage": 51 }, { "key": "clean", "label": "Clean share of electricity generated", "short": "Clean power share", "unit": "%", "dp": 1, "direction": "higher", "layer": "power", "rank": 10, "why": "The grid a data centre plugs into sets its emissions before any clean-power contracts.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "genTWh", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "source": "Ember, US electricity data (CC BY 4.0), 2025", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/us-electricity-data/", "sourceDate": "2026-08-19", "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "how": "Renewables plus nuclear as a share of electricity generated in the state, 2025. Generation is where power is made, not where it is used: the states that sell the most power beyond what they generate (Virginia, Tennessee, Massachusetts) rely on power made elsewhere.", "agg": "Sum of clean generation \u00f7 sum of generation", "refs": { "us": 43.0, "europe": 72.4 }, "refNote": "US: Ember US total. Europe = EU-27 + UK, Norway, Switzerland, Iceland, computed by country_metrics with the same rule; Ember yearly data for 2024.", "coverage": 51 }, { "key": "carbon", "label": "Carbon intensity of electricity generated", "short": "Grid carbon", "unit": "gCO2e/kWh", "dp": 0, "direction": "lower", "layer": "power", "rank": 11, "why": "Emissions per unit of power made in the state.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "genTWh", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "source": "Ember, US electricity data (CC BY 4.0), 2025", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/us-electricity-data/", "sourceDate": "2026-08-19", "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "how": "Grams of CO2-equivalent per kWh generated in the state, 2025 (Ember's life-cycle factors). Lower is cleaner.", "agg": "Sum of emissions \u00f7 sum of generation", "refs": { "us": 384, "europe": 198 }, "refNote": "US: Ember US total. Europe = EU-27 + UK, Norway, Switzerland, Iceland, computed by country_metrics with the same rule; Ember yearly data for 2024.", "coverage": 51 }, { "key": "pop", "label": "Population", "short": "Population", "unit": "people", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "layer": "power", "rank": 90, "why": "Tile size for per-person measures.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": null, "hidden": true, "source": "Census Bureau, state population estimates, Vintage 2025", "sourceUrl": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.html", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "period": "1 July 2025", "kind": "measured", "how": "Resident population.", "agg": "Sum", "coverage": 51 }, { "key": "salesTWh", "label": "Electricity sold", "short": "Electricity sold (TWh)", "unit": "TWh", "dp": 1, "direction": "neither", "layer": "power", "rank": 91, "why": "Tile size for power-market measures.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": null, "hidden": true, "source": "EIA, Form EIA-861 retail sales by state (2025 final, released 2026-10-07)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/state/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-07", "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "how": "Total retail electricity sales, 2025.", "agg": "Sum", "coverage": 51 }, { "key": "genTWh", "label": "Electricity generated", "short": "Electricity generated (TWh)", "unit": "TWh", "dp": 1, "direction": "neither", "layer": "power", "rank": 92, "why": "Tile size for grid-mix measures.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": null, "hidden": true, "source": "Ember, US electricity data (CC BY 4.0), 2025", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/us-electricity-data/", "sourceDate": "2026-08-19", "period": "2025", "kind": "measured", "how": "Net electricity generation in the state, 2025.", "agg": "Sum", "coverage": 51 } ], "stacks": [ { "key": "ai", "metrics": [ "aiPlannedMW", "aiNowMW" ], "label": "Frontier AI data-centre power: operating and planned", "unit": "MW", "dp": 0, "parts": [ { "key": "now", "label": "Operating now" }, { "key": "add", "label": "Planned addition" } ], "v": { "AL": [ 397, 266 ], "AZ": [ 577, 190 ], "GA": [ 923, 0 ], "ID": [ 198, 0 ], "IN": [ 1333, 2253 ], "IA": [ 512, 1901 ], "LA": [ 0, 2203 ], "MI": [ 0, 1383 ], "MN": [ 241, 0 ], "MS": [ 614, 1213 ], "MO": [ 126, 0 ], "NE": [ 843, 359 ], "NV": [ 214, 175 ], "NJ": [ 70, 0 ], "NM": [ 114, 2609 ], "NY": [ 107, 392 ], "NC": [ 91, 0 ], "ND": [ 88, 432 ], "OH": [ 1795, 1836 ], "OK": [ 442, 181 ], "OR": [ 428, 0 ], "PA": [ 139, 197 ], "SC": [ 90, 78 ], "TN": [ 1815, 789 ], "TX": [ 1821, 7139 ], "UT": [ 179, 411 ], "VA": [ 1398, 586 ], "WI": [ 442, 3573 ], "WY": [ 182, 67 ] }, "total": "sum", "source": "Epoch AI, Frontier Data Centers (CC BY 4.0), via world_power", "sourceUrl": "https://epoch.ai/data/data-centers", "sourceDate": "2026-10-11", "kind": "estimate", "how": "Operating now plus the further power Epoch's timeline adds by full build-out; the bar's length is the planned total." }, { "key": "sector", "metrics": [ "salesGrowth" ], "label": "Contribution to sales growth by sector, 2019\u20132025", "unit": "percentage points", "dp": 1, "parts": [ { "key": "res", "label": "Residential" }, { "key": "com", "label": "Commercial" }, { "key": "ind", "label": "Industrial" }, { "key": "tra", "label": "Transportation" } ], "v": { "AL": [ 1.0, -0.3, 0.0, 0.0 ], "AK": [ 1.9, -0.7, 2.8, 0.0 ], "AZ": [ 6.3, 10.5, 1.4, -0.0 ], "AR": [ 1.1, -0.0, 9.0, -0.0 ], "CA": [ -1.0, -0.0, -1.9, -0.0 ], "CO": [ 2.0, -0.3, -1.0, -0.0 ], "CT": [ 3.1, -1.9, -1.9, -0.0 ], "DE": [ 2.8, -1.2, -0.6, 0.0 ], "DC": [ -0.5, -6.6, 0.2, -0.1 ], "FL": [ 5.9, 1.6, 0.3, -0.0 ], "GA": [ 2.6, 7.0, 0.4, -0.0 ], "HI": [ 0.1, -2.5, -0.6, 0.0 ], "ID": [ 5.2, 2.7, 3.9, 0.0 ], "IL": [ 1.0, -2.1, -0.3, -0.0 ], "IN": [ 1.4, 2.1, -2.1, 0.0 ], "IA": [ 1.2, 2.6, 11.7, 0.0 ], "KS": [ 0.8, 0.8, -0.7, 0.0 ], "KY": [ 1.1, 1.6, -1.6, 0.0 ], "LA": [ 0.8, -0.3, 4.0, -0.0 ], "ME": [ 0.0, -0.7, -3.7, 0.0 ], "MD": [ 0.8, -2.0, -0.3, -0.3 ], "MA": [ 3.0, -1.8, -0.6, -0.1 ], "MI": [ 1.1, -0.5, -1.3, -0.0 ], "MN": [ 1.4, -0.1, -4.1, -0.0 ], "MS": [ 0.9, 0.3, -0.1, 0.0 ], "MO": [ 1.4, 0.3, -0.2, 0.0 ], "MT": [ 3.1, 1.1, -4.1, 0.0 ], "NE": [ 1.2, 18.2, 4.2, 0.0 ], "NV": [ 2.8, 7.0, -2.1, -0.0 ], "NH": [ 5.1, -0.5, -0.9, 0.0 ], "NJ": [ 2.4, -1.4, -1.1, 0.1 ], "NM": [ 1.5, 1.4, 23.7, 0.0 ], "NY": [ 1.6, -2.0, -1.0, 0.1 ], "NC": [ 3.5, 0.8, -1.4, -0.0 ], "ND": [ 0.1, 20.6, 19.7, 0.0 ], "OH": [ 1.2, 7.9, -0.1, -0.0 ], "OK": [ 0.7, 11.2, 3.1, 0.0 ], "OR": [ 0.7, 26.5, -5.0, -0.0 ], "PA": [ 1.1, 0.1, -2.7, -0.1 ], "RI": [ 2.1, 0.1, -0.9, -0.0 ], "SC": [ 3.1, 5.4, -2.6, 0.0 ], "SD": [ 1.6, 4.6, 1.4, 0.0 ], "TN": [ 2.8, 0.3, 4.2, 0.0 ], "TX": [ 3.5, 7.6, 13.1, -0.0 ], "UT": [ 7.0, 9.3, -3.0, 0.0 ], "VT": [ 2.7, 1.0, -2.6, 0.0 ], "VA": [ 0.4, 27.6, -3.5, 0.1 ], "WA": [ 2.3, 4.4, -7.8, 0.0 ], "WV": [ 0.0, 1.3, -0.1, 0.0 ], "WI": [ 1.4, 0.3, -0.5, 0.0 ], "WY": [ 0.5, 12.4, -9.6, 0.0 ] }, "total": "sum", "source": "EIA, Form EIA-861 retail sales by state (2025 final, released 2026-10-07)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/state/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-07", "kind": "measured", "how": "Each sector's change in sales as a share of the state's 2019 total; the parts add up to the growth figure. Data-centre load is recorded as commercial in some states and industrial in others (EPRI)." }, { "key": "use", "metrics": [ "demandPerCap" ], "label": "Electricity sold per person by sector, 2025", "unit": "MWh per person", "dp": 1, "parts": [ { "key": "res", "label": "Residential" }, { "key": "com", "label": "Commercial" }, { "key": "ind", "label": "Industrial" }, { "key": "tra", "label": "Transportation" } ], "v": { "AL": [ 6.41, 4.4, 6.28, 0.0 ], "AK": [ 2.77, 3.52, 1.92, 0.0 ], "AZ": [ 5.19, 4.93, 1.95, 0.0 ], "AR": [ 6.18, 3.84, 6.98, 0.0 ], "CA": [ 2.16, 2.9, 1.09, 0.02 ], "CO": [ 3.42, 3.48, 2.55, 0.01 ], "CT": [ 3.62, 3.15, 0.69, 0.05 ], "DE": [ 5.02, 4.04, 1.86, 0.0 ], "DC": [ 3.59, 10.42, 0.28, 0.48 ], "FL": [ 6.03, 4.28, 0.73, 0.0 ], "GA": [ 5.57, 5.05, 2.92, 0.01 ], "HI": [ 1.93, 1.97, 2.5, 0.0 ], "ID": [ 4.9, 3.49, 4.82, 0.0 ], "IL": [ 3.67, 3.65, 3.36, 0.04 ], "IN": [ 4.98, 3.68, 6.19, 0.0 ], "IA": [ 4.66, 4.21, 9.34, 0.0 ], "KS": [ 4.68, 5.46, 3.81, 0.0 ], "KY": [ 5.95, 4.51, 6.07, 0.0 ], "LA": [ 6.86, 5.2, 9.0, 0.0 ], "ME": [ 3.39, 2.88, 1.67, 0.0 ], "MD": [ 4.47, 4.42, 0.56, 0.07 ], "MA": [ 2.92, 3.42, 0.84, 0.04 ], "MI": [ 3.41, 3.69, 2.82, 0.0 ], "MN": [ 3.99, 3.91, 3.26, 0.0 ], "MS": [ 6.48, 4.86, 5.4, 0.0 ], "MO": [ 5.86, 4.84, 2.05, 0.0 ], "MT": [ 5.06, 4.48, 3.87, 0.0 ], "NE": [ 5.3, 7.42, 5.89, 0.0 ], "NV": [ 4.24, 4.35, 3.55, 0.0 ], "NH": [ 3.57, 2.99, 1.29, 0.0 ], "NJ": [ 3.18, 3.88, 0.65, 0.04 ], "NM": [ 3.41, 4.41, 7.0, 0.0 ], "NY": [ 2.62, 3.61, 0.81, 0.15 ], "NC": [ 5.78, 4.48, 2.28, 0.0 ], "ND": [ 6.43, 14.37, 17.08, 0.0 ], "OH": [ 4.54, 4.85, 4.21, 0.0 ], "OK": [ 5.88, 6.63, 5.56, 0.0 ], "OR": [ 4.59, 6.97, 2.84, 0.01 ], "PA": [ 4.29, 3.09, 3.56, 0.04 ], "RI": [ 2.81, 3.28, 0.56, 0.02 ], "SC": [ 6.04, 4.75, 4.46, 0.0 ], "SD": [ 5.63, 5.86, 3.32, 0.0 ], "TN": [ 6.2, 4.99, 3.45, 0.0 ], "TX": [ 5.38, 5.51, 5.93, 0.0 ], "UT": [ 3.37, 4.17, 2.42, 0.01 ], "VT": [ 3.46, 3.09, 1.97, 0.0 ], "VA": [ 5.31, 9.75, 1.52, 0.03 ], "WA": [ 4.83, 4.16, 2.26, 0.01 ], "WV": [ 6.32, 4.54, 8.21, 0.0 ], "WI": [ 3.84, 3.97, 3.89, 0.0 ], "WY": [ 4.98, 9.59, 14.84, 0.0 ] }, "total": "sum", "source": "EIA, Form EIA-861 retail sales by state (2025 final, released 2026-10-07)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/state/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-07", "kind": "estimate", "how": "Retail sales by customer sector divided by population." }, { "key": "build", "metrics": [ "genBuildingMW" ], "label": "Generation under construction by technology (2026-08)", "unit": "MW", "dp": 0, "parts": [ { "key": "gas", "label": "Gas" }, { "key": "wind", "label": "Wind" }, { "key": "solar", "label": "Solar" }, { "key": "batteries", "label": "Batteries" }, { "key": "nuclear", "label": "Nuclear" }, { "key": "other", "label": "Other" } ], "v": { "AL": [ 0, 0, 80, 0, 0, 0 ], "AZ": [ 689, 0, 2310, 3622, 0, 0 ], "AR": [ 69, 183, 2520, 750, 0, 0 ], "CA": [ 0, 213, 3527, 4321, 0, 24 ], "CO": [ 478, 1041, 722, 849, 0, 0 ], "CT": [ 0, 0, 77, 20, 0, 0 ], "DE": [ 0, 0, 67, 0, 0, 0 ], "DC": [ 6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "FL": [ 612, 0, 1559, 150, 0, 17 ], "GA": [ 489, 0, 255, 58, 0, 0 ], "HI": [ 0, 0, 39, 37, 0, 36 ], "ID": [ 0, 0, 400, 0, 0, 0 ], "IL": [ 0, 1346, 1542, 0, 0, 13 ], "IN": [ 0, 200, 1450, 0, 0, 0 ], "IA": [ 0, 0, 302, 0, 0, 0 ], "KS": [ 27, 252, 267, 0, 0, 18 ], "KY": [ 815, 0, 679, 125, 0, 3 ], "LA": [ 0, 0, 676, 0, 0, 0 ], "ME": [ 0, 0, 103, 0, 0, 0 ], "MD": [ 0, 0, 14, 0, 0, 0 ], "MA": [ 0, 0, 18, 234, 0, 0 ], "MI": [ 15, 0, 3192, 320, 0, 0 ], "MN": [ 8, 0, 75, 816, 0, 17 ], "MS": [ 1655, 0, 515, 0, 0, 0 ], "MO": [ 621, 0, 825, 31, 0, 0 ], "MT": [ 0, 80, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "NE": [ 8, 0, 0, 50, 0, 6 ], "NV": [ 0, 0, 1428, 826, 0, 0 ], "NH": [ 0, 0, 24, 0, 0, 0 ], "NJ": [ 0, 0, 20, 13, 0, 0 ], "NM": [ 60, 0, 882, 598, 0, 0 ], "NY": [ 3, 2081, 1092, 112, 0, 25 ], "NC": [ 0, 0, 652, 207, 0, 0 ], "ND": [ 0, 0, 0, 240, 0, 0 ], "OH": [ 0, 297, 1332, 216, 0, 0 ], "OK": [ 1461, 0, 1010, 200, 0, 0 ], "OR": [ 0, 0, 303, 168, 0, 0 ], "PA": [ 2, 0, 343, 0, 0, 0 ], "RI": [ 0, 715, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "SC": [ 0, 0, 200, 4, 0, 0 ], "SD": [ 132, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0 ], "TN": [ 778, 0, 347, 20, 0, 0 ], "TX": [ 5362, 1978, 15621, 8687, 0, 38 ], "UT": [ 8, 0, 504, 348, 0, 131 ], "VT": [ 0, 0, 2, 16, 0, 0 ], "VA": [ 0, 2718, 752, 141, 0, 0 ], "WA": [ 0, 0, 130, 225, 0, 0 ], "WI": [ 0, 0, 1049, 139, 0, 0 ], "WY": [ 0, 3550, 0, 0, 0, 0 ] }, "total": "sum", "source": "EIA-860M (via us_power)", "sourceUrl": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia860m/", "sourceDate": "2026-08", "kind": "measured", "how": "Nameplate MW under construction, by technology (gas includes combined-cycle, turbines and engines)." }, { "key": "mix", "metrics": [ "clean", "carbon" ], "label": "Electricity generated by source, 2025", "unit": "%", "dp": 1, "parts": [ { "key": "nuclear", "label": "Nuclear" }, { "key": "hydro", "label": "Hydro" }, { "key": "wind", "label": "Wind" }, { "key": "solar", "label": "Solar" }, { "key": "bio", "label": "Bioenergy and other renewables" }, { "key": "gas", "label": "Gas" }, { "key": "coal", "label": "Coal and other fossil" } ], "v": { "AL": [ 30.0, 5.8, 0, 1.0, 2.3, 45.6, 15.3 ], "AK": [ 0, 29.4, 1.8, 0.3, 0.7, 39.1, 28.8 ], "AZ": [ 25.6, 4.1, 2.6, 17.5, 0.1, 43.0, 7.2 ], "AR": [ 22.7, 4.9, 0, 7.8, 1.3, 32.9, 30.5 ], "CA": [ 7.3, 11.7, 6.7, 37.4, 6.6, 30.4, -0.1 ], "CO": [ 0, 3.2, 29.0, 13.2, 0.2, 30.6, 23.7 ], "CT": [ 36.9, 0.8, 0.0, 5.5, 1.3, 54.1, 1.4 ], "DE": [ 0, 0, 0.1, 7.3, 0.6, 82.6, 9.4 ], "DC": [ 0, 0, 0, 69.4, 18.3, 12.2, 0 ], "FL": [ 11.2, 0.0, 0, 11.1, 1.3, 71.7, 4.6 ], "GA": [ 34.8, 1.5, 0, 8.1, 3.2, 38.7, 13.8 ], "HI": [ 0, 0.2, 5.2, 23.7, 4.5, 0, 66.4 ], "ID": [ 0, 46.1, 14.7, 9.2, 2.7, 27.1, 0.1 ], "IL": [ 49.9, 0.0, 12.8, 4.5, 0.1, 16.6, 16.0 ], "IN": [ 0, 0.3, 9.4, 6.5, 0.2, 36.1, 47.6 ], "IA": [ 0, 1.4, 58.5, 2.5, 0.4, 11.6, 25.6 ], "KS": [ 14.7, 0.0, 46.9, 1.1, 0.1, 6.5, 30.7 ], "KY": [ 0, 5.3, 0, 2.4, 0.5, 25.8, 66.0 ], "LA": [ 14.9, 0.8, 0, 2.7, 2.0, 72.1, 7.4 ], "ME": [ 0, 16.3, 17.8, 17.9, 10.8, 34.4, 2.9 ], "MD": [ 37.6, 4.0, 1.7, 7.6, 0.8, 40.7, 7.6 ], "MA": [ 0, 1.4, 0.8, 24.6, 3.3, 65.4, 4.5 ], "MI": [ 21.7, 0.5, 8.0, 2.6, 1.7, 42.0, 23.6 ], "MN": [ 21.5, 1.2, 25.1, 5.9, 2.0, 20.7, 23.5 ], "MS": [ 14.7, 0, 0.6, 3.7, 1.7, 73.9, 5.3 ], "MO": [ 9.8, 1.6, 8.9, 3.3, 0.1, 13.0, 63.4 ], "MT": [ 0, 34.7, 22.2, 1.8, 0.1, 4.7, 36.5 ], "NE": [ 17.4, 2.9, 29.4, 0.8, 0.2, 3.2, 46.1 ], "NV": [ 0, 4.0, 0.7, 33.6, 8.3, 48.3, 5.0 ], "NH": [ 55.3, 6.9, 2.4, 2.1, 4.1, 26.9, 2.4 ], "NJ": [ 43.2, -0.4, 0.0, 9.0, 0.9, 45.8, 1.5 ], "NM": [ 0, 0, 35.7, 17.4, 0.2, 26.4, 20.3 ], "NY": [ 20.7, 18.5, 5.0, 7.6, 1.1, 45.4, 1.6 ], "NC": [ 31.5, 3.4, 0.7, 10.1, 1.2, 39.7, 13.4 ], "ND": [ 0, 5.2, 36.3, 0.0, 0, 5.1, 53.5 ], "OH": [ 11.7, 0.3, 2.0, 5.8, 0.2, 54.9, 25.1 ], "OK": [ 0, 1.9, 41.7, 1.1, 0.4, 44.6, 10.4 ], "OR": [ 0, 44.6, 14.5, 5.2, 1.9, 33.9, -0.1 ], "PA": [ 30.3, 0.7, 1.4, 1.4, 0.6, 58.0, 7.7 ], "RI": [ 0, 0.0, 1.9, 10.8, 1.9, 84.8, 0.7 ], "SC": [ 53.9, 2.1, 0, 3.8, 1.5, 21.4, 17.4 ], "SD": [ 0, 22.3, 58.0, 2.0, 0, 8.5, 9.3 ], "TN": [ 39.2, 10.5, 0, 1.9, 0.7, 23.5, 24.3 ], "TX": [ 7.0, 0.2, 21.7, 10.7, 0.2, 48.3, 11.9 ], "UT": [ 0, 1.7, 2.1, 17.4, 1.4, 30.0, 47.4 ], "VT": [ 0, 48.6, 15.5, 19.4, 16.6, 0.0, 0 ], "VA": [ 26.4, -0.2, 0.0, 9.5, 3.4, 56.7, 4.3 ], "WA": [ 7.5, 62.8, 8.3, 1.3, 1.1, 15.7, 3.4 ], "WV": [ 0, 2.4, 3.7, 0.6, 0, 6.2, 87.1 ], "WI": [ 15.2, 3.3, 2.9, 6.6, 1.8, 35.3, 34.8 ], "WY": [ 0, 2.1, 27.1, 1.2, 0, 10.0, 59.6 ] }, "total": "100", "source": "Ember, US electricity data (CC BY 4.0), 2025", "sourceUrl": "https://ember-energy.org/data/us-electricity-data/", "sourceDate": "2026-08-19", "kind": "measured", "how": "Share of the state's generation by source. Hydro or other fossil can be slightly negative where pumped storage or plant own-use draws more than it generates." } ], "checks": [ { "id": "us-osm-total", "measure": "Data centres mapped (OpenStreetMap)", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 1612, "unit": "sites", "source": "Sum of our 51 state counts (us-atlas outlines)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 1612, "unit": "sites", "source": "country_metrics USA count (Natural Earth outline)", "url": "/global/map" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 0.5, "status": "agree", "note": "Same OpenStreetMap run and duplicate rule; a gap would mean US sites falling outside every state outline (none did)." }, { "id": "us-epoch-now", "measure": "Frontier AI data-centre power operating now", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 15179, "unit": "MW", "source": "Sum of our state totals (Epoch sites placed in states)", "url": "https://epoch.ai/data/data-centers" }, "b": { "value": 15179, "unit": "MW", "source": "world_power, Epoch by country (pulled 2026-10-11)", "url": "/global/where-ai-can-plug-in" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 0.5, "status": "agree", "note": "Same Epoch pull and summing rule; small gaps come from per-site rounding; every US site has a state." }, { "id": "us-epoch-planned", "measure": "Frontier AI data-centre power planned", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 43412, "unit": "MW", "source": "Sum of our state totals", "url": "https://epoch.ai/data/data-centers" }, "b": { "value": 43412, "unit": "MW", "source": "world_power, Epoch by country (pulled 2026-10-11)", "url": "/global/where-ai-can-plug-in" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 0.5, "status": "agree", "note": "67 sites placed from Epoch's address field, 3 from the site name, 4 from the sources Epoch lists, 3 from a source Epoch cites (checked by hand, research/datasets/us_states.json)." }, { "id": "us-pop-total", "measure": "Population", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 341784857, "unit": "people", "source": "Census Bureau, Vintage 2025, sum of 50 states + DC", "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.html" }, "b": { "value": 341784857, "unit": "people", "source": "World Bank SP.POP.TOTL (via country_metrics)", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=US" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 1, "status": "agree", "note": "An exact match means the World Bank uses the Census estimate for the same year: a check that both are the same vintage, not two independent counts. Census excludes Puerto Rico and other territories." }, { "id": "us-dc-top10-epri", "measure": "Top 10 data-centre states", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 8, "unit": "of 10 states", "source": "Our OpenStreetMap count (2026-10-11): VA, TX, CA, OR, OH, AZ, WA, NJ, GA, IA", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 10, "unit": "of 10 states", "source": "EPRI, Powering Intelligence (May 2024), states ranked by 2023 data-centre electricity use: VA, TX, CA, IL, OR, AZ, IA, GA, WA, PA", "url": "https://www.epri.com/research/products/3002028905" }, "diffPct": -20.0, "tolerancePct": 30, "status": "agree", "note": "8 of EPRI's top 10 are in our top 10 (VA, TX, CA, OR, AZ, IA, GA, WA). EPRI ranks electricity use in 2023, we rank mapped sites in 2026: a state with a few huge campuses ranks higher on power than on site count, and OpenStreetMap misses some hyperscale sites. Agree = at least 7 of 10." }, { "id": "us-dc-top10-cbp", "measure": "Top 10 data-centre states", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 6, "unit": "of 10 states", "source": "Our OpenStreetMap count (2026-10-11): VA, TX, CA, OR, OH, AZ, WA, NJ, GA, IA", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 10, "unit": "of 10 states", "source": "Census Bureau, County Business Patterns 2023, establishments in NAICS 518210: CA, TX, FL, NY, PA, VA, OH, IL, NJ, GA", "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/cbp.html" }, "diffPct": -40.0, "tolerancePct": 30, "status": "differ", "note": "6 of the Census top 10 are in ours (CA, TX, VA, OH, NJ, GA). NAICS 518210 counts business establishments in computing infrastructure, data processing and web hosting, which follow population and offices more than data-centre buildings. Agree = at least 7 of 10." }, { "id": "us-price-total", "measure": "Industrial electricity price", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 9.03, "unit": "US\u00a2/kWh", "source": "This pack: EIA EPM 5.6.B U.S. Total, January\u2013July 2026", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/xls/table_5_06_b.xlsx" }, "b": { "value": 9.03, "unit": "US\u00a2/kWh", "source": "world_power / us_power: EIA industrial average, July 2026 YTD (commercial 13.97\u00a2)", "url": "/global/where-ai-can-plug-in" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 1, "status": "agree", "note": "Both read the same EIA table; a gap would mean the caches are from different releases." }, { "id": "us-price-861", "measure": "Industrial electricity price", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 9.03, "unit": "US\u00a2/kWh", "source": "EIA Electric Power Monthly 5.6.B, January\u2013July 2026", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/xls/table_5_06_b.xlsx" }, "b": { "value": 8.51, "unit": "US\u00a2/kWh", "source": "EIA-861 annual, 2025 (revenue \u00f7 sales)", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/state/" }, "diffPct": 6.1, "tolerancePct": 15, "status": "agree", "note": "Two EIA series for different periods (this year to date against last full year); prices rose in between." }, { "id": "us-gen-ember-eia", "measure": "Electricity generated, 2025", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 4519.8, "unit": "TWh", "source": "Ember US electricity data (last updated 2026-08-19)", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/data/us-electricity-data/" }, "b": { "value": 4425.0, "unit": "TWh", "source": "EIA, net generation by state, Total Electric Power Industry (released September 2026)", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/state/" }, "diffPct": 2.1, "tolerancePct": 3, "status": "agree", "note": "Ember's release (2026-08-19) came before EIA's final 2025 data (September 2026). Solar explains 89 of the 95 TWh gap (Ember 389 TWh against EIA's utility-scale 300 TWh), consistent with Ember adding small-scale (rooftop) solar, which this EIA table leaves out (our reading)." }, { "id": "us-860m-building", "measure": "Generating capacity under construction (2026-08)", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 98731, "unit": "MW", "source": "Sum of our 51 state totals (EIA-860M Planned sheet, Plant State)", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia860m/" }, "b": { "value": 98731, "unit": "MW", "source": "us_power, EIA-860M US total under construction", "url": "/us" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 0.5, "status": "agree", "note": "Same EIA file and status rule; units outside the 50 states and DC are in the US total but not in a state." }, { "id": "us-dc-share-va", "measure": "Data centres' share of electricity", "place": "Virginia", "a": { "value": 25.59, "unit": "%", "source": "EPRI, Powering Intelligence (May 2024), 2023 estimate, % of Virginia's electricity consumption", "url": "https://www.epri.com/research/products/3002028905" }, "b": { "value": 24, "unit": "%", "source": "Dominion Energy 10-K for 2023: data centres' share of Virginia Power's electricity sales", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/715957/000095017024019110/d-20231231.htm" }, "diffPct": 6.6, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "agree", "note": "Different denominators: EPRI estimates all data-centre use in the state; Dominion reports one utility's sales. Dominion's later 10-Ks give 26% for 2024 and 28% for 2025." }, { "id": "us-dc-twh-2023", "measure": "US data-centre electricity use, 2023", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 152.1, "unit": "TWh", "source": "EPRI, Powering Intelligence (May 2024): about 4% of US load", "url": "https://www.epri.com/research/products/3002028905" }, "b": { "value": 176, "unit": "TWh", "source": "LBNL for DOE (Dec 2024): about 4.4% of US electricity", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-releases-new-report-evaluating-increase-electricity-demand-data-centers" }, "diffPct": -13.6, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "agree", "note": "Two independent estimates with different methods. EPRI's Feb 2026 update puts 2024 at 184 TWh." } ], "caveats": [ "Data centres' share of state electricity is not mapped. The best state table (EPRI, Powering Intelligence, May 2024, and its Feb 2026 update) is \u00a9 EPRI with all rights reserved and no reuse licence, so we quote headline figures with attribution only: data centres used about 4% of US electricity in 2023 (152 TWh), 80% of it in fifteen states, and about a quarter of Virginia's (25.59%); in the 2026 update US data-centre use was 184 TWh in 2024 and Virginia was the only state above 20%. LBNL's estimate for DOE is 4.4% of US electricity in 2023 (176 TWh). Dominion Energy reports data centres at 28% of Virginia Power's sales in 2025. The mapped stand-in is our own estimate: Epoch-tracked AI power against each state's average load.", "OpenStreetMap counts what volunteers have mapped (2026-10-11 run, shared with the Europe and world maps). Colocation halls in big metros are well mapped; some hyperscale campuses appear only as unnamed buildings or not at all. Sites are placed on the 1:10m state outlines; a site within a few kilometres of a state line can land in the neighbour.", "Epoch AI tracks 77 of the largest US AI data centres, not all data centres. Each site's state comes from Epoch's own address, site name or the sources Epoch lists; 3 sites with no state in Epoch's record were placed from a source Epoch cites (research/datasets/us_states.json). Planned power is Epoch's model of full build-out and may not all be built.", "Prices are the average for all industrial customers, January\u2013July 2026; many data centres buy on commercial or special large-load tariffs, so their prices differ. EPRI notes that EIA records data-centre load as commercial in some states and industrial in others.", "Generation shows where power is made, not where it is used: states trade power across the grid, so a state's generation mix is not the mix its data centres consume.", "Region values (Census regions) add up the underlying quantities first and then divide; each measure states its rule. The US reference uses the same rule over all 51 units, except the price (EIA's own US average).", "Third-party data validated in the checks: each pairs a figure in this pack with a second source, with the difference, a tolerance and a note on why they might differ." ] } }, "checks": [ { "id": "us-osm-total", "measure": "Data centres mapped (OpenStreetMap)", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 1612, "unit": "sites", "source": "Sum of our 51 state counts (us-atlas outlines)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 1612, "unit": "sites", "source": "country_metrics USA count (Natural Earth outline)", "url": "/global/map" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 0.5, "status": "agree", "note": "Same OpenStreetMap run and duplicate rule; a gap would mean US sites falling outside every state outline (none did)." }, { "id": "us-epoch-now", "measure": "Frontier AI data-centre power operating now", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 15179, "unit": "MW", "source": "Sum of our state totals (Epoch sites placed in states)", "url": "https://epoch.ai/data/data-centers" }, "b": { "value": 15179, "unit": "MW", "source": "world_power, Epoch by country (pulled 2026-10-11)", "url": "/global/where-ai-can-plug-in" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 0.5, "status": "agree", "note": "Same Epoch pull and summing rule; small gaps come from per-site rounding; every US site has a state." }, { "id": "us-epoch-planned", "measure": "Frontier AI data-centre power planned", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 43412, "unit": "MW", "source": "Sum of our state totals", "url": "https://epoch.ai/data/data-centers" }, "b": { "value": 43412, "unit": "MW", "source": "world_power, Epoch by country (pulled 2026-10-11)", "url": "/global/where-ai-can-plug-in" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 0.5, "status": "agree", "note": "67 sites placed from Epoch's address field, 3 from the site name, 4 from the sources Epoch lists, 3 from a source Epoch cites (checked by hand, research/datasets/us_states.json)." }, { "id": "us-pop-total", "measure": "Population", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 341784857, "unit": "people", "source": "Census Bureau, Vintage 2025, sum of 50 states + DC", "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.html" }, "b": { "value": 341784857, "unit": "people", "source": "World Bank SP.POP.TOTL (via country_metrics)", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=US" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 1, "status": "agree", "note": "An exact match means the World Bank uses the Census estimate for the same year: a check that both are the same vintage, not two independent counts. Census excludes Puerto Rico and other territories." }, { "id": "us-dc-top10-epri", "measure": "Top 10 data-centre states", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 8, "unit": "of 10 states", "source": "Our OpenStreetMap count (2026-10-11): VA, TX, CA, OR, OH, AZ, WA, NJ, GA, IA", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 10, "unit": "of 10 states", "source": "EPRI, Powering Intelligence (May 2024), states ranked by 2023 data-centre electricity use: VA, TX, CA, IL, OR, AZ, IA, GA, WA, PA", "url": "https://www.epri.com/research/products/3002028905" }, "diffPct": -20.0, "tolerancePct": 30, "status": "agree", "note": "8 of EPRI's top 10 are in our top 10 (VA, TX, CA, OR, AZ, IA, GA, WA). EPRI ranks electricity use in 2023, we rank mapped sites in 2026: a state with a few huge campuses ranks higher on power than on site count, and OpenStreetMap misses some hyperscale sites. Agree = at least 7 of 10." }, { "id": "us-dc-top10-cbp", "measure": "Top 10 data-centre states", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 6, "unit": "of 10 states", "source": "Our OpenStreetMap count (2026-10-11): VA, TX, CA, OR, OH, AZ, WA, NJ, GA, IA", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 10, "unit": "of 10 states", "source": "Census Bureau, County Business Patterns 2023, establishments in NAICS 518210: CA, TX, FL, NY, PA, VA, OH, IL, NJ, GA", "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/cbp.html" }, "diffPct": -40.0, "tolerancePct": 30, "status": "differ", "note": "6 of the Census top 10 are in ours (CA, TX, VA, OH, NJ, GA). NAICS 518210 counts business establishments in computing infrastructure, data processing and web hosting, which follow population and offices more than data-centre buildings. Agree = at least 7 of 10." }, { "id": "us-price-total", "measure": "Industrial electricity price", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 9.03, "unit": "US\u00a2/kWh", "source": "This pack: EIA EPM 5.6.B U.S. Total, January\u2013July 2026", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/xls/table_5_06_b.xlsx" }, "b": { "value": 9.03, "unit": "US\u00a2/kWh", "source": "world_power / us_power: EIA industrial average, July 2026 YTD (commercial 13.97\u00a2)", "url": "/global/where-ai-can-plug-in" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 1, "status": "agree", "note": "Both read the same EIA table; a gap would mean the caches are from different releases." }, { "id": "us-price-861", "measure": "Industrial electricity price", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 9.03, "unit": "US\u00a2/kWh", "source": "EIA Electric Power Monthly 5.6.B, January\u2013July 2026", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/xls/table_5_06_b.xlsx" }, "b": { "value": 8.51, "unit": "US\u00a2/kWh", "source": "EIA-861 annual, 2025 (revenue \u00f7 sales)", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/state/" }, "diffPct": 6.1, "tolerancePct": 15, "status": "agree", "note": "Two EIA series for different periods (this year to date against last full year); prices rose in between." }, { "id": "us-gen-ember-eia", "measure": "Electricity generated, 2025", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 4519.8, "unit": "TWh", "source": "Ember US electricity data (last updated 2026-08-19)", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/data/us-electricity-data/" }, "b": { "value": 4425.0, "unit": "TWh", "source": "EIA, net generation by state, Total Electric Power Industry (released September 2026)", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/state/" }, "diffPct": 2.1, "tolerancePct": 3, "status": "agree", "note": "Ember's release (2026-08-19) came before EIA's final 2025 data (September 2026). Solar explains 89 of the 95 TWh gap (Ember 389 TWh against EIA's utility-scale 300 TWh), consistent with Ember adding small-scale (rooftop) solar, which this EIA table leaves out (our reading)." }, { "id": "us-860m-building", "measure": "Generating capacity under construction (2026-08)", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 98731, "unit": "MW", "source": "Sum of our 51 state totals (EIA-860M Planned sheet, Plant State)", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia860m/" }, "b": { "value": 98731, "unit": "MW", "source": "us_power, EIA-860M US total under construction", "url": "/us" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 0.5, "status": "agree", "note": "Same EIA file and status rule; units outside the 50 states and DC are in the US total but not in a state." }, { "id": "us-dc-share-va", "measure": "Data centres' share of electricity", "place": "Virginia", "a": { "value": 25.59, "unit": "%", "source": "EPRI, Powering Intelligence (May 2024), 2023 estimate, % of Virginia's electricity consumption", "url": "https://www.epri.com/research/products/3002028905" }, "b": { "value": 24, "unit": "%", "source": "Dominion Energy 10-K for 2023: data centres' share of Virginia Power's electricity sales", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/715957/000095017024019110/d-20231231.htm" }, "diffPct": 6.6, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "agree", "note": "Different denominators: EPRI estimates all data-centre use in the state; Dominion reports one utility's sales. Dominion's later 10-Ks give 26% for 2024 and 28% for 2025." }, { "id": "us-dc-twh-2023", "measure": "US data-centre electricity use, 2023", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 152.1, "unit": "TWh", "source": "EPRI, Powering Intelligence (May 2024): about 4% of US load", "url": "https://www.epri.com/research/products/3002028905" }, "b": { "value": 176, "unit": "TWh", "source": "LBNL for DOE (Dec 2024): about 4.4% of US electricity", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-releases-new-report-evaluating-increase-electricity-demand-data-centers" }, "diffPct": -13.6, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "agree", "note": "Two independent estimates with different methods. EPRI's Feb 2026 update puts 2024 at 184 TWh." } ], "caveats": [ "Data centres' share of state electricity is not mapped. The best state table (EPRI, Powering Intelligence, May 2024, and its Feb 2026 update) is \u00a9 EPRI with all rights reserved and no reuse licence, so we quote headline figures with attribution only: data centres used about 4% of US electricity in 2023 (152 TWh), 80% of it in fifteen states, and about a quarter of Virginia's (25.59%); in the 2026 update US data-centre use was 184 TWh in 2024 and Virginia was the only state above 20%. LBNL's estimate for DOE is 4.4% of US electricity in 2023 (176 TWh). Dominion Energy reports data centres at 28% of Virginia Power's sales in 2025. The mapped stand-in is our own estimate: Epoch-tracked AI power against each state's average load.", "OpenStreetMap counts what volunteers have mapped (2026-10-11 run, shared with the Europe and world maps). Colocation halls in big metros are well mapped; some hyperscale campuses appear only as unnamed buildings or not at all. Sites are placed on the 1:10m state outlines; a site within a few kilometres of a state line can land in the neighbour.", "Epoch AI tracks 77 of the largest US AI data centres, not all data centres. Each site's state comes from Epoch's own address, site name or the sources Epoch lists; 3 sites with no state in Epoch's record were placed from a source Epoch cites (research/datasets/us_states.json). Planned power is Epoch's model of full build-out and may not all be built.", "Prices are the average for all industrial customers, January\u2013July 2026; many data centres buy on commercial or special large-load tariffs, so their prices differ. EPRI notes that EIA records data-centre load as commercial in some states and industrial in others.", "Generation shows where power is made, not where it is used: states trade power across the grid, so a state's generation mix is not the mix its data centres consume.", "Region values (Census regions) add up the underlying quantities first and then divide; each measure states its rule. The US reference uses the same rule over all 51 units, except the price (EIA's own US average).", "Third-party data validated in the checks: each pairs a figure in this pack with a second source, with the difference, a tolerance and a note on why they might differ." ], "osm": { "run": "2026-10-11", "osmBase": "2026-10-11T22:19:06Z", "usSites": 1612, "unplaced": [], "dedupe": { "dead": 2, "construction": 42, "duplicate": 165, "kept": 1612, "telecomTagged": 1604 } }, "epoch": { "pulled": "2026-10-11", "usSites": 77, "placedBy": { "address": 67, "sources": 4, "cited source (hand row)": 3, "name": 3 }, "unplaced": [] }, "pulls": { "census": "Vintage 2025 (2026-10-12)", "ember": "2025 (updated 2026-08-19, pulled 2026-10-12)", "eia861": "2025 (released 2026-10-07)", "eiaGen": "September 2026", "eia860m": "2026-08", "epm56b": "2026-10-11", "cbp": 2023, "epri2024": "2026-10-12", "epri2026": "2026-10-12", "doe": "2026-10-12", "dominion": "2026-10-12" } }, "data_coverage": { "title": "Data coverage: how deep we go, country by country", "asOf": "2026-10-12", "source": "StackPath data-coverage analysis: derived from the site's published datasets (app/public/ireland.json), the data manifest, scripts/refresh.py's cadence table and research/datasets; market weight from OpenStreetMap (ODbL) via country_metrics and Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0) via world_power", "sourceUrls": [ "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright", "https://epoch.ai/data/data-centers" ], "packs": { "coverage": { "key": "coverage", "label": "Our coverage", "title": "Data coverage: how deep we go, country by country", "geo": "world", "unitNoun": [ "country", "countries" ], "groupNoun": [ "continent", "continents" ], "focus": "IRL", "asOf": "2026-10-12", "scopeNote": "Every country on the world map, scored on how deep this site's data goes and how much its market matters.", "groupRule": "UN M49 continents, with the Americas split (country_metrics' rule). Group values: sums for weight and priority; means weighted by market weight for depth, target, gap and measures held.", "groups": [ { "key": "Africa", "name": "Africa", "units": 54, "v": { "weight": 0.796, "priority": 0.492, "depth": 1.0, "target": 1.62, "gap": 0.62, "metricCoverage": 61.1, "datasets": 3, "freshness": 607 }, "cov": { "checks": 0 } }, { "key": "Asia", "name": "Asia", "units": 50, "v": { "weight": 11.561, "priority": 10.226, "depth": 1.0, "target": 1.88, "gap": 0.88, "metricCoverage": 79.3, "datasets": 20, "freshness": 382 }, "cov": { "checks": 0 } }, { "key": "Europe", "name": "Europe", "units": 47, "v": { "weight": 19.099, "priority": 9.152, "depth": 2.23, "target": 2.68, "gap": 0.44, "metricCoverage": 88.0, "datasets": 81, "freshness": 289, "checksPassed": 80 }, "cov": { "checks": 5 } }, { "key": "North America", "name": "North America", "units": 34, "v": { "weight": 64.752, "priority": 1.405, "depth": 2.95, "target": 2.97, "gap": 0.02, "metricCoverage": 99.3, "datasets": 26, "freshness": 650, "checksPassed": 85 }, "cov": { "checks": 13 } }, { "key": "Oceania", "name": "Oceania", "units": 19, "v": { "weight": 1.99, "priority": 1.943, "depth": 1.0, "target": 1.98, "gap": 0.98, "metricCoverage": 86.0, "datasets": 5, "freshness": 650 }, "cov": { "checks": 0 } }, { "key": "South America", "name": "South America", "units": 12, "v": { "weight": 1.803, "priority": 1.253, "depth": 1.0, "target": 1.69, "gap": 0.69, "metricCoverage": 64.9, "datasets": 4, "freshness": 260 }, "cov": { "checks": 0 } } ], "refLabels": { "europe": "Europe-31 (weighted)", "world": "World (weighted)" }, "rows": [ { "id": "AFG", "num": "004", "name": "Afghanistan", "iso2": "AF", "group": "Asia", "pop": 43844111, "href": null, "v": { "depth": 1, "target": 1, "gap": 0, "priority": 0.0, "weight": 0.0, "metricCoverage": 50.0, "datasets": 2, "freshness": 650 }, "n": { "depth": "7/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "freshness": "Oldest figure: Grid carbon (2024)" } }, { "id": "ALB", "num": "008", "name": "Albania", "iso2": "AL", "group": "Europe", "pop": 2349580, "href": null, "v": { "depth": 1, "target": 1, "gap": 0, "priority": 0.0, "weight": 0.012, "metricCoverage": 57.1, "datasets": 2, "freshness": 564 }, "n": { "depth": "8/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "freshness": "Oldest figure: Grid carbon (2024)", "weight": "0.02% of mapped sites (OSM), 0.00% of planned frontier AI MW (Epoch)" } }, { "id": "DZA", "num": "012", "name": "Algeria", "iso2": "DZ", "group": "Africa", "pop": 47435312, "href": null, "v": { "depth": 1, "target": 1, "gap": 0, "priority": 0.0, "weight": 0.012, "metricCoverage": 57.1, "datasets": 2, "freshness": 564 }, "n": { "depth": "8/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "freshness": "Oldest figure: Grid carbon (2024)", "weight": "0.02% of mapped sites (OSM), 0.00% of planned frontier AI MW (Epoch)" } }, { "id": "ASM", "num": "016", "name": "American Samoa", "iso2": "AS", "group": "Oceania", "pop": 46029, "href": null, "v": { "depth": 1, "target": 1, "gap": 0, "priority": 0.0, "weight": 0.0, "metricCoverage": 50.0, "datasets": 2, "freshness": 650 }, "n": { "depth": "7/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "freshness": "Oldest figure: Grid carbon (2024)" } }, { "id": "AND", "num": "020", "name": "Andorra", "iso2": "AD", "group": "Europe", "pop": 82904, "href": null, "v": { "depth": 1, "target": 1, "gap": 0, "priority": 0.0, "weight": 0.0, "metricCoverage": 14.3, "datasets": 2 }, "n": { "depth": "2/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only" } }, { "id": "AGO", "num": "024", "name": "Angola", "iso2": "AO", "group": "Africa", "pop": 39040039, "href": null, "v": { "depth": 1, "target": 1, "gap": 0, "priority": 0.0, "weight": 0.012, "metricCoverage": 57.1, "datasets": 2, "freshness": 564 }, "n": { "depth": "8/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "freshness": "Oldest figure: Grid carbon (2024)", "weight": "0.02% of mapped sites (OSM), 0.00% of planned frontier AI MW (Epoch)" } }, { "id": "ATG", "num": "028", "name": "Antigua and Barbuda", "iso2": "AG", "group": "North America", "pop": 94209, "href": null, "v": { "depth": 1, "target": 1, "gap": 0, "priority": 0.0, "weight": 0.0, "metricCoverage": 50.0, "datasets": 2, "freshness": 650 }, "n": { "depth": "7/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "freshness": "Oldest figure: Grid carbon (2024)" } }, { "id": "ARG", "num": "032", "name": "Argentina", "iso2": "AR", "group": "South America", "pop": 45851378, "href": null, "v": { "depth": 1, "target": 2, "gap": 1, "priority": 0.433, "weight": 0.433, "metricCoverage": 64.3, "datasets": 2, "freshness": 260 }, "n": { "depth": "9/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "weight": "0.87% of mapped sites (OSM), 0.00% of planned frontier AI MW (Epoch)", "priority": "Next: Large-user demand and grid access (CAMMESA (wholesale market administrator))" } }, { "id": "ARM", "num": "051", "name": "Armenia", "iso2": "AM", "group": "Asia", "pop": 3086700, "href": null, "v": { "depth": 1, "target": 1, "gap": 0, "priority": 0.0, "weight": 0.023, "metricCoverage": 57.1, "datasets": 2, "freshness": 260 }, "n": { "depth": "8/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "weight": "0.05% of mapped sites (OSM), 0.00% of planned frontier AI MW (Epoch)" } }, { "id": "ABW", "num": "533", "name": "Aruba", "iso2": "AW", "group": "North America", "pop": 108785, "href": null, "v": { "depth": 1, "target": 1, "gap": 0, "priority": 0.0, "weight": 0.0, "metricCoverage": 50.0, "datasets": 2, "freshness": 650 }, "n": { "depth": "7/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "freshness": "Oldest figure: Grid carbon (2024)" } }, { "id": "AUS", "num": "036", "name": "Australia", "iso2": "AU", "group": "Oceania", "pop": 27614411, "href": null, "v": { "depth": 1, "target": 2, "gap": 1, "priority": 1.615, "weight": 1.615, "metricCoverage": 92.9, "datasets": 5, "freshness": 260 }, "n": { "depth": "13/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "weight": "3.11% of mapped sites (OSM), 0.12% of planned frontier AI MW (Epoch)", "priority": "Next: Data-centre electricity use and forecast by NEM region (state) (AEMO, 2026 ESOO data-centre forecasting overview)" } }, { "id": "AUT", "num": "040", "name": "Austria", "iso2": "AT", "group": "Europe", "pop": 9208163, "href": "/europe/countries/austria", "v": { "depth": 2, "target": 2, "gap": 0, "priority": 0.0, "weight": 0.164, "metricCoverage": 73.7, "datasets": 13, "freshness": 244 }, "n": { "depth": "profile /europe/countries/austria; 14 of 19 measures", "weight": "0.33% of mapped sites (OSM), 0.00% of planned frontier AI MW (Epoch)" } }, { "id": "AZE", "num": "031", "name": "Azerbaijan", "iso2": "AZ", "group": "Asia", "pop": 10246996, "href": null, "v": { "depth": 1, "target": 1, "gap": 0, "priority": 0.0, "weight": 0.047, "metricCoverage": 57.1, "datasets": 2, "freshness": 260 }, "n": { "depth": "8/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "weight": "0.09% of mapped sites (OSM), 0.00% of planned frontier AI MW (Epoch)" } }, { "id": "BHS", "num": "044", "name": "Bahamas", "iso2": "BS", "group": "North America", "pop": 403033, "href": null, "v": { "depth": 1, "target": 1, "gap": 0, "priority": 0.0, "weight": 0.0, "metricCoverage": 50.0, "datasets": 2, "freshness": 650 }, "n": { "depth": "7/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "freshness": "Oldest figure: Grid carbon (2024)" } }, { "id": "BHR", "num": "048", "name": "Bahrain", "iso2": "BH", "group": "Asia", "pop": 1600366, "href": null, "v": { "depth": 1, "target": 1, "gap": 0, "priority": 0.0, "weight": 0.047, "metricCoverage": 57.1, "datasets": 2, "freshness": 564 }, "n": { "depth": "8/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "freshness": "Oldest figure: Grid carbon (2024)", "weight": "0.09% of mapped sites (OSM), 0.00% of planned frontier AI MW (Epoch)" } }, { "id": "BGD", "num": "050", "name": "Bangladesh", "iso2": "BD", "group": "Asia", "pop": 175686899, "href": null, "v": { "depth": 1, "target": 1, "gap": 0, "priority": 0.0, "weight": 0.059, "metricCoverage": 57.1, "datasets": 2, "freshness": 260 }, "n": { "depth": "8/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "weight": "0.12% of mapped sites (OSM), 0.00% of planned frontier AI MW (Epoch)" } }, { "id": "BRB", "num": "052", "name": "Barbados", "iso2": "BB", "group": "North America", "pop": 282623, "href": null, "v": { "depth": 1, "target": 1, "gap": 0, "priority": 0.0, "weight": 0.0, "metricCoverage": 50.0, "datasets": 2, "freshness": 650 }, "n": { "depth": "7/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "freshness": "Oldest figure: Grid carbon (2024)" } }, { "id": "BLR", "num": "112", "name": "Belarus", "iso2": "BY", "group": "Europe", "pop": 9085991, "href": null, "v": { "depth": 1, "target": 1, "gap": 0, "priority": 0.0, "weight": 0.035, "metricCoverage": 50.0, "datasets": 2, "freshness": 285 }, "n": { "depth": "7/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "weight": "0.07% of mapped sites (OSM), 0.00% of planned frontier AI MW (Epoch)" } }, { "id": "BEL", "num": "056", "name": "Belgium", "iso2": "BE", "group": "Europe", "pop": 11941781, "href": "/europe/countries/belgium", "v": { "depth": 2, "target": 2, "gap": 0, "priority": 0.0, "weight": 0.468, "metricCoverage": 89.5, "datasets": 18, "freshness": 289 }, "n": { "depth": "profile /europe/countries/belgium; 17 of 19 measures", "freshness": "Oldest figure: DC share of electricity (2024)", "weight": "0.94% of mapped sites (OSM), 0.00% of planned frontier AI MW (Epoch)" } }, { "id": "BLZ", "num": "084", "name": "Belize", "iso2": "BZ", "group": "North America", "pop": 422924, "href": null, "v": { "depth": 1, "target": 1, "gap": 0, "priority": 0.0, "weight": 0.0, "metricCoverage": 50.0, "datasets": 2, "freshness": 650 }, "n": { "depth": "7/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "freshness": "Oldest figure: Grid carbon (2024)" } }, { "id": "BEN", "num": "204", "name": "Benin", "iso2": "BJ", "group": "Africa", "pop": 14814460, "href": null, "v": { "depth": 1, "target": 1, "gap": 0, "priority": 0.0, "weight": 0.0, "metricCoverage": 57.1, "datasets": 2, "freshness": 564 }, "n": { "depth": "8/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "freshness": "Oldest figure: Grid carbon (2024)" } }, { "id": "BMU", "num": "060", "name": "Bermuda", "iso2": "BM", "group": "North America", "pop": 64555, "href": null, "v": { "depth": 1, "target": 1, "gap": 0, "priority": 0.0, "weight": 0.0, "metricCoverage": 14.3, "datasets": 2 }, "n": { "depth": "2/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only" } }, { "id": "BTN", "num": "064", "name": "Bhutan", "iso2": "BT", "group": "Asia", "pop": 796682, "href": null, "v": { "depth": 1, "target": 1, "gap": 0, "priority": 0.0, "weight": 0.012, "metricCoverage": 50.0, "datasets": 2, "freshness": 650 }, "n": { "depth": "7/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "freshness": "Oldest figure: Grid carbon (2024)", "weight": "0.02% of mapped sites (OSM), 0.00% of planned frontier AI MW (Epoch)" } }, { "id": "BOL", "num": "068", "name": "Bolivia", "iso2": "BO", "group": "South America", "pop": 12581843, "href": null, "v": { "depth": 1, "target": 1, "gap": 0, "priority": 0.0, "weight": 0.012, "metricCoverage": 57.1, "datasets": 2, "freshness": 260 }, "n": { "depth": "8/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "weight": "0.02% of mapped sites (OSM), 0.00% of planned frontier AI MW (Epoch)" } }, { "id": "BIH", "num": "070", "name": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "iso2": "BA", "group": "Europe", "pop": 3140095, "href": null, "v": { "depth": 1, "target": 1, "gap": 0, "priority": 0.0, "weight": 0.0, "metricCoverage": 57.1, "datasets": 2, "freshness": 260 }, "n": { "depth": "8/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only" } }, { "id": "BWA", "num": "072", "name": "Botswana", "iso2": "BW", "group": "Africa", "pop": 2562122, "href": null, "v": { "depth": 1, "target": 1, "gap": 0, "priority": 0.0, "weight": 0.0, "metricCoverage": 57.1, "datasets": 2, "freshness": 564 }, "n": { "depth": "8/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "freshness": "Oldest figure: Grid carbon (2024)" } }, { "id": "BRA", "num": "076", "name": "Brazil", "iso2": "BR", "group": "South America", "pop": 212812405, "href": null, "v": { "depth": 1, "target": 2, "gap": 1, "priority": 0.562, "weight": 0.562, "metricCoverage": 78.6, "datasets": 4, "freshness": 260 }, "n": { "depth": "11/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "weight": "1.12% of mapped sites (OSM), 0.00% of planned frontier AI MW (Epoch)", "priority": "Next: Data-centre access requests to the transmission grid (Rede B\u00e1sica) and the load forecast revision (ONS / EPE / CCEE load forecast revisions; EPE publications)" } }, { "id": "VGB", "num": "092", "name": "British Virgin Islands", "iso2": "VG", "group": "North America", "pop": 39732, "href": null, "v": { "depth": 1, "target": 1, "gap": 0, "priority": 0.0, "weight": 0.0, "metricCoverage": 50.0, "datasets": 2, "freshness": 1016 }, "n": { "depth": "7/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "freshness": "Oldest figure: Grid carbon (2023)" } }, { "id": "BRN", "num": "096", "name": "Brunei", "iso2": "BN", "group": "Asia", "pop": 466330, "href": null, "v": { "depth": 1, "target": 1, "gap": 0, "priority": 0.0, "weight": 0.0, "metricCoverage": 50.0, "datasets": 2, "freshness": 650 }, "n": { "depth": "7/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "freshness": "Oldest figure: Grid carbon (2024)" } }, { "id": "BGR", "num": "100", "name": "Bulgaria", "iso2": "BG", "group": "Europe", "pop": 6433302, "href": "/europe/countries/bulgaria", "v": { "depth": 2, "target": 2, "gap": 0, "priority": 0.0, "weight": 0.082, "metricCoverage": 73.7, "datasets": 11, "freshness": 289 }, "n": { "depth": "profile /europe/countries/bulgaria; 14 of 19 measures", "freshness": "Oldest figure: EU-reported DC capacity per person (2024)", "weight": "0.16% of mapped sites (OSM), 0.00% of planned frontier AI MW (Epoch)" } }, { "id": "BFA", 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"weight": "0.12% of mapped sites (OSM), 0.00% of planned frontier AI MW (Epoch)" } }, { "id": "RUS", "num": "643", "name": "Russia", "iso2": "RU", "group": "Europe", "pop": 143513328, "href": null, "v": { "depth": 1, "target": 2, "gap": 1, "priority": 0.878, "weight": 0.878, "metricCoverage": 71.4, "datasets": 2, "freshness": 285 }, "n": { "depth": "10/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "weight": "1.76% of mapped sites (OSM), 0.00% of planned frontier AI MW (Epoch)", "priority": "Next: Connected capacity and electricity share of data centres and crypto mining (System Operator of the Unified Energy System (figures so far seen only via TASS))" } }, { "id": "RWA", "num": "646", "name": "Rwanda", "iso2": "RW", "group": "Africa", "pop": 14569341, "href": null, "v": { "depth": 1, "target": 1, "gap": 0, "priority": 0.0, "weight": 0.0, "metricCoverage": 57.1, "datasets": 2, "freshness": 564 }, "n": { "depth": "8/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "freshness": "Oldest 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"n": { "depth": "8/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "freshness": "Oldest figure: Grid carbon (2024)" } }, { "id": "ZWE", "num": "716", "name": "Zimbabwe", "iso2": "ZW", "group": "Africa", "pop": 16950795, "href": null, "v": { "depth": 1, "target": 1, "gap": 0, "priority": 0.0, "weight": 0.0, "metricCoverage": 57.1, "datasets": 2, "freshness": 564 }, "n": { "depth": "8/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "freshness": "Oldest figure: Grid carbon (2024)" } } ], "metrics": [ { "key": "depth", "label": "Depth of our data", "short": "Depth (0-4)", "unit": "tier", "dp": 0, "direction": "higher", "perCapita": false, "layer": "coverage", "rank": 1, "why": "How far down we go in each country: project, regional, national profile, headline or none.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "weight", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "source": "StackPath data-coverage analysis (country_metrics/dashboards, eu_scorecard, world_power (Epoch AI), the data manifest, scripts/refresh.py, research/datasets)", "sourceUrl": "/dashboards/coverage", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "period": "2026-10-12", "kind": "inference", "how": "0 none, 1 headline measures, 2 national profile, 3 regional or site rows, 4 every project. Auto-detected, then the register (research/datasets/data_coverage.json) confirms or overrides with evidence. Tier 4: at least two project-level datasets with planning or grid status above their row floors. Tier 3: a sub-national split (5+ regions) or a site list of 10+ data centres for the country, in the data-centre or power layers. Tier 2: a profile page and at least 50% of the scope's dashboard measures. Tier 1: any dashboard measure. Each tier needs the one below it.", "coverage": 216, "page": "/dashboards/coverage", "agg": "mean weighted by market weight", "refs": { "europe": 2.31, "world": 2.5 }, "classLabels": { "0": "0 \u00b7 none", "1": "1 \u00b7 headline", "2": "2 \u00b7 national profile", "3": "3 \u00b7 regional or site", "4": "4 \u00b7 every project" } }, { "key": "priority", "label": "Priority: where to get data next", "short": "Priority", "unit": "weight \u00d7 tiers", "dp": 2, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "layer": "coverage", "rank": 2, "why": "Market weight times the tiers we are short of the target: the 'get this data next' list.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "weight", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "source": "StackPath data-coverage analysis (country_metrics/dashboards, eu_scorecard, world_power (Epoch AI), the data manifest, scripts/refresh.py, research/datasets)", "sourceUrl": "/dashboards/coverage", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "period": "2026-10-12", "kind": "inference", "how": "Weight (% of the market) \u00d7 (target depth \u2212 depth), zero where we meet the target. Sort the bars by it.", "coverage": 216, "page": "/dashboards/coverage", "agg": "sum of country priorities" }, { "key": "gap", "label": "Tiers short of the target", "short": "Gap", "unit": "tiers", "dp": 0, "direction": "lower", "perCapita": false, "layer": "coverage", "rank": 3, "why": "How many tiers of depth a country is missing against what its market is worth.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "weight", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "source": "StackPath data-coverage analysis (country_metrics/dashboards, eu_scorecard, world_power (Epoch AI), the data manifest, scripts/refresh.py, research/datasets)", "sourceUrl": "/dashboards/coverage", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "period": "2026-10-12", "kind": "inference", "how": "Target depth minus depth. Negative means we go deeper than the target (Italy's regional queue, for example).", "coverage": 216, "page": "/dashboards/coverage", "agg": "mean weighted by market weight" }, { "key": "target", "label": "Target depth", "short": "Target", "unit": "tier", "dp": 0, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "layer": "coverage", "rank": 4, "why": "How deep a country's market is worth going.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "weight", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "source": "StackPath data-coverage analysis (country_metrics/dashboards, eu_scorecard, world_power (Epoch AI), the data manifest, scripts/refresh.py, research/datasets)", "sourceUrl": "/dashboards/coverage", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "period": "2026-10-12", "kind": "inference", "how": "Ireland 4 (home market). Europe-31 or the US with a weight of at least 1%: 3. Every other Europe-31 country: 2 (a national profile is enough: no council sites for Lithuania). Elsewhere, a weight of at least 0.2%: 2; the rest 1. Outside Europe and the US the target stops at 2: the site compares the rest of the world, it does not cover it in depth.", "coverage": 216, "page": "/dashboards/coverage", "agg": "mean weighted by market weight", "classLabels": { "0": "0 \u00b7 none", "1": "1 \u00b7 headline", "2": "2 \u00b7 national profile", "3": "3 \u00b7 regional or site", "4": "4 \u00b7 every project" } }, { "key": "weight", "label": "Market weight", "short": "Market weight", "unit": "% of world", "dp": 2, "direction": "neither", "perCapita": false, "layer": "coverage", "rank": 5, "why": "How much each market matters: today's data-centre estate and the AI build that is coming.", "additive": true, "sizeBy": null, "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "source": "StackPath data-coverage analysis (country_metrics/dashboards, eu_scorecard, world_power (Epoch AI), the data manifest, scripts/refresh.py, research/datasets)", "sourceUrl": "/dashboards/coverage", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "period": "2026-10-12", "kind": "estimate", "how": "50% the country's share of the world's 4,271 data-centre sites mapped in OpenStreetMap (measured, every country) + 50% its share of the 49,011 MW of frontier AI data-centre power Epoch AI tracks as planned (0 where Epoch tracks none). Shares in %; they sum to 100.", "coverage": 216, "page": "/dashboards/coverage", "agg": "sum (shares of the world)" }, { "key": "metricCoverage", "label": "Dashboard measures we hold", "short": "Measures held", "unit": "%", "dp": 0, "direction": "higher", "perCapita": false, "layer": "coverage", "rank": 6, "why": "Of the measures the dashboard offers for the country's scope, the share with a figure.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "weight", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "source": "StackPath data-coverage analysis (country_metrics/dashboards, eu_scorecard, world_power (Epoch AI), the data manifest, scripts/refresh.py, research/datasets)", "sourceUrl": "/dashboards/coverage", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "period": "2026-10-12", "kind": "measured", "how": "Europe-31 countries against the 19 Europe measures (dashboards.packs.europe); every other country against the 14 world measures (dashboards.packs.world).", "coverage": 216, "page": "/dashboards/coverage", "agg": "mean weighted by market weight", "refs": { "europe": 89.3, "world": 93.6 } }, { "key": "datasets", "label": "Datasets holding the country", "short": "Datasets", "unit": "datasets", "dp": 0, "direction": "higher", "perCapita": false, "layer": "coverage", "rank": 7, "why": "How many of the site's datasets hold rows for the country.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "weight", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "source": "StackPath data-coverage analysis (country_metrics/dashboards, eu_scorecard, world_power (Epoch AI), the data manifest, scripts/refresh.py, research/datasets)", "sourceUrl": "/dashboards/coverage", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "period": "2026-10-12", "kind": "measured", "how": "Counted from structured fields (country, ISO code, country-name lists), never free text; single-country datasets (the Irish flagship, Germany's register, the US series) count for their country. The stack splits them by layer.", "coverage": 216, "page": "/dashboards/coverage", "agg": "distinct datasets holding any country in the group" }, { "key": "freshness", "label": "Age of the data behind its measures", "short": "Data age", "unit": "days", "dp": 0, "direction": "lower", "perCapita": false, "layer": "coverage", "rank": 8, "why": "How old the figures we show for the country are.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "weight", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "source": "StackPath data-coverage analysis (country_metrics/dashboards, eu_scorecard, world_power (Epoch AI), the data manifest, scripts/refresh.py, research/datasets)", "sourceUrl": "/dashboards/coverage", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "period": "2026-10-12", "kind": "measured", "how": "Average, across the country's dashboard measures that state a data period, of the days between the end of that period (2025 = 31 Dec 2025, 2026-S1 = 30 Jun 2026) and today. Snapshot counts with no period (sites mapped, chips tracked) are left out: they are always current. An average rather than a median: annual statistics put most medians at the same 9 months, and the average shows which countries carry older figures.", "coverage": 200, "page": "/dashboards/coverage", "agg": "median of the group's countries" }, { "key": "checksPassed", "label": "Cross-checks that agree", "short": "Checks agreeing", "unit": "%", "dp": 0, "direction": "higher", "perCapita": false, "layer": "coverage", "rank": 9, "why": "Where a figure can be checked against a second source, how often the two agree.", "additive": false, "sizeBy": "weight", "rateBy": null, "hidden": false, "source": "StackPath data-coverage analysis (country_metrics/dashboards, eu_scorecard, world_power (Epoch AI), the data manifest, scripts/refresh.py, research/datasets)", "sourceUrl": "/dashboards/coverage", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "period": "2026-10-12", "kind": "measured", "how": "Share of the country's two-source cross-checks within tolerance (each check states its tolerance and why the sources could differ). Blank where no check exists.", "coverage": 3, "page": "/dashboards/coverage", "agg": "recomputed from the group's checks", "missing": "No cross-check for this country yet" } ], "stacks": [ { "key": "layers", "metrics": [ "datasets" ], "label": "Datasets by layer of the stack", "unit": "datasets", "dp": 0, "parts": [ { "key": "datacentres", "label": "Data centres" }, { "key": "power", "label": "Power" }, { "key": "compute", "label": "AI compute" }, { "key": "ai", "label": "AI use and models" }, { "key": "capital", "label": "Capital" }, { "key": "policy", "label": "Policy and rules" } ], "v": { "AFG": [ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "ALB": [ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ], "DZA": [ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ], "ASM": [ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "AND": [ 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "AGO": [ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ], "ATG": [ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "ARG": [ 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0 ], "ARM": [ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ], "ABW": [ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "AUS": [ 2, 3, 2, 3, 1, 0 ], "AUT": [ 4, 4, 8, 5, 1, 0 ], "AZE": [ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ], "BHS": [ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "BHR": [ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ], "BGD": [ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ], "BRB": [ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "BLR": [ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "BEL": [ 4, 6, 10, 5, 4, 2 ], "BLZ": [ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "BEN": [ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ], "BMU": [ 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "BTN": [ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "BOL": [ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ], "BIH": [ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ], "BWA": [ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ], "BRA": [ 2, 2, 3, 3, 0, 0 ], "VGB": [ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "BRN": [ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "BGR": [ 4, 4, 7, 5, 0, 0 ], "BFA": [ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ], "BDI": [ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "CPV": [ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "KHM": [ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ], "CMR": [ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ], "CAN": [ 2, 2, 3, 4, 0, 0 ], "CYM": [ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "CAF": [ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "TCD": [ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "CHL": [ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ], "CHN": [ 2, 3, 4, 4, 0, 0 ], "COL": [ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ], "COM": [ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "COG": [ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ], "CRI": [ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ], "HRV": [ 4, 4, 5, 5, 0, 0 ], "CUB": [ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "CUW": [ 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "CYP": [ 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0, 0 ], "SWE": [ 4, 9, 9, 5, 4, 3 ], "CHE": [ 4, 4, 7, 5, 4, 0 ], "SYR": [ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "TJK": [ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "TZA": [ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ], "THA": [ 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0 ], "TLS": [ 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "TGO": [ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ], "TON": [ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "TTO": [ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ], "TUN": [ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ], "TKM": [ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "TCA": [ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "TUR": [ 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0 ], "UGA": [ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ], "UKR": [ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ], "ARE": [ 2, 3, 3, 3, 0, 0 ], "GBR": [ 4, 9, 9, 4, 5, 4 ], "USA": [ 4, 7, 7, 9, 5, 0 ], "VIR": [ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "URY": [ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ], "UZB": [ 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0 ], "VUT": [ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "VEN": [ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "VNM": [ 2, 2, 3, 2, 0, 0 ], "YEM": [ 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], "ZMB": [ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ], "ZWE": [ 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0 ] }, "total": "sum", "source": "StackPath data-coverage analysis", "sourceUrl": "/dashboards/coverage", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "period": "2026-10-12", "kind": "measured", "how": "Datasets holding rows for the country, by layer. A composite dataset (the scorecard, the map measures, Europe vs US) counts once in each layer it covers, so a bar can be longer than the dataset count." } ], "checks": [ { "id": "eed-sites-aut", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Austria", "iso3": "AUT", "a": { "value": 14, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 25, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2025 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 44.0, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 179% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 47 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 179, "period": "2025" }, { "id": "eed-sites-bel", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Belgium", "iso3": "BEL", "a": { "value": 40, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 19, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2025 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 110.5, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 48% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 48 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 48, "period": "2025" }, { "id": "eed-sites-bgr", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Bulgaria", "iso3": "BGR", "a": { "value": 7, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 3, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2024 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 133.3, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 43% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 30 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 43, "period": "2024" }, { "id": "eed-sites-cyp", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Cyprus", "iso3": "CYP", "a": { "value": 0, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 2, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2025 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 100.0, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "OpenStreetMap maps no site; 2 report to the EU; the Commission estimates 18 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": null, "period": "2025" }, { "id": "eed-sites-cze", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Czechia", "iso3": "CZE", "a": { "value": 21, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 4, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2024 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 425.0, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 19% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 50 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 19, "period": "2024" }, { "id": "eed-sites-deu", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Germany", "iso3": "DEU", "a": { "value": 240, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 454, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2025 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 47.1, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 189% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 456 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 189, "period": "2025" }, { "id": "eed-sites-dnk", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Denmark", "iso3": "DNK", "a": { "value": 22, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 26, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2025 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 15.4, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "agree", "note": "Reporting sites are 118% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 58 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 118, "period": "2025" }, { "id": "eed-sites-esp", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Spain", "iso3": "ESP", "a": { "value": 40, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 38, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2024 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 5.3, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "agree", "note": "Reporting sites are 95% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 165 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 95, "period": "2024" }, { "id": "eed-sites-est", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Estonia", "iso3": "EST", "a": { "value": 1, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 3, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2024 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 66.7, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 300% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 12 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 300, "period": "2024" }, { "id": "eed-sites-fin", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Finland", "iso3": "FIN", "a": { "value": 23, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 28, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2024 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 17.9, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "agree", "note": "Reporting sites are 122% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 72 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 122, "period": "2024" }, { "id": "eed-sites-fra", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "France", "iso3": "FRA", "a": { "value": 324, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 152, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2024 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 113.2, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 47% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 264 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 47, "period": "2024" }, { "id": "eed-sites-grc", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Greece", "iso3": "GRC", "a": { "value": 8, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 5, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2024 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 60.0, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 62% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 20 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 62, "period": "2024" }, { "id": "eed-sites-hrv", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Croatia", "iso3": "HRV", "a": { "value": 13, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 1, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2024 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 1200.0, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 8% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 19 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 8, "period": "2024" }, { "id": "eed-sites-hun", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Hungary", "iso3": "HUN", "a": { "value": 21, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 7, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2024 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 200.0, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 33% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 19 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 33, "period": "2024" }, { "id": "eed-sites-irl", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Ireland", "iso3": "IRL", "a": { "value": 88, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 18, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED first report, 2023 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 388.9, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 20% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 123 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 20, "period": "2023" }, { "id": "eed-sites-ita", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Italy", "iso3": "ITA", "a": { "value": 61, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 42, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2025 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 45.2, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 69% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 178 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 69, "period": "2025" }, { "id": "eed-sites-ltu", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Lithuania", "iso3": "LTU", "a": { "value": 5, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 3, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2024 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 66.7, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 60% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 18 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 60, "period": "2024" }, { "id": "eed-sites-lux", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Luxembourg", "iso3": "LUX", "a": { "value": 9, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 9, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2025 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "agree", "note": "Reporting sites are 100% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 14 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 100, "period": "2025" }, { "id": "eed-sites-lva", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Latvia", "iso3": "LVA", "a": { "value": 4, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 1, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2023 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 300.0, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 25% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 25 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 25, "period": "2023" }, { "id": "eed-sites-mlt", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Malta", "iso3": "MLT", "a": { "value": 0, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 1, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2025 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 100.0, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "OpenStreetMap maps no site; 1 report to the EU; the Commission estimates 8 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": null, "period": "2025" }, { "id": "eed-sites-nld", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Netherlands", "iso3": "NLD", "a": { "value": 110, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 80, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2025 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 37.5, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 73% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 192 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 73, "period": "2025" }, { "id": "eed-sites-pol", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Poland", "iso3": "POL", "a": { "value": 27, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 44, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2025 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 38.6, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 163% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 87 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 163, "period": "2025" }, { "id": "eed-sites-prt", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Portugal", "iso3": "PRT", "a": { "value": 15, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 8, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2024 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 87.5, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 53% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 42 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 53, "period": "2024" }, { "id": "eed-sites-swe", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Sweden", "iso3": "SWE", "a": { "value": 31, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 71, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2025 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 56.3, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 229% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 103 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 229, "period": "2025" }, { "id": "dc-share-eed-bel", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data centres' share of electricity: published vs EU-reported", "place": "Belgium", "iso3": "BEL", "a": { "value": 4, "unit": "%", "source": "Published share via eu_scorecard (2024): BCG, Belgium: the power of compute (via The Brussels Times); estimate; share of national e", "url": "/europe/data-centre-capacity" }, "b": { "value": 2.32, "unit": "%", "source": "Our arithmetic: EED-reported 1.99 TWh (2025) / Ember demand 85.5 TWh", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 72.4, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "The EED figure covers only sites that reported, so it is a floor: well below the published share means incomplete reporting, above it would question the published share. Years and bases can differ.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2024 vs 2025" }, { "id": "dc-share-eed-deu", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data centres' share of electricity: published vs EU-reported", "place": "Germany", "iso3": "DEU", "a": { "value": 3.9, "unit": "%", "source": "Published share via eu_scorecard (2024): Bitkom/Borderstep, estimate (BDEW 2024 total); estimate; share of gross national electrici", "url": "/europe/data-centre-capacity" }, "b": { "value": 1.33, "unit": "%", "source": "Our arithmetic: EED-reported 6.86 TWh (2025) / Ember demand 516.5 TWh", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 193.2, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "The EED figure covers only sites that reported, so it is a floor: well below the published share means incomplete reporting, above it would question the published share. Years and bases can differ.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2024 vs 2025" }, { "id": "dc-share-eed-dnk", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data centres' share of electricity: published vs EU-reported", "place": "Denmark", "iso3": "DNK", "a": { "value": 2.8, "unit": "%", "source": "Published share via eu_scorecard (2024): Danish Energy Agency, Klimastatus og -fremskrivning 2026 (consultation draft); estimate; s", "url": "/europe/data-centre-capacity" }, "b": { "value": 2.81, "unit": "%", "source": "Our arithmetic: EED-reported 1.18 TWh (2025) / Ember demand 41.9 TWh", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 0.4, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "agree", "note": "The EED figure covers only sites that reported, so it is a floor: well below the published share means incomplete reporting, above it would question the published share. Years and bases can differ.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2024 vs 2025" }, { "id": "dc-share-eed-esp", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data centres' share of electricity: published vs EU-reported", "place": "Spain", "iso3": "ESP", "a": { "value": 2.4, "unit": "%", "source": "Published share via eu_scorecard (2024): DNV, via Energ\u00edas Renovables (REE 2024 total); estimate; share of national demand: over 6 ", "url": "/europe/data-centre-capacity" }, "b": { "value": 0.23, "unit": "%", "source": "Our arithmetic: EED-reported 0.62 TWh (2024) / Ember demand 275.2 TWh", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 943.5, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "The EED figure covers only sites that reported, so it is a floor: well below the published share means incomplete reporting, above it would question the published share. Years and bases can differ.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2024 vs 2024" }, { "id": "dc-share-eed-fin", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data centres' share of electricity: published vs EU-reported", "place": "Finland", "iso3": "FIN", "a": { "value": 1.9, "unit": "%", "source": "Published share via eu_scorecard (2024): Finnish Government, national data-centre roadmap (rapporteur's report 2025:94); estimate; ", "url": "/europe/data-centre-capacity" }, "b": { "value": 1.57, "unit": "%", "source": "Our arithmetic: EED-reported 1.38 TWh (2024) / Ember demand 87.8 TWh", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 21.0, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "agree", "note": "The EED figure covers only sites that reported, so it is a floor: well below the published share means incomplete reporting, above it would question the published share. Years and bases can differ.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2024 vs 2024" }, { "id": "dc-share-eed-fra", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data centres' share of electricity: published vs EU-reported", "place": "France", "iso3": "FRA", "a": { "value": 1, "unit": "%", "source": "Published share via eu_scorecard (2024): SDES, French ministry statistics service; measured; share of national electricity consumpt", "url": "/europe/data-centre-capacity" }, "b": { "value": 0.66, "unit": "%", "source": "Our arithmetic: EED-reported 3.17 TWh (2024) / Ember demand 480.6 TWh", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 51.5, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "The EED figure covers only sites that reported, so it is a floor: well below the published share means incomplete reporting, above it would question the published share. Years and bases can differ.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2024 vs 2024" }, { "id": "dc-share-eed-irl", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data centres' share of electricity: published vs EU-reported", "place": "Ireland", "iso3": "IRL", "a": { "value": 23.2, "unit": "%", "source": "Published share via eu_scorecard (2025): CSO (Ireland), MEC02; measured; share of all metered electricity consumption", "url": "/europe/data-centre-capacity" }, "b": { "value": 3.78, "unit": "%", "source": "Our arithmetic: EED-reported 1.41 TWh (2023) / Ember demand 37.4 TWh", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 513.8, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "The EED figure covers only sites that reported, so it is a floor: well below the published share means incomplete reporting, above it would question the published share. Years and bases can differ.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2025 vs 2023" }, { "id": "dc-share-eed-ita", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data centres' share of electricity: published vs EU-reported", "place": "Italy", "iso3": "ITA", "a": { "value": 1.9, "unit": "%", "source": "Published share via eu_scorecard (2024): Politecnico di Milano Energy & Strategy, via QualEnergia; estimate; share of national cons", "url": "/europe/data-centre-capacity" }, "b": { "value": 0.28, "unit": "%", "source": "Our arithmetic: EED-reported 0.86 TWh (2025) / Ember demand 312.6 TWh", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 578.6, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "The EED figure covers only sites that reported, so it is a floor: well below the published share means incomplete reporting, above it would question the published share. Years and bases can differ.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2024 vs 2025" }, { "id": "dc-share-eed-nld", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data centres' share of electricity: published vs EU-reported", "place": "Netherlands", "iso3": "NLD", "a": { "value": 4.6, "unit": "%", "source": "Published share via eu_scorecard (2024): CBS (Statistics Netherlands); measured; share of total electricity consumption; provisiona", "url": "/europe/data-centre-capacity" }, "b": { "value": 4.69, "unit": "%", "source": "Our arithmetic: EED-reported 5.68 TWh (2025) / Ember demand 121.0 TWh", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 1.9, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "agree", "note": "The EED figure covers only sites that reported, so it is a floor: well below the published share means incomplete reporting, above it would question the published share. Years and bases can differ.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2024 vs 2025" }, { "id": "dc-share-eed-pol", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data centres' share of electricity: published vs EU-reported", "place": "Poland", "iso3": "POL", "a": { "value": 1, "unit": "%", "source": "Published share via eu_scorecard (2025): Warsaw Business Journal (article on the Polish Data Center Association and PSE's plan); es", "url": "/europe/data-centre-capacity" }, "b": { "value": 0.37, "unit": "%", "source": "Our arithmetic: EED-reported 0.64 TWh (2025) / Ember demand 173.7 TWh", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 170.3, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "The EED figure covers only sites that reported, so it is a floor: well below the published share means incomplete reporting, above it would question the published share. Years and bases can differ.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2025 vs 2025" }, { "id": "dc-share-eed-swe", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data centres' share of electricity: published vs EU-reported", "place": "Sweden", "iso3": "SWE", "a": { "value": 2.1, "unit": "%", "source": "Published share via eu_scorecard (2022): Swedish Energy Agency (RISE), ER 2023:04; estimate; share of demand: midpoint of 2.8-3.2 T", "url": "/europe/data-centre-capacity" }, "b": { "value": 2.15, "unit": "%", "source": "Our arithmetic: EED-reported 2.93 TWh (2025) / Ember demand 136.5 TWh", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 2.3, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "agree", "note": "The EED figure covers only sites that reported, so it is a floor: well below the published share means incomplete reporting, above it would question the published share. Years and bases can differ.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2022 vs 2025" }, { "id": "ie-eed-vs-cso", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Ireland's data-centre electricity: EU-reported vs metered", "place": "Ireland", "iso3": "IRL", "a": { "value": 1412, "unit": "GWh", "source": "EU EED first report, 2023: 18 sites reporting", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "b": { "value": 6339.0, "unit": "GWh", "source": "CSO MEC02 metered data-centre electricity, 2023", "url": "https://data.gov.ie/dataset/mec02-data-centres-metered-electricity-consumption" }, "diffPct": 77.7, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Ireland's EED reports covered 22% of metered data-centre electricity in 2023; Ireland is absent from the EED dashboard for later periods. Not a data error: a reporting gap.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2023" }, { "id": "ie-dc-share-cso-vs-ember", "type": "consistency", "measure": "Ireland: data centres' share of electricity", "place": "Ireland", "iso3": "IRL", "a": { "value": 23.2, "unit": "%", "source": "CSO, Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2025 (2025)", "url": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dcmec/datacentresmeteredelectricityconsumption2025/keyfindings/" }, "b": { "value": 19, "unit": "%", "source": "Ember, Grids for data centres in Europe (2024)", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/06/Report-Grids-for-data-centres-in-Europe-PDF.pdf" }, "diffPct": 22.1, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "agree", "note": "Different years and bases: the CSO divides metered data-centre use by all metered consumption; Ember/ICIS estimate a share of national demand. Growth between the two years explains part of the gap.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2025 vs 2024" }, { "id": "ie-osm-vs-directory", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Ireland: data centres mapped vs our campus directory", "place": "Ireland", "iso3": "IRL", "a": { "value": 88, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 79, "unit": "campuses", "source": "StackPath directory (2026-10-10): 55 operating", "url": "/data-centres" }, "diffPct": 11.4, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "agree", "note": "Different units: OSM counts mapped buildings or sites (a campus of several named halls counts several times); the directory chains planning, EPA, valuation and OSM points into campuses, including proposed and lapsed ones. This calibrates how far OSM counts can be trusted where we have no directory.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "de-osm-vs-register", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Germany: data centres mapped vs registered", "place": "Germany", "iso3": "DEU", "a": { "value": 240, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 485.0, "unit": "data centres", "source": "German data-centre register (RZReg), 2025, via de_dc_register", "url": "https://rechenzentrumsregister.bund.de/de/" }, "diffPct": 50.5, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "The register covers every data centre of 300 kW or more by law; OSM counts what volunteers mapped. The gap is a direct measure of how far OSM under-counts one large European market (it feeds the market weight).", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2025" }, { "id": "de-register-vs-eed-sites", "type": "consistency", "measure": "Germany: data centres in the register vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Germany", "iso3": "DEU", "a": { "value": 485.0, "unit": "data centres", "source": "RZReg 2025 (de_dc_register)", "url": "https://rechenzentrumsregister.bund.de/de/" }, "b": { "value": 454, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED dashboard 2025 (eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 6.8, "tolerancePct": 10, "status": "agree", "note": "Germany transposed the EED through its Energy Efficiency Act: the same operators file both, so the counts should be close.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2025" }, { "id": "de-register-vs-eed-energy", "type": "consistency", "measure": "Germany: data-centre electricity, register vs EU-reported", "place": "Germany", "iso3": "DEU", "a": { "value": 7.2, "unit": "TWh", "source": "RZReg 2025 (de_dc_register)", "url": "https://rechenzentrumsregister.bund.de/de/" }, "b": { "value": 6.86, "unit": "TWh", "source": "EU EED dashboard 2025 (eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 5.0, "tolerancePct": 10, "status": "agree", "note": "Same operators, two filings: a small gap is timing (late filers) or rounding in the register's published classes.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2025" }, { "id": "us-ai-power-epoch", "type": "consistency", "measure": "US frontier AI data-centre power operating now (Epoch AI)", "place": "United States", "iso3": "USA", "a": { "value": 15179, "unit": "MW", "source": "world_power: Epoch timelines, latest row on or before 2026-10-11", "url": "/global/where-ai-can-plug-in" }, "b": { "value": 11851, "unit": "MW", "source": "global_context: Epoch 'Current power (MW)' column (2026-10-11)", "url": "/global/ai-compute-race" }, "diffPct": 28.1, "tolerancePct": 5, "status": "differ", "note": "One source (Epoch AI's frontier data-centre hub), two columns: world_power sums each site's timeline row dated on or before the pull date; global_context sums Epoch's own 'Current power' field. Both pages show a US figure; they should state which one, or read one shared module (review point 6).", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "tsmc-monthly-revenue", "type": "consistency", "measure": "TSMC monthly revenue", "place": "Taiwan", "iso3": "TWN", "a": { "value": 511.86, "unit": "NT$ bn", "source": "ai_supply_chain: TSMC 6-K filings at SEC (2026-09)", "url": "/global/ai-supply-chain" }, "b": { "value": 511.86, "unit": "NT$ bn", "source": "taiwan_monthly: MOPS (2026-09)", "url": "/global/taiwan-ai-supply-chain-monthly" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 0.5, "status": "agree", "note": "45 months in both datasets; 0 differ by more than 0.5%. Same company figure, two pipelines: one should own the source (review point 6).", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2026-09", "monthsCompared": 45, "monthsDiffer": 0 }, { "id": "twse-server-makers-revenue", "type": "consistency", "measure": "Taiwan server makers' monthly revenue (sum of the companies in both)", "place": "Taiwan", "iso3": "TWN", "a": { "value": 2199.1, "unit": "NT$ bn", "source": "ai_compute_added: TWSE/MOPS (2026-09)", "url": "/global/ai-compute-added" }, "b": { "value": 2199.1, "unit": "NT$ bn", "source": "taiwan_monthly: MOPS (2026-09)", "url": "/global/taiwan-ai-supply-chain-monthly" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 0.5, "status": "agree", "note": "270 company-months in both datasets; 0 differ by more than 0.5%. Two pipelines pull the same exchange filings (review point 6).", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2026-09", "monthsCompared": 270, "monthsDiffer": 0 }, { "id": "ie-price-eurostat", "type": "consistency", "measure": "Ireland: electricity price for the largest users (band IG, excl. VAT)", "place": "Ireland", "iso3": "IRL", "a": { "value": 0.1654, "unit": "\u20ac/kWh", "source": "country_metrics via eu_scorecard: Eurostat band IG (2026-S1)", "url": "/europe/map" }, "b": { "value": 0.1654, "unit": "\u20ac/kWh", "source": "eurostat_prices (2026-S1, MWH_GE150000)", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/nrg_pc_205?format=JSON&lang=EN&unit=KWH¤cy=EUR&tax=X_VAT&sinceTimePeriod=2015-S1&geo=IE&geo=EU27_2020&geo=DE&geo=FR&geo=NL&geo=BE&geo=DK&geo=SE&geo=NO&geo=FI&geo=ES&geo=PT&geo=IT&geo=PL&geo=UK&nrg_cons=MWH_GE150000&nrg_cons=MWH70000-149999" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 2, "status": "agree", "note": "Same Eurostat table (nrg_pc_205) read by two pipelines; they should match exactly when both hold the same half-year.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2026-S1" }, { "id": "ie-price-eu-power-prices", "type": "consistency", "measure": "Ireland: electricity price for the largest users (band IG, excl. VAT)", "place": "Ireland", "iso3": "IRL", "a": { "value": 0.1654, "unit": "\u20ac/kWh", "source": "country_metrics via eu_scorecard: Eurostat band IG (2026-S1)", "url": "/europe/map" }, "b": { "value": 0.1592, "unit": "\u20ac/kWh", "source": "eu_power_prices headline (2025-S2)", "url": "/europe/electricity-prices-for-data-centres" }, "diffPct": 3.9, "tolerancePct": 2, "status": "differ", "note": "eu_power_prices leads with 2025-S2 because the 2026-S1 release covers only 18 countries (its 2026-S1 figure for Ireland is 0.1654). Different half-years, so two pages show two prices for Ireland; each states its period.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2026-S1 vs 2025-S2" }, { "id": "us-osm-total", "measure": "Data centres mapped (OpenStreetMap)", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 1612, "unit": "sites", "source": "Sum of our 51 state counts (us-atlas outlines)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 1612, "unit": "sites", "source": "country_metrics USA count (Natural Earth outline)", "url": "/global/map" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 0.5, "status": "agree", "note": "Same OpenStreetMap run and duplicate rule; a gap would mean US sites falling outside every state outline (none did).", "from": "us_states", "type": "consistency", "iso3": "USA" }, { "id": "us-epoch-now", "measure": "Frontier AI data-centre power operating now", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 15179, "unit": "MW", "source": "Sum of our state totals (Epoch sites placed in states)", "url": "https://epoch.ai/data/data-centers" }, "b": { "value": 15179, "unit": "MW", "source": "world_power, Epoch by country (pulled 2026-10-11)", "url": "/global/where-ai-can-plug-in" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 0.5, "status": "agree", "note": "Same Epoch pull and summing rule; small gaps come from per-site rounding; every US site has a state.", "from": "us_states", "type": "consistency", "iso3": "USA" }, { "id": "us-epoch-planned", "measure": "Frontier AI data-centre power planned", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 43412, "unit": "MW", "source": "Sum of our state totals", "url": "https://epoch.ai/data/data-centers" }, "b": { "value": 43412, "unit": "MW", "source": "world_power, Epoch by country (pulled 2026-10-11)", "url": "/global/where-ai-can-plug-in" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 0.5, "status": "agree", "note": "67 sites placed from Epoch's address field, 3 from the site name, 4 from the sources Epoch lists, 3 from a source Epoch cites (checked by hand, research/datasets/us_states.json).", "from": "us_states", "type": "consistency", "iso3": "USA" }, { "id": "us-pop-total", "measure": "Population", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 341784857, "unit": "people", "source": "Census Bureau, Vintage 2025, sum of 50 states + DC", "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.html" }, "b": { "value": 341784857, "unit": "people", "source": "World Bank SP.POP.TOTL (via country_metrics)", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=US" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 1, "status": "agree", "note": "An exact match means the World Bank uses the Census estimate for the same year: a check that both are the same vintage, not two independent counts. Census excludes Puerto Rico and other territories.", "from": "us_states", "type": "consistency", "iso3": "USA" }, { "id": "us-dc-top10-epri", "measure": "Top 10 data-centre states", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 8, "unit": "of 10 states", "source": "Our OpenStreetMap count (2026-10-11): VA, TX, CA, OR, OH, AZ, WA, NJ, GA, IA", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 10, "unit": "of 10 states", "source": "EPRI, Powering Intelligence (May 2024), states ranked by 2023 data-centre electricity use: VA, TX, CA, IL, OR, AZ, IA, GA, WA, PA", "url": "https://www.epri.com/research/products/3002028905" }, "diffPct": -20.0, "tolerancePct": 30, "status": "agree", "note": "8 of EPRI's top 10 are in our top 10 (VA, TX, CA, OR, AZ, IA, GA, WA). EPRI ranks electricity use in 2023, we rank mapped sites in 2026: a state with a few huge campuses ranks higher on power than on site count, and OpenStreetMap misses some hyperscale sites. Agree = at least 7 of 10.", "from": "us_states", "type": "consistency", "iso3": "USA" }, { "id": "us-dc-top10-cbp", "measure": "Top 10 data-centre states", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 6, "unit": "of 10 states", "source": "Our OpenStreetMap count (2026-10-11): VA, TX, CA, OR, OH, AZ, WA, NJ, GA, IA", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 10, "unit": "of 10 states", "source": "Census Bureau, County Business Patterns 2023, establishments in NAICS 518210: CA, TX, FL, NY, PA, VA, OH, IL, NJ, GA", "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/cbp.html" }, "diffPct": -40.0, "tolerancePct": 30, "status": "differ", "note": "6 of the Census top 10 are in ours (CA, TX, VA, OH, NJ, GA). NAICS 518210 counts business establishments in computing infrastructure, data processing and web hosting, which follow population and offices more than data-centre buildings. Agree = at least 7 of 10.", "from": "us_states", "type": "consistency", "iso3": "USA" }, { "id": "us-price-total", "measure": "Industrial electricity price", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 9.03, "unit": "US\u00a2/kWh", "source": "This pack: EIA EPM 5.6.B U.S. Total, January\u2013July 2026", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/xls/table_5_06_b.xlsx" }, "b": { "value": 9.03, "unit": "US\u00a2/kWh", "source": "world_power / us_power: EIA industrial average, July 2026 YTD (commercial 13.97\u00a2)", "url": "/global/where-ai-can-plug-in" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 1, "status": "agree", "note": "Both read the same EIA table; a gap would mean the caches are from different releases.", "from": "us_states", "type": "consistency", "iso3": "USA" }, { "id": "us-price-861", "measure": "Industrial electricity price", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 9.03, "unit": "US\u00a2/kWh", "source": "EIA Electric Power Monthly 5.6.B, January\u2013July 2026", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/xls/table_5_06_b.xlsx" }, "b": { "value": 8.51, "unit": "US\u00a2/kWh", "source": "EIA-861 annual, 2025 (revenue \u00f7 sales)", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/state/" }, "diffPct": 6.1, "tolerancePct": 15, "status": "agree", "note": "Two EIA series for different periods (this year to date against last full year); prices rose in between.", "from": "us_states", "type": "consistency", "iso3": "USA" }, { "id": "us-gen-ember-eia", "measure": "Electricity generated, 2025", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 4519.8, "unit": "TWh", "source": "Ember US electricity data (last updated 2026-08-19)", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/data/us-electricity-data/" }, "b": { "value": 4425.0, "unit": "TWh", "source": "EIA, net generation by state, Total Electric Power Industry (released September 2026)", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/state/" }, "diffPct": 2.1, "tolerancePct": 3, "status": "agree", "note": "Ember's release (2026-08-19) came before EIA's final 2025 data (September 2026). Solar explains 89 of the 95 TWh gap (Ember 389 TWh against EIA's utility-scale 300 TWh), consistent with Ember adding small-scale (rooftop) solar, which this EIA table leaves out (our reading).", "from": "us_states", "type": "consistency", "iso3": "USA" }, { "id": "us-860m-building", "measure": "Generating capacity under construction (2026-08)", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 98731, "unit": "MW", "source": "Sum of our 51 state totals (EIA-860M Planned sheet, Plant State)", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia860m/" }, "b": { "value": 98731, "unit": "MW", "source": "us_power, EIA-860M US total under construction", "url": "/us" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 0.5, "status": "agree", "note": "Same EIA file and status rule; units outside the 50 states and DC are in the US total but not in a state.", "from": "us_states", "type": "consistency", "iso3": "USA" }, { "id": "us-dc-share-va", "measure": "Data centres' share of electricity", "place": "Virginia", "a": { "value": 25.59, "unit": "%", "source": "EPRI, Powering Intelligence (May 2024), 2023 estimate, % of Virginia's electricity consumption", "url": "https://www.epri.com/research/products/3002028905" }, "b": { "value": 24, "unit": "%", "source": "Dominion Energy 10-K for 2023: data centres' share of Virginia Power's electricity sales", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/715957/000095017024019110/d-20231231.htm" }, "diffPct": 6.6, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "agree", "note": "Different denominators: EPRI estimates all data-centre use in the state; Dominion reports one utility's sales. Dominion's later 10-Ks give 26% for 2024 and 28% for 2025.", "from": "us_states", "type": "consistency", "iso3": "USA" }, { "id": "us-dc-twh-2023", "measure": "US data-centre electricity use, 2023", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 152.1, "unit": "TWh", "source": "EPRI, Powering Intelligence (May 2024): about 4% of US load", "url": "https://www.epri.com/research/products/3002028905" }, "b": { "value": 176, "unit": "TWh", "source": "LBNL for DOE (Dec 2024): about 4.4% of US electricity", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-releases-new-report-evaluating-increase-electricity-demand-data-centers" }, "diffPct": -13.6, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "agree", "note": "Two independent estimates with different methods. EPRI's Feb 2026 update puts 2024 at 184 TWh.", "from": "us_states", "type": "consistency", "iso3": "USA" } ], "caveats": [ "Depth measures what this site holds, not what exists: a country with deep public data we have not collected scores low.", "OpenStreetMap under-maps much of Asia, Africa and Latin America (and even Germany: OSM shows about half the sites in the national register), so those markets' weights, and so their priorities, are understated. Korea and China are the clearest cases.", "Epoch AI tracks frontier AI campuses, mostly in the US; half of every weight rests on it, which is why the US weight is so large.", "Thresholds are editorial and stated: change T3_WEIGHT or T2_WEIGHT_ELSEWHERE in pipelines/data_coverage.py and every target moves.", "Cross-checks report disagreements; they never correct either figure.", "Taiwan has no row: the world map's country list comes from country_metrics, which needs a World Bank population and the World Bank does not publish one for Taiwan. 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OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 179, "period": "2025" }, { "id": "eed-sites-bel", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Belgium", "iso3": "BEL", "a": { "value": 40, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 19, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2025 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 110.5, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 48% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 48 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 48, "period": "2025" }, { "id": "eed-sites-bgr", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Bulgaria", "iso3": "BGR", "a": { "value": 7, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 3, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2024 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 133.3, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 43% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 30 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 43, "period": "2024" }, { "id": "eed-sites-cyp", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Cyprus", "iso3": "CYP", "a": { "value": 0, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 2, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2025 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 100.0, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "OpenStreetMap maps no site; 2 report to the EU; the Commission estimates 18 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": null, "period": "2025" }, { "id": "eed-sites-cze", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Czechia", "iso3": "CZE", "a": { "value": 21, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 4, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2024 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 425.0, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 19% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 50 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 19, "period": "2024" }, { "id": "eed-sites-deu", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Germany", "iso3": "DEU", "a": { "value": 240, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 454, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2025 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 47.1, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 189% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 456 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 189, "period": "2025" }, { "id": "eed-sites-dnk", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Denmark", "iso3": "DNK", "a": { "value": 22, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 26, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2025 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 15.4, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "agree", "note": "Reporting sites are 118% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 58 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 118, "period": "2025" }, { "id": "eed-sites-esp", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Spain", "iso3": "ESP", "a": { "value": 40, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 38, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2024 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 5.3, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "agree", "note": "Reporting sites are 95% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 165 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 95, "period": "2024" }, { "id": "eed-sites-est", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Estonia", "iso3": "EST", "a": { "value": 1, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 3, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2024 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 66.7, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 300% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 12 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 300, "period": "2024" }, { "id": "eed-sites-fin", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Finland", "iso3": "FIN", "a": { "value": 23, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 28, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2024 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 17.9, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "agree", "note": "Reporting sites are 122% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 72 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 122, "period": "2024" }, { "id": "eed-sites-fra", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "France", "iso3": "FRA", "a": { "value": 324, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 152, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2024 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 113.2, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 47% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 264 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 47, "period": "2024" }, { "id": "eed-sites-grc", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Greece", "iso3": "GRC", "a": { "value": 8, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 5, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2024 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 60.0, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 62% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 20 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 62, "period": "2024" }, { "id": "eed-sites-hrv", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Croatia", "iso3": "HRV", "a": { "value": 13, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 1, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2024 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 1200.0, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 8% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 19 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 8, "period": "2024" }, { "id": "eed-sites-hun", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Hungary", "iso3": "HUN", "a": { "value": 21, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 7, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2024 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 200.0, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 33% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 19 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 33, "period": "2024" }, { "id": "eed-sites-irl", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Ireland", "iso3": "IRL", "a": { "value": 88, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 18, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED first report, 2023 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 388.9, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 20% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 123 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 20, "period": "2023" }, { "id": "eed-sites-ita", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Italy", "iso3": "ITA", "a": { "value": 61, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 42, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2025 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 45.2, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 69% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 178 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 69, "period": "2025" }, { "id": "eed-sites-ltu", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Lithuania", "iso3": "LTU", "a": { "value": 5, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 3, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2024 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 66.7, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 60% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 18 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 60, "period": "2024" }, { "id": "eed-sites-lux", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Luxembourg", "iso3": "LUX", "a": { "value": 9, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 9, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2025 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "agree", "note": "Reporting sites are 100% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 14 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 100, "period": "2025" }, { "id": "eed-sites-lva", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Latvia", "iso3": "LVA", "a": { "value": 4, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 1, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2023 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 300.0, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 25% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 25 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 25, "period": "2023" }, { "id": "eed-sites-mlt", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Malta", "iso3": "MLT", "a": { "value": 0, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 1, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2025 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 100.0, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "OpenStreetMap maps no site; 1 report to the EU; the Commission estimates 8 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": null, "period": "2025" }, { "id": "eed-sites-nld", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Netherlands", "iso3": "NLD", "a": { "value": 110, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 80, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2025 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 37.5, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 73% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 192 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 73, "period": "2025" }, { "id": "eed-sites-pol", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Poland", "iso3": "POL", "a": { "value": 27, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 44, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2025 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 38.6, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 163% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 87 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 163, "period": "2025" }, { "id": "eed-sites-prt", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Portugal", "iso3": "PRT", "a": { "value": 15, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 8, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2024 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 87.5, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 53% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 42 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 53, "period": "2024" }, { "id": "eed-sites-swe", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data-centre sites: mapped in OpenStreetMap vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Sweden", "iso3": "SWE", "a": { "value": 31, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 71, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED data-centre dashboard, 2025 (via eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 56.3, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Reporting sites are 229% of mapped sites; the Commission estimates 103 sites in scope. OSM counts volunteer-mapped buildings of any size; the EED covers sites of 500 kW or more that reported. More reporters than mapped sites means OSM under-maps the country; far fewer means reporting is incomplete.", "from": "data_coverage", "ratioPct": 229, "period": "2025" }, { "id": "dc-share-eed-bel", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data centres' share of electricity: published vs EU-reported", "place": "Belgium", "iso3": "BEL", "a": { "value": 4, "unit": "%", "source": "Published share via eu_scorecard (2024): BCG, Belgium: the power of compute (via The Brussels Times); estimate; share of national e", "url": "/europe/data-centre-capacity" }, "b": { "value": 2.32, "unit": "%", "source": "Our arithmetic: EED-reported 1.99 TWh (2025) / Ember demand 85.5 TWh", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 72.4, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "The EED figure covers only sites that reported, so it is a floor: well below the published share means incomplete reporting, above it would question the published share. Years and bases can differ.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2024 vs 2025" }, { "id": "dc-share-eed-deu", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data centres' share of electricity: published vs EU-reported", "place": "Germany", "iso3": "DEU", "a": { "value": 3.9, "unit": "%", "source": "Published share via eu_scorecard (2024): Bitkom/Borderstep, estimate (BDEW 2024 total); estimate; share of gross national electrici", "url": "/europe/data-centre-capacity" }, "b": { "value": 1.33, "unit": "%", "source": "Our arithmetic: EED-reported 6.86 TWh (2025) / Ember demand 516.5 TWh", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 193.2, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "The EED figure covers only sites that reported, so it is a floor: well below the published share means incomplete reporting, above it would question the published share. Years and bases can differ.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2024 vs 2025" }, { "id": "dc-share-eed-dnk", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data centres' share of electricity: published vs EU-reported", "place": "Denmark", "iso3": "DNK", "a": { "value": 2.8, "unit": "%", "source": "Published share via eu_scorecard (2024): Danish Energy Agency, Klimastatus og -fremskrivning 2026 (consultation draft); estimate; s", "url": "/europe/data-centre-capacity" }, "b": { "value": 2.81, "unit": "%", "source": "Our arithmetic: EED-reported 1.18 TWh (2025) / Ember demand 41.9 TWh", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 0.4, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "agree", "note": "The EED figure covers only sites that reported, so it is a floor: well below the published share means incomplete reporting, above it would question the published share. Years and bases can differ.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2024 vs 2025" }, { "id": "dc-share-eed-esp", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data centres' share of electricity: published vs EU-reported", "place": "Spain", "iso3": "ESP", "a": { "value": 2.4, "unit": "%", "source": "Published share via eu_scorecard (2024): DNV, via Energ\u00edas Renovables (REE 2024 total); estimate; share of national demand: over 6 ", "url": "/europe/data-centre-capacity" }, "b": { "value": 0.23, "unit": "%", "source": "Our arithmetic: EED-reported 0.62 TWh (2024) / Ember demand 275.2 TWh", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 943.5, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "The EED figure covers only sites that reported, so it is a floor: well below the published share means incomplete reporting, above it would question the published share. Years and bases can differ.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2024 vs 2024" }, { "id": "dc-share-eed-fin", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data centres' share of electricity: published vs EU-reported", "place": "Finland", "iso3": "FIN", "a": { "value": 1.9, "unit": "%", "source": "Published share via eu_scorecard (2024): Finnish Government, national data-centre roadmap (rapporteur's report 2025:94); estimate; ", "url": "/europe/data-centre-capacity" }, "b": { "value": 1.57, "unit": "%", "source": "Our arithmetic: EED-reported 1.38 TWh (2024) / Ember demand 87.8 TWh", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 21.0, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "agree", "note": "The EED figure covers only sites that reported, so it is a floor: well below the published share means incomplete reporting, above it would question the published share. Years and bases can differ.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2024 vs 2024" }, { "id": "dc-share-eed-fra", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data centres' share of electricity: published vs EU-reported", "place": "France", "iso3": "FRA", "a": { "value": 1, "unit": "%", "source": "Published share via eu_scorecard (2024): SDES, French ministry statistics service; measured; share of national electricity consumpt", "url": "/europe/data-centre-capacity" }, "b": { "value": 0.66, "unit": "%", "source": "Our arithmetic: EED-reported 3.17 TWh (2024) / Ember demand 480.6 TWh", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 51.5, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "The EED figure covers only sites that reported, so it is a floor: well below the published share means incomplete reporting, above it would question the published share. Years and bases can differ.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2024 vs 2024" }, { "id": "dc-share-eed-irl", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data centres' share of electricity: published vs EU-reported", "place": "Ireland", "iso3": "IRL", "a": { "value": 23.2, "unit": "%", "source": "Published share via eu_scorecard (2025): CSO (Ireland), MEC02; measured; share of all metered electricity consumption", "url": "/europe/data-centre-capacity" }, "b": { "value": 3.78, "unit": "%", "source": "Our arithmetic: EED-reported 1.41 TWh (2023) / Ember demand 37.4 TWh", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 513.8, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "The EED figure covers only sites that reported, so it is a floor: well below the published share means incomplete reporting, above it would question the published share. Years and bases can differ.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2025 vs 2023" }, { "id": "dc-share-eed-ita", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data centres' share of electricity: published vs EU-reported", "place": "Italy", "iso3": "ITA", "a": { "value": 1.9, "unit": "%", "source": "Published share via eu_scorecard (2024): Politecnico di Milano Energy & Strategy, via QualEnergia; estimate; share of national cons", "url": "/europe/data-centre-capacity" }, "b": { "value": 0.28, "unit": "%", "source": "Our arithmetic: EED-reported 0.86 TWh (2025) / Ember demand 312.6 TWh", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 578.6, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "The EED figure covers only sites that reported, so it is a floor: well below the published share means incomplete reporting, above it would question the published share. Years and bases can differ.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2024 vs 2025" }, { "id": "dc-share-eed-nld", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data centres' share of electricity: published vs EU-reported", "place": "Netherlands", "iso3": "NLD", "a": { "value": 4.6, "unit": "%", "source": "Published share via eu_scorecard (2024): CBS (Statistics Netherlands); measured; share of total electricity consumption; provisiona", "url": "/europe/data-centre-capacity" }, "b": { "value": 4.69, "unit": "%", "source": "Our arithmetic: EED-reported 5.68 TWh (2025) / Ember demand 121.0 TWh", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 1.9, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "agree", "note": "The EED figure covers only sites that reported, so it is a floor: well below the published share means incomplete reporting, above it would question the published share. Years and bases can differ.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2024 vs 2025" }, { "id": "dc-share-eed-pol", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data centres' share of electricity: published vs EU-reported", "place": "Poland", "iso3": "POL", "a": { "value": 1, "unit": "%", "source": "Published share via eu_scorecard (2025): Warsaw Business Journal (article on the Polish Data Center Association and PSE's plan); es", "url": "/europe/data-centre-capacity" }, "b": { "value": 0.37, "unit": "%", "source": "Our arithmetic: EED-reported 0.64 TWh (2025) / Ember demand 173.7 TWh", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 170.3, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "The EED figure covers only sites that reported, so it is a floor: well below the published share means incomplete reporting, above it would question the published share. Years and bases can differ.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2025 vs 2025" }, { "id": "dc-share-eed-swe", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Data centres' share of electricity: published vs EU-reported", "place": "Sweden", "iso3": "SWE", "a": { "value": 2.1, "unit": "%", "source": "Published share via eu_scorecard (2022): Swedish Energy Agency (RISE), ER 2023:04; estimate; share of demand: midpoint of 2.8-3.2 T", "url": "/europe/data-centre-capacity" }, "b": { "value": 2.15, "unit": "%", "source": "Our arithmetic: EED-reported 2.93 TWh (2025) / Ember demand 136.5 TWh", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 2.3, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "agree", "note": "The EED figure covers only sites that reported, so it is a floor: well below the published share means incomplete reporting, above it would question the published share. Years and bases can differ.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2022 vs 2025" }, { "id": "ie-eed-vs-cso", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Ireland's data-centre electricity: EU-reported vs metered", "place": "Ireland", "iso3": "IRL", "a": { "value": 1412, "unit": "GWh", "source": "EU EED first report, 2023: 18 sites reporting", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "b": { "value": 6339.0, "unit": "GWh", "source": "CSO MEC02 metered data-centre electricity, 2023", "url": "https://data.gov.ie/dataset/mec02-data-centres-metered-electricity-consumption" }, "diffPct": 77.7, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "Ireland's EED reports covered 22% of metered data-centre electricity in 2023; Ireland is absent from the EED dashboard for later periods. Not a data error: a reporting gap.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2023" }, { "id": "ie-dc-share-cso-vs-ember", "type": "consistency", "measure": "Ireland: data centres' share of electricity", "place": "Ireland", "iso3": "IRL", "a": { "value": 23.2, "unit": "%", "source": "CSO, Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2025 (2025)", "url": "https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-dcmec/datacentresmeteredelectricityconsumption2025/keyfindings/" }, "b": { "value": 19, "unit": "%", "source": "Ember, Grids for data centres in Europe (2024)", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/06/Report-Grids-for-data-centres-in-Europe-PDF.pdf" }, "diffPct": 22.1, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "agree", "note": "Different years and bases: the CSO divides metered data-centre use by all metered consumption; Ember/ICIS estimate a share of national demand. Growth between the two years explains part of the gap.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2025 vs 2024" }, { "id": "ie-osm-vs-directory", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Ireland: data centres mapped vs our campus directory", "place": "Ireland", "iso3": "IRL", "a": { "value": 88, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 79, "unit": "campuses", "source": "StackPath directory (2026-10-10): 55 operating", "url": "/data-centres" }, "diffPct": 11.4, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "agree", "note": "Different units: OSM counts mapped buildings or sites (a campus of several named halls counts several times); the directory chains planning, EPA, valuation and OSM points into campuses, including proposed and lapsed ones. This calibrates how far OSM counts can be trusted where we have no directory.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "de-osm-vs-register", "type": "completeness", "measure": "Germany: data centres mapped vs registered", "place": "Germany", "iso3": "DEU", "a": { "value": 240, "unit": "sites", "source": "OpenStreetMap via country_metrics (2026-10-11)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 485.0, "unit": "data centres", "source": "German data-centre register (RZReg), 2025, via de_dc_register", "url": "https://rechenzentrumsregister.bund.de/de/" }, "diffPct": 50.5, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "differ", "note": "The register covers every data centre of 300 kW or more by law; OSM counts what volunteers mapped. The gap is a direct measure of how far OSM under-counts one large European market (it feeds the market weight).", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2025" }, { "id": "de-register-vs-eed-sites", "type": "consistency", "measure": "Germany: data centres in the register vs reporting to the EU", "place": "Germany", "iso3": "DEU", "a": { "value": 485.0, "unit": "data centres", "source": "RZReg 2025 (de_dc_register)", "url": "https://rechenzentrumsregister.bund.de/de/" }, "b": { "value": 454, "unit": "sites", "source": "EU EED dashboard 2025 (eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 6.8, "tolerancePct": 10, "status": "agree", "note": "Germany transposed the EED through its Energy Efficiency Act: the same operators file both, so the counts should be close.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2025" }, { "id": "de-register-vs-eed-energy", "type": "consistency", "measure": "Germany: data-centre electricity, register vs EU-reported", "place": "Germany", "iso3": "DEU", "a": { "value": 7.2, "unit": "TWh", "source": "RZReg 2025 (de_dc_register)", "url": "https://rechenzentrumsregister.bund.de/de/" }, "b": { "value": 6.86, "unit": "TWh", "source": "EU EED dashboard 2025 (eu_dc_capacity)", "url": "https://link.europa.eu/q7x39t" }, "diffPct": 5.0, "tolerancePct": 10, "status": "agree", "note": "Same operators, two filings: a small gap is timing (late filers) or rounding in the register's published classes.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2025" }, { "id": "us-ai-power-epoch", "type": "consistency", "measure": "US frontier AI data-centre power operating now (Epoch AI)", "place": "United States", "iso3": "USA", "a": { "value": 15179, "unit": "MW", "source": "world_power: Epoch timelines, latest row on or before 2026-10-11", "url": "/global/where-ai-can-plug-in" }, "b": { "value": 11851, "unit": "MW", "source": "global_context: Epoch 'Current power (MW)' column (2026-10-11)", "url": "/global/ai-compute-race" }, "diffPct": 28.1, "tolerancePct": 5, "status": "differ", "note": "One source (Epoch AI's frontier data-centre hub), two columns: world_power sums each site's timeline row dated on or before the pull date; global_context sums Epoch's own 'Current power' field. Both pages show a US figure; they should state which one, or read one shared module (review point 6).", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2026-10-11" }, { "id": "tsmc-monthly-revenue", "type": "consistency", "measure": "TSMC monthly revenue", "place": "Taiwan", "iso3": "TWN", "a": { "value": 511.86, "unit": "NT$ bn", "source": "ai_supply_chain: TSMC 6-K filings at SEC (2026-09)", "url": "/global/ai-supply-chain" }, "b": { "value": 511.86, "unit": "NT$ bn", "source": "taiwan_monthly: MOPS (2026-09)", "url": "/global/taiwan-ai-supply-chain-monthly" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 0.5, "status": "agree", "note": "45 months in both datasets; 0 differ by more than 0.5%. Same company figure, two pipelines: one should own the source (review point 6).", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2026-09", "monthsCompared": 45, "monthsDiffer": 0 }, { "id": "twse-server-makers-revenue", "type": "consistency", "measure": "Taiwan server makers' monthly revenue (sum of the companies in both)", "place": "Taiwan", "iso3": "TWN", "a": { "value": 2199.1, "unit": "NT$ bn", "source": "ai_compute_added: TWSE/MOPS (2026-09)", "url": "/global/ai-compute-added" }, "b": { "value": 2199.1, "unit": "NT$ bn", "source": "taiwan_monthly: MOPS (2026-09)", "url": "/global/taiwan-ai-supply-chain-monthly" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 0.5, "status": "agree", "note": "270 company-months in both datasets; 0 differ by more than 0.5%. Two pipelines pull the same exchange filings (review point 6).", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2026-09", "monthsCompared": 270, "monthsDiffer": 0 }, { "id": "ie-price-eurostat", "type": "consistency", "measure": "Ireland: electricity price for the largest users (band IG, excl. VAT)", "place": "Ireland", "iso3": "IRL", "a": { "value": 0.1654, "unit": "\u20ac/kWh", "source": "country_metrics via eu_scorecard: Eurostat band IG (2026-S1)", "url": "/europe/map" }, "b": { "value": 0.1654, "unit": "\u20ac/kWh", "source": "eurostat_prices (2026-S1, MWH_GE150000)", "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/api/dissemination/statistics/1.0/data/nrg_pc_205?format=JSON&lang=EN&unit=KWH¤cy=EUR&tax=X_VAT&sinceTimePeriod=2015-S1&geo=IE&geo=EU27_2020&geo=DE&geo=FR&geo=NL&geo=BE&geo=DK&geo=SE&geo=NO&geo=FI&geo=ES&geo=PT&geo=IT&geo=PL&geo=UK&nrg_cons=MWH_GE150000&nrg_cons=MWH70000-149999" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 2, "status": "agree", "note": "Same Eurostat table (nrg_pc_205) read by two pipelines; they should match exactly when both hold the same half-year.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2026-S1" }, { "id": "ie-price-eu-power-prices", "type": "consistency", "measure": "Ireland: electricity price for the largest users (band IG, excl. VAT)", "place": "Ireland", "iso3": "IRL", "a": { "value": 0.1654, "unit": "\u20ac/kWh", "source": "country_metrics via eu_scorecard: Eurostat band IG (2026-S1)", "url": "/europe/map" }, "b": { "value": 0.1592, "unit": "\u20ac/kWh", "source": "eu_power_prices headline (2025-S2)", "url": "/europe/electricity-prices-for-data-centres" }, "diffPct": 3.9, "tolerancePct": 2, "status": "differ", "note": "eu_power_prices leads with 2025-S2 because the 2026-S1 release covers only 18 countries (its 2026-S1 figure for Ireland is 0.1654). Different half-years, so two pages show two prices for Ireland; each states its period.", "from": "data_coverage", "period": "2026-S1 vs 2025-S2" }, { "id": "us-osm-total", "measure": "Data centres mapped (OpenStreetMap)", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 1612, "unit": "sites", "source": "Sum of our 51 state counts (us-atlas outlines)", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 1612, "unit": "sites", "source": "country_metrics USA count (Natural Earth outline)", "url": "/global/map" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 0.5, "status": "agree", "note": "Same OpenStreetMap run and duplicate rule; a gap would mean US sites falling outside every state outline (none did).", "from": "us_states", "type": "consistency", "iso3": "USA" }, { "id": "us-epoch-now", "measure": "Frontier AI data-centre power operating now", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 15179, "unit": "MW", "source": "Sum of our state totals (Epoch sites placed in states)", "url": "https://epoch.ai/data/data-centers" }, "b": { "value": 15179, "unit": "MW", "source": "world_power, Epoch by country (pulled 2026-10-11)", "url": "/global/where-ai-can-plug-in" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 0.5, "status": "agree", "note": "Same Epoch pull and summing rule; small gaps come from per-site rounding; every US site has a state.", "from": "us_states", "type": "consistency", "iso3": "USA" }, { "id": "us-epoch-planned", "measure": "Frontier AI data-centre power planned", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 43412, "unit": "MW", "source": "Sum of our state totals", "url": "https://epoch.ai/data/data-centers" }, "b": { "value": 43412, "unit": "MW", "source": "world_power, Epoch by country (pulled 2026-10-11)", "url": "/global/where-ai-can-plug-in" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 0.5, "status": "agree", "note": "67 sites placed from Epoch's address field, 3 from the site name, 4 from the sources Epoch lists, 3 from a source Epoch cites (checked by hand, research/datasets/us_states.json).", "from": "us_states", "type": "consistency", "iso3": "USA" }, { "id": "us-pop-total", "measure": "Population", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 341784857, "unit": "people", "source": "Census Bureau, Vintage 2025, sum of 50 states + DC", "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.html" }, "b": { "value": 341784857, "unit": "people", "source": "World Bank SP.POP.TOTL (via country_metrics)", "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=US" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 1, "status": "agree", "note": "An exact match means the World Bank uses the Census estimate for the same year: a check that both are the same vintage, not two independent counts. Census excludes Puerto Rico and other territories.", "from": "us_states", "type": "consistency", "iso3": "USA" }, { "id": "us-dc-top10-epri", "measure": "Top 10 data-centre states", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 8, "unit": "of 10 states", "source": "Our OpenStreetMap count (2026-10-11): VA, TX, CA, OR, OH, AZ, WA, NJ, GA, IA", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 10, "unit": "of 10 states", "source": "EPRI, Powering Intelligence (May 2024), states ranked by 2023 data-centre electricity use: VA, TX, CA, IL, OR, AZ, IA, GA, WA, PA", "url": "https://www.epri.com/research/products/3002028905" }, "diffPct": -20.0, "tolerancePct": 30, "status": "agree", "note": "8 of EPRI's top 10 are in our top 10 (VA, TX, CA, OR, AZ, IA, GA, WA). EPRI ranks electricity use in 2023, we rank mapped sites in 2026: a state with a few huge campuses ranks higher on power than on site count, and OpenStreetMap misses some hyperscale sites. Agree = at least 7 of 10.", "from": "us_states", "type": "consistency", "iso3": "USA" }, { "id": "us-dc-top10-cbp", "measure": "Top 10 data-centre states", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 6, "unit": "of 10 states", "source": "Our OpenStreetMap count (2026-10-11): VA, TX, CA, OR, OH, AZ, WA, NJ, GA, IA", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" }, "b": { "value": 10, "unit": "of 10 states", "source": "Census Bureau, County Business Patterns 2023, establishments in NAICS 518210: CA, TX, FL, NY, PA, VA, OH, IL, NJ, GA", "url": "https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/cbp.html" }, "diffPct": -40.0, "tolerancePct": 30, "status": "differ", "note": "6 of the Census top 10 are in ours (CA, TX, VA, OH, NJ, GA). NAICS 518210 counts business establishments in computing infrastructure, data processing and web hosting, which follow population and offices more than data-centre buildings. Agree = at least 7 of 10.", "from": "us_states", "type": "consistency", "iso3": "USA" }, { "id": "us-price-total", "measure": "Industrial electricity price", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 9.03, "unit": "US\u00a2/kWh", "source": "This pack: EIA EPM 5.6.B U.S. Total, January\u2013July 2026", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/xls/table_5_06_b.xlsx" }, "b": { "value": 9.03, "unit": "US\u00a2/kWh", "source": "world_power / us_power: EIA industrial average, July 2026 YTD (commercial 13.97\u00a2)", "url": "/global/where-ai-can-plug-in" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 1, "status": "agree", "note": "Both read the same EIA table; a gap would mean the caches are from different releases.", "from": "us_states", "type": "consistency", "iso3": "USA" }, { "id": "us-price-861", "measure": "Industrial electricity price", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 9.03, "unit": "US\u00a2/kWh", "source": "EIA Electric Power Monthly 5.6.B, January\u2013July 2026", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/xls/table_5_06_b.xlsx" }, "b": { "value": 8.51, "unit": "US\u00a2/kWh", "source": "EIA-861 annual, 2025 (revenue \u00f7 sales)", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/state/" }, "diffPct": 6.1, "tolerancePct": 15, "status": "agree", "note": "Two EIA series for different periods (this year to date against last full year); prices rose in between.", "from": "us_states", "type": "consistency", "iso3": "USA" }, { "id": "us-gen-ember-eia", "measure": "Electricity generated, 2025", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 4519.8, "unit": "TWh", "source": "Ember US electricity data (last updated 2026-08-19)", "url": "https://ember-energy.org/data/us-electricity-data/" }, "b": { "value": 4425.0, "unit": "TWh", "source": "EIA, net generation by state, Total Electric Power Industry (released September 2026)", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/state/" }, "diffPct": 2.1, "tolerancePct": 3, "status": "agree", "note": "Ember's release (2026-08-19) came before EIA's final 2025 data (September 2026). Solar explains 89 of the 95 TWh gap (Ember 389 TWh against EIA's utility-scale 300 TWh), consistent with Ember adding small-scale (rooftop) solar, which this EIA table leaves out (our reading).", "from": "us_states", "type": "consistency", "iso3": "USA" }, { "id": "us-860m-building", "measure": "Generating capacity under construction (2026-08)", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 98731, "unit": "MW", "source": "Sum of our 51 state totals (EIA-860M Planned sheet, Plant State)", "url": "https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia860m/" }, "b": { "value": 98731, "unit": "MW", "source": "us_power, EIA-860M US total under construction", "url": "/us" }, "diffPct": 0.0, "tolerancePct": 0.5, "status": "agree", "note": "Same EIA file and status rule; units outside the 50 states and DC are in the US total but not in a state.", "from": "us_states", "type": "consistency", "iso3": "USA" }, { "id": "us-dc-share-va", "measure": "Data centres' share of electricity", "place": "Virginia", "a": { "value": 25.59, "unit": "%", "source": "EPRI, Powering Intelligence (May 2024), 2023 estimate, % of Virginia's electricity consumption", "url": "https://www.epri.com/research/products/3002028905" }, "b": { "value": 24, "unit": "%", "source": "Dominion Energy 10-K for 2023: data centres' share of Virginia Power's electricity sales", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/715957/000095017024019110/d-20231231.htm" }, "diffPct": 6.6, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "agree", "note": "Different denominators: EPRI estimates all data-centre use in the state; Dominion reports one utility's sales. Dominion's later 10-Ks give 26% for 2024 and 28% for 2025.", "from": "us_states", "type": "consistency", "iso3": "USA" }, { "id": "us-dc-twh-2023", "measure": "US data-centre electricity use, 2023", "place": "United States", "a": { "value": 152.1, "unit": "TWh", "source": "EPRI, Powering Intelligence (May 2024): about 4% of US load", "url": "https://www.epri.com/research/products/3002028905" }, "b": { "value": 176, "unit": "TWh", "source": "LBNL for DOE (Dec 2024): about 4.4% of US electricity", "url": "https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-releases-new-report-evaluating-increase-electricity-demand-data-centers" }, "diffPct": -13.6, "tolerancePct": 25, "status": "agree", "note": "Two independent estimates with different methods. EPRI's Feb 2026 update puts 2024 at 184 TWh.", "from": "us_states", "type": "consistency", "iso3": "USA" } ], "gaps": [ { "id": "FRA", "name": "France", "group": "Europe", "depth": 2, "target": 3, "weight": 3.793, "priority": 3.793, "have": [ "Depth 2 (National profile): profile /europe/countries/france; 19 of 19 measures", "19 of 19 Europe dashboard measures", "Data centres' share of electricity (published figure)", "EU EED data-centre reports", "Data-centre grid queue (eu_grid_queues)", "Partial site rows: eu_neoclouds (8)", "27 datasets" ], "next": [ { "what": "Regional data-centre grid connections: connected, being connected and under study, by region", "source": "RTE, regional electricity reviews (Bilan \u00e9lectrique \u00cele-de-France 2026, and the other regions' editions)", "url": "https://assets.rte-france.com/prod/public/2026-07/2026-07-09-bilan-electrique-idf-2026.pdf", "depthGained": 3, "checked": "2026-10-12", "licence": "RTE publication: headline figures with attribution" }, { "what": "National data-centre connection requests and demand outlook", "source": "RTE, Bilan pr\u00e9visionnel 2025-2035", "url": "https://www.rte-france.com/analyses-tendances-et-prospectives/bilan-previsionnel-2025-2035", "depthGained": 2, "checked": "2026-10-12", "licence": "RTE publication: headline figures with attribution" }, { "what": "Regional and local electricity data (consumption by sector, grid)", "source": "ODR\u00c9, the open-data portal of RTE and the French networks", "url": "https://odre.opendatasoft.com/", "depthGained": 3, "checked": "2026-10-12", "licence": "Etalab open licence (check per dataset)" } ] }, { "id": "CHN", "name": "China", "group": "Asia", "depth": 1, "target": 2, "weight": 3.398, "priority": 3.398, "have": [ "Depth 1 (Headline): 12/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "12 of 14 world dashboard measures", "Topic pages: /global/china-power-build", "3 frontier AI site(s) tracked by Epoch", "Partial site rows: world_power (3)", "9 datasets; none for Capital, Policy and rules" ], "next": [ { "what": "Computing centres' national electricity use (National Energy Administration figure)", "source": "NEA via Greenpeace East Asia, Clean Cloud 2026 briefing; find the NEA release itself", "url": "https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-eastasia-stateless/2026/09/d00f7edd-clean-cloud-2026-english-briefing.pdf", "depthGained": 2, "checked": "2026-10-12", "licence": "Headline figure with attribution; primary NEA source unchecked" }, { "what": "Intelligent computing capacity (EFLOPS) and large computing centres", "source": "Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) press conferences", "url": "https://www.miit.gov.cn", "depthGained": 2, "checked": "unchecked", "licence": "Government statements: headline figures" }, { "what": "Electricity statistics and data-centre energy policy", "source": "National Energy Administration", "url": "https://www.nea.gov.cn", "depthGained": 2, "checked": "unchecked", "licence": "Government statistics" }, { "what": "A country profile page from the measures already held plus the national source(s) below", "source": "StackPath (a /global/countries/ page family)", "url": null, "depthGained": 2, "checked": "internal" } ] }, { "id": "GBR", "name": "United Kingdom", "group": "Europe", "depth": 2, "target": 3, "weight": 3.194, "priority": 3.194, "have": [ "Depth 2 (National profile): profile /europe/countries/united-kingdom; 13 of 19 measures", "13 of 19 Europe dashboard measures", "Data centres' share of electricity (published figure)", "Data-centre grid queue (eu_grid_queues)", "Partial site rows: eu_neoclouds (5)", "23 datasets" ], "next": [ { "what": "Named transmission-connected data-centre projects with connection site (partial: consenting projects only; 9 named data centres on 12 Oct 2026)", "source": "NESO, Existing Agreements register (Gate 2)", "url": "https://www.neso.energy/document/373996/download", "depthGained": 3, "checked": "2026-10-12", "licence": "NESO data: check the register's terms; headline counts with attribution" }, { "what": "Data centres in the demand connections queue (aggregate count and GW)", "source": "Ofgem, Curate: proposed data centre connection reforms (consultation, July 2026)", "url": "https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2026-07/Proposed-data-centre-connection-reforms-curate-consultation-document.pdf", "depthGained": 2, "checked": "2026-10-12", "licence": "Regulator publication: headline figures with attribution" }, { "what": "Regional distribution-network headroom and demand data (the GB equivalent of ESB's heatmap)", "source": "Distribution network operators' open-data portals (e.g. UK Power Networks)", "url": "https://ukpowernetworks.opendatasoft.com/", "depthGained": 3, "checked": "2026-10-12", "licence": "Mostly Open Government / CC BY; check per dataset" }, { "what": "Demand Call for Input summary (transmission demand projects, data-centre share)", "source": "NESO", "url": "https://www.neso.energy/document/378226/download", "depthGained": 2, "checked": "2026-10-12", "licence": "NESO publication" } ] }, { "id": "AUS", "name": "Australia", "group": "Oceania", "depth": 1, "target": 2, "weight": 1.615, "priority": 1.615, "have": [ "Depth 1 (Headline): 13/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "13 of 14 world dashboard measures", "5 datasets; none for Policy and rules" ], "next": [ { "what": "Data-centre electricity use and forecast by NEM region (state)", "source": "AEMO, 2026 ESOO data-centre forecasting overview", "url": "https://www.aemo.com.au/-/media/files/electricity/nem/planning_and_forecasting/nem_esoo/2026/2026-esoo-data-centre-forecasting-overview.pdf", "depthGained": 3, "checked": "2026-10-12", "licence": "AEMO copyright permissions allow reuse with attribution (check)" }, { "what": "A country profile page from the measures already held plus the national source(s) below", "source": "StackPath (a /global/countries/ page family)", "url": null, "depthGained": 2, "checked": "internal" } ] }, { "id": "ARE", "name": "United Arab Emirates", "group": "Asia", "depth": 1, "target": 2, "weight": 1.604, "priority": 1.604, "have": [ "Depth 1 (Headline): 13/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "13 of 14 world dashboard measures", "1 frontier AI site(s) tracked by Epoch", "5 datasets; none for Capital, Policy and rules" ], "next": [ { "what": "Data centres' share of national electricity (consultancy estimate; headline only)", "source": "Wood Mackenzie press release on UAE data-centre power demand", "url": "https://www.woodmac.com/press-releases/uae-data-centre-power-demand-to-double-by-2030-as-regulatory-gaps-constrain-clean-energy-procurement/", "depthGained": 2, "checked": "2026-10-12", "licence": "Commercial: press headline with attribution only" }, { "what": "Abu Dhabi demand and capacity outlook (official)", "source": "Emirates Water and Electricity Company (EWEC) statements", "url": "https://www.ewec.ae", "depthGained": 2, "checked": "unchecked", "licence": "Official publication; page for the statement not found on 12 Oct (404s)" }, { "what": "A country profile page from the measures already held plus the national source(s) below", "source": "StackPath (a /global/countries/ page family)", "url": null, "depthGained": 2, "checked": "internal" } ] }, { "id": "MYS", "name": "Malaysia", "group": "Asia", "depth": 1, "target": 2, "weight": 1.547, "priority": 1.547, "have": [ "Depth 1 (Headline): 10/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "10 of 14 world dashboard measures", "2 frontier AI site(s) tracked by Epoch", "3 datasets; none for AI compute, Capital, Policy and rules" ], "next": [ { "what": "Data-centre projects, contracted GW and load in TNB's system, quarterly (with the Johor share)", "source": "Tenaga Nasional Berhad, quarterly analyst briefing (2QFY2026)", "url": "https://www.tnb.com.my/assets/quarterly_results/Analyst_Briefing_-_2QFY2026.pdf", "depthGained": 2, "checked": "2026-10-12", "licence": "Listed-company disclosure: figures with attribution" }, { "what": "A country profile page from the measures already held plus the national source(s) below", "source": "StackPath (a /global/countries/ page family)", "url": null, "depthGained": 2, "checked": "internal" } ] }, { "id": "JPN", "name": "Japan", "group": "Asia", "depth": 1, "target": 2, "weight": 1.299, "priority": 1.299, "have": [ "Depth 1 (Headline): 11/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "11 of 14 world dashboard measures", "6 datasets; none for Capital, Policy and rules" ], "next": [ { "what": "Data-centre and chip-fab additions in the 10-year national and area demand forecast", "source": "OCCTO, demand forecast (\u9700\u8981\u60f3\u5b9a) page", "url": "https://www.occto.or.jp/various/kyoukei/juyousoutei/juyousoutei.html", "depthGained": 2, "checked": "2026-10-12", "licence": "Official publication" }, { "what": "A country profile page from the measures already held plus the national source(s) below", "source": "StackPath (a /global/countries/ page family)", "url": null, "depthGained": 2, "checked": "internal" } ] }, { "id": "NLD", "name": "Netherlands", "group": "Europe", "depth": 2, "target": 3, "weight": 1.288, "priority": 1.288, "have": [ "Depth 2 (National profile): profile /europe/countries/netherlands; 19 of 19 measures", "19 of 19 Europe dashboard measures", "Data centres' share of electricity (published figure)", "EU EED data-centre reports", "Data-centre grid queue (eu_grid_queues)", "23 datasets" ], "next": [ { "what": "Offtake capacity and queue (requests and MW) per supply area: the regional split of grid access", "source": "Netbeheer Nederland, capaciteitskaart (national grid capacity map, with data export)", "url": "https://capaciteitskaart.netbeheernederland.nl/", "depthGained": 3, "checked": "2026-10-12", "licence": "Check the export's terms" }, { "what": "A regional or size split of electricity delivered to data centres (the national series is already on the profile)", "source": "CBS, Elektriciteit geleverd aan datacenters (custom tables; ask for a regional cut)", "url": "https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/maatwerk/2025/51/elektriciteit-geleverd-aan-datacenters-2017-2024", "depthGained": 3, "checked": "2026-10-12", "licence": "CBS: CC BY 4.0" } ] }, { "id": "CAN", "name": "Canada", "group": "North America", "depth": 1, "target": 2, "weight": 0.983, "priority": 0.983, "have": [ "Depth 1 (Headline): 11/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "11 of 14 world dashboard measures", "5 datasets; none for Capital, Policy and rules" ], "next": [ { "what": "Data-centre large-load connection requests in Alberta (provincial, project count and MW)", "source": "AESO, Large Load Integration", "url": "https://aesoengage.aeso.ca/large-load-projects", "depthGained": 3, "checked": "2026-10-12", "licence": "Official publication" }, { "what": "Ontario demand outlook including data centres", "source": "IESO, Annual Planning Outlook", "url": "https://www.ieso.ca/en/Sector-Participants/Planning-and-Forecasting/Annual-Planning-Outlook", "depthGained": 2, "checked": "2026-10-12", "licence": "Official publication" }, { "what": "A country profile page from the measures already held plus the national source(s) below", "source": "StackPath (a /global/countries/ page family)", "url": null, "depthGained": 2, "checked": "internal" } ] }, { "id": "RUS", "name": "Russia", "group": "Europe", "depth": 1, "target": 2, "weight": 0.878, "priority": 0.878, "have": [ "Depth 1 (Headline): 10/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "10 of 14 world dashboard measures", "2 datasets; none for AI use and models, Capital, Policy and rules" ], "next": [ { "what": "Connected capacity and electricity share of data centres and crypto mining", "source": "System Operator of the Unified Energy System (figures so far seen only via TASS)", "url": "https://www.so-ups.ru/", "depthGained": 2, "checked": "unchecked", "licence": "Official publication; sanctions and access limits; definitions mix data centres and mining" }, { "what": "A country profile page from the measures already held plus the national source(s) below", "source": "StackPath (a /global/countries/ page family)", "url": null, "depthGained": 2, "checked": "internal" } ] }, { "id": "IND", "name": "India", "group": "Asia", "depth": 1, "target": 2, "weight": 0.831, "priority": 0.831, "have": [ "Depth 1 (Headline): 11/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "11 of 14 world dashboard measures", "5 datasets; none for Capital, Policy and rules" ], "next": [ { "what": "National demand forecast with data-centre load (the Electric Power Survey; newer edition expected to add data centres)", "source": "Central Electricity Authority", "url": "https://cea.nic.in/", "depthGained": 2, "checked": "2026-10-12", "licence": "Official publication; the data-centre revision is press-reported, not yet seen" }, { "what": "A country profile page from the measures already held plus the national source(s) below", "source": "StackPath (a /global/countries/ page family)", "url": null, "depthGained": 2, "checked": "internal" } ] }, { "id": "SGP", "name": "Singapore", "group": "Asia", "depth": 1, "target": 2, "weight": 0.62, "priority": 0.62, "have": [ "Depth 1 (Headline): 11/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "11 of 14 world dashboard measures", "4 datasets; none for Capital, Policy and rules" ], "next": [ { "what": "Data-centre capacity and the Green Data Centre Roadmap allocation", "source": "IMDA, Green Data Centre Roadmap", "url": "https://www.imda.gov.sg/how-we-can-help/green-dc-roadmap", "depthGained": 2, "checked": "2026-10-12", "licence": "Official publication" }, { "what": "Data centres' share of national electricity (parliamentary reply)", "source": "Ministry of Digital Development and Information", "url": "https://www.mddi.gov.sg/newsroom/mci-response-pq-data-carbon-emissions-data-centres-sg/", "depthGained": 2, "checked": "2026-10-12", "licence": "Official publication" }, { "what": "Electricity consumption by sector", "source": "Energy Market Authority, Singapore Energy Statistics", "url": "https://www.ema.gov.sg/resources/singapore-energy-statistics", "depthGained": 2, "checked": "2026-10-12", "licence": "Official statistics" }, { "what": "A country profile page from the measures already held plus the national source(s) below", "source": "StackPath (a /global/countries/ page family)", "url": null, "depthGained": 2, "checked": "internal" } ] }, { "id": "BRA", "name": "Brazil", "group": "South America", "depth": 1, "target": 2, "weight": 0.562, "priority": 0.562, "have": [ "Depth 1 (Headline): 11/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "11 of 14 world dashboard measures", "4 datasets; none for Capital, Policy and rules" ], "next": [ { "what": "Data-centre access requests to the transmission grid (Rede B\u00e1sica) and the load forecast revision", "source": "ONS / EPE / CCEE load forecast revisions; EPE publications", "url": "https://www.epe.gov.br/pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes", "depthGained": 2, "checked": "2026-10-12", "licence": "Official publications" }, { "what": "Press report of ONS's data-centre demand outlook (lead to the primary document)", "source": "Ag\u00eancia iNFRA", "url": "https://agenciainfra.com/blog/datacenters-devem-exigir-35-gw-em-2030-diz-ons/", "depthGained": 2, "checked": "2026-10-12", "licence": "Press: lead only" }, { "what": "A country profile page from the measures already held plus the national source(s) below", "source": "StackPath (a /global/countries/ page family)", "url": null, "depthGained": 2, "checked": "internal" } ] }, { "id": "ZAF", "name": "South Africa", "group": "Africa", "depth": 1, "target": 2, "weight": 0.492, "priority": 0.492, "have": [ "Depth 1 (Headline): 9/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "9 of 14 world dashboard measures", "3 datasets; none for Capital, Policy and rules" ], "next": [ { "what": "Government confirmation that no national register of data-centre electricity use exists; Eskom assesses applications case by case", "source": "Parliamentary question NW5749, Minister of Electricity and Energy", "url": "https://pmg.org.za/committee-question/35672/", "depthGained": 1, "checked": "2026-10-12", "licence": "Parliamentary record" }, { "what": "Grid connection capacity (generation) by substation", "source": "NTCSA, Generation Connection Capacity Assessment", "url": "https://www.ntcsa.co.za/gcca/", "depthGained": 2, "checked": "2026-10-12", "licence": "Official publication; generation only, not load" }, { "what": "A country profile page from the measures already held plus the national source(s) below", "source": "StackPath (a /global/countries/ page family)", "url": null, "depthGained": 2, "checked": "internal" } ] }, { "id": "IDN", "name": "Indonesia", "group": "Asia", "depth": 1, "target": 2, "weight": 0.482, "priority": 0.482, "have": [ "Depth 1 (Headline): 11/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "11 of 14 world dashboard measures", "3 datasets; none for Capital, Policy and rules" ], "next": [ { "what": "Electricity plan 2025-2034 with data centres among the demand drivers", "source": "Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, RUPTL PLN 2025-2034 FAQ", "url": "https://gatrik.esdm.go.id/assets/uploads/download_index/files/daa0b-faq-ruptl-pln-2025-2034.pdf", "depthGained": 2, "checked": "2026-10-12", "licence": "Official publication (resolved to an HTML page on 12 Oct; PDF not confirmed)" }, { "what": "A country profile page from the measures already held plus the national source(s) below", "source": "StackPath (a /global/countries/ page family)", "url": null, "depthGained": 2, "checked": "internal" } ] }, { "id": "ARG", "name": "Argentina", "group": "South America", "depth": 1, "target": 2, "weight": 0.433, "priority": 0.433, "have": [ "Depth 1 (Headline): 9/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "9 of 14 world dashboard measures", "2 datasets; none for Capital, Policy and rules" ], "next": [ { "what": "Large-user demand and grid access", "source": "CAMMESA (wholesale market administrator)", "url": "https://cammesa.com", "depthGained": 2, "checked": "unchecked", "licence": "Official" }, { "what": "A country profile page from the measures already held plus the national source(s) below", "source": "StackPath (a /global/countries/ page family)", "url": null, "depthGained": 2, "checked": "internal" } ] }, { "id": "MEX", "name": "Mexico", "group": "North America", "depth": 1, "target": 2, "weight": 0.421, "priority": 0.421, "have": [ "Depth 1 (Headline): 8/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "8 of 14 world dashboard measures", "2 datasets; none for AI compute, Capital, Policy and rules" ], "next": [ { "what": "National grid plan (PRODESEN) and large-load demand", "source": "CENACE / Secretar\u00eda de Energ\u00eda", "url": "https://www.cenace.gob.mx", "depthGained": 2, "checked": "unchecked", "licence": "Official" }, { "what": "A country profile page from the measures already held plus the national source(s) below", "source": "StackPath (a /global/countries/ page family)", "url": null, "depthGained": 2, "checked": "internal" } ] }, { "id": "NZL", "name": "New Zealand", "group": "Oceania", "depth": 1, "target": 2, "weight": 0.328, "priority": 0.328, "have": [ "Depth 1 (Headline): 8/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "8 of 14 world dashboard measures", "2 datasets; none for AI compute, Capital, Policy and rules" ], "next": [ { "what": "Large-load connection enquiries, including data centres", "source": "Transpower", "url": "https://www.transpower.co.nz", "depthGained": 2, "checked": "unchecked", "licence": "Official" }, { "what": "A country profile page from the measures already held plus the national source(s) below", "source": "StackPath (a /global/countries/ page family)", "url": null, "depthGained": 2, "checked": "internal" } ] }, { "id": "CHL", "name": "Chile", "group": "South America", "depth": 1, "target": 2, "weight": 0.258, "priority": 0.258, "have": [ "Depth 1 (Headline): 8/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "8 of 14 world dashboard measures", "2 datasets; none for AI compute, Capital, Policy and rules" ], "next": [ { "what": "Large-load connection requests and demand forecast", "source": "Coordinador El\u00e9ctrico Nacional", "url": "https://www.coordinador.cl", "depthGained": 2, "checked": "unchecked", "licence": "Official" }, { "what": "A country profile page from the measures already held plus the national source(s) below", "source": "StackPath (a /global/countries/ page family)", "url": null, "depthGained": 2, "checked": "internal" } ] }, { "id": "PHL", "name": "Philippines", "group": "Asia", "depth": 1, "target": 2, "weight": 0.222, "priority": 0.222, "have": [ "Depth 1 (Headline): 8/14 measures, no profile, global datasets only", "8 of 14 world dashboard measures", "2 datasets; none for AI compute, Capital, Policy and rules" ], "next": [ { "what": 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"compute": 0, "ai": 2, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "PAN": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 2, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "PER": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 2, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "PHL": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 2, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "PLW": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 0, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "PNG": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "POL": { "datacentres": 4, "power": 6, "compute": 10, "ai": 5, "capital": 4, "policy": 0 }, "PRI": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 2, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "PRK": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "PRT": { "datacentres": 4, "power": 6, "compute": 9, "ai": 5, "capital": 4, "policy": 0 }, "PRY": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 2, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "PSE": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 2, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "PYF": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "QAT": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 2, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "ROU": { "datacentres": 3, "power": 4, "compute": 6, "ai": 5, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "RUS": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 2, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "RWA": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 2, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "SAU": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 3, "compute": 3, "ai": 3, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "SDN": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "SEN": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 2, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "SGP": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 3, "ai": 3, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "SLB": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "SLE": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "SLV": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 2, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "SMR": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 0, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "SOM": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "SRB": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 2, "ai": 2, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "SSD": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "STP": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "SUR": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "SVK": { "datacentres": 3, "power": 4, "compute": 7, "ai": 5, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "SVN": { "datacentres": 3, "power": 4, "compute": 8, "ai": 5, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "SWE": { "datacentres": 4, "power": 9, "compute": 9, "ai": 5, "capital": 4, "policy": 3 }, "SWZ": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "SXM": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 0, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "SYC": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "SYR": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "TCA": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "TCD": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "TGO": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 2, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "THA": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 2, "ai": 2, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "TJK": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "TKM": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "TLS": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 0, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "TON": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "TTO": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 2, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "TUN": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 2, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "TUR": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 2, "ai": 2, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "TUV": { "datacentres": 0, "power": 0, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "TZA": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 2, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "UGA": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 2, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "UKR": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 2, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "URY": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 2, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "USA": { "datacentres": 4, "power": 7, "compute": 7, "ai": 9, "capital": 5, "policy": 0 }, "UZB": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 2, "ai": 2, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "VCT": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "VEN": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "VGB": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "VIR": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "VNM": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 3, "ai": 2, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "VUT": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "WSM": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "XKX": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "YEM": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 0, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "ZAF": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 3, "ai": 2, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "ZMB": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 2, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 }, "ZWE": { "datacentres": 2, "power": 2, "compute": 0, "ai": 2, "capital": 0, "policy": 0 } }, "layerLabels": { "datacentres": "Data centres", "power": "Power", "compute": "AI compute", "ai": "AI use and models", "capital": "Capital", "policy": "Policy and rules" }, "candidates": [ { "dataset": "eu_chips", "path": "rows", "iso3": "DEU", "rows": 14, "field": "site" }, { "dataset": "eu_chips", "path": "ecTable.rows", "iso3": "DEU", "rows": 11, "field": "location" }, { "dataset": "eu_compute", "path": "top500.europeSystems", "iso3": "DEU", "rows": 6, "field": "site" }, { "dataset": "eu_compute", "path": "top500.europeSystems", "iso3": "ITA", "rows": 5, "field": "site" }, { "dataset": "eu_compute", "path": "top500.europeSystems", "iso3": "GBR", "rows": 5, "field": "site" }, { "dataset": "eu_compute", "path": "clusters", "iso3": "GBR", "rows": 5, "field": "site" }, { "dataset": "eu_compute", "path": "clusters", "iso3": "FIN", "rows": 5, "field": "site" }, { "dataset": "eu_compute", "path": "clusters", "iso3": "FRA", "rows": 8, "field": "site" }, { "dataset": "eu_neoclouds", "path": "companies[].europeSites", "iso3": "NOR", "rows": 9, "field": "site" }, { "dataset": "eu_neoclouds", "path": "companies[].europeSites", "iso3": "GBR", "rows": 5, "field": "site" }, { "dataset": "eu_neoclouds", "path": "companies[].europeSites", "iso3": "FRA", "rows": 5, "field": "site" }, { "dataset": "eu_dc_restrictions", "path": "rows", "iso3": "DEU", "rows": 5, "field": "place" }, { "dataset": "eu_dc_restrictions", "path": "rows", "iso3": "IRL", "rows": 5, "field": "place" }, { "dataset": "eu_dc_restrictions", "path": "rows", "iso3": "NLD", "rows": 8, "field": "place" } ], "summary": { "countries": 216, "byDepth": { "0": 2, "1": 182, "2": 28, "3": 3, "4": 1 }, "byTarget": { "0": 0, "1": 166, "2": 44, "3": 5, "4": 1 }, "depthMetPct": 91.1, "depthMetHow": "\u03a3 weight \u00d7 min(depth, target) \u00f7 \u03a3 weight \u00d7 target: how much of the depth the market weights call for we hold.", "ireland": { "depth": 4, "target": 4, "datasets": 73, "weight": 1.03 }, "us": { "depth": 3, "target": 3, "weight": 63.16, "datasets": 26 }, "atTarget": 193, "belowTarget": 23, "europeBelowTarget": [ "France", "Netherlands", "United Kingdom" ], "topGaps": [ { "name": "France", "depth": 2, "target": 3, "priority": 3.793 }, { "name": "China", "depth": 1, "target": 2, "priority": 3.398 }, { "name": "United Kingdom", "depth": 2, "target": 3, "priority": 3.194 }, { "name": "Australia", "depth": 1, "target": 2, "priority": 1.615 }, { "name": "United Arab Emirates", "depth": 1, "target": 2, "priority": 1.604 }, { "name": "Malaysia", "depth": 1, "target": 2, "priority": 1.547 }, { "name": "Japan", "depth": 1, "target": 2, "priority": 1.299 }, { "name": "Netherlands", "depth": 2, "target": 3, "priority": 1.288 }, { "name": "Canada", "depth": 1, "target": 2, "priority": 0.983 }, { "name": "Russia", "depth": 1, "target": 2, "priority": 0.878 } ], "datasets": 93, "datasetStatus": { "unknown": 47, "fresh": 46 }, "stale": [], "due": [], "researchRowsOverRecheck": 0, "researchRecheckDays": 90, "checks": { "differ": 32, "agree": 26 }, "checksTotal": 58, "checksByType": { "consistency": { "agree": 17, "differ": 3 }, "completeness": { "differ": 29, "agree": 9 } }, "consistencyDiffer": [ "us-ai-power-epoch", "ie-price-eu-power-prices", "us-dc-top10-cbp" ], "checksCollected": 12, "refreshDue": { "digest": "never refreshed (no raw cache, no state)" }, "researchRowsUndated": 8, "overrides": [], "staleOverrides": [], "unmappedDatasets": [], "thresholds": { "osmWeight": 0.5, "epochWeight": 0.5, "target3WeightPct": 1.0, "target2ElsewhereWeightPct": 0.2, "profileMeasuresPct": 50, "cadenceDays": { "daily": 1, "weekly": 7, "monthly": 31, "quarterly": 92 }, "dueFactor": 1.5, "recheckDays": 90 } }, "method": { "depth": "Auto-detected, then the register (research/datasets/data_coverage.json) confirms or overrides with evidence. Tier 4: at least two project-level datasets with planning or grid status above their row floors. Tier 3: a sub-national split (5+ regions) or a site list of 10+ data centres for the country, in the data-centre or power layers. Tier 2: a profile page and at least 50% of the scope's dashboard measures. Tier 1: any dashboard measure. Each tier needs the one below it.", "weight": "50% the country's share of the world's 4,271 data-centre sites mapped in OpenStreetMap (measured, every country) + 50% its share of the 49,011 MW of frontier AI data-centre power Epoch AI tracks as planned (0 where Epoch tracks none). Shares in %; they sum to 100.", "target": "Ireland 4 (home market). Europe-31 or the US with a weight of at least 1%: 3. Every other Europe-31 country: 2 (a national profile is enough: no council sites for Lithuania). Elsewhere, a weight of at least 0.2%: 2; the rest 1. Outside Europe and the US the target stops at 2: the site compares the rest of the world, it does not cover it in depth.", "priority": "Priority = weight \u00d7 max(0, target \u2212 depth).", "datasets": "A dataset holds a country when a structured field names it: country, ISO code, jurisdiction, reporter or HQ fields, dicts keyed by country, lists under *countries keys, or name/code columns where 80%+ of rows are countries. Region/HQ/bloc fields count only on an exact country match ('US', 'China'). Trade partners (import origins) are skipped. Single-country datasets count for their country (IMPLICIT in the pipeline).", "freshness": "Dataset status: fresh within its cadence (scripts/refresh.py), due within 1.5\u00d7 the cadence, stale beyond; unknown where no cadence is declared (the Irish flagship pipelines), shown with the age of their asOf date. Hand-compiled rows are flagged when checked over 90 days ago.", "checks": "Each check holds both values with source and link, the difference relative to the second value, a tolerance and a note on why the two could differ. Collected from every dataset that publishes `checks`, plus our own. Disagreements are reported, never corrected." }, "register": { "file": "research/datasets/data_coverage.json", "rows": 9, "checked": "2026-10-12", "nextResearched": 21 }, "caveats": [ "Depth measures what this site holds, not what exists: a country with deep public data we have not collected scores low.", "OpenStreetMap under-maps much of Asia, Africa and Latin America (and even Germany: OSM shows about half the sites in the national register), so those markets' weights, and so their priorities, are understated. Korea and China are the clearest cases.", "Epoch AI tracks frontier AI campuses, mostly in the US; half of every weight rests on it, which is why the US weight is so large.", "Thresholds are editorial and stated: change T3_WEIGHT or T2_WEIGHT_ELSEWHERE in pipelines/data_coverage.py and every target moves.", "Cross-checks report disagreements; they never correct either figure.", "Taiwan has no row: the world map's country list comes from country_metrics, which needs a World Bank population and the World Bank does not publish one for Taiwan. Taiwan's datasets (taiwan_monthly, ai_supply_chain) are not scored.", "Dataset ages come from each dataset's asOf, which some pipelines set to the build date and others to the data date; a fresh asOf does not prove a source was re-read.", "The Irish flagship pipelines have no cadence in scripts/refresh.py, so their status is 'unknown' until each declares one (review point 5)." ] }, "radar": { "title": "Data-centre radar: permissions, decisions and news", "source": "StackPath radar (Claude routine reading planning files, regulator registers and the news; method in research/radar/README.md)", "file": "research/datasets/radar.json", "routine": "~/.claude/scheduled-tasks/stackpath-radar/SKILL.md", "asOf": "2026-10-12", "latest": "2026-10-12", "items": [ { "id": "google-grange-castle-granted-on-appeal", "story": "google-grange-castle-phase-3", "date": "2026-10-12", "eventDate": "2026-09-23", "type": "decision", "scope": "ireland", "headline": "Appeal board grants Google's Grange Castle data-centre expansion, 735 days after the appeal", "body": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la granted Google Ireland Limited ten-year permission, with conditions, for a data storage facility at Grange Castle Business Park South, Dublin 22 (council ref. SD24A/0164W, case PL06S.320852). The order was signed on 23 September 2026; Google's appeal against South Dublin County Council's 2024 refusal was lodged on 18 September 2024. The Echo reports a 72,400 m\u00b2 building with eight data halls, about 800 construction jobs and about 50 permanent jobs.", "importance": 7, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/320852", "name": "An Coimisi\u00fan Plean\u00e1la case PL06S.320852", "date": "2026-09-23" }, { "url": "https://www.echo.ie/planning-is-granted-for-google-data-storage-facility/", "name": "The Echo", "date": "2026-10-06" } ], "places": [ "South Dublin" ], "companies": [ "Google" ], "tags": [ "planning", "appeal" ], "numbers": [ { "value": 735, "unit": "days", "label": "appeal lodged to decision signed", "source": "https://www.pleanala.ie/en-ie/case/320852", "sourceDate": "2026-09-23", "kind": "calculated" }, { "value": 72400, "unit": "m\u00b2", "label": "floor area sought", "source": "https://www.echo.ie/planning-is-granted-for-google-data-storage-facility/", "sourceDate": "2026-10-06", "kind": "reported" } ], "links": [ "/councils/south-dublin", "/data-centres" ], "checked": "2026-10-12" }, { "id": "finland-halts-google-muhos-kajaani-works", "story": "google-finland-muhos-kajaani", "date": "2026-10-12", "eventDate": "2026-10-06", "type": "regulator", "scope": "europe", "headline": "Finland orders halt to land works at two Google data-centre sites pending environmental review", "body": "Finland's Licensing and Supervision Agency (LVV) ordered Tuike Finland, a company representing Google, to stop tree felling, excavation and other land-altering work at its Muhos and Kajaani sites until environmental impact assessments are done, by 23 October at the latest, and to explain its plans by 14 October, Euronews reported. The agency is examining whether hundreds of hectares were cleared without a mandatory assessment. Google said it had fallen short of its own standards and would follow the agency's guidance. The sites are part of a \u20ac13 billion Finnish investment Google announced in September 2025.", "importance": 7, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.euronews.com/2026/10/07/finland-orders-pause-on-google-ai-data-centre-over-environmental-concerns", "name": "Euronews", "date": "2026-10-07" } ], "places": [ "Finland" ], "companies": [ "Google" ], "tags": [ "permits", "environment" ], "numbers": [ { "value": 13, "unit": "\u20acbn", "label": "Google's announced Finland investment (Sep 2025)", "source": "https://www.euronews.com/2026/10/07/finland-orders-pause-on-google-ai-data-centre-over-environmental-concerns", "sourceDate": "2026-10-07", "kind": "reported" } ], "links": [ "/europe/data-centre-restrictions" ], "checked": "2026-10-12" }, { "id": "kilmeaden-decision-due-19-october", "story": "kilmeaden-technology-park", "date": "2026-10-12", "eventDate": "2026-10-09", "type": "permission", "scope": "ireland", "headline": "Waterford decision on Kilmeaden technology park with data centre due by 19 October", "body": "Waterford City and County Council is due to decide by 19 October 2026 on a 108.79-hectare scheme at the former cheese factory site in Kilmeaden (ref. 2560625): a village centre, technology park and renewable energy development, which WLR reported in 2025 includes a data centre and a 40 MW solar farm. The council requested further information in October 2025 and received it on 9 March 2026, according to the planning register. Residents opposed to the data centre planned a convoy protest into Waterford city on 10 October, according to the campaign outlet REBEL News.", "importance": 6, "sources": [ { "url": "https://planningregister.ie/application/waterford/2560625", "name": "Planning register (Waterford 2560625)", "date": "2026-10-12" }, { "url": "https://wlrfm.com/news/major-kilmeaden-development-opposed-by-friends-of-the-irish-environment-1964679", "name": "WLR", "date": "2025-10-15" }, { "url": "https://rebelnews.ie/2026/10/09/no-data-centre-in-kilmeaden/", "name": "REBEL News (campaign outlet)", "date": "2026-10-09" } ], "places": [ "Waterford", "Kilmeaden" ], "tags": [ "planning", "opposition" ], "numbers": [ { "value": 108.79, "unit": "ha", "label": "site area", "source": "https://planningregister.ie/application/waterford/2560625", "sourceDate": "2026-10-12", "kind": "measured" }, { "value": 40, "unit": "MW", "label": "solar farm in the scheme", "source": "https://wlrfm.com/news/major-kilmeaden-development-opposed-by-friends-of-the-irish-environment-1964679", "sourceDate": "2025-10-15", "kind": "reported" } ], "links": [ "/councils" ], "checked": "2026-10-12" }, { "id": "kildare-council-rejects-naas-zoning-review", "story": "naas-jigginstown-data-centre-zoning", "date": "2026-10-12", "eventDate": "2026-09-28", "type": "decision", "scope": "ireland", "headline": "Kildare councillors vote 22\u201311 against reviewing Naas data-centre zoning", "body": "Kildare County Council voted 11 in favour and 22 against, with 7 abstentions, on motions to review the 'P \u2013 Data Centre' zoning of land at Jigginstown/Maudlins, Naas, and to vary the county development plan, the Kildare Nationalist reported. The vote was on 28 September. Councillors who opposed the motions said the zoning had been through public consultation and that objections belong in the planning process.", "importance": 6, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.kildare-nationalist.ie/news/why-did-councillors-reject-data-centre-zoing-review-as-roll-call-vote-rejected_arid-20330812.html", "name": "Kildare Nationalist", "date": "2026-10-08" } ], "places": [ "Kildare", "Naas" ], "tags": [ "zoning", "council" ], "numbers": [ { "value": 22, "unit": "votes", "label": "against the zoning review (11 for, 7 abstained)", "source": "https://www.kildare-nationalist.ie/news/why-did-councillors-reject-data-centre-zoing-review-as-roll-call-vote-rejected_arid-20330812.html", "sourceDate": "2026-10-08", "kind": "reported" } ], "links": [ "/councils/kildare" ], "checked": "2026-10-12" }, { "id": "oireachtas-hears-renewables-cannibalised-by-data-centres", "story": "ireland-2030-energy-target-data-centres", "date": "2026-10-12", "eventDate": "2026-10-07", "type": "policy", "scope": "ireland", "headline": "Oireachtas committee hears renewables gains were 'cannibalised by data centres'", "body": "The Oireachtas climate, environment and energy committee heard that renewable electricity added over the past decade has been cannibalised by data centres, in testimony including Tr\u00f3caire's Sin\u00e9ad Loughran, the Irish Examiner reported on 7 October. The SEAI projects Ireland will overshoot its 2030 final energy consumption target, a cut of at least 11.7%, by roughly 24% to 30%. In the same week the Oireachtas AI committee was due to hear the opposite case, that data centres are 'supercharging' Irish businesses.", "importance": 5, "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-41921002.html", "name": "Irish Examiner", "date": "2026-10-07" }, { "url": "https://www.msn.com/en-ie/news/other/data-centres-are-supercharging-irish-businesses-oireachtas-ai-committee-to-hear/ar-AA2dCDLC", "name": "Irish Examiner (via MSN)", "date": "2026-10-05" } ], "places": [ "Ireland" ], "tags": [ "climate", "Oireachtas" ], "numbers": [ { "value": "24\u201330", "unit": "%", "label": "SEAI projected overshoot of the 2030 final energy target", "source": "https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-41921002.html", "sourceDate": "2026-10-07", "kind": "forecast" } ], "links": [ "/power" ], "quote": "cannibalised by data centres", "checked": "2026-10-12" }, { "id": "sesterce-plans-600mw-jamsa-campus", "story": "sesterce-jamsa", "date": "2026-10-12", "eventDate": "2026-10-09", "type": "deal", "scope": "europe", "headline": "Sesterce plans $10bn, up to 600 MW AI campus at a former Finnish paper mill", "body": "French AI infrastructure firm Sesterce plans a $10 billion data-centre campus at the former Kaipola paper mill in J\u00e4ms\u00e4, Finland: 200 MW in a first phase rising to 600 MW, with work due to start in 2026, Konsulteer reported on 9 October, citing DatacenterDynamics. The company says it will use the existing grid and enable 1 MW of new renewable generation for each MW consumed within ten years of operation. 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The equity and a new company are still being negotiated. The main site discussed is an Eni data centre near Pavia; a Milan-area site at the former Falck works in Sesto San Giovanni is also being considered. 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"https://www.echo.ie/planning-is-granted-for-google-data-storage-facility/", "https://www.euronews.com/2026/10/07/finland-orders-pause-on-google-ai-data-centre-over-environmental-concerns", "https://planningregister.ie/application/waterford/2560625", "https://wlrfm.com/news/major-kilmeaden-development-opposed-by-friends-of-the-irish-environment-1964679", "https://rebelnews.ie/2026/10/09/no-data-centre-in-kilmeaden/", "https://www.kildare-nationalist.ie/news/why-did-councillors-reject-data-centre-zoing-review-as-roll-call-vote-rejected_arid-20330812.html", "https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-41921002.html", "https://www.msn.com/en-ie/news/other/data-centres-are-supercharging-irish-businesses-oireachtas-ai-committee-to-hear/ar-AA2dCDLC", "https://www.konsulteer.com/article/sesterce-plans-10-billion-600mw-ai-data-centre-campus-at-former-paper-mill-in-j-ms-finland", "https://www.adnkronos.com/economia/poste-tim-gigafactory-ai-matteo-del-fante-eni-leonardo_5g7XrzSvhBBI1WFAlB9WQM" ], 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