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Data centres and AI in Estonia, ranked against Europe and the US

Estonia ranks 4th of 29 European countries for highest share of people using generative AI (46.6%, 2025); its weakest is 21st of 26 for cheapest big-user power (€0.157/kWh, H1 2026). Its data centres reported 1 MW of IT capacity to the EU for 2024 (3 of an estimated 12 sites). It hosts no EU AI Factory (role: LUMI AI Factory partner). Sources: Eurostat, Ember, EuroHPC, TOP500, Epoch AI; data as of 2026-10-12.

Updated 12 October 2026 · data build 2026-10-10 · how we know · corrections

Where Estonia ranks among 31 European countries

Rank 1 = best on the measure's own terms (cheapest, lowest carbon, highest share, most). Each rank is among the European countries with a figure, so the "of" number differs. Estonia is an EU member. Measured

21st
of 26 · Big-user electricity price; 1 = cheapest
€0.157/kWh · H1 2026 (band IF) · Eurostat nrg_pc_205
6th
of 27 · Wholesale power, last 12 months; 1 = cheapest
€82/MWh · 2025-10 to 2026-09 · Ember European wholesale prices
25th
of 31 · Grid carbon intensity; 1 = lowest carbon
319 g/kWh · 2025 · Ember yearly electricity data
22nd
of 31 · Clean power share; 1 = highest share
59.8% · 2025 · Ember yearly electricity data
10th
of 28 · Businesses using AI; 1 = highest share
23.4% · 2025 · Eurostat isoc_eb_ai
4th
of 29 · People using generative AI; 1 = highest share
46.6% · 2025 · Eurostat isoc_ai_iaiu
20th
of 27 · Share of EU server imports; 1 = largest share
0% · 2025-08 to 2026-07 · Eurostat Comext DS-045409
0
EU AI Factories hosted
role: LUMI AI Factory partner

No figure for Estonia on: Data centres' share of electricity; TOP500 supercomputing power; GPU-cluster compute (Epoch AI).

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Source: Eurostat nrg_pc_205 · Ember European wholesale prices (via StackPath eu_power_prices) · Ember yearly electricity data (CC BY 4.0) · Eurostat isoc_eb_ai · Eurostat isoc_ai_iaiu · EuroHPC JU (via eu_ai_factories) · Eurostat Comext DS-045409 · EU EED data-centre dashboard (via eu_dc_capacity) · as of 2026-10-12 · Compiled by StackPath

Estonia against the EU-27 average and the US

Same measure, same source family, nearest year. A dash means no comparable figure, not zero. Measured

How to read this. The first column is Estonia; under it, the gap to the EU-27 (percentage points for shares, a multiple for amounts). Per-person rows divide by World Bank population and are our arithmetic. The US power price is EIA's average for all industrial users, not the 150 GWh+ band Eurostat uses for Europe, so read it as indicative.
MeasureEstoniaEU-27USIreland
Big-user electricity price€0.157/kWh H1 20261.4× EU€0.110/kWh H2 2025€0.076/kWh 2025€0.165/kWh H1 2026
Grid carbon intensity319 g/kWh 20251.5× EU211 g/kWh 2025384 g/kWh 2025263 g/kWh 2025
Clean power share59.8% 2025−11.2 pts vs EU71% 202543% 202547.7% 2025
Data centres' share of electricityno figure3% 20244.4% 202323.2% 2025
Businesses using AI23.4% 2025+3.5 pts vs EU19.9% 2025–19.6% 2025
People using generative AI46.6% 2025+13.9 pts vs EU32.7% 2025–44.9% 2025
Electricity use per person6.4 MWh 2025level with EU6.2 MWh 202513.3 MWh 20256.8 MWh 2025
Supercomputing per million peopleno figure10.2 PF 2026/0620.6 PF 2026/061.2 PF 2026/06
GPU compute per million peopleno figure177 H100e 2025-073,660 H100e 2025-07–

Source: Eurostat nrg_pc_205, isoc_eb_ai, isoc_ai_iaiu · Ember · EIA via eu_power_prices · LBNL via US DOE (US data-centre share) · Ember Grids for data centres (Europe share) · TOP500 · Epoch AI GPU clusters · World Bank population · as of 2026-10-12 · Compiled by StackPath

Power: 60% clean generation, €0.157/kWh for the largest users

Generation mix in 2025 (Ember); big-user prices exclude VAT (Eurostat band IG, 150 GWh a year or more; Estonia uses band IF, 70–150 GWh, as IG is confidential or empty). Measured

Wind18.6%
Solar19%
Hydro0.5%
Bioenergy21.8%
Gas1.3%
Other fossil38.9%

Share of generation by source, 2025. Darker bars are fossil. Demand 8.8 TWh; generation 6.1 TWh; net imports 2.7 TWh. Carbon intensity 319 gCO2e/kWh (EU-27: 211; US: 384).

Wholesale power averaged €82/MWh over 2025-10 to 2026-09 (6th cheapest of 27). Taxes and levies (excluding VAT) were 8.8% of the big-user price in Eurostat's latest year-end comparison.

Source: Ember yearly electricity data (CC BY 4.0) · Eurostat nrg_pc_205 · Ember wholesale prices via eu_power_prices · Compiled by StackPath

Data centres: 1 MW of IT capacity reported to the EU

Electricity share, capacity reported under the EU Energy Efficiency Directive (EED, the EU's data-centre reporting law), grid requests, restrictions and energy rules. Reported

  • Reported to the EU (EED): 1 MW of IT capacity at 3 sites for 2024, of an estimated 12 sites that should report; average PUE (power usage effectiveness: total power ÷ IT power) 1.7. Coverage is partial, so this is a floor.

On top of national rules, 7 EU-level rules apply to data centres in every member state (EED reporting, the rating scheme and heat-reuse rules).

Source: EU EED data-centre dashboard · Compiled by StackPath

Cloud in Estonia: sovereign offers and neoclouds

Hyperscaler pledges (a pledge is not a building), sovereign-cloud offers by jurisdiction, and neocloud (GPU cloud) sites. Reported

Neocloud sites in Estonia

CompanySiteMWStatus
NebiusEstonia (unnamed)–Added to contracted footprint in Q2 2026

Source: StackPath eu_pledges (company announcements) · StackPath sovereign_cloud · StackPath eu_neoclouds (filings, company releases) · Compiled by StackPath

Compute: no EU AI Factory and no TOP500 system in Estonia

Public AI Factories (EuroHPC), gigafactory bids, the TOP500 supercomputer list and Epoch AI's database of GPU clusters (in H100-equivalents: compute expressed as a number of Nvidia H100 chips). Measured

  • EuroHPC role: LUMI AI Factory partner.
  • GPU clusters (Epoch AI): none recorded for Estonia (Epoch's database is partial; absence means none recorded).

Source: EuroHPC JU via eu_ai_factories · TOP500 June 2026 · Epoch AI (CC BY 4.0) · StackPath eu_compute (announced clusters) · Compiled by StackPath

AI use: 47% of people used generative AI in 2025 (EU: 33%)

Eurostat's surveys of businesses (10+ employees, any AI technology) and of people aged 16–74 (generative AI tools in the last three months), plus AI labs headquartered here. Measured

0%6%13%19%25%2021202320242025
EstoniaEU-27

Share of businesses with 10 or more employees using at least one AI technology (Eurostat isoc_eb_ai; survey years only). Estonia: 23.4% in 2025, 10th of 28.

Any use: Estonia46.6%
Any use: EU-2732.7%
For work: Estonia25.1%
For work: EU-2715.4%
Private use: Estonia37.5%
Private use: EU-2725.5%
Formal education: Estonia15.4%
Formal education: EU-279.3%

Share of people aged 16–74 who used generative AI tools in the three months before the 2025 survey. There is no comparable official US series.

Source: Eurostat isoc_eb_ai · Eurostat isoc_ai_iaiu · StackPath eu_ai_labs (Epoch AI, company releases) · Compiled by StackPath

Servers: 0% of the EU's server imports from outside the EU land in Estonia

Customs flows (Eurostat Comext), not machines installed: ports of entry such as the Netherlands count goods that move on. Measured

  • Servers (HS 847150) from outside the EU, 2025-08 to 2026-07: €6.4m, 20th of 27 member states.
  • All compute kit (servers, parts, network gear, chips) from outside the EU, last 12 months: €66m (0.1% of the EU total, rank 23); servers down 44% on the previous 12 months.

Source: Eurostat Comext DS-045409 · StackPath eu_hardware_imports · Compiled by StackPath

What our data does not show for Estonia

Gaps, not zeros: a missing row means no public figure we could check, or that the series does not cover this country.

  • No official or estimated figure for data centres' share of electricity.
  • No published data-centre grid-queue figure.
  • No current hyperscaler investment pledge in our tracker.
  • No EU AI Factory and no public AI gigafactory bid.
  • No Chips Act fab or pilot line in our ledger.
  • No AI lab or AI-chip startup in our European tables.

Deeper pages and other countries

Each layer has its own page with the full European table.

All 31 country profiles

Our reading. Against Ireland, Estonia pays 5% less for big-user power and runs a more carbon-intensive grid (319 vs 263 gCO2e/kWh). Where data centres and AI compute go also depends on grid access, land, fibre, tax and customers, which these measures do not capture. Our reading

Questions people ask

How much do large electricity users pay in Estonia?
Eurostat's average for users of 70–150 GWh a year in Estonia was €0.157/kWh in H1 2026, excluding VAT: 21st cheapest of 26 European countries with a figure. The EU-27 average was €0.110 (H2 2025); US industrial users paid about €0.076 in 2025 (EIA, all industrial users).
How much electricity do data centres use in Estonia?
Estonia publishes no national total. Its data centres reported 1 MW of IT capacity to the EU's database for 2024 (3 of an estimated 12 sites), a floor rather than a total.
Does Estonia host an EU AI Factory?
No. Its role in the EuroHPC programme: LUMI AI Factory partner.
How many people and businesses in Estonia use AI?
46.6% of people aged 16–74 used generative AI tools in the three months before the 2025 survey (EU-27: 32.7%). 23.4% of businesses with 10 or more employees used at least one AI technology in 2025 (EU-27: 19.9%). Source: Eurostat.
How does Estonia compare with Ireland?
Big-user power: €0.157 vs Ireland's €0.165/kWh; grid carbon: 319 vs 263 gCO2e/kWh; data centres' share of electricity: no figure vs 23.2%; people using generative AI: 46.6% vs 44.9%.

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